Treibhausgasemissionen unter Bewässerung und unterschiedlicher Stickstoffdüngungsintensität auf einem Sandboden in Nord-Ost-Deutschland

OpenAIRE

Trost, Benjamin

2015-01-01

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Gesamtbilanzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen eines Anbausystems unter Bewässerung auf einem Sandboden. Die dazu aufgestellte Treibhausgasbilanz basiert auf langjährigen Datenreihen zu Erträgen und Corg-Vorräten eines Dauerfeldversuchs sowie auf zweijährigen im Feldversuch durchgeführten N2O-Messungen. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Bewässerung auf die Corg-Vorräte zeigen, dass der Einsatz von mineralischem Stickstoffdünger und Bewässerung auf einem...

Geometrie verstehen: statisch - kinematisch

Science.gov (United States)

Kroll, Ekkehard

Dem Allgemeinen steht begrifflich das Besondere gegenüber. In diesem Sinne sind allgemeine Überlegungen zum Verstehen von Mathematik zu ergänzen durch Untersuchungen hinsichtlich des Verstehens der einzelnen mathematischen Disziplinen, insbesondere der Geometrie. Hier haben viele Schülerinnen und Schüler Probleme. Diese rühren hauptsächlich daher, dass eine fertige geometrische Konstruktion in ihrer statischen Präsentation auf Papier nicht mehr die einzelnen Konstruktionsschritte erkennen lässt; zum Nachvollzug müssen sie daher ergänzend in einer Konstruktionsbeschreibung festgehalten werden.

[Dimitri Steinke: Die Zivilrechtsordnungen des Baltikums unter dem Einfluss ausländischer, insbesondere deutscher Rechtsquellen. (Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte, Bd. 16.) V&R unipress. Göttingen 2009. 243 S. ISBN 978-3-89971-573-6] / M

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Luts-Sootak, Marju, 1966-

2011-01-01

Arvustus: Dimitri Steinke. Die Zivilrechtsordnungen des Baltikums unter dem Einfluss ausländischer, insbesondere deutscher Rechtsquellen. (Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte ; 16). Göttingen, 2009

Assimilation of carbon and transport of assimilates in coniferous trees under the influence of airborne pollutants. Photosynthesis rate and assimilate distribution in young fir trees (Picea abies [L.]Karst.) under controlled exposure to ozone. Final report; Assimilation von Kohlenstoff und der Assimilattransport in Coniferen unter dem Einfluss von Luftschadstoffen. Photosyntheseleistung und Assimilatverteilung in jungen Fichten (Picea abies [L.]Karst.) unter kontrollierter Ozon-Exposition. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Willenbrink, J.; Schatten, T.

1992-12-31

In this project, effects of long-term, low-level ozone exposure on CO{sub 2}fixation and assimilate partitioning in 4-years spruces old were studied. 1. In October, ozone exposure resulted in a 40% decrease of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll content was not altered. Depression of net photosynthesis by ozone exposure fluctuates. At least partly, this depression of net photosynthesis might reflect an increase of respiration. After 6 weeks of ozone exposure, both stomatal conductivity and transpiration seemed to be lowered. However, internal [CO{sub 2}] and water use efficiency were not significantly altered. 2. Compared with the control, needles of ozone-exposed plants exhibited a shift of the {sup 14}C-ratio of {beta}-carotene/xanthophylls which effect faded away with the season (October). 3. In August and October, translocation of {sup 14}C-assimilates from the {sup 14}C-fed source leaves seems to be impeded by ozone exposure. 4. No O{sub 3}-related differences were found for the lipophilic as well as for the fractions of organic or amino acids. For the sink tissues (twig, stem, root), less label was found in non-starch residue in August (main growth season), in O{sub 3}-exposed plants. 5. Starch and sugar content of cortex, cambium, xylem, and of the root follow annual cycles. Under ozon exposure, levels of {sup 14}C-starch and {sup 14}C-sucrose are lowered whereas in the needles, build-up of {sup 14}C-starch was detected. 6. Obviously, long-term low-level ozone affects allocation of assimilates. Secondary effects on chloroplasts by the treatment cannot be excluded. (orig./UWA) [Deutsch] Unter Labor- bzw. Gewaechshausbedingungen wurde der Einfluss einer kontrollierten Ozonexposition auf die Photosyntheseleistung und die Assimilatverteilung in 4-jaehrigen Fichten untersucht. 1. Unter Ozon-Exposition wird die Netto-Photosyntheserate in den jungen Nadeln zum Herbst hin reduziert, waehrend der Chlorophyllgehalt unbeeinflusst bleibt. Die Photosyntheserate der jungen Nadeln

Predicting the service life of connecting rod and main bearings, taking into account different engine loads. Final report; Lebensdauervorhersage fuer Pleuel- und Hauptlager unter Beruecksichtigung unterschiedlicher Motorlastkollektive. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Berkowitz, B.; Lueneburg, B.; Liu, J.

1994-12-31

Connecting rod and main bearings of internal combustion engines are among the most heavily stressed components in modern engines. It was found that these engine components are increasingly reaching the limits of their strength and therefore become the components limiting engine life. However, there is no known process which makes a calculated prediction of the service life of modern connecting rod and main bearings possible, taking into account various engine loads. In this research project, a new concept for the calculated prediction of the service life of non-static highly loaded radial sliding bearings is worked out. The basis is a process of calculation which realistically determines the pressure and gap course in highly loaded sliding bearings. Apart from the viscosity depending on pressure and temperature, the elastic deformations of the system sliding bearing/conn rod are also taken into account. Calculations are done for different operating points for a complete cycle of a four stroke Diesel engine (Daimler-Benz OM 364 LA). The results are compared with the present conventional process of calculation and the effects which occur are discussed. Based on the elasto-hydrodynamic calculation, a method of calculating the service life of non-statically loaded sliding bearings, taking into account various motor loads, is worked out. (orig./HW) [Deutsch] Pleuel- und Hauptlager von Verbrennungskraftmaschinen zaehlen mit zu den spezifisch am hoechsten beanspruchten Bauteilen in modernen Motoren. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass vor allem diese Maschinenelemente zunehmend an die Grenzen ihrer Belastbarkeit stossen und so zum lebensdauerbegrenzenden Bauteil werden. Es ist jedoch kein Verfahren bekannt, das eine rechnerische Lebensdauervorhersage moderner Pleuel- und Hauptlager unter Beruecksichtigung unterschiedlicher Motorlastkollektive ermoeglicht. Im vorliegenden Forschungsvorhaben wird daher ein neuartiges Konzept zur rechnerischen Lebensdauervorhersage von instationaeren

Hydrogen diffusion into fatigue cracks of aluminium alloy 6013 in a corrosive environment; Wasserstoffeinlagerung an Ermuedungsrissen der Aluminiumlegierung 6013 unter korrosiver Umgebung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lenk, Christian Alexander

2009-08-13

The author attempted a time-resolved detection of raised hydrogen concentrations in the plastic deformation region of fatigue cracks in an aluminium test piece deformed by cyclic stress in a corrosive environment. Mechanical material parameters like the crack propagation velocity under cyclic stress change dramatically in a corrosive environment. This is assumed to be caused by hydrogen diffusion, but so far there is no method that reliably measures additional hydrogen from the corrosive environment. For this reason, a special analytical configuration was set up which makes use of the thermal desorption method. First, chips with a thickness of about 20 micrometers are sawed out of the test specimen in high-vacuum conditions. The chips fall into a hot melting vessel in a UHV chamber, where the hydrogen contained in the chips is released. The resulting pressure increase is recorded by a mass spectrometer. A hydrogen profile of the test specimen is obtained by assigning the chip position to the signal. For the corrosive medium in which the test specimen is immersed during crack initiation, i.e. NaCl solution, heavy water was used. This makes it possible to distinguish between the hydrogen contained in a piece of technical aluminium alloy (AA6013) and the deuterium diffusing in from the corrosive fluid. The deuterium is found exclusively in the test piece volume in the strongly plastically deformed region surrounding the fatigue crack. (orig.) [German] Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht im ortsaufgeloesten Nachweis einer erhoehten Wasserstoffkonzentration im plastisch deformierten Bereich von Ermuedungsrissen einer unter korrosiver Umgebung zyklisch verformten Aluminiumprobe. Mechanische Materialparameter wie z.B. die Rissausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit unter zyklischer Belastung aendern sich drastisch in korrosiver Umgebung. Als Ursache fuer dieses Verhalten wird eine Eindiffusion von Wasserstoff vermutet, jedoch gibt es bisher keine Messung die den zusaetzlichen

Optimisation of a truck diesel engine with a view to environmental pollution. Interstate research project. Final report; Optimierung eines mit Rapsoelmethylester betriebenen Nutzfahrzeug-Dieselmotors unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Umweltvertraeglichkeit. Laenderuebergreifendes Verbundforschungsvorhaben. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hattingen, U.; Adt, H.U. [Kaiserslautern Univ. (Germany). Arbeitsgruppe Verbrennungskraftmaschinen; Sauer, B.; Ruhl, C.; Huber, M. [Kaiserslautern Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Maschinenelemente und Getriebetechnik; Regitz, M.; Weber, B. [Kaiserslautern Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Organische Chemie; Bereswill, S. [Motoren-Werke Mannheim AG (Germany); Luther, R.; Acker, I. [Fuchs Mineraloelwerke GmbH, Eschweiler (Germany)

1999-05-01

Detailed rheological analyses of lubricants are carried out with a view to the temperature dependence of the viscosity functions. Two sliding bearings of similar design but made of different materials were tested on a test bench after lubrication with an oil of the SAE grade 10W-40 diluted with increasing concentrations of rapeseed oil methyl ester. The results were analyzed and compared with the bearings characteristics calculated according to DIN 31652. The measurements were found to be in good agreement with calculated values. [German] Im Rahmen dieses Projektes wurden zunaechst detaillierte rheologische Untersuchungen der Schmierstoffeigenschaften unter Beruecksichtigung der Schmieroelverduennung mit RME und DK vorgenommen und die Temperaturabhaengigkeit der jeweiligen Viskositaetsfunktion ermittelt. Auf einem geeigneten Gleitlagerpruefstand wurden zwei bezueglich der Motorenhauptlager geometrisch aehnliche Lager unterschiedlichen Werkstoffes untersucht. Die Schmierung erfolgte dabei mit einem Motorenoel der SAE-Klasse 10W-40, welches zuvor jeweils mit einem im Verlauf der Versuchsreihe ansteigenden Anteil an Rapsoelmethylester verduennt wurde. Die Messergebnisse wurden ausgewertet und den nach DIN 31652 berechneten Lagerkennzahlen gegenuebergestellt. Danach ergeben sich fuer die gemessenen Lagerkenngroessen qualitativ aehnliche Abhaengigkeiten von der Schmieroelverduennung wie berechnet. (orig.)

Künstliches feedback für oberschenkelamputierte; theoretische Analyse - Artificial feedback for transfemoral amputees : Theoretical analysis

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Pagel, A.K.; Oes, J.; Pfeifer, S.; Riener, R.; Vallery, H.

2013-01-01

Dieser Beitrag untersucht auf Basis von Modellen der menschlichen Wahrnehmung den Einfluss künstlichen sensorischen Feedbacks auf posturale Kontrolle und Gangsymmetrie von Oberschenkelamputierten. In der Standphase wird ein vereinfachtes, statisches neuromechanisches Modell verwendet, in der

Fragmentierungsarten von Nierensteinen unter extrakorporaler Stoßwellenlithotripsie: eine multivariate Analyse

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aeberli D

1999-01-01

Full Text Available Das primäre Ziel dieser retrospektiven Studie war die Evaluation von routinemäßig anwendbaren Kriterien, welche die Fragmentierung von Nierensteinen unter extrakorporaler Stoßwellenlithotripsie (ESWL voraussagen können. Die Serie umfaßte 202 konsekutive Patienten (121 Männer, 81 Frauen mit einem medianen Alter von 48 Jahren (19-81 Jahre, die an der Urologischen Universitätsklinik Bern mit dem originalen Dornier HM-3 behandelt wurden. Einschlußkriterien waren Einzelsteine von 10-30 mm Größe mit Lage im Nierenbeckenkelchsystem. Die Steine wurden im Abdomen-Leerbild nach ihrer Lage, Größe, Form, Dichte (im Vergleich zur 12. Rippe, Struktur und Oberfläche beurteilt. Weiter wurden Alter, Geschlecht und Body-Mass-Index des Patienten berücksichtigt. Die Desintegration wurde am 1. Tag nach ESWL mittels Abdomen-Leerbild dokumentiert. Zielwert der Analyse war die binäre Variable steinfrei versus Restfragmente, gegen die alle präoperativen Parameter mittels multivariater logistischer Regression getestet wurden. Die Erfolgsrate betrug 95,5 %; 42 Patienten (20,8 % waren steinfrei und 151 Patienten (74,7 % hatten sog. klinisch insignifikante Restfragmente (5 mm oder kleiner. Von den Männern waren 14,9 %, von den Frauen 29,6 % steinfrei (p = 0,01. Alle anderen Parameter erreichten keine statistische Signifikanz, möglicherweise aufgrund zu kleiner Subgruppen (fehlende statistische Macht. Die Desintegrationsrate des HM-3 für Nierensteine ist insgesamt ausgezeichnet, bei Frauen noch besser als bei Männern. Gerade wegen dieser hohen Erfolgsrate wären größere Patientenzahlen notwendig, um eventuelle Unterschiede zwischen den präinterventionellen Parametern definieren zu können.

Numerical simulation of spatial whole-body vibration behaviour of sitting man taking into account individual anthropometry and position; Numerische Simulation des raeumlichen Ganzkoerperschwingungsverhaltens des sitzenden Menschen unter Beruecksichtigung der individuellen Anthropometrie und Haltung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pankoke, S.

2003-07-01

A dynamic FE model of the anatomy of humans in sitting position is presented for assessing the dynamic internal response of the human body to the effect of external vibrations. The model can be adapted to individual body measures, different positions and different spatial orientation. It was verified on the basis of extensive measured data. The problem of contact between the human body and the driver seat is solved by a simplified static description. The model comprises a sub-model of the lumbar vertebral column for assessing the spatial load distributions in this body region. [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein dynamisches, an der menschlichen Anatomie orientiertes Finite-Elemente-Modell des sitzenden Menschen vorgestellt, das es gestaltet, dynamische innere Antworten des Koerpers auf von aussen auf den Menschen einwirkende Schwingungen zu ermitteln. Das Modell ist ueber eine Auswahl anthropometrischer Masse an das Schwingungsverhalten eines Individuums anpassbar und ermoeglicht zudem die Simulation von Schwingungseinwirkungen in unterschiedlichen Haltungen und in allen Raumrichtungen. Die Modellverifikation erfolgte an umfangreichen Messdatenbestaenden. Das Kontaktproblem des Menschen zum Fahrzeugsitz ist durch eine vereinfachte statische Beschreibung abgebildet. Ferner beinhaltet das Ganzkoerpermodell ein Submodell der Lendenwirbelsaeule, mit dessen Hilfe die aus den Ganzkoerperschwingungen folgenden raeumlichen Beanspruchungsverteilungen in der Lendenwirbelsaeule ermittelt werden koennen. (orig.)

Investigations on radionuclide release and on the corrosion behaviour of spent fuels from research reactors under disposal conditions. Final report; Untersuchungen zur Radionuklidfreisetzung und zum Korrosionsverhalten von bestrahltem Kernbrennstoff aus Forschungsreaktoren unter Endlagerbeedingungen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bruecher, H.; Curtius, H.; Fachinger, J.; Kaiser, G.; Mazeina, L.; Nau, K.

2003-12-01

From the present report 'Untersuchungen zur Radionuklidfreisetzung und zum Korrosionsverhalten von bestrahltem Kernbrennstoff aus Forschungsreaktoren unter Endlagerbedingungen' with the code number FKZ 9108 carried out in the time periode 01.06.1998 till 30.11.2001 the following results can be withdrawn: U/Al-RR-fuel elements corroded slowly in granite water (Grimsel-West) at 90 C under anaerobic conditions. For a complete dissolution of the fuel element a time period of 10{sup 3} years is assumed according to present conservative results. In salt brines, especially in magnesium chloride rich brines the corrosion rate is high. Addition of GGG40 (basic material of the fuel element container with iron as main element) had an acceleration effect. A complete dissolution of the fuel is achieved within a couple of months. Under aerobic and under anaerobic conditions the bulk of released radionuclides were fixed by the corrosion products formed (secondary phases). The actinides were mobilised by variation of the ionic strength of the leaching solution. This process can be explained by phase conversion reactions within the secondary phases. Secondary phases formed by corrosion of a non-irradiated U/Al-RR-fuel element, were analysed and hydrotalcites were identified as phase components. This result justifies the assumption, that hydrotalcites are components of the corrosion products from irradiated fuels. To clarify the questions which bindings exist between radionuclides and secondary phases, sorption experiments were performed. The sorption experiments were performed in salt brines and in granite water using repository relevant radionuclides and minerals which are considered to represent thermodynamic final components of the secondary phases. Pu sorbed as cationic species quantitatively and the binding is covalent. In granite water the same behaviour was found for Am. (orig.) [German] Aus dem vorliegenden Bericht 'Untersuchungen zur Radionuklidfreisetzung

Investigations of the boundary conditions of acicular ferrite formation in fast-quenched welded materials. Final report; Untersuchungen der Randbedingungen fuer die Bildung von 'acicular ferrite' in Schweissguetern bei schneller Abkuehlung. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dilthey, U.; Biesenbach, M.

2000-06-19

The authors investigated the boundary conditions in which a fine-grained ferritic needle structure with sufficient low-temperature toughness is obtained in conditions of extreme heating and cooling. Alloy compositions and welding boundary conditions were investigated for laser welding, electron beam welding in a vacuum and electron beam welding at atmospheric pressure. [German] Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll untersucht werden, welche Randbedingungen erfuellt sein muessen, damit sich unter extremen Aufheiz- und Abkuehlbedingungen, wie sie bei den Strahlschweissverfahren vorliegen, ein feinkoerniges nadelferritisches Gefuege mit ausreichend hoher Tieftemperaturzaehigkeit bildet. Diesbezueglich ist fuer die Strahlschweissverfahren Laserstrahlschweissen, Elektronenstrahlschweissen im Vakuum und Elektronenstrahlschweissen unter Atmosphaerendruck zu ermitteln, welche Legierungszusammensetzungen diese Voraussetzungen erfuellen und wie sie unter realen Schweissbedingungen verwirklicht werden koennen. (orig.)

A laser-based study of kerosine evaporation and -mixing for lean prevaporized combustion at elevated pressure; Lasermesstechnische Untersuchung der Kerosinverdampfung und -mischung fuer die magere Vormischverbrennung unter erhoehtem Druck

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brandt, M.

1999-05-01

The evaporation and mixing of a kerosine spray in the turbulent airstream of a prevaporizer is investigated at conditions prevailing in the combustion chamber of gas turbines. An experiment is described that allows to study an evaporating fuel spray downstream a prefilming airblast atomizer with Phase-Doppler anemometry, laser-induced fluorescence and an infrared light absorption technique. At an air pressure of 9 bars, an air temperature of 750 K, a mean air velocity of 120 m/s and a fuel flow rate of 1 g/s the kerosine spray evaporates completely without autoignition. At this operating condition the parameters air pressure, air temperature and air turbulence are varied. The influence of these parametric variations on the dropsize distribution, the evaporation rate and the concentration profiles of liquid and evaporated fuel is presented and discussed. (orig.) [German] Die Verdampfung und Vermischung eines Kerosinsprays in der turbulenten Luftstroemung eines Vorverdampfers wird unter Bedingungen untersucht, die in Brennkammern fuer Gasturbinen vorherrschen. Ein Experiment wird vorgestellt, welches es erlaubt, ein verdampfendes Kraftstoffspray stromab eines ebenen Luftstromzerstaeubers mit Filmleger mittels der Phasen-Doppler-Anemometrie, Laser-induzierter Fluoreszenz und einer Infrarotabsorptionsmesstechnik zu untersuchen. Bei einem Luftdruck von 9 bar, einer Vorwaermetemperatur der Luft von 750 K, einer mittleren Luftgeschwindigkeit von 120 m/s und einem Kraftstoffmassenstrom von 1 g/s verdampft das Kerosinspray vollstaendig, ohne die Selbstzuendungszeit zu erreichen. Bei dieser Betriebsbedingung werden die Parameter Luftdruck, Lufttemperatur und Turbulenzgrad variiert. Der Einfluss dieser Parameter auf das Tropfengroessenspektrum, den Verdampfungsgrad und die Konzentrationsprofile des fluessigen sowie des verdampften Kraftstoffs wird dargestellt und diskutiert. (orig.)

Ruhende Flüssigkeiten und Gase

Science.gov (United States)

Heintze, Joachim

Das mechanische Verhalten von Flüssigkeiten und Gasen ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie keine statische Schubfestigkeit besitzen, andernfalls würden sie nicht beginnen, zu fließen. In ruhenden Flüssigkeiten und Gasen können daher keine Schubspannungen bestehen:

Medienpädagogik unter der differenztheoretischen Lupe. Eine Identitätssuche zwischen Disziplin und Profession

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Franziska Linke

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Der Beitrag diskutiert die dem Themenheft zugrundeliegende Fragestellung nach der Konstitution der Medienpädagogik aus einer systemtheoretischen Perspektive. Dabei wird im Anschluss an Stichweh (2013 Ansatz der funktionalen Differenzierung ein Untersuchungsrahmen aufgezeigt, der es ermöglicht, die Medienpädagogik sowohl aus wissenschaftssoziologischer als auch professionssoziologischer Perspektive zu betrachten. Gerade die zentrale Rolle der (digitalen Medien für Lern- und Bildungsprozesse sowie für den Arbeitsmarkt (u. a. KMK 2016 verlangt eine stetige Reflexion professioneller Handlungssysteme der Medienpädagogik, die nicht losgelöst von der Frage nach dem Selbstverständnis der Medienpädagogik als Wissenschaftsdisziplin gelingen kann (u. a. Hugger 2001. Divergierende theoretische Positionierungen der Akteurinnen und Akteure sowie verschiedene Zielvorstellungen zur Medienpädagogik selbst und zu dem, was sie praktisch leisten kann, erschweren ein solches Vorhaben. Die Autorinnen des Beitrags begeben sich daher, unter Berücksichtigung der Differenzierung zwischen Disziplin und Profession, auf die Suche nach möglichen Antworten. Vorgeschlagen wird eine erweiterte Betrachtungsweise, welche die Medienpädagogik als wissenschaftliche Produktionsgemeinschaft beschreibt und dadurch Potenziale eröffnet theoretische und empirische Erkenntnisse von Akteurinnen und Akteuren unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen mit Medienzusammenhang zu berücksichtigen. Ferner wird dargelegt, dass ein solcher Beschreibungsansatz neue Forschungsperspektiven auf die professionstheoretische Einordnung praktischer Handlungssysteme der Medienpädagogik eröffnen kann.

Dynamic oxygen transfer measurements under operating conditions as a basis for the optimization of ventilation systems; Dynamische Sauerstoffeintragsmessungen unter Betriebsbedingungen als Grundlage zur Optimierung von Belueftungssystemen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Libra, J.A.; Biskup, M.; Wiesmann, U. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik; Sahlmann, C.; Gnirss, R. [Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Berlin (Germany)

1999-07-01

The largest single energy consumer at sewage treatment plants is the ventilation system of activated sludge tanks. This is why controlling and optimizing ventilation systems is the most appropriate approach to the cutting down of energy costs. The present paper reports on measurements of dynamic oxygen transfer by means of the off-gas method under operating conditions at the Berlin-Ruhleben sewage treatment plant. (orig.) [German] Der groesste Einzelenergieverbraucher auf Klaerwerken ist das Belueftungssystem von Belebungsbecken. Deshalb ist die Kontrolle und Optimierung der Belueftungssysteme der geeignete Weg zur Verringerung der Energiekosten. In diesem Beitrag wird ueber Messungen des dynamischen Sauerstoffeintrags mit der Abluft-Methode unter Betriebsbedingungen im Klaerwerk Berlin-Ruhleben berichtet. (orig.)

Met hard werken alleen is niets mis : werkdruk en stress

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Klein Hesselink, J.; Man, M. de; Heeten, W. den

1996-01-01

Als men continu onder flinke druk werkt en die druk ook als last wordt ervaren, ontstaan klachten. Omgaan met werkdruk en werkstress is te leren. De cursus 'Anders werken' biedt die mogelijkheid. Dit artikel geeft na enige statische gevens over stress een nadere definiëring van het begrip

Harmonisation of fire testing of conveyor belts for underground applications within the EC; Harmonisierung der brandtechnischen Pruefverfahren von Foerdergurten fuer den Einsatz unter Tage innerhalb der EG

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Foit, W. [DMT-Gesellschaft fuer Forschung und Pruefung mbH, Dortmund (Germany). Fachstelle fuer Brand- und Explosionsschutz unter Tage - Versuchsgrube Tremonia

1998-12-01

The mining countries of the EC still have different regulations for fire testing of conveyor belts. The test methods will be harmonized for the Common Market, and requirements on conveyor belts will be standardized within the EC. A new EC standard will be drawn up. [Deutsch] Zur Zeit sind in den bergbaubetreibenden Laendern der EG noch unterschiedliche Verfahren zur brandtechnischen Pruefung von Foerdergurten vorgeschrieben. Mit dem Inkrafttreten des Gemeinsamen Marktes und der damit zusammenhaengenden Forderung nach Abbau von Handelshemmnissen sollen diese Pruefverfahren harmonisiert werden. Ziel ist es, die an die Foerdergurte zu stellenden brandtechnischen Anforderungen innerhalb der EG zu vereinheitlichen. Es soll deshalb eine europaeische Norm zur Beurteilung des Brandverhaltens und der Brandausbreitung an Foerdergurten fuer den Kohlenbergbau unter Tage erstellt werden. (orig./MSK)

The contribution of diffusion to methane transport in deep underground gas deposits; Der Beitrag der Diffusion zum Methantransport in tiefliegenden Gas-Lagerstaetten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sachs, W. [Institut fuer Erdoel- und Erdgasforschung, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany)

1998-12-31

Optimisation of gas production necessitates accurate knowledge of gas transport mechanisms. In view of the extreme temperatures, pressures, and permeability conditions of underground gas deposits, linear transfer of existing knowledge will be inappropriate. The author therefore uses a simple capillary bundle model with exemplary pressures, temperatures and permeabilities in order to assess the contribution of transport by diffusion. The diffusion coefficients, which are required for this and so far could not be measured under pressure, were determined by a new experimental method whose results will permit a better interpretation of the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient. The velocity of methane inflow and outflow in the water-filled pore space may provide knowledge on problems of gas storage in the pore space. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer den Foerderprozess und insbesondere seine Optimierung ist eine genaue Kenntnis der Transportmechanismen wesentlich. Unter den drastischen Bedingungen fuer Temperatur, Druck und Permeabilitaet tiefliegender Gas-Lagerstaetten mag die Uebertragung der bisherigen Vorstellungen ueber den Transport in der Lagerstaette zu einer unvollstaendigen Beschreibung fuehren. Unter Anwendung eines einfachen Kapillarbuendelmodells wird mit Beispielen fuer Druck, Temperatur und Permeabilitaet der moegliche Beitrag des Transports durch Diffusion abgeschaetzt. Zur Bestimmung der hierfuer notwendigen und bisher unter Druckbeaufschlagung nicht gemessenen Diffusionskoeffizienten wurde eine neue experimentelle Methode angewandt, deren Ergebnisse eine weiterfuehrende Interpretation der Konzentrationsabhaengigkeit des Diffusionskoeffizienten ermoeglichen. Auch fuer Fragestellungen der Speicherung von Gas im Porenraum kann die Geschwindigkeit der Ein- und Ausloesung von Methan im wasserhaltigen Porenraum von Interesse sein. (orig.)

The Mollier diagram in theory and practice. Part 2. Evaporative indirect static dew point cooling and the Mollier diagram; Het Mollierdiagram in theorie en praktijk. Deel 2. Verdampingskoeling verklaard vanuit het Mollierdiagram

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Uges, P.G.H. (ed.) [StatiqCooling, Deventer (Netherlands)

2007-02-15

The use of direct and indirect adiabatic cooling, and recently in particular indirect diabatic cooling (dew point cooling) require knowledge of the Mollier diagram. [Dutch] Het gebruik van direct en indirect werkende adiabatische koeling en recentlijk vooral de indirect werkende systemen zoals diabatische koeling (dauwpuntkoeling, al of niet uitgevoerd als statische koeling) vragen om kennis van het Mollierdiagram.

The Mollier diagram in theory and practice. Part 3. Examples on Calculation of Dew Point Cooling; Het Mollierdiagram in theorie en praktijk. Deel 3. Rekenvoorbeelden Dauwpuntkoeling

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Kouwenhoven, H.J.L. [Frigidarium, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Netherlands); Huizinga, H.T. [Heat Transfer Holland HTH, Zuidwolde (Netherlands); Bootsveld, N.R. [YNO, Delft (Netherlands); Janssen, M. [Re-gent, Helmond (Netherlands); Uges, P.G.H. [StatiqCooling, Deventer (Netherlands)

2007-04-15

The use of direct and indirect adiabatic cooling, and recently in particular indirect diabatic cooling (dew point cooling) require knowledge of the Mollier diagram. [Dutch] Het gebruik van direct en indirect werkende adiabatische koeling en recentlijk vooral de indirect werkende systemen zoals diabatische koeling (dauwpuntkoeling, al of niet uitgevoerd als statische koeling) vragen om kennis van het Mollierdiagram.

Coalification reactions under pressure. Inkohl-ungsreaktionen unter Druck

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Huck, G.; Patteisky, K.

1964-12-15

Studies of the influence of pressure on the coalification reactions in hard coal (temperature ranges from 240 to 350/sup 0/C and pressures ranging from 0.1 to 8000 ata) have shown that coalification reactions in younger coals are impeded by higher mechanical pressures. The relationship of the mutual effect of pressure and temperature on the coalification reactions may be illustrated by graphs, if the parameters are determined, which cause an increase in the reflection index of the vitrinite of 0.89 to 1.0 and liberate 8 liters of gas per kilogram of finely ground coal, at 0.5 mm Hg. The results indicate, contrary to theories often expressed in the literature, that the intensifying influence of pressure on coalification may be excluded if the pressure charge operates through shear- and friction-forces, without temperature changes. The results also show that the use of spores as coalification thermometers is limited. It is shown that at higher pressures spores may be exposed to temperatures above 200/sup 0/C without showing thermal modifications.

Percolation experiments to determine fluid-matrix interaction (with particular regard to pretreatment of the drill core); Kerndurchstroemungsversuche zur Ermittlung von Fluid-Matrix-Wechselwirkungen (unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Kernvorbehandlung)

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Martin, M; Seibt, A [TU Bergakademie Freiberg (Germany). Inst. fuer Bohrtechnik und Fluidbergbau; Hoth, P [GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (Germany)

1997-12-01

The injection of fluids into sandstone reservoirs leads to interactions between these waters, the reservoir rocks, and the formation fluids. Estimations about possible permeability reducing processes caused by these interactions are therefore of great importance for the exploitation of sandstone aquifers as geothermal reservoirs. Percolation experiments under in situ conditions with core samples from North German geothermal boreholes were done in order to investigate these fluid-rock interactions. (orig./AKF) [Deutsch] Die Injektion von Fluiden in Aquiferspeicher fuehrt zu Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Speichergestein, den Formationsfluiden und den injizierten Loesungen. Fuer die Bewirtschaftung der Speicher sind insbesondere Kenntnisse ueber moegliche Permeabilitaetsreduzierungen durch diese Wechselwirkungen von Bedeutung. Mit Hilfe von Kern-Durchstroemungsexperimenten, durchgefuehrt unter lagerstaettenaehnlichen Bedingungen mit Original- bzw. modifizierten Fluiden, wurde daher das Durchstroemungsverhalten von unterschiedlich ausgebildeten Reservoirsandsteinen aus norddeutschen Geothermiebohrungen untersucht. (orig./AKF)

Firing technology in practice - temperature, residence time, corrosion; Feuerungstechnik in der Praxis - Temperatur, Verweilzeit, Korrosion

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Freimann, P.; Holl, D. [Muellheizkraftwerk Betriebsgesellschaft mbH, Burgkirchen/Alz (Germany)

1998-09-01

In a circular dated 1st Sept. 1994, i.e., after the issue of the pertinent planning decision, the Federal Environmental Ministry, BMU, laid down uniform standards on measurements and the parameterisation of the evaluation system for different operation states and loads. Subsequently, TUeV, the German Technical Control Board, prepared the parameterisation curves on the basis of these specifications. The implementation of the BMU paper of 1st Sept. 1994 did not result in any advantage, nor did it lead to a reduction of plant emissions, nor to advantages in the operation of the waste-fuelled cogeneration plant. On the contrary, elevated gas consumption and operating trouble due to frequent feed stops worsened the operating state of the plant. Elevated crude gas temperature in the boiler reduced the lifetime of the two boilers to a critical degree. An operating temperature of 850 C and a residence time of approx. 1 sec. in Burgkirchen waste-fuelled cogeneration plant have not worsened emission values while rendering the plant operable again. [Deutsch] Durch Rundschreiben d. BMU vom 01.09.1994 - also nach Erlass des Planfeststellungsbeschlusses - wurden einheitliche Vorgaben ueber Messungen und Parametrierung des Auswertesystems fuer die verschiedenen Betriebs- bzw. Lastzustaende erlassen. Unter Beruecksichtigung dieser Vorgaben wurden vom TUeV die Parametrierungskurven erstellt. Die Umsetzung des BMU-Papieres vom 01.09.1994 ergab keinerlei Vorteile, weder gab es eine Verringerung der anlagenbedingten Emissionen noch Vorteile fuer den Betrieb des MHKW`s. Im Gegenteil, erhoehte Gasverbraeuche und Betriebsstoerungen durch oftmalige Beschickungsstops verschlechterten den Betriebszustand. Erhoehte Rohgastemperatur im Kessel reduzierten die Lebensdauer der beiden Kessel kritisch. Der Betrieb mit 850 C und mit einer Verweilzeit von ca. 1 sec. fuehrt im MHKW Burgkirchen zu keiner Verschlechterung der Emissionswerte, macht aber die Anlagen wieder betreibbar. (orig./SR)

Self-management by firm, non-elastic adjustable compression wrap device [Translation of Druckmessungen unter Klettverschluss-Kompression - Selbstbehandlung durch feste, unelastische Beinwickelung

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Giovanni Mosti

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Severe forms of chronic venous insufficiency and lymphedema require strong compression-pressure, which exceeds the pressure exerted by medical compression stockings (>40 mmHg. The aim was to investigate if patients are able to apply a Velcro-band compression device (Circaid Juxta Lite™ themselves with sufficient pressure. Thirty-one patients (CEAP C6=23, C5=5, C3=2, mixed ulcer=1 applied Juxta Lite™ on their own legs after a short instruction and were asked to readjust the pressure by their subjective feeling. Sub- bandage pressure was measured after application and 24 h later. In 30 patients without arterial occlusive disease the median sub- bandage pressure values on day 1 and day 2 were 44,5 mmHg (IQR 42-48, and 46 mmHg (IQR 44-48,25 respectively. One patient with an arterialvenous leg ulcer showed pressures of 34 and 36 mmHg. All measured pressure values corresponded to the pursued target range, demonstrating that adequate self application of Velcro bands is feasible and that patents can maintain this pressure by re-adjustment. Source: this paper is an abridged translation of Mosti G, Partsch H. Druckmessungen unter Klettverschluss-Kompression - Selbstbehandlung durch feste, unelastische Beinwickelung. Vasomed 2017;5:212-6.

Municipal climate protection as a measure for sustainable energy supply under the conditions of globalization and liberalization? An empirical investigation considering the municipal actors and public utility companies; Kommunaler Klimaschutz als Instrument einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung unter den Bedingungen von Globalisierung und Liberalisierung? Eine empirische Untersuchung unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Akteure Kommune und Stadtwerke

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Bielitza-Mimjaehner, Ralf

2007-03-01

With the background of the threatening global warming that requires a reduction of greenhouse gas emission by 20 % until 2010 und by 80% until 2050 in Germany, t is reasonable to consider local or municipal climate protection activities. A climate protection politics ''from the bottom'' is not only contributing to a real greenhouse gas reduction, but also triggering the stagnant international climate politics and enhances the sustainable development on a local level. Due to this fact amongst others the Enquete commission of the German Bundestag ''sustainable energy supply under the conditions of globalization and liberalization'' identifies the municipal climate protection activities as important part within the mix of measures that will allow the initiation of an alteration of the actual energy system toward a sustainable energy supply in the long-run. The consequences of globalization and liberalization on the municipal level have not yet been discussed or considered by the Enquete commission. This thesis analyses the conditions induced by the globalization and liberalization on the municipal climate protection activities as constituent of a sustainable energy supply. The project is focusing on the municipal actors and the public utility companies as central point of the considerations. [German] Vor dem Hintergrund einer drohenden globalen Erwaermung, die eine Reduktion der klimawirksamen Treibhausgase bundesweit um 20 % bis 2010 und um 80 % bis 2050 noetig macht, sind Klimaschutzaktivitaeten auf einer lokalen oder kommunalen Ebene in mehreren Dimensionen sinnvoll. Den tatsaechlichen, bezifferbaren Reduktionen von CO2, die hier geleistet werden, gesellt sich ein ''vorbildhafter'' Druck auf eine stockende internationale Klimapolitik hinzu, ebenso leistet die ''Klimaschutzpolitik von unten'' einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung der lokalen Ebene durch Lerneffekte Vorschub. Unter anderem aus

MR-imaging of the breast at 0.5 Tesla: menstrual-cycle dependency of parenchymal contrast enhancement in healthy volunteers with oral contraceptive use?; MR-Mammographie bei 0,5 Tesla: Menstruationszyklusabhaengigkeit der Kontrastmittelanreicherung unter hormoneller Kontrazeption?

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Lorenzen, J.; Welger, J.; Krupski, G.; Adam, G. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany); Lisboa, B.W. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany)

2003-04-01

Introduction: To evaluate changes of contrast medium enhancement of the breast parenchyma due to menstrual cycle in healthy volunteers with oral contraceptive use in MR-imaging of the breast. Material and Methods: 15 healthy volunteers (age: 22 - 36, mean 28,2) without breast disease were examined two times during one menstrual cycle (days 7 - 14 and days 21 - 2). Two volunteers were examined only in the second part of the cycle (days 21 - 2). All volunteers used oral contraceptives for more than 6 month continuously. Examinations were performed with a 0,5 T magnet (dynamic 3D-gradient echo protocol with subtraction postprocessing). We evaluated the number of enhancing foci and the parenchymal contrast medium enhancement during the different phases of the cycle by region of interest. Results: Only a total of two enhancing foci were found in 2 of 17 volunteers. Time/signal intensity diagrams in these both cases were not suspicious (< 80% initial signal increase after of contrast medium injection, no wash-out phenomenon) and sonography of the breast in these two cases was inconspicuous. Contrast medium enhancement of breast parenchyma in cycle days 7 - 14 (mean enhancement: 0.12 - 0.26, minutes 1 - 9 p.i.) was not significantly different (p = 0.2209; Wilcoxon signed rank test) from cycle days 21 - 2 (mean: 0.13 - 0.32). Conclusion: Menstrual cycle dependency of parenchymal contrast medium enhancement seems to be of minor relevance for premenopausal women with use of oral contraceptives. (orig.) [German] Fragestellung: Untersuchung der Kontrastmittelaufnahme des Brustparenchyms in Abhaengigkeit vom Menstruationszyklus bei gesunden Probandinnen unter oraler Kontrazeption. Material und Methode: Bei 15 gesunden Probandinnen ohne Brusterkrankung in der Anamnese wurde eine MR-Mammographie zweimal waehrend eines Menstruationszyklus durchgefuehrt (Zyklustag: 7 - 14 und 21 - 2). Bei zwei weiteren Probandinnen erfolgte die MR-Mammographie nur in der zweiten Zyklushaelfte

Temperature simulations in hyperthermia treatment planning of the head and neck region. Rigorous optimization of tissue properties

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Verhaart, Rene F.; Rijnen, Zef; Verduijn, Gerda M.; Paulides, Margarethus M. [Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hyperthermia Unit, Rotterdam (Netherlands); Fortunati, Valerio; Walsum, Theo van; Veenland, Jifke F. [Erasmus MC, Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Rotterdam (Netherlands)

2014-12-15

Vorbehandlung, Entscheidungsfindung und zur Echtzeitanpassung der Behandlung verwendet. In der gegenwaertigen klinischen Praxis basiert die HTP auf Vorhersagen der Energieabsorption. Die Waerme-Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung befuerwortet jedoch eine Erweiterung durch Temperaturvorhersagen. Aufgrund der starken thermoregulatorischen Reaktion des Kopf- und Halsgewebes sind fuer die Ausnutzung von Temperatursimulationen region- und temperaturspezifische thermische Gewebeeigenschaften notwendig. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur patientengruppenspezifischen Optimierung von thermischen Gewebeeigenschaften, basierend auf invasiv gemessenen Temperaturen. Anschliessend soll die mit dieser Methode erreichbare Genauigkeit evaluiert werden. Die Perfusions- und Waermeleitfaehigkeitswerte des thermischen Modells, basierend auf der ''Bioheat Equation'' von Pennes, wurden unter Verwendung der Daten von 17 behandelten Patienten optimiert. Fuer die genaue Bestimmung der Differenz zwischen der gemessenen und simulierten Temperatur (∇T) wurde ein ''Leave-One-Out''-Validierungsverfahren verwendet. Zur Evaluierung der Verbesserung von ∇T unter Verwendung der optimierten Waermeeigenschaftswerte wurden diese mit Werten aus der Literatur, sowohl ohne als auch mit thermischer Belastung, verglichen. Die optimierten Perfusions- und Waermeleitfaehigkeitswerte fuer Tumore, Muskeln und Fett fuehren zu einer Verbesserung der Simulationsgenauigkeit (∇T: 2,1 ± 1,2 C) im Vergleich zu herkoemmlichen Verfahren ohne (∇T: 12,7 ± 11,1 C) und mit thermischer Belastung (∇T: 4,4 ± 3,5 C). Die vorgestellte Methode fuehrt zu patienten-gruppenspezifischen Temperatureigenschaftswerten, welche die Simulationsgenauigkeit in der anspruchsvollen Kopf- und Halsregion erheblich verbessern. Simulationen bilden somit eine elegante Ergaenzung zu invasiven Messungen. Die rigorose ''Leave-One-Out''-Validierung zeigt, dass Verbesserungen

Alkali release and sorption during combustion and gasification of coal under pressure; Freisetzung und Einbindung von Alkalien bei der Verbrennung und Vergasung von Kohle unter Druck

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Steffin, C.R.; Wanzl, W.; Heek, K.H. van [DMT-Gesellschaft fuer Forschung und Pruefung mbH, Essen (Germany). Geschaeftsbereich FuelTec - Kokerei- und Brennstofftechnik

1999-09-01

Investigations and model calculations have shown that water-soluble alkaline substances (in German coal, mostly NaCl) are released by a desorption process rather than a purely physical evaporation process. Sorption takes place in the presence of reactive oxygen species (H{sub 2}O or O{sub 2}), but only the reaction with water vapour is applicable to technical processes. Soorption is preferred to desorption at low temperatures both kinetically and thermodynamically. Metakaolin has a high alkali sorption capacity and potential depending significantly on the chemical properties of the clay mineral. With increasing basicity, the sorption potential decreases drastically, which has a significant effect in terms of fuel selection and mode of operation of the process of coal dust combustion under pressure. A fuel with low alkali emissions would be a coal grade with a small fraction of water-soluble alkalis and a high fraction of acid clay minerals. Intensive scrubbing in a wet chemical treatment stage may serve to reduce the water-soluble alkalis. [Deutsch] Die Untersuchungen und Modellrechnungen haben gezeigt, dass die Freisetzung der wasserloeslichen Alkalien, was in deutschen Steinkohlen hauptsaechlich NaCl ist, ein Desorptionsmechanismus zugrunde liegt und die Vorstellung eines rein physikalischen Verdampfungsprozesses verworfen werden muss. Die Einbindung der Alkalien findet unter Teilnahme reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (H{sub 2}O oder O{sub 2}) statt, wobei aber nur die Reaktion mit Wasserdampf auch auf technische Prozesse uebertragbar ist. Die Einbindung ist gegenueber der Desorption bei niedrigen Temperaturen kinetisch und thermodynamisch bevorzugt. Metakaolin besitzt eine hohe Kapazitaet und ein hohes Potential zur Einbindung von Alkalien, wobei die Faehigkeit zur Einbindung ganz entscheidend von den chemischen Eigenschaften des Tonminerals abhaengig ist. Mit steigender Basizitaet nimmt das Einbindungspotential der Mineralsubstanz drastisch ab. Das hat auch

Testing of corrosion resistant materials for evaporation plants for waste water from wet scrubbing of flue gas from power plants; Erprobung korrosionsbestaendiger Werkstoffe fuer Eindampfanlagen fuer Abwasser aus der Rauchgasreinigung von Grossfeuerungsanlagen

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Riedel, G. [Institut fuer Korrosionsschutz GmbH, Dresden (Germany); Stenner, F.; Brill, U. [Krupp-VDM GmbH, Werdohl (Germany)

2001-07-01

High alloyed superaustenitic steels and NiCrMo alloys are recommended in consequence of the results of extensive laboratory corrosion experiments under the strong corrosive conditions with up to 360 g chloride content at temperatures up to 85 C. Because results of laboratory corrosion tests are only of limited relevance to the behaviour in practice, field tests were carried out with immersion of welded materials and of heat exchanger tubes under operating conditions of an evaporation plant for waste water from flue gas desulphurization of a coal-fired power plant. Different kinds of high alloy superaustenitic steels and NiCrMo alloys were studied as TIG-welded specimens in immersion tests. (orig.) [German] Hochlegierte Sonderedelstaehle und NiCrMo-Legierungen empfehlen sich aufgrund der Ergebnisse umfassender Laboruntersuchungen unter den stark korrosiven Bedingungen fuer Eindampfanlagen fuer Abwasser aus der Nassreinigung von Rauchgasen von Grossfeuerungsanlagen mit bis zu 360 g/l Chloridgehalt und Temperaturen bis zu 85 C. Weil aber Ergebnisse von Laborpruefungen nur begrenzte Aussagefaehigkeit fuer das Verhalten unter Praxisbedingungen haben, wurden Feldversuche mit der Auslagerung geschweisster Werkstoffe und von Waermetauscherrohren unter Betriebsbedingungen einer Eindampfanlage fuer Abwasser aus der Rauchgasentschwefelung eines kohlebefeuerten Kraftwerks durchgefuehrt. (orig.)

Powertrain definitions for Opel's brand sound considering the vehicle portfolio; Gestaltung des Powertrains fuer den Opel-Brand-Sound unter Beruecksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Positionierung der Fahrzeugpalette

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Bernhard, U.; Herrmann, G.; Schmidt, G.O. [Adam Opel AG, Ruesselsheim (Germany)

2002-07-01

The change of value orientation in Western Europe lead to an increase of emotions buying a car. In addition to classic factors like design, today the carmakers use elements of emotion like brand sound to inspire the customers. On the one hand the job of the acoustic engineers is to meet the acoustic expectations depending on driving conditions. On the other hand there are to develop both combining elements over the whole portfolio and elements which allow a defined position of a carline-powertrain combination in the market. (orig.) [German] Im Zuge der Wandlung der westlichen Gesellschaften spielen Emotionen beim Kauf eines Automobils eine immer staerkere Rolle. Zur Unterstuetzung klassischer Mittel wie dem Design werden heute weitere emotionalisierende Elemente zur Begeisterung der Kunden eingesetzt, unter anderem auch das Klangbild eines Fahrzeugs. Dabei liegt die Aufgabe einerseits darin, der unterschiedlichen Erwartungshaltung in Abhaengigkeit vom Fahrzustand des Fahrzeugs gerecht zu werden. Andererseits die Gestaltung des Klangbildes so durchzufuehren, dass innerhalb des Portfolios sowohl verbindende Elemente als markentypisch zu finden sind als auch der Marktpositionierung gerecht werdende Elemente der einzelnen Fahrzeugtypen zu generieren. (orig.)

MULTISYS: Computer code for calculating multicomponent equilibria in high-temperature subcritical and supercritical aqueous systems; MULTISYS: Ein Programm zur Berechnung von Mehrkomponenten-Gleichgewichten in unterkritischen und ueberkritischen waessrigen Systemen

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Lvov, S.N.; Akinfiev, N.N.; Bandura, A.V.; Sigon, F.; Perboni, G.

1999-12-01

The studies of the corrosion and deposition processes on the structural materials of power plants in high temperature aqueous environments have aroused considerable interest. To understand these processes, it is required to develop a detailed knowledge of thermodynamics that control the solution chemistry, phase relations, kinetics, and mass and heat transport. By knowing the equilibrium composition of the high temperature aqueous solution and by accessing the thermodynamic properties of the corrosion products, it is possible to predict the initial stage of the corrosion processes or oxides deposition, in order to protect plant equipment against damages. (orig.) [German] Studien zur Korrosion und zu Ablagerungsprozessen auf den Komponentenwerkstoffen in Kraftwerken in einer waessrigen Hochtemperaturumgebung sind von betraechtlichem Interesse. Um solche Prozesse zu verstehen, muss ein detailliertes Verstaendnis der Thermodynamik vorhanden sein, welches die Loesungschemie, Phasenbeziehungen, Kinetik sowie Masse- und Waermetransport kontrolliert. Mit dem Wissen um die Gleichgewichtszusammensetzung der waessrigen Hochtemperaturloesung und unter Zugriff auf die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften der Korrosionsprodukte ist es moeglich, die einleitende Stufe von Korrosionsprozessen oder Oxidablagerungen vorherzusagen, um so Anlagenkomponenten vor Schaeden zu schuetzen. (orig.)

Kontrastmittelverstärkte Magnet-Resonanz-Urographie unter forcierter Diurese - Stellenwert in der Differentialdiagnostik bei Obstruktionen des oberen Harntraktes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jung P

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Die Magnet-Resonanz-Urographie (MRU ist ein relativ neues Verfahren in der Diagnostik des oberen Harntraktes. Das Ziel dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Aussagefähigkeit der MRU unter Gabe von Gadolinium und Furosemid und dem konventionellen Urogramm (IVU in der Diagnostik der Ursache von Obstruktionen im Bereich des Harnleiters. 82 Patienten mit im IVU nachgewiesener Obstruktion des oberen Harntraktes oder urographisch stummer Niere bei sonographisch nachgewiesener Dilatation wurden der MRU zugeführt. Die Bilder beider Untersuchungsmethoden wurden von voneinander unabhängigen Untersuchern befundet. Zwei Urologen befundeten die IVU-Bilder, zwei Radiologen die MRU-Bilder, die Radiologen kannten die IVU-Diagnose nicht. Bei unklarer Diagnose wurden weitere Untersuchungen wie Computertomographie, retrograde Pyelographie oder Ureteroskopie durchgeführt. Die Diagnosen waren: Harnleitersteine bei 72 Patienten, Harnleitertumore bei 8 Patienten und extraureterale Tumore bei 2 Patienten. Eine richtige Diagnose bei den Steinpatienten wurde durch IVU bei 49 von 72 Patienten und durch MRU bei 64 von 72 Patienten gestellt. In dieser Patientengruppe wurden durch die MRU zwei falsche Diagnosen gestellt. Fehlende Kontrastmittelausscheidung war der Hauptgrund für Versagen der IVU. 3 der 8 Patienten mit Harnleitertumoren wurden durch die IVU richtig dignostiziert, bei dreien wurde eine falsche Diagnose gestellt. Durch die MRU konnten in dieser Gruppe 7 von 8 Patienten korrekt diagnostiziert werden, es wurde keine falsche Diagnose erhoben. IVU wird zunächst die Standarduntersuchungstechnik zur Darstellung des oberen Harntraktes bleiben, aber durch diese Studie konnte die Möglichkeit gezeigt werden, die in der MRU in Kombination mit Gadolinium und Furosemid liegt. Die größte Bedeutung dieser Untersuchung liegt in der urographisch stummen Niere, bei Untersuchungen in der Schwangerschaft, bei Kindern und bei Patienten mit Kontrastmittelunverträglichkeit.

Briquetting properties of sponge iron at high temperature; Das Heissbrikettierverhalten von Eisenschwamm

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Naundorf, W. [TU Bergakademie Freiberg (Germany); Trommer, D. [TU Bergakademie Freiberg (Germany); Guenter, H. [Koeppern Aufbereitungstechnik GmbH und Co. KG (Germany); Kuschel, M. [TU Bergakademie Freiberg (Germany)

1994-12-31

In the briquetting laboratory of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg hot briquetting of sponge iron was investigated. It was found that on increasing the pressing temperature in the range of 600 C to 1000 C a sudden improvement of briquette quality occurs. Applying a pressure of p = 200 MPa and a pressing temperature of above 700 C practically all kinds of sponge iron can be densified into briquettes with a density of {>=} 5 g/cm{sup 3}. As the pressing temperature increases the thickness expansion of the briquettes decreases, turning into a shrinkage process above 600 C. As regards the effect of grain size of sponge iron on briquette quality it was found that coarser fractions of the raw material lead to more dense and harder briquetts under the same briquetting conditions. Fine material with a grain size < 6 mm deteriorates briquette quality. Further more, it has been established that there is a order of rank in the briquettability. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Brikettierlabor der TU Bergakademie Freiberg wude das Heissbrikettierverhalten von Eisenschwaemmen untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dass mit steigender Verpressungstemperatur der Eisenschwaemme im Bereich 600 C bis 1000 C eine sprunghafte Verbesserung der Brikettqualitaet erreicht wird. Bei Anwendung eines Pressdruckes von p = 200 MPa und einer Verpressungstemperatur oberhalb 700 C lassen sich faktisch alle Eisenschwaemme zu Briketts mit einer Rohdichte {>=} 5 g/cm{sup 3} verdichten. Mit steigender Verpressungstemperatur vermindert sich die Dickenexpansion der Briketts. Oberhalb 600 C setzt eine Schrumpfung der Briketts ein. Zum Einfluss der Koernung der Eisenschwaemme auf die Brikettqualitaet wurde festgestellt, dass sich groebere Produktfraktionen unter gleichen Brikettierbedingungen zu dichteren und festeren Briketts verpressen lassen. Feingut mit der Korngroesse < 6 mm verschlechtert die Qualitaet der Briketts. Es konnte weiter festgestellt werden, dass eine Rangfolge im Brikettiercharakter der Eisenschwaemme besteht

Characterisation of an airblast sputtering unit - verification of numeric simulations using an adapted phase doppler droplet measuring technique; Charakterisierung eines Airblastzerstaeubers - Bestaetigung numerischer Simulationen mit einem angepassten Phasen-Doppler-Tropfenmessverfahren

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Willmann, M.

1999-07-01

Two-phase flows were investigated in high-pressure conditions in order to assess the influence of pressure and temperature on spray jet dispersion in so-called airblast sputtering units, whose function is described. The project was to contribute to improved characterisation and better understanding of spray jets. New methods of measurement and calculation were employed that provide more comprehensive and accurate data on two-phase flows. [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen Zweiphasenstroemungen unter Hochdruckbedingungen untersucht werden, um den Einfluss von Druck und Temperatur auf die Spruehstrahl-Ausbreitung unter Verwendung von sogenannten Airblast-Zerstaeubern aufzuzeigen. Diese Zerstaeuberbauart wird derzeit typischerweise in Gasturbinen eingesetzt, ihre Funktionsweise wird in einem Kapitel der Arbeit dargestellt. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur verbesserten Charakterisierung und zum erweiterten Verstaendnis von Spruehstrahlen, insbesondere unter Einsatz von Airblast-Zerstaeubern geschaffen. Dabei werden sowohl im messtechnischen Bereich wie auch auf numerischer Seite neue Methoden vorgestellt, die eine wesentlich umfassendere und genauere Darstellung von Zweiphasenstroemungen erlauben. Der Einsatz dieser erweiterten Methoden an der Stroemung eines Modellairblastzerstaeubers zeigt wichtige Effekte bei der Tropfenausbreitung und -verdunstung auf. Die Arbeit ist dabei in drei Teilbereiche gegliedert. In einem messtechnisch ausgerichteten Teil werden die neuen, erweiterten Ansaetze zur Auslegung des Phasen-Doppler Verfahrens vorgestellt und damit die Grundlagen zur experimentellen Charakterisierung eines Spruehstrahls geschaffen. In zweiten Teil erfolgt die Darstellung der verwendeten numerischen Methoden. Im dritten Teil werden schliesslich die Resultate experimenteller wie numerischer Untersuchungen parallel eingesetzt, um die physikalischen Phaenomene im Spruehstrahl eines Airblastzerstaeubers darzustellen und damit die

Solar reactors for freshwater treatment in developing countries with high radiation intensity, with particular regard to part-project No. 1: Microbiology, process conception. Final report; Solarreaktoren fuer die Trinkwasseraufbereitung in Entwicklungslaendern mit hoher Sonnenstrahlungsintensitaet unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung von Teilprojekt 1: Mikrobiologie, Verfahrenskonzeption. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Watzke, E.; Roth, M.; Hoffmeier, C.

2000-07-01

Erhoehung der Bakterienabtoetungsraten wird die erhoehte Temperatur des behandelten Wassers in einem isolierten Sammelbehaelter ueber mehrere Stunden gehalten. Ausserdem wurden Trinkwasserentkeimungsgefaesse (TWEG) aus hoch UV-durchlaessigem Glas entwickelt, die ebenfalls zur Trinkwasserdesinfektion verwendet werden koennen. In einem Folgeprojekt werden mit den TWEA Langzeittests unter praxisrelevanten Anwendungsbedingungen in Entwicklungslaendern durchgefuehrt. (orig.)

Experimentelle, analytische und numerische Untersuchungen des Rührreibschweißprozesses

OpenAIRE

Hoßfeld, Max

2016-01-01

Mit dem Rührreibschweißverfahren steht seit einigen Jahren eine Fügetechnologie zur Verfügung, mit der viele fügetechnische Problemstellungen speziell beim Fügen von Aluminiumlegierungen gelöst oder vermieden werden können. Mittels Rührreibschweißen können sämtliche Aluminiumlegierungen zuverlässig, hocheffizient und mit einem sehr hohen Verbindungswirkungsgrad gefügt werden. Dabei weisen rührreibgeschweißte Verbindungen bereits ohne Nachbehandlung sehr gute statische und zyklische Festigkeit...

Laser diagnosis and plasma technology: Fundamentals for reduction of emissions and fuel consumption in DI internal combustion engines. Sub-project: Purification of diesel exhaust in pulsed plasma. Final report; Laserdiagnostische und plasmatechnologische Grundlagen zur Verminderung von Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbrauch von DI-Verbrennungsmotoren. Teilvorhaben: Reinigung von Dieselabgasen in gepulsten Plasmen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hammer, T.; Kishimoto, T.; Birckigt, R.

2000-12-01

Selective catalytic reduction using ammonia based reducing agents is known to reduce the NOx-emissions from Diesel cars. However, it does not work efficiently under cold starting and urban driving conditions, because efficient reduction requires catalyst temperatures above 170 C. Without additional measures, pulsed plasma treatment does not cause reduction but mainly oxidation of nitric oxides preferably emitted as NO. By the combination of pulsed DBD-plasma treatment with selective catalytic reduction efficient NOx-reduction was obtained at catalyst temperatures below 170 C. It could be shown, that this low temperature reduction is a synergistic effect caused by plasma induced oxidation of some fraction of the NO. Based on this knowledge of the reaction mechanism plasma- and SCR-reactors were built, which were tested on a test bench equipped with a modern cars Diesel engine. Under cold starting and urban driving conditions by application of average plasma powers below 300 W the NOx-emissions were reduced for about 60%, the maximum degree of NOx-reduction was 85%. The plasma induced removal of hydrocarbons and particles, as well as the formation of by-products and the influence of hydrocarbons on the plasma induced selective catalytic reduction processes were investigated. No disadvantageous by-products could be found. (orig.) [German] Die selektive katalytische Reduktion mit Ammoniak als Reduktionsmittel ist ein bekanntes Verfahren zur Reduktion der Stickoxidemissionen von Diesel-Pkw, arbeitet aber erst ab Katalysatortemperaturen oberhalb 170 C und ist damit unter Kaltstart- und Stadtverkehrsbedingungen wenig wirksam. Gepulste Plasmen bewirken ohne zusaetzliche Massnahmen keine ausreichende chemische Reduktion sondern ueberwiegend Oxidation der als NO emittierten Stickoxide. Durch Kombination von DBE-Plasmen mit der selektiven katalytischen Reduktion hingegen konnte auch bei Katalysatortemperaturen unter 170 C wirkungsvolle NOx-Reduktion erzielt werden. Es konnte

MR-imaging of finger osteoarthritis: Morphology and cartrilage signal intensity before and after treatment with ademetionin; Magnetresonanztomographie der Fingerpolyarthrose: Morphologie und Knorpelsignalverhalten unter Ademetonintherapie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koenig, H. [Radiologische Klinik, Abt. fuer Roentgendiagnostik und Nuklearmedizin, Univ.-Klinikum Steglitz, FU Berlin (Germany); Stahl, H. [Radiologische Klinik, Univ.-Klinikum Rudolf-Virchow, FU Berlin (Germany); Sieper, J. [Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Univ.-Klinikum Steglitz, FU Berlin (Germany); Wolf, K.J. [Radiologische Klinik, Abt. fuer Roentgendiagnostik und Nuklearmedizin, Univ.-Klinikum Steglitz, FU Berlin (Germany)

1995-01-01

This report deals with a prospective study of 21 patients with finger osteoarthritis treated over a period of three months with either Ademetionin (therapy group: 14/21) or without (control group: 7/21). MR-Imaging was carried out before and after treatment using spin-echo and 3D-Flash sequences. Morphological parameters and signal intensity changes of the hyaline cartilage were evaluated. The increase of the cartilage signal intensity was significant in the therapy group, this can be interpreted as an structural improvement. Also a decrease of the cartilage signal intensity with age was found. The morphological parameters showed no significant changes in the therapy and control groups. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie wurden magnetresonanztomographische Untersuchungen bei Patientinnen mit Fingerpolyarthrose vor und nach Ademetionintherapie durchgefuehrt. Es erfolgten zwei Messungen an einer Kontrollgruppe (n=7, keine Ademetionintherapie) und an der Therapiegruppe (n=14) im Abstand von drei Monaten. Zur Anwendung kamen eine Doppel-Spin-Echo-Sequenz sowie eine 3D-Flash-Sequenz. Ausgewertet wurden neben morphologischen Parametern auch der Signalintensitaetsverlauf im Bereich des hyalinen Gelenkknorpels der Interphalangealgelenke. Signifikant war der Knorpelsignalzuwachs unter Ademetionintherapie, dies kann als Zeichen einer strukturellen Befundbesserung interpretiert werden. Ebenfalls signifikant zeigte sich die Abnahme der Knorpelsignalintensitaet mit zunehmendem Lebensalter der Patientinnen. Bei den morphologischen Befundaenderungen konnte kein signifikanter Therapieeffekt festgestellt werden. (orig.)

Presentation of the Well Tractor Concept and practical experience in extreme conditions; Vorstellung des Well Tractor Konzepts mit Erfahrungen bei Einsaetzen unter Extrembedingungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kater, H.; Preiss, F. [Preussag Wireline- und Messservice, Edemissen (Germany)

1998-12-31

So-called extended reach boreholes with horizontal sections of more than 2000 m, short radius drilling, multilaterals and other variations are common enough. Problems occur when this type of borehole needs to be surveyed or modified. The contribution describes the newly developed ``Well Tracotor{sup circledR}`` technology and outlines its potential. (orig.) [Deutsch] Sogenannte Extended Reach Bohrungen mit Horizontalsektionen von mehr als 2.000 Meter Laenge, Short Radius Drilling, Multilaterals und andere Variationen sind bohrtechnisch einwandfrei durchfuehrbar und gehoeren zum gaengigen Repertoire der Bohrfirmen. Grosse Probleme entstehen jedoch wenn dieser Bohrungstyp vermessen, komplettiert oder aufgewaeltigt werden soll. Insbesondere Bohrlochmessfirmen haben es in den letzten ca. 20 Jahren versaeumt Innovationen zwecks oekonomischen Einsatzes ihrer Technologie in diesen Bohrungen bereitzustellen. Die Durchfuehrung von Perforationen und Bohrlochmessungen, das Setzen von Stopfen, Schneiden von Rohren und auch einfachste Slickline-Operationen sind bei einer Bohrlochneigung beginnend bei ca. 60 bis 80 nur unter Anwendung von kosten- und zeitintensiven Verfahren moeglich. Eine guenstige Alternative zu diesen Verfahren bietet der Well Tractor. Diese Technologie ermoeglicht das Einfahren von Geraeten, die ueblicherweise am Kabel oder Draht eingesetzt werden, in Horizontalbohrungen. Im Folgenden werden das technische Konzept, ein Vergleich mit alternativen Verfahren, und verschiedene Referenzen des Well Tracotors {sup trademark} dargestellt. Weiterhin wird auf die Modifikationen eingegangen, die noetig waren, um dieses Geraet den Gegebenheiten in tiefen, heissen Gasbohrungen anzupassen. Abschliessend soll durch einen Ausblick auf zum Teil schon im Feldtest befindliche Weiterentwicklungen das weitere Potential dieser Technologie aufgezeichnet werden. (orig.)

Comparison calculation/experiment on the load case ``shutdown of TH high pressure pumps under consideration of fluid structure interaction``; Vergleich Rechnung/Messung zum Lastfall ``Abschaltung der TH-Hochdruckpumpen unter Beruecksichtigung der Fluid-Struktur-Wechselwirkung``

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Erath, W.; Nowotny, B.; Maetz, J. [KED, Rodenbach (Germany)

1998-11-01

Measurements of an experiment in a pipe system with pump shutdown and valve closing have been performed in the nuclear power plant KRB II. Comparative calculations of fluid and structure including interaction show an excellent agreement with the measured results. Theory and implementation of the fluid/structure interaction and the results of the comparison are described. It turns out that the consideration of the fluid/structure interaction is mostly a significant increase of the effective structural damping. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wurden Messungen am nuklearen Nachkuehlsystem des Kernkraftwerks Gundremmingen (KRB II) bei einem Versuche mit Pumpenabschalten und Ventilschliessen durchgefuehrt. Vergleichsrechnungen der Fluid-Strukturdynamik unter echter Beruecksichtigung der Wechselwirkung ergaben eine ausgezeichnete Uebereinstimmung der Rechnung mit den Messungen. Es werden Theorie und Implementierung der Koppelung der Fluid- und Struktur-Berechnungen sowie die Vergleiche von Messung und Rechnung beschrieben. Es ergibt sich, dass die Beruecksichtigung der Wechselwirkung notwendig ist zur genaueren Berechnung von `weichen` Rohrleitungsystemen. Eine wichtige Folge der Wechselwirkung ist meist eine deutliche Erhoehung der effektiven Strukturdaempfung. (orig.)

Assessment of PCM in building climate systems; Beoordeling PCM in gebouwklimatisering

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmitz, H. [Verwol Klimatplafonds, Delft (Netherlands)

2005-09-01

Insight is given into the impact of phase change materials on the indoor climate in two different types of public buildings (circus tent and a theatre) [Dutch] Organisatoren van 'een dag van autarkische systemen' vragen zich af of deze technische bijeenkomst in een geisoleerde (mobiele) circustent of een monumentaal (statisch) theater moet worden gehouden en of deze dag 's zomers of 's winters moet plaatshebben. De beantwoording vraagt om inzicht in de dimensionering van het vermogen en de capaciteit en het jaarlijks energiegebruik met en zonder PCM (phase change materials)

Simulation of a model predictive room temperature control by use of an ideal weather forecast; Simulation einer praediktiven Raumtemperaturregelung unter Verwendung einer idealen Wettervorhersage

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goertler, Gregor [Fachhochschulstudiengaenge Burgenland GesmbH, Pinkafeld (Austria). Kernkompetenzbereich Energie- und Umweltmanagement; Beigelboeck, Barbara

2010-12-15

Due to the use of MPC (Model Predictive Control) for room heating applications users and constructors expect nameable energy savings. By usage of a simulation for a special case the energy saving potential of predictive control algorithm for room temperature control in connection with an ideal weather forecast, in comparison to established algorithms (PI-control, two level controller) is estimated. The controlled system with the control variable room temperature is a room with floor heating which was modelled in TRNSYS. A linear state space model of the controlled system was derived with suitable identification methods. This model was used by the predictive control algorithm, which was programmed in MATLAB. The weather data was taken from the TRNSYS library and has been made available also for the control algorithm, so that an ideal weather forecast was established. For the example considered in this paper, the amount of energy saving was 10 % per year with the MPC-controller compared to a PI-controller. (Copyright copyright 2010 Ernst and Sohn Verlag fuer Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH and Co. KG, Berlin)

Fluidized-bed gasification of biomass: Conversion of fine carabon particles in the freeboard; Biomassevergasung in der Wirbelschicht: Umsatz von feinen Kohlenstoffpartikeln im Freeboard

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Miccio, F [Ist. Ricerche sulla Combustione-CNR, Napoli (Italy); Moersch, O; Spliethoff, H; Hein, K R.G. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen

1998-09-01

The conversion of carbon particles in gasification processes was investigated in a fluidized-bed reactor of the Institute of Chemical Engineering and Steam Boiler Technology of Stuttgart University. This reactor is heated electrically to process temperature, and freeboard coal particles can be sampled using an isokinetic probe. The fuel used in the experiments consisted of beech wood chips. The temperature and air rating, i.e. the main parameters of the process, were varied in order to investigate their influence on product gas quality and carbon conversion. The conversion rate is influenced to a significant extent by grain disintegration and discharge of carbon particles. In gasification conditions, a further conversion process takes place in the freeboard. (orig.) [Deutsch] In dieser Arbeit wird die Umsetzung von Kohlenstoffpartikeln unter Vergasungsbedingungen untersucht. Die Versuche wurden an einem Wirbelschichtreaktor des Instituts fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen der Universitaet Stuttgart durchgefuehrt. Dieser Reaktor wird elektrisch auf Prozesstemperatur beheizt. Mit Hilfe einer isokinetischen Sonde koennen Proben von Kohlenstoffpartikeln im Freeboard genommen werden. Als Brennstoff wurden zerkleinerte Buchenholz-Hackschnitzel eingesetzt. Variiert wurden als Hauptparameter des Prozesses Temperatur und Luftzahl. Untersucht wurde der Einfluss dieser Parameter auf die Qualitaet des Produktgases und die Umsetzung des Kohlenstoffes. Kornzersetzungs- und Austragsvorgaenge von Kohlenstoffpartikeln spielen eine wichtige Rolle fuer den Kohlenstoffumsatz. Unter Vergasungsbedingungen findet im Freeboard eine weitere Umsetzung der Partikel statt. (orig.)

The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the treatment planning of vertebral metastasis considering economic aspects. A cost benefit-analysis; Die Wertigkeit der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) unter oekonomischen Aspekten bei der Bestrahlungsplanung von Wirbelkoerpermetastasen. Eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prott, F.J.; Schlehuber, E.; Scharding, B.J.; Rinast, E. [Strahlentherapie Wiesbaden, St.-Josefs-Hospital (Germany); Micke, O. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Strahlentherapie - Radioonkologie, Universitaetsklinikum Muenster (Germany)

2002-05-01

Is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based target volume definition for treatment planning of vertebral metastasis effective under economic considerations.From 1994 to 1999, a total of 137 patients with bone metastases affecting the vertebral column underwent MRI of the cercival, thoracic, or lumbar spine for the treatment planning of palliative radiation therapy. The following radiation treatment consisted in a irradiation of the affected vertebral region up to a total dose of 30-40 Gy.The cost calculation for radiotherapy and magnetic resonance tomography was done using the common tariff model (EBM) of the German Health Insurances.In 73% of patients (101 patients), magnetic resonance imaging resulted in marked corrections of the irradiation fields which would have resulted in the necessity of treatment for recurrence in the case of treatment planning without MRI.Consequently, the higher cost of MRI of 345.00 DEM (176,40 EUR) lead to a saving of 497.00 DEM (254,11 EUR) compared to a recurrence treatment of 10 fractions and of 1,428.00 DEM (730,12 EUR) compared to 20 fractions. The transport expenses for the second treatment could be saved as well.Even under economic considerations MRI is effective. (orig.) [German] Ist eine MRT-gestuetzte Zielvolumendefinition bei der Strahlentherapie von Knochenmetastasen ein sinnvolles Vorgehen unter oekonomischen Gesichtspunkten?1994-1999 wurde bei 137 Patienten mit einem ossaer metastasierenden Tumor und Befall der Wirbelsaeule eine Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zur Planung einer palliativen Radiatio durchgefuehrt. Die nachfolgende Strahlentherapie bestand aus einer Radiatio des betroffenen Wirbelkoerperabschnitts bis zu einer Gesamtherddosis von 30-40 Gy. Fuer die Berechnung der Kosten wurde der einheitliche Bewertungsmassstab der Deutschen Krankenkassen zugrunde gelegt.Aufgrund der MRT-Untersuchungen wurde bei 73% der Patienten eine Veraenderung des Bestrahlungsfeldes vorgenommen, die im Falle einer nicht MRT

Sewage sludge pyrolysis for thermal utilisation in furnaces; Pyrolyse von Klaerschlamm als Aufbereitungsverfahren zur thermischen Nutzung in Feuerungsanlagen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Storm, C; Spliethoff, H; Hein, K R.G. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen

1998-09-01

The degassing rate of sewage sludges increases with the pyrolysis temperature. Already at 900 degrees centigrade, the glow loss wil be less than 5 percent. The gas composition changes with increasing temperatures, and there are larger fractions of light gases like hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Non-volatile inorganic compounds are not released during pyrolysis. Volatile inorganic components behave differently: Eluation experiments with sewage sludge pyrolysis residues showed that all components under investigation are immobilized in the residue matrix and there is now washout. When the product gases were used as reduction fuels in coal furnaces, nitric oxide emissions will be reduced to less than 200 mg per cubic metre. The pyrolysis temperature was found to have an effect only at low fuel/air ratios, when gases produced at high pyrolysis temperatures resulted in lower emissions. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Mit steigender Pyrolysetemperatur steigt die Entgasungsrate der Klaerschlaemme. Bei der Klaerschlammpyrolyse wird schon bei Temperaturen ab 900 C ein Gluehverlust von unter 5% erreicht. Die Pyrolysegaszusammensetzung aendert sich mit steigender Temperatur zugunsten von leichten Gasen wie Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid. Schwerfluechtige anorganische Verbindungen werden waehrend der Pyrolyse nicht freigesetzt. Leichtfluechtige anorganische Bestandteile zeigen ein unterschiedliches Verhalten. Bei Eluierungsversuchen von Klaerschlammpyrolyseresten wurde festgestellt, dass alle untersuchten Komponenten fest in die Reststoffmatrix eingebunden werden und keine Auswaschung erfolgte. Bei der thermischen Nutzung von Gasen aus der Klaerschlammpyrolyse als Reduktionsbrennstoff in Kohlefeuerungen koennen NO{sub x} Emissionen von unter 200 mg/m{sup 3} erreicht werden. Ein Einfluss der Pyrolysetemperatur auf die NO{sub x} Emissionen konnte nur bei niedrigen Luftzahlen festgestellt werden. Hier wiesen Gase, die bei hohen Pyrolysetemperaturen entstanden, geringere Emissionen auf. (orig./SR)

Phase transformation and local mechanical properties of TRIP steel in a simulated and real resistance spot weld process; Phasenumwandlung und lokale mechanische Eigenschaften von TRIP Stahl beim simulierten und realen Widerstandspunktschweissprozess

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brauser, Stephan

2013-06-01

area of spot welded TRIP steels. The established mechanical characteristics were used as input data for numerical simulation of the spot weld ductility and strength performance. Here, the attention was focused on the necessity of implementing mechanical characteristics of the heat-affected zone for realistic tensile shear test modelling. [German] TRIP Staehle realisieren durch eine unter mechanischer Beanspruchung hervorgerufene Phasenumwandlung von metastabilen Austenit in Martensit (TRIP-Effekt) hohe Festigkeiten bei gleichzeitig guten Verformungseigenschaften. Waehrend der Verarbeitung dieser Werkstoffe mittels Widerstandspunktschweissen koennen unter den prozessspezifischen extremen Aufheiz- und Abkuehlraten Modifikationen des Austenitanteils hervorgerufen werden die als Folge lokal zu einer Aenderung der mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften fuehren. Wesentliche Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Analyse der Gefuegestruktur im Bereich einer Punktschweissverbindung hinsichtlich der Aenderung des Austenitanteils und den daraus resultierenden Aenderungen der lokalen mechanischen Eigenschaften unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung des TRIP-Effekts. Durch in-situ Beugungsuntersuchungen mittels hochenergetischer Synchrotronstrahlung erfolgte zunaechst die Quantifizierung des metastabilen Austenitanteils im unbehandelten Grundwerkstoff. Darauf aufbauend wurden unter definierten Temperaturprofilen in Ofenversuchen die grundlegenden Aspekte der thermisch bedingten Austenitumwandlung im Aufheiz- und Abkuehlprozess untersucht. Durch Gleeble-Versuche und Ofenexperimente wurden weiterfuehrend verschiedene Temperaturprofile mit unterschiedlichen im Punktschweissprozess lokal vorliegende Spitzentemperaturen genutzt um eine systematische Bewertung des Einflusses der Temperatur und der Aufheiz- sowie der Abkuehlbedingungen auf den Austenitgehalt unter realen Bedingungen zu ermoeglichen. Durch Korrelationsuntersuchungen zwischen den mechanischen Kennwerten thermisch

PC-aided scheduling of transportation truck in utility operations; PC-unterstuetzte Einsatzplanung der Transport-Lkw im EVU-Betrieb

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dreele, H. von; Hartwich, D.; Rolke, D. [RWE Energie AG, Regionalversorgung Nike, Osnabrueck (Germany); Leidig, R. [PLS Unternehmensberatung GmbH, Duesseldorf (Germany)

1998-02-23

The DP software system Plantour is used to optimize truck operations meeting the transportation needs of a regional supply utility taking into account the specific operational requirements. The chance to centralized scheduling was based on logistic principles. New practice-oriented software had to be developed using standards. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit Hilfe des DV-Software-Systems Plantour werden die Einsaetze der Lkw fuer das Transportwesen einer Regionalversorgung unter Beruecksichtigung der spezifischen betrieblichen Belange optimiert. Dabei wurde die Umstellung auf eine zentrale Einsatzplanung unter Beruecksichtigung logistischer Prinzipien vorgenommen. Die erforderliche Software musste neu unter Verwendung von Standards praxisnah entwickelt werden. (orig.)

Total emissivity and spectral emissivity of high-temperature materials; Gesamtemissionsgrad und spektraler Emissionsgrad von Hochtemperaturmaterialien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Neuer, G.; Pohlmann, P.; Schreiber, E.

1998-05-01

A new emissivity measurement device with inductive sample heating is described. The disc shaped samples can be measured between 800 C and 2000 C in vacuum or in each available gas atmosphere. Two kinds of surface temperature measurement methods are described, one by measuring in a blackbody hole and one by measuring at the surface without additional measures to correct emissivity. Total normal and spectral emissivity at wavelengths between 0,5 {mu}m and 8,3 {mu}m of various high temperature materials like platinum and Pt-Rh-alloys, siliconcarbide and molybdenum disilicide have been measured. From the investigated materials a few have been selected as reference samples for comparative emissivity measurements fullfilling the requirement of stability on air up to 400 C to 1000 C in order to ensure reproducibility of the results at different measurement conditions in air and in vacuum. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Aufbau einer neuen Messapparatur fuer Emissionsgradmessungen bei Temperaturen zwischen 1000 C und 2000 C wird beschrieben. Die scheibenfoermigen Proben werden induktiv beheizt, und die Messungen koennen entweder in Vakuum oder einer beliebigen Gasatmosphaere durchgefuehrt werden. Es werden zwei verschiedene Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Oberflaechentemperatur bechrieben, wobei entweder in einer oder direkt an der Oberflaeche ohne zusaetzliche Massnahmen zur Emissionsgradkorrektur gemessen wird. An verschiedenen Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen wie Platin und Platin-Rhodium-Legierungen, Siliziumkarbid mit unterschiedlichen Herstellungsarten und Molybdaen-Disilizid wurden der Gesamtemissionsgrad und der spektrale Emissionsgrad bei Wellenlaengen von 0,5 {mu}m bis 8,3 {mu}m senkrecht zur Oberflaeche gemessen. Aus den untersuchten Materialien wurden solche als Referenzmaterialien fuer vergleichende Emissionsgradmessungen ausgewaehlt, die sowohl im Vakuum als auch in Luft und bei Temperaturen von 1400 C bis 1600 C unter verschiedenen Messbedingungen reproduzierbare Ergebnisse

Further development of whole-body cooling and breathing systems for mine rescue squats. Modifications for extended applications; Weiterentwicklung von Ganzkoerperkuehl- und Atemschutzsystemen der Grubenwehr (Forts.). Systemmodifikationen zur Anpassung an erweiterte Einsatzmoeglichkeiten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bresser, G. [Hauptstelle fuer das Grubenrettungswesen DSK, Herne (Germany)

2001-07-01

Mine rescue brigades in Germany use two different types of whole-body cooling systems: The cooling and breathing system of Draegerwerk AG and the Antidust cooling and breathing protective suit of Vorndamme AG. The two systems were investigated at temperatures of 40 - 60 C. The Draegerwerk AG system had to be modified to make it more user-friendly and more ergonomic. The protective suit was tested both underground and above ground in order to obtain data on its maximum time of use and underground characteristics. [German] Im deutschen Steinkohlenbergbau sind zwei Ganzkoerperkuehlsysteme fuer Grubenwehreinsaetze vorhanden: - Das Kuehl- und Atemschutzsystem der Grubenwehr (KAS) der Draegerwerk AG und - der Antidust- Kuehl- und Atemschutzanzug der Vorndamme AG. Fuer die beiden unterschiedlichen Systeme sollten abgesicherte Einsatzdauertabellen fuer den Grubenwehreinsatz erstellt werden. Im Unterschied zum vorangegangenen Vorhaben sollte nun der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung bei Temperaturen von 40 C bis 60 C liegen. Das Kuehl- und Atemschutzsystem musste modifiziert werden. Das System war so zu vereinfachen, dass jede Grubenwehr - auch ohne besondere Ausbildung und regelmaessiges Training unter Anleitung weniger Spezialisten - die Geraete nutzen kann. Als Ersatz fuer das Atemschutzmodul auf Chemikalsauerstoffbasis sollten vorhandene Drucksauerstoffkreislaufgeraete von Typ Draeger 174 genutzt werden. Um auf einem Rueckentragegestell die moeglichst unveraenderte Technik eines BG 174 und den Waermetauscher (KAS) unterbringen zu koennen, war es notwendig, neue Rueckentragegestelle zu entwickeln. Hierbei sollten ergonomische Gesichtspunkte besser als bisher beruecksichtigt werden. Der Antidust- Kuehl- und Atemschutzanzug war unter und ueber Tage zu erproben, um auch hier eine gesicherte Aussage zur Einsatzdauer und zur Handhabung unter Tage machen zu koennen. (orig.)

Development and application of dynamic MR-imaging for evaluation of perfusion changes in rectal carcinoma during a course of radiotherapy in clinical use. Preliminary results; Entwicklung und Anwendung dynamischer MRT-Messungen zur Evaluierung von Perfusionsveraenderungen bei Rektumkarzinomen unter Bestrahlung in der klinischen Routine. Erste Ergebnisse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vries, A. de; Griebel, J.; Gneiting, T.; Hoflehner, J.; Brandl, M.; Lukas, P. [Leopold-Franzens-Univ. Innsbruck (Austria). Universitaetsklinik fuer Strahlentherapie - Radioonkologie; Judmaier, W.; Kremser, C.; Schocke, M.; Aichner, F. [Leopold-Franzens-Univ. Innsbruck (Austria). Inst. fuer Magnetresonanztomographie; Peer, S.; Rettl, G. [Leopold-Franzens-Univ. Innsbruck (Austria). Universitaetsklinik fuer Radiodiagnostik I; Oefner, D. [Leopold-Franzens-Univ. Innsbruck (Austria). Universitaetsklinik fuer Chirurgie; Debbage, P. [Leopold-Franzens-Univ. Innsbruck (Austria). Inst. fuer Histologie und Embryologie

1999-11-01

procedures. (orig.) [German] Ziel: Entwicklung und Anwendung dynamischer Magnetresonanztomographiemessungen zur Erhebung von Perfusionsparametern bei Rektumkarzinomen unter Bestrahlung in der klinischen Routine. Patienten und Methode: Bei Rektumkarzinompatienten (n=8), die sich einer praeoperativen kombinierten Radiochemotherapie unterzogen, wurden Perfusionsdaten erhoben. An einem 1,5-Tesla-Ganzkoerperkernspintomographen wurden ultraschnelle T1-Mapping-Sequenzen zum Erhalt von T1-Maps mit Intervallen von 14 und 120 Sekunden implementiert. Die Messzeit der dynamischen Messungen betrug 40 Minuten. Die Messschicht (Schichtdicke 5 mm) wurde so gewaehlt, dass sowohl Tumor als auch arterielle Gefaesse dargestellt wurden. Gadolinium-DTPA-(Gd-DTPA-)Konzentrations-Zeit-Kurven wurden nach einem prolongierten Bolus im arteriellen Blut und im Tumor berechnet. Die angewendete Methode erlaubte eine raeumliche Aufloesung von 2x2x5 mm und eine zeitliche Aufloesung von 14 Sekunden. Die Messdaten wurden vor und in konstanten Intervallen waehrend Therapie erhoben. Ergebnisse: Die raeumliche und zeitliche Aufloesung der T1-Maps war ausreichend, um Areale mit unterschiedlicher Kontrastmittelkinetik innerhalb des Tumors zu erfassen sowie die grossen Beckenarterien sicher zu identifizieren. Bei sechs Patienten konnten Gd-DTPA-Konzentrationskurven im Tumor unter Therapie erhoben werden. Der Perfusionsindex (Pi) versus Strahlendosis zeigte eine signifikante Zunahme in der ersten oder zweiten Woche der Bestrahlung, bevor er entweder kontinuierlich absank oder nach anfaenglichem Abfall einen erneuten Anstieg aufwies. Der durchschnittliche Pi-Ausgangswert betrug 0,16 ({+-}0,049), das durchschnittliche Pi-Maximum war 0,23 ({+-}0,058). Die relativen Perfusionsveraenderungen betrugen zwischen 20 und 83%. Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die verwendete Methode zur Erfassung von Perfusionsparametern unter Bestrahlung eignet und in der klinischen Routine anwendbar ist. In der Zukunft

Visusminderung unter Silikon

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Dornonville de la Cour, Morten; Lux, Anja; Heegaard, Steffen

2010-01-01

Silicone oil is used as intravitreal tamponading agent in surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) cases complicated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Recently, a number of case series have appeared where profound central visual loss has been found in eyes after uncomplicated...... vitrectomy with silicone tamponade for RRD in eyes with seemingly good visual potential. Several reports have demonstrated the migration of silicone oil droplets into the retina and the optic nerve, others the widespread loss of myelinated optic nerve fibres. These reports are reviewed, and it is concluded...... that caution is warranted when silicone oil is used in eyes with good visual potential. Finally the additional danger of central visual loss should be taken into consideration when deciding to use silicone oil or gas as intravitreal tamponade....

The behaviour of concrete at high temperatures and triaxial stress - FE model based on the concrete structure; Betonverhalten bei hohen Temperaturen und triaxialer Beanspruchung - FE-Modell auf der Basis der Betonstruktur

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ameler, J.

1997-12-31

In this work, an analytical material model was developed, based on the finite element (FE) method, with which the material behaviour of a normal quartzite concrete under temperature stress can be described. Starting from natural fires, the short term area and temperatures between the normal temperature and about 800 C are of special interest. Altogether, it was found that important processes reducing the strength, which occur in high temperature stresses of concrete, can be directly traced back to the additive or the mortar phase, while others are due to the interaction between the two partners. In this attempted model, the compound material concrete is therefore regarded as a system consisting of two components, the additive and the mortar matrix. The mortar matrix is defined as the part consisting of the cement, the water and the fine proportion of the additive (diameter{<=}4 mm). (orig./MM) [Deutsch] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein analytisches Werkstoffmodell auf der Basis der FE-Methode entwickelt, mit dem das Werkstoffverhalten eines quarzitischen Normalbetons unter einer Temperaturbeanspruchung beschrieben werden kann. Ausgehend vom natuerlichen Brandgeschehen, interessieren besonders der Kurzzeitbereich und Temperaturen zwischen Normaltemperatur und ca. 800 C. In der Summe zeichnet sich ab, dass wesentliche festigkeitsmindernde Prozesse, die sich bei einer Hochtemperaturbeanspruchung von Beton abspielen, direkt dem Zuschlag bzw. der Moertelphase zugeordnet werden koennen, waehrend andere auf die Interaktion zwischen den beiden Partnern zurueckzufuehren sind. Im vorliegenden Modellansatz wird der Verbundwerkstoff Beton deshalb als ein aus zwei Komponenten bestehendes System betrachtet, dem Zuschlag und der Moertelmatrix. Die Moertelmatrix wird als der aus dem Zement, dem Wasser und dem Feinanteil des Zuschlags (Durchmesser{<=}4 mm) zusammengesetzte Teil definiert. (orig./MM)

Die Parlamentswahlen 2008 in Malaysia

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Reher, Stefanie; Knirsch, Thomas

2008-01-01

aus diversen Parteien bestehende Oppositionsbündnis erfuhr überraschend eine klare Stärkung. Während die aus der UMNO und 13 weiteren Koalitionären bestehende BN unter dem Motto „Sicherheit, Frieden, Wohlstand” für Premier Badawi warb, führten die Oppositionsparteien DAP, PAS und PRK – letztere unter...

Organisation der Lektoratsarbeit in Öffentlichen Bibliotheken, ihre Stärken und Schwächen

OpenAIRE

Umlauf, Konrad

2011-01-01

Die Praxis der Lektoratsarbeit an Öffentlichen Bibliotheken wurde 2010 mit einer Online-Befragung unter Biblothekspersonal erhoben. Die Fragen richten sich auf die Aufbauorganisation (Anteil der Lektoren unter dem Personal, den am Bestandsaufbau beteiligten Personalgruppen, die Lektoratsaufgaben im Einzelnen, typische Aufgaben der Lektoren neben den Lektoratsaufgaben, insbes. Verbindung von Lektoratsaufgaben mit Auskunftsdienst), die Ablauforganisation (Entscheidungsablauf und Kaufsitzungen, ...

Staged pyrolysis, a process for chemical separation of waste plastics; Gestufte Pyrolyse als Verfahrensprinzip zur chemischen Auftrennung von Kunststoffgemischen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hornung, A; Hornung, U; Schoeneberger, A; Weichmann, J [Kaiserslautern Univ. (Germany). Fachbereich Chemie; Bockhorn, H [Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Inst. fuer Chemische Technik

1997-12-31

It is shown that staged pyrolysis of mixed plastics (polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide 6) can be carried out in spherical recirculation reactors or in cascades of spherical recirculation reactors at exact temperature levels, and that the times of residue and reaction temperatures of laboratory systems can be calculated from the formal kinetic parameters obtained in nonisothermal and isothermal investigations. (orig) [Deutsch] Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Prinzip der stufenweisen Pyrolyse von Kunststoffgemischen (Polystyrol, Polyethylen, Polyvinylchlorid bzw. Polyamid 6) im Kugelkreislaufreaktor und der Kaskade aus Kugelkreislaufreaktoren unter Einhaltung der exakten Temperaturniveaus realisierbar ist und die Auslegung der Laboranlage hinsichtlich der Verweilzeiten und Temperaturniveaus mit Hilfe der formalkinetischen Parameter aus nicht-isothermen und isothermen Untersuchungen moeglich ist. (orig)

Staged pyrolysis, a process for chemical separation of waste plastics; Gestufte Pyrolyse als Verfahrensprinzip zur chemischen Auftrennung von Kunststoffgemischen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hornung, A.; Hornung, U.; Schoeneberger, A.; Weichmann, J. [Kaiserslautern Univ. (Germany). Fachbereich Chemie; Bockhorn, H. [Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Inst. fuer Chemische Technik

1996-12-31

It is shown that staged pyrolysis of mixed plastics (polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide 6) can be carried out in spherical recirculation reactors or in cascades of spherical recirculation reactors at exact temperature levels, and that the times of residue and reaction temperatures of laboratory systems can be calculated from the formal kinetic parameters obtained in nonisothermal and isothermal investigations. (orig) [Deutsch] Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Prinzip der stufenweisen Pyrolyse von Kunststoffgemischen (Polystyrol, Polyethylen, Polyvinylchlorid bzw. Polyamid 6) im Kugelkreislaufreaktor und der Kaskade aus Kugelkreislaufreaktoren unter Einhaltung der exakten Temperaturniveaus realisierbar ist und die Auslegung der Laboranlage hinsichtlich der Verweilzeiten und Temperaturniveaus mit Hilfe der formalkinetischen Parameter aus nicht-isothermen und isothermen Untersuchungen moeglich ist. (orig)

Deformation behavior and load limits of asphaltic concrete under the conditions of cores in embankment dams; Deformationsverhalten und Belastungsgrenzen des Asphaltbetons unter den Bedingungen von Staudammkerndichtungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mueller, U.

1998-12-31

Based on the analysis of existing dams with asphaltic diaphragm and investigations in the three-phase-system of asphaltic concrete a recipe for the composition of asphaltic cores is recommended. For the construction, rest and operating period of an embankment dam the load and the reaction of the asphaltic concrete cores as well as the appearing stress and deformations are described. Extensive material testings have been performed and at 41 asphaltic concrete specimens triaxial stress controlled pressure and creeping tests have been carried out. The evaluation of the triaxial tests led to proportions of the main stress and deformation limits as criteria of breaking. Under application of the standard equation for nonlinear viscoelastic element-laws a rheonom element formulation was developed from the experiment data and transformed into its differential form. With this approach the stress and deformation behavior of watertight asphaltic diaphragm can be precalculated for a period up to 10 years. The applicability of this approach, which can be also used within FE-calculations as well, is illustrated in four examples. (orig.) [Deutsch] Nach der Analyse bestehender Staudaemme mit Asphaltbetonkerndichtung und Untersuchungen zum Dreiphasensystem Asphaltbeton wird eine Rezepturempfehlung fuer den Asphaltkerndichtungsbau aufgestellt. Fuer die Bau-, Ruhe- und Betriebsphase eines Staudammes werden die Beanspruchungen und Reaktionen der Asphaltbetonkerndichtung sowie die auftretenden Spannungen und Verformungen beschrieben. Nach umfangreichen Materialpruefungen sind an 41 Asphaltbetonpruefkoerpern triaxiale spannungsgesteuerte Druck-Kriechversuche durchgefuehrt worden. Die Auswertung der Triaxialversuche ergab ein Grenzhauptspannungsverhaeltnis und Deformationsgrenzen als Bruchkriterien. Unter Verwendung der Standarformulierung fuer nichtlineare viskoelastische Stoffgesetze wurde aus den Versuchsdaten ein rheonomer Stoffansatz entwickelt und in seine differentielle Form

Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Verteilung endokriner Stoffe auf Boden/Wasser- Systeme.

OpenAIRE

Kohne, Danuta

2010-01-01

Unter „endokrinen Stoffen“ (Endocrin Disruptors) versteht man synthetisch erzeugte und in die Umwelt gelangte Chemikalien, die in die hormonellen Regelkreise von Mensch und Tier eingreifen. Sie entfalten ihre Wirkung i. d. R. bereits bei geringer Konzentration. Die aus der Einwirkung solcher Stoffe resultierenden negativen Folgen (z. B. Wachstumsstörungen, sinkende Fruchtbarkeit) werden unter dem Begriff „endokrine Effekte“ zusammengefasst. Die Untersuchung endokriner Effekte von Chemikalien ...

Numerically efficient simulation of multi-vaporator air conditioners in highly dynamic boundary conditions; Numerisch effiziente Simulation von Mehrverdampfer-Klimaanlagen unter hochdynamischen Randbedingungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schulze, Christian; Kaiser, Christian [TLK-Thermo GmbH, Braunschweig (Germany); Tegethoff, Wilhelm; Koehler, Juergen [TU Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Thermodynamik

2011-07-01

In the development of physically based models for dynamic simulations of cycle processes, a good equilibrium must be chosen between the degree of detailing and the speed of calculation. Dynamic modelling of mult-evaporator air conditioners is a special challenge as the interaction of several heat transfer fluides at one pressure level may result in numerically challenging effects like reflux. The contribution goes into the simulation of the heat transfer fluids in such systems in highly dynamic boundary conditions, e.g. after shutoff of the compressor. There are different modelling methods, e.g. finite volume, moving boundary, or finite element analysis. The methods are presented and evaluated. For the 1-D finite volume method, various established simplification strategies are presented that may enhance numerical efficiency. It is also shown that the equation system will not always be solvable with these strategies, and an approach to ensure solvability is presented. The new approach is illustrated by the example of a multi-evaporator bus air conditioner. [German] Bei der Erstellung von physikalisch basierten Modellen fuer die dynamische Simulation von Kreisprozessen muss ein gutes Gleichgewicht zwischen Detaillierungsgrad und Rechengeschwindigkeit gewaehlt werden: Das Modell muss die Realitaet hinreichend genau abbilden, im Gegenzug jedoch auch innerhalb eines angemessenen Zeitraums Ergebnisse liefern sowie in allen Betriebszustaenden loesbar sein. Die dynamische Modellierung von Mehrverdampfer-Klimaanlagen stellt im Vergleich zu einfachen Kreisprozessen eine besondere Herausforderung dar, da in diesen Systemen die Interaktion mehrerer Waermeuebertrager auf einem Druckniveau zu numerisch herausfordernden Effekten wie z. B. Rueckstroemung fuehren kann. Dieser Beitrag beschaeftigt sich mit der Simulation der Waermeuebertrager in diesen Systemen unter hochdynamischen Randbedingungen wie z. B. einer Abschaltung des Verdichters. Zur Modellierung der Waermeuebertrager

New approaches for the reliability-oriented structural optimization considering time-variant aspects; Neue Ansaetze fuer die zuverlaessigkeitsorientierte Strukturoptimierung unter Beachtung zeitvarianter Aspekte

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuschel, N.

2000-07-01

The optimization of structures with respect to cost, weight or performance is a well-known application of the nonlinear optimization. However reliability-based structural optimization has been subject of only very few studies. The approaches suggested up to now have been unsatisfactory regarding general possibility of application or easy handling by user. The objective of this thesis is the development of general approaches to solve both optimization problems, the minimization of cost with respect to constraint reliabilty and the maximization of reliability under cost constraint. The extented approach of an one-level-method will be introduced in detail for the time-invariant problems. Here, the reliability of the sturcture will be analysed in the framework of the First-Order-Reliability-Method (FORM). The use of time-variant reliability analysis is necessary for a realistic modelling of many practical problems. Therefore several generalizations of the new approaches will be derived for the time-variant reliability-based structural optimization. Some important properties of the optimization problems are proved. In addition some interesting extensions of the one-level-method, for example the cost optimization of structural series systems and the cost optimization in the frame of the Second-Order-Reliabiity-Method (SORM), are presented in the thesis. (orig.) [German] Die Optimierung von Tragwerken im Hinblick auf die Kosten, das Gewicht oder die Gestalt ist eine sehr bekannte Anwendung der nichtlinearen Optimierung. Die zuverlaessigkeitsorientierte Strukturoptimierung wurde dagegen weit seltener untersucht. Die bisher vorgeschlagenen Ansaetze koennen bezueglich ihrer allgemeinen Verwendbarkeit oder ihrer nutzerfreundlichen Handhabung nicht befriedigen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist nun die Entwicklung allgemeiner Ansaetze zur Loesung der beiden Optimierungsprobleme, einer Kostenminimierung unter Zuverlaessigkeitsrestriktionen und einer

Altheim geothermal plant. Power generation by means of an ORC turbogenerator; Geothermieanlagen Altheim. Stromerzeugung mittels Organic-Rankine-Cycle Turbogenerator

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pernecker, G [Marktgemeindeamt Altheim (Austria)

1997-12-01

The report describes the project of the Austrian market town of Altheim to generate electricity by means of an ORC turbogenerator using low-temperature thermal water. The project is to improve the technical and economic situation of the existing industrial-scale geothermal project. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Bericht beschreibt das Vorhaben der Marktgemeinde Altheim in Oberoesterreich, Strom mittels eines Organic-Rankine-Cycle-Turbogenerators unter Verwendung niedrig temperierten Thermalwassers zu produzieren. Ziel bzw. der Zweck des Projektes ist es, die technische und wirtschaftliche Situation der bestehenden Grossthermieanlage zu verbessern. (orig.)

Einfluss von abiotischen Faktoren auf Wuchs und Scopolamin-Biosynthese in Duboisia myoporoides.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ullrich, Sophie Friederike

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Duboisia ist eine in Australien beheimatete Pflanze aus der Familie der Nachtschattengewächse, die Tropanalkaloide als sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe enthält, deren quantitativ und ökonomisch bedeutsamstes Scopolamin ist. Um neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich des Einflusses abiotischer Faktoren auf Wuchs und Scopolamin-Biosynthese zu gewinnen, wurden Pflanzen der Art Duboisia myoporoides in Hydrokultur in Klimakammern unter streng kontrollierten Bedingungen angebaut (kalibrierte Einstellungen für Beleuchtungsdauer, Lichtintensität und Temperatur. Wichtige Messgrößen stellten dabei Biomasse und Alkaloidgehalt dar, letzterer gemessen mittels UHPLC und LC-MS.

Pressure vessel failure at high internal pressure; Untersuchungen zum Versagen des Reaktordruckbehaelters unter hohem Innendruck

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Laemmer, H.; Ritter, B.

1995-08-01

A RPV failure due to plastic instability was investigated using the ABAQUS finite element code together with a material model of thermal plasticity for large deformations. Not only rotational symmetric temperature distributions were studied, but also `hot spots`. Calculations show that merely by the depletion of strength of the material - even at internal wall temperatures well below the melting point of the fuel elements of about 2000/2400 C - the critical internal pressure can decrease to values smaller than the operational pressure of 16 Mpa. (orig.)

Interference immunity of blasting circuits in underground coal mining; Zur Stoerfestigkeit von Sprengzuendsystemen im untertaegigen Steinkohlenbergbau

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pfeiler, C.

1995-02-14

Blasting technique with electric detonators is a standard instrument e.g. for drift heading in underground coal mining. The simultaneous increase of compactness and efficiency of electrical devices especially in underground mining calls for a careful consideration of susceptibility problems. As an interference of an inadmissible high level might cause a hazardous ignition limiting values and technical parameters of interference to electrical blasting circuits are evaluated. The sources of interference are classified into communication and power technique devices. Typical interference field strengths are determined by exemplary measurements and a model of wave propagation in underground galleries. An equivalent circuit of the impedance of typical electro-explosive devices used in German coal mining is evaluated and extended by an electro-thermal part based on the `Rosenthal equation`. By this means it is possible to determine a feasible ignition during a simulation using the calculated bridge wire temperature. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer den untertaegigen Steinkohlenbergbau ist die Sprengtechnik sowohl im Bereich der Streckenauffahrung als auch beim Schachtabteufen heute noch ein wichtiges Arbeitsinstrument. Dabei wird ausschliesslich die elektrische Zuendung eingesetzt. Durch den Trend zu kompakteren elektrischen Systemen bei gleichzeitiger Leistungssteigerung in Verbindung mit den geringen raeumlichen Abstaenden unter Tage gewinnen Phaenomene der elektromagnetischen Beeinflussung auch im Steinkohlenbergbau an Bedeutung. Eine unzulaessig hohe Beeinflussung des elektrischen Zuendsystems kann eine unerwuenschte Fruehzuendung verursachen. Dieses Gefahrenpotential erfordert eine gesonderte Untersuchung der Stoerfestigkeit elektrischer Zuendsysteme, zumal die Normen fuer den uebertaegigen Sprengbetrieb unter Tage aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Randbedingungen der Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen nicht uneingeschraenkt angewendet werden koennen. Die Stoerquellen der

3D-Druck: Wie additive Fertigungsverfahren die Wirtschaft und deren Supply Chains revolutionieren

OpenAIRE

Hofmann, Erik; Oettmeier, Katrin

2016-01-01

Die additive Fertigung – weitläufig bekannt unter dem Begriff »3D-Druck« – erfreut sich zunehmender Aufmerksamkeit. Obwohl diese Technologien vielfältige Potenziale in unterschiedlichen Branchen haben, ist deren Nutzung zur Herstellung industrieller Produkte bislang wenig verbreitet. Anhand einer Befragung unter 195 Schweizer Unternehmen untersucht dieser Artikel Faktoren, die einen Einfluss auf die Nutzung von additiven Fertigungstechnologien haben. Die Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, da...

Development of CaO-swelling cements for cementing of natural gas underground storage wells in field trial (temperature range {<=} 60 C) and composition of CaO and MgO-swelling cements for a temperature range between 60 C-105 C. Final report; Entwicklung von CaO-Quellzementen fuer die Zementation von Erdgasspeicherbohrungen im Feldversuch (Temperaturbereich {<=} 60 C) sowie Formulierung von CaO- und MgO-Quellzementen fuer den Einsatz im Temperaturbereich 60 C-105 C. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ghofrani, R.; Gheorghiu, A.S.; Radu, G.; Rogojinoiu, E.; Stan, M.; Miehe, H.

2000-11-01

The investigations conducted within the scope of this project are a consistent continuation of the work already performed at ITE, especially DGMK research projects 444-1, 444-2 and 444-3. These investigations should lead to a field trial of selected CaO-swelling cement recipes. Essential parameters examined within the course of this project include the HPHT-consistency behavior, HPHT-expansion behavior and the long-term stability behavior of CaO-swelling cements under similar conditions to those prevailing in the borehole. The swelling cement will be made up in correlation with the appropriate industrial make up method using the ITE-equipment; in accordance to the borehole conditions, the swelling cement slurry will be then treated in the ITE-Circulating Facility with respect to shear, temperature and pressure. The cement slurry treated in the ITE-Circulating Facility in accordance to the borehole conditions will be then experimentally investigated regarding the HPHT-consistency behavior and HPHT-expansion behavior. With respect to the long-term stability the swelling cement slurry treated in the Circulating Facility will be cured in autoclaves under appropriate pT-conditions. After evacuation from the autoclaves the compressive strength, the shear strength and the system permeability of the samples will be measured. With respect to the properties of a CaO-reference swelling cement recipe measured under the same experimental conditions, the ITE-make up method has been correlated to the common industrial make up methods LPHM, LPRM and HPRM; the alignment of the ITE-make up method with the planned industrial make up method for an appropriate cement job should make sure that the properties of a swelling cement measured in lab will be of practice relevance. For filling in and annular cementing of selected boreholes CaO-swelling cement recipes have been composed, optimized after experimental investigation results, and ultimately released to field usage after the results

Criteria of validity in the measurement of shearing fracture toughness; Gueltigkeitskriterien zur Bestimmung von Scherbruchzaehigkeiten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hiese, W

2000-01-01

The investigations aimed at the development of criteria for measuring valid shearing fracture toughness data K{sub IIc} in analogy to the measurement of mode-I fracture toughness K{sub Ie}. Details are presented, and practical recommendations are given. [German] Die Brucheigenschaften von Werkstoffen werden ueblicherweise unter Zugbeanspruchungsbedingungen (Mode-I) bestimmt. Im Anwendungsbereich der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik bzw. des Kleinbereichsfliessens geschieht dieses in Form der Bruchzaehigkeit K{sub Ic}. Es existieren entsprechende Richtlinien zur Durchfuehrung des Tests sowie zur Registrierung und Auswertung der Daten. Diese Kriterien sind in Standards festgelegt. Empfehlungen zur Bestimmung der Bruchzaehigkeit K{sub IIc} unter ebener Scherbelastung (Mode-II) fuer Werkstoffe mit im wesentlichen linear-elastischem Verhalten existieren nicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden durch den Vergleich der Groesse der plastischen Rissspitzenzonen im Verhaeltnis zu den Abmessungen von Probe bzw. Bauteil Kriterien zur Messung gueltiger Scherbruchzaehigkeiten K{sub IIc} analog zur Messung der Mode-I-Bruchzaehigkeit K{sub Ic} entwickelt. Der Groessenvergleich der plastischen Rissspitzenzonen fuer beide Beanspruchungsarten zeigt unter aequivalenten Beanspruchungen, d.h. K{sub II}=K{sub I}, dass bei Mode-II beanspruchten Rissen die plastischen Zonen groesser, aber die Differenzen in der Groesse der plastischen Zonen fuer die Zustaende ebener Spannung und ebener Dehnung kleiner sind als unter entsprechenden Mode-I-Beanspruchungen.

Carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography using a new gas management system; Digitale Subtraktionsangiographie mit Kohlendioxid unter Verwendung eines neuen Gasdosiersystems

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmitz-Rode, T.; Alzen, G.; Guenther, R.W. [Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik, Universitaetsklinikum der RWTH Aachen (Germany)

1997-07-01

Purpose: The clinical evaluation of digital subtraction angiography with carbon dioxide using a newly developed low-tech CO{sub 2}-dosage- and injection system. Method and patients: The hand-held system (CO{sub 2} angio set) consists of a dosage chamber in connection with a special stopcock to apportion the gas. By optimising injection volume and pressure steady gas flow characteristics are approximated. A safety design prevents unintentional gas injection volume and pressure steady gas flow characteristics are approximated. A safety design prevents unintentional gas injection. CO{sub 2} arteriographies were performed on 185 patients. Main indications were renal insufficiency and a history of adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media. In patients with femoral connula access, catheterless reflux angiography was performed. Results: The injection system provided complete and coherent visualisation of the abdominal aorta, visceral, pelvic, and lower limb arteries via catheter (71 cases) or via femoral cannula using reflux technique (114 cases). Stenoses, occlusions, and collaterals were assessable. Employing the gas reflux over the aortic bifurcation bilateral run-off studies up to the calf trifurcation were performed via unilateral femoral cannula. Use of a dedicated stacking software improved image quality of distal femoral, popliteal and calf arteries. Conclusion: The CO{sub 2} management system allows adequate imaging of the arteries below the diaphragm. Ease and safety of use and low costs are advantageous. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ziel: Die klinische Erprobung der digitalen Subtraktionsangiographie mit Kohlendioxid unter Verwendung eines neuentwickelten, einfachen Gasdosier- und Injektionssystems. Methode und Patienten: Eine Dosierkammer mit einstellbarem Volumen in Verbindung mit einem Spezial-Hahn (CO{sub 2}-Angio-Set) portioniert das Gas. Durch Optimierung von Injektionsvolumen und -druck wurde eine konstante Ausstroemcharakteristik angenaehert. Das System wurde

Islands sinking; Land unter

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zimmermann, Joerg-Rainer

2013-04-15

The urbanization is a global trend. Today, 22 of the 30megacities, each with more than 10 million inhabitants, are located in developing countries and emerging countries. These megacities consume the most electricity: About two-thirds of the global consumption of electricity and heat are consumed in megacities. At the same time, the prosperity is concentrated in monopolies: In the last 50 years, the per capita income of the urban population has increased by about 150 %. The productivity of urban areas increases. Thus, cities are of central importance to our culture. If global warming is not stopped, climate change hits them with full force.

Ironieentwicklung unter interaktionslinguistischer Perspektive

OpenAIRE

Kotthoff, Helga

2007-01-01

Der vorliegende Aufsatz gibt Einblick in ein Pilotprojekt zur Entwicklung von Ironie und vergleichbaren Formen der Kommunikation einer Bewertungskluft in Interaktionssituationen mit Schulkindern. Um Ironie zu verstehen, muss man davon ausgehen, dass Äußerungen verschiedene Bedeutungsschichten haben können. Man kann diesem Typus indirekten Sprechens nur Sinn zuordnen, wenn man generelle Haltungen des Sprechers inferieren kann, und diese Haltung dann gleichzeitig zum Ausgangspunkt nimmt, auch s...

Zuordnungsprozesse bei Fußballzuschauern - Zur Salienz teambezogener Kategorien

OpenAIRE

Roschmann, Regina

2013-01-01

Sport im Allgemeinen und Fußball im Besonderen erfreuen sich nicht nur unter aktiven Sportlern, sondern auch unter Zuschauern aktuell hoher Beliebtheit. Angesichts teils enormer Einschaltquoten scheint es wahrscheinlich, dass Fußballspiele nicht nur von Fans der beteiligten Mannschaften verfolgt werden. Dies kann sowohl gänzlich neutrale Zuschauer als auch Anhänger anderer Teams betreffen. Während Fans allerdings durch die Literatur bereits ausführliche Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben und durch...

Laser diagnosis and plasma technology: fundamentals for reduction of emissions and fuel consumption in DI internal combustion engines. Spray/wall-interaction under diesel engine conditions. Final report; Laserdiagnostische und plasmatechnologische Grundlagen zur Verminderung von Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbrauch von DI-Verbrennungsmotoren. Spray/Wand-Wechselwirkung bei der motorischen Einspritzung. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Renz, U.; Meingast, U.

2001-02-01

Spray/wall-interaction under diesel engine conditions is not yet investigated extensively in detail with high spatial resolution and high time resolution as those experiments require extremely accurate techniques. Numerical modelling to predict fluiddynamic and heat transfer processes are validated mostly under non engine conditions. The processes during spray/wall interaction under internal combustion engine conditions were investigated experimentally in an injection chamber using enhanced laser optical methods. To enable validation and development of numerical spray/wall models the data was collected under well known and reproducible conditions. Microscopic visualisation tools, Phase-Doppler Anemometry (PDA) to measure droplet diameter and velocity as well as fluorescence based film measurement technique and high speed surface thermocouples to determine the wall heat flux were used. The numerical predictions of the spray wall interaction using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) including two spray/wall models from the literature show qualitatively good agreement with the experiments. However, quantitatively some insufficiencies are observed because the models base on experiments under atmospheric conditions disregarding the influences of high pressure and high temperature. Here more detailed investigation is necessary in the future. The present results build up a comprehensive basis to validate future models and their interaction. Progress was done in using measurement techniques to investigate complex mechanisms under challenging conditions. (orig.) [German] Die Spray/Wand Wechselwirkung unter dieselmotorischen Bedingungen ist bisher nicht mit hoher Zeit- und Ortsaufloesung umfassend charakterisiert worden, weil deren Untersuchung hohe Anforderungen an die Messtechniken stellt. Numerische Modelle zur Vorhersage der Stroemungs- und Waermetransportvorgaenge sind nur teilweise unter reale Bedingungen verifiziert worden. Die Vorgaenge beim Auftreffen eines

Calorific value and EnEV (German Energy Saving Ordinance). Why return flow temperatures are to be planned below the dew point; Brennwert und EnEV. Warum Ruecklauftemperaturen weit unter Taupunkt planen?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anon.

2003-07-01

Why does the efficiency of a condensing boiler system increase by 5 percent if the temperature is lowered from 45 to 30 degrees centigrade? The condensation temperature of 57-58 degrees centigrade is far higher, so the cold return flow should always remove the complete evaporation heat from the flue gas plumes and transfer it to the incoming flow. Why is this not the case?. [German] Wieso klettert der Wirkungsgrad einer Brennwertkesselanlage bei Absenkung der Kesselruecklauftemperatur von vorher 45 C auf zum Beispiel 30 C um beachtliche 5 Prozent an? Der Wasserdampftaupunkt des Abgases liegt mit 57 C oder 58 C doch in jedem Fall weit oberhalb der 45 C. Der kalte Ruecklauf muesste mithin in beiden Faellen den 58-graedigen Rauchgasschwaden die komplette Verdampfungswaerme entziehen und dem Vorlauf zufuehren - tut er aber nicht. Warum nicht? (orig.)

{sup 31}P-MR-spectroscopy of the skeletal muscles under load: demonstration of normal energy metabolism compared to different neuromuscular diseases; {sup 31}P-MR-Spektroskopie der peripheren Skelettmuskulatur unter Belastung: Darstellung des normalen Energiestoffwechsels im Vergleich zu metabolischen Muskelerkrankungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Block, W.; Traeber, F.; Kuhl, C.K.; Keller, E.; Rink, H.; Schild, H.H. [Bonn Univ. (Germany). Radiologische Klinik; Lamerichs, R. [Philips Medical Systems, Best (Netherlands); Karitzky, J. [Bonn Univ. (Germany). Neurologische Klinik

1998-03-01

Purpose: {sup 31}P-MR spectroscopy of skeletal muscle under ecercise was used to obtain the range of normal variation and comparison was made for different neuromascular diseases. Methods: 41 examinations of 24 volunteers and 41 investigations in 35 patients were performed on 1.5 T MR systems (Gyroscan S15 und S15/ACSII, Philips). Localised {sup 31}P-MR spectra of the calf muscle were obtained in time series with a resolution of 12 s. Results: Two types of muscle energy metabolism were identified from the pattern of spectroscopic time course in volunteers: While the first group was characterised by a remarkable decline to lower pH values during exercise, the second group showed only small pH shifts (minimum pH: 6.48{+-}0.13 vs 6.87{+-}0.07, p<10{sup -6}) although comparable workload conditions were maintained. The pH-values correlated well with blood lactate analysis. Patients with metabolic disorders and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) showed decreased resting values of PCr/(PCr+P{sub i}) and increased pH levels during exercise. PCr recovery was significantly delayed (0.31 vs 0.65 min{sup -1}, p<0.00005) in metabolic muscle disorders but was normal in CFS patients. Conclusion: Findings in volunteers indicate utilisation of different metabolic pathways which seems to be related to the fibre type composition of muscle. Reduced resting levels for PCr/(PCr+P{sub i}), altered pH time courses, and decreased PCr recovery seem to be helpful indicators for diagnosis of metabolic muscle disorders. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] Ziel: Bestimmung der Bandbreite des gesunden Energiestoffwechsels der peripheren Skelettmuskulatur mit Hilfe der {sup 31}P-MR-Spektroskopie als Grundlage der Diagnostik neuromuskulaerer Erkrankungen. Methoden: In Mehrfachuntersuchungen an 24 Probanden und 35 Patienten in 1,5 T MR-Systemen (Gyroscan S15 und S15/ACSII, Philips) wurden {sup 31}P-MR-Spektren unter Belastung akquiriert. Ergebnisse: Die Probanden liessen sich streng in zwei Gruppen einteilen

Psychosocial Stress and Addison's Disease

OpenAIRE

Wolf, Jutta Manuela

2006-01-01

Die Psychoneuroimmunologie beschäftigt sich unter anderem mit der Frage, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen psychosozialer Stress krank macht. Humanstudien, die dieser Frage nachgehen, können dabei meist nur korrelative Zusammenhänge aufdecken. Um trotzdem Aussagen zu Mechanismen, Ursache-Wirkungsbeziehungen und klinische Relevanz treffen zu können, muss z.B. auf Befunde aus der Tierforschung oder aus in vitro-Studien zurückgegriffen werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, eine Methode zu ...

Rezension: Felix Heidenreich: Theorien der Gerechtigkeit - Eine Einführung

OpenAIRE

Kramer, Hans-Ulrich

2012-01-01

Schon vor der griechischen Antike, nämlich bei den alten Ägyptern und im alten Israel ansetzend, werden unter dem Titel „Antike: Gegebene Gerechtigkeit“ (Kapitel 2) anschließend die Theorien der griechischen Klassiker Platon und Aristoteles sowie des Römers Cicero behandelt. Weiter geht es in chronologischer, übersichtlicher Gliederung mit den zwei Gerechtigkeiten des Mittelalters (Kapitel 3), die auf der Zwei-Reiche-Lehre des Augustinus‘ aufbauen. Kapitel 4 steht unter dem Motto: „N...

Review: Felix Heidenreich (2011): Theorien der Gerechtigkeit - Eine Einführung

OpenAIRE

Kramer, Hans-Ulrich

2012-01-01

Schon vor der griechischen Antike, nämlich bei den alten Ägyptern und im alten Israel ansetzend, werden unter dem Titel „Antike: Gegebene Gerechtigkeit“(Kapitel 2) anschließend die Theorien der griechischen Klassiker Platon und Aristoteles sowie des Römers Cicero behandelt. Weiter geht es in chronologischer, übersichtlicher Gliederung mit den zwei Gerechtigkeiten des Mittelalters (Kapitel 3), die auf der Zwei-Reiche-Lehre des Augustinus‘ aufbauen. Kapitel 4 steht unter dem Motto: „Neuzeit: Ge...

Fusion Culture : Fashion beyond Orientalism and Occidentalism

OpenAIRE

Lehnert, Gertrud; Mentges, Gabriele

2017-01-01

Tagungsbericht zu 'Fusion Culture: Fashion beyond Orientalism and Occidentalism', Universität Potsdam, 5. bis 7. November 2009 Die von Gabriele Mentges (Dortmund) und Gertrud Lehnert (Potsdam) veranstaltete und von der Volkswagen Stiftung geförderte Tagung befasste sich mit dem Thema 'Orientalismus und Mode' zum einen unter historischen Aspekten, zum anderen unter gegenwärtigen Bedingungen, in denen von 'Orientalismus' kaum noch die Rede sein kann. Denn längst haben wechselseitige Bezüge ...

Skype for Business - Eine Einschätzung: Kurzstudie

OpenAIRE

Messerer, Thomas

2016-01-01

Die Firma Microsoft bietet mit Skype for Business ein Kommunikationssystem für die geschäftliche Nutzung an. Die Entwicklung von Skype for Business begann im Jahre 2002/2003 unter dem Namen Live Communications Server (LCS). Spätere Versionen wurden unter den Bezeichnungen OCS (Office Communications Server) und schließlich Lync vertrieben. Das System ist ein lokal installierter VoIP- und IM-Server, der in lokale Windows-Infrastrukturen eingebunden ist. Die Kommunikation im lokalen Netz erfolgt...

Comparative studies in farther-reaching waste water cleaning in different reactor systems; Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur weitergehenden Abwasserreinigung in unterschiedlichen Reaktorsystemen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dockhorn, T. [Technische Univ. Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Siedlungswasserwirtschaft

1999-07-01

Three semi-technical pilot plants (completely mixed reactor, cascade, SBR) were operated in parallel under equal starting conditions. The influence of the type of reactor on the processes COD elimination, nitrification, denitrification and biological P elimination under operating conditions was studied. (orig.) [German] Es wurden drei halbtechnische Versuchsanlagen (volldurchmischter Reaktor, Kaskade, SBR) unter gleichen Ausgangsbedingungen parallel betrieben. Hierbei wurde der Einfluss des Reaktortyps auf die Prozesse CSB-Elimination, Nitrifikation, Denitrifikation sowie biologische P-Elimination unter Betriebsbedingungen untersucht. (orig.)

Materials model for describing the austenite-martensite phase transformation considering transformation-induced plasticity; Ein Materialmodell zur Beschreibung der Austenit-Martensit Phasentransformation unter Beruecksichtigung der transformationsinduzierten Plastizitaet

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oberste-Brandenburg, C.

1999-06-01

In this thesis, a model to describe the austenite martensite transformation was developed. The transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) was taken into consideration. The model can be used to design complex structures. A local examination of the energy and entropy balance at the phase boundary serves as the starting point for the identification of the thermodynamical driving force and the thermodynamic flow. For both, a tensorial description is necessary for a general nonhydrostatically stressed solid. In the second part, a material law for the description of TRIP-Steels was developed based on the values derived in the first part. The different mechanical behavior of the phases, especially the differing yield stresses, was taken into account. The model developed was implemented into the finite element program MARC. Simulations of the material and the structural behavior were performed. The experimentally observed strong dependence of the transformation kinetics on the yield stress of the austenite and the dependence of the orientation of the martensite inclusion on the stress state could be verified. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Materialmodell zur Beschreibung der Austenit-Martensit Phasenumwandlung unter Beruecksichtigung der transformationsinduzierten Plastizitaet (TRIP) entwickelt. Das Modell ist zur Berechnung ausgedehnter Strukturen einsetzbar. Eine lokale Betrachtung der Energie- und Entropiebilanz an der Phasengrenze bildet den Ausgangspunkt zur Identifikation der thermodynamischen Kraft und des thermodynamischen Flusses bei Beschreibung der Transformationskinetik. Fuer beide Groessen muss fuer den allgemein nichthydrostatischen Spannungszustand eine tensorielle Beschreibung verwendet werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit bilden diese Groessen die Basis zur Entwicklung eines Stoffgesetzes zur Beschreibung des TRIP-Phaenomens. Es wird das unterschiedliche mechanische Verhalten der Phasen, insbesondere die stark unterschiedlichen

Scattering of plane waves by rough surfaces in the sense of Born approximation

OpenAIRE

Arnold, Thomas

2014-01-01

Das Thema dieser Arbeit ist die Streuung elektromagnetischer ebener Wellen an rauen Oberflächen, also an ebenen Oberflächen mit glatten und beschränkten Störungen. Darüber hinaus wird ein kleiner Kontrast der Materialkonstanten zwischen dem Deckmaterial und dem Material unter der rauen Oberfläche angenommen. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen wird ein Fernfeld-Formel für das gestreute Feld mit Hilfe von Born-Approximation und Fourier-Techniken hergeleitet. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf einer Modifikati...

Blades and discs in gas turbines. Behaviour of material and components. Project department A-C. Final report; Schaufeln und Scheiben in Gasturbinen. Werkstoff- und Bauteilverhalten. Projektbereiche A bis C. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1997-04-01

The special research area 339 `Blades and discs in gas turbines, behaviour of material and components` was carried on from 1988 to the end of 1196. This final report deals with the work in the years 1994, 1995 and 1996. In the project area A `Development of material` manufacturing processes both for metallic and ceramic high temperature materials were developed, tested and optimised. In the area of optimising casting structure, it was shown that the making grains finer up to the medium temperature range can be a suitable means for significantly raising the resistance to LCF loading with nearly unchanged heat and creep strength properties. Another main point was the characterisation and optimisation of sprayed ceramic layers on metallic substrates (heat insulating layers) and compound ceramic materials. In project area B `Material behaviour` the mechanisms were studied, which, particularly in metallic high temperature materials such as nickel-based superalloys, lead to failure of the material under thermo-mechanical stresses. In project area C `Component design`, on the one hand models for estimating service life for metallic high temperature materials under different thermo-mechanical stresses were developed. [Deutsch] Der Sonderforschungsbereich 339, `Schaufeln und Scheiben in Gasturbinen - Werkstoff- und Bauteilverhalten` wurde von 1988 bis Ende 1996 gefoerdert. Dieser Abschlussbericht behandelt die Arbeiten der Jahre 1994, 1995 und 1996. Im Projektbereich A `Werkstoffentwicklung` wurden Herstellungsverfahren sowohl fuer metallische als auch fuer keramische Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe entwickelt, erprobt und optimiert. Auf dem Gebiet der Gussgefuegeoptimierung konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Kornfeinung bis in den mittleren Temperaturbereich ein geeignetes Mittel sein kann, um den Widerstand gegen LCF-Belastung bei annaehernd unveraenderten Warm- und Kriechfestigkeitseigenschaften signifikant zu erhoehen. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildete die Charakterisierung und

MC-PELMO 3.0 - a computer model to estimate groundwater contamination caused by leaching of wood preservatives from storage sites of treated wood in Germany; Grundwassergefaehrdung durch Holzschutzmittel. MCPELMO 3.0 - ein mathematische Simulationsprogramm zur Abschaetzung der Grundwassergefaehrdung unter Holzlagerflaechen in Deutschland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klein, M. [Fraunhofer-Inst. fuer Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie, Schmallenberg-Grafschaft (Germany); Herrmann, M. [Umweltbundesamt, Berlin (Germany)

2004-07-01

Methods. Based on already in-use versions of the leaching model PELMO, an advanced version (MC-PELMO 3.0) was developed with a specific focus on estimating groundwater contamination under storage sites at wood preserving facilities in Germany. The model processes twenty-two different leaching scenarios that were derived from twelve characteristic soil profiles representing pedological regions in Germany along with recorded meteorological data from nine weather stations. These data are related to geographic distribution of industrial wood preserving activity. The model calculates statistic probabilities of concentrations of wood preservatives in seepage water beneath timber storage sites of regions to be selected by the user. Results and Discussion. The reports provided by MC-PELMO 3.0 include mean average concentrations, 55 to 99 percentiles, and single maximum concentrations for each of the scenarios. The results can be related to the total area of Germany, its forest area or to the density of preservation activity in various regions. Beside concentrations of the parent compounds, those of degradation products may be calculated for the seepage water. Conclusion. The described model is a particularly useful tool for comparative assertion of various wood preservative products under aspects of the exposure of groundwater resources. Comparative assertion is a new element within EU-chemicals policy, for the first time materialized in the biocidal products directive 98/8/EC. Furthermore, the results of model calculations identify vulnerable regions in Germany for which appropriate risk management measures have to be taken in order to protect groundwater from contamination. (orig.) [German] Methoden. Basierend auf bestehenden Versionen des Versickerungsmodells PELMO wurde eine Version speziell fuer die Abschaetzung des Versickerungsverhaltens von Holzschutzmitteln unter Lagerplaetzen von Holz-Impraegnierbetrieben in Deutschland entwickelt. Das stochastische Modell

A simple free-piston Sterling engine for combined heat and power generation (CHP) in the residential sector; Einfacher Stirling-Freikolben-Motor fuer die Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung (KWK) im Wohnbereich

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Budliger, J.P.

2001-07-01

A completely static resonance tube is used in the Stirling cycle, as a substitute for a displacer piston. The Sterling system described works with only one, elastically suspended piston. The simple, cost-effective and maintenance-free basic design concept is explained in full detail, as well as some possible design types of resonance tube-charged, one-piston Stirling systems and their major advantages and performance characterisitcs. (orig./CB) [German] Anstelle eines Schwingkolbens kann auch ein voellig statisches Resonanzrohr eingesetzt werden: das resultierende Stirling-System umfasst nur noch einen einzigen, elastisch aufgehaengten Kolben. Dieses einfache, kostenguenstige und unterhaltsfreie Konzept stellt eine erwartungsvolle Loesung fuer dezentrale KWK-Anlagen dar. Im Vortrag werden einige moegliche Auslegungen solcher, mit Resonanzrohren aufgeladenen 1-Kolben-Stirling-Aggregate diskutiert, ihre wesentlichsten Eigenschaften und Leistungscharakteristiken beschrieben. (orig./CB)

Kohärente Teilchenproduktion in Dreijetereignissen der $e^+e^--$Annihilation Eine Untersuchung der Multiplizität in Quark-Gluon-Ensembles und eine präzise Bestimmung von $C_A/C_F$ mit Daten des DELPHI-Experimentes

CERN Document Server

Siebel, Martin

2003-01-01

Die kohärente Teilchenproduktion in hadronischen Z-Zerfällen mit drei Jets im Endzustand wird anhand von mit dem DELPHI-Experiment in den Jahren 1992-1995 aufgenommenen Daten untersucht. Die unter großem Winkel zur Ereignisebene gemessene Multiplizität ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit einer Vorhersage in führender Ordnung. Es wird gezeigt, dass zur Beschreibung der Daten ein negativer Interferenzterm notwendig ist. Ein Skalieren der Impulsverteilungen der unter großem Winkel produzierten Teilchen wird für Impulse unter ca. 1GeV beobachtet, wodurch die lokale Parton-Hadron Dualitätshypothese (LPHD) bestätigt wird. Es wird eine gute Beschreibung der in Dreijetereignissen gemessenen Gesamtmultiplizität durch eine MLLA-Vorhersage beobachtet. Eine Parameteranpassung der Vorhersage an die Daten ergibt das Farbfaktorverhältnis CA/CF = 2.261 ± 0.014(stat.) ± 0.036(syst.) ± 0.052(theor.) ± 0.041(clus.), welches die bislang präziseste Messung dieses Wertes darstellt. Das Verhältnis der Gluon- zur Quar...

Conceito de amor: comparação entre estudantes brasileiros e alemães

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ulrike Schröder

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Das Phänomen Liebe nicht - wie im Alltagsgebrauch - als substantielle Entität, sondern als kommunikativ erzeugte Lebenswirklichkeit zu begteifen, ist Ziel der Untersuchung gewesen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine vergleichende Fallstudie zum Liebeskonzept brasilianischer und deutscher Studenten durchgeführt. Theoretische Grundlage der Untersuchung bildete ein im weitesten Sinne konstruktivistisches Verständnis von Kommunikation als wirklichkeitserzeugendem Verhaltensbereich. In einer theoretischen Einführung wurde der Wirklichkeitsbereich Liebe unter Einbeziehung des jeweiligen historisch-kulturellen Hintergrundes fokussiert. Die methodische Vorgehensweise bei der Durchführung der Studie war schließlich überwiegend qualitativ angelegt, um das für den Einzelnen tatsächlich relevante Begriffsinventar ermitteln zu können. In der Auswertung sind dann die Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die Internalisierung eines Liebesideals, die Strukturen der Beziehungswirklichkeit, ihre sprachliche Handhabung, die Verhaltenskoordination, die Funktion von Beziehungen sowie die Folgen für die Kommunikationspraxis herausgestellt worden. Es zeigte sich, dass Liebesbeziehungen unter deutschen Studenten stark vom romantischen Liebesideal geprägt sind, unter brasilianischen Studenten dagegen am ehesten dem passionierten Liebesiedel entsprechen.

Possibilities for using a temperature-controlled pyrolysis method in order to determine the bonding form of mecury in soils and sediments; Moeglichkeiten der Anwendung eines temperaturgesteuerten Pyrolyseverfahrens zur Bestimmung der Bindungsform des Quecksilbers in Boeden und Sedimenten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Biester, H.

1994-12-31

The bonding behaviour of mercury in solids was investigated by means of a temperature-controlled pyrolysis method. Starting from the special property of elemental mercury to evaporate already at room temperature, a method was developed which permits to characterize different mercury bonding forms on the basis of Hg evaporation behaviour from solids at continuously increased temperature. The method starts from the assumption that it is possible to thermally reduce compounded mercury and release it in elemental form. The focus of the work was on the study of Hg bonding behaviour in soils and sediments. The soil samples used were from the areas of two mercury deposits, different kyanizing sites, some former mirror factories, and a chlor-alkali electrolysis workshop. The investigated sediments are a collection of mercury-polluted samples from the rivers Elbe, Rhine, Murg, the Rio Sao Joao de Meriti (Brazil) and some brooks and rivers of the Saar-Nahe depression. (orig./EF) [Deutsch] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Bindungsverhalten von Quecksilber in Feststoffen mittels eines temperaturgesteuerten Pyrolyseverfahrens untersucht. Ausgehend von der besonderen Eigenschaften des elementaren Quecksilbers, bereits bei Zimmertemperatur zu verdampfen, wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, das eine Charakterisierung verschiedener Quecksilberbindungsformen aufgrund des Abdampfverhaltens des Hg aus dem Feststoff unter kontinuierlicher Temperaturerhoehung zulaesst. Dem Verfahren liegt dabei die Annahme zugrunde, dass sich das Quecksilber in seinen Verbindungen thermisch reduzieren und in elementarer Form freisetzen laesst. Durch den kontinuierlichen Aufheizprozess erfolgt die Freisetzung des Quecksilbers in Abhaengigkeit von der Bindungsstaerke in unterschiedlichen Temperaturbereichen. Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse erfolgte in Form von Abdampfkurven, die die Extinktion in Abhaengigkeit von der Temperatur darstellen. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lag auf der Untersuchung des

Environmental research - development of the material balance of oak tree ecosystems on quaternary spoil bank substrates of coal mines; Umweltforschung - Entwicklung des Stoffhaushaltes von Eichenoekosystemen auf quartaeren Kippsubstraten des Braunkohlenbergbaues

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Katzur, J.; Knoche, D.

2000-07-01

Investigations have shown that even the very first forest generation on spoil banks already have high vitality. However, it is well known that pioneering terrestrial ecosystems have a high water and material turnover dynamics which will quickly influence the soil at that site but is not an indication of the development of a stable ecosystem. Long-term measurements were therefore made in oak forest ecosystems on quaternary spoil bank sands in order to achieve a quantification (Boxberg: Q. rubra L., 2 years; Kleinleipisch: Q. rubra L., 21 years; Annahuetter: Q. rubra L., 63 years). The results were compared with a virgin soil reference site (Neusorgefeld: Q. rubra L., 41 years). [German] Seit Jahrzehnten praegen Braunkohlentagebaue das Landschaftsbild und den Wasserhaushalt der Niederlausitz. Bislang wurden ca. 770 km{sup 2} ueberwiegend forstlich genutzter Flaechen devastiert und auf 2.100 km{sup 2} rund 9,5 Mrd. m{sup 3} statischer Grundwasservorraete entnommen. Im Zuge der seit 1990 drastisch verringerten Kohlefoerderung und forcierten Bergbausanierung erreicht die Rekultivierungsflaeche zwischenzeitlich rund 450 km{sup 2}, wobei die forstliche Folgenutzung mit 60% der Flaeche dominiert. Zahlreiche wachstumskundliche Untersuchungen belegen, dass sich bereits in der ersten Waldgeneration auf Kippe wuechsige und vitale Bestaende etablieren. Vegetations- und ertragskundliche Parameter wie z.B. Artenzusammensetzung, Naehrstoffversorgung, laufender Zuwachs oder Vorratshaltung sind jedoch per se noch keine hinreichenden Kriterien zur Einschaetzung der Entwicklungsdynamik und damit des angestrebten Rekultivierungserfolgs. Bekannterweise zeichnen sich im Aufbau befindliche terrestrische Oekosysteme generell durch eine ausgepraegte Wasser- und Stoffdynamik aus, welche im Zuge bodengenetischer Prozesse meist eine rasche Standortveraenderung bewirkt. Da das Standortpotential zum Rekultivierungszeitpunkt nicht prognostiziert werden kann, ist offen, ob sich bereits in der

Temperature control system with computer mapping for engine cooling circuits; Kennfeldgesteuertes Temperaturregelsystem fuer Motorkuehlkreislaeufe

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Saur, R.; Leu, P.; Lemberger, H.; Heumer, G.

1996-07-01

Thermomanagement of the vehicles powered by internal combustion engines is one of the prerequisites needed to fulfil the German automobil industry`s commitment to reduce fuel consumption by 25% as compared with 1990 before the year 2005. Thermomanagement improves comfort, and reduces fuel consumption and toxic emissions. BMW and Behr Thermot-Tronik have jointly developed the first component of such a thermomanagement system: An engine cooling system with computer mapping. BMW is the first manufacturer worldwide to install this system as standard equipment, as it is doing in its refinde eight-cylinder engine series (M62). (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Verpflichtung der deutschen Automobilindustrie, den Kraftstoffverbrauch bis zum Jahre 2005 zur Basis des Jahres 1990 um 25% zu reduzieren, fuehrt unter anderem zwingend zum Thermomanagement der mit Verbrennungsmotoren betriebenen Fahrzeuge. Ein Thermomanagement verbessert den Komfort, reduziert den Verbrauch und vermindert die Schadstoffemissionen. BMW und Behr Thermot-Tronik haben gemeinsam den ersten Baustein des Thermomanagements - das kennfeldgesteuerte Motorkuehlungssystem - entwickelt. Dieses System wird seit Januar 1996 weltweit erstmalig von BMW serienmaessig in der ueberarbeiteten Achtzylinder-Motorbaureihe (M62) eingesetzt. (orig.)

Cooling of high temperature superconductors below 60 K by means of a two-stage cryogenic mixed refrigerant cascade; Kuehlung von Hochtemperatursupraleitern unterhalb von 60 K mittels einer zweistufigen Gemischkaeltekaskade

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kochenburger, T.M. [Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe (Germany). Inst. fuer Technische Thermodynamik und Kaeltetechnik (ITTK); Grohmann, S. [Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe (Germany). Inst. fuer Technische Thermodynamik und Kaeltetechnik (ITTK); Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany). Inst. fuer Technische Physik (ITEP)

2015-07-01

High temperature superconductors enable the efficient transmission of electrical energy in urban and industrial networks. It is the availability of simple, reliable and at the same time efficient cooling methods prerequisite for the application of this technology. At operating temperatures 65-80 K is the cooling currently mostly implemented by liquid nitrogen, large-scale turbo-Brayton plants or batteries of regenerative cryocooler; however, all these options for applications in the range of a few kW of required cooling capacity have thermodynamic, economic and practical limitations. In addition, a further lowering the cooling temperature below 60 K is desirable to increase the current density in the superconductors. Two-stage cryogenic mixed refrigerant cascade offer the potential for a reliable and easily scalable alternative for refrigeration in this temperature range. The first stage of the considered process consists of a classic mixture refrigeration cycle to pre-cool to 120 K. The second stage operates in the low temperature range up to 55 K with a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and neon at high pressures. This paper compares on the basis of experimental data, the performance of combustible and non-combustible mixtures in the precooling level. The applicability of various equations of state for modeling of phase behavior of mixtures is discussed. [German] Hochtemperatursupraleiter ermoeglichen den effizienten Transport elektrischer Energie in urbanen und industriellen Netzen. Dabei ist die Verfuegbarkeit von einfachen, zuverlaessigen und gleichzeitig effizienten Kuehlmethoden Voraussetzung fuer die Anwendung dieser Technologie. Bei Betriebstemperaturen von 65 - 80 K wird die Kuehlung derzeit meist durch Fluessigstickstoff, grossskalige Turbo-Brayton-Anlagen oder Batterien regenerativer Kleinkuehler realisiert; jedoch haben alle diese Optionen fuer Anwendungen im Bereich von einigen kW an erforderlicher Kaelteleistung thermodynamische, oekonomische und

Komet 650. Project: Emission spectroscopy and acoustic pyrometry for control of modern steam generators. Final report; Komet 650. Teilprojekt: Emissionsspektroskopie und Schallpyrometrie zur Regelung moderner Dampferzeuger. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Moreno Rueda, R.; Frega Novales, L.; Ruiz, G.; Schulze-Kraasch, F.

2002-01-31

Two different techniques, i.e. acoustic pyrometry and emissionspectrometric tomography, were developed and combined into an online control system for optimization of gas and particle temperature and gas velocity both in flames and combustion chambers, in consideration of emissions and fuels, for a further improvement of the steam generator efficiency. [German] Das Ziel dieses Teilprojektes im BMBF-Verbundprogramm 'KOMET 650' war es, zwei unterschiedliche Messtechniken, die Schallpyrometrie und die emissionsspektroskopische Tomographie weiter zu entwickeln und zu einem onlinefaehigen Regelsystem zusammen zu fuehren. Letzteres soll sowohl die Einzelflammen als auch den gesamten Feuerraum bezueglich Gas-, Partikeltemperatur und Gasgeschwindigkeit unter Beachtung der Emissionen und unterschiedlicher Verbrennungseinsatzstoffe optimieren, und damit eine Verbesserung des Dampferzeugerwirkungsgrades zu bewirken. (orig.)

Visualisation of flux distributions in high-temperature superconductors. Final report; Sichtbarmachung der Flussverteilung in Hochtemperatursupraleitern nach verschiedenen Mikrostrukturaenderungen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuhn, H.; Kronmueller, H.

1998-05-01

Theoretical calculation models for current, magnetic and electric field distributions in thin superconductors of arbitrary shape in perpendicular magnetic field were developed. Calculations were done for inhomogeneous and anisotropic critical currents and compared with magnetooptical observations of flux penetration. Nice agreement of theory and experiment was found. Flux-line depinning and motion in superconductors with linear defects was investigated by magneto-optics. Depinning mechanisms were deduced from observations of high-temperature superconductors which are irradiated with swift heavy ions parallel and crosswisely at various angles to the surface normal. Magneto-optical investigations of flux penetration into (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 10+{delta}} multifilament tapes showed a strong dependence of the current capability on the microstructure of single filaments. The different filament textures which are caused by the inhomogeneous deformation of the tape during thermomechanical treatment results in critical current densities varying by about one order of magnitude. (orig.) [Deutsch] Theoretische Modelle zur Berechnung von Strom-, Magnet- und elektrischen Feldverteilungen wurden fuer duenne Supraleiter beliebiger Geometrie mit inhomogener und anisotroper kritischer Stromdichte im senkrechten Magnetfeld entwickelt und mit magnetooptischen Beobachtungen des Flusseindringens verglichen, wobei eine hervorragende Uebereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment erzielt wurde. Mit Hilfe von magnetooptischen Untersuchungen des Flusseindringens in schwerionenbestrahlte Hochtemperatursupraleiter, die unter verschiedenen Winkeln zur Oberflaechennormalen parallel und kreuzweise bestrahlt wurden, konnten Bewegungs- und Entankerungsmechanismen von Flusslinien in Supraleitern mit linearen Defekten abgeleitet werden. Magnetooptische Untersuchungen des Flusseindringens in (Bi, Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 10+{delta

Update Cimicifuga racemosa – neue Erkenntnisse aus Wissenschaft und Forschung: Differenzierte Evidenz für Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Traubensilberkerzen-Arzneimitteln zur Behandlung klimakterischer Beschwerden

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Beer AM

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Unter den bei Wechseljahresbeschwerden eingesetzten Phytotherapeutika ist die Traubensilberkerze (Cimicifuga racemosa, Actaea racemosa am besten dokumentiert. Die Monographie des Herbal Medicinal Product Committee der Europäischen Arzneimittelbehörde bestätigt das positive Nutzen-Risiko-Profil von Cimicifugaracemosa-(CR- Arzneimitteln. Voraussetzung ist deren Herstellung unter GMP-Bedingungen mit nachweislicher pharmazeutischer Qualität. In einer aktualisierten Metaanalyse unter Berücksichtigung aller geeigneten randomisierten kontrollierten Studien (RCTs zeigt CR eine signifikant bessere Wirksamkeit bei der Besserung klimakterischer Beschwerden im Vergleich zu Placebo. Ein aktueller Review zur Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von CR bei Wechseljahresbeschwerden differenziert erstmalig zwischen Extrakten, deren Qualität (nachgewiesen durch den Arzneimittelstatus und Indikation – und wird somit den Besonderheiten der Phytotherapie gerecht. Hierbei erwiesen sich alle in klinischen Studien untersuchten CR-Extrakte als sicher und gut verträglich. Jedoch konnten nur qualitativ hochwertige, offiziell geprüfte, zugelassene CR-Arzneimittel ihre Wirksamkeit und somit ein positives Nutzen-Risiko-Profil nachweisen. Konsistent konfirmatorische Evidenz mit Oxford-Evidenzlevel 1 und höchstem Empfehlungsgrad A erbringt hierbei nur der isopropanolische Cimicifuga-racemosa-Spezialextrakt (iCR, der in vielen Studien an 11.000 Patientinnen untersucht wurde.

Zwischen Commonsense und Wissenschaft Mathematik in der Erziehungsphilosophie A. N. Whiteheads

Science.gov (United States)

Sölch, Dennis

Obwohl Whitehead heute wie selbstverständlich als Philosoph rezipiert wird, so hat er seine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn doch als Mathematiker begonnen. Lange Zeit war er gemeinsam mit Bertrand Russell als Autor der Principia Mathematica unter Mathematikern und mathematischen Logikern deutlich besser bekannt als unter Philosophen. Doch selbst von denjenigen, die sich mit Whiteheads Überlegungen zur Metaphysik, zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und zur Theologie befassen, werden seine Schriften zur Philosophie von Erziehung und Bildung häufig kaum beachtet. So entgeht es leicht, dass Whitehead nicht nur ein auf theoretischem Gebiet brillanter Mathematiker war, sondern sein theoretisches Fachwissen im Hinblick auf pädagogische und didaktische Relevanz fortwährend reflektiert hat.

Refrigeration systems of high temperature superconduction transformers for rail vehicles. Final report; Kaelteversorgung von Schienenfahrzeug-Transformatoren mit HT-Supraleitung. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Glatthaar, R.

2000-09-01

The refrigeration system for the HTS-transformer was designed in cooperation with the transformer manufacturer and the requirements for the refrigerator have been determined. Several active and passive refrigeration systems were investigated, two of them have been elaborated more detailed. All the refrigeration systems are based on the concept of a liquid nitrogen flow rate of 1000 g/s passing through the 6 MVA transformer at a temperature of approx. 66 K and at a pressure of approx. 3 bars. The passive system uses as refrigerant source a tank with liquid nitrogen, weighing approx. 2300 kg and consuming 500 kg liquid nitrogen per day. After evaporating and preheating the nitrogen used exits to atmosphere with a vacuum pump. The active system elaborated more detailed applies a Stirling engine for refrigeration, will weigh 1600 kg and needs an average electric power of 25 kW. The refrigeration system for a transformer of ceramic superconducting material has significant advantages with regard to weight, power consumption and investment costs compared to a transformer of the same size manufactured as metallic superconductors. (orig.) [German] In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Transformatorhersteller wurden die Kaelteversorgung des HTS-Transformators konzipiert und die Anforderungen an die Kaelteanlage festgelegt. Verschiedene sogenannte passive und aktive Systeme fuer die Kaelteversorgung wurden untersucht, zwei davon naeher ausgearbeitet. Die Kuehlkonzepte sehen vor, dass fuer einen Transformator der Leistung 6 MVA ein Strom an fluessigem Stickstoff von 1000 g/s mit einer Temperatur von ca. 66 K und unter einem Druck von rund 3 bar durch den Transformator geleitet wird. Das passive System ist gekennzeichnet durch Einsatz eines Tanks fuer fluessigen Stickstoff als Kaeltequelle, hat ein Gewicht von etwa 2300 kg und einen Verbrauch an fluessigem Stickstoff von 500 kg/Tag. Der Stickstoff wird nach Verdampfung und Anwaermung mit Hilfe einer Vakuumpumpe an die Umgebung abgegeben

Marginal flow in compressor cascades. Influence of gap, cascade geometry, loads and inflow boundary layer. Final report; Randstroemung in Verdichtergittern. Untersuchung der Randstroemung in Verdichtergittern unter dem Einfluss von Spalt, Gittergeometrie, Gitterbelastung und Zustroemgrenzschicht. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Huebner, J

1996-07-01

der Abstroemwinkelverteilung zusammengestellt und mit den Messungen verglichen. Dabei ergab sich eine grosse Streubreite der Korrelationen, die auf eine unterschiedliche Bewertung der Spaltweite und der aerodynamischen Belastung zurueckzufuehren ist. Die haeufig anzutreffende Trennung in einen reinen Spaltverlust und einen von der Spaltstroemung unbeeinflussten Sekundaerverlust erscheint physikalisch nicht sinnvoll. Unter Beruecksichtigung der experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden verbesserte Spaltverlust- und Abstroemwinkelkorrelationen erarbeitet. (orig.)

Cross-sectoral modeling and optimization of a future German energy system, taking energy efficiency measures into account in the building sector; Sektoruebergreifende Modellierung und Optimierung eines zukuenftigen deutschen Energiesystems unter Beruecksichtigung von Energieeffizienzmassnahmen im Gebaeudesektor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Palzer, Andreas

2016-07-01

With the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, comprehensive climate protection measures have already been adopted both nationally and internationally. This raises the question of how economically and ecologically useful system infrastructure looks, which at the same time ensures the supply reliability of all consumers. The regenerative energy model (REMod) presented in this book has been developed to provide answers. The sectors electricity, heat, transport and industry are considered for the first time simultaneous in an energy system model. In particular, in order to satisfy the criterion of reliability of supply, the model calculates the energy flows in hourly resolution for the period from today (2015) to 2050. The system is optimized with regard to minimum overall costs and under the boundary condition that a maximum set quantity of permitted greenhouse gas emissions is not exceed. On the example of Germany (REMod-D), the results show that, in particular, the interaction of the sectors can lead to strong differences in the design of the system infrastructure. [German] Mit dem Ziel den Ausstoss der Treibhausgase zu reduzieren, wurden bereits national wie international umfangreiche Klimaschutzmassnahmen verabschiedet. Hieraus ergibt sich die Frage wie eine oekonomisch und oekologisch sinnvolle Systeminfrastruktur aussieht, die gleichzeitig die Versorgungssicherheit aller Verbraucher gewaehrleistet. Das in diesem Buch vorgestellte Regenerative Energien Modell (REMod) wurde entwickelt um hierauf Antworten zu liefern. Beruecksichtigt werden erstmalig in einem Energiesystemmodell die Sektoren Strom, Waerme, Verkehr und Industrie gleichzeitig. Insbesondere um dem Kriterium der Versorgungssicherheit gerecht zu werden, berechnet das Modell die Energiefluesse in stuendlicher Aufloesung fuer den Zeitraum von heute (2015) bis 2050. Optimiert wird das System hinsichtlich minimaler Gesamtkosten und unter der Randbedingung, dass eine maximal vorgegebene Menge erlaubter

Umgang mit Antithrombotika bei Operationen an der Haut vor und nach Publikation der entsprechenden S3-Leitlinie.

Science.gov (United States)

Gaskins, Matthew; Dittmann, Martin; Eisert, Lisa; Werner, Ricardo Niklas; Dressler, Corinna; Löser, Christoph; Nast, Alexander

2018-03-01

Laut einer Befragung im Jahre 2012 war der Umgang mit Antithrombotika bei dermatochirurgischen Eingriffen in Deutschland sehr heterogen. 2014 wurde erstmals eine evidenzbasierte Leitlinie zu diesem Thema veröffentlicht. Es wurde eine anonyme Befragung derselben Stichprobe zum Umgang mit Antithrombotika sowie zu Kenntnissen der Leitlinie durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden als relative Häufigkeiten berichtet und denen aus 2012 gegenübergestellt. 208 Antwortbögen wurden ausgewertet (Rücklaufquote: 36,6 %). Die große Mehrheit der Dermatologen erklärte, kleinere Eingriffe unter Fortführung der Therapie mit Phenprocoumon, niedrig dosierter Acetylsalicylsäure (≤ 100 mg) und Clopidogrel sowie mit direkten oralen Antikoagulanzien durchzuführen. Bei größeren Eingriffen war der Umgang hingegen weiterhin heterogen, insbesondere unter niedergelassenen Dermatologen. Der Anteil der Dermatologen, die Phenprocoumon, Acetylsalicylsäure und Clopidogrel leitlinienkonform verwendeten, hat sich insgesamt vergrößert. Führten 2012 beispielsweise 53,8 % der Klinikärzte bzw. 36,3 % der niedergelassenen Dermatologen eine große Exzision unter Fortführung der Therapie mit niedrig dosierter Acetylsalicylsäure durch, taten dies 2017 90,2 % bzw. 57,8 % (Phenprocoumon: 33,8 % bzw. 11,9 % auf 63,9 % bzw. 29,9 %; Clopidogrel: 36,9 % bzw. 23,2 % auf 63,9 % bzw. 30,6 %). Unter den Klinikärzten war ein hoher Anteil mit der Leitlinie vertraut und fand diese hilfreich. Eine Zunahme des leitlinienkonformen Verhaltens war bei allen Eingriffen zu verzeichnen. Bei größeren Eingriffen zeigte sich trotz deutlicher Verbesserung die Notwendigkeit verstärkter Anstrengungen zur Leitlinienumsetzung bzw. zur Identifizierung von Implementierungsbarrieren. © 2018 Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (DDG). Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Gerichtete Erstarrung von Al-Si und Al-Si-Mn Legierungen unter dem Einfluss von magnetischen Wechselfeldern

OpenAIRE

Orth, Andreas

2013-01-01

In this work, samples of two alloys, Al-Si7 and Al-Si7-Mn1, are directionally solidified and their structure microscopically analysed. Thereby, the combined influence of induced current flow and intermetallic precipitates is of particular interest. A newly modified "Artemis" setup at the institute of material physics at the DLR in Cologne allows controlled solidification velocities of 30 to 240 micron/s under a constant temperature gradient of 3 K/mm. In using silica aerogels as part of the c...

Power to gas to relieve the electricity distribution networks. Continuation of the study ''Benefit of smart grid concepts taking into account the PtG technology''; Power-to-Gas zur Entlastung der Stromverteilungsnetze. Fortsetzung der Studie ''Nutzen von Smart-Grid-Konzepten unter Beruecksichtigung der PtG-Technologie''

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Huettenrauch, Jens; Zoellner, Sylvana; Mueller-Syring, Gert [DBI Gastechnologisches Institut gGmbH, Freiberg (Germany); and others

2015-07-01

One of the main challenges in the energy transition is to integrate the increasing based on volatile renewable energy generated power in market and network. Based on actual distribution networks in Emsland in the study presented below was investigated, what contribution an intelligent coupling of electricity and gas distribution networks by means of power to gas (PtG) systems can do to solve this challenge. The investigations have shown, among other things, that the network expansion costs in particular can be significantly reduced by the coupling when otherwise an oversizing would be done by discrete power grid expansion measures. [German] Eine der wesentlichen Herausforderung bei der Energiewende besteht darin, die zunehmend auf volatilen erneuerbaren Energien basierende Stromerzeugung in Markt und Netz zu integrieren. Anhand realer Verteilungsnetze im Emsland wurde in der im Folgenden vorgestellten Studie untersucht, welchen Beitrag eine intelligente Kopplung von Strom- und Gasverteilungsnetzen mittels Power-to-Gas (PtG)-Anlagen zur Loesung dieser Herausforderung leisten kann. Die Untersuchungen haben unter anderem gezeigt, dass durch die Kopplung die Netzausbaukosten insbesondere dann signifikant reduziert werden koennen, wenn andernfalls eine Ueberdimensionierung durch diskrete Stromnetzausbaumassnahmen erfolgen wuerde.

Crowdsourcing urban air temperatures from smartphone battery temperatures

Science.gov (United States)

Overeem, Aart; Robinson, James C. R.; Leijnse, Hidde; Steeneveld, Gert-Jan; Horn, Berthold K. P.; Uijlenhoet, Remko

2014-05-01

Accurate air temperature observations in urban areas are important for meteorology and energy demand planning. They are indispensable to study the urban heat island effect and the adverse effects of high temperatures on human health. However, the availability of temperature observations in cities is often limited. Here we show that relatively accurate air temperature information for the urban canopy layer can be obtained from an alternative, nowadays omnipresent source: smartphones. In this study, battery temperatures were collected by an Android application for smartphones. It has been shown that a straightforward heat transfer model can be employed to estimate daily mean air temperatures from smartphone battery temperatures for eight major cities around the world. The results demonstrate the enormous potential of this crowdsourcing application for real-time temperature monitoring in densely populated areas. Battery temperature data were collected by users of an Android application for cell phones (opensignal.com). The application automatically sends battery temperature data to a server for storage. In this study, battery temperatures are averaged in space and time to obtain daily averaged battery temperatures for each city separately. A regression model, which can be related to a physical model, is employed to retrieve daily air temperatures from battery temperatures. The model is calibrated with observed air temperatures from a meteorological station of an airport located in or near the city. Time series of air temperatures are obtained for each city for a period of several months, where 50% of the data is for independent verification. The methodology has been applied to Buenos Aires, London, Los Angeles, Paris, Mexico City, Moscow, Rome, and Sao Paulo. The evolution of the retrieved air temperatures often correspond well with the observed ones. The mean absolute error of daily air temperatures is less than 2 degrees Celsius, and the bias is within 1 degree

Produktionslogistik mit ERP-Systemen

Science.gov (United States)

Bauer, Jürgen

Im Folgenden werden die Teilprozesse der Produktionslogistik bei Eigenfertigung unter Einsatz des ERP-Systems SAP R/3 beschrieben. Dabei wird die häufigste Fertigungsart, die kundenanonyme Losfertigung, zugrundegelegt.

Corrosion behavior of selected materials in lithium bromide solution for the application absorption chillers; Korrosionsverhalten ausgewaehlter Werkstoffe in Lithiumbromid-Loesung fuer den Anwendungsfall Absorptionskaeltemaschinen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brandt, B. [ZAE Bayern, Garching (Germany)

2004-07-01

Absorption chillers on the basis of lithium bromide-water are interesting systems for efficient and energy-saving supply of coldness. The heating energy for the propulsion of the chiller could result ideally from renewable energies, e.g. solar energy, or waste heating energy from industry. The chiller can work as a multiple-stage process for increasing the energy efficiency. For the three-stage-plants, in the generator temperatures of up to 200-220 C are necessary. The factors high temperature, high halogenide concentration (lithium bromide) and the presence of water vapour lead to a very high corrosive exposure of the materials. In that reason the task of the present report was the consideration of commercial materials and inhibitors concerning their suitability for the application in triple-effect-chillers. The measurements were carried out under identical conditions, but in unmoved solution and excluding the contact with air. The result of the investigations showed that stainless steel has been identified as a promising material for this application. Furthermore we have found out that the type of the inhibitor and the interaction of different phases have a strong influence on the corrosion processes. (Abstract Copyright [2004], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Absorptionskaeltemaschinen auf der Basis von Lithiumbromid-Wasser stellen eine interessante Moeglichkeit zur effizienten und energiesparenden Versorgung mit Kaelte dar. Die zum Antrieb erforderliche Waermeenergie kann idealerweise aus regenerativen Energien, wie z.B. Solarwaerme, oder Abwaerme aus der Industrie bereitgestellt werden. Um die Energieeffizienz zu steigern, koennen die Prozesse mehrstufig betrieben werden. Bei den dreistufigen, sogenannten Triple-Effekt-Anlagen, sind im Generator Temperaturen bis zu etwa 200-220 C erforderlich. Die Faktoren hohe Temperatur, hohe Halogenidkonzentration (Lithiumbromid) und die Anwesenheit von Wasserdampf fuehren zu einer besonders starken korrosiven

Nutzerorientiertes Management von materiellen und immateriellen Informationsobjekten

OpenAIRE

Hübsch, Chris

2001-01-01

Schaffung einer stabilen, erweiterbaren und skalierbaren Infrastruktur für die Bereitstellung von Diensten im Umfeld von Bibliotheken und ähnlichen wissensanbietenden Einrichtungen unter Verwendung von XML-RPC und Python.

Renal imaging in paediatrics; Nuklearmedizinische Nierendiagnostik in der Paediatrie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Porn, U.; Hahn, K.; Fischer, S. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. Muenchen (Germany)

2003-09-01

The most frequent renal diseases in paediatrics include urinary tract infections, hydronephrosis, kidney anomalies and reflux. The main reason for performing DMSA scintigraphy in paediatrics is the detection of cortical abnormalities related to urinary tract infection. Because the amount of tracer retained in the tubular cells is associated with the distribution of functioning renal parenchyma in the kidney, it is possible, to evaluate the split renal function. In comparison to ultrasound and intravenous urography the sensitivity in the detection of acute as well as chronic inflammatory changes is very high, however less specific. An indication for a renography in neonates and children is beside an estimation of the total renal function and the calculation of the split renal function, the assessment of renal drainage in patients with unclear dilatation of the collecting system in ultrasound. The analysis of the time activity curve provides, especially for follow-up studies, a reproducible method to assess the urinary outflow. The diuretic scintigraphy allows the detection of urinary obstruction. Subsequently it is possible to image the micturition phase to detect vesico-ureteric reflux (indirect MCU) after drainage of tracer from the renal pelvis. An reflux in the ureters or the pelvicalyceal system is visible on the scintigraphic images and can be confirmed by time activity curves. A more invasive technique is the direct isotope cystography with bladder catheterization. The present paper should give an overview about the role of nuclear medicine in paediatric urology. (orig.) [German] Die haeufigsten nephrourologischen Erkrankungen in der Paediatrie umfassen die entzuendlichen Veraenderungen des Nierenparenchyms, Harnstauungen, Nierenanomalien und Refluxerkrankungen. Die statische Nierenszintigraphie mit {sup 99m}Tc-DMSA hat in der Paediatrie vor allem zur Evaluierung von Narbenbildungen bei Pyelonephritis ihren Stellenwert. Da die tubulaere Speicherung von DMSA

Determination of irradiation temperature using SiC temperature monitors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Maruyama, Tadashi; Onose, Shoji

1999-01-01

This paper describes a method for detecting the change in length of SiC temperature monitors and a discussion is made on the relationship between irradiation temperature and the recovery in length of SiC temperature monitors. The SiC specimens were irradiated in the experimental fast reactor JOYO' at the irradiation temperatures around 417 to 645degC (design temperature). The change in length of irradiated specimens was detected using a dilatometer with SiO 2 glass push rod in an infrared image furnace. The temperature at which recovery in macroscopic length begins was obtained from the annealing intersection temperature. The results of measurements indicated that a difference between annealing intersection temperature and the design temperature sometimes reached well over ±100degC. A calibration method to obtain accurate irradiation temperature was presented and compared with the design temperature. (author)

Magneto-optical measurements on high-temperature superconductors influenced by AC-fields; Magnetooptische Untersuchungen an Hochtemperatursupraleitern unter Einfluss von Frequenzfeldern

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Che' Rose, Simon

2007-01-15

In this work magneto-optical measurements on YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} and MgB{sub 2} thin films were done. For YBCO the influence of AC-pulses on the flux and current density of a thin film with transport current was investigated. For MgB{sub 2} the influence of AC-fields on the homogenous and dendritic flux penetration was researched. (orig.)

Thermodynamic Temperatures of High-Temperature Fixed Points: Uncertainties Due to Temperature Drop and Emissivity

Science.gov (United States)

Castro, P.; Machin, G.; Bloembergen, P.; Lowe, D.; Whittam, A.

2014-07-01

This study forms part of the European Metrology Research Programme project implementing the New Kelvin to assign thermodynamic temperatures to a selected set of high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs), Cu, Co-C, Pt-C, and Re-C. A realistic thermal model of these HTFPs, developed in finite volume software ANSYS FLUENT, was constructed to quantify the uncertainty associated with the temperature drop across the back wall of the cell. In addition, the widely applied software package, STEEP3 was used to investigate the influence of cell emissivity. The temperature drop, , relates to the temperature difference due to the net loss of heat from the aperture of the cavity between the back wall of the cavity, viewed by the thermometer, defining the radiance temperature, and the solid-liquid interface of the alloy, defining the transition temperature of the HTFP. The actual value of can be used either as a correction (with associated uncertainty) to thermodynamic temperature evaluations of HTFPs, or as an uncertainty contribution to the overall estimated uncertainty. In addition, the effect of a range of furnace temperature profiles on the temperature drop was calculated and found to be negligible for Cu, Co-C, and Pt-C and small only for Re-C. The effective isothermal emissivity is calculated over the wavelength range from 450 nm to 850 nm for different assumed values of surface emissivity. Even when furnace temperature profiles are taken into account, the estimated emissivities change only slightly from the effective isothermal emissivity of the bare cell. These emissivity calculations are used to estimate the uncertainty in the temperature assignment due to the uncertainty in the emissivity of the blackbody.

Cryotherapy of the brain - a new methodical basic approach; Kryotherapie am Hirn - ein neuer methodischer Ansatz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gruender, W. [Inst. fuer Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Univ. Leipzig (Germany); Goldammer, A.; Vitzthum, H.E. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, Univ. Leipzig (Germany); Schober, R. [Selbstaendige Abt. fuer Neuropathologie am Inst. fuer Pathologie, Univ. Leipzig (Germany)

2003-07-01

Cryodestruction of tissue is influenced by cooling and thawing rates, absolute tissue temperature, number of freeze-thaw cycles, and type of tissue. However, under clinical conditions a MRT visualization of the temperature distribution during cryo-procedures is not possible. Thus, the extent of necrotic areas within the cryo-influenced regions are not precisely predictable. This limitation is particularly relevant for the application of cryoablation in the brain. The present paper proposes the concept of a local, cryo-induced ischemic necrosis. The basic concept is that the MRT-observable and surgically well-manageable frozen region is ischemic. This cryo-induced ischemia causes a necrosis. The extent of the necrotic region is exclusively determined by the ischemia tolerance of the tissue. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated on sheep brain in vivo. Compared to the freeze-thaw method, histological examinations show a sharper demarcation between regions of necrosis and healthy tissue. In conclusion, the method of MR-controlled local, cryo-induced ischemia enables an exact definition of the region of necrosis in the brain. (orig.) [German] Die Kryodestruktion von Gewebe ist abhaengig von den Abkuehl- und Taugeschwindigkeiten, von der absoluten Gewebetemperatur, der Anzahl der Gefrier-Tau-Zyklen sowie vom Gewebetyp. Da es unter klinischen Bedingungen nicht moeglich ist, waehrend einer kryochirurgischen Intervention die Temperaturverteilung im Gewebe unter MRT-Kontrolle zu verfolgen, ist der Grad der Gewebedestruktion innerhalb des kaeltebeeinflussten Gebiets nicht sicher voraussagbar. Dies jedoch ist speziell fuer die Anwendung im Hirn wesentlich. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Konzept der lokalen, kaelteinduzierten ischaemischen Nekrose vorgestellt: Dabei erfolgt eine Abkuehlung des intrazerebralen Zielbereichs bis zum Einfrieren des Gewebes. Es resultiert eine im MRT-Bild als signalfreie Zone sichtbare und damit intraoperativ gut zu steuernde

Receptor imaging of schizophrenic patients under treatment with typical and atypical neuroleptics; Nuklearmedizinische Rezeptordiagnostik bei schizophrenen Patienten unter Therapie mit typischen und atypischen Neuroleptika

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dresel, S.; Tatsch, K. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin der Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. Muenchen (Germany); Meisenzahl, E. [Psychiatrische Klinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. Muenchen (Germany); Scherer, J. [Bezirkskrankenhaus Haar (Germany)

2002-09-01

-motorische Nebenwirkungen hervorzurufen. Die Besetzung postsynaptischer Dopamin-D2-Rezeptoren wird als ein wesentlicher Aspekt der antipsychotischen Wirksamkeit der Neuroleptika angesehen. Diese koennen nuklearmedizinisch durch [I-123]IBZM-SPECT dargestellt werden. Fuer das typische Neuroleptikum Haloperidol wurde eine dosisabhaengige, exponentielle Besetzung der Dopamin-D2-Rezeptoren nachgewiesen. Ab einem Schwellenwert des spezifischen Bindungsindex von 0,4 (Norm: >0,95) zeigten mit einer Ausnahme alle untersuchten Patienten extrapyramidal-motorische Nebenwirkungen. Auch unter Therapie mit dem atypischen Neuroleptikum Clozapin ergab sich eine exponentielle Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung mit jedoch einem deutlich flacheren Kurvenverlauf im Vergleich zu Haloperidol. Extrapyramidalmotorische Nebenwirkungen traten bei diesen Patienten nicht auf. Neuere, als atypisch eingestufte Neuroleptika wie Risperidon und Olanzapin zeigten ebenfalls eine exponenzielle Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung, wobei deren Kurvenverlaeufe zwischen denen von Haloperidol und Clozapin lagen. Extrapyramidal-motorische Nebenwirkungen traten bei den letzteren Neuroleptika seltener als bei Haloperidol, bei Olanzapin nur bei einem Patienten in unserem eigenen Patientengut auf. Das pharmakologische Profil atypischer Neuroleptika zeichnet sich neben der Bindung an die postsynaptischen Dopamin-D2-Rezeptoren auch durch Bindung an Rezeptoren diverser anderer Neurotransmittersysteme, insbesondere des serotonergen Systems, aus. Somit ist wahrscheinlich, dass die niedrigere Inzidenz fuer extrapyramidal-motorische Nebenwirkungen bei atypischen Neuroleptika durch (orig.)

Relationship between body temperature and air temperature in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Body temperatures of singing male Gryllus bimaculatus were measured for the first time. Body temperatures were strongly correlated with ambient temperature. This indicates that, unlike some other orthopterans, larger crickets are not dependent on an elevated body temperature for efficient calling. Our results confirm that it ...

Plain film emergency radiology of child abuse: a strategy; Die akute Roentgendiagnostik der Kindesmisshandlung: Eine Strategie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oestreich, A.E. [Children`s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH (United States). Dept. of Radiology

1998-04-01

A strategy is proposed for the dedicated interpretation of possible radiographic plain film signs that are suspicious for indicating child abuse. For each sign, the features `PRO` raise the question of abuse, while radiographic or clinical findings `CON` suggest an alternate explanation. Birth trauma, oesteogenesis imperfecta, rescue trauma, and metastatic neuroblastoma are among the many entities cited. A triad of situations may lead a radiologist to look systematically for changes from abuse; a triad of resolutions may result from the search. Periosteal reaction is the major factor in dating of fractures; physiologic periosteal reaction of infancy and periosteal reaction from previous fracture must be considered when so dating fractures. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wird eine Strategie fuer die genaue Interpretation roentgenologischer Befunde, die auf eine Kindesmisshandlung hindeuten koennen, vorgeschlagen. Fuer jeden Befund werfen die unter `PRO` aufgefuehrten Merkmale die Frage nach einer Kindesmisshandlung auf, waehrend radiologische und klinische Befunde unter `CON` andere Erklaerungen nahelegen. Geburtstrauma, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Rettungstrauma und metastasierendes Neuroblastom sind unter den vielen zitierten Differentialdiagnosen. Drei moegliche Situationen koennen den Radiologen dazu veranlassen, systematisch nach Zeichen einer Kindesmisshandlung zu suchen, 3 moegliche Loesungen koennen aus dieser Suche hervorgehen. Eine Periostreaktion ist ein Kardinalbefund zur Datierung von Frakturen. Physiologische Periostreaktionen im fruehen Kindesalter und Periostreaktionen durch fruehere Frakturen muessen bei einer solchen Datierung von Frakturen mitbedacht werden. (orig.)

Superconductors for the medium-voltage grid. A superconducting power cable running through the inner city of Essen passes a two-year field test; Supraleiter fuer das Mittelspannungsnetz. Ein supraleitendes Stromkabel quer durch die Essener Innenstadt besteht zweijaehrigen Feldtest

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meyer, Franz

2017-04-01

Scientists are testing the longest high-temperature superconducting cable in the world under real conditions in Essen. One kilometre long, it connects two substations in the inner city. It replaces a conventional 110 kV line and renders one substation in the inner city obsolete. After two years of testing, it has passed the field test. It could be a blueprint for the future power supply system in urban areas. [German] Wissenschaftler testen in Essen das laengste Hochtemperatur-Supraleiterkabel der Welt unter realen Bedingungen. Mit einer Laenge von einem Kilometer verbindet es zwei Umspannstationen quer durch die Innenstadt. Es ersetzt eine konventionelle 110-kV-Leitung und macht eine Umspannanlage im Stadtzentrum ueberfluessig. In einer zweijaehrigen Erprobung hat es den Praxistest bestanden. Es koennte eine Blaupause fuer die kuenftige Stromversorgung in Ballungsraeumen sein.

Development and application of a NaNiCl{sub 2}-battery for industrial trucks regarding the requirements cycle life, safety and reliability. Final report; Entwicklung und Erprobung einer NaNiCl{sub 2}-Batterie fuer Flurfoerderzeuge unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Aspekte Lebensdauer, Sicherheit und Zuverlaessigkeit. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boehm, H.; Beyermann, G.; Bulling, M.

1996-07-01

Two NaNiCl{sub 2}-battery types including the battery controller and peripheral equipment have been developed for the application in fork lift trucks and driverless transportation. The batteries have been tested and evaluated on bench testing as well as in fork lift trucks and driverless trucks in practical application. The field tests have been performed by the subcontractors Still, Mercedes-Benz and Indumat. All test results have shown that the NaNiCl{sub 2}-battery (ZEBRA-battery) is well suited for the application in industrial traction. A series development together with a cost reduction programme have to be performed ahead of the introduction of the ZEBRA-battery into the market for industrial traction batteries. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen des Vorhabens wurden zwei NaNiCl{sub 2}-Batterietypen, eine fuer die Anwendung in Gabelstaplern, die andere fuer den Einsatz in fahrerlosen Transportsystemen (FTS), einschliesslich des Batteriesteuergeraetes und der Batterieperipherie entwickelt. Die Batterien wurden auf Teststaenden im Labor sowie in Gabelstaplern und FTS unter Praxisbedingungen erprobt. Der praktische Einsatz erfolgte bei den Unterauftragnehmern Still, Mercedes-Benz und Indumat. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass die NaNiCl{sub 2}-Batterie (ZEBRA-Batterie) fuer die Anwendung in Gabelstaplern und FTS geeignet ist. Insbesondere wurde nachgewiesen, dass die NaNiCl{sub 2}-Batterie im Gegensatz zu anderen Batteriesystemen einen Zweischichtbetrieb von Gabelstaplern ohne Batteriewechsel ermoeglicht. Vor Einfuehrung der ZEBRA-Batterie in den Flurfoerdermarkt muss die Serienentwicklung bei gleichzeitiger Senkung der Herstellkosten durchgefuehrt werden. (orig.)

Balti kirjandusloo katse / Ants Oras

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Oras, Ants, 1900-1982

2009-01-01

Arvustus: Grundriss einer Geschichte der baltischen Dichtung / herausgegeben von Arthur Behrsing; unter Mitarbeit von André Favre, Otto Greifenhagen und Arthur Knüpffer. Leipzig : Institut für Auslandskunde, Grenz- und Auslanddeutschtum, 1928

Reaction behaviour of DSD waste plastics in hydrogenating liquefaction with varied times of residue and reaction temperatures; Das Reaktionsverhalten von DSD-Kunststoffabfaellen in der hydrierenden Verfluessigung bei Variation von Verweilzeit und Reaktionstemperatur

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Burgtorf, J; Meier zu Koecker, H [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Energietechnik

1997-12-31

Hydrogenation is an established process of waste plastics recycling. At the 1st DGMK Technical Meeting at Velen, the Energy Engineering Institute of Berlin Technical University presented studies on the reaction behaviour of waste plastics collected by the DSD (Duales System Deutschland) during hydrogenating liquefaction. The studies have been finished by now, and some results are presented, with particular regard to times of residue and reaction temperaperatures. (orig) [Deutsch] Die Hydrierung ist ein etabliertes Verfahren der rohstofflichen Verwertung von Kunststoffabfaellen. Die auf der 1. DGMK-Fachtagung in Velen vorgestellten Arbeiten des Instituts fuer Energietechnik der Technischen Universitaet Berlin zum Reaktionsverhalten von Kuststoffabfaellen aus der Sammlung des Dualen Systems Deutschland (DSD) in der hydrierenden Verfluessigung sind inzwischen abgeschlossen. Einige Ergebnisse werden hier unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Parameter Verweilzeit und Reaktionstemperatur dargestellt. (orig)

Reaction behaviour of DSD waste plastics in hydrogenating liquefaction with varied times of residue and reaction temperatures; Das Reaktionsverhalten von DSD-Kunststoffabfaellen in der hydrierenden Verfluessigung bei Variation von Verweilzeit und Reaktionstemperatur

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Burgtorf, J.; Meier zu Koecker, H. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Energietechnik

1996-12-31

Hydrogenation is an established process of waste plastics recycling. At the 1st DGMK Technical Meeting at Velen, the Energy Engineering Institute of Berlin Technical University presented studies on the reaction behaviour of waste plastics collected by the DSD (Duales System Deutschland) during hydrogenating liquefaction. The studies have been finished by now, and some results are presented, with particular regard to times of residue and reaction temperaperatures. (orig) [Deutsch] Die Hydrierung ist ein etabliertes Verfahren der rohstofflichen Verwertung von Kunststoffabfaellen. Die auf der 1. DGMK-Fachtagung in Velen vorgestellten Arbeiten des Instituts fuer Energietechnik der Technischen Universitaet Berlin zum Reaktionsverhalten von Kuststoffabfaellen aus der Sammlung des Dualen Systems Deutschland (DSD) in der hydrierenden Verfluessigung sind inzwischen abgeschlossen. Einige Ergebnisse werden hier unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Parameter Verweilzeit und Reaktionstemperatur dargestellt. (orig)

Fracture mechanics based assessment of postulated flaws in the nozzle region of RPV-KKS under loss of coolant accidents; Bruchmechanische Bewertung von postulierten Fehlern im Stutzenbereich des RDB-KKS bei Kuehlmittelverlust-Stoerfaellen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Siegele, D.; Hodulak, L.; Varfolomeyev, I. [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Werkstoffmechanik (IWM), Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany); Nagel, G. [Preussen Elektra AG, Hannover (Germany). Hauptverwaltung

1998-11-01

Safety assessment of reactor components has to encompass the nozzles, as in the event of a LOCA, the nozzle areas are subject to heavy thermal stresses due to the low temperature there of the cooling agent. The paper refers to three-dimensional, elasto-plastic FEM analyses of the integer RPV and calculations of the J-integral for various crack locations and geometries, for derivation of realistic transients. The J-integral and K values calculated with FEM have been compared with stress intensity factors determined by means of enhanced analytical methods. Calculations for description of the integer nozzle yield plastifications in the cladded and the ferritic areas, so that the K concept of linear-elastic fracture mechanics is restricted in applicability. For postulated cracks beneath the integer cladding, J-integral values are determined which are below the initiating value J{sub 1} of the material used, which excludes crack initiation. For the largest postulated, 20 mm deep surface crack and through-cladding damage, a crack growth of 0.1 mm is derived according to the crack resistance curve. The analytical method for calculating the stress intensity factors has been expanded to also include application to evaluation of nozzle edge cracks under the cladding. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Bei der sicherheitstechnischen Bewertung von Reaktorkomponenten sind auch die Stutzen zu beruecksichtigen, da der Stutzenbereich bei Kuehlmittelverlust-Faellen, bedingt durch die dort vorliegenden tiefen Temperaturen des Kuehlmediums, hohen thermischen Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt ist. Fuer realistische Transienten werden dreidimensionale, elastisch-plastische FEM-Analysen fuer den integren RDB und Berechnungen des J-Integrals fuer verschiedene Risslagen und Rissgeometrien durchgefuehrt. Die mit FEM berechneten J-Integral- und K-Werte werden mit nach weiterentwickelten analytischen Methoden ermittelten Spannungsintensitaetsfatoren verglichen. Die Berechnungen fuer den integren Stutzen ergeben

Estimation of complete temperature fields from measured temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Clegg, S.T.; Roemer, R.B.

1984-01-01

In hyperthermia treatments, it is desirable to be able to predict complete tissue temperature fields from sampled temperatures taken at a few locations. This is a difficult problem in hyperthermia treatments since the tissue blood perfusion is unknown. An initial attempt to do this automatically using unconstrained optimization techniques to minimize the differences between steady state temperatures measured during a treatment and temperatures (at the same locations) predicted from treatment simulations has been previously reported. A second technique using transient temperatures following a step decrease in power has been developed. This technique, which appears to be able to better predict complete temperature fields is presented and both it and the steady state technique are applied to data from both simulated and experimental hyperthermia treatments. The results of applying the two techniques are compared for one-dimensional situations. One particularly important problem which the transient technique can solve (and the steady state technique does not seem to be able to do as well) is that of predicting the complete temperature field in situations where the true maximum and/or minimum temperatures present are not measured by the available instrumentation

Temperature fluctuations superimposed on background temperature change

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Otto, James; Roberts, J.A.

2016-01-01

Proxy data allows the temperature of the Earth to be mapped over long periods of time. In this work the temperature fluctuations for over 200 proxy data sets were examined and from this set 50 sets were analyzed to test for periodic and quasi-periodic fluctuations in the data sets. Temperature reconstructions over 4 different time scales were analyzed to see if patterns emerged. Data were put into four time intervals; 4,000 years, 14,000 years, 1,000,000 years, and 3,000,000 years and analyzed with a goal to understanding periodic and quasi-periodic patterns in global temperature change superimposed on a “background” average temperature change. Quasi-periodic signatures were identified that predate the Industrial Revolution, during much of which direct data on temperature are not available. These data indicate that Earth temperatures have undergone a number of periodic and quasi-periodic intervals that contain both global warming and global cooling cycles. The fluctuations are superimposed on a background of temperature change that has a declining slope during the two periods, pre-ice age and post ice age with a transition about 12,000 BCE. The data are divided into “events” that span the time periods 3,000,000 BCE to “0” CE, 1,000,000 BCE to “0” CE, 12,000 BCE to 2,000 CE and 2,000 BCE to 2,000 CE. An equation using a quasi-periodic (frequency modulated sine waves) patterns was developed to analyze the date sets for quasi-periodic patterns. “Periodicities” which show reasonable agreement with the predictions of Milankovitch and other investigators were found in the data sets.

The upwelling record in the sediments of the westen continental margin of India

Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

Naidu, P.D.; PrakashBabu, C.; Rao, Ch.M.

substanzers in marinen sedimentes unter oxygierenden and reduzierenden Bediggungen. Dissertation, University of Kiel, 175 pp. MOLLER G. and M. GASTNER (1971) The 'Karbonbate Bombe' a simple device for the determination of the carbonate content in sediments...

Einige Beobachtungen an Anemonenfischen in der Karibischen See

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Albrecht, H.

1977-01-01

Unter Anemonenfischen verstehen wir hauptsächlich Arten der indopazifischen Gattung Amphiprion (Riffbarsche, Pomacentridae), die in Seeanemonen leben. Mariscal (1966) und neuerdings Allen (1975) haben die vielen Untersuchungen dieser Beziehung zusammengefasst. Aus der Literatur sind andere

Der gläserne Aschenbecher - oder - Zur Verallgemeinerung des Eulerschen Polyedersatzes

OpenAIRE

Gallin, P

2009-01-01

Eine Diskussion unter Mathematikern im Lehrerzimmer einer Kantonsschule führt zusammen mit Beiträgen der Schülerinnen und Schüler unversehens zu topologischen Einsichten, die normalerweise im Gymnasium nicht zur Sprache kommen.

Von Roll RCP method - first experiences; Von Roll RCP - Verfahren. Erste Erfahrungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Capitaine, P.; Engweiler, J. [Roll Umwelttechnik AG, Zuerich (Switzerland)

1998-09-01

The RCP method was designed as a residue-optimised alternative to the thermally optimised grate firing of residual wastes. Its technical realisation and development to market maturity took no more than 5 years. In the first process stage the waste is converted to high-carbon pyrolysis charcoal and high-rank gas in the absence of oxygen. In the second stage these substances are oxidised by addition of oxygen. The resulting temperature causes the non-combustible constituents of the slag to melt. In a third, optional, stage this molten slag can be liberated of (heavy) metals to such an extent that it can subsequently be used directly as additive for grinding. Further exhaust gas treatment is facilitated by the use of a circulatory fluidised-bed secondary combustion chamber. Despite the reduced flue gas volume and resultant higher pollutant concentrations in the crude gas, overall emissions are lower than in conventional plants. [Deutsch] Das reststoffoptimierte RCP Verfahren ist als Alternative zur thermisch optimierten Rostverbrennung von Restabfaellen konzipiert. In nur fuenf Jahren wurde das Verfahren technisch umgesetzt und zur Marktreife entwickelt. In einer ersten Stufe des Verfahrens wird der Abfall unter Luftabschluss in einen kohlenstoffreichen Pyrolysekoks und eine heizwertreiches Gas umgesetzt. Im zweiten Schritt werden diese Stoffe unter Zugabe von Sauerstoff oxidiert. Dabei treten Temperaturen auf, bei denen die nichtbrennbaren Bestandteile der Schlacke schmelzen. Optional wird diese Schmelzschlacke in einem dritten Schritt derart von (Schwer-) Metallen befreit, dass sie anschliessend direkt als Zement-Zumahlstoff eingesetzt werden kann. Die Nutzung der zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht - Nachbrennkammer zur Abgasbehandlung vereinfacht die weitergehende Abgasbehandlung. Trotz verringertem Rauchgasvolumen und damit hoeheren Schadstoffkonzentrationen im Rohgas werden die Gesamtemissionen gegenueber konventionellen Anlagen verringert. (orig./SR)

Crowdsourcing urban air temperatures from smartphone battery temperatures

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Overeem, A.; Robinson, J.C.R.; Leijnse, H.; Steeneveld, G.J.; Horn, B.K.P.; Uijlenhoet, R.

2013-01-01

[1] Accurate air temperature observations in urban areas are important for meteorology and energy demand planning. They are indispensable to study the urban heat island effect and the adverse effects of high temperatures on human health. However, the availability of temperature observations in

Transformation behaviour and residual stresses in welding of new LTT filler materials; Umwandlungsverhalten und Eigenspannungen beim Schweissen neuartiger LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffe

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kromm, Arne

2011-07-06

Laborbedingungen gewonnen werden, beduerfen zumeist der Ueberpruefung unter realen Fertigungsbedingungen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Bauteilschweissversuch in einer speziellen Grosspruefanalage durchgefuehrt. Unter konstruktiver Schrumpfbehinderung gelang es, die lastabbauende Wirkung eines spezifischen LTT-Schweisszusatzes anhand einer ausgepraegten Spannungsreduktion waehrend des Schweissens zu belegen. Insgesamt wurde der Nachweis erbracht, dass das Konzept der Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) Legierungen zielfuehrend ist und die nachgewiesene Austenit-Martensitumwandlung einen signifikanten Effekt auf das Eigenspannungsniveau ausuebt.

Reconstruction of core inlet temperature distribution by cold leg temperature measurements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saarinen, S.; Antila, M.

2010-01-01

The reduced core of Loviisa NPP contains 33 thermocouple measurements measuring the core inlet temperature. Currently, these thermocouple measurements are not used in determining the inlet temperature distribution. The average of cold leg temperature measurements is used as inlet temperature for each fuel assembly. In practice, the inlet temperature distribution is not constant. Thus, using a constant inlet temperature distribution induces asymmetries in the measured core power distribution. Using a more realistic inlet temperature distribution would help us to reduce virtual asymmetries of the core power distribution and increase the thermal margins of the core. The thermocouples at the inlet cannot be used directly to measure the inlet temperature accurately because the calibration of the thermocouples that is done at hot zero power conditions is no longer valid at full power, when there is temperature change across the core region. This is due to the effect of neutron irradiation on the Seebeck coefficient of the thermocouple wires. Therefore, we investigate in this paper a method to determine the inlet temperature distribution based on the cold leg temperature measurements. With this method we rely on the assumption that although the core inlet thermocouple measurements do not measure the absolute temperature accurately they do measure temperature changes with sufficient accuracy particularly in big disturbances. During the yearly testing of steam generator safety valves we observe a large temperature increase up to 12 degrees in the cold leg temperature. The change in the temperature of one of the cold legs causes a local disturbance in the core inlet temperature distribution. Using the temperature changes observed in the inlet thermocouple measurements we are able to fit six core inlet temperature response functions, one for each cold leg. The value of a function at an assembly inlet is determined only by the corresponding cold leg temperature disturbance

New placement of TIPS during pregnancy for recurring esophageal variceal bleeding: Estimation of fetal radiation exposure; TIPS-Neuanlage in der Schwangerschaft bei rezidivierender Oesophagusvarizenblutung - Abschaetzung der fetalen Strahlenexposition

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wildberger, J.E.; Vorwerk, D.; Stargardt, A.; Guenther, R.W. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Winograd, R.; Busch, N. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Medizinische Klinik 3

1998-10-01

Recurrent variceal bleeding due to liver cirrhosis led to treatment with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in a pregnant woman at 20 weeks` gestation. Fetal radiation exposure was estimated to be less than 10 mSv. The use of a graduated catheter allowed measurement of field size and reliable determination of the patient`s entrance dose. Radiation exposure of an approximated fetal dosage of 5.2 mSv did not justify abortion for medical reasons. Therefore, TIPS procedure is not generally contraindicated during pregnancy itself. TIPS placement may be a therapeutic option related to the severity of the underlying maternal disease, after radiation exposure of the fetus has been estimated. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei rezidivierender Oesophagusvarizenblutung auf dem Boden einer Leberzirrhose wurde bei bestehender Schwangerschaft der 20. Woche ein transjugulaerer portosystemischer Stent-Shunt (TIPS) neu angelegt. Praeinterventionell wurde die zu erwartende Strahlenexposition fuer den Feten kleiner 10 mSv abgeschaetzt. Der Einsatz eines Messkatheters waehrend des Eingriffs ermoeglichte die genaue Bestimmung der Feldgroesse und somit eine verlaessliche Berechnung der Einfallsdosis. Die applizierte Strahlendosis lag mit 5,2 mSv unter der praeinterventionellen Abschaetzung. Eine Strahlenexposition in diesem Dosisbereich stellt keine Indikation fuer einen medizinisch induzierten Schwangerschaftsabbruch dar. Eine intakte Graviditaet ist keine absolute Kontraindikation zur TIPS-Neuanlage. Diese muss unter Beruecksichtigung der Schwere des muetterlichen Krankheitsbildes und unter Vorausabschaetzung der zu erwartenden Strahlenexposition fuer den Feten als moegliche Therapieoption geprueft werden. (orig.)

Grosse Axiallager mit Hybridschmierung - Theoretische und experimentelle Betrachtungen

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Santos, Ilmar; Fuerst, Axel

2003-01-01

Der vorliegende Artikel praesentiert die Simulation eines grossen axialen Kippsegmentlagers unter Beruecksichtigung der hybriden Schmierung, d.h. gleichzeitige hydrodynamische und hydrostatische Schmierung. Ein Vergleich mit Messungen zeigt, dass fuer das betrachtete Lager mit 2,2 m Durchmesser die...

Begegnungen mit fremden Sprachen

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Daryai-Hansen, Petra Gilliyard

Was ist Sprachideologie? Was sind fremde Sprachen? Über welche Sprachen sprechen wir, und wie? Dieses Buch, das sich unter dem theoretisch-methodischen Horizont der komparativen kritischen Diskursanalyse in einem Feld zwischen Soziolinguistik und Bourdieus sprachsoziologischen Arbeiten verortet, ...

Enterprise Social Networks

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Winkler, Till J.; Trier, Matthias

2017-01-01

Enterprise Social Networks (ESNs), d. h. Informationssysteme, die die Vernetzung von Mitarbeitern in Unternehmen fördern sollen, sind in verschiedenen Varianten und unter verschiedenen Bezeichnungen (etwa Enterprise Social Media, Corporate Social Software, Social Business oder Enterprise 2...

Genetiese parameters van speenkafrf^ eienskappe by ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Genetiese en. Omgewingsparameters van 'n VIeisraskudde. Ph.D.-tesis,. Univ. van die Oranje-Vrystaat. VAN MARLE, J., 1964. Untersuchungen tiber Einfltisse von. Umwelt und Erbanlage auf die Gewichtsentwicklung von. Fleischrinden unter extensiven Weidebedingungen der. Versuchstation Armoedsvlakte in Stidafrika.

Ungarn seit der Wahl: Demokratie unter Druck

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Freyberg-Inan, A.; Varga, M.

2011-01-01

Die Verfasser zeigen, dass die Orban-Regierung legitime Probleme benennt, wie etwa Ungarns extrem niedrige Beschäftigungsrate, die mit zu den großen wirtschaftliche Schwierigkeiten des Landes beiträgt. Doch packt sie die identifizierten Probleme zu oft auf eine Weise an, die ganz nebenbei dem

Central key project `Biotechnology`. Supplementary report. 2nd project phase (3/95 through 12/95); Zentrales Schwerpunktprojekt Bioverfahrenstechnik. Ergaenzungsbericht 2. Foerderphase (3/95 bis 12/95)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1996-12-31

The report describes the activities of the three sections of the key project `Biotechnology`: Biological systems, e.g. environmental biotechnology, enzyme reactions; protein engineering, fermentation problems of secondary metabolites, tetrachloroethylene degradation, stereoselective synthesis; process engineering, i.e. supercritical solvents, enzyme-catalysed reactions, bipolar membrane technology, membrane separation processes, anaerobic processes; information engineering, i.e. morphology recording, process control. Separate abstracts are available in this database for two articles of this report. (SR) [Deutsch] Dargestellt werden die Taetigkeiten der verschiedenen Arbeitsbereiche des Schwerpunktprojektes Biotechnologie. Es handelt sich hierbei um die drei Projektbereiche: Biologische Systeme unter anderem mit den Themen Umweltbiotechnologie, Enzymreaktionen, Protein-Engineering, Fermentationsprobleme bei sekundaeren Metaboliten, Tetrachlorethylen-Abbau, Stereoselektive Synthese; des weiteren der Projektbereich Verfahrenstechnik unter anderem mit den Themen Ueberkritische Loesungsmittel, Enzymkatalysierte Reaktionen, Bipolare Membrantechnik, Membrantrennverfahren, Anaerobprozesse; als letztes der Projektbereich Informationstechnik mit den Themen Morphologieerfassung, Prozessfuehrung. (SR)

Strengthening of the brazed joint for single-crystalline molybdenum by using Mo-40%Ru-B alloys

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hiraoka, Y. [Okayama Univ. of Science (Japan). Department of Applied Physics; Igarashi, T. [Tokyo Tungsten Co. Ltd., Toyama (Japan). Research and Development Division

1998-12-01

In this study, the bend properties of the single-crystalline molybdenum brazed by using Mo-40%Ru alloys containing boron of 1-6 mass%Ru alloy for the improvement of the joint strength was determined. (orig.) [Deutsch] Durchgefuehrt wurde die Herstellung von Verbindungen aus einkristallinem Molybdaen. Hierbei kamen Mo-40%Ru-Legierungen mit 1 bis 6 Gew.-% Bor als Lotmaterialien zum Einsatz. Festigkeit und Duktilitaet der Verbindungen wurden mittels 3-Punkt-Biegepruefung bei Raumtemperatur und unter fluessigem Stickstoff ermittelt. Die Bruchflaechen der Proben wurden mit Hilfe eines Rasterelektronenmikroskopes untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Der optimale Borgehalt bezueglich Festigkeit und Duktilitaet der geloeteten Verbindung liegt bei 2 Gew.-%. Die entsprechende Probe hat bei einem Biegewinkel von 100 bei Raumtemperatur nicht versagt. Auch unter fluessigem Stickstoff zeigte diese Probe eine Festigkeit in der Groessenordnung des einkristallinen Vollmaterials. (orig.)

Photovoltaic energy conversion and wind power plants creating new jobs; Arbeitsplaetze durch Photovoltaik und Windenergie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hille, G.; Hoffmann, V.U. [Fraunhofer ISE, Freiburg (Germany); Dienhart, H.; Langniss, O.; Nitsch, J. [DLR, Stuttgart (Germany)

1997-12-01

Experts are unanimous that opening up new markets through innovative technologies will be the successful strategy for reversing the upward trend of unemployment in Germany. This approach puts renewable energy sources into the foreground, as enhanced use of wind power and photovoltaic energy conversion will no doubt create new jobs. These technologies will, however, require favourable regulatory framework conditions in order to become a significant force in combatting unemployment. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Es gilt unter Experten als sicher, dass eine Umkehr am Arbeitsmarkt nur dadurch zu schaffen ist, dass innovative Technologien genutzt und damit neue Maerkte erschlossen werden. Demnach koennte etwa dem Ausbau der regenerativen Energietraeger Wind und Photovoltaik zur Schaffung zukunftssicherer Arbeitsplaetze eine grosse Bedeutung zukommen. Einen ernstzunehmenden Beitrag im Kampf gegen die Arbeitslosigkeit koennen diese Technologien allerdings nur unter bestimmten Rahmenbedingungen leisten. (orig./RHM)

Central key project `Biotechnology`. Supplementary report. 2nd project phase (3/95 through 12/95); Zentrales Schwerpunktprojekt Bioverfahrenstechnik. Ergaenzungsbericht 2. Foerderphase (3/95 bis 12/95)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1997-12-31

The report describes the activities of the three sections of the key project `Biotechnology`: Biological systems, e.g. environmental biotechnology, enzyme reactions; protein engineering, fermentation problems of secondary metabolites, tetrachloroethylene degradation, stereoselective synthesis; process engineering, i.e. supercritical solvents, enzyme-catalysed reactions, bipolar membrane technology, membrane separation processes, anaerobic processes; information engineering, i.e. morphology recording, process control. Separate abstracts are available in this database for two articles of this report. (SR) [Deutsch] Dargestellt werden die Taetigkeiten der verschiedenen Arbeitsbereiche des Schwerpunktprojektes Biotechnologie. Es handelt sich hierbei um die drei Projektbereiche: Biologische Systeme unter anderem mit den Themen Umweltbiotechnologie, Enzymreaktionen, Protein-Engineering, Fermentationsprobleme bei sekundaeren Metaboliten, Tetrachlorethylen-Abbau, Stereoselektive Synthese; des weiteren der Projektbereich Verfahrenstechnik unter anderem mit den Themen Ueberkritische Loesungsmittel, Enzymkatalysierte Reaktionen, Bipolare Membrantechnik, Membrantrennverfahren, Anaerobprozesse; als letztes der Projektbereich Informationstechnik mit den Themen Morphologieerfassung, Prozessfuehrung. (SR)

Gas hydrates and permafrost in continental northern West Siberia; Gashydrate und Permafrost im kontinentalen noerdlichen Westsibirien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cramer, B. [Bundesanstalt fuer Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover (Germany); Braun, A.; Poelchau, H.S. [Forschungszentrum Juelich (Germany). Inst. fuer Erdoel und Organische Geochemie; Littke, R. [RWTH Aachen (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Geologie, Geochemie und Lagerstaetten des Erdoels und der Kohle

1997-12-31

The largest natural gas pool in the world is located in northern part of the West Siberian Basin. During the Quaternary this reservoir became overlaid with several hundreds of metres of permafrost. The pressure and temperature conditions prevailing under this permafrost zone have led to the development of gas hydrates. As far as is known today there is no genetic relationship between the formation of the gas pool and the development of gas hydrates. The present contribution deals with these questions in detail. (MSK) [Deutsch] Im Nordteil des westsibirischen Beckens liegt die groesste Erdgaslagerstaette der Erde. Darueber hat sich im Quartaer ein mehrere hundert Meter maechtiger Permafrost gebildet. Die unter der Premafrostzone herrschenden Druck-und Temperaturbedingungen ermoeglichten die Bildung von Gashydraten. Nach heutigen Erkenntnisse besteht kein genetischer Zusammenhang zwischen Lagerstaettenbildung und Gashydraten. Im Folgenden werden Einzelheiten geschildert.

Mechanik deformierbarer fester Stoffe

Science.gov (United States)

Heintze, Joachim

In Bd. I/I haben wir die Mechanik des Massenpunkts und des starren Körpers behandelt; wir wollen nun berücksichtigen, dass sich alle Körper unter dem Einfluss der einwirkenden Kräfte deformieren können.

[Julia Rosche. Zwischen den Fronten. Die Rolle Estlands zwischen dem Hitler-Stalin-Pakt und dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs im internationalen Kontext] / Olaf Mertelsmann

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Mertelsmann, Olaf, 1969-

2014-01-01

Arvustus: Rosche, Julia. Zwischen den Fronten. Die Rolle Estlands zwischen dem Hitler-Stalin-Pakt und dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs im internationalen Kontext. Diplomica Verlag. Hamburg 2012. Unter demselben Titel mit identischem Text auch: Grin Verlag. München 2013

Implementation of new concepts for space HVAC systems in domestic buildings in consideration of cost, consumption and user comfort. Final report; Umsetzung neuer Konzepte der technischen Gebaeudeausruestung im Wohnungsbau unter Beruecksichtigung von Kosten, Verbraeuchen und Nutzerkomfort. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmidt, F.; Sucic, D.; Wendler, M.

1998-03-01

The goal of this project was the development of a set of tools for the selection of optimal concepts for HVAC-systems in housing buildings. Several factors are considered. They include technical feasibility, costs for investment, maintenance and operation, energy concumption, environmental impacts and user comfort. It is intended with the help of these tools to identify the most important factors which influence energy consumption and to suggest simple and cost effective measures to reduce energy consumption. Measures include improvements of the envelope, changes in the HVAC-system and its operation according to the needs to the inhabitants of the building. This report describes these components of this tool set which were developed in the frame of the project WohnKomfort. It lists data and rules chosen. In addition we report experiences which we gained with an prototypical implementation. This implementation allows load calculations for more than 60.000 different buildings applying EN 802 (only one zone model) as calculation method. It also supports selection of heating systems for such buildings by offering an evaluation according to user specified criteria including cost, environment and comfort. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Ziel des Vorhabens war die Entwicklung eines Instrumentariums zur Auswahl optimaler Konzepte fuer technische Anlagen in Wohngebaeuden unter Beruecksichtigung der Faktoren technische Machbarkeit, Erstellungs-, Betriebskosten, Energieverbrauch, Umweltbelastung und Nutzerkomfort. Mit Hilfe dieses Instrumentariums soll es moeglich werden, die Haupteinflussfaktoren fuer den Energieverbrauch anzugeben und Vorschlaege fuer einfache und kostenguenstige Massnahmen zu seiner Reduzierung auf der Seite des Gebaeudes (bauliche Massnahmen) und der Anlage (technische Massnahmen, Nutzerverhalten) anzugeben. In diesem Bericht beschreiben wir die im Vorhaben entwickelten Komponenten des Instrumentariums, die zugrundeliegenden Daten und Regeln sowie Erfahrungen, die

Radiology in managed care environment: Opportunities for cost savings in an HMO; Radiologie unter Managed-Care-Bedingungen. Einsparpotenziale aus der Sicht einer Krankenversicherung in den USA

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmidt, C. [Universitaet Kiel (Germany). Klinik fuer Allgemeine Chirurgie und Thoraxchirurgie; Mohr, A. [University of California, San Francisco (United States). Dept. of Radiology; Universitaet Kiel (Germany). Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Moeller, J. [Universitaet Bielefeld (Germany). Fakultaet fuer Gesundheitswissenschaften; Levin-Scherz, J. [Tufts Healthplan, Boston (United States); Heller, M. [Universitaet Kiel (Germany). Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik

2003-09-01

: Darstellung des Einsparungspotenzials, welches einer effizienten Nutzung von Radiologieleistungen in einer Health-Maintenance-Organisation (HMO) innewohnt, und der zur Realisierung verwendeten Managed-Care-Techniken. Material und Methoden: Im Rahmen eines Projektes zur Kostenreduktion an einer HMO in den USA wurden die Ursachen fuer gestiegene Ausgaben im Bereich Radiologie (''Radiology-Utilisation-Line'') untersucht. Durch umfassende Datenanalysen, Ueberpruefungen der Kodierlogik, Interviews mit Angestellten sowie kritische Beleuchtung der Vertragsbeziehungen zu Leistungserbringern konnte das Einsparpotenzial beziffert werden. Saemtliche Daten wurden in Microsoft Excel {sup trademark} dokumentiert und unter Verwendung von SPSS 8.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) fuer Windows {sup trademark} mithilfe nicht-parametrischer Tests ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Hauptursache war eine verstaerkte Verordnung von Radiologieleistungen pro versichertem Patienten, wobei die Kosten pro Untersuchung annaehernd gleich blieben. Ein wesentlicher Kostenhebel lag in der Verbesserung des elektronischen Abrechnungssystems, welches fuer eine Ueberbezahlung von Leistungen verantwortlich war. Die Gestaltung der vertraglichen Risikovereinbarungen zwischen Versicherer und Leistungserbringer sowie die Qualitaet der Managementstrukturen innerhalb der radiologischen Einrichtungen hatten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf deren Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ferner konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Aerzte mit eigenen Roentgenanlagen bis zu 4-5-mal mehr Untersuchungen veranlassen als Aerzte ohne eigene Roentgenausstattung und so einen erheblichen Kostentreiber darstellen. (orig.)

Astronaut James Lovell checks body temperature with oral temperature probe

Science.gov (United States)

1965-01-01

Gemini 7 pilot Astronaut James A. Lovell Jr. has temperature check with oral temperature probe attached to his space suit during final preflight preparations for the Gemini 7 space mission. The temperature probe allows doctors to monitor astronauts body temperature at any time during the mission.

Passive Resistor Temperature Compensation for a High-Temperature Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.

Science.gov (United States)

Yao, Zong; Liang, Ting; Jia, Pinggang; Hong, Yingping; Qi, Lei; Lei, Cheng; Zhang, Bin; Li, Wangwang; Zhang, Diya; Xiong, Jijun

2016-07-22

The main limitation of high-temperature piezoresistive pressure sensors is the variation of output voltage with operating temperature, which seriously reduces their measurement accuracy. This paper presents a passive resistor temperature compensation technique whose parameters are calculated using differential equations. Unlike traditional experiential arithmetic, the differential equations are independent of the parameter deviation among the piezoresistors of the microelectromechanical pressure sensor and the residual stress caused by the fabrication process or a mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients. The differential equations are solved using calibration data from uncompensated high-temperature piezoresistive pressure sensors. Tests conducted on the calibrated equipment at various temperatures and pressures show that the passive resistor temperature compensation produces a remarkable effect. Additionally, a high-temperature signal-conditioning circuit is used to improve the output sensitivity of the sensor, which can be reduced by the temperature compensation. Compared to traditional experiential arithmetic, the proposed passive resistor temperature compensation technique exhibits less temperature drift and is expected to be highly applicable for pressure measurements in harsh environments with large temperature variations.

Estimation of bare soil surface temperature from air temperature and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Soil surface temperature has critical influence on climate, agricultural and hydrological activities since it serves as a good indicator of the energy budget of the earth's surface. Two empirical models for estimating soil surface temperature from air temperature and soil depth temperature were developed. The coefficient of ...

Die DDR zwischen Einheit und Abgrenzung : Höhepunkte aus der deutschen Geschichte als Paradigmen politischen Wandels : Luther, Friedrich II. und Bismarck

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Brinks, Jan Herman

1991-01-01

Im Jahre 1945 befand sich die Geschichte Deutschlands, darin besteht Konsens unter Historikern aller Richtungen, an einem ihrer tiefgreifendsten Wendepunkte. Die Ereignissein Hiroshima und in Potsdam im Sommer jenes Jahres, so urteilt Werner Conze, markieren einschneidenste Zäsuren der europdischen,

Vorgehensmodelle und Prozesse für die Entwicklung von Produkten und Dienstleistungen

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Andreasen, Mogens Myrup

2005-01-01

erreicht werden kan. Prozeduren in der Produktentwicklung basieren normalerweise auf theoretischen Vorgehensmodellen, zu denen sich in der Literatur viele Beispiele finden. Für die praktische Umsetzung dieser Modelle ergeben sich zumeist unter anderem folgende Fragen: Wie aufwändig soll die...

How should we deal with ethics in student supervision?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ellen Hooyberghs

2012-06-01

Dat supervisie essentieel is binnen het beroep van sociaal werk, daar zijn sociaal werkers het al langer over eens. Supervisie krijgt binnen de opleiding sociaal werk dan ook een belangrijke plaats. In supervisie leren studenten (eerste werkervaringen te analyseren, eigen indrukken en gevoelens te onderzoeken en hun visie op het werkveld te verruimen en dit onder begeleiding van een supervisor. Studenten leren tevens de reeds verworven theorie om te zetten in de praktijk. Voor het merendeel van de studenten is dit geen eenvoudige klus. Zij hebben dan vele morele en ethische vragen over hun handelen. Aangezien de waarden en normen binnen het sociaal werkveld niet statisch en eenduidig zijn, is het soms ook erg verwarrend wat nu juist “juist” handelen is. Binnen een supervisiegroep kunnen hier bij de verschillende studenten en supervisor meerdere meningen over bestaan. Daarom wordt de methodiek “Ethische cirkels in sociaal werk” toegelicht in dit artikel. Deze methode kan een houvast bieden voor studenten en supervisor om aan de slag te gaan met ethische vragen.

Is there a “net generation” in veterinary medicine? A comparative study on the use of the Internet and Web 2.0 by students and the veterinary profession [Gibt es eine „net-Generation“ in der Tiermedizin? Eine Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Nutzung von Internet und Web 2.0 bei Studierenden und der Tierärzteschaft

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tenhaven, Christoph

2013-02-01

Full Text Available [english] Introduction: Informal and formal lifelong learning is essential at university and in the workplace. Apart from classical learning techniques, Web 2.0 tools can be used. It is controversial whether there is a so-called net generation amongst people under 30.Aims: To test the hypothesis that a net generation among students and young veterinarians exists.Methods: An online survey of students and veterinarians was conducted in the German-speaking countries which was advertised via online media and traditional print media.Results: 1780 people took part in the survey. Students and veterinarians have different usage patterns regarding social networks (91.9% vs. 69% and IM (55.9% vs. 24.5%. All tools were predominantly used passively and in private, to a lesser extent also professionally and for studying.Outlook: The use of Web 2.0 tools is useful, however, teaching information and media skills, preparing codes of conduct for the internet and verification of user generated content is essential.[german] Einleitung: Informelles und formelles lebenslanges Lernen ist im Studium und Beruf essenziell. Dazu können neben der klassischen Fortbildung auch Web 2.0 Tools benutzt werden. Umstritten in der Literatur ist allerdings, ob es unter den „Unter 30 Jährigen“ eine sogenannte Net-Generation gibt. Ziel: Überprüfung der Hypothese, dass eine Net-Generation unter Studierenden und jungen Tierärzten existiert. Methode: Eine Onlineumfrage unter Studierenden und der Tierärzteschaft wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum durchgeführt, die per Onlinemedien und klassischen Printmedien beworben wurde.Ergebnisse: An der Befragung haben 1780 Personen teilgenommen. Es gibt unterschiedliches Nutzungsverhalten von Studierenden und der Tierärzteschaft bei sozialen Netzwerken (91,9% vs. 69% und IMs (55,9% vs. 24,5%. Alle Tools wurden hauptsächlich passiv und privat genutzt, im geringeren Maße auch für den Beruf und das Studium.Ausblick: Der Einsatz von Web 2

Influence of antithyroid medication on effective half-life and uptake of {sup 131}I following radioiodine therapy; Einfluss thyreostatischer Medikation beim Morbus Basedow auf die Kinetik von 131-Iod waehrend einer Radiotherapie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Moka, D.; Voth, E.; Schicha, H. [Koeln Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin

1997-12-01

Aim of this study was to assess the influence of antithyroid drugs (ADT) on the kinetics of {sup 131}I. Therefore, 56 patients with Graves` disease and with shortened effective half-life of {sup 131}I were examined under stationary conditionary conditions. In 38 patients ATD was stopped three days after radioiodine therapy (RIT). The progress of the first RIT and of a second RIT, which still was necessary in 12 patients, was compared to 18 patients receiving ATD continuously. Values of effective half-life for {sup 131}I rose significantly from 3.4 to 5.7 days 2-3 days after stopping ATD. There was an increase of the {sup 131}I-uptake of a second RIT after stopping ATD from 29.0 to 38.4%. In contrast, {sup 131}I-uptake of a second RIT decreased significantly in patients receiving ATD continuously. Effective half-life and uptake of {sup 131}I were affected significantly by ATD. Interrupting ATD after RIT is useful to improve an apparantly insufficient RIT in thyrotoxic patients receiving ATD. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ziel dieser Studie war es, beim M. Basedow die Kinetik von {sup 131}I unter dem Einfluss thyreostatischer Medikation (tM) zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden die 56 Patienten mit immunogener Hyperthyreose M. Basedow (MB) und mit einem erhoehten `turn over` von {sup 131}I unter tM untersucht. Bei 38 Patienten wurde die tM am 3. Tag nach RITh abgesetzt. Der Verlauf der 1. RITh bzw. einer Nachtherapie wurde mit 18 Patienten unter fortlaufender tM verglichen. 2-3 Tage nach Absetzen der tM stieg die effektive Halbwertzeit (HWZ{sub eff.}) von {sup 131}I signifikant von 3,4 auf 5,7 Tage und der {sup 131}I-Uptake bei der Nachtherapie von 29,0 auf 38,4% an, waehrend er unter fortlaufender tM signifikant abfiel. Beide Effekte zeigen, dass tM die {sup 131}I-Kinetik der Schilddruese sehr schnell beeinflussen kann. Gezieltes Absetzen der tM eignet sich deshalb, um bei ausgewaehlten Patienten eine primaer unzureichende RITh noch waehrend des stationaeren Aufenthaltes zu steuern und

Temperature Pill

Science.gov (United States)

1988-01-01

Ingestible Thermal Monitoring System was developed at Johns Hopkins University as means of getting internal temperature readings for treatments of such emergency conditions as dangerously low (hypothermia) and dangerously high (hyperthermia) body temperatures. ITMS's accuracy is off no more than one hundredth of a degree and provides the only means of obtaining deep body temperature. System has additional applicability in fertility monitoring and some aspects of surgery, critical care obstetrics, metabolic disease treatment, gerontology (aging) and food processing research. Three-quarter inch silicone capsule contains telemetry system, micro battery, and a quartz crystal temperature sensor inserted vaginally, rectally, or swallowed.

Similar temperature dependencies of glycolytic enzymes: an evolutionary adaptation to temperature dynamics?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cruz Luisa Ana B

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Temperature strongly affects microbial growth, and many microorganisms have to deal with temperature fluctuations in their natural environment. To understand regulation strategies that underlie microbial temperature responses and adaptation, we studied glycolytic pathway kinetics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during temperature changes. Results Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown under different temperature regimes and glucose availability conditions. These included glucose-excess batch cultures at different temperatures and glucose-limited chemostat cultures, subjected to fast linear temperature shifts and circadian sinoidal temperature cycles. An observed temperature-independent relation between intracellular levels of glycolytic metabolites and residual glucose concentration for all experimental conditions revealed that it is the substrate availability rather than temperature that determines intracellular metabolite profiles. This observation corresponded with predictions generated in silico with a kinetic model of yeast glycolysis, when the catalytic capacities of all glycolytic enzymes were set to share the same normalized temperature dependency. Conclusions From an evolutionary perspective, such similar temperature dependencies allow cells to adapt more rapidly to temperature changes, because they result in minimal perturbations of intracellular metabolite levels, thus circumventing the need for extensive modification of enzyme levels.

Locality of Temperature

Science.gov (United States)

Kliesch, M.; Gogolin, C.; Kastoryano, M. J.; Riera, A.; Eisert, J.

2014-07-01

This work is concerned with thermal quantum states of Hamiltonians on spin- and fermionic-lattice systems with short-range interactions. We provide results leading to a local definition of temperature, thereby extending the notion of "intensivity of temperature" to interacting quantum models. More precisely, we derive a perturbation formula for thermal states. The influence of the perturbation is exactly given in terms of a generalized covariance. For this covariance, we prove exponential clustering of correlations above a universal critical temperature that upper bounds physical critical temperatures such as the Curie temperature. As a corollary, we obtain that above the critical temperature, thermal states are stable against distant Hamiltonian perturbations. Moreover, our results imply that above the critical temperature, local expectation values can be approximated efficiently in the error and the system size.

Abnorme uterine Blutungen während hormonaler Kontrazeption

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wunder D

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Blutungsstörungen unter hormonaler Kontrazeption sind einer der häufigsten Gründe für das Absetzen der kontrazeptiven Methode, was unerwünschte Schwangerschaften zur Folge haben kann. Es ist wichtig, dass die Patientin zu Beginn der Kontrazeption über die Möglichkeit des Auftretens von Blutungsstörungen aufgeklärt wird und dass der kontrazeptive Schutz (sofern die korrekte Einnahme bzw. die korrekte Lage gegeben sind durch die Blutungsstörungen nicht beeinträchtigt wird. Bei (persistierenden abnormen Blutungen, eventuell assoziiert mit zusätzlichen Symptomen, muss die Möglichkeit einer Schwangerschaft, einer Zervizitis sowie einer zervikalen/endometrialen/uterinen Pathologie in Betracht gezogen und durch entsprechende klinische Untersuchungen bzw. weitere Zusatzuntersuchungen ausgeschlossen werden. Zur Therapie von reinen Blutungsstörungen unter Kontrazeption stehen verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung, je nach Art der hormonalen Kontrazeption.

Basic methodology of tomographic imaging by filtered inverse projection at a turbo-pump. Project report; Methodische Grundlagen fuer die Tomographie durch gefilterte Rueckprojektion an einer Axialpumpe. Projektbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hoppe, D.

2000-11-01

A two-phase medium consisting of a fluid containing gas is transported in a turbo-pump via an impeller. The interaction between the gaseous phase and the impeller is to be examined by tomography with gamma rays. Reconstruction of the image of the object is to be made by way of filtered inverse projection. The methodology of using this principle in the given system (geometry and measuring conditions) is explained. (orig./CB) [German] Ein zweiphasiges, aus einer gashaltigen Fluessigkeit bestehendes Medium wird in einer Axialpumpe von einem propellerartigen Laufrad senkrecht zur Drehachse dieses Laufrades transportiert. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen der Gasphase und dem Laufrad soll unter Verwendung von Gamma-Strahlung mittels Tomographie untersucht werden. Dabei ist fuer die Rekonstruktion des Objektbildes das Prinzip der sogenannten gefilterten Rueckprojektion vorgesehen. Die methodischen Grundlagen fuer die Nutzung dieses Prinzips unter von vorgesehenen geometrischen und messtechnischen Bedingungen sind Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. (orig.)

Experiments on the TECFLAM standard burner. Final colloquium; Experimente am TECFLAM Standard-Brenner. Abschlusskolloquium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1999-07-01

This year's annual seminar had two main subjects: First, the final colloquium of the CRAY-TECFLAM project in which an industrial code for simulation of combustion processes in furnaces and gas turbines was developed in cooperation with the relevant industry, and secondly, investigations on a TECFLAM standard burner which served to establish a reliable set of state variables by different methods that were applied simultaneously, as well as the validation of the mathematical models. [German] Das alljaehrliche oeffentliche Seminar stand in diesem Jahr unter zwei zentralen Themen: zum einen das Abschlusskolloquium des CRAY-TECFLAM-Projekts, in dem ein Industriecode zur Simulation der Verbrennungsvorgaenge in Feuerungen und Gasturbinen - unter Beteiligung der relevanten Industrie - entwickelt wurde, zum anderen die Untersuchungen am TECFLAM Standardbrenner, mit denen ein verlaesslicher Satz von Zustandsgroessen mit unterschiedlichen, aber simultan angewandten Messmethoden ermittelt wird und die mathematischen Modelle validiert werden. (orig.)

Bildanalyse in Medizin und Biologie

Science.gov (United States)

Athelogou, Maria; Schönmeyer, Ralf; Schmidt, Günther; Schäpe, Arno; Baatz, Martin; Binnig, Gerd

Heutzutage sind bildgebende Verfahren aus medizinischen Untersuchungen nicht mehr wegzudenken. Diverse Methoden - basierend auf dem Einsatz von Ultraschallwellen, Röntgenstrahlung, Magnetfeldern oder Lichtstrahlen - werden dabei spezifisch eingesetzt und liefern umfangreiches Datenmaterial über den Körper und sein Inneres. Anhand von Mikroskopieaufnahmen aus Biopsien können darüber hinaus Daten über die morphologische Eigenschaften von Körpergeweben gewonnen werden. Aus der Analyse all dieser unterschiedlichen Arten von Informationen und unter Konsultation weiterer klinischer Untersuchungen aus diversen medizinischen Disziplinen kann unter Berücksichtigung von Anamnesedaten ein "Gesamtbild“ des Gesundheitszustands eines Patienten erstellt werden. Durch die Flut der erzeugten Bilddaten kommt der Bildverarbeitung im Allgemeinen und der Bildanalyse im Besonderen eine immer wichtigere Rolle zu. Gerade im Bereich der Diagnoseunterstützung, der Therapieplanung und der bildgeführten Chirurgie bilden sie Schlüsseltechnologien, die den Forschritt nicht nur auf diesen Gebieten maßgeblich vorantreiben.

Temperature metrology

Science.gov (United States)

Fischer, J.; Fellmuth, B.

2005-05-01

The majority of the processes used by the manufacturing industry depend upon the accurate measurement and control of temperature. Thermal metrology is also a key factor affecting the efficiency and environmental impact of many high-energy industrial processes, the development of innovative products and the health and safety of the general population. Applications range from the processing, storage and shipment of perishable foodstuffs and biological materials to the development of more efficient and less environmentally polluting combustion processes for steel-making. Accurate measurement and control of temperature is, for instance, also important in areas such as the characterization of new materials used in the automotive, aerospace and semiconductor industries. This paper reviews the current status of temperature metrology. It starts with the determination of thermodynamic temperatures required on principle because temperature is an intensive quantity. Methods to determine thermodynamic temperatures are reviewed in detail to introduce the underlying physical basis. As these methods cannot usually be applied for practical measurements the need for a practical temperature scale for day-to-day work is motivated. The International Temperature Scale of 1990 and the Provisional Low Temperature Scale PLTS-2000 are described as important parts of the International System of Units to support science and technology. Its main importance becomes obvious in connection with industrial development and international markets. Every country is strongly interested in unique measures, in order to guarantee quality, reproducibility and functionability of products. The eventual realization of an international system, however, is only possible within the well-functioning organization of metrological laboratories. In developed countries the government established scientific institutes have certain metrological duties, as, for instance, the maintenance and dissemination of national

Temperature metrology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fischer, J; Fellmuth, B

2005-01-01

The majority of the processes used by the manufacturing industry depend upon the accurate measurement and control of temperature. Thermal metrology is also a key factor affecting the efficiency and environmental impact of many high-energy industrial processes, the development of innovative products and the health and safety of the general population. Applications range from the processing, storage and shipment of perishable foodstuffs and biological materials to the development of more efficient and less environmentally polluting combustion processes for steel-making. Accurate measurement and control of temperature is, for instance, also important in areas such as the characterization of new materials used in the automotive, aerospace and semiconductor industries. This paper reviews the current status of temperature metrology. It starts with the determination of thermodynamic temperatures required on principle because temperature is an intensive quantity. Methods to determine thermodynamic temperatures are reviewed in detail to introduce the underlying physical basis. As these methods cannot usually be applied for practical measurements the need for a practical temperature scale for day-to-day work is motivated. The International Temperature Scale of 1990 and the Provisional Low Temperature Scale PLTS-2000 are described as important parts of the International System of Units to support science and technology. Its main importance becomes obvious in connection with industrial development and international markets. Every country is strongly interested in unique measures, in order to guarantee quality, reproducibility and functionability of products. The eventual realization of an international system, however, is only possible within the well-functioning organization of metrological laboratories. In developed countries the government established scientific institutes have certain metrological duties, as, for instance, the maintenance and dissemination of national

Quantitative Temperature Dependence of Longitudinal Spin Seebeck Effect at High Temperatures

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ken-ichi Uchida

2014-11-01

Full Text Available We report temperature-dependent measurements of longitudinal spin Seebeck effects (LSSEs in Pt/Y_{3}Fe_{5}O_{12} (YIG/Pt systems in a high temperature range from room temperature to above the Curie temperature of YIG. The experimental results show that the magnitude of the LSSE voltage in the Pt/YIG/Pt systems rapidly decreases with increasing the temperature and disappears above the Curie temperature. The critical exponent of the LSSE voltage in the Pt/YIG/Pt systems at the Curie temperature is estimated to be 3, which is much greater than that for the magnetization curve of YIG. This difference highlights the fact that the mechanism of the LSSE cannot be explained in terms of simple static magnetic properties in YIG.

Effects of open-air temperature on air temperature inside biological safety cabinet.

Science.gov (United States)

Umemura, Masayuki; Shigeno, Katsuro; Yamamura, Keiko; Osada, Takashi; Soda, Midori; Yamada, Kiyofumi; Ando, Yuichi; Wakiya, Yoshifumi

2011-02-14

In Japan, biological safety cabinets (BSCs) are normally used by medical staff while handling antineoplastic agents. We have also set up a class II B2 BSC at the Division of Chemotherapy for Outpatients. The air temperature inside this BSC, however, decreases in winter. We assumed that this decrease is caused by the intake of open-air. Therefore, we investigated the effects of low open-air temperature on the BSC temperature and the time of admixtures of antineoplastic agents. The studies were conducted from January 1 to March 31, 2008. The outdoor air temperature was measured in the shade near the intake nozzle of the BSC and was compared with the BSC temperature. The correlation between the outdoor air temperature and the BSC temperature, the dissolution time of cyclophosphamide (CPA) and gemcitabine (GEM), and accurate weight measurement of epirubicin (EPI) solution were investigated for low and normal BSC temperatures. The BSC temperature was correlated with the open-air temperature for open-air temperatures of 5-20°C (p air is drawn from outdoors. We showed that the BSC temperature affects the dissolution rate of antineoplastic agents. Further, we suggested that the BSC temperature drop might delay the affair of the admixtures of antineoplastic agents and increase the waiting time of outpatients for chemotherapy.

Retrieval of air temperatures from crowd-sourced battery temperatures of cell phones

Science.gov (United States)

Overeem, Aart; Robinson, James; Leijnse, Hidde; Uijlenhoet, Remko; Steeneveld, Gert-Jan; Horn, Berthold K. P.

2013-04-01

Accurate air temperature observations are important for urban meteorology, for example to study the urban heat island and adverse effects of high temperatures on human health. The number of available temperature observations is often relatively limited. A new development is presented to derive temperature information for the urban canopy from an alternative source: cell phones. Battery temperature data were collected by users of an Android application for cell phones (opensignal.com). The application automatically sends battery temperature data to a server for storage. In this study, battery temperatures are averaged in space and time to obtain daily averaged battery temperatures for each city separately. A regression model, which can be related to a physical model, is employed to retrieve daily air temperatures from battery temperatures. The model is calibrated with observed air temperatures from a meteorological station of an airport located in or near the city. Time series of air temperatures are obtained for each city for a period of several months, where 50% of the data is for independent verification. Results are presented for Buenos Aires, London, Los Angeles, Paris, Mexico City, Moscow, Rome, and Sao Paulo. The evolution of the retrieved air temperatures often correspond well with the observed ones. The mean absolute error of daily air temperatures is less than 2 degrees Celsius, and the bias is within 1 degree Celsius. This shows that monitoring air temperatures employing an Android application holds great promise. Since 75% of the world's population has a cell phone, 20% of the land surface of the earth has cellular telephone coverage, and 500 million devices use the Android operating system, there is a huge potential for measuring air temperatures employing cell phones. This could eventually lead to real-time world-wide temperature maps.

Temperature indicating device

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Angus, J.P.; Salt, D.

1988-01-01

A temperature indicating device comprises a plurality of planar elements some undergoing a reversible change in appearance at a given temperature the remainder undergoing an irreversible change in appearance at a given temperature. The device is useful in indicating the temperature which an object has achieved as well as its actual temperature. The reversible change is produced by liquid crystal devices. The irreversible change is produced by an absorbent surface carrying substances e.g. waxes which melt at predetermined temperatures and are absorbed by the surface; alternatively paints may be used. The device is used for monitoring processes of encapsulation of radio active waste. (author)

Dual reference point temperature interrogating method for distributed temperature sensor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ma, Xin; Ju, Fang; Chang, Jun; Wang, Weijie; Wang, Zongliang

2013-01-01

A novel method based on dual temperature reference points is presented to interrogate the temperature in a distributed temperature sensing (DTS) system. This new method is suitable to overcome deficiencies due to the impact of DC offsets and the gain difference in the two signal channels of the sensing system during temperature interrogation. Moreover, this method can in most cases avoid the need to calibrate the gain and DC offsets in the receiver, data acquisition and conversion. An improved temperature interrogation formula is presented and the experimental results show that this method can efficiently estimate the channel amplification and system DC offset, thus improving the system accuracy. (letter)

Investigations of the surface tension of coal ash slags under gasification conditions; Untersuchungen zur Oberflaechenspannung von Kohleschlacken unter Vergasungsbedingungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Melchior, Tobias

2011-10-26

In the context of CO{sub 2}-emission-induced global warming, greenhouse gases resulting from the production of electricity in coal-fired power plants gain increasing attention. One possible way to reduce such emissions is to gasify coal instead of burning it. The corresponding process is referred to as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle and allows for the separation of CO{sub 2} before converting a synthesis gas into electrical energy. However, further improvements in efficiency and availability of this plant technology are needed to render the alternative generation of electricity sensible from an economic point of view. One corresponding approach introduces hot gas cleaning facilities to the gasification plant which guarantee a removal of slag particles from the synthesis gas at high temperatures. The development of such filters depends on the availability of data on the material properties of the coal ash slags to be withdrawn. In this respect, the surface tension is a relevant characteristic. Currently, the surface tension of real coal ash slags as well as of synthetic model systems was measured successfully by means of the sessile drop and the maximum bubble pressure method. With regard to the sessile drop technique, those experiments were conducted in a gasification-like atmosphere at temperatures of up to 1500 C. Furthermore, the pressure inside the experimental vessel was raised to 10 bar in order to allow for deriving the influence of this variable on the surface tension. In contrast, maximum bubble pressure trials were realised at atmospheric pressure while the gas atmosphere assured inert conditions. For performing sessile drop measurements, a corresponding apparatus was set up and is described in detail in this thesis. Three computer algorithms were employed to calculate surface tensions out of the photos of sessile drops and their individual performance was evaluated. A very good agreement between two of the codes was found while the third one

Investigation of hydrogen recombination under natural convection conditions; Untersuchungen zur Wasserstoffrekombination unter Naturkonvektionsbedingungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Simon, Berno

2015-09-04

Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PAR) are installed inside the containment of nuclear power plants in order to prevent the build-up of flammable mixtures and to mitigate the effects of hydrogen deflagrations, which can occur in the event of a severe accident combined with the release of hydrogen. In order to simulate the operating behaviour of PARs, the computer program REKO-DIREKT is being developed at the Forschungszentrum Juelich in collaboration with the Institute for Reactor Safety and Reactor Technology at the RWTH Aachen. For the validation of the code, data from experimental facilities operated at Juelich are used. This work focusses on the analysis of the chimney effect through the PAR housing as well as the optimization of the chimney model of REKO-DIREKT. Therefore experimental investigations are carried out in the REKO-4 facility under natural convection conditions. This facility is equipped with numerous measuring devices, e.g. katharometers for in-situ measuring of the hydrogen concentration and the optical flow measurement technique Particle-Image-Velocimetry. In preliminary assessments the equipment is being qualified in order to determine the measurement accuracy. In the following experimental investigations, a small-scale PAR is used, that is built in a modular way allowing it to be equipped with different chimney geometries. The experimental results produce a database that shows the central correlation between the hydrogen concentration, the catalyst temperature and the inlet velocity. The results include the variation of the recombiner's chimney height and experiments at different operating pressures. After optimization of the chimney model, the simulation program is validated against experiments in the large-scale facility THAI in Eschborn, which have been performed subsequent to this thesis in the context of the OECD/NEA-THAI project. Finally, the influence of a downward-directed, near-wall flow on the operational behaviour of the small

The relationship between body and ambient temperature and corneal temperature

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kessel, Line; Johnson, Leif; Arvidsson, Henrik Sven

2010-01-01

Exposure to elevated ambient temperatures has been mentioned as a risk factor for common eye diseases, primarily presbyopia and cataract. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship among ambient, cornea, and body core temperature.......Exposure to elevated ambient temperatures has been mentioned as a risk factor for common eye diseases, primarily presbyopia and cataract. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship among ambient, cornea, and body core temperature....

Non-invasive body temperature measurement of wild chimpanzees using fecal temperature decline.

Science.gov (United States)

Jensen, Siv Aina; Mundry, Roger; Nunn, Charles L; Boesch, Christophe; Leendertz, Fabian H

2009-04-01

New methods are required to increase our understanding of pathologic processes in wild mammals. We developed a noninvasive field method to estimate the body temperature of wild living chimpanzees habituated to humans, based on statistically fitting temperature decline of feces after defecation. The method was established with the use of control measures of human rectal temperature and subsequent changes in fecal temperature over time. The method was then applied to temperature data collected from wild chimpanzee feces. In humans, we found good correspondence between the temperature estimated by the method and the actual rectal temperature that was measured (maximum deviation 0.22 C). The method was successfully applied and the average estimated temperature of the chimpanzees was 37.2 C. This simple-to-use field method reliably estimates the body temperature of wild chimpanzees and probably also other large mammals.

Neueste Forschung in musiktherapeutischer Diagnostik

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ridder, Hanne Mette Ochsner

2012-01-01

responsivem Verhalten. In der Musiktherapie sind mehrere Assessmentmodelle entwickelt worden, unter anderem der IAP von Kenneth Bruscia, AQR von Karin Schumacher und Claudine Calvet-Kruppa oder das Assessment von Kontaktniveaus bei Anne Steen. Nach dieser Einführung des Assessmentbegriffes werden zusätzlich...

Nemški Pavliha im Vergleich zu seiner Vorlage Tyll Eulenspiegels wunderbare und seltsame Historien

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marija Javor Briški

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Unter Berücksichtigung des soziohistorischen Hintergrundes der Zielleser befasst sich der Beitrag auf inhaltlicher, struktureller, medialer und phraseologischer Ebene mit dem Vergleich der slowenischen Übersetzung Nemški Pavliha und seiner wiederentdeckten Vorlage Tyll Eulenspiegels wunderbare und seltsame Historien.

Tux fährt Bahn

OpenAIRE

Sontag, Ralph

2007-01-01

Modelleisenbahnen können Kinderspielzeug oder anspruchsvolles Hobby sein. Heute fahren viele Bahnen digital und werden mittels Digital Command Control (DCC) gesteuert. Im Vortrag sollen die Grundlagen des Protokolls erläutert und die Grundfunktionen mittels des Decoder Programmers SPROG II unter Linux ausprobiert werden.

Distribution of heavy metals in a wood culture water catchment area under the influence of acid deposition as shown by the example of the Soese trough (Western Harz region); Verteilung von Schwermetallen in einem forstlich genutzten Wassereinzugsgebiet unter dem Einfluss saurer Deposition am Beispiel der Soesemulde (Westharz)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Andreae, H. [ed.

1993-12-31

This thesis deals with the distribution and turnover of heavy metals in partial terrestrial ecosystems of the water catchment area of the Soese storage dam in the Western Harz region, a forested area affected by acid deposition. The metals investigated are cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. The work distinguishes three spatial areas: Regional heavy metal pollution is characterized via the establishment of nine deposition measuring sites (recent pollutant stress) in the field or under spruce stands and via cadastre-oriented surveying of element contents and accumulations in humus ground covers and mineral soils (historical pollutant stress). In-soil heavy metal turnovers are documented in five representative sites via investigation of the soil solution (years of measurement 1989-1991). In three sites, heavy metal turnovers are quantified via flow balances for the terrestrial ecosystem and the soil zone free of roots. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Verteilung und dem Umsatz von Schwermetallen in terrestrischen Teiloekosystemen des bewaldeten, durch saure Deposition beeinflussten Wassereinzugsgebiets der Soese-Talsperre im Westharz. Untersucht werden die Metalle Cadmium, Chrom, Kobalt, Kupfer, Nickel, Blei und Zink. In der Arbeit werden drei raeumliche Ebenen unterschieden: Die regionale Belastung wird ueber die Einrichtung von neun Depositionsmessstellen [rezente Belastung] im Freiland bzw. unter Fichtenbestaenden sowie ueber eine katasterorientierte Erfassung von Element-Gehalten und -Vorraeten in Humusauflagen und Mineralboeden [historische Belastung] charakterisiert. Die bodeninternen Umsaetze der Schwermetalle werden an fuenf repraesentativen Standorten anhand der Untersuchung der Bodenloesung dokumentiert (Messjahre 1989-1991). An drei Standorten werden die Schwermetall-Umsaetze ueber Flussbilanzen fuer das terrestrische Oekosystem und die undurchwurzelte Bodenzone quantifiziert. (orig.)

Body temperature norms

Science.gov (United States)

Normal body temperature; Temperature - normal ... Morrison SF. Regulation of body temperature. In: Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, eds. Medical Physiology . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 59. Sajadi MM, Mackowiak ...

From Space to the Rocky Intertidal: Using NASA MODIS Sea Surface Temperature and NOAA Water Temperature to Predict Intertidal Logger Temperature

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jessica R. P. Sutton

2017-02-01

Full Text Available The development of satellite-derived datasets has greatly facilitated large-scale ecological studies, as in situ observations are spatially sparse and expensive undertakings. We tested the efficacy of using satellite sea surface temperature (SST collected by NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS and local water temperature collected from NOAA buoys and onshore stations to estimate submerged intertidal mussel logger temperatures. Daily SST and local water temperatures were compared to mussel logger temperatures at five study sites located along the Oregon coastline. We found that satellite-derived SSTs and local water temperatures were similarly correlated to the submerged mussel logger temperatures. This finding suggests that satellite-derived SSTs may be used in conjunction with local water temperatures to understand the temporal and spatial variation of mussel logger temperatures. While there are limitations to using satellite-derived temperature for ecological studies, including issues with temporal and spatial resolution, our results are promising.

Use of hydrogeothermal energy to support traditional heat supply systems; Nutzung der Energie von geothermalen Gewaessern zur Unterstuetzung der traditionellen Waermeversorgungssysteme

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kabat, M; Nowak, W; Sobanski, R [Technische Univ., Szczecin (Poland)

1997-12-01

In the Szczecin Region, there are considerable resources of geothermal waters with temperatures from about 30 to 120 C. The authors present in their paper, on the example of selected urban centres, a possibility of utilising geothermal energy for modernisation of traditional heating systems. Among others, the idea of using geothermal energy in combination with conventional heat and power plants has been discussed and the geothermal heating system in Pyrzyce commissioned in February 1996 has been presented. (orig.) [Deutsch] In der Woiwodschaft-Szczecin sind betraechtliche Vorraete der geothermalen Gewaesser mit den Temperaturen von 30 bis ca. 120 C vorhanden. Im vorliegenden Referat stellen die Autoren am Beispiel einiger staedtischer Gebiete die Moeglichkeit, die geothermale Energie zur Modernisierung der traditionellen Waermeversorgungssysteme zu nutzen. Unter anderem wurde das Nutzungskonzept der geothermalen Waermequelle gekopplelt mit konventionellen Heizkraftwerken beschrieben und das im Februar 1996 in Betrieb genommene geothermale Waermeversorgungssysteme in Pyrzyce praesentiert. (orig.)

Calculations of an unsteady flow through a hydraulic axial turbine with reference to interaction between stator and rotor; Instationaere Berechnung einer hydraulischen Axialturbine unter Beruecksichtigung der Interaktion zwischen Leit- und Laufrad

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bauer, C.

2001-07-01

The objective of this study is the development of an algorithm enabling coupling of nonmatching computational grids to carry out calculations of an unsteady flow through a hydraulic axial turbine with reference to interaction between stator and rotor. The algorithm should offer the possibility to operate the computational grids in a fixed position relative to each other as well as in relative movement. Furthermore, the calculation should be feasible with separate grids in parallel and different frames of reference. Employing selected examples this method is investigated in detail the results are compared with performed measurements. The unsteady numerical examination of the coupling process is carried out with different examples; especially the interaction effects between stator, rotor and draft tube of a hydraulic axial turbine are observed. In addition, the effect of tip clearance of the mean flow is described. Extensive model tests using the axial turbine have been performed at the Institute for Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery, IHS. Flow time dependent velocities have been measured with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter placed at midspan of the blading. Periodical changes in static pressure have been recorded at different locations near the wall of the turbine casing. These measurements serve as reference for the comparison with results derived from the unsteady calculations. The confrontation of the time-dependent fluctuations of the flow quantities and the calculation of the efficiency of the turbine resulting from the simulation results allow a comparison in absolute terms. (orig.) [German] Fuer die instationaere Berechnung einer hydraulischen Axialturbine unter Beruecksichtigung der Interaktion zwischen Leit- und Laufrad wird ein Algorithmus zum Koppeln von nichtpassenden Berechnungsnetzen entwickelt. Diese Berechnungsnetze sollen zueinander ortsfest sein oder auch eine Relativbewegung zueinander haben koennen. Sie sollen ausserdem und in unterschiedlichen

The Influence of Air Temperature on the Dew Point Temperature in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

ADOWIE PERE

done to determine the influence and effect of temperature on other climatic environmental ... Key words: Air Temperature, Dew point temperature, Weather, Climate, Influence. Weather ... humidity, clouds and atmospheric pressure. Its.

Comparison between core temperatures measured telemetrically using the CorTemp® ingestible temperature sensor and rectal temperature in healthy Labrador retrievers.

Science.gov (United States)

Osinchuk, Stephanie; Taylor, Susan M; Shmon, Cindy L; Pharr, John; Campbell, John

2014-10-01

This study evaluated the CorTemp(®) ingestible telemetric core body temperature sensor in dogs, to establish the relationship between rectal temperature and telemetrically measured core body temperature at rest and during exercise, and to examine the effect of sensor location in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract on measured core temperature. CorTemp(®) sensors were administered orally to fasted Labrador retriever dogs and radiographs were taken to document sensor location. Core and rectal temperatures were monitored throughout the day in 6 resting dogs and during a 10-minute strenuous retrieving exercise in 6 dogs. Time required for the sensor to leave the stomach (120 to 610 min) was variable. Measured core temperature was consistently higher than rectal temperature across all GI locations but temperature differences based on GI location were not significant (P = 0.5218). Resting dogs had a core temperature that was on average 0.4°C above their rectal temperature with 95% limits of agreement (LoA) between 1.2°C and -0.5°C. Core temperature in exercising dogs was on average 0.3°C higher than their concurrent rectal temperature, with LoA of +1.6°C and -1.1°C.

Modelling of temperature distribution and temperature pulsations in elements of fast breeder reactor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sorokin, A.P.; Bogoslovskaia, G.P.; Ushakov, P.A.; Zhukov, A.V.; Ivanov, Eu.F.; Matjukhin, N.M.

2004-01-01

From thermophysical point of view, integrated configuration of liquid metal cooled reactor has some limitations. Large volume of mixing chamber causes a complex behavior of thermal hydraulic characteristics in such facilities. Also, this volume is responsible for large-scale eddies in the coolant, existence of stagnant areas and flow stratification, occurrence of temperature non-uniformity and pulsation of coolant and structure temperatures. Temperature non-uniformities and temperature pulsations depend heavily even on small variations in reactor core design. The paper presents some results on modeling of thermal hydraulic processes occurring in liquid metal cooled reactor. The behavior of following parameters are discussed: temperature non-uniformities at the core output and related temperature pulsations; temperature pulsations due to mixing of sodium jets at different temperatures; temperature pulsations arising if a part of loop (circuit) is shut off; temperature non-uniformities and pulsation at the core output and related temperature pulsation; temperature pulsations due to mixing of sodium jets at different temperatures; temperature pulsations arising if a part of loop (circuit) is shut off; temperature non-uniformities and pulsation of temperature during transients and during transition to natural convection cooling. Also, the issue of modeling of temperature behavior in compact arrangement of fast reactor fuel pins using water as modeling liquid is considered in the paper. One more discussion is concerned with experimental method of modeling of liquid metal mixing with the use of air. The method is based on freon tracer technique. The results of simulation of the thermal hydraulic processes mentioned above have been analyzed, that will allow the main lines of the study to be determined and conclusion to be drawn regarding the temperature behavior in fast reactor units. (author)

Spatial distribution of unidirectional trends in temperature and temperature extremes in Pakistan

Science.gov (United States)

Khan, Najeebullah; Shahid, Shamsuddin; Ismail, Tarmizi bin; Wang, Xiao-Jun

2018-06-01

Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to temperature extremes due to its predominant arid climate and geographic location in the fast temperature rising zone. Spatial distribution of the trends in annual and seasonal temperatures and temperature extremes over Pakistan has been assessed in this study. The gauge-based gridded daily temperature data of Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature (BEST) having a spatial resolution of 1° × 1° was used for the assessment of trends over the period 1960-2013 using modified Mann-Kendall test (MMK), which can discriminate the multi-decadal oscillatory variations from secular trends. The results show an increase in the annual average of daily maximum and minimum temperatures in 92 and 99% area of Pakistan respectively at 95% level of confidence. The annual temperature is increasing faster in southern high-temperature region compared to other parts of the country. The minimum temperature is rising faster (0.17-0.37 °C/decade) compared to maximum temperature (0.17-0.29 °C/decade) and therefore declination of diurnal temperature range (DTR) (- 0.15 to - 0.08 °C/decade) in some regions. The annual numbers of both hot and cold days are increasing in whole Pakistan except in the northern sub-Himalayan region. Heat waves are on the rise, especially in the hot Sindh plains and the Southern coastal region, while the cold waves are becoming lesser in the northern cold region. Obtained results contradict with the findings of previous studies on temperature trends, which indicate the need for reassessment of climatic trends in Pakistan using the MMK test to understand the anthropogenic impacts of climate change.

Effect of ambient temperature on human pain and temperature perception.

Science.gov (United States)

Strigo, I A; Carli, F; Bushnell, M C

2000-03-01

Animal studies show reduced nociceptive responses to noxious heat stimuli and increases in endogenous beta-endorphin levels in cold environments, suggesting that human pain perception may be dependent on ambient temperature. However, studies of changes in local skin temperature on human pain perception have yielded variable results. This study examines the effect of both warm and cool ambient temperature on the perception of noxious and innocuous mechanical and thermal stimuli. Ten subjects (7 men and 3 women, aged 20-23 yr) used visual analog scales to rate the stimulus intensity, pain intensity, and unpleasantness of thermal (0-50 degrees C) and mechanical (1.2-28.9 g) stimuli applied on the volar forearm with a 1-cm2 contact thermode and von Frey filaments, respectively. Mean skin temperatures were measured throughout the experiment by infrared pyrometer. Each subject was tested in ambient temperatures of 15 degrees C (cool), 25 degrees C (neutral), and 35 degrees C (warm) on separate days, after a 30-min acclimation to the environment. Studies began in the morning after an 8-h fast. Mean skin temperature was altered by ambient temperature (cool room: 30.1 degrees C; neutral room: 33.4 degrees C; warm room: 34.5 degrees C; P cool than in the neutral environment (P cool room and that noxious heat stimuli were more unpleasant in a warm environment. Environmental temperature did not alter ratings of warm (37 and 40 degrees C) or mechanical stimuli. These results indicate that, in humans, a decrease in skin temperature following exposure to cool environments reduces thermal pain. Suppression of Adelta primary afferent cold fiber activity has been shown to increase cold pain produced by skin cooling. Our current findings may represent the reverse phenomenon, i.e., a reduction in thermal nociceptive transmission by the activation of Adelta cutaneous cold fibers.

Temperature uniformity mapping in a high pressure high temperature reactor using a temperature sensitive indicator

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Grauwet, T.; Plancken, van der I.; Vervoort, L.; Matser, A.M.; Hendrickx, M.; Loey, van A.

2011-01-01

Recently, the first prototype ovomucoid-based pressure–temperature–time indicator (pTTI) for high pressure high temperature (HPHT) processing was described. However, for temperature uniformity mapping of high pressure (HP) vessels under HPHT sterilization conditions, this prototype needs to be

Correlation between temperature dependence of elastic moduli and Debye temperature of paramagnetic metal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bodryakov, V.Yu.; Povzner, A.A.

2000-01-01

The correlation between the temperature dependence of elastic moduli and the Debye temperature of paramagnetic metal is analyzed in neglect of the temperature dependence of the Poison coefficient σ within the frames of the Debye-Grueneisen presentations. It is shown, that namely the temperature dependence of the elastic moduli determines primarily the temperature dependence of the Debye temperature Θ(T). On the other hand, the temperature dependence Θ(T) very weakly effects the temperature dependence of the elastic moduli. The later made it possible to formulate the self-consistent approach to calculation of the elastic moduli temperature dependence. The numerical estimates of this dependence parameters are conducted by the example of the all around compression modulus of the paramagnetic lutetium [ru

Neues über das Tertiär von Java und die mesozoischen Schichten von West-Borneo

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Martin, K.

1888-01-01

Die Monographie, welche unter dem Titel Die Fossilien von Java herausgegeben wird ¹), ist so weit fortgeschritten, dass sich aus den in ihr beschriebenen Gastropoden bereits eine Anzahl von Schlussfolgerungen ableiten lässt, welche für die in Bearbeitung begriffene, geologische Karte von Java von

Hans Küng: "Projekt Weltethos "

OpenAIRE

Altmanninger, Maria

2002-01-01

Bei dieser Arbeit werde ich mich vor Allem auf zwei Werke beziehen: Küng,Hans:Projekt Weltethos.Piper.München 1990. Küng,Hans;Kuschel,Karl-Josef (Hg.):Weltfrieden durch Religionsfrieden.Die unter Punkt Acht aufgeführte Stellungnahme wurde ausschließlich von mir verfasst.

A nonintrusive temperature measuring system for estimating deep body temperature in bed.

Science.gov (United States)

Sim, S Y; Lee, W K; Baek, H J; Park, K S

2012-01-01

Deep body temperature is an important indicator that reflects human being's overall physiological states. Existing deep body temperature monitoring systems are too invasive to apply to awake patients for a long time. Therefore, we proposed a nonintrusive deep body temperature measuring system. To estimate deep body temperature nonintrusively, a dual-heat-flux probe and double-sensor probes were embedded in a neck pillow. When a patient uses the neck pillow to rest, the deep body temperature can be assessed using one of the thermometer probes embedded in the neck pillow. We could estimate deep body temperature in 3 different sleep positions. Also, to reduce the initial response time of dual-heat-flux thermometer which measures body temperature in supine position, we employed the curve-fitting method to one subject. And thereby, we could obtain the deep body temperature in a minute. This result shows the possibility that the system can be used as practical temperature monitoring system with appropriate curve-fitting model. In the next study, we would try to establish a general fitting model that can be applied to all of the subjects. In addition, we are planning to extract meaningful health information such as sleep structure analysis from deep body temperature data which are acquired from this system.

Gas hydrates in gas storage caverns; Gashydrate bei der Gaskavernenspeicherung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Groenefeld, P. [Kavernen Bau- und Betriebs-GmbH, Hannover (Germany)

1997-12-31

Given appropriate pressure and temperature conditions the storage of natural gas in salt caverns can lead to the formation of gas hydrates in the producing well or aboveground operating facilities. This is attributable to the stored gas becoming more or less saturated with water vapour. The present contribution describes the humidity, pressure, and temperature conditions conducive to gas hydrate formation. It also deals with the reduction of the gas removal capacity resulting from gas hydrate formation, and possible measures for preventing hydrate formation such as injection of glycol, the reduction of water vapour absorption from the cavern sump, and dewatering of the cavern sump. (MSK) [Deutsch] Bei der Speicherung von Erdgas in Salzkavernen kann es unter entsprechenden Druck- und Temperaturverhaeltnissen zur Gashydratbildung in den Foerdersonden oder obertaegigen Betriebseinrichtungen kommen, weil sich das eingelagerte Gas mehr oder weniger mit Wasserdampf aufsaettigt. Im Folgenden werden die Feuchtigkeits-, Druck- und Temperaturbedingungen, die zur Hydratbildung fuehren erlaeutert. Ebenso werden die Verringerung der Auslagerungskapazitaet durch die Hydratbildung, Massnahmen zur Verhinderung der Hydratbildung wie die Injektion von Glykol, die Verringerung der Wasserdampfaufnahme aus dem Kavernensumpf und die Entwaesserung der Kavernensumpfs selbst beschrieben.

What is felt temperature? Air conditioning with felt temperature in buildings and vehicles?; Was ist gefuehlte Temperatur? Klimaregelung mit gefuehlter Temperatur in Gebaeuden und Fahrzeugen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Eigel, Franz [Technology Marketing Support, St. Georgen (Germany); Rengshausen, Detlef [Vereta GmbH, Einbeck (Germany)

2010-11-15

The term 'felt temperature' reaches back to a long series of medical, empirical-sociological and meteorological studies accomplished world-wide for human temperature feeling. The consideration of the felt temperature at the regulation of refrigerators meets not only the comfort feeling of humans, but also saves cash money at the same time.

Development of an analysis method for determining chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine sediments and suspended matter giving particular consideration to supercritical fluid extraction; Entwicklung eines Analysenverfahrens zur Bestimmung von chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen in marinen Sedimenten und Schwebstoffen unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der ueberkritischen Fluidextraktion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sterzenbach, D.

1997-11-01

diesem Grund soll das gesamte Verfahren und dessen Einzelschritte unter diesem Gesichtspunkt ueberprueft und gegebenenfalls verbessert werden. Fuer die Probennahme von marinen Schwebstoffen soll ein Verfahren erarbeitet werden, das eine effiziente Abtrennung moeglichst kleiner suspendierter Partikel aus Seewasser ermoeglicht. Mit dem entwickelten Analysenverfahren sollen aktuelle Aspekte der Meereschemie zu Quellen, Transport, Verteilung und Verbleib von chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen in der marinen Umwelt behandelt werden. (orig.)

Future disposal of sewage sludge in Saxony; Zukuenftige Klaerschlammentsorgung im Freistaat Sachsen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kowalski, H.D, [Saechsisches Staatsministerium fuer Umwelt und Landesentwicklung, Dresden (Germany)

1995-11-01

Early in 1994, the Saxonian ministry of environment and regional development (SMU) commissioned an expertise with the preliminary title ``Concept for long-term strategies for sewage sludge disposal from municipal sewage treatment plants in Saxony``. The objective was to develop and evaluate scenarios and submit proposals for securing sewage sludge disposal in the long-term, making use of existing, planned or envisaged plants. The article presents some of the results of this expertise. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Das Saechsische Staatsministerium fuer Umwelt und Landesentwicklung (SMU) hat Anfang 1994 unter dem Arbeitstitel `Konzeption fuer die Langfriststrategie zur Klaerschlammentsorgung aus kommunalen Abwasserreinigungsanlagen im Freistaat Sachsen` die Ausarbeitung eines Gutachtens veranlasst. Die Zielstellung bestand darin, unter Nutzung vorhandener, bereits geplanter oder neu zu plandender Anlagen Szenarien zu entwickeln und zu bewerten und Vorschlaege fuer Massnahmen zu unterbreiten, welche es ermoeglichen, langfristig eine Entsorgungssicherheit des Klaerschlammes zu gewaehrleisten. Einige Ergebnisse aus diesem Gutachten sollen im Folgenden vorgestellt werden. (orig./SR)

Advanced waste water cleaning with the aid of an algae biofilm; Weitergehende Abwasserreinigung mit Hilfe eines Algenbiofilms

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schumacher, G.; Patzold, V.; Ike, A.; Sekoulov, I. [Technische Univ. Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg (Germany). Arbeitsbereich Abwasserwirtschaft

1999-07-01

These first investigations have led to results indicating that advanced waste water cleaning with the aid of algae biofilm as a downstream process stage is feasible. The concentration of phosphorus in waste water could be reduced to less than 1 mg per litre. Ammonium, which is toxic to fish, was nitrified, and the overall nitrogen concentration could be cut down. The concentration of bacteria was reduced by means of a close-to-nature process to less than the limiting values set by the European Union directive governing the quality of bathing waters. (orig.) [German] Die Ergebnisse dieser ersten Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine weitergehende Abwasserreinigung mit Hilfe eines Algenbiofilms als nachgeschaltete Verfahrensstufe moeglich ist. Die Phosphorkonzentration im Abwasser konnte auf unter 1 mg/l reduziert werden. Fischgiftiges Ammonium wurde nitrifiziert und die Gesamtstickstoffkonzentration konnte gesenkt werden. Die Bakterienkonzentration konnte mit Hilfe eines naturnahen Verfahrens bis unter die Grenzwerte der EU-Richtlinie ueber die Qualitaet der Badegewaesser reduziert werden. (orig.)

BMI-Referenzwerte für österreichische Knaben und Mädchen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mayer M

2015-01-01

Full Text Available BMI-Referenzwerte werden empfohlen zur Diagnose von Untergewicht, Übergewicht und Adipositas. Österreichische BMI-Referenzwerte sind bis dato nicht in ausreichender Qualität verfügbar. Deshalb wurden im Rahmen einer Querschnittsstudie 15.000 Kinder und Jugendliche zwischen 4 und 19 Jahren vermessen und abgewogen. Perzentilenkurven für Knaben und Mädchen wurden mit dem GAMLSS-Modell errechnet. Als Grenzwert für die Einteilung in Untergewicht, Normalgewicht, Übergewicht und Adipositas wurden Perzentilenkurven durch die entsprechenden BMI-Punkte mit 18 Jahren erstellt, welche den WHO-Grenzen von Unter-, Normal- und Übergewicht bzw. Adipositas bei Erwachsenen entsprechen. Unter Anwendung dieser neuen Grenzwerte sind rund 18 % der Knaben und 12 % der Mädchen übergewichtig, weitere 5 % der Knaben und 3 % der Mädchen sind adipös. Übergewicht und Adipositas sind somit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Österreich ein nicht zu vernachlässigendes Problem.

Analysis of acoustic reflectors for SAW temperature sensor and wireless measurement of temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Ki Bok; Kim, Seong Hoon; Jeong, Jae Kee; Shin, Beom Soo

2013-01-01

In this study, a wireless and non power SAW (surface acoustic wave) temperature sensor was developed. The single inter digital transducer (IDT) of SAW temperature sensor of which resonance frequency is 434 MHz was fabricated on 128.deg rot-X LiNbO 3 piezoelectric substrate by semiconductor processing technology. To find optimal acoustic reflector for SAW temperature sensor, various kinds of acoustic reflectors were fabricated and their reflection characteristics were analyzed. The IDT type acoustic reflector showed better reflection characteristic than other reflectors. The wireless temperature sensing system consisting of SAW temperature sensor with dipole antenna and a microprocessor based control circuit with dipole antenna for transmitting signal to activate the SAW temperature sensor and receiving the signal from SAW temperature sensor was developed. The result with wireless SAW temperature sensing system showed that the frequency of SAW temperature sensor was linearly decreased with the increase of temperature in the range of 40 to 80.deg.C and the developed wireless SAW temperature sensing system showed the excellent performance with the coefficient of determination of 0.99

Temperature-dependent piezoresistivity in an MWCNT/epoxy nanocomposite temperature sensor with ultrahigh performance

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alamusi; Li, Yuan; Hu, Ning; Wu, Liangke; Liu, Yaolu; Ning, Huiming; Li, Jinhua; Surina; Yuan, Weifeng; Chang, Christiana; Atobe, Satoshi; Fukunaga, Hisao

2013-01-01

A temperature sensor was fabricated from a polymer nanocomposite with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as nanofiller (i.e., MWCNT/epoxy). The electrical resistance and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the temperature sensor were characterized experimentally. The effects of temperature (within the range 333–373 K) and MWCNT content (within the range 1–5 wt%) were investigated thoroughly. It was found that the resistance increases with increasing temperature and decreasing MWCNT content. However, the resistance change ratio related to the TCR increases with increasing temperature and MWCNT content. The highest value of TCR (0.021 K −1 ), which was observed in the case of 5 wt% MWCNT, is much higher than those of traditional metals and MWCNT-based temperature sensors. Moreover, the corresponding numerical simulation—conducted to explain the above temperature-dependent piezoresistivity of the nanocomposite temperature sensor—indicated the key role of a temperature-dependent tunneling effect. (paper)

Room temperature superconductors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sleight, A.W.

1995-01-01

If the Holy Grail of room temperature superconductivity could be achieved, the impact on could be enormous. However, a useful room temperature superconductor for most applications must possess a T c somewhat above room temperature and must be capable of sustaining superconductivity in the presence of magnetic fields while carrying a significant current load. The authors will return to the subject of just what characteristics one might seek for a compound to be a room temperature superconductor. 30 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab

Temperature measurement in the adult emergency department: oral, tympanic membrane and temporal artery temperatures versus rectal temperature.

Science.gov (United States)

Bijur, Polly E; Shah, Purvi D; Esses, David

2016-12-01

The objective was to compare agreement between three non-invasive measures of temperature and rectal temperatures and to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of these measures to detect a rectal temperature of 38°C or higher. We conducted a study of the diagnostic accuracy of oral, tympanic membrane (TM) and temporal artery (TA) thermometry to measure fever in an urban emergency department (ED). Data were collected from adult patients who received rectal temperature measurement. Bland-Altman analysis was performed; sensitivity, specificity and 95% CIs were calculated. 987 patients were enrolled. 36% of the TM and TA readings differed by 0.5°C or more from rectal temperatures, 50% of oral temperatures. TM measures were most precise-the SD of the difference from rectal was 0.4°C TM, and 0.6°C for oral and TA (ptemperature of 38°C or higher were: 37.0%, 68.3% and 71.1%, respectively (oral vs TM and TA pmethods (pmethods met benchmarks for diagnostic accuracy using the criterion of 38°C to detect rectal temperature of 38°C. A TM cutpoint of 37.5°C provides maximum diagnostic accuracy of the three non-invasive measures. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

The pupal body temperature and inner space temperature of cocoon under microwave irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kagawa, T.

1996-01-01

The temperature of pupal surface,body and inner space of cocoon on cocoon drying of microwave irradiation was investigated to make clear the effect of temperature with pupa and cocoon shell. After pupal surface temperature and body temperature were risen rapidly in early irradiation and slowly thereafter, these were done fast again. Then these rising degrees fell. The variation of inner space temperature consists three terms: as the first stage of rapidly rising on early irradiation, the second stage of slowly doing and the third stage of fast doing again in temperature. In the first stage and the second stage, the higher the temperature of sending air during irradiation was, the shorter the term was and the higher the reached temperature was. The surface, pupal body and inner space have reached higher temperature than the sending air before cocoon drying was over

Temperature Effect on Energy Demand

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Young Duk [Korea Energy Economics Institute, Euiwang (Korea)

1999-03-01

We provide various estimates of temperature effect for accommodating seasonality in energy demand, particularly natural gas demand. We exploit temperature response and monthly temperature distribution to estimate the temperature effect on natural gas demand. Both local and global smoothed temperature responses are estimated from empirical relationship between hourly temperature and hourly energy consumption data during the sample period (1990 - 1996). Monthly temperature distribution estimates are obtained by kernel density estimation from temperature dispersion within a month. We integrate temperature response and monthly temperature density over all the temperatures in the sample period to estimate temperature effect on energy demand. Then, estimates of temperature effect are compared between global and local smoothing methods. (author). 15 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

Chapter 6: Temperature

Science.gov (United States)

Jones, Leslie A.; Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Hauer, F. Richard; F. Richard Hauer,; Lamberti, G.A.

2017-01-01

Stream temperature has direct and indirect effects on stream ecology and is critical in determining both abiotic and biotic system responses across a hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales. Temperature variation is primarily driven by solar radiation, while landscape topography, geology, and stream reach scale ecosystem processes contribute to local variability. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in freshwater ecosystems influences habitat distributions, physiological functions, and phenology of all aquatic organisms. In this chapter we provide an overview of methods for monitoring stream temperature, characterization of thermal profiles, and modeling approaches to stream temperature prediction. Recent advances in temperature monitoring allow for more comprehensive studies of the underlying processes influencing annual variation of temperatures and how thermal variability may impact aquatic organisms at individual, population, and community based scales. Likewise, the development of spatially explicit predictive models provide a framework for simulating natural and anthropogenic effects on thermal regimes which is integral for sustainable management of freshwater systems.

Temperature oscillations at critical temperature in two-phase flow

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brevi, R.; Cumo, M.; Palmieri, A.; Pitimada, D.

Some experiments on the temperature oscillations, or thermal cycling, which occur with steam-water flow in once-through cooling systems at the critical temperature zone, i.e., when dryout occurs, are described. A theoretical analysis is done on the characteristic frequency of the oscillations, and the parameters upon which the operating characteristics and the physical properties of the fluid depend. Finally, the temperature distribution in the critical zone is analyzed, examining the thermal transitions that occur due to the rapid variations in the coefficient of heat transfer

Subsurface temperature of the onshore Netherlands: new temperature dataset and modelling

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bonté, D.; Wees, J.-D. van; Verweij, J.M.

2012-01-01

Subsurface temperature is a key parameter for geothermal energy prospection in sedimentary basins. Here, we present the results of a 3D temperature modelling using a thermal-tectonic forward modelling method, calibrated with subsurface temperature measurements in the Netherlands. The first step

Investigation and modelling of the alkaline release and transport during coal combustion at elevated pressures. Final report; Untersuchung und Modellierung der Freisetzungs- und Transportvorgaenge von Alkalien bei der Kohleverbrennung unter hohen Druecken. Untersuchungen mit der Hochdruck-Hochtemperatur-Thermowaage, Alkalienanalysen in Rohkohlen und Feuerungsversuche in der Druckwirbelschichtanlage FRED (DMT). Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bonn, B.; Steffin, C.; Busch, U.; Mayer, M.

2000-07-01

In this joint research project DMT investigated the release (and incorporation) of alkalis of the coal mineral matter to clear up the affecting mechanisms during combustion at elevated pressure. In the experiments parameter like the ambient gas and the ash composition, pressure and heating rate were varied. The experiments were conducted in DMT's high-temperature and high-pressure Thermogravimetric-Analyser (TGA) and the DMT Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustor (PFBC). TGA-Experiments: A model compounds for the alkali sodium chloride and for the mineral matter metakaoline were used. The chemical properties (basicity) of metakaoline was modified by adding CaO. The commonly accepted physical volatilization process of the alkali from the ash was not confirmed by TGA experiments. The alkali release must be regarded as a desorption mechanism of the sodium chloride from the metakaoline surface. The desorption of the alkali is not affected by chemical composition of the mineral matter but is strongly influenced by gas phase oxygen species and pressure. PFBC-Experiments: The rig was operated with a fluidised bed temperature of 920 C and a pressure of 7 bar. The online/in-situ alkali detection was based on the excimer laser induced fragmentation fluorescence ELIF. The alkali content of the coal was varied by addition of sodium acetate and sodium chloride. Kaoline was used as gettermaterial for mitigation of alkali emissions. Furthermore, the influence of limestone on the alkali release was investigated. Among other results, the experiments showed that the alkali emissions of the lignite are 50-100 times higher than those of the bituminous coal and if limestone for capturing SO{sub 2} is added to the combustor the alkali chloride emissions increase rapidly. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen des o.g. Gemeinschaftsprojekts untersuchte die DMT die Freisetzung (und Einbindung) der Alkalien aus der Mineralsubstanz von Kohlen zur Aufklaerung der beeinflussenden Mechanismen bei der

Effects of air temperature and discharge on Upper Mississippi River summer water temperatures

Science.gov (United States)

Gray, Brian R.; Robertson, Dale M.; Rogala, James T.

2018-01-01

Recent interest in the potential effects of climate change has prompted studies of air temperature and precipitation associations with water temperatures in rivers and streams. We examined associations between summer surface water temperatures and both air temperature and discharge for 5 reaches of the Upper Mississippi River during 1994–2011. Water–air temperature associations at a given reach approximated 1:1 when estimated under an assumption of reach independence but declined to approximately 1:2 when water temperatures were permitted to covary among reaches and were also adjusted for upstream air temperatures. Estimated water temperature–discharge associations were weak. An apparently novel feature of this study is that of addressing changes in associations between water and air temperatures when both are correlated among reaches.

Is Oral Temperature an Accurate Measurement of Deep Body Temperature? A Systematic Review

Science.gov (United States)

Mazerolle, Stephanie M.; Ganio, Matthew S.; Casa, Douglas J.; Vingren, Jakob; Klau, Jennifer

2011-01-01

Context: Oral temperature might not be a valid method to assess core body temperature. However, many clinicians, including athletic trainers, use it rather than criterion standard methods, such as rectal thermometry. Objective: To critically evaluate original research addressing the validity of using oral temperature as a measurement of core body temperature during periods of rest and changing core temperature. Data Sources: In July 2010, we searched the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, and the Cochrane Library for the following concepts: core body temperature, oral, and thermometers. Controlled vocabulary was used, when available, as well as key words and variations of those key words. The search was limited to articles focusing on temperature readings and studies involving human participants. Data Synthesis: Original research was reviewed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria and subsequently were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers. All 16 were included in the review because they met the minimal PEDro score of 4 points (of 10 possible points), with all but 2 scoring 5 points. A critical review of these studies indicated a disparity between oral and criterion standard temperature methods (eg, rectal and esophageal) specifically as the temperature increased. The difference was −0.50°C ± 0.31°C at rest and −0.58°C ± 0.75°C during a nonsteady state. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that, regardless of whether the assessment is recorded at rest or during periods of changing core temperature, oral temperature is an unsuitable diagnostic tool for determining body temperature because many measures demonstrated differences greater than the predetermined validity threshold of 0.27°C (0.5°F). In addition, the differences were greatest at the highest rectal temperatures. Oral temperature cannot

Temperature measurements in thermonuclear plasmas; Mesures des temperatures dans les plasmas thermonucleaires

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Breton, D [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

The temperatures needed to produce thermonuclear reactions are of the order of several million degrees Kelvin. Devising methods for measuring such temperatures has been the subject of research in many countries. In order to present the problem clearly and to demonstrate its importance, the author reviews the various conditions which must be fulfilled in order that reactions may be qualified as thermonuclear. The relationship between the temperature and the cross-section of the reactions is studied, and it is shown that the notion of temperature in the plasmas is complex, which leads to a consideration of the temperature of the ions and that of the electrons. None of the methods for the temperature measurements is completely satisfactory because of the hypotheses which must be made, and which are seldom fulfilled during high-intensity discharges in the plasmas. In practice it is necessary to use several methods simultaneously. (author) [French] Les temperatures necessaires pour produire des reactions thermonucleaires sont de l'ordre de plusieurs millions de degres Kelvin. Les methodes envisagees pour mesurer ces temperatures font l'objet de recherches dans de nombreux pays. Afin de preciser le probleme et de montrer son importance, l'auteur rappelle les conditions qui doivent etre reunies pour que des reactions puissent etre qualifiees thermonucleaires. Il etudie la relation entre la temperature et la section efficace des reactions et montre que la notion de temperature dans les plasmas est complexe, ce qui amene a considerer la temperature des ions et celle des electrons. Aucune des methodes de mesure des temperatures n'est completement satisfaisante en raison des hypotheses qu'elles exigent et qui sont rarement realisees lors des decharges a haute intensite dans les plasmas. En pratique, il est necessaire d'utiliser plusieurs methodes simultanement. (auteur)

Improving the spectral measurement accuracy based on temperature distribution and spectra-temperature relationship

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Zhe; Feng, Jinchao; Liu, Pengyu; Sun, Zhonghua; Li, Gang; Jia, Kebin

2018-05-01

Temperature is usually considered as a fluctuation in near-infrared spectral measurement. Chemometric methods were extensively studied to correct the effect of temperature variations. However, temperature can be considered as a constructive parameter that provides detailed chemical information when systematically changed during the measurement. Our group has researched the relationship between temperature-induced spectral variation (TSVC) and normalized squared temperature. In this study, we focused on the influence of temperature distribution in calibration set. Multi-temperature calibration set selection (MTCS) method was proposed to improve the prediction accuracy by considering the temperature distribution of calibration samples. Furthermore, double-temperature calibration set selection (DTCS) method was proposed based on MTCS method and the relationship between TSVC and normalized squared temperature. We compare the prediction performance of PLS models based on random sampling method and proposed methods. The results from experimental studies showed that the prediction performance was improved by using proposed methods. Therefore, MTCS method and DTCS method will be the alternative methods to improve prediction accuracy in near-infrared spectral measurement.

A combined stochastic analysis of mean daily temperature and diurnal temperature range

Science.gov (United States)

Sirangelo, B.; Caloiero, T.; Coscarelli, R.; Ferrari, E.

2018-03-01

In this paper, a stochastic model, previously proposed for the maximum daily temperature, has been improved for the combined analysis of mean daily temperature and diurnal temperature range. In particular, the procedure applied to each variable sequentially performs the deseasonalization, by means of truncated Fourier series expansions, and the normalization of the temperature data, with the use of proper transformation functions. Then, a joint stochastic analysis of both the climatic variables has been performed by means of a FARIMA model, taking into account the stochastic dependency between the variables, namely introducing a cross-correlation between the standardized noises. The model has been applied to five daily temperature series of southern Italy. After the application of a Monte Carlo simulation procedure, the return periods of the joint behavior of the mean daily temperature and the diurnal temperature range have been evaluated. Moreover, the annual maxima of the temperature excursions in consecutive days have been analyzed for the synthetic series. The results obtained showed different behaviors probably linked to the distance from the sea and to the latitude of the station.

Digital temperature meter

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Glowacki, S

1982-01-01

Digital temperature meter for precise temperature measurements is presented. Its parts such as thermostat, voltage-frequency converter and digital frequency meter are described. Its technical parameters such as temperature range 50degC-700degC, measurement precision 1degC, measurement error +-1degC are given. (A.S.).

High-temperature superconductivity

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lynn, J.W.

1990-01-01

This book discusses development in oxide materials with high superconducting transition temperature. Systems with Tc well above liquid nitrogen temperature are already a reality and higher Tc's are anticipated. The author discusses how the idea of a room-temperature superconductor appears to be a distinctly possible outcome of materials research

High-Temperature Piezoelectric Sensing

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xiaoning Jiang

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Piezoelectric sensing is of increasing interest for high-temperature applications in aerospace, automotive, power plants and material processing due to its low cost, compact sensor size and simple signal conditioning, in comparison with other high-temperature sensing techniques. This paper presented an overview of high-temperature piezoelectric sensing techniques. Firstly, different types of high-temperature piezoelectric single crystals, electrode materials, and their pros and cons are discussed. Secondly, recent work on high-temperature piezoelectric sensors including accelerometer, surface acoustic wave sensor, ultrasound transducer, acoustic emission sensor, gas sensor, and pressure sensor for temperatures up to 1,250 °C were reviewed. Finally, discussions of existing challenges and future work for high-temperature piezoelectric sensing are presented.

Komparativistlikke ja kultuuriteaduslikke ärgitusi Baltimaade germanistikale / Michael Schwidtal ; saksa keelest tõlkinud Vahur Aabrams

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Schwidtal, Michael

2001-01-01

3. - 5. sept. 2001 toimus Riias sümpoosion "Unter diesem braunen Himmel. Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz und die deutsche Literatur des Baltikums", 7. - 9. sept. Tartus "Torm ja tung Liivimaal. Mässu mudelid", pühendatud J. M. R. Lenzi ja Kristian Jaak Petersoni loomingule. Ülevaade

Über die Datenakzessivität in Printwörterbüchern

African Journals Online (AJOL)

R.B. Ruthven

Alphabets des neuhochdeutschen Schriftsystems ein. Jedes Alphabet lässt sich unter zwei Aspekten betrachten, nämlich dem Verschriftungs- und dem Ord- nungsaspekt. Anders ausgedrückt heißt das: Jedes Alphabet ist bifunktional: Es dient der Verschriftung einer gesprochenen Sprache und hat damit einen Bezug.

The impact of morning light intensity and environmental temperature on body temperatures and alertness.

Science.gov (United States)

Te Kulve, Marije; Schlangen, Luc J M; Schellen, Lisje; Frijns, Arjan J H; van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter D

2017-06-01

Indoor temperature and light exposure are known to affect body temperature, productivity and alertness of building occupants. However, not much is known about the interaction between light and temperature exposure and the relationship between morning light induced alertness and its effect on body temperature. Light intensity and room temperature during morning office hours were investigated under strictly controlled conditions. In a randomized crossover study, two white light conditions (4000K, either bright 1200lx or dim 5lx) under three different room temperatures (26, 29 and 32°C) were investigated. A lower room temperature increased the core body temperature (CBT) and lowered skin temperature and the distal-proximal temperature gradient (DPG). Moreover, a lower room temperature reduced the subjective sleepiness and reaction time on an auditory psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), irrespective of the light condition. Interestingly, the morning bright light exposure did affect thermophysiological parameters, i.e. it decreased plasma cortisol, CBT and proximal skin temperature and increased the DPG, irrespective of the room temperature. During the bright light session, subjective sleepiness decreased irrespective of the room temperature. However, the change in sleepiness due to the light exposure was not related to these physiological changes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diode temperature sensor array for measuring and controlling micro scale surface temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Han, Il Young; Kim, Sung Jin

2004-01-01

The needs of micro scale thermal detecting technique are increasing in biology and chemical industry. For example, thermal finger print, Micro PCR(Polymer Chain Reaction), TAS and so on. To satisfy these needs, we developed a DTSA(Diode Temperature Sensor Array) for detecting and controlling the temperature on small surface. The DTSA is fabricated by using VLSI technique. It consists of 32 array of diodes(1,024 diodes) for temperature detection and 8 heaters for temperature control on a 8mm surface area. The working principle of temperature detection is that the forward voltage drop across a silicon diode is approximately proportional to the inverse of the absolute temperature of diode. And eight heaters (1K) made of poly-silicon are added onto a silicon wafer and controlled individually to maintain a uniform temperature distribution across the DTSA. Flip chip packaging used for easy connection of the DTSA. The circuitry for scanning and controlling DTSA are also developed

Regional amplification of extreme temperatures strongly controlled by soil moisture-temperature feedbacks

Science.gov (United States)

Vogel, M.; Orth, R.; Seneviratne, S. I.

2016-12-01

Land temperatures, and in particular hot extremes, will likely increase by more than 2° C in many regions, even in the case that the global temperature increase with respect to pre-industrial levels can be limited to 2°C. We investigate here the role of soil moisture-temperature feedbacks for projected changes of extreme temperatures by comparing experiments from the GLACE-CMIP5 (Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) project. In particular, we consider fully coupled experiments with all 6 involved GCMs and corresponding experiments where soil moisture is fixed to the local present-day seasonal cycle until the end of the 21st century. We consider the yearly hottest days and apply a scaling approach whereby we relate changes of hottest days to global mean temperature increase. We find that soil moisture-temperature coupling significantly contributes to additional future warming of extreme temperatures in many regions: In particular, it can explain more than 70% of the warming amplification of hottest days compared to global mean temperature in Central Europe, Central North America and Northern Australia, and around 50% of this signal in the Amazonian Region and Southern Africa.

Assessment of broiler surface temperature variation when exposed to different air temperatures

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

GR Nascimento

2011-12-01

Full Text Available This study was conducted to determine the effect of the air temperature variation on the mean surface temperature (MST of 7- to 35-day-old broiler chickens using infrared thermometry to estimate MST, and to study surface temperature variation of the wings, head, legs, back and comb as affected by air temperature and broiler age. One hundred Cobb® broilers were used in the experiment. Starting on day 7, 10 birds were weekly selected at random, housed in an environmental chamber and reared under three distinct temperatures (18, 25 and 32 ºC to record their thermal profile using an infrared thermal camera. The recorded images were processed to estimate MST by selecting the whole area of the bird within the picture and comparing it with the values obtained using selected equations in literature, and to record the surface temperatures of the body parts. The MST estimated by infrared images were not statistically different (p > 0.05 from the values obtained by the equations. MST values significantly increased (p < 0.05 when the air temperature increased, but were not affected by bird age. However, age influenced the difference between MST and air temperature, which was highest on day 14. The technique of infrared thermal image analysis was useful to estimate the mean surface temperature of broiler chickens.

Der antiskeptische Boden unter dem Gehirn im Tank

OpenAIRE

Müller, Olaf L.

2001-01-01

Crispin Wright hat die bislang beste Rekonstruktion von Putnams Beweis gegen die skeptische Hypothese vom Gehirn im Tank vorgelegt. Aber selbst in Wrights Fassung hat der Beweis einen Mangel: Er wird mithilfe eines Prädikates wie z.B. "Tiger" geführt und funktioniert nur, wenn man sich darauf verlassen kann, dass es Tiger wirklich gibt. Aber die Skeptikerin bestreitet, über die Existenz von Tigern bescheid zu wissen. Das Problem lässt sich dadurch beheben, dass man den Beweis – statt mit dem ...

Mythos Qualifikation – Berufungsverfahren unter der gleichstellungspolitischen Lupe

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eva Blome

2008-11-01

Full Text Available Auf der Grundlage von qualitativen Interviews und einer Vollerhebung aller Verfahrensregelungen liefert die Studie eine umfassende Analyse der Gestaltung von Berufungsverfahren aus gleichstellungspolitischer Perspektive. Aufgrund der ergänzenden konkreten Handlungsempfehlungen zum gleichstellungsorientierten Verfahrensmanagement verhilft die Untersuchung nicht nur zu einer empirisch fundierten Einsicht in die Diskriminierungsmechanismen an deutschen Hochschulen, sondern stellt zudem einen wichtigen Beitrag für die Integration von Gleichstellung in die aktuellen Reformen von Berufungsverfahren dar.

Akustische und perzeptive Analysen von Sprache unter Alkoholeinfluss

OpenAIRE

Baumeister, Barbara Susanne

2015-01-01

In this thesis, several acoustic and perceptive studies on the influence of alcoholic intoxication on speech are presented. The speech samples for the experiments are taken from the Alcohol Language Corpus, a large database containing recordings of 162 (77 female and 85 male) speakers in both sober and intoxicated conditions with various blood alcohol concentrations. An acoustic analysis of recordings of 148 speakers in intoxicated and sober condition reveals a significant increase of the mea...

Temperature compensated photovoltaic array

Science.gov (United States)

Mosher, Dan Michael

1997-11-18

A temperature compensated photovoltaic module (20) comprised of a series of solar cells (22) having a thermally activated switch (24) connected in parallel with several of the cells (22). The photovoltaic module (20) is adapted to charge conventional batteries having a temperature coefficient (TC) differing from the temperature coefficient (TC) of the module (20). The calibration temperatures of the switches (24) are chosen whereby the colder the ambient temperature for the module (20), the more switches that are on and form a closed circuit to short the associated solar cells (22). By shorting some of the solar cells (22) as the ambient temperature decreases, the battery being charged by the module (20) is not excessively overcharged at lower temperatures. PV module (20) is an integrated solution that is reliable and inexpensive.

Quantum and classical vacuum forces at zero and finite temperature; Quantentheoretische und klassische Vakuum-Kraefte bei Temperatur Null und bei endlicher Temperatur

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Niekerken, Ole

2009-06-15

In this diploma thesis the Casimir-Polder force at zero temperature and at finite temperatures is calculated by using a well-defined quantum field theory (formulated in position space) and the method of image charges. For the calculations at finite temperature KMS-states are used. The so defined temperature describes the temperature of the electromagnetic background. A one oscillator model for inhomogeneous dispersive absorbing dielectric material is introduced and canonically quantized to calculate the Casimir-Polder force at a dielectric interface at finite temperature. The model fulfils causal commutation relations and the dielectric function of the model fulfils the Kramer-Kronig relations. We then use the same methods to calculate the van der Waals force between two neutral atoms at zero temperature and at finite temperatures. It is shown that the high temperature behaviour of the Casimir-Polder force and the van der Waals force are independent of {Dirac_h}. This means that they have to be understood classically, what is then shown in an algebraic statistical theory by using classical KMS states. (orig.)

Temperature trends with reduced impact of ocean air temperature

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lansner, Frank; Pedersen, Jens Olaf Pepke

Temperature data 1900-2010 from meteorological stations across the world have been analysed and it has been found that all areas generally have two different valid temperature trends. Coastal stations and hill stations facing dominant ocean winds are normally more warm-trended than the valley sta...

Temperature trends with reduced impact of ocean air temperature

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lansner, Frank; Pedersen, Jens Olaf Pepke

2018-01-01

Temperature data 1900–2010 from meteorological stations across the world have been analyzed and it has been found that all land areas generally have two different valid temperature trends. Coastal stations and hill stations facing ocean winds are normally more warm-trended than the valley station...

Heat storage in underground caverns - measurements and simulations; Speicherung von Waerme in Grubenraeumen - Messung und Simulation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schaberg, A; Krause, H; Poetke, W [TU Bergakademie Freiberg (Germany). Inst. fuer Waermetechnik und Technische Thermodynamik

1997-12-01

Among the different discussed underground concepts for longterm storing of solar or waste heat old waterfilled mines can be an interesting solution. To examine the temperature behaviour of this storage type a testing store is built in a mine belonging to the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Saxonia. In a longterm project temperatures are measured inside the water volume and in the adjacent rock. The temperature behaviour depends on the operating conditions. Inside the water volume temperature stratification can be observed. During loading and standstill heat is transported into the rock surrounding. A certain part of this amount of heat can be discharged again. For designing and optimizing this storage type a numerical modell is developed. The modell is validated with experimental data from the testing plant. (orig.) [Deutsch] Unter den verschiedenen, in der Diskussion stehenden Untegrund-Waermespeichern fuer Solarwaerme oder Abwaerme bieten sich auch geflutete Gruben als Waermespeicher an. Zur Untersuchung des Temperaturverhaltens dieses Speichertyps ist im Saechsischen Lehr- und Besucherbergwerk der TU Bergakademie Freiberg ein Versuchsspeicher errichtet worden. In einem Langzeitversuch wird das Temperaturfeld im Wasser und im angrenzenden Gestein aufgezeichnet. Das Temperaturverhalten ist von den Betriebsgroessen abhaengig. Im Grubenwasser stellt sich eine stabile Temperaturschichtung ein. Waehrend der Beladung und der Stillstandszeiten wird Waerme in die Gesteinsumgebung transportiert. Ein Teil dieser Waermemenge kann wider entspeichert werden. Zur Auslegung und Optimierung von Gruben-Waermespeichern ist ein numerisches Modell entwickelt worden. Das Modell ist anhand der Messergebnisse des Versuchsspeichers validiert worden. (orig.)

Similar temperature dependencies of glycolytic enzymes : An evolutionary adaptation to temperature dynamics?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cruz, L.A.B.; Hebly, M.; Duong, G.H.; Wahl, S.A.; Pronk, J.T.; Heijnen, J.J.; Daran-Lapujade, P.; Van Gulik, W.M.

2012-01-01

Background Temperature strongly affects microbial growth, and many microorganisms have to deal with temperature fluctuations in their natural environment. To understand regulation strategies that underlie microbial temperature responses and adaptation, we studied glycolytic pathway kinetics in

Melting temperature of graphite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Korobenko, V.N.; Savvatimskiy, A.I.

2001-01-01

Full Text: Pulse of electrical current is used for fast heating (∼ 1 μs) of metal and graphite specimens placed in dielectric solid media. Specimen consists of two strips (90 μm in thick) placed together with small gap so they form a black body model. Quasy-monocrystal graphite specimens were used for uniform heating of graphite. Temperature measurements were fulfilled with fast pyrometer and with composite 2-strip black body model up to melting temperature. There were fulfilled experiments with zirconium and tungsten of the same black body construction. Additional temperature measurements of liquid zirconium and liquid tungsten are made. Specific heat capacity (c P ) of liquid zirconium and of liquid tungsten has a common feature in c P diminishing just after melting. It reveals c P diminishing after melting in both cases over the narrow temperature range up to usual values known from steady state measurements. Over the next wide temperature range heat capacity for W (up to 5000 K) and Zr (up to 4100 K) show different dependencies of heat capacity on temperature in liquid state. The experiments confirmed a high quality of 2-strip black body model used for graphite temperature measurements. Melting temperature plateau of tungsten (3690 K) was used for pyrometer calibration area for graphite temperature measurement. As a result, a preliminary value of graphite melting temperature of 4800 K was obtained. (author)

High temperature thermometric phosphors for use in a temperature sensor

Science.gov (United States)

Allison, Stephen W.; Cates, Michael R.; Boatner, Lynn A.; Gillies, George T.

1998-01-01

A high temperature phosphor consists essentially of a material having the general formula LuPO.sub.4 :Dy.sub.(x),Eu.sub.(y), wherein: 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.20 wt % and 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.20 wt %. The high temperature phosphor is in contact with an article whose temperature is to be determined. The article having the phosphor in contact with it is placed in the environment for which the temperature of the article is to be determined. The phosphor is excited by a laser causing the phosphor to fluoresce. The emission from the phosphor is optically focused into a beam-splitting mirror which separates the emission into two separate emissions, the emission caused by the dysprosium dopant and the emission caused by the europium dopent. The separated emissions are optically filtered and the intensities of the emission are detected and measured. The ratio of the intensity of each emission is determined and the temperature of the article is calculated from the ratio of the intensities of the separate emissions.

Pina Bausch – eine interkulturelle Mittlerin? : Ein Rezeptionsvergleich zwischen Deutschland und den Niederlanden

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Seidl, A.; Colin, N.; Farges, P.; Taubert, F.

2017-01-01

„Was Bertolt Brecht für das deutsche Theater der ersten Hälfte des Jahrhunderts bedeutete, bedeutete Pina Bausch für die zweite Hälfte.“ Rudolf Rach (Verleger, L’Arche Editeur, Paris) Das Tanztheater Wuppertal errang unter seiner Choreographin Pina Bausch Weltruhm. Die Grundannahme ist, dass Bauschs

Long-term studies in COD elimination and nitrification in an overcongested packed-bed reactor (biofilter); Langzeituntersuchungen zur CSB-Elimination und Nitrifikation in einem ueberstauten Festbettreaktor (Biofilter)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Engelhart, M.; Dichtl, N. [Technische Univ. Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Siedlungswasserwirtschaft

1999-07-01

On a semi-technical scale, two process combinations were tested for their suitability for COD elimination and nitrification in combination with an overcongested packed-bed reactor (biofilter). (orig.) [German] Im halbtechnischen Massstab wurden zwei Verfahrenskombinationen unter Einbeziehung eines ueberstauten Festbettreaktors (Biofilter) auf ihre Tauglichkeit zur CSB-Elimination und Nitrifikation untersucht. (orig.)

Nelipühad Mozarti ooperitega Berliinis

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2002-01-01

Berliini Staatsoper Unter den Lindenil toob 18.-26. maini peadirigent Daniel Barenboimi juhatusel välja kolm Mozarti Lorenzo da Ponte libretole komponeeritud ooperit: "Figaro pulm", "Don Giovanni" ja "Cosi fan tutte". Talvise hooaja lõpetasid märtsis Staatsoperis Albert Lortzingi "Zar und Zimmermann" ja Gioachino Rossini "Sevilla habemeajaja"

Micro-Mechanical Temperature Sensors

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Larsen, Tom

Temperature is the most frequently measured physical quantity in the world. The field of thermometry is therefore constantly evolving towards better temperature sensors and better temperature measurements. The aim of this Ph.D. project was to improve an existing type of micro-mechanical temperature...... sensor or to develop a new one. Two types of micro-mechanical temperature sensors have been studied: Bilayer cantilevers and string-like beam resonators. Both sensor types utilize thermally generated stress. Bilayer cantilevers are frequently used as temperature sensors at the micro-scale, and the goal....... The reduced sensitivity was due to initial bending of the cantilevers and poor adhesion between the two cantilever materials. No further attempts were made to improve the sensitivity of bilayer cantilevers. The concept of using string-like resonators as temperature sensors has, for the first time, been...

Determination of Temperature Rise and Temperature Differentials of CEMII/B-V Cement for 20MPa Mass Concrete using Adiabatic Temperature Rise Data

Science.gov (United States)

Chee Siang, GO

2017-07-01

Experimental test was carried out to determine the temperature rise characteristics of Portland-Fly-Ash Cement (CEM II/B-V, 42.5N) of Blaine fineness 418.6m2/kg and 444.6m2/kg respectively for 20MPa mass concrete under adiabatic condition. The estimation on adiabatic temperature rise by way of CIRIA C660 method (Construction Industry Research & Information Information) was adopted to verify and validate the hot-box test results by simulating the heat generation curve of the concrete under semi-adiabatic condition. Test result found that Portland fly-ash cement has exhibited decrease in the peak value of temperature rise and maximum temperature rise rate. The result showed that the temperature development and distribution profile, which is directly contributed from the heat of hydration of cement with time, is affected by the insulation, initial placing temperature, geometry and size of concrete mass. The mock up data showing the measured temperature differential is significantly lower than the technical specifications 20°C temperature differential requirement and the 27.7°C limiting temperature differential for granite aggregate concrete as stipulated in BS8110-2: 1985. The concrete strength test result revealed that the 28 days cubes compressive strength was above the stipulated 20MPa characteristic strength at 90 days. The test demonstrated that with proper concrete mix design, the use of Portland flyash cement, combination of chilled water and flake ice, and good insulation is effective in reducing peak temperature rise, temperature differential, and lower adiabatic temperature rise for mass concrete pours. As far as the determined adiabatic temperature rise result was concern, the established result could be inferred for in-situ thermal properties of 20MPa mass concrete application, as the result could be repeatable on account of similar type of constituent materials and concrete mix design adopted for permanent works at project site.

High temperature materials and mechanisms

CERN Document Server

2014-01-01

The use of high-temperature materials in current and future applications, including silicone materials for handling hot foods and metal alloys for developing high-speed aircraft and spacecraft systems, has generated a growing interest in high-temperature technologies. High Temperature Materials and Mechanisms explores a broad range of issues related to high-temperature materials and mechanisms that operate in harsh conditions. While some applications involve the use of materials at high temperatures, others require materials processed at high temperatures for use at room temperature. High-temperature materials must also be resistant to related causes of damage, such as oxidation and corrosion, which are accelerated with increased temperatures. This book examines high-temperature materials and mechanisms from many angles. It covers the topics of processes, materials characterization methods, and the nondestructive evaluation and health monitoring of high-temperature materials and structures. It describes the ...

High temperature microscope (1961); Microscopie a haute temperature (1961)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rousseau, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1961-06-15

The purpose of this work is the realization of an apparatus for observation of radioactive metallic samples at high temperature and low pressure. The operating conditions are as follows: to limit oxidation of the metal, pressure of about 10{sup -6} mm of Hg is maintained in the furnace. In case the oxidation of the sample would be too important, on ultra vacuum. device could be used; working temperatures range between room temperature and 1200 deg. C; furnace temperature is regulated; observation is done ever in polarized light or interference contrast; to insure protection of the operator, the apparatus is placed in a glove-box. With that apparatus, we have observed the {alpha}{yields}{beta}, {beta}{yields}{gamma} transformations of uranium. A movie has been done. (author) [French] Le but de ce travail est la realisation d'une appareillage permettant l'observation a chaud et sous vide d'echantillons metalliques radioactifs. Cet appareillage fonctionne dans les conditions suivantes: l'echantillon est chauffe sous une pression de l'ordre de 10{sup -6} mm de mercure afin de limiter l'oxydation du materiau examine. L'utilisation eventuelle d'un groupe de pompage pour ultra vide est prevue; l'echantillon peut etre porte a une temperature comprise entre quelques degres et 1200 deg. C; la temperature du four est regulee; l'observation s'effectue soit en lumiere polarisee soit en contraste interferentiel; l'appareil est dipose dans une boite a gants afin d'assurer la protection de l'operateur contre les poussieres radioactives; Les transformations {alpha}{yields}{beta}, {beta}{yields}{gamma} de l'uranium ont ete observees. Un film a ete realise. (auteur)

Low temperature carbonization

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Abbott, A A

1934-01-10

A process is described in which coal is passed through a distillation chamber in one retort at a comparatively low temperature, then passing the coal through a distillation chamber of a second retort subjected to a higher temperature, thence passing the coal through the distillation chamber of a third retort at a still higher temperature and separately collecting the liquid and vapors produced from each retort.

A sub-circuit MOSFET model with a wide temperature range including cryogenic temperature

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jia Kan; Sun Weifeng; Shi Longxing, E-mail: jiakan.01@gmail.com [National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 (China)

2011-06-15

A sub-circuit SPICE model of a MOSFET for low temperature operation is presented. Two resistors are introduced for the freeze-out effect, and the explicit behavioral models are developed for them. The model can be used in a wide temperature range covering both cryogenic temperature and regular temperatures. (semiconductor devices)

Predictive and prognostic value of tumor volume and its changes during radical radiotherapy of stage III non-small cell lung cancer. A systematic review

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kaesmann, Lukas [University of Luebeck, Department of Radiation Oncology, Luebeck (Germany); Niyazi, Maximilian; Fleischmann, Daniel [LMU Munich, Department of Radiation Oncology, Munich (Germany); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich (Germany); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg (Germany); Blanck, Oliver; Baumann, Rene [University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Department of Radiation Oncology, Kiel (Germany); Baues, Christian; Klook, Lisa; Rosenbrock, Johannes; Trommer-Nestler, Maike [University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Radiotherapy, Cologne (Germany); Dobiasch, Sophie [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Munich (Germany); Eze, Chukwuka [LMU Munich, Department of Radiation Oncology, Munich (Germany); Gauer, Tobias; Goy, Yvonne [University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Radiotherapy and Radio-Oncology, Hamburg (Germany); Giordano, Frank A.; Sautter, Lisa [University Medical Center Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mannheim (Germany); Hausmann, Jan [University Medical Center Duesseldorf, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duesseldorf (Germany); Henkenberens, Christoph [Hannover Medical School, Department of Radiation and Special Oncology, Hannover (Germany); Kaul, David; Thieme, Alexander H. [Charite School of Medicine and University Hospital, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Department of Radiation Oncology, Berlin (Germany); Krug, David; Schmitt, Daniela [University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO) and Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg (Germany); Maeurer, Matthias [University Medical Center Jena, Department of Radiation Oncology, Jena (Germany); Panje, Cedric M. [Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Gallen (Switzerland); Suess, Christoph [University Medical Center Regensburg, Department of Radiation Oncology, Regensburg (Germany); Ziegler, Sonia [University Medical Center Erlangen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Erlangen (Germany); Ebert, Nadja [University Medical Center Dresden, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dresden (Germany); OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden (Germany); Medenwald, Daniel [Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Germany); Ostheimer, Christian [Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Germany); Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Strahlentherapie, Universitaetsklinikum Halle (Saale) (Germany); Collaboration: Young DEGRO Trial Group

2018-02-15

. Several potential confounding variables were found and need to be considered for future studies to evaluate GTV changes during definitive radiotherapy with respect to treatment outcome. (orig.) [German] Das Bronchialkarzinom ist die haeufigste Ursache krebsbedingter Mortalitaet weltweit. Das Stadium III des nicht-kleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinoms (NSCLC) praesentiert sich als heterogene Patientengruppe mit Lymphknotenbeteiligung und grossen Tumoren mit Infiltration von Mediastinum, Herz und Wirbelsaeule. Ein interdisziplinaeres Behandlungskonzept mit Strahlentherapie ist Therapiestandard in der Behandlung des Stadium III mit akzeptabler Toxizitaet und verbessertem klinischen Ergebnis hinsichtlich lokaler Kontrolle. Veraenderungen des Tumorvolumens (GTV) unter Strahlentherapie ermoeglichen eine adaptive Bestrahlungsplanung mit Normalgewebeschonung und Dosiseskalation. Durchgefuehrt wurde eine Literaturrecherche zum praediktiven Wert von GTV-Veraenderungen unter Strahlentherapie mit dem Endpunkt ''Gesamtueberleben''. Die Recherche wurde in einem zweistufigen Verfahren unter Verwendung von Medline/Pubmed mit den Stichwoertern ''stage III non-small cell lung cancer'' und ''radiotherapy'' und ''tumour volume'' und ''prognostic factors'' durchgefuehrt. Nach finaler Bewertung blieben 17, 14 und 9 Studien mit 2516, 784 und 639 Patienten zum praediktiven Einfluss von GTV, GTV-Veraenderung und dessen Einfluss auf das Gesamtueberleben uebrig und wurden in den Review aufgenommen. Das initiale GTV war in verschiedenen Studien ein wichtiger prognostischer Faktor fuer das Gesamtueberleben. Zeitpunkt der Evaluation und Einfluss der Histologie muessen jedoch weiter untersucht werden. GTV-Veraenderungen unter Strahlentherapie variieren sehr. Der optimale Zeitpunkt fuer eine Reevaluation des GTVs fuer den praediktiven Wert auf die Prognose ist unklar. Der prognostische Wert von GTV

Is tamoxifen associated with an increased risk for thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing microvascular breast reconstruction? [Ist die Einnahme von Tamoxifen zum Zeitpunkt der mikrovaskulären Brustrekonstruktion mit einer erhöhten Rate an thrombembolischen Komplikationen assoziiert?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Krämer, Robert

2013-02-01

des hormonrezeptorpen Brustkrebses postmenopausaler Frauen abgelöst. Tamoxifen ist mit einem ca. zweifach erhöhten Risiko für thrombembolische Komplikationen (tiefe Beinvenenthrombose, Lungenembolie assoziiert. Vor dem Hintergrund einer aktuellen und im Februar 2012 im Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery erschienenen retrospektiven Studie mit Nachweis einer erhöhten Komplikationsrate freier Lappentransplantate zur Brustrekonstruktion unter Tamoxifen-Einnahme haben wir unser Patientenkollektiv nach mikrochirurgischer Brustrekonstruktion retrospektiv auf Minor- und Major-Komplikationen einschließlich thrombembolischer Ereignisse insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund einer perioperativen Tamoxifeneinnahme untersucht. Eingeschlossen wurden insgesamt 29 Patientinnen nach mikrochirurgischer autologer Brustrekonstruktion. Es wurden mikrovaskuläre Lappenkomplikationen und Lappenverluste von Patientinnen ohne und mit Einnahme von Tamoxifen und Aromatasehemmern zum Zeitpunkt der mikrochirurgischen Brustrekonstruktion verglichen. 25 Patientinnen (86,2% erhielten eine DIEP-Lappenplastik und 4 (13,8% eine TRAM-Lappenplastik. Fernerhin verglichen wir die Rate allgemeiner thrombembolischer Ereignisse unter Berücksichtigung sonstiger Nebendiagnosen und Risikofaktoren. Von insgesamt 29 Patientinnen standen zum Zeitpunkt der mikrovaskulären Brustrekonstruktion 3 unter einer Aromatasehemmer-Therapie und 5 unter einer Tamoxifen-Therapie. Insgesamt traten in 11 Fällen (37,9% postoperative Komplikationen auf, in 5 Fällen handelte es sich hierbei um Major-Komplikationen (mit einem Lappenverlust und in um Minorkomplikationen. Unter Tamoxifeneinnahme kam es in einem Fall zu einer Minorkomplikation, und in einem anderen Fall zu einem thrombembolisch bedingten Lappenverlust. Insgesamt kam es postoperativ zu einem thrombembolischen Ereignis in Form einer Lungenembolie ohne Assoziation zur Tamoxifen-Therapie.Die Anzahl thrombembolischer Ereignisse stellten sich mit und ohne

Cryomechanisms and cryocomponents; Kryomechanismen und Kryokomponenten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruppert, U.; Szuecs, Z.

1990-09-01

Since now optimized electrical mechanisms and components for use at low temperature are scarcely available on the market. In the case of need mostly improvisation or modification of failed components is necessary. Within the frame of this contract a selection of typical components was developed and tested under respect to the special requirements are cryogenic conditions and production guidelines were worked out. In detail an electric motor, an angular encoder/decoder, electrical feedthroughs, a cold multiplexer and an electromotor using high-Tc-superconductor were manufactured. (orig./MM). [Deutsch] Bisher waren elektrische Mechanismen und Komponenten fuer den Einsatz bei tiefen Temperaturen auf dem Markt kaum erhaeltlich. Im Bedarfsfall musste meist improvisiert werden oder versagende Komponenten modifiziert werden. Im Rahmen dieses Vertrages wurde eine Auswahl typischer Komponenten im Hinblick auf die speziellen Anforderungen in der Kryotechnik entwickelt und getestet sowie Herstellungsrichtlinien erarbeitet. Es wurde im einzelnen ein Elektromotor, ein Winkelenkoder/Dekoder, elektrische Durchfuehrungen, ein kalter Multiplexer sowie ein Antriebsmotor unter Einsatz von Hoch-Tc-Supraleitern gebaut. (orig./MM).

High-performance ceramic filters for energy engineering. Final report; Filter aus Hochleistungskeramik fuer die Energietechnik. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Westerheide, R. [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Werkstoffmechanik (IWM), Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany); Adler, J. [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Keramische Technologien und Sinterwerkstoffe (IKTS), Dresden (Germany); Buhl, H. [ESK-SIC GmbH, Frechen-Grefrath (Germany); Fister, D. [H.C. Starck GmbH, Laufenburg (Germany); Krein, J. [LLB Lurgi Lentjes Energietechnik GmbH, Frankfurt (Germany); Voelker, W. [Annawerk GmbH, Roedental (Germany); Walch, A. [eds.] [USF Schumacher Umwelt- und Trenntechnik GmbH, Crailsheim (Germany)

1999-09-30

The hot gas particulate removal of many advanced coal fired power generation technologies works at temperatures above 800 C. The filter elements for these applications are often based on ceramic materials, e.g. silicon carbide. However, the mostly clay bonded silicon carbide is subject to creep and oxidation due to probable changes of the binder phase. In this work the development of new ceramic filter materials based on silicon carbide and alumina is described. The goal of the development was to increase the potential application temperature. To obtain the goal, the work was performed together with ceramic powder manufacturers, developers of ceramic materials and components as well as with companies who operate test facilities. Different routes were chosen to increase the high temperature resistance in consideration of corrosion resistance, fracture strength and pressure loss of the filter materials. One of these routes was the optimization of the binder phase of the silicon carbide materials. Other routes were concentrated on the base material and the investigation of other possibilities for the silicon carbide bonding, i.e. a recrystallization process of SiC (RSiC) or a self bonding of granulated small grained silicon carbide powder. Additionally filter materials based on alumina were developed. The report covers these material development oriented topics as well as the additional work in materials reliability, coating development and modeling of microstructure. (orig.) [German] In der Kombikraftwerkstechnik wird insbesondere bei Kohlefeuerung die Heissgasreinigung oft bei Temperaturen ueber 800 C eingesetzt. Die Filterelemente fuer diese Anwendungen bestehen oft aus keramischen Materialien. Das haeufig eingesetzte tongebundene Siliciumcarbid unterliegt jedoch besonders aufgrund der Beschaffenheit der Bindephase Kriech- und Oxidationsschaedigungen. In diesem Bericht wird die Entwicklung von neuen keramischen Filtermaterialien, die auf Siliciumcarbid oder

Disorders of body temperature.

Science.gov (United States)

Gomez, Camilo R

2014-01-01

The human body generates heat capable of raising body temperature by approximately 1°C per hour. Normally, this heat is dissipated by means of a thermoregulatory system. Disorders resulting from abnormally high or low body temperature result in neurologic dysfunction and pose a threat to life. In response to thermal stress, maintenance of normal body temperature is primarily maintained by convection and evaporation. Hyperthermia results from abnormal temperature regulation, leading to extremely elevated body temperature while fever results from a normal thermoregulatory mechanism operating at a higher set point. The former leads to specific clinical syndromes with inability of the thermoregulatory mechanism to maintain a constant body temperature. Heat related illness encompasses heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke, in order of severity. In addition, drugs can induce hyperthermia and produce one of several specific clinical syndromes. Hypothermia is the reduction of body temperature to levels below 35°C from environmental exposure, metabolic disorders, or therapeutic intervention. Management of disorders of body temperature should be carried out decisively and expeditiously, in order to avoid secondary neurologic injury. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of pyrolysis gas from coal as reburn fuel. Final report; Einsatz von kohlestaemmigem Pyrolysegas als Reduktionsbrennstoff. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Greul, U.; Magel, C.; Moersch, O.; Ruediger, H.; Storm, C.; Schnell, U.; Spliethoff, H.; Hein, K.R.G.

1996-12-31

koennen. Die Brennstoffstufung unter Verwendung von kohlestaemmigen Gasen wurde experimentell im Hinblick auf die wichtigsten Verfahrensparameter, wie z.B. die Kohleart, Entgasungsrate, Temperatur, Verweilzeit und Stoechiometrie untersucht. In einem Flugstrom- und einem Wirbelschichtreaktor wurde der Einfluss der Entgasungstemperatur auf Restkohle und Pyrolyseprodukte, die Verteilung des Brennstoffstickstoffs, die Gas- und Teerqualitaet und deren Auswirkungen auf die NO{sub x}-Bildung und Reduktion bei der gestuften Verbrennung bestimmt. Die Validierung des mathematischen Simulationsmodells erfolgte mit den experimentell gewonnenen Daten. Als wesentliche Kriterien fuer die erreichbare NO{sub x}-Minderung werden Temperatur, Luftzahl und Verweilzeit in der Reduktionszone des Verbrennungsreaktors angesehen. Die Pyrolyseversuche zeigten den starken Einfluss der Kohleart und der Entgasungsbedingungen auf die Zusammensetzung der Gase und auf die erreichbare NO{sub x}-Minderung. Die in den Pyrolysegasen enthaltenen Teere mit ihren Stickstoffverbindungen verbessern die Reduktionswirkung vorhandener Stickstoffoxide. Durch den Einsatz der Pyrolysegase als Reduktionsbrennstoff koennen NO{sub x}-Emissionen unter 200 mg/m{sup 3} bei Luftzahlen um 0,95 erreicht und unterschritten werden. (orig./SR)

Estimates of the temperature flux-temperature gradient relation above a sea floor

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cimatoribus, A.; van Haren, H.

2016-01-01

The relation between the ux of temperature (or buoyancy), the verti-cal temperature gradient and the height above the bottom, is investigatedin an oceanographic context, using high-resolution temperature measure-ments. The model for the evolution of a strati?ed layer by Balmforthet al. (1998) is

Control of a reactor for conditioning of biogenic waste materials. Final report; Steuerung eines Reaktors zur Aufbereitung von Abfaellen mit biogenen Bestandteilen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bartha, B.; Brummack, J.; Kloeden, W.

2002-10-01

Mechanical-biological waste treatment implies biological drying and mechanical separation; it produces a pollutant-free fuel fraction with good calorific value and inorganic fractions available for recycling. Apart from some prototypes, mostly static aerobic reactors are used. For moist residues, dynamic reactors may be interesting as they permit coupling of thermal and mechanical processes, i.e. parallel biological drying and mechanical separation. A discontinuous rotary kiln reactor for biological drying of residues was developed in this project. (orig.) [German] Die mechanisch-biologische Aufbereitung von Restabfaellen (MBA) hat sich zu einem Systembaustein innerhalb der Restabfallentsorgung entwickelt. Das Hauptanwendungsziel besteht darin, durch die Kombination von biologischer Trocknung mit mechanischen Stofftrennverfahren eine heizwertreiche und schadstoffentfrachtete Fraktion mit Brennstoffeigenschaften, sowie verwertbare anorganische Fraktionen aus dem Restabfall zu gewinnen. Die Ausgangssituation zeigte, dass, abgesehen von einigen prototypischen Anlagen, in der MBA-Technologie hauptsaechlich statische, aerob arbeitende Reaktoren (Rottetunnel und Rotteboxen) fuer den biologischen Schritt eingesetzt werden. Fuer feuchte Restabfaelle erscheint es interessant, dynamische Reaktoren einzusetzen, die die Kopplung thermischer und mechanischer Prozesse erlauben, die also die biologische Trocknung und den mechanischen Aufschluss parallel zulassen. Im Rahmen des Projektes wurde die Steuerung eines diskontinuierlich betriebenen Drehrohrreaktors zur biologischen Trocknung von Restabfaellen entwickelt. (orig.)

Supersymmetry at finite temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Clark, T.E.; Love, S.T.

1983-01-01

Finite-temperature supersymmetry (SUSY) is characterized by unbroken Ward identities for SUSY variations of ensemble averages of Klein-operator inserted imaginary time-ordered products of fields. Path-integral representations of these products are defined and the Feynman rules in superspace are given. The finite-temperature no-renormalization theorem is derived. Spontaneously broken SUSY at zero temperature is shown not to be restored at high temperature. (orig.)

Total interaction theory and practice of a new paradigm for the design disciplines

CERN Document Server

Buurman, Gerhard M

2005-01-01

Interaktivität beschreibt eine dynamische Kooperation von Mensch und Technik und bedingt ein neues Denken unter der Annahme von einem «Leben in Technik». Das Buch führt Wissenschaftler und Menschen aus unterschiedlichen Praxisbereichen zusammen und gibt einen Überblick über das technologische und konzeptionelle Rüstzeug von Gestaltern.

Die Inquisition und ihre Wahrnehmung im Alten Reich

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alexandra Kohlhöfer

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Rezension von: Tribunal der Barbaren? Deutschland und die Inquisition in der Frühen Neuzeit, hg. von Albrecht Burckhardt und Gerd Schwerhoff unter Mitwirkung von Dieter R. Bauer (Konflikte und Kultur – Historische Perspektiven 25, Konstanz, München: UVK-Verl.-Ges. 2012, 450 S., ISBN 978-3-86764-371-9

Die beiden Azolla-arten des Niederländischen Pleistozäns

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Florschütz, F.

1938-01-01

Die erste Mitteilung über die Möglichkeit des Vorkommens fossiler Azolla im niederländischen Boden rührt von J. LORIé her, der im Jahre 1905 bei der Beschreibung von Bohrproben die Entdeckung von Makrosporangien von Azolla filiculoides Lam. in einer dünnen Torfschicht unter Vogelenzang erwähnte

Über einige von Edw. Jacobson auf Java gesammelte Trichopteren

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Ulmer, Georg

1913-01-01

Seit ich das letzte Verzeichniss der javanischen Triphopteren gab (Notes Leyden Mus. 32. 1910, pp. 64—66) beschrieb Cornelius Betten („Notes on the Trichoptera in the collection of the Indian Museum.” Records of the Indian Museum. Calcutta, Oct. 1909, pp. 231—242 t. 14—18) unter andern indischen

Zur Einführung: Die Chamisso-Literatur

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nazli Hodaie

2017-04-01

Die vorliegende ZIF-Ausgabe widmet sich solchen literarischen Schaffensprozessen, die im Folgenden unter „interkultureller Literatur“ zusammengefasst werden. Am Beispiel der so genannten „Chamisso-Autorinnen und -Autoren“ setzen sich die Beiträgerinnen und Beiträger mit interkultureller Literatur im Kontext der Literaturwissenschaft sowie Literaturdidaktik auseinander und diskutieren ihren gesellschaftlichen Stellenwert.

Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature?

Science.gov (United States)

Arismendi, Ivan; Safeeq, Mohammad; Dunham, Jason B.; Johnson, Sherri L.

2014-01-01

Worldwide, lack of data on stream temperature has motivated the use of regression-based statistical models to predict stream temperatures based on more widely available data on air temperatures. Such models have been widely applied to project responses of stream temperatures under climate change, but the performance of these models has not been fully evaluated. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the performance of two widely used linear and nonlinear regression models that predict stream temperatures based on air temperatures. We evaluated model performance and temporal stability of model parameters in a suite of regulated and unregulated streams with 11–44 years of stream temperature data. Although such models may have validity when predicting stream temperatures within the span of time that corresponds to the data used to develop them, model predictions did not transfer well to other time periods. Validation of model predictions of most recent stream temperatures, based on air temperature–stream temperature relationships from previous time periods often showed poor performance when compared with observed stream temperatures. Overall, model predictions were less robust in regulated streams and they frequently failed in detecting the coldest and warmest temperatures within all sites. In many cases, the magnitude of errors in these predictions falls within a range that equals or exceeds the magnitude of future projections of climate-related changes in stream temperatures reported for the region we studied (between 0.5 and 3.0 °C by 2080). The limited ability of regression-based statistical models to accurately project stream temperatures over time likely stems from the fact that underlying processes at play, namely the heat budgets of air and water, are distinctive in each medium and vary among localities and through time.

A Silicon Carbide Wireless Temperature Sensing System for High Temperature Applications

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Jie

2013-01-01

In this article, an extreme environment-capable temperature sensing system based on state-of-art silicon carbide (SiC) wireless electronics is presented. In conjunction with a Pt-Pb thermocouple, the SiC wireless sensor suite is operable at 450 °C while under centrifugal load greater than 1,000 g. This SiC wireless temperature sensing system is designed to be non-intrusively embedded inside the gas turbine generators, acquiring the temperature information of critical components such as turbine blades, and wirelessly transmitting the information to the receiver located outside the turbine engine. A prototype system was developed and verified up to 450 °C through high temperature lab testing. The combination of the extreme temperature SiC wireless telemetry technology and integrated harsh environment sensors will allow for condition-based in-situ maintenance of power generators and aircraft turbines in field operation, and can be applied in many other industries requiring extreme environment monitoring and maintenance. PMID:23377189

High temperature materials; Materiaux a hautes temperatures

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2003-07-01

The aim of this workshop is to share the needs of high temperature and nuclear fuel materials for future nuclear systems, to take stock of the status of researches in this domain and to propose some cooperation works between the different research organisations. The future nuclear systems are the very high temperature (850 to 1200 deg. C) gas cooled reactors (GCR) and the molten salt reactors (MSR). These systems include not only the reactor but also the fabrication and reprocessing of the spent fuel. This document brings together the transparencies of 13 communications among the 25 given at the workshop: 1) characteristics and needs of future systems: specifications, materials and fuel needs for fast spectrum GCR and very high temperature GCR; 2) high temperature materials out of neutron flux: thermal barriers: materials, resistance, lifetimes; nickel-base metal alloys: status of knowledge, mechanical behaviour, possible applications; corrosion linked with the gas coolant: knowledge and problems to be solved; super-alloys for turbines: alloys for blades and discs; corrosion linked with MSR: knowledge and problems to be solved; 3) materials for reactor core structure: nuclear graphite and carbon; fuel assembly structure materials of the GCR with fast neutron spectrum: status of knowledge and ceramics and cermets needs; silicon carbide as fuel confinement material, study of irradiation induced defects; migration of fission products, I and Cs in SiC; 4) materials for hydrogen production: status of the knowledge and needs for the thermochemical cycle; 5) technologies: GCR components and the associated material needs: compact exchangers, pumps, turbines; MSR components: valves, exchangers, pumps. (J.S.)

Effect of temperature and temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of cattle manure.

Science.gov (United States)

El-Mashad, Hamed M; Zeeman, Grietje; van Loon, Wilko K P; Bot, Gerard P A; Lettinga, Gatze

2004-11-01

The influence of temperature, 50 and 60 degrees C, at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 20 and 10 days, on the performance of anaerobic digestion of cow manure has been investigated in completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). Furthermore, the effect of both daily downward and daily upward temperature fluctuations has been studied. In the daily downward temperature fluctuation regime the temperatures of each reactor was reduced by 10 degrees C for 10 h while in the daily upward fluctuation regime the temperature of each reactor was increased 10 degrees C for 5 h. The results show that the methane production rate at 60 degrees C is lower than that at 50 degrees C at all experimental conditions of imposed HRT except when downward temperature fluctuations were applied at an HRT of 10 days. It also was found that the free ammonia concentration not only affects the acetate-utilising bacteria but also the hydrolysis and acidification process. The upward temperature fluctuation affects the maximum specific methanogenesis activity more severely as compared to imposed downward temperature fluctuations. The results clearly reveal the possibility of using available solar energy at daytime to heat up the reactor(s) without the need of heat storage during nights, especially at an operational temperature of 50 degrees C and at a 20 days HRT, and without the jeopardising of the overheating.

Effect of temperature and temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of cattle manure

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

El-Mashad, H.M. [Mansoura University, El-Mansoura (Egypt). Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering; Zeeman, G.; Van Loon, W.K.P.; Bot, G.P.A.; Lettinga, G. [Wageningen University Agrotechnion (Netherlands). Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences

2004-11-01

The influence of temperature, 50 and 60 {sup o}C, at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 20 and 10 days, on the performance of anaerobic digestion of cow manure has been investigated in completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). Furthermore, the effect of both daily downward and daily upward temperature fluctuations has been studied. In the daily downward temperature fluctuation regime the temperatures of each reactor was reduced by 10 {sup o}C for 10 h while in the daily upward fluctuation regime the temperature of each reactor was increased 10 {sup o}C for 5 h. The results show that the methane production rate at 60 {sup o}C is lower than that at 50 {sup o}C at all experimental conditions of imposed HRT except when downward temperature fluctuations were applied at an HRT of 10 days. It also was found that the free ammonia concentration not only affects the acetate-utilising bacteria but also the hydrolysis and acidification process. The upward temperature fluctuation affects the maximum specific methanogenesis activity more severely as compared to imposed downward temperature fluctuations. The results clearly reveal the possibility of using available solar energy at daytime to heat up the reactor(s) without the need of heat storage during nights, especially at an operational temperature of 50 {sup o}C and at a 20 days HRT, and without the jeopardising of the overheating. (author)

High temperature refrigerator

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Steyert, W.A. Jr.

1978-01-01

A high temperature magnetic refrigerator is described which uses a Stirling-like cycle in which rotating magnetic working material is heated in zero field and adiabatically magnetized, cooled in high field, then adiabatically demagnetized. During this cycle the working material is in heat exchange with a pumped fluid which absorbs heat from a low temperature heat source and deposits heat in a high temperature reservoir. The magnetic refrigeration cycle operates at an efficiency 70% of Carnot

Measurement of the temperature distribution inside the power cable using distributed temperature system

Science.gov (United States)

Jaros, Jakub; Liner, Andrej; Papes, Martin; Vasinek, Vladimir; Mach, Veleslav; Hruby, David; Kajnar, Tomas; Perecar, Frantisek

2015-01-01

Nowadays, the power cables are manufactured to fulfill the following condition - the highest allowable temperature of the cable during normal operation and the maximum allowable temperature at short circuit conditions cannot exceed the condition of the maximum allowable internal temperature. The distribution of the electric current through the conductor leads to the increase of the amplitude of electrons in the crystal lattice of the cables material. The consequence of this phenomenon is the increase of friction and the increase of collisions between particles inside the material, which causes the temperature increase of the carrying elements. The temperature increase is unwanted phenomena, because it is causing losses. In extreme cases, the long-term overload leads to the cable damaging or fire. This paper deals with the temperature distribution measurement inside the power cables using distributed temperature system. With cooperation with Kabex company, the tube containing optical fibers was installed into the center of power cables. These fibers, except telecommunications purposes, can be also used as sensors in measurements carrying out with distributed temperature system. These systems use the optical fiber as a sensor and allow the continual measurement of the temperature along the whole cable in real time with spatial resolution 1 m. DTS systems are successfully deployed in temperature measurement applications in industry areas yet. These areas include construction, drainage, hot water etc. Their advantages are low cost, resistance to electromagnetic radiation and the possibility of real time monitoring at the distance of 8 km. The location of the optical fiber in the center of the power cable allows the measurement of internal distribution of the temperature during overloading the cable. This measurement method can be also used for prediction of short-circuit and its exact location.

Ambient temperature signalling in plants.

Science.gov (United States)

Wigge, Philip A

2013-10-01

Plants are exposed to daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature. Within the 'ambient' temperature range (about 12-27°C for Arabidopsis) temperature differences have large effects on plant growth and development, disease resistance pathways and the circadian clock without activating temperature stress pathways. It is this developmental sensing and response to non-stressful temperatures that will be covered in this review. Recent advances have revealed key players in mediating temperature signals. The bHLH transcription factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) has been shown to be a hub for multiple responses to warmer temperature in Arabidopsis, including flowering and hypocotyl elongation. Changes in chromatin state are involved in transmitting temperature signals to the transcriptome. Determining the precise mechanisms of temperature perception represents an exciting goal for the field. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Low temperature distillation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vandegrift, J N; Postel, C

1929-04-09

To recover gas, oil tars, and coked residues by low temperature distillation from bituminous coals, lignites, oil shales, and the like, the raw material is fed from a hopper into a rotary retort which is zonally heated, the temperature being greatest at the discharge end. The material is heated first to a relatively low temperature, thereby removing the moisture and lighter volatiles which are withdrawn through a pipe by the suction of a pump, while the higher boiling point volatiles and fixed gases are withdrawn by suction through an outlet from the higher temperature zone. The vapors withdrawn from the opposite ends of the retort pass through separate vapor lines and condensers, and the suction in each end of the retort, caused by the pumps, is controlled by valves, which also control the location of the neutral point in the retort formed by said suction. Air and inert gas may be introduced into the retort from pipe and stack respectively through a pipe, and steam may be admitted into the high temperature zone through a pipe.

Temperature Data Evaluation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gillespie, David

2003-01-01

Groundwater temperature is sensitive to the competing processes of heat flow from below the advective transport of heat by groundwater flow. Because groundwater temperature is sensitive to conductive and advective processes, groundwater temperature may be utilized as a tracer to further constrain the uncertainty of predictions of advective radionuclide transport models constructed for the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Since heat transport, geochemical, and hydrologic models for a given area must all be consistent, uncertainty can be reduced by devaluing the weight of those models that do not match estimated heat flow. The objective of this study was to identify the quantity and quality of available heat flow data at the NTS. One-hundred-forty-five temperature logs from 63 boreholes were examined. Thirteen were found to have temperature profiles suitable for the determination of heat flow values from one or more intervals within the boreholes. If sufficient spatially distributed heat flow values are obtained, a heat transport model coupled to a hydrologic model may be used to reduce the uncertainty of a nonisothermal hydrologic model of the NTS

Stochastic temperature modulation: A new technique in temperature-modulated DSC

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schawe, J.E.K.; Huetter, T.; Heitz, C.; Alig, I.; Lellinger, D.

2006-01-01

A new temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) technique is introduced. The technique is based on stochastic temperature modulation and has been developed as a consequence of a generalized theory of a temperature-modulated DSC. The quasi-static heat capacity and the frequency-dependent complex heat capacity can be determined over a wide frequency range in one single measurement without further calibration. Furthermore, the reversing and non-reversing heat flows are determined directly from the measured data. Examples show the frequency dependence of the glass transition, the isothermal curing of thermosets and a solid-solid transition

Core body temperature in obesity.

Science.gov (United States)

Heikens, Marc J; Gorbach, Alexander M; Eden, Henry S; Savastano, David M; Chen, Kong Y; Skarulis, Monica C; Yanovski, Jack A

2011-05-01

A lower core body temperature set point has been suggested to be a factor that could potentially predispose humans to develop obesity. We tested the hypothesis that obese individuals have lower core temperatures than those in normal-weight individuals. In study 1, nonobese [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) temperature-sensing capsules, and we measured core temperatures continuously for 24 h. In study 2, normal-weight (BMI of 18-25) and obese subjects swallowed temperature-sensing capsules to measure core temperatures continuously for ≥48 h and kept activity logs. We constructed daily, 24-h core temperature profiles for analysis. Mean (±SE) daily core body temperature did not differ significantly between the 35 nonobese and 46 obese subjects (36.92 ± 0.03°C compared with 36.89 ± 0.03°C; P = 0.44). Core temperature 24-h profiles did not differ significantly between 11 normal-weight and 19 obese subjects (P = 0.274). Women had a mean core body temperature ≈0.23°C greater than that of men (36.99 ± 0.03°C compared with 36.76 ± 0.03°C; P body temperature. It may be necessary to study individuals with function-altering mutations in core temperature-regulating genes to determine whether differences in the core body temperature set point affect the regulation of human body weight. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00428987 and NCT00266500.

Static and dynamic magnetic properties of CoPt{sub 3}. Nanoparticles in comparison with bulk matter; Statische und dynamische magnetische Eigenschaften von CoPt{sub 3}. Nanopartikel im Vergleich zum Volumenmaterial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raeder, C.

2006-09-22

In this work the structural and magnetic characteristics of CoPt{sub 3}-particles are examined. In particular the determination of the g-factor is of interest as well as the damping behavior of the magnetization vector under influence of a microwave radiation. Moreover the magnetic anisotropy energy density of individual particles is covered by the presented thesis. The particles exist in the chemically disordered phase. They are monocrystalline and monodisperse with a mean diameter of d=4.04 nm and a width of the size distribution of {sigma}=0.15, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover the particles are embedded into a polymer with high dilution (0.08 vol%). To compare the results for the particles CoPt{sub 3} films and bulk-material are prepared and examined with the same procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that all three sample systems are an alloy and do not appear as cobalt clusters embedded in platinum. The lattice constant of the particles is increased by 0.5% in comparison to the bulk material (a{sub NP}=0.388{+-}0.003 nm). The evaluation of the peak widths of the XRD experiments exhibit a crystalline size of 95.5{+-}6.5 nm of the films and 48.5{+-}6.5 nm of the bulk material. The evaluation of the relative intensities of (111)- and (200)-peaks points the fact that both the film and the particles preferentially grow in the (111)-direction. The films are polycrystalline in the film-plane. From magnetic resonance measurements the g-factor and the damping constant {alpha} is extracted. The measurement shows that both the g-factor (about 2%) and the damping-constant {alpha} (about 125%) is increased in comparison to the film, and/or bulk material. For the films M{sub eff} is determined from angle-dependent resonance-field measurements. From the temperature dependence of the resonance field the magnetic anisotropy is determined. Because of the fact that the measurements could be done only to a minimum of 50 K the value of the anisotropy

Temperature standards, what and where: resources for effective temperature measurements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Johnston, W.W. Jr.

1982-01-01

Many standards have been published to describe devices, methods, and other topics. How they are developed and by whom are briefly described, and an attempt is made to extract most of those relating to temperature measurements. A directory of temperature standards and their sources is provided

High temperature pipeline design

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Greenslade, J.G. [Colt Engineering, Calgary, AB (Canada). Pipelines Dept.; Nixon, J.F. [Nixon Geotech Ltd., Calgary, AB (Canada); Dyck, D.W. [Stress Tech Engineering Inc., Calgary, AB (Canada)

2004-07-01

It is impractical to transport bitumen and heavy oil by pipelines at ambient temperature unless diluents are added to reduce the viscosity. A diluted bitumen pipeline is commonly referred to as a dilbit pipeline. The diluent routinely used is natural gas condensate. Since natural gas condensate is limited in supply, it must be recovered and reused at high cost. This paper presented an alternative to the use of diluent to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil or bitumen. The following two basic design issues for a hot bitumen (hotbit) pipeline were presented: (1) modelling the restart problem, and, (2) establishing the maximum practical operating temperature. The transient behaviour during restart of a high temperature pipeline carrying viscous fluids was modelled using the concept of flow capacity. Although the design conditions were hypothetical, they could be encountered in the Athabasca oilsands. It was shown that environmental disturbances occur when the fluid is cooled during shut down because the ground temperature near the pipeline rises. This can change growing conditions, even near deeply buried insulated pipelines. Axial thermal loads also constrain the design and operation of a buried pipeline as higher operating temperatures are considered. As such, strain based design provides the opportunity to design for higher operating temperature than allowable stress based design methods. Expansion loops can partially relieve the thermal stress at a given temperature. As the design temperature increase, there is a point at which above grade pipelines become attractive options, although the materials and welding procedures must be suitable for low temperature service. 3 refs., 1 tab., 10 figs.

High temperature structural silicides

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Petrovic, J.J.

1997-01-01

Structural silicides have important high temperature applications in oxidizing and aggressive environments. Most prominent are MoSi 2 -based materials, which are borderline ceramic-intermetallic compounds. MoSi 2 single crystals exhibit macroscopic compressive ductility at temperatures below room temperature in some orientations. Polycrystalline MoSi 2 possesses elevated temperature creep behavior which is highly sensitive to grain size. MoSi 2 -Si 3 N 4 composites show an important combination of oxidation resistance, creep resistance, and low temperature fracture toughness. Current potential applications of MoSi 2 -based materials include furnace heating elements, molten metal lances, industrial gas burners, aerospace turbine engine components, diesel engine glow plugs, and materials for glass processing

Chemical behaviour of trivalent and pentavalent americium in saline NaCl-solutions. Studies of transferability of laboratory data to natural conditions. Interim report. Reported period: 1.2.1993-31.12.1993; Chemisches Verhalten von drei- und fuenfwertigem Americium in Salinen NaCl-Loesungen. Untersuchung der Uebertragbarkeit von Labordaten auf natuerliche Verhaeltnisse. Zwischenbericht. Berichtszeitraum 1.2.1993-31.12.1993

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Runde, W; Kim, J I

1994-09-15

In order to clarify the chemical behaviour of Americium in saline aqueous systems relevant for final storage this study deals with the chemical reactions of trivalent and pentavalent Americium in NaCl-solutions under the influence of radiolysis from its own alpha radiation. The focus of the study was on investigating the geologically relevant reactions, such as hydrolysis or carbonate- and chloride complexing in solid-liquid equilibriums. Comprehensive measurements on solubility and spectroscopic studies in NaCl-solutions were carried out in a CO{sub 2}-free atmosphere and 10{sup -2} atm CO{sub 2} partial pressure. Identification and characterisation of the AM (III) and AM(V) solid phases were supplemented by structural research with the chemically analogue EU (III) and Np(V) compounds. The alpha-radiation induced radiolysis in saline NaCl solutions and the redox behaviour of Americium which was influenced thereby were spectroscopically quantified. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur Klaerung des chemischen Verhaltens von Americium in endlagerrelevanten salinen aquatischen Systemen befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit den chemischen Reaktionen des drei- und fuenfwertigen Americiums in NaCl-Loesungen unter dem Einfluss der Radiolyse durch die eigene {alpha}-Strahlung. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lag auf der Untersuchung der geologisch relevanten Reaktionen, wie Hydrolyse sowie Carbonat- und Chloridkomplexierung in fest-fluessig Gleichgewichtssystemen. Hierzu wurden umfassende Loeslichkeitsmessungen und spektroskopische Untersuchungen in NaCl-Loesungen, sowohl unter CO{sub 2}-freier Atmosphaere als auch unter 10{sup -2} atm CO{sub 2}-Partialdruck, durchgefuehrt. Die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung der Am(III)- und Am(V)-Festphasen wurde ergaenzt durch strukturelle Untersuchungen mit den chemisch analogen Eu(III)- und Np(V)-Verbindungen. Die von der {alpha}-Strahlung induzierte Radiolyse in salinen NaCl-Loesungen und das dadurch beeinflusste Redoxverhalten von Americium

Laterale 10-fach-Biopsie der Prostata liefert bei Karzinomverdacht überlegene Detektionsraten

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

von Knobloch R

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Einleitung:Die Sextantenbiopsie der Prostata ist für eine verlässliche Karzinomdiagnostik nicht ausreichend. Vielerorts werden bereits bei der Erstbiopsie 12 Stanzen entnommen. In einer großen Serie von 10-fach-Biopsien unter bilateraler lokaler Leitungsanästhesie, wie bereits 2002 publiziert [1], überprüften wir die Qualität unserer Technik als Standard für die Erstbiopsie. Methode:Zwischen April 2005 und Dezember 2007 führten wir bei 736 Männern (Durchschnittsalter 67,5 ± 8,39 Jahre die Erstbiopsie der Prostata durch. Indikation für die Biopsie war entweder ein erhöhter PSA-Wert oder ein auffälliger Tastbefund. Bei allen Männern erfolgte die Biopsie der Prostata unter bilateraler lokaler Leitungsanästhesie. Es wurden nur Proben aus der peripheren Zone der Prostata unter transrektaler Ultraschallkontrolle entnommen. Ergebnisse:Durch die Biopsie wurde in 372 von 736 Fällen (50,5 % ein Karzinom identifiziert. Die Karzinomdetektionsrate war proportional zum PSA-Wert und indirekt proportional zum Organvolumen. Es zeigte sich eine eindeutige Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl positiver Stanzen bei der Biopsie mit dem pathologischen Stadium des Prostatektomiepräparates. 12 Männer (1,6 % mussten wegen akuter Prostatitis und 5 (0,7 % wegen rektaler Blutung wieder ins Krankenhaus eingewiesen werden. Von den 182 Patienten des Untersuchers R. v. K. wurde der durchschnittliche Schmerz der Biopsie mit 1,69 von maximal 10 angegeben. Die Detektions- und Komplikationsraten dieser Biopsietechnik unterschieden sich nicht nach Durchführung von Assistenz- oder Fachärzten. Schlussfolgerung: Die präsentierte Biopsietechnik liefert mit nur 10 Stanzen eine überlegene Detektionsrate und eine geringe Rate an Komplikationen. Sie sollte als Basis für die Definition eines Standards für die Erstbiopsie der Prostata bei Karzinomverdacht dienen.

Inverse analysis of inner surface temperature history from outer surface temperature measurement of a pipe

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kubo, S; Ioka, S; Onchi, S; Matsumoto, Y

2010-01-01

When slug flow runs through a pipe, nonuniform and time-varying thermal stresses develop and there is a possibility that thermal fatigue occurs. Therefore it is necessary to know the temperature distributions and the stress distributions in the pipe for the integrity assessment of the pipe. It is, however, difficult to measure the inner surface temperature directly. Therefore establishment of the estimation method of the temperature history on inner surface of pipe is needed. As a basic study on the estimation method of the temperature history on the inner surface of a pipe with slug flow, this paper presents an estimation method of the temperature on the inner surface of a plate from the temperature on the outer surface. The relationship between the temperature history on the outer surface and the inner surface is obtained analytically. Using the results of the mathematical analysis, the inverse analysis method of the inner surface temperature history estimation from the outer surface temperature history is proposed. It is found that the inner surface temperature history can be estimated from the outer surface temperature history by applying the inverse analysis method, even when it is expressed by the multiple frequency components.

Stakeholder Value Matrix - Die VErbindung zwischen Shareholder Value und Stakeholder Value

OpenAIRE

Frank Figge

2004-01-01

Die Studie zeigt, was unter Stakeholder Value verstanden werden kann, wie Shareholder Value und Stakeholder Value gemessen werden können und welche Verbindung zwischen beiden Konzepten besteht. In dieser Studie wird erstmals die Wertbeitragsanalyse von Stakeholderbeziehungen vorgestellt. Anhand der Stakeholder Value Matrix lässt sich zeigen, welche Stakeholdergruppen zusammen positiv zum Unternehmenswert beitragen.

An Anglo-German dialogue the Munich lectures on the history of international relations

CERN Document Server

Birke, Adolf M; Searle, Alaric

2015-01-01

Die Prinz-Albert-Gesellschaft hat sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die britisch-deutschen Beziehungen in Wissenschaft, Kultur und Politik zu pflegen. Alljährlich finden unter dieser Prämisse Tagungen statt, deren Beiträge in den Prinz-Albert-Studien veröffentlicht werden und die viele interessante Aspekte der britisch-deutschen Beziehungen verdeutlichen.

Temperature measurement device

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oltman, B.G.; Eckerman, K.F.; Romberg, G.P.; Prepejchal, W.

1975-01-01

Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) material is exposed to a known amount of radiation and then exposed to the environment where temperature measurements are to be taken. After a predetermined time period, the TLD material is read in a known manner to determine the amount of radiation energy remaining in the TLD material. The difference between the energy originally stored by irradiation and that remaining after exposure to the temperature ofthe environment is a measure of the average temperature of the environment during the exposure. (U.S.)

Zur mediopassiven 2. Und 3. Person dualis im indogermanischen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bojan Čop

1972-12-01

Full Text Available Bekanntlich gibt es in einigen seltenen idg. Sprachen (im Arischen, Griechischen, Tocharischen auch Personal - suffixe für die 2. u n d 3. P. Du. des Mediopassivs. Von diesen sind die griechischen Ausgänge – 2. und 3. Du primär, 2. Du. sekundär, Du. sekundär sicher junge Neubildungen, s. z. B. Brugmann, Grdr.2 II 3 II, 657, § 602; Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. I 670, 672. Ein voll ausgebildetes System solcher Endungen besitzt das Arische; im Tocharischen kommt nur eine einzige Form mit solcher Endung vor, die die 2. P. Du. Med. lmperativi darstellt. Unter solchen Umständen scheint es schwierig, aus diesem Material wahrscheinliche Schlüsse für da_s Urindogermanische zu machen. Und doch ist gerade die tocharische Form, die uns eine ausserordentlich grosse Hilfe leistet, wenn man sie richtig zu beurteilen vermag. Die tocharische Endung, verbunden mit den arischen, wird unter Einschluss der allgemeinen Tendenzen und Regelungen im System der indogermanischen Personalsuffixe ohne Schwierigkeit die urindogermanische Urform erscheinen lassen.

Process-integrated slag treatment; Prozessintegrierte Schlackebehandlung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koralewska, R.; Faulstich, M. [Technische Univ., Garching (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft

1998-09-01

The present study compares two methods of washing waste incineration slag, one with water only, and one which uses additives during wet deslagging. The presented aggregate offers ideal conditions for process-integrated slag treatment. The paper gives a schematic description of the integrated slag washing process. The washing liquid serves to wash out the readily soluble constituents and remove the fines, while the additives are for immobilising heavy metals in the slag material. The study is based on laboratory and semi-technical trials on the wet chemical treatment of grate slag with addition of carbon dioxide and phosphoric acid. [Deutsch] Die dargestellten Untersuchungen beziehen sich auf den Vergleich zwischen einer Waesche der Muellverbrennungsschlacke mit Wasser und unter Zugabe von Additiven im Nassentschlacker. In diesem Aggregat bieten sich optimale Voraussetzungen fuer eine prozessintegrierte Schlackebehandlung. Die Durchfuehrung der integrierten Schlackewaesche wird schematisch gezeigt. Durch die Waschfluessigkeit sollen die leichtloeslichen Bestandteile ausgewaschen und die Feinanteile ausgetragen sowie durch die Additive zusaetzlich die Schwermetalle im Schlackematerial immobilisiert werden. Dazu erfolgten Labor- und halbtechnische Versuche zur nasschemischen Behandlung der Rostschlacken unter Zugabe von Kohlendioxid und Phosphorsaeure. (orig./SR)

Dynamic loads caused by pressure blasts, steam explosions, and earth quakes; Dynamische Belastungen durch Druckstoesse, Dampfexplosionen und Erdbeben

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hofmann, H H [SDK Ingenieurunternehmen GmbH, Basel (Switzerland)

1998-11-01

The paper deals with description of structures and the relevant dynamic loads. As to the structures, gas, fluid, or solid structures are to be considered. They determine the characteristic vibrational behaviour of the structures in the interconnected system. The excitation type determines the component that will be induced to change characteristic vibrational behaviour of the structure, depending on the load increasing time and the period of excitation. Three examples are given to illustrate the processes. (Water tank subject to quasi-seismic conditions; pipeline affected by blow-down; shut-off valve for a pipe). (orig./CB) [Deutsch] In diesem Beitrag soll auf die Erfassung der Strukturen und die Erfassung der dynamischen Belastungen eingegangen werden. Zur Erfassung der Strukturen sind `Gas-, Fluid- und Festkoerper-Strukturen` zu beachten. Sie bestimmen das Eigenschwingverhalten im Verbund. Die Erregung bestimmt nun, welcher Bereich aus dem Eigen-Schwingverhalten der Struktur ueber die Lastanstiegs-Zeit und die Zeitdauer der Erregung anregbar ist. Drei Beispiele sollen die Aufgabenstellung erlaeutern (Wasserbehaelter unter erdbebenaehnlichen Bedingungen; Rohrleitung unter `Blow-down-Belastung`; Absperrklappe fuer eine Rohrleitung). (orig./MM)

Die Deutsche Statistische Gesellschaft in der Weimarer Republik und während der Nazidiktatur

Science.gov (United States)

Wilke, Jürgen

Nach anfänglichen Schwierigkeiten durch den 1. Weltkrieg erlangte die Deutsche Statistische Gesellschaft (DStatG) unter dem renommierten Statistiker und Vorsitzenden der DStatG, Friedrich Zahn, durch eine Vielzahl von Aktivitäten hohes Ansehen. Es gab Bestrebungen, Statistiker aus allen Arbeitsfeldern der Statistik in die DStatG zu integrieren, wobei die "Mathematische Statistik" nur zögerlich akzeptiert wurde (Konjunkturforschung, Zeitreihenanalyse). Nach der Machtübernahme 1933 durch Adolf Hitler geriet die DStatG in das Fahrwasser nationalsozialistischer Ideologie und Politik (Führerprinzip, Gleichschaltung des Vereinswesens). Damit war eine personelle Umstrukturierung in der DStatG verbunden. Politisch Missliebige und rassisch Verfolgte mussten die DStatG verlassen (Bernstein, Freudenberg, Gumbel u.a.). Unter den Statistikern gab es alle Abstufungen im Verhalten zum Regime von Ablehnung und zwangsweiser Anpassung über bereitwilliges Mitläufertum bis zu bewusster Täterschaft. Besonders die Bevölkerungsstatistik wurde durch die NS- Rassenpolitik auf lange Sicht diskreditiert. Im Rahmen von Wirtschaftsplanung und Aufrüstung wurden neue zukunftsträchtige statistische Modelle (Grünig, Bramstedt, Leisse) entwickelt.

Further development of vertical-flow final sedimentation tanks; Weiterentwicklung vertikal durchstroemter Nachklaerbecken

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

John, K.; Purschke, A.; Schuessler, I. [Mannesmann Seiffert GmbH, Berlin (Germany)

1999-07-01

Because of scarcity of space, the last extension stage of the Berlin-Ruhleben sewage treatment plant was executed with vertical-flow final sedimentation tanks with a square surface. The sedimentation efficiency of these tanks in permanent operation is excellent. In the year past, the operation of such a tank at the limits of its capacity was tested under long-term conditions as a master thesis project with a view to further optimization. Subsequently, this Berlin-type tank was developed further into a multi-cell final sedimentation tank, whose effectiveness was verified by means of flow-technical simulation. (orig.) [German] Im KW Berlin-Ruhleben kamen in der letzten Ausbaustufe infolge sehr begrenzter Bauflaeche vertikal durchstroemte Nachklaerbecken mit quadratischer Oberflaeche zum Einsatz. Diese Becken zeigen im Dauerbetrieb eine hervorragende Klaerwirkung, und im vorigen Jahr wurde im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit zwecks weiterer Optimierung langfristig unter Betriebsbedingungen die Fahrweise eines solchen Beckens an der Auslegungsgrenze getestet. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Kostenreduzierung wurde anschliessend der Typ Berliner Becken zum Mehrzellen-Nachklaerbecken weiterentwickelt und seine Wirksamkeit mittels stroemungstechnischer Simulation ueberprueft. (orig.)

Further development of microparticle image velocimetry analysis for characterisation of gas streams as a novel method of fuel cell development. Final report; Weiterentwicklung des Mikro-Particle Image Velocimetry Analyseverfahrens zur Charakterisierung von Gasstroemungen als neuartige Entwicklungsmethodik fuer Brennstoffzellen. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2012-07-01

The project aimed at a better understanding of the complex fluid-mechanical processes in the small ducts of bipolar plates. So far, an appropriate technology for in-situ measurement was lacking. The project therefore focused on the further development of microparticle image velocimetry in order to enable analyses of the local velocity distribution of a gas stream in a microduct. Further, measurements were carried out in the microducts of a fuel cell in the more difficult conditions of actual operation. (orig./AKB) [German] Anlass des Forschungsvorhabens war die komplizierten stroemungsmechanischen Zusammenhaenge in den kleinen Kanaelen der Bipolarplatten zu verstehen. Bisher stand keine Messtechnik zur Verfuegung, dies es erlaubt, die stroemungsmechanischen Prozesse in den Mikrokanaelen unter Realbedingungen in situ zu vermessen und mit der instantanen Zellleistung zu korrelieren, Ziel des Projektes war es daher, die Methode der Mikro-Partikel-Image-Velocimetry in der Art weiterzuentwickeln, dass eine Analyse der lokalen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung einer Gasstroemung in einem Mikrokanal ermoeglicht wird. Darueber hinaus wird als zweites Ziel des Projekts eine solche Messung unter den erschwerten Bedingungen einer betriebenen Brennstoffzelle in Mikrokanaelen einer Zelle durchgefuehrt.

Digitale Archivierung papierbasierter Krankenakten von Studienpatienten – Eckpunktepapier des KKSN, der GMDS und der TMF unter Mitwirkung des BfArM und der Landesüberwachungsbehörde Nordrhein-Westfalen [Digital archiving of paper-based patient records of clinical trial subjects – a key issues paper of KKSN, GMDS, and TMF in collaboration with the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM and the Health Authority Northrhine-Westphalia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kohl, Christian D.

2013-04-01

Full Text Available [english] The management and maintenance of paper-based patient record archives involve high running costs. Therefore, many health care providers choose to digitize their paper records subsequently destroying the originals. By now, this is an established procedure for patient records from routine care.However, at present it is unclear under which circumstances the patient records of patients taking part in clinical trials can be destroyed after digitization. Paper-based original records may only be destroyed if their digital copies are recognized as source documents by both sponsors and authorities. The authors believe that this recognition should be possible, as long as the scanned paper-based records fulfill the requirements for certified copies according to the Note for Guidance (ICH-GCP. This requires that, based on the applied rules, it can be proven at any time that the existing digitization process is clearly regulated, and the resulting quality is regularly controlled and sufficiently high.The objective of this key issues paper is to present the manner in which the existing regulatory guidelines can be implemented to allow the digitized patient records being recognized as source documents.An English version of this article will be published in “Clinical Investigation” (Future Science .[german] Das Verwalten und Vorhalten von Archiven für papierbasierte Patientenakten verursacht hohe laufende Kosten. Viele Gesundheitsversorger sind daher dazu übergegangen, ihre Papierakten in einem Scan-Prozess zu digitalisieren und die Originalakten anschließend zu vernichten. Für die Patientenversorgung hat sich dieses Vorgehen bewährt.Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt ist jedoch unklar, unter welchen Voraussetzungen Krankenakten von Patienten, die an klinischen Studien teilnehmen, nach dem Digitalisieren vernichtet werden können. Die papierbasierten Originalakten können nur dann vernichtet werden, wenn deren digitale Kopien von Sponsoren und Beh

Wall temperature measurements using a thermal imaging camera with temperature-dependent emissivity corrections

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McDaid, Chloe; Zhang, Yang

2011-01-01

A methodology is presented whereby the relationship between temperature and emissivity for fused quartz has been used to correct the temperature values of a quartz impingement plate detected by an SC3000 thermal imaging camera. The methodology uses an iterative method using the initial temperature (obtained by assuming a constant emissivity) to find the emissivity values which are then put into the thermal imaging software and used to find the subsequent temperatures, which are used to find the emissivities, and so on until converged. This method is used for a quartz impingement plate that has been heated under various flame conditions, and the results are compared. Radiation losses from the plate are also calculated, and it is shown that even a slight change in temperature greatly affects the radiation loss. It is a general methodology that can be used for any wall material whose emissivity is a function of temperature

Rescaling Temperature and Entropy

Science.gov (United States)

Olmsted, John, III

2010-01-01

Temperature and entropy traditionally are expressed in units of kelvin and joule/kelvin. These units obscure some important aspects of the natures of these thermodynamic quantities. Defining a rescaled temperature using the Boltzmann constant, T' = k[subscript B]T, expresses temperature in energy units, thereby emphasizing the close relationship…

Dipolon theory of energy gap parameters at finite temperature and transition temperatures Tc and T* in high-temperature superconductors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sharma, R.R.

2006-01-01

First temperature dependent regular and pseudo-energy gap parameters and regular and pseudo-transition temperatures arising from the same physical origin have been calculated in the strong coupling formalism. Temperature dependent many-body field-theoretic techniques have been developed, as an extension of our previous zero-temperature formalism, to derive temperature dependent general expressions for the renormalized energy gap parameter Δ(k->,ω), the gap renormalization parameter Z(k->,ω) and energy band renormalization parameter χ(k->,ω) for momentum k-> and frequency ω making use of dipolon propagator and electron Green's function taking into account explicitly the dressed dipolons as mediators of superconductivity, the screened Coulomb repulsion and nonrigid electron energy bands considering retardation and damping effects and electron-hole asymmetry. The theory takes into account all necessary and important correlations. Our self-consistent calculations utilize the previously symmetry predicted two energy gap parameters for superconducting cuprates, one being antisymmetric (''as'') with respect to the exchange of the k x and k y components of vector k-> and the other being symmetric (''s'') with respect to the exchange of k x and k y . Our present temperature dependent self-consistent solutions of the real and imaginary parts of the Δ(k->,ω), Z(k->,ω) and χ(k->,ω) confirm the existence of these two (different) solutions and conclude that the antisymmetric solution of the gap parameter corresponds to the observed regular (''reg'') superconducting energy gap whereas the symmetric solution corresponds to the observed pseudo-(''pse-'') energy gap. Explicit temperature dependent self-consistent calculations have been performed here for Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ as well as Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 giving temperature dependent energy gap parameters and corresponding transition temperatures. The calculated results are consistent with the available experimental

Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature?

Science.gov (United States)

Ivan Arismendi; Mohammad Safeeq; Jason B Dunham; Sherri L Johnson

2014-01-01

Worldwide, lack of data on stream temperature has motivated the use of regression-based statistical models to predict stream temperatures based on more widely available data on air temperatures. Such models have been widely applied to project responses of stream temperatures under climate change, but the performance of these models has not been fully evaluated. To...

Effects of molten material temperatures and coolant temperatures on vapor explosion

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

LI Tianshu; YANG Yanhua; YUAN Minghao; HU Zhihua

2007-01-01

An observable experiment facility for low-temperature molten materials to be dropped into water was set up in this study to investigate the mechanism of the vapor explosion. The effect of the fuel and coolant interaction(FCI) on the vapor explosion during the severe accidents of a fission nuclear reactor has been studied. The experiment results showed that the molten material temperature has an important effect on the vapor explosion behavior and pressure. The increase of the coolant temperature would decrease the pressure of the vapor explosion.

Research of fuel temperature control in fuel pipeline of diesel engine using positive temperature coefficient material

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xiaolu Li

2016-01-01

Full Text Available As fuel temperature increases, both its viscosity and surface tension decrease, and this is helpful to improve fuel atomization and then better combustion and emission performances of engine. Based on the self-regulated temperature property of positive temperature coefficient material, this article used a positive temperature coefficient material as electric heating element to heat diesel fuel in fuel pipeline of diesel engine. A kind of BaTiO3-based positive temperature coefficient material, with the Curie temperature of 230°C and rated voltage of 24 V, was developed, and its micrograph and element compositions were also analyzed. By the fuel pipeline wrapped in six positive temperature coefficient ceramics, its resistivity–temperature and heating characteristics were tested on a fuel pump bench. The experiments showed that in this installation, the surface temperature of six positive temperature coefficient ceramics rose to the equilibrium temperature only for 100 s at rated voltage. In rated power supply for six positive temperature coefficient ceramics, the temperature of injection fuel improved for 21°C–27°C within 100 s, and then could keep constant. Using positive temperature coefficient material to heat diesel in fuel pipeline of diesel engine, the injection mass per cycle had little change, approximately 0.3%/°C. This study provides a beneficial reference for improving atomization of high-viscosity liquids by employing positive temperature coefficient material without any control methods.

Near-surface temperature inversion during summer at Summit, Greenland, and its relation to MODIS-derived surface temperatures

Science.gov (United States)

Adolph, Alden C.; Albert, Mary R.; Hall, Dorothy K.

2018-03-01

As rapid warming of the Arctic occurs, it is imperative that climate indicators such as temperature be monitored over large areas to understand and predict the effects of climate changes. Temperatures are traditionally tracked using in situ 2 m air temperatures and can also be assessed using remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing is especially valuable over the Greenland Ice Sheet, where few ground-based air temperature measurements exist. Because of the presence of surface-based temperature inversions in ice-covered areas, differences between 2 m air temperature and the temperature of the actual snow surface (referred to as skin temperature) can be significant and are particularly relevant when considering validation and application of remote sensing temperature data. We present results from a field campaign extending from 8 June to 18 July 2015, near Summit Station in Greenland, to study surface temperature using the following measurements: skin temperature measured by an infrared (IR) sensor, 2 m air temperature measured by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) meteorological station, and a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface temperature product. Our data indicate that 2 m air temperature is often significantly higher than snow skin temperature measured in situ, and this finding may account for apparent biases in previous studies of MODIS products that used 2 m air temperature for validation. This inversion is present during our study period when incoming solar radiation and wind speed are both low. As compared to our in situ IR skin temperature measurements, after additional cloud masking, the MOD/MYD11 Collection 6 surface temperature standard product has an RMSE of 1.0 °C and a mean bias of -0.4 °C, spanning a range of temperatures from -35 to -5 °C (RMSE = 1.6 °C and mean bias = -0.7 °C prior to cloud masking). For our study area and time series, MODIS surface temperature products agree with skin surface

In situ measurement of flow characteristics of natural saline rock in loose zones for gas and saline solutions in given rock stress conditions. Final report; In-situ-Ermittlung von Stroemungskennwerten natuerlicher Salzgesteine in Auflockerungszonen gegenueber Gas und Salzloesungen unter den gegebenen Spannungsbedingungen im Gebirge. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haefner, F.; Belohlavek, K.U.; Behr, A.; Foerster, S.; Pohl, A.

2001-04-01

A method and equipment were developed for measuring the extension of loose zones around worked areas in saline rock and for in situ measurement of very small permeabilities and porosities in these zones. The experiments are based on unsteady borehole logs with flowing gases or liquids with special multiple pack systems that enable measurements from 4 cm to 15 m from the cavern contour. The measurements were evaluated by a specially developed software with automatic parameter identification. Permeabilities were identified between 10{sup 14} m{sup 2} and the detection limit of 10{sup 24} m{sup 2} and effective porosities of less than 0.1% at experimental times of several minutes up to several days. The logs were made in 3 mines in Stassfurt rock salt at depths of 700 and 500 m with different geological and geomechanical boundary conditions, worked in different ways and for different periods of time (between a few days and 37 years). Some of the findings were validated by ultrasonic measurements. [German] Fuer die Ermittlung der Ausdehnung von Auflockerungszonen um bergmaennisch aufgefahrene Strecken/Hohlraeume im Salzgestein und zur In-situ-Bestimmung kleinster Permeabilitaeten und Porositaeten in diesen Bereichen wurde ein Verfahren und eine praktikable Versuchsausruestung entwickelt. Diese eignet sich auch fuer Frac-Untersuchungen. Basis der Versuchsdurchfuehrungen sind instationaere Bohrlochuntersuchungen mit Gasen oder Fluessigkeiten als Stroemungsfluid unter Einsatz spezieller Mehrfachpackersysteme. Damit sind Messungen ab 4 cm Abstand zur Hohlraumkontur bis zu 15 m moeglich. Die Versuchsauswertung erfolgt mittels einer speziell entwickelten Software mit automatischer Parameteridentifikation, die die instationaere Stroemung um die Versuchsbohrung raeumlich vollstaendig beschreibt. Permeabilitaeten wurden je nach Abstand zur Hohlraumkontur zwischen 10{sup -14} m{sup 2} und der Nachweisgrenze 10{sup -24} m{sup 2} und effektive Porositaeten bis <0,1% ermittelt, bei

Determination of Cardinal Temperatures and Germination Respond to Different Temperature for Five Lawns Cultivars

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

hadi khavari

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Germination of every plant species respond to temperature variation in particular way. Germination is critical stage in plant life cycle. Seed germination is a complex biological process that is influenced by various environmental and genetic factors. The effects of temperature on plant development are the basis for models used to predict the timing of germination. Estimation of the cardinal temperatures, including base, optimum, and maximum, is essential because rate of development increases between base and optimum, decreases between optimum and maximum, and ceases above the maximum and below the base temperatures. Usually, a linear increase in germination rate is associated with an increase in temperature from base temperature (Tb to an optimum. An increase of temperature from the optimum will reduce the germination rate to zero. To determine the best planting date for plants, it is necessary to find the base (Tb, optimum (To and maximum temperatures (Tc for seed germination. These are known as cardinal temperatures. Modelling of seed germination is considered an effective approach to determining cardinal temperatures for most plant species, although these methods have some limitations due to unpredictable biological changes. The results of fitting mechanical models are useful for evaluating seed quality, germination rate, germination percentage, germination uniformity and seed performance under different environmental stresses such as salinity, drought, and freezing. Regression models incorporating more parameters can produce more precise estimates. Cardinal temperature was determined using segmented and logistic models in millet varieties and seedling emergence of wheat. In the dent-like model at lower-than-optimum temperature, a linear relationship holds between temperature and germination rate. This relationship remains linear at higher-than-optimum temperatures, but with a reducing trend. With increasing temperature

A survey of anticoagulation practice among German speaking microsurgeons – Perioperative management of anticoagulant therapy in free flap surgery [Erhebung über die antikoagulatorische Praxis unter deutschsprachigen Mikrochirurgen – Perioperatives Management der antikoagulatorischen Therapie bei freien Lappentransplantaten

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jokuszies, Andreas

2012-02-01

Full Text Available [english] Background: Anticoagulation is a crucial element in microsurgery. Although various clinical studies and international surveys have revealed that anticoagulation strategies can vary and result in similar outcomes, anticoagulative regimen are far away from standardization. In Germany and german speaking countries standardized anticoagulation protocols concerning free flap surgery do not exist so far. Methods: To evaluate the current practice of clinics in Germany, Austria and Switzerland with specialization in microsurgery we performed a questionnaire surveying the perioperative regimen of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in free flap surgery. The microsurgeons were interrogated on several anticoagulant, rheologic and antiplatelet medications, their dosage and perioperative frequency of application pre-, intra- and postoperative.Results: The questionnaire revealed that the used antithrombotic and perioperative regimens varied from department to department presumably based on the personal experience of the surgeon. Multiple approaches are used with a wide range of anticoagulants used either alone or in combination, with different intervals of application and different dosages. Conclusion: Therefore consensus meetings should be held in future leading to conduct prospective multicenter studies with formulation of standardized anticoagulative and perioperative protocols in microsurgery reducing flap failure to other than pharmacologic reasons.[german] Hintergrund: Die Antikoagulation stellt ein zentrales Element in der Mikrochirurgie dar. Zahlreiche klinische Studien und internationale Erhebungen zu antikoagulatorischen Strategien weisen eine grosse Varianz bei vergleichbaren Resultaten nach, entbehren jedoch einer Standardisierung. Auch in Deutschland und deutschsprachigen Ländern fehlen bislang standardisierte Regime zur Antikoagulation in der Mikrochirurgie.Methodik: Zur Erhebung der antikoagulatorischen Praxis unter

Temperature measurement device

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fournier, Christian; Lions, Noel.

1975-01-01

The present invention relates to a temperature measuring system that can be applied in particular to monitoring the temperature of the cooling liquid metal of the outlet of the core assemblies of a fast reactor. Said device combines a long hollow metallic pole, at least partially dipped into the liquid metal and constituting a first thermocouple junction between said pole, and two metallic conductors of different nature, joined at one of their ends to constitute the second thermocouple junction. Said conductors suitably insulated are arranged inside a sheath. Said sheath made of the same metals as the pole extends inside the latter and is connected with the pole through a soldered joint. Said reliable system permits an instantaneous measurement of a quantity representing the variations in the recorded temperature and a measurement of the mean surrounding temperature that can be direcly used as a reference for calibrating the first one [fr

Core body temperature, skin temperature, and interface pressure. Relationship to skin integrity in nursing home residents.

Science.gov (United States)

Knox, D M

1999-06-01

To ascertain the effects of 1-, 1 1/2-, and 2-hour turning intervals on nursing home residents' skin over the sacrum and trochanters. (1) the higher the core body temperature, the higher the skin surface temperature; (2) the 2-hour turning interval would have significantly higher skin surface temperature; (3) there would be no relationship between skin surface temperature and interface pressure; and (4) the sacrum would have the lowest skin surface temperature. Modified Latin-square. For-profit nursing home. Convenience sample of 26 residents who scored bedridden. First Temp measured core temperature; a disposable thermistor temperature probe, skin temperature; and a digital interface pressure evaluator, the interface pressure. Negative correlation (r = -.33, P = .003) occurred between core body temperature and skin surface temperature. Skin surface temperature rose at the end of the 2-hour turning interval but was not significant (F = (2.68) = .73, P = .49). Weak negative relationship (r = -12, P = .29) occurred between skin surface temperature and interface pressure, and sacral skin surface temperature was significantly lower for the left trochanter only (F = (8.68) = 7.05, P = .002). Although hypotheses were not supported, more research is needed to understand how time in position and multiple chronic illnesses interact to affect skin pressure tolerance.

The upper atmosphere of Uranus - Mean temperature and temperature variations

Science.gov (United States)

Dunham, E.; Elliot, J. L.; Gierasch, P. J.

1980-01-01

The number-density, pressure, and temperature profiles of the Uranian atmosphere in the pressure interval from 0.3 to 30 dynes/sq cm are derived from observations of the occultation of SAO 158687 by Uranus on 1977 March 10, observations made from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the Cape Town station of the South African Astronomical Observatory. The mean temperature is found to be about 95 K, but peak-to-peak variations from 10 K to 20 K or more exist on a scale of 150 km or 3 scale heights. The existence of a thermal inversion is established, but the inversion is much weaker than the analogous inversion on Neptune. The mean temperature can be explained by solar heating in the 3.3 micron methane band with a methane mixing ratio of 4 x 10 to the -6th combined with the cooling effect of ethane with a mixing ratio of not greater than 4 x 10 to the -6th. The temperature variations are probably due to a photochemical process that has formed a Chapman layer.

The Kelvin and Temperature Measurements

Science.gov (United States)

Mangum, B. W.; Furukawa, G. T.; Kreider, K. G.; Meyer, C. W.; Ripple, D. C.; Strouse, G. F.; Tew, W. L.; Moldover, M. R.; Johnson, B. Carol; Yoon, H. W.; Gibson, C. E.; Saunders, R. D.

2001-01-01

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined from 0.65 K upwards to the highest temperature measurable by spectral radiation thermometry, the radiation thermometry being based on the Planck radiation law. When it was developed, the ITS-90 represented thermodynamic temperatures as closely as possible. Part I of this paper describes the realization of contact thermometry up to 1234.93 K, the temperature range in which the ITS-90 is defined in terms of calibration of thermometers at 15 fixed points and vapor pressure/temperature relations which are phase equilibrium states of pure substances. The realization is accomplished by using fixed-point devices, containing samples of the highest available purity, and suitable temperature-controlled environments. All components are constructed to achieve the defining equilibrium states of the samples for the calibration of thermometers. The high quality of the temperature realization and measurements is well documented. Various research efforts are described, including research to improve the uncertainty in thermodynamic temperatures by measuring the velocity of sound in gas up to 800 K, research in applying noise thermometry techniques, and research on thermocouples. Thermometer calibration services and high-purity samples and devices suitable for “on-site” thermometer calibration that are available to the thermometry community are described. Part II of the paper describes the realization of temperature above 1234.93 K for which the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the calibration of spectroradiometers using reference blackbody sources that are at the temperature of the equilibrium liquid-solid phase transition of pure silver, gold, or copper. The realization of temperature from absolute spectral or total radiometry over the temperature range from about 60 K to 3000 K is also described. The dissemination of the temperature scale using radiation thermometry from NIST to the customer is achieved by

Temperature in the throat

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dariush Kaviani

2016-09-01

Full Text Available We study the temperature of extended objects in string theory. Rotating probe D-branes admit horizons and temperatures a la Unruh effect. We find that the induced metrics on slow rotating probe D1-branes in holographic string solutions including warped Calabi–Yau throats have distinct thermal horizons with characteristic Hawking temperatures even if there is no black hole in the bulk Calabi–Yau. Taking the UV/IR limits of the solution, we show that the world volume black hole nucleation depends on the deformation and the warping of the throat. We find that world volume horizons and temperatures of expected features form not in the regular confining IR region but in the singular nonconfining UV solution. In the conformal limit of the UV, we find horizons and temperatures similar to those on rotating probes in the AdS throat found in the literature. In this case, we also find that activating a background gauge field form the U(1 R-symmetry modifies the induced metric with its temperature describing two different classes of black hole solutions.

Brennstoffzellentechnik

Science.gov (United States)

Kurzweil, Peter

Brennstoffzellen "verbrennen" einen Brennstoff nicht mit einer Feuererscheinung unter Freisetzung von Wärme. Anders als ihr Name vermuten lässt, wird üblicherweise Wasserstoff wie in einer Batterie durch elektrochemische Vorgänge verstromt statt verbrannt. Brennstoffzellen wandeln die im Brennstoff gespeicherte chemische Energie direkt in Elektrizität — ohne Umweg über Wärme!

Classification of windfields: a diagnostic tool for real-time determination of local air pollution dispersion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Graber, W.K.; Buerki, D. [Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)

1997-06-01

In the framework of the project `WINDBANK unteres Aaretal` local winds over complex terrain were measured over a 4 month period and a cluster analysis is used to identify 13 different typical wind fields. A subset of representative stations is established to identify the classes for future applications in emergency planning. (author) 4 figs., 3 refs.

Völker strafen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Henning Radtke

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Rezensierte Werke:William A. Schabas, Der Genozid im Völkerrecht, Hamburg: Hamburger Edition HIS 2003, 792 S., ISBN 3-930908-88-3; Gerhard Werle, Völkerstrafrecht (unter Mitarbeit von Florian Jeßberger, Wulf Burchards, Barbara Lüders, Stephan Meseke, Volker Nerlich, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2003, 553 S., ISBN 3-16-148087-2

Entwicklung einer Produktstrategie für einen Veranstaltungskalender Wirtschaftswissenschaften

OpenAIRE

Steinhagen, Elisabeth

2014-01-01

Diese Arbeit hat das Ziel, am Beispiel des ZBW-Veranstaltungskalenders zu zeigen, dass eine Produktstrategie ein wertvolles Instrument ist, um ein Informationsprodukt erfolgreich zu etablieren bzw. weiterzuentwickeln. Dafür werden in Anlehnung an Methoden der strategischen Unternehmensplanung und des Produktmanagements wichtige Einflussfaktoren für das Produkt ZBWVeranstaltungskalender systematisch identifiziert und mittels IST-Analyse, Zielgruppenanalyse sowie Wettbewerbsanalyse unters...

Effects of Ambient Temperature and Forced-air Warming on Intraoperative Core Temperature: A Factorial Randomized Trial.

Science.gov (United States)

Pei, Lijian; Huang, Yuguang; Xu, Yiyao; Zheng, Yongchang; Sang, Xinting; Zhou, Xiaoyun; Li, Shanqing; Mao, Guangmei; Mascha, Edward J; Sessler, Daniel I

2018-05-01

The effect of ambient temperature, with and without active warming, on intraoperative core temperature remains poorly characterized. The authors determined the effect of ambient temperature on core temperature changes with and without forced-air warming. In this unblinded three-by-two factorial trial, 292 adults were randomized to ambient temperatures 19°, 21°, or 23°C, and to passive insulation or forced-air warming. The primary outcome was core temperature change between 1 and 3 h after induction. Linear mixed-effects models assessed the effects of ambient temperature, warming method, and their interaction. A 1°C increase in ambient temperature attenuated the negative slope of core temperature change 1 to 3 h after anesthesia induction by 0.03 (98.3% CI, 0.01 to 0.06) °Ccore/(h°Cambient) (P ambient temperature with passive insulation, but was unaffected by ambient temperature during forced-air warming (0.02 [98.3% CI, -0.04 to 0.09] °Ccore/°Cambient; P = 0.40). After an average of 3.4 h of surgery, core temperature was 36.3° ± 0.5°C in each of the forced-air groups, and ranged from 35.6° to 36.1°C in passively insulated patients. Ambient intraoperative temperature has a negligible effect on core temperature when patients are warmed with forced air. The effect is larger when patients are passively insulated, but the magnitude remains small. Ambient temperature can thus be set to comfortable levels for staff in patients who are actively warmed.

Effect of In-situ Cure on Measurement of Glass Transition Temperatures in High-temperature Thermosetting Polymers

Science.gov (United States)

2015-01-01

TEMPERATURES IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE THERMOSETTING POLYMERS 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER In-House 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S...illustrated the difficulties inherent in measurement of the glass transition temperature of this high-temperature thermosetting polymer via dynamic...copyright protection in the United States. EFFECT OF IN-SITU CURE ON MEASUREMENT OF GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURES IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE THERMOSETTING

Bradycardia During Targeted Temperature Management

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Thomsen, Jakob Hartvig; Nielsen, Niklas; Hassager, Christian

2016-01-01

OBJECTIVES: Bradycardia is common during targeted temperature management, likely being a physiologic response to lower body temperature, and has recently been associated with favorable outcome following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in smaller observational studies. The present study sought...... to confirm this finding in a large multicenter cohort of patients treated with targeted temperature management at 33°C and explore the response to targeted temperature management targeting 36°C. DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of a prospective randomized study. SETTING: Thirty-six ICUs in 10 countries. PATIENTS......: We studied 447 (targeted temperature management = 33°C) and 430 (targeted temperature management = 36°C) comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with available heart rate data, randomly assigned in the targeted temperature management trial from 2010 to 2013. INTERVENTIONS: Targeted...

Near-surface temperature inversion during summer at Summit, Greenland, and its relation to MODIS-derived surface temperatures

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. C. Adolph

2018-03-01

Full Text Available As rapid warming of the Arctic occurs, it is imperative that climate indicators such as temperature be monitored over large areas to understand and predict the effects of climate changes. Temperatures are traditionally tracked using in situ 2 m air temperatures and can also be assessed using remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing is especially valuable over the Greenland Ice Sheet, where few ground-based air temperature measurements exist. Because of the presence of surface-based temperature inversions in ice-covered areas, differences between 2 m air temperature and the temperature of the actual snow surface (referred to as skin temperature can be significant and are particularly relevant when considering validation and application of remote sensing temperature data. We present results from a field campaign extending from 8 June to 18 July 2015, near Summit Station in Greenland, to study surface temperature using the following measurements: skin temperature measured by an infrared (IR sensor, 2 m air temperature measured by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA meteorological station, and a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS surface temperature product. Our data indicate that 2 m air temperature is often significantly higher than snow skin temperature measured in situ, and this finding may account for apparent biases in previous studies of MODIS products that used 2 m air temperature for validation. This inversion is present during our study period when incoming solar radiation and wind speed are both low. As compared to our in situ IR skin temperature measurements, after additional cloud masking, the MOD/MYD11 Collection 6 surface temperature standard product has an RMSE of 1.0 °C and a mean bias of −0.4 °C, spanning a range of temperatures from −35 to −5 °C (RMSE  =  1.6 °C and mean bias  =  −0.7 °C prior to cloud masking. For our study area and time series

Influence of low ambient temperature on epitympanic temperature measurement: a prospective randomized clinical study.

Science.gov (United States)

Strapazzon, Giacomo; Procter, Emily; Putzer, Gabriel; Avancini, Giovanni; Dal Cappello, Tomas; Überbacher, Norbert; Hofer, Georg; Rainer, Bernhard; Rammlmair, Georg; Brugger, Hermann

2015-11-05

Epitympanic temperature (Tty) measured with thermistor probes correlates with core body temperature (Tcore), but the reliability of measurements at low ambient temperature is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if commercially-available thermistor-based Tty reflects Tcore in low ambient temperature and if Tty is influenced by insulation of the ear. Thirty-one participants (two females) were exposed to room (23.2 ± 0.4 °C) and low (-18.7 ± 1.0 °C) ambient temperature for 10 min using a randomized cross-over design. Tty was measured using an epitympanic probe (M1024233, GE Healthcare Finland Oy) and oesophageal temperature (Tes) with an oesophageal probe (M1024229, GE Healthcare Finland Oy) inserted into the lower third of the oesophagus. Ten participants wore ear protectors (Arton 2200, Emil Lux GmbH & Co. KG, Wermelskirchen, Switzerland) to insulate the ear from ambient air. During exposure to room temperature, mean Tty increased from 33.4 ± 1.5 to 34.2 ± 0.8 °C without insulation of the ear and from 35.0 ± 0.8 to 35.5 ± 0.7 °C with insulation. During exposure to low ambient temperature, mean Tty decreased from 32.4 ± 1.6 to 28.5 ± 2.0 °C without insulation and from 35.6 ± 0.6 to 35.2 ± 0.9 °C with insulation. The difference between Tty and Tes at low ambient temperature was reduced by 82% (from 7.2 to 1.3 °C) with insulation of the ear. Epitympanic temperature measurements are influenced by ambient temperature and deviate from Tes at room and low ambient temperature. Insulating the ear with ear protectors markedly reduced the difference between Tty and Tes and improved the stability of measurements. The use of models to correct Tty may be possible, but results should be validated in larger studies.

A new temperature collection system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kong Wenchuang; Wang Daihua; Zhang Zhijie

2011-01-01

According to the characteristics of explosion field temperature testing, a new temperature collection system based on complex programmable logic device (CPLD), single chip microcontroller (SCM) and static ram (SRAM) is proposed. The system adopts the NANMAC E12 type of thermocouple as the temperature sensor, DS600 temperature sensor for cold temperature compensation, with rapid synchronous collection, trigger and working parameters adjustable characteristics. The system used SCM combined with USB communication interface, easy operation and reliable. (authors)

Comparison of axillary and rectal temperatures for healthy Beagles in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment.

Science.gov (United States)

Mathis, Justin C; Campbell, Vicki L

2015-07-01

To compare axillary and rectal temperature measurements obtained with a digital thermometer for Beagles in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment. 26 healthy Beagles (17 sexually intact males and 9 sexually intact females). Dogs were maintained in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment for 56 days before rectal and axillary temperatures were measured. Axillary and rectal temperatures were obtained in triplicate for each dog by use of a single commercially available manufacturer-calibrated digital thermometer. Mean rectal and axillary temperatures of Beagles maintained in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment were significantly different, with a median ± SD difference of 1.4° ± 0.15°C (range, 0.7° to 2.1°C). Mean rectal and axillary temperatures were 38.7°C (range, 37.6° to 39.5°C) and 37.2°C (range, 36.6° to 38.3°C), respectively. Results of this study indicated that the historical reference of a 0.55°C gradient between rectal and axillary temperatures that has been clinically used for veterinary patients was inaccurate for healthy Beagles in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment. Rectal and axillary temperatures can be measured in veterinary patients. Reliable interpretation of axillary temperatures may accommodate patient comfort and reduce patient anxiety when serial measurement of temperatures is necessary. Further clinical studies will be needed.

Continuous Emission Spectrum Measurement for Electron Temperature Determination in Low-Temperature Collisional Plasmas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Qiuyan; Li Hong; Chen Zhipeng; Xie Jinlin; Liu Wandong

2011-01-01

Continuous emission spectrum measurement is applied for the inconvenient diagnostics of low-temperature collisional plasmas. According to the physical mechanism of continuous emission, a simplified model is presented to analyze the spectrum in low temperature plasma. The validity of this model is discussed in a wide range of discharge parameters, including electron temperature and ionization degree. Through the simplified model, the continuous emission spectrum in a collisional argon internal inductively coupled plasma is experimentally measured to determine the electron temperature distribution for different gas pressures and radio-frequency powers. The inverse Abel transform is also applied for a better spatially resoluted results. Meanwhile, the result of the continuous emission spectrum measurement is compared to that of the electrostatic double probes, which indicates the effectiveness of this method. (low temperature plasma)

Simulation of temperature field for temperature-controlled radio frequency ablation using a hyperbolic bioheat equation and temperature-varied voltage calibration: a liver-mimicking phantom study.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Man; Zhou, Zhuhuang; Wu, Shuicai; Lin, Lan; Gao, Hongjian; Feng, Yusheng

2015-12-21

This study aims at improving the accuracy of temperature simulation for temperature-controlled radio frequency ablation (RFA). We proposed a new voltage-calibration method in the simulation and investigated the feasibility of a hyperbolic bioheat equation (HBE) in the RFA simulation with longer durations and higher power. A total of 40 RFA experiments was conducted in a liver-mimicking phantom. Four mathematical models with multipolar electrodes were developed by the finite element method in COMSOL software: HBE with/without voltage calibration, and the Pennes bioheat equation (PBE) with/without voltage calibration. The temperature-varied voltage calibration used in the simulation was calculated from an experimental power output and temperature-dependent resistance of liver tissue. We employed the HBE in simulation by considering the delay time τ of 16 s. First, for simulations by each kind of bioheat equation (PBE or HBE), we compared the differences between the temperature-varied voltage-calibration and the fixed-voltage values used in the simulations. Then, the comparisons were conducted between the PBE and the HBE in the simulations with temperature-varied voltage calibration. We verified the simulation results by experimental temperature measurements on nine specific points of the tissue phantom. The results showed that: (1) the proposed voltage-calibration method improved the simulation accuracy of temperature-controlled RFA for both the PBE and the HBE, and (2) for temperature-controlled RFA simulation with the temperature-varied voltage calibration, the HBE method was 0.55 °C more accurate than the PBE method. The proposed temperature-varied voltage calibration may be useful in temperature field simulations of temperature-controlled RFA. Besides, the HBE may be used as an alternative in the simulation of long-duration high-power RFA.

Comparison of an in-helmet temperature monitor system to rectal temperature during exercise.

Science.gov (United States)

Wickwire, P Jason; Buresh, Robert J; Tis, Laurie L; Collins, Mitchell A; Jacobs, Robert D; Bell, Marla M

2012-01-01

Body temperature monitoring is crucial in helping to decrease the amount and severity of heat illnesses; however, a practical method of monitoring temperature is lacking. In response to the lack of a practical method of monitoring the temperature of athletes, Hothead Technologies developed a device (HOT), which continuously monitors an athlete's fluctuations in body temperature. HOT measures forehead temperature inside helmets. The purpose of this study was to compare HOT against rectal temperature (Trec). Male volunteers (n = 29, age = 23.5 ± 4.5 years, weight = 83.8 ± 10.4 kg, height = 180.1 ± 5.8 cm, body fat = 12.3 ± 4.5%) exercised on a treadmill at an intensity of 60-75% heart rate reserve (HRR) (wet bulb globe temperature [WBGT] = 28.7° C) until Trec reached 38.7° C. The correlation between Trec and HOT was 0.801 (R = 0.64, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 0.25, p = 0.00). One reason for this relatively high correlation is the microclimate that HOT is monitoring. HOT is not affected by the external climate greatly because of its location in the helmet. Therefore, factors such as evaporation do not alter HOT temperature to a great degree. HOT was compared with Trec in a controlled setting, and the exercise used in this study was moderate aerobic exercise, very unlike that used in football. In a controlled laboratory setting, the relationship between HOT and Trec showed favorable correlations. However, in applied settings, helmets are repeatedly removed and replaced forcing HOT to equilibrate to forehead temperature every time the helmet is replaced. Therefore, future studies are needed to mimic how HOT will be used in field situations.

Causes of Greenland temperature variability over the past 4000 yr: implications for northern hemispheric temperature changes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

T. Kobashi

2013-10-01

Full Text Available Precise understanding of Greenland temperature variability is important in two ways. First, Greenland ice sheet melting associated with rising temperature is a major global sea level forcing, potentially affecting large populations in coming centuries. Second, Greenland temperatures are highly affected by North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation (NAO/AO and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO. In our earlier study, we found that Greenland temperature deviated negatively (positively from northern hemispheric (NH temperature trend during stronger (weaker solar activity owing to changes in atmospheric/oceanic changes (e.g. NAO/AO over the past 800 yr (Kobashi et al., 2013. Therefore, a precise Greenland temperature record can provide important constraints on the past atmospheric/oceanic circulation in the region and beyond. Here, we investigated Greenland temperature variability over the past 4000 yr reconstructed from argon and nitrogen isotopes from trapped air in a GISP2 ice core, using a one-dimensional energy balance model with orbital, solar, volcanic, greenhouse gas, and aerosol forcings. The modelled northern Northern Hemisphere (NH temperature exhibits a cooling trend over the past 4000 yr as observed for the reconstructed Greenland temperature through decreasing annual average insolation. With consideration of the negative influence of solar variability, the modelled and observed Greenland temperatures agree with correlation coefficients of r = 0.34–0.36 (p = 0.1–0.04 in 21 yr running means (RMs and r = 0.38–0.45 (p = 0.1–0.05 on a centennial timescale (101 yr RMs. Thus, the model can explain 14 to 20% of variance of the observed Greenland temperature in multidecadal to centennial timescales with a 90–96% confidence interval, suggesting that a weak but persistent negative solar influence on Greenland temperature continued over the past 4000 yr. Then, we estimated the distribution of multidecadal NH and northern high

Study of CMOS-SOI Integrated Temperature Sensing Circuits for On-Chip Temperature Monitoring.

Science.gov (United States)

Malits, Maria; Brouk, Igor; Nemirovsky, Yael

2018-05-19

This paper investigates the concepts, performance and limitations of temperature sensing circuits realized in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) silicon on insulator (SOI) technology. It is shown that the MOSFET threshold voltage ( V t ) can be used to accurately measure the chip local temperature by using a V t extractor circuit. Furthermore, the circuit's performance is compared to standard circuits used to generate an accurate output current or voltage proportional to the absolute temperature, i.e., proportional-to-absolute temperature (PTAT), in terms of linearity, sensitivity, power consumption, speed, accuracy and calibration needs. It is shown that the V t extractor circuit is a better solution to determine the temperature of low power, analog and mixed-signal designs due to its accuracy, low power consumption and no need for calibration. The circuit has been designed using 1 µm partially depleted (PD) CMOS-SOI technology, and demonstrates a measurement inaccuracy of ±1.5 K across 300 K⁻500 K temperature range while consuming only 30 µW during operation.

Brane-antibrane systems at finite temperature and phase transition near the Hagedorn temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hotta, Kenji

2002-01-01

In order to study the thermodynamic properties of brane-antibrane systems, we compute the finite temperature effective potential of tachyon T in this system on the basis of boundary string field theory. At low temperature, the minimum of the potential shifts towards T=0 as the temperature increases. In the D9-anti-D9 case, the sign of the coefficient of vertical bar T vertical bar 2 term of the potential changes slightly below the Hagedorn temperature. This means that a phase transition occurs near the Hagedorn temperature. On the other hand, the coefficient is kept negative in the Dp-anti-Dp case with p≤8, and thus a phase transition does not occur. This leads us to the conclusion that only a D9-anti-D9 pair and no other (lower dimensional) brane-antibrane pairs are created near the Hagedorn temperature. We also discuss a phase transition in NS9B-anti-NS9B case as a model of the Hagedorn transition of closed strings. (author)

The rectal temperature estimation method based on tympanic temperature for workers wearing protective clothing in nuclear facilities

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Takahashi, Naoki; Lee, Joo-Young; Wakabayashi, Hitoshi; Tochihara, Yutaka

2012-01-01

At nuclear facilities, workers wear impermeable protective clothing to prevent radioactive contamination during inspection and maintenance activities. The heat stroke risk of the workers wearing protective clothing gradually increases, because of retaining heat and humidity inside of protective clothing. Normally, the rectal temperature is used to manage the heat stroke risk. But the rectal temperature measurement is very difficult at the working place. We have already reported that the measurement of infrared tympanic temperature is more realistic than that of rectal temperature to manage the heat stroke risk. But tympanic temperature indicates high temperature compared to rectal temperature. So, the use of the tympanic temperature overestimates core temperature and decreases the work efficiency. Therefore, we attempted to make formulas to predict rectal temperature from measured tympanic temperature, and to use calculated rectal temperature for safer and more efficient management. The rectal temperature predicted with the formulas agreed with the actual measurement within the range of measurement error (±0.1degC). Combination of tympanic temperature measurement and heat rate evaluation enabled the safer management of the heat stroke risk with wearing protective clothing. (author)

Reconstructing bottom water temperatures from measurements of temperature and thermal diffusivity in marine sediments

Science.gov (United States)

Miesner, F.; Lechleiter, A.; Müller, C.

2015-07-01

Continuous monitoring of oceanic bottom water temperatures is a complicated task, even in relatively easy-to-access basins like the North or Baltic seas. Here, a method to determine annual bottom water temperature variations from inverse modeling of instantaneous measurements of temperatures and sediment thermal properties is presented. This concept is similar to climate reconstructions over several thousand years from deep borehole data. However, in contrast, the presented method aims at reconstructing the recent temperature history of the last year from sediment thermal properties and temperatures from only a few meters depth. For solving the heat equation, a commonly used forward model is introduced and analyzed: knowing the bottom water temperature variations for the preceding years and the thermal properties of the sediments, the forward model determines the sediment temperature field. The bottom water temperature variation is modeled as an annual cosine defined by the mean temperature, the amplitude and a phase shift. As the forward model operator is non-linear but low-dimensional, common inversion schemes such as the Newton algorithm can be utilized. The algorithms are tested for artificial data with different noise levels and for two measured data sets: from the North Sea and from the Davis Strait. Both algorithms used show stable and satisfying results with reconstruction errors in the same magnitude as the initial data error. In particular, the artificial data sets are reproduced with accuracy within the bounds of the artificial noise level. Furthermore, the results for the measured North Sea data show small variances and resemble the bottom water temperature variations recorded from a nearby monitoring site with relative errors smaller than 1 % in all parameters.

Thermodynamic Temperature of High-Temperature Fixed Points Traceable to Blackbody Radiation and Synchrotron Radiation

Science.gov (United States)

Wähmer, M.; Anhalt, K.; Hollandt, J.; Klein, R.; Taubert, R. D.; Thornagel, R.; Ulm, G.; Gavrilov, V.; Grigoryeva, I.; Khlevnoy, B.; Sapritsky, V.

2017-10-01

Absolute spectral radiometry is currently the only established primary thermometric method for the temperature range above 1300 K. Up to now, the ongoing improvements of high-temperature fixed points and their formal implementation into an improved temperature scale with the mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin, rely solely on single-wavelength absolute radiometry traceable to the cryogenic radiometer. Two alternative primary thermometric methods, yielding comparable or possibly even smaller uncertainties, have been proposed in the literature. They use ratios of irradiances to determine the thermodynamic temperature traceable to blackbody radiation and synchrotron radiation. At PTB, a project has been established in cooperation with VNIIOFI to use, for the first time, all three methods simultaneously for the determination of the phase transition temperatures of high-temperature fixed points. For this, a dedicated four-wavelengths ratio filter radiometer was developed. With all three thermometric methods performed independently and in parallel, we aim to compare the potential and practical limitations of all three methods, disclose possibly undetected systematic effects of each method and thereby confirm or improve the previous measurements traceable to the cryogenic radiometer. This will give further and independent confidence in the thermodynamic temperature determination of the high-temperature fixed point's phase transitions.

Effect of irrigation fluid temperature on body temperature during arthroscopic elbow surgery in dogs.

Science.gov (United States)

Thompson, K R; MacFarlane, P D

2013-01-01

This prospective randomised clinical trial evaluated the effect of warmed irrigation fluid on body temperature in anaesthetised dogs undergoing arthroscopic elbow surgery. Nineteen dogs undergoing elbow arthroscopy were included in the study and were randomly allocated to one of two groups. Group RT received irrigation fluid at room temperature (RT) while dogs in group W received warmed (W) irrigation fluid (36°C). A standardised patient management and anaesthetic protocol was used and body temperature was measured at four time points; (T1) pre-anaesthetic examination, (T2) arrival into theatre, (T3) end of surgery and (T4) arrival into recovery. There was no significant difference in body temperature at any time point between the groups. The mean overall decrease in body temperature between pre-anaesthetic examination (T1) and return to the recovery suite (T4) was significant in both groups, with a fall of 1.06±0.58°C (pdogs were hypothermic (temperature management protocol in dogs undergoing elbow arthroscopy during general anaesthesia did not lead to decreased temperature losses.

Correlated colour temperature of morning light influences alertness and body temperature.

Science.gov (United States)

Te Kulve, Marije; Schlangen, Luc; Schellen, Lisje; Souman, Jan L; van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter

2018-03-01

Though several studies have reported human alertness to be affected by the intensity and spectral composition of ambient light, the mechanism behind this effect is still largely unclear, especially for daytime exposure. Alerting effects of nocturnal light exposure are correlated with melatonin suppression, but melatonin levels are generally low during the day. The aim of this study was to explore the alerting effect of light in the morning for different correlated colour temperature (CCT) values, as well as its interaction with ambient temperature. Body temperature and perceived comfort were included in the study as possible mediating factors. In a randomized crossover design, 16 healthy females participated in two sessions, once under 2700K and once under 6500K light (both 55lx). Each session consisted of a baseline, a cool, a neutral and a warm thermal environment. Alertness as measured in a reaction time task was lower for the 6500K exposure, while subjective sleepiness was not affected by CCT. Also, core body temperature was higher under 6500K. Skin temperature parameters and perceived comfort were positively correlated with subjective sleepiness. Reaction time correlated with heat loss, but this association did not explain why the reaction time was improved for 2700K. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Advances in high temperature chemistry

CERN Document Server

Eyring, Leroy

1969-01-01

Advances in High Temperature Chemistry, Volume 2 covers the advances in the knowledge of the high temperature behavior of materials and the complex and unfamiliar characteristics of matter at high temperature. The book discusses the dissociation energies and free energy functions of gaseous monoxides; the matrix-isolation technique applied to high temperature molecules; and the main features, the techniques for the production, detection, and diagnosis, and the applications of molecular beams in high temperatures. The text also describes the chemical research in streaming thermal plasmas, as w

Urine temperature as an index for the core temperature of industrial workers in hot or cold environments

Science.gov (United States)

Kawanami, Shoko; Horie, Seichi; Inoue, Jinro; Yamashita, Makiko

2012-11-01

Workers working in hot or cold environments are at risk for heat stroke and hypothermia. In Japan, 1718 people including 47 workers died of heat stroke in 2010 (Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare, Japan 2011). While the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommendation lists the abnormal core temperature of workers as a criterion for halting work, no method has been established for reliably measuring core temperatures at workplaces. ISO 9886 (Ergonomics-evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements. ISO copyright office, Geneva, pp 3-14; 2004) recognizes urine temperature as an index of core temperature only at normal temperature. In this study we ascertained whether or not urine temperature could serve as an index for core temperature at temperatures above and below the ISO range. We measured urine temperature of 31 subjects (29.8 ± 11.9 years) using a thermocouple sensor placed in the toilet bowl at ambient temperature settings of 40, 20, and 5˚C, and compared them with rectal temperature. At all ambient temperature settings, urine temperature correlated closely with rectal temperature exhibiting small mean bias. Urine temperature changed in a synchronized manner with rectal temperature at 40˚C. A Bland and Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement (mean bias ± 2SD) between rectal and urine temperatures were -0.39 to +0.15˚C at 40˚C (95%CI -0.44 to +0.20˚C) and -0.79 to +0.29˚C at 5˚C (-0.89 to +0.39˚C). Hence, urine temperature as measured by the present method is a practical surrogate index for rectal temperature and represents a highly reliable biological monitoring index for assessing hot and cold stresses of workers at actual workplaces.

GlobTemperature

Science.gov (United States)

Ghent, Darren; Remedios, John; Bruniquel, Jerome; Sardou, Olivier; Trigo, Isabel; Merchant, Chris; Bulgin, Claire; Goettsche, Frank; Olesen, Folke; Prigent, Catherine; Pinnock, Simon

2014-05-01

Land surface temperature (LST) is the mean radiative skin temperature of an area of land resulting from the mean balance of solar heating and land-atmosphere cooling fluxes. It is a basic determinant of the terrestrial thermal behaviour, as it controls the effective radiating temperature of the Earth's surface. The sensitivity of LST to soil moisture and vegetation cover means it is an important component in numerous applications. For instance, LST is a key boundary condition in land surface models, which determine the surface to atmosphere fluxes of heat, water and carbon; thus influencing cloud cover, precipitation and atmospheric chemistry predictions within General Circulation Models. Changes in land-surface cover can affect global climate, and also can be identified by changes in their surface temperatures. With the demand of LST data from Earth Observation currently experiencing considerable growth it is important that the users of this data are appropriately engaged by the LST community. The GlobTemperature project under the Data User Element of ESA's 4th Earth Observation Envelope Programme (2013-2017) aims to promote the wider uptake of global-scale satellite LST by the research and operational user communities. As such, the programme of work is focussed on achieving some innovative milestones for LST data which include: detailed global merged geostationary (GEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) data sets with estimates of both clear-sky and under-cloud LST; a first Climate Data Record for LST for the ATSR series of instruments; and the provision of a globally representative and consistent in-situ validation and intercomparison matchup database. Furthermore, the strength of such a venture lies in the coherence and openness of the interactions with the LST and user communities. For instance: detailed user input into the specifications and subsequent testing of the LST data sets; sustained access to data in a user-friendly manner through common data formats; and

Evaluating the Properties of High-Temperature and Low-Temperature Wear of TiN Coatings Deposited at Different Temperatures

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

B. Khorrami Mokhori

2017-02-01

Full Text Available In this research titanium nitride (TiN films were prepared by plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition using TiCl4, H2, N2 and Ar on the AISI H13 tool steel. Coatings were deposited during different substrate temperatures (460°C, 480 ° C  and 510 °C. Wear tests were performed in order to study the acting wear mechanisms in the high(400 °C and low (25 °C temperatures by ball on disc method. Coating structure and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, microhardness and X-ray diffraction. Wear test result was described in ambient temprature according to wear rate. It was evidenced that the TiN coating deposited at 460 °C has the least weight loss with the highest hardness value. The best wear resistance was related to the coating with the highest hardness (1800 Vickers. Wear mechanisms were observed to change by changing wear temperatures. The result of wear track indicated that low-temprature wear has surface fatigue but high-temperature wear showed adhesive mechanism.

Low to moderate temperature nanolaminate heater

Science.gov (United States)

Eckels, J Del [Livermore, CA; Nunes, Peter J [Danville, CA; Simpson, Randall L [Livermore, CA; Hau-Riege, Stefan [Fremont, CA; Walton, Chris [Oakland, CA; Carter, J Chance [Livermore, CA; Reynolds, John G [San Ramon, CA

2011-01-11

A low to moderate temperature heat source comprising a high temperature energy source modified to output low to moderate temperatures wherein the high temperature energy source modified to output low to moderate temperatures is positioned between two thin pieces to form a close contact sheath. In one embodiment the high temperature energy source modified to output low to moderate temperatures is a nanolaminate multilayer foil of reactive materials that produces a heating level of less than 200.degree. C.

Influence of antithyroid medication on effective half-life and uptake of {sup 131} I following radioiodine therapy; Einflussfon thyreostatischer Medikation auf die effektive Halbwertzeit und den Uptake von {sup 131}Iod waehrend einer Radioiodtherapie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Moka, D. [Koeln Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin; Voth, E. [Koeln Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin; Schicha, H. [Koeln Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin

1997-04-01

Aim: A radioiodine therapy (RIT) in thyrotoxic patients receiving antithyroid drugs (ATD) leads in comparison to nonpretreated patients either to higher therapeutic doses or to higher treatment failure rates. Aim of this study was to optimize the effect of RIT in patients pretreated with ATD. Methods: Therefore, the influence of ATD was assessed in 109 patients with shortened effective half-life of {sup 131}I. RIT was performed under stationary conditions. Radioiodine activity of the thyroid gland was stopped three days after RIT. The patients antithyroid medication was stopped three days after RIT. The progress of the first RIT and of a second radioiodine application, which still was necessary in 29 patients, was compared to 32 patients receiving ATD, continuously. Results: Values of effective half-life for {sup 131}I rose significantly from 3.2{+-}0.2 to 5.7{+-}0.2 days (Graves` disease: 3.4 to 5.7 days; toxic goiters` disease: Multifocal autonomy 3.2 to 6.2 days; unifocal autonomy 2.5 auf 5.0 days) 2-3 days after stopping ATD. There was an increase of the {sup 131}I-uptake of a second RIT decreased significantly in patients receiving ATD, continuously. Conclusion: Effective half-life and uptake of {sup 131}I was affected significantly by ATD. The stop taking of ATD after RIT is useful to improve an apparent insufficient RIT in thyrotoxic patients receiving ATD. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ziel: Eine Radioiodtherapie (RITh) unter laufender thyreostatischer Medikation bei hyperthyreoten Patienten fuehrt im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Patienten entweder zu hoeheren Therapiedosen oder zu einem hoeheren Prozentsatz von Therapieversagern. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die RITh unter thyreostatischer Medikation zu optimieren. Methoden: Der Einfluss der thyreostatischen Medikation wurde bei 109 Patienten mit verkuerzter thyreoidaler Halbwertzeit von {sup 131}I untersucht. Bei 77 Patienten wurde die thyreostatische Medikation am 3. Tag nach RITh abgesetzt. Der Verlauf der RITh bzw

Temperature etalon of WWER-440 reactor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stanc, S.; Slanina, M.

2001-01-01

The presentation deals with the description, parameters and advantages of use of the temperature etalon. The system ensures temperature measurement of reactor outlet and inlet temperatures with high accuracy. Accuracy of temperature measurement is 0.18 deg C, accuracy of temperature difference measurement is 0.14 deg C, both with probability 0.95. Using the temperature etalon it is possible to increase accuracy of the standard temperature reactor measurements and to check their accuracy in the course of power reactor statuses in every measurement cycle. Temperature reactor etalon was installed in 12 WWER-440 units in Slovakia, Bohemia and Bulgaria. (Authors)

Designing for elevated temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boer, G.A. de

1982-01-01

The reasons for the application of higher process temperatures are explained. The properties of stainless steel are compared with those of other materials such as molybdenum. Factors influencing the choice of the material such as availability of material data at high temperature, controllability, and strength of heat-affected zone are discussed. The process of designing a structure for safe and economic high-temperature application is outlined: design-by-analysis in contrast to the design-by-rule which is general practice for low-temperature applications. The rules laid down in the ASME Pressure Vessel Code Case N47 are explained as well as the procedure for inelastic stress calculations. (author)

Temperature control in vacuum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dearnaley, G.

1986-01-01

The patent concerns a method for controlling the temperature of silicon wafers (or samples), during ion beam treatment of the wafers, in a vacuum. The apparatus and method are described for irradiation and temperature control of the samples. The wafers are mounted on a drum which is rotated through the ion beam, and are additionally heated by infra-red lamps to achieve the desired temperature. (U.K.)

Piezoelectricity above the Curie temperature? Combining flexoelectricity and functional grading to enable high-temperature electromechanical coupling

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mbarki, R. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (United States); Baccam, N. [Department of Mathematics, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas 78626 (United States); Dayal, Kaushik [Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 (United States); Sharma, P. [Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (United States)

2014-03-24

Most technologically relevant ferroelectrics typically lose piezoelectricity above the Curie temperature. This limits their use to relatively low temperatures. In this Letter, exploiting a combination of flexoelectricity and simple functional grading, we propose a strategy for high-temperature electromechanical coupling in a standard thin film configuration. We use continuum modeling to quantitatively demonstrate the possibility of achieving apparent piezoelectric materials with large and temperature-stable electromechanical coupling across a wide temperature range that extends significantly above the Curie temperature. With Barium and Strontium Titanate, as example materials, a significant electromechanical coupling that is potentially temperature-stable up to 900 °C is possible.

INNOVATIVE INSTRUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE GASIFICATION

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Seong W. Lee

2003-09-01

During this reporting period, the literature survey including the gasifier temperature measurement literature, the ultrasonic application and its background study in cleaning application, and spray coating process are completed. The gasifier simulator (cold model) testing has been successfully conducted. Four factors (blower voltage, ultrasonic application, injection time intervals, particle weight) were considered as significant factors that affect the temperature measurement. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the test data. The analysis shows that all four factors are significant to the temperature measurements in the gasifier simulator (cold model). The regression analysis for the case with the normalized room temperature shows that linear model fits the temperature data with 82% accuracy (18% error). The regression analysis for the case without the normalized room temperature shows 72.5% accuracy (27.5% error). The nonlinear regression analysis indicates a better fit than that of the linear regression. The nonlinear regression model's accuracy is 88.7% (11.3% error) for normalized room temperature case, which is better than the linear regression analysis. The hot model thermocouple sleeve design and fabrication are completed. The gasifier simulator (hot model) design and the fabrication are completed. The system tests of the gasifier simulator (hot model) have been conducted and some modifications have been made. Based on the system tests and results analysis, the gasifier simulator (hot model) has met the proposed design requirement and the ready for system test. The ultrasonic cleaning method is under evaluation and will be further studied for the gasifier simulator (hot model) application. The progress of this project has been on schedule.

Control of supply temperature

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Madsen, H; Nielsen, T S; Soegaard, H T

1996-09-01

For many district heating systems, e.g. the system in Hoeje Taastrup, it is desirable to minimize the supply temperature from the heat production unit(s). Lower supply temperature implies lower costs in connection with the production and distribution of heat. Factors having impact on the heat demand are for instance solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction and a climate independent part, which is a function of the time of the day/week/year. By applying an optimization strategy, which minimizes the supply temperature, it is assumed that optimal economical operation can be obtained by minimizing the supply temperature and thereby the heat losses in the system. The models and methods described in this report take such aspects into account, and can therefore be used as elements in a more efficient minimization of the supply temperature. The theoretical part of this report describes models and methods for optimal on-line control of the supply temperature in district heating systems. Some of the models and methods have been implemented - or are going to be implemented - in the computer program PRESS which is a tool for optimal control of supply temperature and forecasting of heat demand in district heating systems. The principles for using transfer function models are briefly described. The ordinary generalized predictive control (OGPC) method is reviewed, and several extensions of this method are suggested. New controller, which is called the extended generalized predictive controller (XGPC), is described. (EG) 57 refs.

A Temperature Sensor using a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Timer for Very Wide Temperature Measurement

Science.gov (United States)

Patterson, Richard L.; Hammoud, Ahmad; Elbuluk, Malik; Culley, Dennis E.

2008-01-01

A temperature sensor based on a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Timer was designed for extreme temperature applications. The sensor can operate under a wide temperature range from hot jet engine compartments to cryogenic space exploration missions. For example, in Jet Engine Distributed Control Architecture, the sensor must be able to operate at temperatures exceeding 150 C. For space missions, extremely low cryogenic temperatures need to be measured. The output of the sensor, which consisted of a stream of digitized pulses whose period was proportional to the sensed temperature, can be interfaced with a controller or a computer. The data acquisition system would then give a direct readout of the temperature through the use of a look-up table, a built-in algorithm, or a mathematical model. Because of the wide range of temperature measurement and because the sensor is made of carefully selected COTS parts, this work is directly applicable to the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics/Subsonic Fixed Wing Program--Jet Engine Distributed Engine Control Task and to the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program. In the past, a temperature sensor was designed and built using an SOI operational amplifier, and a report was issued. This work used an SOI 555 timer as its core and is completely new work.

Incubation Temperature during Fetal Development Influences Morphophysiological Characteristics and Preferred Ambient Temperature of Chicken Hatchlings.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Viviane de Souza Morita

Full Text Available Skin and feather characteristics, which play a critical role in body temperature maintenance, can be affected by incubation circumstances, such as incubation temperature. However, no study to date has assessed the influence of incubation temperature during the fetal stage on morphometric characteristics and vascular development of the skin, feather characteristics, and their relationship to hormone levels and preferred temperature in later life in chickens. Broiler breeder eggs were exposed to low (36°C, control (37.5°C, or high (39°C temperatures (treatments LT, CK, and HT, respectively from day 13 of incubation onward, because it is known that the endocrine axes are already established at this time. During this period, eggshell temperature of HT eggs (38.8±0.33°C was higher than of LT (37.4±0.08°C and CK eggs (37.8 ±0.15°C. The difference between eggshell and incubator air temperature diminished with the increasing incubation temperature, and was approximately zero for HT. HT hatchlings had higher surface temperature on the head, neck, and back, and thinner and more vascularized skin than did CK and LT hatchlings. No differences were found among treatments for body weight, total feather weight, number and length of barbs, barbule length, and plasma T4 concentration. LT hatchlings showed lower plasma T3 and GH, as well as lower T3/T4 ratio and decreased vascularity in the neck, back, and thigh skin compared to CK hatchlings. On the other hand, HT hatchlings had decreased skin thickness and increased vascularity, and preferred a higher ambient temperature compared to CK and HT hatchlings. In addition, for all treatments, surface temperature on the head was higher than of the other body regions. We conclude that changes in skin thickness and vascularity, as well as changes in thyroid and growth hormone levels, are the result of embryonic strategies to cope with higher or lower than normal incubation temperatures. Additionally exposure to

In Situ Monitoring of Temperature inside Lithium-Ion Batteries by Flexible Micro Temperature Sensors

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pei-Chi Chen

2011-10-01

Full Text Available Lithium-ion secondary batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDA, notebooks and electric cars. These lithium-ion secondary batteries must charge and discharge rapidly, causing the interior temperature to rise quickly, raising a safety issue. Over-charging results in an unstable voltage and current, causing potential safety problems, such as thermal runaways and explosions. Thus, a micro flexible temperature sensor for the in in-situ monitoring of temperature inside a lithium-ion secondary battery must be developed. In this work, flexible micro temperature sensors were integrated into a lithium-ion secondary battery using the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS process for monitoring temperature in situ.

Quantum entanglement at negative temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Furman, G B; Meerovich, V M; Sokolovsky, V L

2013-01-01

An isolated spin system that is in internal thermodynamic equilibrium and that has an upper limit to its allowed energy states can possess a negative temperature. We calculate the thermodynamic characteristics and the concurrence in this system over the entire range of positive and negative temperatures. Our calculation was performed for different real structures, which can be used in experiments. It is found that the temperature dependence of the concurrence is substantially asymmetrical similarly to other thermodynamic characteristics. At a negative temperature the maximum concurrence and the absolute temperature of the entanglement appearance are significantly larger than those at a positive temperature. The concurrence can be characterized by two dimensionless parameters: the ratio between the Zeeman and dipolar energies and the ratio of the thermal and dipolar energies. It was shown that for all considered structures the dimensionless temperatures of the transition between entanglement and separability of the first and second spins are independent of spin structure and the number of spins. (paper)

Certification testing at low temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Noss, P.W.; Ammerman, D.J.

2004-01-01

Regulations governing the transport of radioactive materials require that most hypothetical accident condition tests or analyses consider the effects of the environmental temperature that most challenges package performance. For many packages, the most challenging temperature environment is the cold condition (-29 C according to U.S. regulations), primarily because the low temperature causes the highest free drop impact forces due to the higher strength of many energy-absorbing materials at this temperature. If it is decided to perform low temperature testing, it is only necessary that the relevant parts of the package have the required temperature prior to the drop. However, the details of performing a drop at low temperature can have a large influence on testing cost and technical effectiveness. The selection of the test site, the chamber and type of chilling equipment, instrumentation, and even the time of year are all important. Control of seemingly minor details such as the effect on internal pressure, placement of monitoring thermocouples, the thermal time constant of the test article, and icing of equipment are necessary to ensure a successful low temperature test. This paper will discuss these issues and offer suggestions based on recent experience

Spin Hall magnetoresistance at high temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Uchida, Ken-ichi; Qiu, Zhiyong; Kikkawa, Takashi; Iguchi, Ryo; Saitoh, Eiji

2015-01-01

The temperature dependence of spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in Pt/Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 (YIG) bilayer films has been investigated in a high temperature range from room temperature to near the Curie temperature of YIG. The experimental results show that the magnitude of the magnetoresistance ratio induced by the SMR monotonically decreases with increasing the temperature and almost disappears near the Curie temperature. We found that, near the Curie temperature, the temperature dependence of the SMR in the Pt/YIG film is steeper than that of a magnetization curve of the YIG; the critical exponent of the magnetoresistance ratio is estimated to be 0.9. This critical behavior of the SMR is attributed mainly to the temperature dependence of the spin-mixing conductance at the Pt/YIG interface

In situ measurement of the junction temperature of light emitting diodes using a flexible micro temperature sensor.

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Chi-Yuan; Su, Ay; Liu, Yin-Chieh; Fan, Wei-Yuan; Hsieh, Wei-Jung

2009-01-01

This investigation aimed to fabricate a flexible micro resistive temperature sensor to measure the junction temperature of a light emitting diode (LED). The junction temperature is typically measured using a thermal resistance measurement approach. This approach is limited in that no standard regulates the timing of data capture. This work presents a micro temperature sensor that can measure temperature stably and continuously, and has the advantages of being lightweight and able to monitor junction temperatures in real time. Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) technologies are employed to minimize the size of a temperature sensor that is constructed on a stainless steel foil substrate (SS-304 with 30 μm thickness). A flexible micro resistive temperature sensor can be fixed between the LED chip and the frame. The junction temperature of the LED can be measured from the linear relationship between the temperature and the resistance. The sensitivity of the micro temperature sensor is 0.059 ± 0.004 Ω/°C. The temperature of the commercial CREE(®) EZ1000 chip is 119.97 °C when it is thermally stable, as measured using the micro temperature sensor; however, it was 126.9 °C, when measured by thermal resistance measurement. The micro temperature sensor can be used to replace thermal resistance measurement and performs reliably.

In Situ Measurement of the Junction Temperature of Light Emitting Diodes Using a Flexible Micro Temperature Sensor

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wei-Jung Hsieh

2009-06-01

Full Text Available This investigation aimed to fabricate a flexible micro resistive temperature sensor to measure the junction temperature of a light emitting diode (LED. The junction temperature is typically measured using a thermal resistance measurement approach. This approach is limited in that no standard regulates the timing of data capture. This work presents a micro temperature sensor that can measure temperature stably and continuously, and has the advantages of being lightweight and able to monitor junction temperatures in real time. Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS technologies are employed to minimize the size of a temperature sensor that is constructed on a stainless steel foil substrate (SS-304 with 30 μm thickness. A flexible micro resistive temperature sensor can be fixed between the LED chip and the frame. The junction temperature of the LED can be measured from the linear relationship between the temperature and the resistance. The sensitivity of the micro temperature sensor is 0.059 ± 0.004 Ω/°C. The temperature of the commercial CREE® EZ1000 chip is 119.97 °C when it is thermally stable, as measured using the micro temperature sensor; however, it was 126.9 °C, when measured by thermal resistance measurement. The micro temperature sensor can be used to replace thermal resistance measurement and performs reliably.

Maximal combustion temperature estimation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Golodova, E; Shchepakina, E

2006-01-01

This work is concerned with the phenomenon of delayed loss of stability and the estimation of the maximal temperature of safe combustion. Using the qualitative theory of singular perturbations and canard techniques we determine the maximal temperature on the trajectories located in the transition region between the slow combustion regime and the explosive one. This approach is used to estimate the maximal temperature of safe combustion in multi-phase combustion models

High-temperature uncertainty

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Timusk, T.

2005-01-01

Recent experiments reveal that the mechanism responsible for the superconducting properties of cuprate materials is even more mysterious than we thought. Two decades ago, Georg Bednorz and Alex Mueller of IBM's research laboratory in Zurich rocked the world of physics when they discovered a material that lost all resistance to electrical current at the record temperature of 36 K. Until then, superconductivity was thought to be a strictly low-temperature phenomenon that required costly refrigeration. Moreover, the IBM discovery - for which Bednorz and Mueller were awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Physics - was made in a ceramic copper-oxide material that nobody expected to be particularly special. Proposed applications for these 'cuprates' abounded. High-temperature superconductivity, particularly if it could be extended to room temperature, offered the promise of levitating trains, ultra-efficient power cables, and even supercomputers based on superconducting quantum interference devices. But these applications have been slow to materialize. Moreover, almost 20 years on, the physics behind this strange state of matter remains a mystery. (U.K.)

FEM Modeling of the Relationship between the High-Temperature Hardness and High-Temperature, Quasi-Static Compression Experiment.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Tao; Jiang, Feng; Yan, Lan; Xu, Xipeng

2017-12-26

The high-temperature hardness test has a wide range of applications, but lacks test standards. The purpose of this study is to develop a finite element method (FEM) model of the relationship between the high-temperature hardness and high-temperature, quasi-static compression experiment, which is a mature test technology with test standards. A high-temperature, quasi-static compression test and a high-temperature hardness test were carried out. The relationship between the high-temperature, quasi-static compression test results and the high-temperature hardness test results was built by the development of a high-temperature indentation finite element (FE) simulation. The simulated and experimental results of high-temperature hardness have been compared, verifying the accuracy of the high-temperature indentation FE simulation.The simulated results show that the high temperature hardness basically does not change with the change of load when the pile-up of material during indentation is ignored. The simulated and experimental results show that the decrease in hardness and thermal softening are consistent. The strain and stress of indentation were analyzed from the simulated contour. It was found that the strain increases with the increase of the test temperature, and the stress decreases with the increase of the test temperature.

FEM Modeling of the Relationship between the High-Temperature Hardness and High-Temperature, Quasi-Static Compression Experiment

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tao Zhang

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The high-temperature hardness test has a wide range of applications, but lacks test standards. The purpose of this study is to develop a finite element method (FEM model of the relationship between the high-temperature hardness and high-temperature, quasi-static compression experiment, which is a mature test technology with test standards. A high-temperature, quasi-static compression test and a high-temperature hardness test were carried out. The relationship between the high-temperature, quasi-static compression test results and the high-temperature hardness test results was built by the development of a high-temperature indentation finite element (FE simulation. The simulated and experimental results of high-temperature hardness have been compared, verifying the accuracy of the high-temperature indentation FE simulation.The simulated results show that the high temperature hardness basically does not change with the change of load when the pile-up of material during indentation is ignored. The simulated and experimental results show that the decrease in hardness and thermal softening are consistent. The strain and stress of indentation were analyzed from the simulated contour. It was found that the strain increases with the increase of the test temperature, and the stress decreases with the increase of the test temperature.

HIgh Temperature Photocatalysis over Semiconductors

Science.gov (United States)

Westrich, Thomas A.

Due in large part to in prevalence of solar energy, increasing demand of energy production (from all sources), and the uncertain future of petroleum energy feedstocks, solar energy harvesting and other photochemical systems will play a major role in the developing energy market. This dissertation focuses on a novel photochemical reaction process: high temperature photocatalysis (i.e., photocatalysis conducted above ambient temperatures, T ≥ 100°C). The overarching hypothesis of this process is that photo-generated charge carriers are able to constructively participate in thermo-catalytic chemical reactions, thereby increasing catalytic rates at one temperature, or maintaining catalytic rates at lower temperatures. The photocatalytic oxidation of carbon deposits in an operational hydrocarbon reformer is one envisioned application of high temperature photocatalysis. Carbon build-up during hydrocarbon reforming results in catalyst deactivation, in the worst cases, this was shown to happen in a period of minutes with a liquid hydrocarbon. In the presence of steam, oxygen, and above-ambient temperatures, carbonaceous deposits were photocatalytically oxidized over very long periods (t ≥ 24 hours). This initial experiment exemplified the necessity of a fundamental assessment of high temperature photocatalytic activity. Fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that affect photocatalytic activity as a function of temperatures was achieved using an ethylene photocatalytic oxidation probe reaction. Maximum ethylene photocatalytic oxidation rates were observed between 100 °C and 200 °C; the maximum photocatalytic rates were approximately a factor of 2 larger than photocatalytic rates at ambient temperatures. The loss of photocatalytic activity at temperatures above 200 °C is due to a non-radiative multi-phonon recombination mechanism. Further, it was shown that the fundamental rate of recombination (as a function of temperature) can be effectively modeled as a

Temperatures of exploding nuclei

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Serfling, V.; Schwarz, C.; Begemann-Blaich, M.; Fritz, S.; Gross, C.; Kleinevoss, U.; Kunze, W.D; Lynen, U.; Mahi, M.; Mueller, W.F.J.; Odeh, T.; Schnittker, M.; Trautmann, W.; Woerner, A.; Xi, H. [Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Bassini, R.; Iori, I.; Moroni, A.; Petruzzelli, F. [Milan Univ. (Italy). Ist. di Scienze Fisiche]|[Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milan (Italy); Gaff, S.J.; Kunde, G.J. [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy]|[Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab.; Imme, G.; Maddalena, V.; Nociforo, C.; Raciti, G.; Riccobene, G.; Romano, F.P.; Saija, A.; Sfienti, C.; Verde, G. [Catania Univ. (Italy). Dipt. di Fisica]|[Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Catania (Italy); Moehlenkamp, T.; Seidel, W. [Forschungszentrum Rossendorf e.V. (FZR), Dresden (Germany); Ocker, B.; Schuettauf, A. [Frankfurt Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Kernphysik; Pochodzalla, J. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Trzcinski, A.; Zwieglinski, B. [Soltan Inst. for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw (Poland)

1998-01-01

Breakup temperatures in central collisions of {sup 197}Au+{sup 197}Au at bombarding energies E/A=50 to 200 MeV were determined with two methods. Isotope temperatures, deduced from double ratios of hydrogen, helium, and lithium isotopic yields, increase monotonically with bombarding energy from 5 MeV to 12 MeV, in qualitative agreement with a scenario of chemical freeze-out after adiabatic expansion. Excited-state temperatures, derived from yield ratios of states in {sup 4}He, {sup 5,6}Li, and {sup 8}Be, are about 5 MeV, independent of the projectile energy, and seem to reflect the internal temperature of fragments at their final separation from the system. (orig.)

Estimating plasma temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nash, J.K.; Iglesias, C.A.; Chen, M.H.; Rogers, F.J.

1992-04-01

Recent laser-produced plasma experiments have relied on spectroscopic comparisons with models to infer plasma temperatures. The models use an experimentally determined value for the matter density as input and treat the temperature as a free parameter to obtain a best fit to the experimental absorption spectrum. However, uncertainties in the ionization balance theories lead to inferred temperatures that are model dependent. We report results of a new approach which combines high=quality atomic data with an ionization balance obtained from systematic expansions of the grand canonical ensemble. The latter avoids the ad hoc cutoffs required in free energy minimization schemes and includes Coulomb corrections usually neglected in other models. Comparisons to experimental spectra show excellent agreement

Optimizing the gear efficiency under consideration of thermal optimisation strategies and customer-specific load conditions; Optimierung des Getriebewirkungsgrads unter Beruecksichtigung thermischer Optimierungsstrategien und kundenspezifischer Lastkollektive

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Inderwisch, Kathrien; Kuecuekay, Ferit [Technische Univ. Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Fahrzeugtechnik

2012-11-01

Nowadays, the automotive industry have been received more attention to improve the transmission efficiency. Most of the researches have been concentrated on development and optimisation on transmission actuators, shifting elements, bearings, lubricants or lightweight constructions. Due to the low load requirements and associated low efficiencies for transmissions in driving cycles the transmissions cause energy losses which cannot be neglected. Two main stategies can be followed up for the optimisation of transmission efficiency. At first the efficiency benefit of transmissions through optimisation of hardware components will be presented. The second possibility is the representation of an optimal thermal management especially at low temperatures. Warming-up the transmission oil or transmission components can increase the efficiency of transmissions significantly. Techniques like this become more important in the course of electrification of drive trains and therefore decreased availability of heat. A simulation tool for calculation and minimisation of power loss for manual and dual-clutch transmissions was developed at the Institute of Automotive Engineering and verified by measurements. The simulation tool calculates the total transmission efficiency as well as the losses of individual transmission components depending on various environmental conditions. In this paper, the results in terms of increasing the efficiency of transmissions by optimisation of hardware components will be presented. Furthermore, the effects of temperature distribution in the transmission as well as the potential of minimising loss at low temperatures through thermal management will be illustrated. (orig.)

Innovative Instrumentation and Analysis of the Temperature Measurement for High Temperature Gasification

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Seong W. Lee

2006-09-30

The project entitled, ''Innovative Instrumentation and Analysis of the Temperature Measurement for High Temperature Gasification'', was successfully completed by the Principal Investigator, Dr. S. Lee and his research team in the Center for Advanced Energy Systems and Environmental Control Technologies at Morgan State University. The major results and outcomes were presented in semi-annual progress reports and annual project review meetings/presentations. Specifically, the literature survey including the gasifier temperature measurement, the ultrasonic application in cleaning application, and spray coating process and the gasifier simulator (cold model) testing has been successfully conducted during the first year. The results show that four factors (blower voltage, ultrasonic application, injection time intervals, particle weight) were considered as significant factors that affect the temperature measurement. Then the gasifier simulator (hot model) design and the fabrication as well as the systematic tests on hot model were completed to test the significant factors on temperature measurement in the second year. The advanced Industrial analytic methods such as statistics-based experimental design, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression methods were applied in the hot model tests. The results show that operational parameters (i.e. air flow rate, water flow rate, fine dust particle amount, ammonia addition) presented significant impact on the temperature measurement inside the gasifier simulator. The experimental design and ANOVA are very efficient way to design and analyze the experiments. The results show that the air flow rate and fine dust particle amount are statistically significant to the temperature measurement. The regression model provided the functional relation between the temperature and these factors with substantial accuracy. In the last year of the project period, the ultrasonic and subsonic cleaning methods and coating

Evaluation of high temperature pressure sensors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Choi, In-Mook; Woo, Sam-Yong; Kim, Yong-Kyu

2011-01-01

It is becoming more important to measure the pressure in high temperature environments in many industrial fields. However, there is no appropriate evaluation system and compensation method for high temperature pressure sensors since most pressure standards have been established at room temperature. In order to evaluate the high temperature pressure sensors used in harsh environments, such as high temperatures above 250 deg. C, a specialized system has been constructed and evaluated in this study. The pressure standard established at room temperature is connected to a high temperature pressure sensor through a chiller. The sensor can be evaluated in conditions of changing standard pressures at constant temperatures and of changing temperatures at constant pressures. According to the evaluation conditions, two compensation methods are proposed to eliminate deviation due to sensitivity changes and nonlinear behaviors except thermal hysteresis.

The validity of tympanic and exhaled breath temperatures for core temperature measurement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Flouris, Andreas D; Cheung, Stephen S

2010-01-01

We examined the efficacy of tympanic (T ty ) and exhaled breath (T X ) temperatures as indices of rectal temperature (T re ) by applying heat (condition A) and cold (condition B) in a dynamic A-B-A-B sequence. Fifteen healthy adults (8 men; 7 women; 24.9 ± 4.6 years) volunteered. Following a 15 min baseline period, participants entered a water tank maintained at 42 °C water temperature and passively rested until their T re increased by 0.5 °C above baseline. Thereafter, they entered a different water tank maintained at 12 °C water temperature until their T re decreased by 0.5 °C below baseline. This procedure was repeated twice (i.e. A-B-A-B). T ty demonstrated moderate response delays to the repetitive changes in thermal balance, whereas T X and T re responded relatively fast. Both T ty and T X correlated significantly with T re (P < 0.05). Linear regression models were used to predict T re based on T ty and T X . The predicted values from both models correlated significantly with T re (P < 0.05) and followed the changes in T re during the A-B-A-B thermal protocol. While some mean differences with T re were observed (P < 0.05), the 95% limits of agreement were acceptable for both models. It is concluded that the calculated models based on tympanic and exhaled breath temperature are valid indicators of core temperature. (note)

Temperature measurement and control

CERN Document Server

Leigh, JR

1988-01-01

This book treats the theory and practice of temperature measurement and control and important related topics such as energy management and air pollution. There are no specific prerequisites for the book although a knowledge of elementary control theory could be useful. The first half of the book is an application oriented survey of temperature measurement techniques and devices. The second half is concerned mainly with temperature control in both simple and complex situations.

Neutron ion temperature measurement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Strachan, J.D.; Hendel, H.W.; Lovberg, J.; Nieschmidt, E.B.

1986-11-01

One important use of fusion product diagnostics is in the determination of the deuterium ion temperature from the magnitude of the 2.5 MeV d(d,n) 3 He neutron emission. The detectors, calibration methods, and limitations of this technique are reviewed here with emphasis on procedures used at PPPL. In most tokamaks, the ion temperature deduced from neutrons is in reasonable agreement with the ion temperature deduced by other techniques

Improving the performance of temperature index snowmelt model of SWAT by using MODIS land surface temperature data.

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Yan; Onishi, Takeo; Hiramatsu, Ken

2014-01-01

Simulation results of the widely used temperature index snowmelt model are greatly influenced by input air temperature data. Spatially sparse air temperature data remain the main factor inducing uncertainties and errors in that model, which limits its applications. Thus, to solve this problem, we created new air temperature data using linear regression relationships that can be formulated based on MODIS land surface temperature data. The Soil Water Assessment Tool model, which includes an improved temperature index snowmelt module, was chosen to test the newly created data. By evaluating simulation performance for daily snowmelt in three test basins of the Amur River, performance of the newly created data was assessed. The coefficient of determination (R (2)) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) were used for evaluation. The results indicate that MODIS land surface temperature data can be used as a new source for air temperature data creation. This will improve snow simulation using the temperature index model in an area with sparse air temperature observations.

Temperature selection of goldfish (Carassius auratus L. ) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitch. ) after heterogeneous temperature acclimation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mueller, R.

1977-01-01

Goldfish and brook trout were acclimated heterogeneously to temperature by exposing the head and tail simultaneously to different temperatures. The temperature selection of heterogeneously acclimated fish was tested in a vertical temperature gradient and compared to that of homogeneously acclimated fish. All fish selected temperatures essentially corresponding to the state of acclimation of their head. It is concluded that the brain acts as the main control of temperature selection in fish.

A general strategy for performing temperature-programming in high performance liquid chromatography--prediction of segmented temperature gradients.

Science.gov (United States)

Wiese, Steffen; Teutenberg, Thorsten; Schmidt, Torsten C

2011-09-28

In the present work it is shown that the linear elution strength (LES) model which was adapted from temperature-programming gas chromatography (GC) can also be employed to predict retention times for segmented-temperature gradients based on temperature-gradient input data in liquid chromatography (LC) with high accuracy. The LES model assumes that retention times for isothermal separations can be predicted based on two temperature gradients and is employed to calculate the retention factor of an analyte when changing the start temperature of the temperature gradient. In this study it was investigated whether this approach can also be employed in LC. It was shown that this approximation cannot be transferred to temperature-programmed LC where a temperature range from 60°C up to 180°C is investigated. Major relative errors up to 169.6% were observed for isothermal retention factor predictions. In order to predict retention times for temperature gradients with different start temperatures in LC, another relationship is required to describe the influence of temperature on retention. Therefore, retention times for isothermal separations based on isothermal input runs were predicted using a plot of the natural logarithm of the retention factor vs. the inverse temperature and a plot of the natural logarithm of the retention factor vs. temperature. It could be shown that a plot of lnk vs. T yields more reliable isothermal/isocratic retention time predictions than a plot of lnk vs. 1/T which is usually employed. Hence, in order to predict retention times for temperature-gradients with different start temperatures in LC, two temperature gradient and two isothermal measurements have been employed. In this case, retention times can be predicted with a maximal relative error of 5.5% (average relative error: 2.9%). In comparison, if the start temperature of the simulated temperature gradient is equal to the start temperature of the input data, only two temperature

Central control of body temperature.

Science.gov (United States)

Morrison, Shaun F

2016-01-01

Central neural circuits orchestrate the behavioral and autonomic repertoire that maintains body temperature during environmental temperature challenges and alters body temperature during the inflammatory response and behavioral states and in response to declining energy homeostasis. This review summarizes the central nervous system circuit mechanisms controlling the principal thermoeffectors for body temperature regulation: cutaneous vasoconstriction regulating heat loss and shivering and brown adipose tissue for thermogenesis. The activation of these thermoeffectors is regulated by parallel but distinct efferent pathways within the central nervous system that share a common peripheral thermal sensory input. The model for the neural circuit mechanism underlying central thermoregulatory control provides a useful platform for further understanding of the functional organization of central thermoregulation, for elucidating the hypothalamic circuitry and neurotransmitters involved in body temperature regulation, and for the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to modulating body temperature and energy homeostasis.

Vehicles under electricity. Result booklet; Autos unter Strom. Ergebnisbroschuere

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-09-15

The booklet under consideration reports on the environmental relief of electric-driven vehicles by means of the research project OPTUM 'Potentials of environmental relief of electric driven vehicles - Integrated analysis of vehicle usage and energy economy'. Experts from the Institute for Applied Ecology (Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany) and the Institute for Social-Ecological Research (Frankfurt (Main), Federal Republic of Germany) are devoted to the following issues: (1) What is the acceptance for electric-driven vehicles?; (2) What is their future market potential?; (3) What are the advantages of electromobility with respect to the climate?; (4) Are their supply shortages concerning major raw materials?.

Ultra-high temperature direct propulsion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Araj, K.J.; Slovik, G.; Powell, J.R.; Ludewig, H.

1987-01-01

Potential advantages of ultra-high exhaust temperature (3000 K - 4000 K) direct propulsion nuclear rockets are explored. Modifications to the Particle Bed Reactor (PBR) to achieve these temperatures are described. Benefits of ultra-high temperature propulsion are discussed for two missions - orbit transfer (ΔV = 5546 m/s) and interplanetary exploration (ΔV = 20000 m/s). For such missions ultra-high temperatures appear to be worth the additional complexity. Thrust levels are reduced substantially for a given power level, due to the higher enthalpy caused by partial disassociation of the hydrogen propellant. Though technically challenging, it appears potentially feasible to achieve such ultra high temperatures using the PBR

Room temperature fatigue behaviour of a normalized steel SAE 4140 in torsion. Ermuedungsverhalten von normalisiertem 42CrMo4 unter Torsionsbeanspruchung bei Raumtemperatur

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klumpp, S.; Eifler, D.; Macherauch, E. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Werkstoffkunde 1)

1990-05-01

Cyclic deformation behaviour of a normalized steel SAE 4140 in shear strain-controlled torsion is characterized by cyclic softening and cyclic hardening. If mean shear stresses are superimposed to an alternating shear stress, cycle-dependent creep occurs, and the number of cycles to failure decreases. In shear strain-controlled torsional loading, mean stresses are observed to relax nearly to zero within a few cycles. Fatigue life is not influenced by mean shear strains. (orig.).

Characteristics and modeling of spruce wood under dynamic compression load; Charakteristik und Modellierung von Fichtenholz unter dynamischer Druckbelastung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Eisenacher, Germar

2014-01-28

Spruce wood is frequently used as an energy absorbing material in impact limiters of packages for the transportation of radioactive material. A 9m drop test onto an unyielding target is mandatory for the packages. The impact results in a dynamic compression load of the spruce wood inside the impact limiter. The lateral dilation of the wood is restrained thereby due to encasing steel sheets. This work's objective was to provide a material model for spruce wood based on experimental investigations to enable the calculation of such loading conditions. About 600 crush tests with cubical spruce wood specimens were performed to characterize the material. The compression was up to 70% and the material was assumed to be transversely isotropic. Particularly the lateral constraint showed to have an important effect: the material develops a high lateral dilation without lateral constraint. The force-displacement characteristics show a comparably low force level and no or only slight hardening. Distinctive softening occurs after the linear-elastic region when loaded parallel to the fiber. On the other hand, using a lateral constraint results in significantly higher general force levels, distinctive hardening and lateral forces. The softening effect when loaded parallel to the fiber is less distinctive. Strain rate and temperature raise or lower the strength level, which was quantified for the applicable ranges of impact limiters. The hypothesis of an uncoupled evolution of the yield surface was proposed based on the experimental findings. It postulates an independent strength evolution with deviatoric and volumetric deformation. The hypothesis could be established using the first modeling approach, the modified LS-DYNA material model MAT075. A transversely isotropic material model was developed based thereupon and implemented in LS-DYNA. The material characteristics of spruce wood were considered using a multi-surface yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. The

Oman. Quality Culture in Higher Education A Good-Practice Example

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nicola Huson

2015-10-01

Diesem Ansatz folgend liefert die folgende Reflektion zu der Entwicklung einer Lehrendeninitiative an der German University of Technology in Oman ein Good-Practice-Beispiel für die Förderung einer Qualitätskultur innerhalb einer Hochschulinstitution. Diese erfolgt unter Berücksichtigung der soziokulturellen, institutionellen und initiative-bezogenen Rahmenbedingungen und verifiziert das Beispiel innerhalb eines theoretischen Qualitätskulturmodells.

Alternative Regulierungsansätze im Kontext der Better Regulation Agenda : eine Analyse von Konzepten, Potenzialen und Erfolgsfaktoren von Regulierung im Schatten staatlicher Hierarchie

OpenAIRE

Denker, Philipp

2008-01-01

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht das Potential und die Bedingungen alternativer Regulierungsformen vor dem Hintergrund von Better Regulation in Deutschland. Nahezu alle EU- und OECD-Staaten betreiben heute umfassende politische Reformprogramme zur Modernisierung der Regulierungsarchitekturen, die unter dem Label Better Regulation subsumiert werden. Die Zielsetzung dieser Programme besteht zum einen in der wirtschaftsfreundlichen Reduktion von Regulierungskosten und zum anderen in der Effekt...

Spektroelektrochemie an einzelnen (6,5)-Kohlenstoffnanoröhren

OpenAIRE

Rühl, Nicolas

2015-01-01

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde durch einzelmolekülspektroskopischer bzw. -mikroskopischer Methoden in Kombination mit einer mikrofluischen Zel- le unter Potenzialkontrolle die Elektrochemie von einzelnen einwandigen (6,5)- Kohlenstoffnanoröhren untersucht. Hierfür wurde ein Nahinfrarot-Photolumineszenz- Mikroskop aufgebaut und eine speziell an die experimentellen Vorgaben angepasste elektrochemische Zelle entwickelt, insofern als drei Elektroden (Arbeits-, Gegen- und Referenzelektrod...

Radiation protection and communication of information. 21. Annual meeting of the French association ATSR; Strahlenschutz und Kommunikation. 21. Jahrestagung der franzoesischen Vereinigung fuer Technik und Wissenschaft im Strahlenschutz (ATSR)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hoefert, M. [CERN, Geneva (Switzerland)

2001-07-01

The conference report presents a brief summary of papers and discussion topics. (orig./CB) [German] Die 21. Jahrestagung der ATSR fand dieses Jahr unter dem Motto 'Strahlenschutz und Kommunikation' im herbstlich sonnigen Aix en Provence statt. Die ATSR ist neben der Franzoesischen Gesellschaft fuer Strahlenschutz (SFR) eine zweite Standesorganisation, in der sich praktisch arbeitende Strahlenschutzverantwortliche in Frankreich organisiert haben. (orig.)

Konzeptionelle Entwicklung innovativer Bremssysteme

OpenAIRE

Schwankl, L.

2017-01-01

Im Rahmen des hier vorgestellten Kooperationsprojekts wurden vorhandene elektromagnetische Bremsen nach konstruktionsmethodischen Gesichtspunkten überarbeitet. Nach einer intensiven Auseinandersetzung mit dem bestehenden System wurde unter Anwendung unterschiedlichster Kreativitätstechniken eine große Anzahl von neuen Lösungsvorschlägen erarbeitet und dokumentiert. Bereits in den frühen Phasen der Produktentwicklung wurden die relevanten, produktbestimmenden Eigenschaften mittels einfacher An...

3D-Druck von Metallen als Substitution und Wettbewerb von Gussteilen?: Vortrag gehalten auf dem 26. Ledebur-Kolloquium, 27. und 28. Oktober 2016, Freiberg

OpenAIRE

Müller, Bernhard

2016-01-01

Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU ist kompetenter Partner für anwendungsorientierte Forschung im Automobil- und Maschinenbau an den Standorten Chemnitz, Dresden, Zittau unter dem Leitthema „Ressourceneffiziente Produktion“. Die Kernkompetenzen des Instituts in der Werkzeugmaschinenentwicklung, der Umform- und Zerspanungstechnik, der Mechatronik, dem Funktionsleichtbau sowie der Systemtechnologie werden durch den Einsatz generativer Fertigungs-verfahren ergänz...

Rohstoffliche und verfahrenstechnische Einflussfaktoren der Pyrolyse biogener Rohstoffe

OpenAIRE

Reichel, Denise

2017-01-01

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit rohstofflichen und verfahrenstechnischen Einflussfaktoren bei der Biomassepyrolyse. Ausgehend von der Entwicklung einer kleintechnischen Festbettpyrolyseapparatur, erfolgten experimentelle Untersuchungen an 26 biogenen Einsatzstoffen unter verschiedenen Prozessbedingungen. Die Apparatur erlaubt eine vollständige Bilanzierung und Gewinnung aller Produkte, zudem können Einflüsse durch sekundäre Reaktionen in der Gasphase minimiert werden. Die Einsa...

Complex temperature dependence of coupling and dissipation of cavity magnon polaritons from millikelvin to room temperature

Science.gov (United States)

Boventer, Isabella; Pfirrmann, Marco; Krause, Julius; Schön, Yannick; Kläui, Mathias; Weides, Martin

2018-05-01

Hybridized magnonic-photonic systems are key components for future information processing technologies such as storage, manipulation, or conversion of data both in the classical (mostly at room temperature) and quantum (cryogenic) regime. In this work, we investigate a yttrium-iron-garnet sphere coupled strongly to a microwave cavity over the full temperature range from 290 K to 30 mK . The cavity-magnon polaritons are studied from the classical to the quantum regimes where the thermal energy is less than one resonant microwave quanta, i.e., at temperatures below 1 K . We compare the temperature dependence of the coupling strength geff(T ) , describing the strength of coherent energy exchange between spin ensemble and cavity photon, to the temperature behavior of the saturation magnetization evolution Ms(T ) and find strong deviations at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of magnonic disspation is governed at intermediate temperatures by rare-earth impurity scattering leading to a strong peak at 40 K . The linewidth κm decreases to 1.2 MHz at 30 mK , making this system suitable as a building block for quantum electrodynamics experiments. We achieve an electromagnonic cooperativity in excess of 20 over the entire temperature range, with values beyond 100 in the millikelvin regime as well as at room temperature. With our measurements, spectroscopy on strongly coupled magnon-photon systems is demonstrated as versatile tool for spin material studies over large temperature ranges. Key parameters are provided in a single measurement, thus simplifying investigations significantly.

Post-placement temperature reduction techniques

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Liu, Wei; Nannarelli, Alberto

2010-01-01

With technology scaled to deep submicron era, temperature and temperature gradient have emerged as important design criteria. We propose two post-placement techniques to reduce peak temperature by intelligently allocating whitespace in the hotspots. Both methods are fully compliant with commercial...

High temperature thermometric phosphors

Science.gov (United States)

Allison, Stephen W.; Cates, Michael R.; Boatner, Lynn A.; Gillies, George T.

1999-03-23

A high temperature phosphor consists essentially of a material having the general formula LuPO.sub.4 :Dy.sub.(x),Eu.sub.y) wherein: 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.20 wt % and 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.20 wt %. The high temperature phosphor is in contact with an article whose temperature is to be determined. The article having the phosphor in contact with it is placed in the environment for which the temperature of the article is to be determined. The phosphor is excited by a laser causing the phosphor to fluoresce. The emission from the phosphor is optically focused into a beam-splitting mirror which separates the emission into two separate emissions, the emission caused by the dysprosium dopant and the emission caused by the europium dopent. The separated emissions are optically filtered and the intensities of the emission are detected and measured. The ratio of the intensity of each emission is determined and the temperature of the article is calculated from the ratio of the intensities of the separate emissions.

Incorporation of the equilibrium temperature approach in a Soil and Water Assessment Tool hydroclimatological stream temperature model

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Xinzhong; Shrestha, Narayan Kumar; Ficklin, Darren L.; Wang, Junye

2018-04-01

Stream temperature is an important indicator for biodiversity and sustainability in aquatic ecosystems. The stream temperature model currently in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) only considers the impact of air temperature on stream temperature, while the hydroclimatological stream temperature model developed within the SWAT model considers hydrology and the impact of air temperature in simulating the water-air heat transfer process. In this study, we modified the hydroclimatological model by including the equilibrium temperature approach to model heat transfer processes at the water-air interface, which reflects the influences of air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and streamflow conditions on the heat transfer process. The thermal capacity of the streamflow is modeled by the variation of the stream water depth. An advantage of this equilibrium temperature model is the simple parameterization, with only two parameters added to model the heat transfer processes. The equilibrium temperature model proposed in this study is applied and tested in the Athabasca River basin (ARB) in Alberta, Canada. The model is calibrated and validated at five stations throughout different parts of the ARB, where close to monthly samplings of stream temperatures are available. The results indicate that the equilibrium temperature model proposed in this study provided better and more consistent performances for the different regions of the ARB with the values of the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE) greater than those of the original SWAT model and the hydroclimatological model. To test the model performance for different hydrological and environmental conditions, the equilibrium temperature model was also applied to the North Fork Tolt River Watershed in Washington, United States. The results indicate a reasonable simulation of stream temperature using the model proposed in this study, with minimum relative error values compared to the other two models

The effect of low temperature cryocoolers on the development of low temperature superconducting magnets

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Green, Michael A.

2000-01-01

The commercial development of reliable 4 K cryocoolers improves the future prospects for magnets made from low temperature superconductors (LTS). The hope of the developers of high temperature superconductors (HTS) has been to replace liquid helium cooled LTS magnets with HTS magnets that operate at or near liquid nitrogen temperature. There has been limited success in this endeavor, but continued problems with HTS conductors have greatly slowed progress toward this goal. The development of cryocoolers that reliably operate below 4 K will allow magnets made from LTS conductor to remain very competitive for many years to come. A key enabling technology for the use of low temperature cryocoolers on LTS magnets has been the development of HTS leads. This report describes the characteristics of LTS magnets that can be successfully melded to low-temperature cryocoolers. This report will also show when it is not appropriate to consider the use of low-temperature cryocoolers to cool magnets made with LTS conductor. A couple of specific examples of LTS magnets where cryocoolers can be used are given

Temperature impacts on deep-sea biodiversity.

Science.gov (United States)

Yasuhara, Moriaki; Danovaro, Roberto

2016-05-01

Temperature is considered to be a fundamental factor controlling biodiversity in marine ecosystems, but precisely what role temperature plays in modulating diversity is still not clear. The deep ocean, lacking light and in situ photosynthetic primary production, is an ideal model system to test the effects of temperature changes on biodiversity. Here we synthesize current knowledge on temperature-diversity relationships in the deep sea. Our results from both present and past deep-sea assemblages suggest that, when a wide range of deep-sea bottom-water temperatures is considered, a unimodal relationship exists between temperature and diversity (that may be right skewed). It is possible that temperature is important only when at relatively high and low levels but does not play a major role in the intermediate temperature range. Possible mechanisms explaining the temperature-biodiversity relationship include the physiological-tolerance hypothesis, the metabolic hypothesis, island biogeography theory, or some combination of these. The possible unimodal relationship discussed here may allow us to identify tipping points at which on-going global change and deep-water warming may increase or decrease deep-sea biodiversity. Predicted changes in deep-sea temperatures due to human-induced climate change may have more adverse consequences than expected considering the sensitivity of deep-sea ecosystems to temperature changes. © 2014 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Battery system with temperature sensors

Science.gov (United States)

Wood, Steven J.; Trester, Dale B.

2012-11-13

A battery system to monitor temperature includes at least one cell with a temperature sensing device proximate the at least one cell. The battery system also includes a flexible member that holds the temperature sensor proximate to the at least one cell.

Ultrasensitive string-based temperature sensors

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Larsen, Tom; Schmid, Silvan; Gronberg, L.

2011-01-01

Resonant strings are a promising concept for ultra sensitive temperature detection. We present an analytical model for the sensitivity with which we optimize the temperature response of resonant strings by varying geometry and material. The temperature sensitivity of silicon nitride and aluminum ...

Regional amplification of projected changes in extreme temperatures strongly controlled by soil moisture-temperature feedbacks

Science.gov (United States)

Vogel, Martha Marie; Orth, René; Cheruy, Frederique; Hagemann, Stefan; Lorenz, Ruth; van den Hurk, Bart; Seneviratne, Sonia Isabelle

2017-04-01

Regional hot extremes are projected to increase more strongly than global mean temperature, with substantially larger changes than 2°C even if global warming is limited to this level. We investigate here the role of soil moisture-temperature feedbacks for this response based on multi-model experiments for the 21st century with either interactive or fixed (late 20th century mean seasonal cycle) soil moisture. We analyze changes in the hottest days in each year in both sets of experiments, relate them to the global mean temperature increase, and investigate physical processes leading to these changes. We find that soil moisture-temperature feedbacks significantly contribute to the amplified warming of hottest days compared to that of global mean temperature. This contribution reaches more than 70% in Central Europe and Central North America and between 42%-52% in Amazonia, Northern Australia and Southern Africa. Soil moisture trends (multi-decadal soil moisture variability) are more important for this response than short-term (e.g. seasonal, interannual) soil moisture variability. These results are relevant for reducing uncertainties in regional temperature projections. Vogel, M.M. et al.,2017. Regional amplification of projected changes in extreme temperatures strongly controlled by soil moisture-temperature feedbacks. Geophysical Research Letters, accepted.

Temperature measurements in thermonuclear plasmas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Breton, D.

1958-01-01

The temperatures needed to produce thermonuclear reactions are of the order of several million degrees Kelvin. Devising methods for measuring such temperatures has been the subject of research in many countries. In order to present the problem clearly and to demonstrate its importance, the author reviews the various conditions which must be fulfilled in order that reactions may be qualified as thermonuclear. The relationship between the temperature and the cross-section of the reactions is studied, and it is shown that the notion of temperature in the plasmas is complex, which leads to a consideration of the temperature of the ions and that of the electrons. None of the methods for the temperature measurements is completely satisfactory because of the hypotheses which must be made, and which are seldom fulfilled during high-intensity discharges in the plasmas. In practice it is necessary to use several methods simultaneously. (author) [fr

Maine River Temperature Monitoring

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — We collect seasonal and annual temperature measurements on an hourly or quarter hourly basis to monitor habitat suitability for ATS and other species. Temperature...

CTCP temperature fields and stresses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Minjiang Zhang

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Cross-tensioned concrete pavements (CTCPs are used in the construction of continuous Portland cement concrete pavements. They eliminate the need for transverse joints and also restrict cracking of the pavement. A CTCP consists of three components, namely, the CTCP slab, the sand sliding layer (SSL, and the cement-stabilized macadam base, from top to down. The retard-bonded tendons (RBTs of the CTCP slab are arranged diagonally. In the present study, a detailed 3D finite element model was developed and used to examine the temperature fields and stresses of a CTCP by thermal-mechanical coupling analysis, and the results were compared with field measurements. The model investigations revealed that, under typical cloudless summer conditions, the temperature field of the CTCP varied nonlinearly with both time and depth. The resultant step-type temperature gradient of the CTCP represents a significant deviation from that of a conventional pavement and impacts the thermal contact resistance of the SSL. It was found that the SSL could effectively reduce the temperature stresses in the CTCP, and that the residual temperature stresses were effectively resisted by the staged cross-tensioned RBTs. The potential problem areas in the vicinity of the temperature stresses were also investigated by the finite element method and field tests. Keywords: Portland cement concrete pavement, Prestressed concrete pavement, Temperature stress, Temperature field, Finite element method, Retard-bonded tendon

International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) Global Land Surface Temperature Databank - Stage 3 Monthly

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The Global Land Surface Temperature Databank contains monthly timescale mean, maximum, and minimum temperature for approximately 40,000 stations globally. It was...

Body/bone-marrow differential-temperature sensor

Science.gov (United States)

Anselmo, V. J.; Berdahl, C. M.

1978-01-01

Differential-temperature sensor developed to compare bone-marrow and body temperature in leukemia patients uses single stable amplifier to monitor temperature difference recorded by thermocouples. Errors are reduced by referencing temperatures to each other, not to separate calibration points.

High-temperature superconductivity

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ginzburg, V.L.

1987-07-01

After a short account of the history of experimental studies on superconductivity, the microscopic theory of superconductivity, the calculation of the control temperature and its possible maximum value are presented. An explanation of the mechanism of superconductivity in recently discovered superconducting metal oxide ceramics and the perspectives for the realization of new high-temperature superconducting materials are discussed. 56 refs, 2 figs, 3 tabs

Does Carbon Dioxide Predict Temperature?

OpenAIRE

Mytty, Tuukka

2013-01-01

Does carbon dioxide predict temperature? No it does not, in the time period of 1880-2004 with the carbon dioxide and temperature data used in this thesis. According to the Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) carbon dioxide is the most important factor in raising the global temperature. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that carbon dioxide truly predicts temperature. Because this paper uses observational data it has to be kept in mind that no causality interpretation can be ma...

Solvated electrons at elevated temperatures in different alcohols: Temperature and molecular structure effects

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yan, Yu [Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Lin, Mingzhang [Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195 (Japan); Katsumura, Yosuke, E-mail: katsu@n.t.u-tokyo.ac.j [Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Nuclear Professional School, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1188 (Japan); Fu, Haiying; Muroya, Yusa [Nuclear Professional School, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1188 (Japan)

2010-12-15

The absorption spectra of solvated electrons in pentanol, hexanol and octanol are measured from 22 to 200, 22 to 175 and 50 to150 {sup o}C, respectively, at a fixed pressure of 15 MPa, using nanosecond pulse radiolysis technique. The results show that the peak positions of the absorption spectra have a red-shift (shift to longer wavelengths) as temperature increases, similar to water and other alcohols. Including the above mentioned data, a compilation of currently available experimental data on the energy of absorption maximum (E{sub max}) of solvated electrons changed with temperature in monohydric alcohols, diols and triol is presented. E{sub max} of solvated electron is larger in those alcohols that have more OH groups at all the temperatures. The molecular structure effect, including OH numbers, OH position and carbon chain length, is investigated. For the primary alcohols with same OH group number and position, the temperature coefficient increases with increase in chain length. For the alcohols with same chain length and OH numbers, temperature coefficient is larger for the symmetric alcohols than the asymmetric ones.

Axial anomaly at finite temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chaturvedi, S.; Gupte, Neelima; Srinivasan, V.

1985-01-01

The Jackiw-Bardeen-Adler anomaly for QED 4 and QED 2 are calculated at finite temperature. It is found that the anomaly is independent of temperature. Ishikawa's method [1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 53 1615] for calculating the quantised Hall effect is extended to finite temperature. (author)

Temperature dependence of surface nanobubbles

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Berkelaar, R.P.; Seddon, James Richard Thorley; Zandvliet, Henricus J.W.; Lohse, Detlef

2012-01-01

The temperature dependence of nanobubbles was investigated experimentally using atomic force microscopy. By scanning the same area of the surface at temperatures from 51 °C to 25 °C it was possible to track geometrical changes of individual nanobubbles as the temperature was decreased.

Determination of W-erosion through optical spectroscopy under ITER-relevant plasma conditions; Bestimmung der Wolframerosion mittels optischer Spektroskopie unter ITER-relevanten Plasmabedingungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Laengner, Marko

2016-11-21

Tungsten (W) is used in present fusion experiments and is as well a material choice for future reactors like ITER and DEMO. However, tungsten eroded from the wall leads to high radiation losses in the plasma and the transport to the plasma center to critical plasma cooling. Therefore a detailed investigation of the interaction between eroded tungsten and the plasma is necessary. The emission of tungsten line radiation in the plasma and thus the shape of the emission profiles is characterized by excitation and ionisation. Quantitatively the ionisation can be described in terms of the ionisation rate coefficients. This knowledge is necessary for the interpretation of spectroscopic data and especially to determine tungsten fluxes into the plasma that are caused by tungsten erosion. Up to now, ionisation rate coefficients for neutral tungsten were not determined except for the plasma temperature range below 20 eV. For higher temperatures only uncertain calculated data or semi-empirical data is available. Therefore, within this thesis for the first time ionisation and emission processes of tungsten originating from tungsten erosion were investigated in the temperature range between (41±8) eV and (81±8) eV at the tokamak TEXTOR and ionisation rate coefficients were determined experimentally. Measured emission profiles of the W I(400.88 nm)-line show a typical exponential decrease that is caused by the ionisation of the neutral tungsten atoms. But moreover, at a distance of 1 to 2 mm away from the sputtered surface the emission initially increases to a maximum. By introducing a relaxation time between 0.5 and 1 μs before reaching the equilibrium of the population of the emitting energy level of this line the increase of the emission profiles can be reproduced. Simulating the emissions profiles through a Monte-Carlo-simulation that was developed in the scope of this thesis results in ionisation rate coefficients that are identical with values calculated through using

International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) Global Land Surface Temperature Databank - Stage 2 Daily

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The global land surface temperature databank contains monthly timescale mean, max, and min temperature for approximately 40,000 stations globally. It was developed...

International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) Global Land Surface Temperature Databank - Stage 2 Monthly

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The global land surface temperature databank contains monthly timescale mean, max, and min temperature for approximately 40,000 stations globally. It was developed...

International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) Global Land Surface Temperature Databank - Stage 1 Monthly

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The global land surface temperature databank contains monthly timescale mean, max, and min temperature for approximately 40,000 stations globally. It was developed...

International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) Global Land Surface Temperature Databank - Stage 1 Daily

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The global land surface temperature databank contains monthly timescale mean, max, and min temperature for approximately 40,000 stations globally. It was developed...

Development of an experimental variable temperature set-up for a temperature range from 2.2 K to 325 K for cost-effective temperature sensor calibration

Science.gov (United States)

Pal, Sandip; Kar, Ranjan; Mandal, Anupam; Das, Ananda; Saha, Subrata

2017-05-01

A prototype of a variable temperature insert has been developed in-house as a cryogenic thermometer calibration facility. It was commissioned in fulfilment of the very stringent requirements of the temperature control of the cryogenic system. The calibration facility is designed for calibrating industrial cryogenic thermometers that include a temperature sensor and the wires heat-intercept in the 2.2 K-325 K temperature range. The isothermal section of the calibration block onto which the thermometers are mounted is weakly linked with the temperature control zone mounted with cooling capillary coil and cryogenic heater. The connecting wires of the thermometer are thermally anchored with the support of the temperature insert. The calibration procedure begins once the temperature of the support is stabilized. Homogeneity of the calibration block’s temperature is established both by simulation and by cross-comparison of two calibrated sensors. The absolute uncertainty present in temperature measurement is calculated and found comparable with the measured uncertainty at different temperature points. Measured data is presented in comparison to the standard thermometers at fixed points and it is possible to infer that the absolute accuracy achieved is better than  ±0.5% of the reading in comparison to the fixed point temperature. The design and development of simpler, low cost equipment, and approach to analysis of the calibration results are discussed further in this paper, so that it can be easily devised by other researchers.

Perceived air quality, thermal comfort, and SBS symptoms at low air temperature and increased radiant temperature

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Toftum, Jørn; Reimann, Gregers Peter; Foldbjerg, P.

2002-01-01

source present at the low temperature. To maintain overall thermal neutrality, the low air temperature was partly compensated for by individually controlled radiant heating, and partly by allowing subjects to modify clothing insulation. A reduction of the air temperature from 23 deg.C to 18 deg.......C suggested an improvement of the perceived air quality, while no systematic effect on symptom intensity was observed. The overall indoor environment was evaluated equally acceptable at both temperatures due to local thermal discomfort at the low air temperature....

Development of a method for estimating oesophageal temperature by multi-locational temperature measurement inside the external auditory canal

Science.gov (United States)

Nakada, Hirofumi; Horie, Seichi; Kawanami, Shoko; Inoue, Jinro; Iijima, Yoshinori; Sato, Kiyoharu; Abe, Takeshi

2017-09-01

We aimed to develop a practical method to estimate oesophageal temperature by measuring multi-locational auditory canal temperatures. This method can be applied to prevent heatstroke by simultaneously and continuously monitoring the core temperatures of people working under hot environments. We asked 11 healthy male volunteers to exercise, generating 80 W for 45 min in a climatic chamber set at 24, 32 and 40 °C, at 50% relative humidity. We also exposed the participants to radiation at 32 °C. We continuously measured temperatures at the oesophagus, rectum and three different locations along the external auditory canal. We developed equations for estimating oesophageal temperatures from auditory canal temperatures and compared their fitness and errors. The rectal temperature increased or decreased faster than oesophageal temperature at the start or end of exercise in all conditions. Estimated temperature showed good similarity with oesophageal temperature, and the square of the correlation coefficient of the best fitting model reached 0.904. We observed intermediate values between rectal and oesophageal temperatures during the rest phase. Even under the condition with radiation, estimated oesophageal temperature demonstrated concordant movement with oesophageal temperature at around 0.1 °C overestimation. Our method measured temperatures at three different locations along the external auditory canal. We confirmed that the approach can credibly estimate the oesophageal temperature from 24 to 40 °C for people performing exercise in the same place in a windless environment.

Relation between Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature and Thermal Work Limit Indices with Body Core Temperature

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mahdi Jalali

2018-06-01

Full Text Available Occupational exposure to heat stress in casting and smelting industries can cause adverse health effects on employees who working in such industries. The present study was set to assess the correlation and agreement of heat stress indices, including wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT, and thermal work limit (TWL, and the deep body temperature indices in workers of several casting and smelting industries located in the vicinity of Tehran, Iran. In This cross-sectional study 40 workers randomly selected and were examined. WBGT and TWL were the indices used for assessing heat stress, and the tympanic temperature and the oral temperature were measured as the heat strain indices. The correlation and agreement of indices were measured using SPSS vs.16. The results of the assessment of WBGT, TWL, the tympanic temperature, and oral temperature showed that 80, 17.5, 40, and 32.5 percent of workers exposed to heat stress higher than permissible limits proposed by standard bodies. Moreover, the present study showed that the significant correlation coefficient between heat stress and heat strain indices was in the range of 0.844- 0.869. Further, there was observed a good agreement between TWL and heat strain indices. The agreement between TWL and the oral temperature was 0.63 (P-value≤ 0.001 and between TWL and tympanic temperature was 0.612 (P-value≤ 0.001. However, the agreement between WBGT and heat strain indices was not satisfactory. These values were 0.154 (P-value ≥ 0.068 and 0.215 (P-value≥ 0.028 for the oral temperature and the tympanic temperature, respectively. The TWL index had a better agreement than WBGT with heat strain indices so TWL index is the better choice for assessing the heat stress in casting and metal smelting industries.

Temperature dependence of the dispersion of single crystals SrCl/sub 2/. [Temperature coefficient

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuzin, M P [L' vovskij Gosudarstvennyj Univ. (Ukrainian SSR)

1976-01-01

The dispersion of the refractive index of SrCl/sub 2/ monocrystals in the spectral range 300-700 nm at temperatures of 223, 295 adn 373 K has been studied. The temperature coefficient of the refractive index as a function of the wave length has been determined for the room temperature. The function resembles the corresponding dependence for alkali-halide crystals.

Temperature manipulation during layer chick embryogenesis

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Walstra, I.; Napel, ten J.; Kemp, B.; Brand, van den H.

2010-01-01

The current study investigated the effects of temperature manipulation (TM) during late embryogenesis on temperature preference, response to high environmental temperature, behavior, and performance in young layer chicks. Control (CC) embryos (n = 96) were incubated at 37.8°C eggshell temperature

A survey of temperature measurement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saltvold, J.R.

1976-03-01

Many different techniques for measuring temperature have been surveyed and are discussed. The concept of temperature and the physical phenomena used in temperature measurement are also discussed. Extensive tables are presented in which the range and accuracy of the various techniques and other related data are included. (author)

Mechanical pumping at low temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Perin, J.P.; Claudet, G.; Disdier, F.

1995-01-01

This novel concept consist of a mechanical pump able to run at low temperature (25K). Since gas density varies inversely with temperature, this pump would deliver much higher mass flow rate than at room temperature for a given size. Advantages of this concept are order of magnitude reduction in size, weight, when compared to a conventional pump scaled to perform the same mass flow rate at room temperature. This pump would be a solution to allow continuously tritium extraction and minimize the mass inventory. (orig.)

Elevated temperature erosion studies on some materials for high temperature applications

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhou Jianren.

1991-01-01

The surface degradation of materials due to high temperature erosion or combined erosion corrosion is a serious problem in many industrial and aeronautical applications. As such, it has become an important design consideration in many situations. The materials investigated in the present studies are stainless steels, Ti-6Al-4V, alumina ceramics, with and without silicate glassy phase, and zirconia. These are some of the potential materials for use in the high temperature erosive-corrosive environments. The erosion or erosion-corrosion experiments were performed in a high temperature sand-blast type of test rig. The variables studied included the temperature, material composition, heat treatment condition, impingement velocity and angle, erodent concentration, etc. The morphological features of the eroded or eroded-corroded surfaces, substrate deformation, and oxide characteristics were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis. The scratch test, single ball impact, and indentation tests were used to understand the behavior of oxide film in particle impacts. Based on these studies, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the mechanical or combined mechanical and chemical actions in erosion was developed

Supersymmetry at high temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Das, A.; Kaku, M.

1978-01-01

We investigate the properties of Green's functions in a spontaneously broken supersymmetric model at high temperatures. We show that, even at high temperatures, we do not get restoration of supersymmetry, at least in the one-loop approximation

GISS Surface Temperature Analysis

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The GISTEMP dataset is a global 2x2 gridded temperature anomaly dataset. Temperature data is updated around the middle of every month using current data files from...

Dynamic Model of the High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Temperature

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Andreasen, Søren Juhl; Kær, Søren Knudsen

2009-01-01

The present work involves the development of a model for predicting the dynamic temperature of a high temperature proton exchange membrane (HTPEM) fuel cell stack. The model is developed to test different thermal control strategies before implementing them in the actual system. The test system co...... elements for start-up, heat conduction through stack insulation, cathode air convection, and heating of the inlet gases in the manifold. Various measurements are presented to validate the model predictions of the stack temperatures....

Temperature dependency in motor skill learning.

Science.gov (United States)

Immink, Maarten A; Wright, David L; Barnes, William S

2012-01-01

The present study investigated the role of temperature as a contextual condition for motor skill learning. Precision grip task training occurred while forearm cutaneous temperature was either heated (40-45 °C) or cooled (10-15 °C). At test, temperature was either reinstated or changed. Performance was comparable between training conditions while at test, temperature changes decreased accuracy, especially after hot training conditions. After cold training, temperature change deficits were only evident when concurrent force feedback was presented. These findings are the first evidence of localized temperature dependency in motor skill learning in humans. Results are not entirely accounted for by a context-dependent memory explanation and appear to represent an interaction of neuromuscular and sensory processes with the temperature present during training and test.

Borehole Stability in High-Temperature Formations

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Chuanliang; Deng, Jingen; Yu, Baohua; Li, Wenliang; Chen, Zijian; Hu, Lianbo; Li, Yang

2014-11-01

In oil and gas drilling or geothermal well drilling, the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and formation will lead to an apparent temperature change around the borehole, which will influence the stress state around the borehole and tend to cause borehole instability in high geothermal gradient formations. The thermal effect is usually not considered as a factor in most of the conventional borehole stability models. In this research, in order to solve the borehole instability in high-temperature formations, a calculation model of the temperature field around the borehole during drilling is established. The effects of drilling fluid circulation, drilling fluid density, and mud displacement on the temperature field are analyzed. Besides these effects, the effect of temperature change on the stress around the borehole is analyzed based on thermoelasticity theory. In addition, the relationships between temperature and strength of four types of rocks are respectively established based on experimental results, and thermal expansion coefficients are also tested. On this basis, a borehole stability model is established considering thermal effects and the effect of temperature change on borehole stability is also analyzed. The results show that the fracture pressure and collapse pressure will both increase as the temperature of borehole rises, and vice versa. The fracture pressure is more sensitive to temperature. Temperature has different effects on collapse pressures due to different lithological characters; however, the variation of fracture pressure is unrelated to lithology. The research results can provide a reference for the design of drilling fluid density in high-temperature wells.

QCD and instantons at finite temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gross, D.J.; Pisarski, R.D.; Yaffe, L.G.

1981-01-01

The current understanding of the behavior of quantum chromodynamics at finite temperature is presented. Perturbative methods are used to explore the high-temperature dynamics. At sufficiently high temperatures the plasma of thermal excitations screens all color electric fields and quarks are unconfined. It is believed that the high-temperature theory develops a dynamical mass gap. However in perturbation theory the infrared behavior of magnetic fluctuations is so singular that beyond some order the perturbative expansion breaks down. The topological classification of finite-energy, periodic fields is presented and the classical solutions which minimize the action in each topological sector are examined. These include periodic instantons and magnetic monopoles. At sufficiently high temperature only fields with integral topological charge can contribute to the functional integral. Electric screening completely suppresses the contribution of fields with nonintegral topological charge. Consequently the theta dependence of the free energy at high temperature is dominated by the contribution of instantons. The complete temperature dependence of the instanton density is explicitly computed and large-scale instantons are found to be suppressed. Therefore the effects of instantons may be reliably calculated at sufficiently high temperature. The behavior of the theory in the vicinity of the transition from the high-temperature quark phase to the low-temperature hadronic phase cannot be accurately computed. However, at least in the absence of light quarks, semiclassical techniques and lattice methods may be combined to yield a simple picture of the dynamics valid for both high and low temperature, and to estimate the transition temperature

Locomotor Activity and Body Temperature Patterns over a Temperature Gradient in the Highveld Mole-Rat (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae).

Science.gov (United States)

Haupt, Meghan; Bennett, Nigel C; Oosthuizen, Maria K

2017-01-01

African mole-rats are strictly subterranean mammals that live in extensive burrow systems. High humidity levels in the burrows prevent mole-rats from thermoregulating using evaporative cooling. However, the relatively stable environment of the burrows promotes moderate temperatures and small daily temperature fluctuations. Mole-rats therefore display a relatively wide range of thermoregulation abilities. Some species cannot maintain their body temperatures at a constant level, whereas others employ behavioural thermoregulation. Here we test the effect of ambient temperature on locomotor activity and body temperature, and the relationship between the two parameters, in the highveld mole-rat. We exposed mole-rats to a 12L:12D and a DD light cycle at ambient temperatures of 30°C, 25°C and 20°C while locomotor activity and body temperature were measured simultaneously. In addition, we investigated the endogenous rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature at different ambient temperatures. Mole-rats displayed nocturnal activity at all three ambient temperatures and were most active at 20°C, but least active at 30°C. Body temperature was highest at 30°C and lowest at 20°C, and the daily cycle was highly correlated with locomotor activity. We show that the mole-rats have endogenous rhythms for both locomotor activity and body temperature. However, the endogenous body temperature rhythm appears to be less robust compared to the locomotor activity rhythm. Female mole-rats appear to be more sensitive to temperature changes than males, increased heterothermy is evident at lower ambient temperatures, whilst males show smaller variation in their body temperatures with changing ambient temperatures. Mole-rats may rely more heavily on behavioural thermoregulation as it is more energy efficient in an already challenging environment.

Raman Channel Temperature Measurement of SiC MESFET as a Function of Ambient Temperature and DC Power

Science.gov (United States)

Ponchak, George E.; Eldridge, Jeffrey J.; Krainsky, Isay L.

2009-01-01

Raman spectroscopy is used to measure the junction temperature of a Cree SiC MESFET as a function of the ambient temperature and DC power. The carrier temperature, which is approximately equal to the ambient temperature, is varied from 25 C to 450 C, and the transistor is biased with VDS=10V and IDS of 50 mA and 100 mA. It is shown that the junction temperature is approximately 52 and 100 C higher than the ambient temperature for the DC power of 500 and 1000 mW, respectively.

Tiny optical fiber temperature sensor based on temperature-dependent refractive index of zinc telluride film

Science.gov (United States)

Bian, Qiang; Song, Zhangqi; Song, Dongyu; Zhang, Xueliang; Li, Bingsheng; Yu, Yang; Chen, Yuzhong

2018-03-01

The temperature-dependent refractive index of zinc telluride film can be used to develop a tiny, low cost and film-coated optical fiber temperature sensor. Pulse reference-based compensation technique is used to largely reduce the background noise which makes it possible to detect the minor reflectivity change of the film in different temperatures. The temperature sensitivity is 0.0034dB/° and the background noise is measured to be 0.0005dB, so the resolution can achieve 0.2°.

Temperature measuring device

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lauf, R.J.; Bible, D.W.; Sohns, C.W.

1999-10-19

Systems and methods are described for a wireless instrumented silicon wafer that can measure temperatures at various points and transmit those temperature readings to an external receiver. The device has particular utility in the processing of semiconductor wafers, where it can be used to map thermal uniformity on hot plates, cold plates, spin bowl chucks, etc. without the inconvenience of wires or the inevitable thermal perturbations attendant with them.

High Temperature Superconductor Machine Prototype

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mijatovic, Nenad; Jensen, Bogi Bech; Træholt, Chresten

2011-01-01

A versatile testing platform for a High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) machine has been constructed. The stationary HTS field winding can carry up to 10 coils and it is operated at a temperature of 77K. The rotating armature is at room temperature. Test results and performance for the HTS field...

Surface Temperature Data Analysis

Science.gov (United States)

Hansen, James; Ruedy, Reto

2012-01-01

Small global mean temperature changes may have significant to disastrous consequences for the Earth's climate if they persist for an extended period. Obtaining global means from local weather reports is hampered by the uneven spatial distribution of the reliably reporting weather stations. Methods had to be developed that minimize as far as possible the impact of that situation. This software is a method of combining temperature data of individual stations to obtain a global mean trend, overcoming/estimating the uncertainty introduced by the spatial and temporal gaps in the available data. Useful estimates were obtained by the introduction of a special grid, subdividing the Earth's surface into 8,000 equal-area boxes, using the existing data to create virtual stations at the center of each of these boxes, and combining temperature anomalies (after assessing the radius of high correlation) rather than temperatures.

DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR ANNULAR FINS WITH TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BY HPM

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Davood Domairry Ganji

2011-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper, homotopy perturbation method has been used to evaluate the temperature distribution of annular fin with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and to determine the temperature distribution within the fin. This method is useful and practical for solving the nonlinear heat transfer equation, which is associated with variable thermal conductivity condition. The homotopy perturbation method provides an approximate analytical solution in the form of an infinite power series. The annular fin heat transfer rate with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity has been obtained as a function of thermo-geometric fin parameter and the thermal conductivity parameter describing the variation of the thermal conductivity.

Regional amplification of projected changes in extreme temperatures strongly controlled by soil moisture-temperature feedbacks

Science.gov (United States)

Vogel, M. M.; Orth, R.; Cheruy, F.; Hagemann, S.; Lorenz, R.; Hurk, B. J. J. M.; Seneviratne, S. I.

2017-02-01

Regional hot extremes are projected to increase more strongly than global mean temperature, with substantially larger changes than 2°C even if global warming is limited to this level. We investigate the role of soil moisture-temperature feedbacks for this response based on multimodel experiments for the 21st century with either interactive or fixed (late 20th century mean seasonal cycle) soil moisture. We analyze changes in the hottest days in each year in both sets of experiments, relate them to the global mean temperature increase, and investigate processes leading to these changes. We find that soil moisture-temperature feedbacks significantly contribute to the amplified warming of the hottest days compared to that of global mean temperature. This contribution reaches more than 70% in Central Europe and Central North America. Soil moisture trends are more important for this response than short-term soil moisture variability. These results are relevant for reducing uncertainties in regional temperature projections.

Body temperature measurement in mice during acute illness: implantable temperature transponder versus surface infrared thermometry.

Science.gov (United States)

Mei, Jie; Riedel, Nico; Grittner, Ulrike; Endres, Matthias; Banneke, Stefanie; Emmrich, Julius Valentin

2018-02-23

Body temperature is a valuable parameter in determining the wellbeing of laboratory animals. However, using body temperature to refine humane endpoints during acute illness generally lacks comprehensiveness and exposes to inter-observer bias. Here we compared two methods to assess body temperature in mice, namely implanted radio frequency identification (RFID) temperature transponders (method 1) to non-contact infrared thermometry (method 2) in 435 mice for up to 7 days during normothermia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin-induced hypothermia. There was excellent agreement between core and surface temperature as determined by method 1 and 2, respectively, whereas the intra- and inter-subject variation was higher for method 2. Nevertheless, using machine learning algorithms to determine temperature-based endpoints both methods had excellent accuracy in predicting death as an outcome event. Therefore, less expensive and cumbersome non-contact infrared thermometry can serve as a reliable alternative for implantable transponder-based systems for hypothermic responses, although requiring standardization between experimenters.

Dynamic Model of High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Stack Temperature

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Andreasen, Søren Juhl; Kær, Søren Knudsen

2007-01-01

cathode air cooled 30 cell HTPEM fuel cell stack developed at the Institute of Energy Technology at Aalborg University. This fuel cell stack uses PEMEAS Celtec P-1000 membranes, runs on pure hydrogen in a dead end anode configuration with a purge valve. The cooling of the stack is managed by running......The present work involves the development of a model for predicting the dynamic temperature of a high temperature PEM (HTPEM) fuel cell stack. The model is developed to test different thermal control strategies before implementing them in the actual system. The test system consists of a prototype...... the stack at a high stoichiometric air flow. This is possible because of the PBI fuel cell membranes used, and the very low pressure drop in the stack. The model consists of a discrete thermal model dividing the stack into three parts: inlet, middle and end and predicting the temperatures in these three...

Finite temperature field theory

CERN Document Server

Das, Ashok

1997-01-01

This book discusses all three formalisms used in the study of finite temperature field theory, namely the imaginary time formalism, the closed time formalism and thermofield dynamics. Applications of the formalisms are worked out in detail. Gauge field theories and symmetry restoration at finite temperature are among the practical examples discussed in depth. The question of gauge dependence of the effective potential and the Nielsen identities are explained. The nonrestoration of some symmetries at high temperature (such as supersymmetry) and theories on nonsimply connected space-times are al

High temperature reaction kinetics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jonah, C.D.; Beno, M.F.; Mulac, W.A.; Bartels, D.

1985-01-01

During the last year the dependence of the apparent rate of OD + CO on water pressure was measured at 305, 570, 865 and 1223 K. An explanation was found and tested for the H 2 O dependence of the apparent rate of OH(OD) + CO at high temperatures. The isotope effect for OH(D) with CO was determined over the temperature range 330 K to 1225 K. The reason for the water dependence of the rate of OH(OD) + CO near room temperatures has been investigated but no clear explanation has been found. 1 figure

Thermoluminescent system for low temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rosa, L.A.R. da; Caldas, L.V.E.; Leite, N.G.

1988-09-01

A system for measurements of the thermoluminescent glow curve, the thermoluminescent emission spectrum and the optical absorption spectrum of solid samples, from liquid nitrogen temperature up to 473 K, is reported. A specially designed temperature programmer provides a linear heating of the sample at a wide range of selectable heating rates, as also long term steady-state temperatures for annealing and isothermal decay studies. The system operates at a pressure of 1.33 x 10 -3 Pa. Presently it is being used for lithium fluoride low temperature thermoluminescent studies. (author) [pt

Preliminary cleaning of brewery waste water in a two-stage anaerobic plant: influence of COD in the inflow on cleaning efficiency and biogas formation; Vorreinigung von Brauereiabwasser in zweistufigen Anaerob-Anlagen: Einfluss des CSB im Zulauf auf die Reinigungsleistung und Biogasbildung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herrmann, A.P. [Universitaet des Saarlandes, Saarbruecken (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Prozesstechnik; Janke, H.D. [Gesellschaft fuer Umweltkompatible Prozesstechnik mbH (upt), Saarbruecken (Germany); Chmiel, H. [Gesellschaft fuer Umweltkompatible Prozesstechnik mbH (upt), Saarbruecken (Germany); Universitaet des Saarlandes, Saarbruecken (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Prozesstechnik

1999-07-01

Using a continuously operated, two-stage laboratory system (acidification reactor and packed-bed methane reactor) and with brewery waste water as a substrate, systematic studies concerning the influence of COD{sup inflow} on fatty acid formation, COD reduction and biogas formation were carried out. In the upshot, the executed pilot tests permit the conclusion that treatment of a partial stream (COD{sup inflow} {>=} 5000mg/l), though not advantageous in terms of space/time yield, may be more economical on the whole under certain boundary conditions than treatment of the entire stream (COD{sup inflow} 1800-3000 mg/l). (orig.) [German] Mit einer kontinuierlich betriebenen, zweistufigen Laboranlage (Versaeuerungsreaktor und Festbett-Methanreaktor) wurden unter Verwendung von Brauereiabwasser als Substrat systematische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des CSB{sup ZULAUF} auf die Fettsaeurebildung, CSB-Reduktion und Biogasbildung durchgefuehrt. Aus den durchgefuehrten Modellversuchen laesst sich zusammenfassend ableiten, dass eine Teilstrombehandlung (CSB{sup ZULAUF}{>=}5.000 mg/l) zwar hinsichtlich der Raum/Zeit-Ausbeute keine Vorteile mit sich bringt, aber unter bestimmten Randbedingungen insgesamt wirtschaftlicher als eine Vollstrombehandlung (CSB{sup ZULAUF} 1.800-3.000 mg/l) sein kann. (orig.)

Quantification of in situ temperature measurements on a PBI-based high temperature PEMFC unit cell

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lebæk, Jesper; Ali, Syed Talat; Møller, Per

2010-01-01

The temperature is a very important operating parameter for all types of fuel cells. In the present work distributed in situ temperature measurements are presented on a polybenzimidazole based high temperature PEM fuel cell (HT-PEM). A total of 16 T-type thermocouples were embedded on both the an...

Versatile microcomputer-based temperature controller

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yarberry, V.R.

1980-09-01

The wide range of thermal responses required in laboratory and scientific equipment requires a temperature controller with a great deal of flexibility. While a number of analog temperature controllers are commercially available, they have certain limitations, such as inflexible parameter control or insufficient precision. Most lack digital interface capabilities--a necessity when the temperature controller is part of a computer-controlled automatic data acquisition system. We have developed an extremely versatile microcomputer-based temperature controller to fulfill this need in a variety of equipment. The control algorithm used allows optimal tailoring of parameters to control overshoot, response time, and accuracy. This microcomputer-based temperature controller can be used as a standalone instrument (with a teletype used to enter para-meters), or it can be integrated into a data acquisition system

Pricing of temperature index insurance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Che Mohd Imran Che Taib

2012-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to study pricing of weather insurance contracts based on temperature indices. Three different pricing methods are analysed: the classical burn approach, index modelling and temperature modelling. We take the data from Malaysia as our empirical case. Our results show that there is a significant difference between the burn and index pricing approaches on one hand, and the temperature modelling method on the other. The latter approach is pricing the insurance contract using a seasonal autoregressive time series model for daily temperature variations, and thus provides a precise probabilistic model for the fine structure of temperature evolution. We complement our pricing analysis by an investigation of the profit/loss distribution from the contract, in the perspective of both the insured and the insurer.

Mechanical pumping at low temperature

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Perin, J.P.; Claudet, G.; Disdier, F.

1994-12-31

This new concept consists of a mechanical pump able to run at low temperature (25 K). Since gas density varies inversely with temperature, the pump could deliver much higher mass flow rate than at room temperature for a given size. Advantages of this concept are reduction of an order of magnitude in size and weight when compared to a conventional pump scaled to perform the same mass flow rate at room temperature. Results obtained at 80 K and 25 K with a Holweck type molecular drag pump of 100 mm diameter and with few stages of a turbomolecular pump running at the same temperatures, are given. This pump would be a solution to allow continuous tritium extraction and minimize the mass inventory for the ITER (International Tokamak Experiment Reactor). 5 figs., 2 tabs., 4 refs.

Inflight fuel tank temperature survey data

Science.gov (United States)

Pasion, A. J.

1979-01-01

Statistical summaries of the fuel and air temperature data for twelve different routes and for different aircraft models (B747, B707, DC-10 and DC-8), are given. The minimum fuel, total air and static air temperature expected for a 0.3% probability were summarized in table form. Minimum fuel temperature extremes agreed with calculated predictions and the minimum fuel temperature did not necessarily equal the minimum total air temperature even for extreme weather, long range flights.

Flexible PVDF ferroelectric capacitive temperature sensor

KAUST Repository

Khan, Naveed

2015-08-02

In this paper, a capacitive temperature sensor based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) capacitor is explored. The PVDF capacitor is characterized below its Curie temperature. The capacitance of the PVDF capacitor changes vs temperature with a sensitivity of 16pF/°C. The linearity measurement of the capacitance-temperature relation shows less than 0.7°C error from a best fit straight line. An LC oscillator based temperature sensor is demonstrated based on this capacitor.

Temperature-reflection I

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

McGady, David A.

2017-01-01

-temperature path integrals for quantum field theories (QFTs) should be T-reflection invariant. Because multi-particle partition functions are equal to Euclidean path integrals for QFTs, we expect them to be T-reflection invariant. Single-particle partition functions though are often not invariant under T......In this paper, we revisit the claim that many partition functions are invariant under reflecting temperatures to negative values (T-reflection). The goal of this paper is to demarcate which partition functions should be invariant under T-reflection, and why. Our main claim is that finite...... that T-reflection is unrelated to time-reversal. Finally, we study the interplay between T-reflection and perturbation theory in the anharmonic harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics and in Yang-Mills in four-dimensions. This is the first in a series of papers on temperature-reflections....

Sanitation: No hot chocolate. Insulation of pipelines and component parts in the Ritter Sport factory at Waldenbuch; Sanierung: Keine heisse Schokolade. Daemmung von Rohrleitungen und Anlagenteilen im Ritter Sport Werk Waldenbuch

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anon.

2002-12-13

In the chocolate factory Ritter Sport the heating systems were retrofitted in the last months. Two separated central heating plants were unified in a central block unit with cogeneration components. The piping system was decartelized and optimized. During the insulation of pipelines with elastomer high temperature materials high hygienical standards have to be kept. Furthermore the new lines have to be installed and insulated during running production because hot water supply shouldn't be interrupted. (GL) [German] Isolierungen in der Industrie muessen haeufig hohen Anforderungen genuegen und unter erschwerten Bedingungen durchgefuehrt werden. In der Schokoladenfabrik Ritter Sport in Waldenbuch wurde in den vergangenen Monaten die Heizungsanlage saniert: Dabei wurden zwei raeumlich getrennte Heizzentralen auf ein zentrales Blockheizkraftwerk umgeruestet. Gleichzeitig wurde das Rohrleitungsnetz entflochten und optimiert. Bei der Daemmung der Heizungsrohrleitungen mit einem elastomeren Hochtemperaturdaemmstoff mussten nicht nur die hohen Hygiene-Standards der Ritter Sport GmbH eingehalten werden, die neuen Leitungen mussten zudem bei laufender Produktion verlegt und gedaemmt werden, da die Heizwasserversorgung nicht unterbrochen werden durfte. (orig.)

Methods of heat transformation for solar facilities in buildings; Verfahren der Waermetransformation fuer die solare Gebaeudetechnik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Henning, H.M. [Fraunhofer-Inst. fuer Solare Energiesysteme, Freiburg (Germany). Gruppe Aktive Thermische Systeme; Treffinger, P. [Deutsche Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Lampoldshausen (Germany). Inst. fuer Technische Thermodynamik

1998-02-01

Processes in which a heat pump cycle is driven by thermal energy may be defined as heat transformation processes. The technical realization of this type of processes in general is based on sorption techniques. Depending on the temperature level of the utilized heat these technologies may be used for either cooling or heating of buildings. The paper presents state-of-the-art technologies and new developments. It comprises solar cooling of buildings, utilization of environmental energy sources (earth, air) by thermal driven heat pumps and seasonal storage of solar thermal energy by means of sorption processes. (orig.) [Deutsch] Unter Waermetransformationsverfahren werden im allgemeinen Verfahren verstanden, in denen ein Waermepumpenprozess mit thermischer Energie angetrieben wird. Die technische Realisierung dieser Verfahren erfolgt ueberwiegend mit Hilfe von Sorptionsvorgaengen. Abhaengig vom Temperaturniveau des Nutzwaermestroms koennen solche Verfahren im Gebaeudebereich fuer die Kuehlung oder Heizung eingesetzt werden. Im Beitrag werden der Stand der Technik sowie neue Entwicklungen vorgestellt. Im einzelnen umfasst der Beitrag die solare Kuehlung von Gebaeuden, die Nutzung von Umweltenergie (Erdreich, Luft) mittels thermisch angetriebener Waermepumpen sowie die saisonale Speicherung von Solarenergie ueber Sorptionsprozesse. (orig.)

Multifunctional facades - design optimisation with CAD; Multifunktionale Fassaden - Effektive Auslegung durch CAD-Einsatz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Viotto, M. [Institut fuer Solare Energieversorgungstechnik (ISET), Kassel (Germany). Abt. fuer Anlagen- und Messtechnik

1998-02-01

The energetically optimal design of PV facades requires the consideration of many technical conditions (different elevations/orientations of modules; shading possibility; high and different module temperatures). It also requires the interface with architecture, civil and electrical engineering. To support this planning process, the software program PV-CAD was developed which rapidly calculates energy yield under conditions of inhomogeneous irradiance, shading, thermal behaviour of modules and electrical layout. PV-CAD is compatible with other civil and electrical engineering CAD programs and incorporates extensive databases (weather data; modules and inverter types). (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer optimalen Energieertrag sind zahlreiche technische Randbedingungen bei der Auslegung einer Photovoltaik (PV)-Fassade zu beruecksichtigen (unterschiedliche Ausrichtungen/Neigungen der Module; moegliche Teilabschattung; hoehere und unterschiedliche Betriebstemperaturen). Installation und Betrieb einer PV-Fassade erfordern die Abstimmung zwischen Architektur, Bauwesen und Elektrotechnik. Zur Unterstuetzung der Planer wurde das Programm PV-CAD entwickelt, das den Energieertrag unter Beruecksichtigung von inhomogener Einstrahlung und Abschattung, Temperaturverhalten der Fassadenmodule sowie unterschiedlichen elektrischen Anlagenkonzepten schnell ermittelt; es fuegt sich nahtlos in CAD-Arbeitsumgebungen ein. (orig.)

Implantate für den Bandscheibenersatz (Stand 1993)

Science.gov (United States)

Mathey, Michael; Wintermantel, Erich

Die Bandscheiben sind besonders betroffen von Fehlhaltungen und -stellungen der Wirbelsäule. Sie unterliegen als grösstes zusammenhängendes, nicht vaskularisiertes Gewebe im Menschen, statisch und dynamisch extrem belastet, besonders der Alterung. Um die teilweise sehr starken Schmerzen bei Bandscheibenschädigungen zu lindern, ist eine Operation vielfach die einzige Hilfe. Bei dieser Operation (Nukleotomie) entfernt man das aus der Bandscheibe ausgetretene Gewebe des Gallertkerns (nucleus pulposus), welches durch Druck auf die Nervenstränge im Bereich der Wirbelsäule die Beschwerden (Ischias-Schmerz) verursacht hat. Nach der Entfernung des Gallertkerns werden die auftretenden Kräfte bei veränderter Biomechanik übertragen. Dabei erhalten die Zwischenwirbelgelenke (Facettengelenke) eine erheblich grössere Flächenpressung als dies bei intakter Bandscheibe der Fall war. Die höhere Flächenpressung kommt durch die Verringerung des Abstandes zwischen den oberen und unteren Deckplatten der benachbarten Wirbelkörper zustande, zwischen denen sich der Gallertkern befand. Durch geeignetes Training der Rückenmuskulatur kann eine Stabilisierung des operierten Bandscheibensegmentes erreicht werden, jedoch ist es eine klinische Erfahrung, dass die meisten Patienten, die momentan durch die Operation schmerzfrei geworden sind, keine adäquate zusätzliche sportliche Betätigung auf sich nehmen.

Visualizing Stress and Temperature Distribution During Elevated Temperature Deformation of IN-617 Using Nanomechanical Raman Spectroscopy

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yang; Wang, Hao; Tomar, Vikas

2018-04-01

This work presents direct measurements of stress and temperature distribution during the mesoscale microstructural deformation of Inconel-617 (IN-617) during 3-point bending tests as a function of temperature. A novel nanomechanical Raman spectroscopy (NMRS)-based measurement platform was designed for simultaneous in situ temperature and stress mapping as a function of microstructure during deformation. The temperature distribution was found to be directly correlated to stress distribution for the analyzed microstructures. Stress concentration locations are shown to be directly related to higher heat conduction and result in microstructural hot spots with significant local temperature variation.

Temperature Map of Tempel 1

Science.gov (United States)

2005-01-01

A temperature map of the nucleus with different spatial resolutions. The context image (in black and white) is a HRIVIS image taken just before impact. The color bar in the middle gives temperature in Kelvins. The sun is to the right in all images. These data were acquired with the IR spectrometer using signal between 1.8 and 2.2 um and modeled to contain both a reflected and an emitted component. After this model is applied, the resulting number is a temperature which is represented by different colors with red being the highest and purple the coldest. The derived temperature varies from 260 +/- 6K to 329 +/- 8K. Shadows are the coolest temperatures, and the point directly below the sun is hottest. These temperatures indicate that the thermal inertia of the surface (the quality of the surface describing the ability to conduct and store heat) is low. In other words, on Tempel 1, it is hot in the sun and cold in the shadows. A value for thermal inertia is estimated at 2/s1/2.

Temperature distributions in 136 superficial radiothermotherapies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Willich, N.; Duve, S.; Pfluger, T.; Bachmeier, K.

1992-01-01

Temperature distributions from 136 superficial radiothermotherapies in patients were analysed and three-dimensionally reconstructed. The calculation of mean values and standard deviations of the temperature measuring probes considering water bolus temperature, master probe temperature, site of the probes relatively to different applicator positions and site of the probes in the heated tissues yielded satisfactory temperature distributions for chest wall treatment in contrast to other regions of the body. Radiothermotherapy was statistically not superior to radiotherapy alone with respect to local tumor control. (authors)

Parameterizing the interstellar dust temperature

Science.gov (United States)

Hocuk, S.; Szűcs, L.; Caselli, P.; Cazaux, S.; Spaans, M.; Esplugues, G. B.

2017-08-01

The temperature of interstellar dust particles is of great importance to astronomers. It plays a crucial role in the thermodynamics of interstellar clouds, because of the gas-dust collisional coupling. It is also a key parameter in astrochemical studies that governs the rate at which molecules form on dust. In 3D (magneto)hydrodynamic simulations often a simple expression for the dust temperature is adopted, because of computational constraints, while astrochemical modelers tend to keep the dust temperature constant over a large range of parameter space. Our aim is to provide an easy-to-use parametric expression for the dust temperature as a function of visual extinction (AV) and to shed light on the critical dependencies of the dust temperature on the grain composition. We obtain an expression for the dust temperature by semi-analytically solving the dust thermal balance for different types of grains and compare to a collection of recent observational measurements. We also explore the effect of ices on the dust temperature. Our results show that a mixed carbonaceous-silicate type dust with a high carbon volume fraction matches the observations best. We find that ice formation allows the dust to be warmer by up to 15% at high optical depths (AV> 20 mag) in the interstellar medium. Our parametric expression for the dust temperature is presented as Td = [ 11 + 5.7 × tanh(0.61 - log 10(AV) ]χuv1/5.9, where χuv is in units of the Draine (1978, ApJS, 36, 595) UV field.

Temperature manipulation during layer chick embryogenesis.

Science.gov (United States)

Walstra, I; Ten Napel, J; Kemp, B; van den Brand, H

2010-07-01

The current study investigated the effects of temperature manipulation (TM) during late embryogenesis on temperature preference, response to high environmental temperature, behavior, and performance in young layer chicks. Control (CC) embryos (n = 96) were incubated at 37.8 degrees C eggshell temperature throughout incubation. Thermally manipulated embryos (n = 96) were incubated at 37.8 degrees C eggshell temperature throughout incubation and were exposed to 40 degrees C for 4 h/d from embryonic d 14 to 18 (TM chicks). After hatch, chicks from each treatment were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 32 per group) and were subjected to a temperature preference test at d 1, 7, or 33. One day after the temperature preference test, each subgroup was exposed to 1 thermal challenge for 4 h (d 2, 40 degrees C; d 8, 40 degrees C; or d 34, 35 degrees C). Effects of TM on (fearfulness) behavior of chicks were investigated in a tonic immobility test and during home pen observations. Temperature manipulation decreased incubation time with 7 h (P preferred a lower ambient temperature in the temperature preference test (P preference and response to high environmental temperatures are only found until d 8 of age. This may suggest 1 of 3 options: a) the timing or the level, or both, of TM and duration were not at the sensitive period of embryogenesis or not sufficient, or both, respectively; b) the level of the postnatal thermal challenge was not strong enough to induce a hyperthermic response; and c) the postnatal effects of TM in layers are limited in time.

Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane

Science.gov (United States)

Stolper, D.A.; Lawson, M.; Davis, C.L.; Ferreira, A.A.; Santos Neto, E. V.; Ellis, G.S.; Lewan, M.D.; Martini, Anna M.; Tang, Y.; Schoell, M.; Sessions, A.L.; Eiler, J.M.

2014-01-01

Methane is an important greenhouse gas and energy resource generated dominantly by methanogens at low temperatures and through the breakdown of organic molecules at high temperatures. However, methane-formation temperatures in nature are often poorly constrained. We measured formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane using a “clumped isotope” technique. Thermogenic gases yield formation temperatures between 157° and 221°C, within the nominal gas window, and biogenic gases yield formation temperatures consistent with their comparatively lower-temperature formational environments (<50°C). In systems where gases have migrated and other proxies for gas-generation temperature yield ambiguous results, methane clumped-isotope temperatures distinguish among and allow for independent tests of possible gas-formation models.

Effect and control on temperature measurement accuracy of the fiber- optic colorimeter by emissivity of different temperatures

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Yu-fang; Han, Xin; Shi, De-heng

2008-03-01

Based on the Kirchhoff's Law, a practical dual-wavelength fiber-optic colorimeter, with the optimal work wavelength centered at 2.1 μm and 2.3 μm is presented. The effect of the emissivity on the precision of the measured temperature has been explored under various circumstances (i.e. temperature, wavelength) and for different materials. In addition, by fitting several typical material emissivity-temperature dependencies curves, the influence of the irradiation (radiant flux originating from the surroundings) and the surface reflected radiation on the temperature accuracy is studied. The results show that the calibration of the measured temperature for reflected radiant energy is necessary especially in low target temperature or low target emissivity, and the temperature accuracy is suitable for requirements in the range of 400-1200K.

Photon propagators at finite temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yee, J.H.

1982-07-01

We have used the real time formalism to compute the one-loop finite temperature corrections to the photon self energies in spinor and scalar QED. We show that, for a real photon, only the transverse components develop the temperature-dependent masses, while, for an external static electromagnetic field applied to the finite temperature system, only the static electric field is screened by thermal fluctuations. After showing how to compute systematically the imaginary parts of the finite temperature Green functions, we have attempted to give a microscopic interpretation of the imaginary parts of the self energies. (author)

Working gas temperature and pressure changes for microscale thermal creep-driven flow caused by discontinuous wall temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Han, Yen-Lin

2010-01-01

Microscale temperature gradient-driven (thermal creep/transpiration) gas flows have attracted significant interest during the past decade. For free molecular and transitional conditions, applying temperature gradients to a flow channel's walls induces the thermal creep effect. This results in a working gas flowing through the channel from cold to hot, which is generally accompanied by a rising pressure from cold to hot in the channel. Working gas temperature and pressure distributions can vary significantly, depending on a flow channel's configuration and wall temperature distribution. Understanding working gas temperature excursions, both increases and decreases, is essential to ensure the effective use of thermal creep flows in microscale applications. In this study, the characterizations of working gas temperature variations, due to both temperature discontinuities and more gradual changes, on a variety of flow channel walls, were systematically investigated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. A micro/meso-scale pump, the Knudsen compressor, was chosen to illustrate the importance of controlling working gas temperature in thermal creep-driven flows. Gas pressure and temperature variations, through several Knudsen compressor stage configurations, were studied to determine the most advantageous flow phenomena for the efficient operation of Knudsen compressors.

Evolution of low-temperature phases in a low-temperature structural transition of a La cuprate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inoue, Y.; Horibe, Y.; Koyama, Y.

1997-01-01

The microstructure produced by a low-temperature structural phase transition in La 1.5 Nd 0.4 Sr 0.1 CuO 4 has been examined by transmission electron microscopy with the help of imaging plates. The low-temperature transition was found to be proceeded not only by the growth of the Pccn/low-temperature-tetragonal phases nucleated along the twin boundary but also by the nucleation and growth of the phases in the interior of the low-temperature-orthorhombic domain. In addition, because the map of the octahedron tilt as an order parameter is not identical to that of the spontaneous strain accompanied by the transition, the microstructure below the transition is understood to be a very complex mixture of the low-temperature phases. copyright 1997 The American Physical Society

Human body temperature and new approaches to constructing temperature-sensitive bacterial vaccines.

Science.gov (United States)

White, Matthew D; Bosio, Catharine M; Duplantis, Barry N; Nano, Francis E

2011-09-01

Many of the live human and animal vaccines that are currently in use are attenuated by virtue of their temperature-sensitive (TS) replication. These vaccines are able to function because they can take advantage of sites in mammalian bodies that are cooler than the core temperature, where TS vaccines fail to replicate. In this article, we discuss the distribution of temperature in the human body, and relate how the temperature differential can be exploited for designing and using TS vaccines. We also examine how one of the coolest organs of the body, the skin, contains antigen-processing cells that can be targeted to provoke the desired immune response from a TS vaccine. We describe traditional approaches to making TS vaccines, and highlight new information and technologies that are being used to create a new generation of engineered TS vaccines. We pay particular attention to the recently described technology of substituting essential genes from Arctic bacteria for their homologues in mammalian pathogens as a way of creating TS vaccines.

Calculation of the fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity considering non-uniform radial temperature distribution in the fuel rod

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pazirandeh, Ali [Islamic Azad Univ., Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of). Science and Research Branch; Hooshyar Mobaraki, Almas

2017-07-15

The safe operation of a reactor is based on feedback models. In this paper we attempted to discuss the influence of a non-uniform radial temperature distribution on the fuel rod temperature coefficient of reactivity. The paper demonstrates that the neutron properties of a reactor core is based on effective temperature of the fuel to obtain the correct fuel temperature feedback. The value of volume-averaged temperature being used in the calculations of neutron physics with feedbacks would result in underestimating the probable event. In the calculation it is necessary to use the effective temperature of the fuel in order to provide correct accounting of the fuel temperature feedback. Fuel temperature changes in different zones of the core and consequently reactivity coefficient change are an important parameter for analysis of transient conditions. The restricting factor that compensates the inserted reactivity is the temperature reactivity coefficient and effective delayed neutron fraction.

Temperature compensation and entrainment in circadian rhythms

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bodenstein, C; Heiland, I; Schuster, S

2012-01-01

To anticipate daily variations in the environment and coordinate biological activities into a daily cycle many organisms possess a circadian clock. In the absence of external time cues the circadian rhythm persists with a period of approximately 24 h. The clock phase can be shifted by single pulses of light, darkness, chemicals, or temperature and this allows entrainment of the clock to exactly 24 h by cycles of these zeitgebers. On the other hand, the period of the circadian rhythm is kept relatively constant within a physiological range of constant temperatures, which means that the oscillator is temperature compensated. The mechanisms behind temperature compensation and temperature entrainment are not fully understood, neither biochemically nor mathematically. Here, we theoretically investigate the interplay of temperature compensation and entrainment in general oscillatory systems. We first give an analytical treatment for small temperature shifts and derive that every temperature-compensated oscillator is entrainable to external small-amplitude temperature cycles. Temperature compensation ensures that this entrainment region is always centered at the endogenous period regardless of possible seasonal temperature differences. Moreover, for small temperature cycles the entrainment region of the oscillator is potentially larger for rectangular pulses. For large temperature shifts we numerically analyze different circadian clock models proposed in the literature with respect to these properties. We observe that for such large temperature shifts sinusoidal or gradual temperature cycles allow a larger entrainment region than rectangular cycles. (paper)

Sandia_HighTemperatureComponentEvaluation_2015

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cashion, Avery T. [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

2015-03-01

The objective of this project is to perform independent evaluation of high temperature components to determine their suitability for use in high temperature geothermal tools. Development of high temperature components has been increasing rapidly due to demand from the high temperature oil and gas exploration and aerospace industries. Many of these new components are at the late prototype or first production stage of development and could benefit from third party evaluation of functionality and lifetime at elevated temperatures. In addition to independent testing of new components, this project recognizes that there is a paucity of commercial-off-the-shelf COTS components rated for geothermal temperatures. As such, high-temperature circuit designers often must dedicate considerable time and resources to determine if a component exists that they may be able to knead performance out of to meet their requirements. This project aids tool developers by characterization of select COTS component performances beyond published temperature specifications. The process for selecting components includes public announcements of project intent (e.g., FedBizOps), direct discussions with candidate manufacturers,and coordination with other DOE funded programs.

Temperature effects in differential mobility spectrometry

Science.gov (United States)

Krylov, Evgeny V.; Coy, Stephen L.; Nazarov, Erkinjon G.

2009-01-01

Drift gas temperature and pressure influence differential mobility spectrometer (DMS) performance, changing DMS peak positions, heights and widths. This study characterizes the effect of temperature on DMS peak positions. Positive ions of methyl salicylate, DMMP, and toluene, and negative ions of methyl salicylate and the reactant ion peaks were observed in purified nitrogen in the Sionex microDMx planar DMS. Measurements were made at ambient pressure (1 atm) at temperatures from 25 °C to 150 °C in a planar sensor with height 0.5 mm. Peak value of the separation voltage asymmetric waveform was scanned from 500 V to 1500 V. Compensation voltage (DMS peak position) showed a strong variation with temperature for all investigated ions. By generalizing the concept of effective ion temperature to include the effects of inelastic ion-molecular collisions, we have been able to condense peak position dependence on separation field and temperature to dependence on a redefined effective temperature including a smoothly varying inelasticity correction. It allows prediction and correction of the gas temperature effect on DMS peak positions.

Assessment of body temperature measurement options.

Science.gov (United States)

Sund-Levander, Märtha; Grodzinsky, Ewa

Assessment of body temperature is important for decisions in nursing care, medical diagnosis, treatment and the need of laboratory tests. The definition of normal body temperature as 37°C was established in the middle of the 19th century. Since then the technical design and the accuracy of thermometers has been much improved. Knowledge of physical influence on the individual body temperature, such as thermoregulation and hormones, are still not taken into consideration in body temperature assessment. It is time for a change; the unadjusted mode should be used, without adjusting to another site and the same site of measurement should be used as far as possible. Peripheral sites, such as the axillary and the forehead site, are not recommended as an assessment of core body temperature in adults. Frail elderly individuals might have a low normal body temperature and therefore be at risk of being assessed as non-febrile. As the ear site is close to the hypothalamus and quickly responds to changes in the set point temperature, it is a preferable and recommendable site for measurement of body temperature.

An Investigation on Attributes of Ambient Temperature and Diurnal Temperature Range on Mortality in Five East-Asian Countries.

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Whan-Hee; Lim, Youn-Hee; Dang, Tran Ngoc; Seposo, Xerxes; Honda, Yasushi; Guo, Yue-Liang Leon; Jang, Hye-Min; Kim, Ho

2017-08-31

Interest in the health effects of extremely low/high ambient temperature and the diurnal temperature range (DTR) on mortality as representative indices of temperature variability is growing. Although numerous studies have reported on these indices independently, few studies have provided the attributes of ambient temperature and DTR related to mortality, concurrently. In this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the mortality risk attributable to ambient temperature and DTR. The study included data of 63 cities in five East-Asian countries/regions during various periods between 1972 and 2013. The attributable risk of non-accidental death to ambient temperature was 9.36% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.98-9.69%) and to DTR was 0.59% (95% CI: 0.53-0.65%). The attributable cardiovascular mortality risks to ambient temperature (15.63%) and DTR (0.75%) are higher than the risks to non-accidental/respiratory-related mortality. We verified that ambient temperature plays a larger role in temperature-associated mortality, and cardiovascular mortality is susceptible to ambient temperature and DTR.

High-temperature peridotites - lithospheric or asthenospheric?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hops, J.J.; Gurney, J.J.

1990-01-01

High-temperature peridotites by definition yield equilibration temperatures greater than 1100 degrees C. On the basis of temperature and pressure calculations, these high-temperature peridotites are amongst the deepest samples entrained by kimberlites on route to the surface. Conflicting models proposing either a lithospheric or asthenospheric origin for the high-temperature peridotites have been suggested. A detailed study of these xenoliths from a single locality, the Jagersfontein kimberlite in the Orange Free State, has been completed as a means of resolving this controversy. 10 refs., 2 figs

Telemetry pill versus rectal and esophageal temperature during extreme rates of exercise-induced core temperature change

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Teunissen, L P J; Daanen, H A M; De Haan, A; De Koning, J J

2012-01-01

Core temperature measurement with an ingestible telemetry pill has been scarcely investigated during extreme rates of temperature change, induced by short high-intensity exercise in the heat. Therefore, nine participants performed a protocol of rest, (sub)maximal cycling and recovery at 30 °C. The pill temperature (T pill ) was compared with the rectal temperature (T re ) and esophageal temperature (T es ). T pill corresponded well to T re during the entire trial, but deviated considerably from T es during the exercise and recovery periods. During maximal exercise, the average ΔT pill −T re and ΔT pill −T es were 0.13 ± 0.26 and −0.57 ± 0.53 °C, respectively. The response time from the start of exercise, the rate of change during exercise and the peak temperature were similar for T pill and T re. T es responded 5 min earlier, increased more than twice as fast and its peak value was 0.42 ± 0.46 °C higher than T pill . In conclusion, also during considerable temperature changes at a very high rate, T pill is still a representative of T re . The extent of the deviation in the pattern and peak values between T pill and T es (up to >1 °C) strengthens the assumption that T pill is unsuited to evaluate central blood temperature when body temperatures change rapidly. (paper)

MOSFET dosimetry: temperature effects in-vivo

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yu, P.K.N.; Cheung, T.; Butson, M.J.; Cancer Services, Wollongong, NSW

2004-01-01

Full text: This note investigates temperature effects on dosimetry using a Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) for radiotherapy x-ray treatment. This was performed by analysing the dose response and threshold voltage outputs for MOSFET dosimeters as a function of ambient temperature. Results have shown the clinical semiconductor dosimetry system (CSDS) MOSFET provides stable dose measurements with temperatures varying from 15 deg C up to 40 deg C. Thus standard irradiations performed at room temperature can be directly compared to in-vivo dose assessments performed at near body temperature without a temperature correction function. The MOSFET dosimeter threshold voltage varies with temperature and this level is dependant on the dose history of the MOSFET dosimeter. However the variation can be accounted for in the measurement method. For accurate dosimetry the detector should be placed for approximately 60 seconds on a patient to allow thermal equilibrium before measurements are taken with the final reading performed whilst still attached to the patient or conversely left for approximately 120 seconds after removal from the patient if initial readout was measured at room temperature to allow temperature equilibrium to be established. Copyright (2004) Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine

temperature overspecification

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mehdi Dehghan

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Two different finite difference schemes for solving the two-dimensional parabolic inverse problem with temperature overspecification are considered. These schemes are developed for indentifying the control parameter which produces, at any given time, a desired temperature distribution at a given point in the spatial domain. The numerical methods discussed, are based on the (3,3 alternating direction implicit (ADI finite difference scheme and the (3,9 alternating direction implicit formula. These schemes are unconditionally stable. The basis of analysis of the finite difference equation considered here is the modified equivalent partial differential equation approach, developed from the 1974 work of Warming and Hyett [17]. This allows direct and simple comparison of the errors associated with the equations as well as providing a means to develop more accurate finite difference schemes. These schemes use less central processor times than the fully implicit schemes for two-dimensional diffusion with temperature overspecification. The alternating direction implicit schemes developed in this report use more CPU times than the fully explicit finite difference schemes, but their unconditional stability is significant. The results of numerical experiments are presented, and accuracy and the Central Processor (CPU times needed for each of the methods are discussed. We also give error estimates in the maximum norm for each of these methods.

Lider fallen zu wie die Tore der Burg : [luuletused kogust "Simunapäev"] / Kristiina Ehin ; aus dem Estnischen von Gisbert Jänicke

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Ehin, Kristiina, 1977-

2004-01-01

Sisu: die nachricht von der sanktgeorgsnacht = Jüriöö sõnum ; sie standen unter einem schiefen dach = nad seisid viltuse katuse all ; "der soldat steht auf dem hof ..." = "püssimees seisab õues..." ; "der mond heult..." = "kuu ulub..." ; der frauenräuber = naisteröövija ; "ich schlafe als schlamm im wald..." = "magan mudana metsas..." ; "ruhig erhebt sich der weihrauchdunst..." = "vaikselt tõuseb taevasse..."

War Kaspar Hausers Bildungsgang zum Scheitern verurteilt? : zur Relevanz eines erfahrungsorientierten schulischen Lernens

OpenAIRE

Hinz, Renate

1999-01-01

Anhand der Reflexion des "Bildungsganges" von Kaspar Hauser untersucht die Autorin vermittels einer biographischen Herangehensweise die These: "Bildungsgänge sind nicht nur in ihrer objektiven Strukturierung, sondern auch als subjektive Entwicklungsaufgaben zu verstehen, die es dem Individuum ermöglichen, selbstverantwortlich und mitgestaltend den eigenen Lebensweg zu bestimmen." Erfahrungsorientierung des Lehrens und Lernens unter Berücksichtigung der je eigenen Lebensgeschichte und also die...

Heinrich Heine e Castro Alves: diversidade na convergência

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eloá Heise

1998-11-01

Full Text Available Heinrich Heine und Castro Alves haben Gedichte unter dem gleichen Titel geschrieben: Das Sklavenschiff und O Navio Negreiro. Das bedeutet aber nicht, daß Castro Alves ein Plagiat des Gedichts Heines, des Verfassers der ersten Quelle, begangen hat. Trotz der gleichen Thematik in beiden Fällen kann man durch die Analyse der beiden Gedichte die deutliche Divergenz in der Konvergenz belegen.

Informationsdesign von Bildungsportalen : Struktur und Aufbau netzbasierter Bildungsressourcen

OpenAIRE

Panke, Stefanie

2009-01-01

Sowohl Unternehmen als auch Bildungseinrichtungen, Verlage, politische Organisationen, Verbände, Interessengruppen und Privatpersonen nutzen das Internet, um Informationen zu verbreiten. Die Varianz an Akteuren, Adressaten und Botschaften spiegelt sich wider in einem wachsenden Spektrum an Web-Genres: Suchmaschine, E-Commerce-Auftritt und Online-Zeitung teilen sich die Aufmerksamkeit der Leser unter anderem mit privaten Weblogs und kollaborativen Wissenssammlungen wie der Enzyklopädie Wikiped...

Der Zusammenhang von Partnermarktopportunitäten aus dem Freundeskreis und der Stabilität von Paarbeziehungen : Eine Analyse mit den Daten des Partnermarktsurvey

OpenAIRE

Häring, Armando

2014-01-01

"Der Beitrag analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen Partnermarktoportunitäten aus dem Freundeskreis und der Stabilität von Paarbeziehungen. Unter Verwendung des theoretischen Konzepts der Theorie der Interaktionsgelegenheiten sowie von Annahmen der Austauschtheorie und der Familienökonomie, werden mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen gemeinsamen Freundeskreisen mit dem Partner, Partnermarktgelegenheiten aus dem Freundeskreis (sex ratio) und der Stabilität von Paarbeziehungen diskutiert. Der Beitrag ...

371 Exhumierungen : eine Untersuchung aus morphologischer, versicherungsmedizinischer und rechtsmedizinischer Sicht

OpenAIRE

Ulm, Kristin

2008-01-01

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Ergebnisse von 371 Exhumierungen aus den Jahren 1967 bis 1998 ausgewertet unter der Fragestellung, ob aussagekräftige morphologische Befunde auch noch nach einer längeren Leichenliegezeit erhoben werden und versicherungsmedizinische Fragen hierdurch beantwortet werden können. Die erhobenen morphologischen Befunde sowohl auf mikroskopischer als auch auf makroskopischer Ebene wurden zu einem Erwartungskatalog zusammengefasst und mit den Ergebnissen der...

Kombinierte elektromagnetische Vollwellen- und strahlbasierte Simulationen von Fahrzeugantennen in virtuellen Testfahrten

OpenAIRE

Mocker-Henning, Marina

2016-01-01

In dieser Arbeit werden elektromagnetische Untersuchungen von Fahrzeugantennen für verschiedene Dienste in virtuellen Testfahrten unter Anwendung einer Kombination aus Vollwellen- und Ray Tracing- Methoden simulativ durchgeführt. Es werden verschiedene Vollwellen- Lösungsverfahren und -Lösermethoden vorgestellt und verglichen. Für die Berechnung der Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen im mobilen Szenario wird ein Ray Tracing Programm entwickelt, das für eine hohe Berechnungsgeschwindigkeit...

Mehrfacheffekt-Feuchtluftdestillation bei Umgebungsdruck

OpenAIRE

Müller-Holst, Hendrik

2007-01-01

Ein neuartiges Verfahren zur Feuchtluftdestillation mittels Verdunstung und Kondensation in einer einzigen Kammer wurde im Rahmen der Arbeit umfassend analysiert. Das Verfahren arbeitet bei Umgebungsdruck; der dadurch bei Temperaturen unter dem Siedepunkt verringerte Stoffübergang wird durch große Austauschflächen mit hoher Packungsdichte kompensiert. Der Transport der im Verdunster beladenen Feuchtluft zum Kondensator erfolgt innerhalb einer optimierten geometrischen Anordnung der Baueinheit...

Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) für Menschen nach Gewalt und Flucht : Ein Einblick in das Verfahren

OpenAIRE

Schauer, Maggie; Elbert, Thomas; Neuner, Frank

2017-01-01

Die Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) ist ein effizientes Kernelement der Behandlung von Kindern und Erwachsenen, die unter den Folgen von Mehrfach- und Komplextraumatisierung nach Gewalt und Flucht leiden. Die chronologische Erarbeitung einer Narration, der individuellen Lebensgeschichte in der NET ermöglicht Traumaüberlebenden eine Gesamtschau ihres Lebens und so die Integration der Lebenserfahrungen in den biografischen Zusammenhang. Sie aktiviert Ressourcen und erlaubt korrigierende Bez...

Preparation and characterisation of Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} systems as a model of aerosol-type emissions from automobile catalytic converters; Praeparation und Charakterisierung von Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Systemen als Modell fuer aerosolfoermige Emissionen aus Automobilkatalysatoren (VPT 08A)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruehle, T; Schloegl, R [Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin (Germany). Abt. Anorganische Chemie

1998-12-31

The present project was carried out on the basis of available emission data and the known toxicity of platinum compounds. Its aim was to synthesise manageable amounts of a model substance suitable for toxicological screening. [Deutsch] Unter Augenmerk auf die Emissionsdaten und auf die bekannte Toxizitaet von Platinverbindungen sollte versucht werden, handhabbare Mengen einer Modellsubstanz zu synthetisieren, um so toxikologische Reihenversuche zu ermoeglichen. (orig.)

Gewinnt der Mensch nur da, wo er spielt? Ein Essay über Gamification zur Bewältigung von Anforderungen der Arbeitswelt

OpenAIRE

Grünberger, Nina

2014-01-01

Unternehmen sind erfinderisch geworden. In unserer an Output-Steigerung orientierten Marktgesellschaft werden unter dem Schlagwort „Gamification“ bewusst spielerische Elemente in gewöhnliche Arbeitsprozesse implementiert. Dies erfolgt u.a., um die Arbeitsleistung der Mitarbeitenden zu steigern. Kreativ und frei arbeiten, ja, aber nur innerhalb der Vorgaben und analog zur Unternehmensphilosophie? Ergebnisorientierung und Effizienz, ja, und zugleich eine ausgewogene Work-Life-Balance? Der vorli...

Bienengiftallergie - Untersuchung der Verhaltensweisen bienengiftallergischer Imker und der Effektivität der spezifischen Immuntherapie in einem internationalen Kollektiv

OpenAIRE

Wrobel, Denise

2013-01-01

Einleitung: Die vorliegende Studie hatte das Ziel, die Effektivität der spezifischen Immuntherapie unter den imkernden Bienengiftallergikern und ihren Langzeitschutz zu belegen, wobei Sticherfahrungen der weiterimkernden Betroffenen herangezogen wurden, um die Wirksamkeit der Therapie zu bestätigen, sowie Veränderungen auf Verhalten und Psyche darzustellen. Inwiefern Imker eine "natürliche Immunisierung" durchführen und wie wirksam alternative Behandlungen sind, wurde ebenfalls untersucht. ...

Entwicklung von Extraktions- und Absorptionssystemen auf Basis ionischer Flüssigkeiten für die Entschwefelung von Kohlenwasserstoffen

OpenAIRE

Kuhlmann, Esther

2008-01-01

Da die Anforderungen an den Schwefelgehalt der fossilen Brennstoffe - nicht zuletzt durch gesetzliche Richtlinien bezüglich der Schadstoffemissionen - im Laufe der Zeit ständig gestiegen sind, sind effektive Entschwefelungsverfahren für fossile Brennstoffe von hohem Interesse. Die derzeitige Entschwefelungstechnologie basiert auf dem HDS-Verfahren, alternative Verfahren sind aber wünschenswert, insbesondere wenn Anwendungen einen Schwefelgehalt von weit unter 10 ppm erforderlich machen. Daher...

PMD basierte Fahrspurerkennung und -Verfolgung für Fahrerassistenzsysteme

Science.gov (United States)

Gumpp, T.; Schamm, T.; Bergmann, S.; Zöllner, J. M.; Dillmann, R.

In diesem Artikel wird ein System zur Verfolgung von Fahrspuren unter Verwendung von PMD-Kameras vorgestellt. Er gibt einen überblick über die Auswertung der Intensitäts- und Tiefenbilder dieses Sensors in einem System zur fremdlichtunabhängigen Fahrspurverfolgung. Ein Kaiman-Filter wird verwendet, um neben den Fahrspurparametern auch die Position und Orientierung des Fahrzeugs relativ zur Fahrspur zu schätzten.

Operational Implications of the NATO Strategic Concept 2010 for European Countries in NATO and the EU

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-01

tnis von NATO und EU- Eine Analyse unter Beriicksichtigung des Lissabonner Reformvertrages (Munich: AVM-Verlag, 2009), 4. Martin Reichard, The EU-NATO...Lockheed Martin Corp., Moorestown, USA. The consortium developed the first multifunctional counter battery radar in the world with a fu lly active phased...significant forces in expeditionary missions. Gustav Lindstrom , Caaudia Major and Christian Mt>lling provide a good review of the historic background, the

Determination of kinematic dimensions of guiding mechanisms from measurement

OpenAIRE

Teichgräber, Carsten

2013-01-01

Führungsgetriebe die durch Servomotoren angetrieben werden, benötigen für definierte Stellungen des Abtriebsglieds eine programmierte Funktion (elektronische Kurvenscheibe). Diese leitet sich aus dem möglicherweise fehlerbehafteten kinematischen Modell des Getriebes ab (inverse Kinematik). Zur Verbesserung der Genauigkeit der Führungsbewegung wird ein Verfahren zur Justierung der Übertragungsfunktion auf Basis des Newton-Verfahrens unter Nutzung der Singulärwertzerlegung vorgestellt. Dabei we...

Imagem, texto, sensibilização, criatividade

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

João Azenha Junior

1997-11-01

Full Text Available Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die dynamische Wechselbeziehung zwischen Bild und Text bei der didaktischen Bearbeitung verschiedener Textsorten im Rahmen der Fremdsprachen- bzw. Übersetzungsdidaktik zu untersuchen. Am Beispiel von Textsorten aus dem Bereich der Wissenschaft, Technik, Literatur und Sprachvermittlung wird versucht, erfolgreiche und mißlungene Anwendungen ikonischer Mittel bei der Textproduktion unter die Lupe zu nehmen und didaktische Konsequenzen daraus zu ziehen.