Efecto de la sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis sobre la fotosíntesis y transpiración foliar del banano (Musa sp. AAA, cv. Valery

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Martín Hidalgo

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Con el propósito de relacionar el ataque de la Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis con las tasas fotosintética y de transpiración foliares, se sembraron rebrotes del tercer ciclo de producción de una plantación del cv. Valery en potes plásticos de 4 litros. Las plantas se mantuvieron dentro de un invernadero a humedad relativa y temperatura del 90% y 27°C, respectivamente. Al emitir 6 hojas, las 4 más jóvenes fueron inoculadas con conidios de M. fijiensis a partir de cultivos monospóricos de aislamientos silvestres. Dos riegos diarios por aspersión mantuvieron una película de agua sobre las hojas. Se aplicó una suspensión de 150000 conidios ml-1 sobre el envés de las hojas utilizando un aerógrafo, en 2 fechas con un intervalo de 30 días entre ellas, para obtener diferentes grados de severidad y estadios de la enfermedad en hojas de diferentes edades. Tanto la determinación visual del porcentaje de severidad como la del estadio de desarrollo de la enfermedad, fueron llevadas a cabo en los 6,25 cm2 del área foliar cubierta por la cubeta del medidor infrarrojo de gases, utilizado para determinar las tasas fotosintéticas y transpiratorias foliares. La tasa fotosintética neta foliar (Fn; μmoles de CO2 reducidos por m2 s-1 decayó con el incremento del porcentaje de severidad (Fn=-0,1517 x+6,845; R2=0,72 y el estadio de la enfermedad (Fn=-1,62 x+8,36; R2=0,60. El impacto del patógeno sobre la tasa transpiratoria foliar (E; mmoles de agua m-2 s-1 fue relativamente menor, como lo mostró la regresión de E contra el porcentaje de severidad (E=-0,0122 x+2,429; R2=0,11

Análisis de la adhesión de recubrimientos del sistema Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 sobre sustratos de interés para la industria aeroespacial

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Cinta Marraco-Borderas

2016-07-01

Full Text Available En la industria aeroespacial se necesitan materiales ligeros que tengan unas altas prestaciones mecánicas combinadas con una baja densidad. El carburo de silicio, el carbono reforzado con fibra de carbono y el carburo de silicio reforzado con fibra de carbono son materiales que cumplen con estos requisitos, pero a altas temperaturas presentan problemas de oxidación. Una de las formas más efectivas de prevenir este fenómeno es la utilización de recubrimientos cerámicos, cuya correcta adhesión sobre los distintos sustratos es fundamental para garantizar su funcionamiento. En el caso del presente trabajo, se analiza la adhesión de recubrimientos vítreos del sistema Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 obtenidos mediante proyección térmica por llama oxiacetilénica. Para ello, se realizan ensayos de rayado a carga creciente analizando el tipo y la carga de fallo y su relación con las propiedades elásticas y mecánicas de los recubrimientos. Los resultados indican que la adhesión sobre los sustratos carburo de silicio y carburo de silicio reforzado con fibra de carbono es buena, mientras que el carbono reforzado con fibra de carbono no es un material adecuado para recubrir.

El crecimiento de cuatro plantas ornamentales anuales en diferentes sustratos.

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Adalberto Di Benedetto; Carlos Boschi; Rolando Klasman y Jorge Molinari

2003-01-01

Usando un sustrato base compuesto por turba de Sphagnum, perlita y vermiculita (Sustrato Van Leeuwen®), se evaluaron las siguientes mezclas de cultivo: (1) Sustrato Van Leeuwen® (100%); (2) Suelo (100%); (3) Suelo (50%); (4) Resaca de río (100%) y (5) Resaca de río (50%). Se encontró una disminución de la porosidad total durante las primeras semanas de cultivo y un aumento, que no llegó a compensar la caída inicial, durante las fases finales de crecimiento para las cuatro plantas utilizadas e...

Estatus nutricional y crecimiento vegetativo de plantas de Vanilla planifolia Jacks afectadas por la fertilización y la composición de substrato orgánico

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Adriana Isabel Osorio

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El cultivo de la vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks es promisorio en Colombia, sin embargo, sus requerimientos nutricionales son desconocidos. En este estudio la hipótesis fue que el estado nutricional del cultivo de vainilla y su crecimiento dependen de la composición del sustrato y de la fertilización aplicada. En parcelas experimentales de 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.2 m se aplicaron cada 2 meses 10 lt adicionales de un sustrato que contenía fragmentos de madera (WC o fibra de coco (CF y hojarasca (LL en diferentes proporciones volumétricas (% (75:25, 50:50, 25:75. Se aplicaron cuatro dosis anuales de un fertilizante químico (grado 27-11-11: 0, 20, 60 y 140 g por planta. Los resultados indican que una interacción altamente significativa (P < 0.01 entre el sustrato y la fertilización sobre el crecimiento de las plantas. La longitud del tallo de las plantas de vainilla se incrementó significativamente con la dosis de fertilización de 20 g/planta solamente en los sustratos compuestos por 75% de CF o WC y 25% de LL. La presencia de CF produjo contenidos foliares de P, K, Cu, Mg y Mn significativamente más altos (P < 0.05 que aquellos obtenidos cuando WC fue utilizado en el sustrato. Por el contrario, la presencia de WC en el substrato incrementó (P < 0.05 los contenidos foliares de N y Ca con respecto a los niveles observados con CF en el sustrato de crecimiento.

Calidad biofísica y nutracéutica de frutos de tomate producido con sustratos orgánicos

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Lilia Salas-Pérez

2016-01-01

Full Text Available La creciente inquietud de la opinión pública sobre los efectos negativos de las actividades agrícolas en el ambiente se ha provocado que la producción de cultivos se realice de una manera más sustentable, especialmente en el manejo de la fertilización. Al respecto la composta es un abono orgánico utilizado como fuente de nutrimentos y como componente de sustratos en la agricultura protegida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes sustratos a base de composta de ganado bovino (C mezclada con arena de río (A, sobre el rendimiento y la calidad biofísica y nutracéutica de frutos de tomate producidos bajo condiciones en invernadero. Los porcentajes de los sustratos fueron: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 (C: A y como control se utilizó la solución nutritiva Steiner en arena. Las variables evaluadas fueron rendimiento, peso promedio de fruto, diámetro polar y ecuatorial, espesor de pericarpio y sólidos solubles totales (calidad biofísica. La calidad nutracéutica se determinó mediante el análisis de licopeno y actividad antioxidante. El mayor rendimiento y calidad biofísica de los frutos se presentó con el uso de la solución nutritiva convencional. En cambio, los frutos obtenidos a partir de composta: arena 75:25 obtuvieron los valores mayores de sólidos solubles y capacidad antioxidante, 12.5 % mayor en sólidos solubles y 27 % mayor en capacidad antioxidante comparados con los obtenidos con solución nutritiva Steiner. La combinación composta con arena para su uso como sustrato orgánico es una alternativa viable para la producción orgánica de tomate en invernadero ya que el rendimiento y la calidad son aceptables. Además; dado el potencial de uso en la agricultura organica certificada, los usuarios eventualmente podrán lograr un sobreprecio y mejorar la relación beneficio/costo, lo que proporciona una potencial comercialización competitiva para el productor, al tiempo que disminuye el uso de insumos

Método de determinación de unos parámetros reológicos simples de una formulación epoxi para el estudio de las tensiones originadas en el curado de una capa delgada de dicha formulación adherida a un sustrato rígido

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Albajar Molera, Luis

1982-01-01

Cuando sobre sustrato, hormigón, acero, etcétera, aplicamos una capa delgada de formulación epoxi aparecen, como consecuencia de la retracción de reticulación y de su distinta dilatación y contracción térmica, una serie de tensiones, que en ocasiones pueden producir figuración, sobre todo en el caso de sustrato de hormigón. Su estudio plantea la dificultad del conocimiento de las propiedades teológicas de la formulación epoxi a lo largo de estos procesos, conocimiento en que concentramos nues...

Effects of light availability and growth rate on leaf lifespan of four temperate rainforest Proteaceae Efectos de la luminosidad y de las tasas de crecimiento sobre longevidad foliar de cuatro Proteáceas del bosque templado lluvioso

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CHRISTOPHER H LUSK

2011-06-01

de la longevidad foliar, y también los vínculos con otros rasgos foliares. Sin embargo, una teoría comprensiva de la longevidad foliar aún no emerge de dichos estudios. El efecto de las tasas de crecimiento sobre el autosombramiento podría ser determinante en la variación tanto intra- como interespecífica en la longevidad foliar. De ser así, se esperaría que la longevidad foliar de las especies heliófitas, de crecimiento rápido, respondiera más marcadamente a la luminosidad que la de las especies tolerantes a la sombra, de crecimiento lento. Medimos crecimiento en altura, sobrevivencia foliar y producción de nuevas hojas, en árboles juveniles de cuatro Proteáceas Chilenas, con el objetivo de explorar los efectos de la luminosidad y del autosombramiento sobre la longevidad foliar. La longevidad foliar mostró una relación inversa con la disponibilidad de luz difusa, y la pendiente de esta relación fue más elevada en dos especies heliófitas (Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia hirsuta que en dos especies más tolerantes a la sombra (Lomatia ferruginea, Gevuina avellana. Dicho patrón mostró cierta simetría con la variación interespecífica en el efecto de la luminosidad sobre el crecimiento en altura, ya que el crecimiento de las dos especies heliófitas respondió más notoriamente a la luminosidad que el crecimiento de L. ferruginea y G. avellana. Un análisis de vías sugirió que la luminosidad influyó en la longevidad foliar principalmente por el efecto del crecimiento sobre el autosombramiento: cuando la tasa de producción de nuevas hojas se mantuvo constante mediante la regresión múltiple, la luminosidad en sí no tuvo efecto significativo sobre la longevidad foliar de ninguna de las cuatro especies. Sin embargo, entre 29 y 79 % de la variación intraespecífica en la longevidad foliar no pudo explicarse por la luminosidad o la tasa de producción foliar. Si el autosombramiento efectivamente es el principal determinante inmediato de la

EFECTO DE LA UTILIZACIÓN DE DIFERENTES SUSTRATOS COMPARTIMENTADOS POR NEURONAS Y ASTROCITOS, SOBRE LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE CALCIO EXTRA E INTRACELULAR

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Elsa Guzmán de Aristizábal

2003-06-01

Full Text Available El mecanismo de intercambio de sustratos entre neuronas y astrocitos, no es claro y menos claro es, si los efectos metabólicos en las células receptoras, son resultado de señalización por calcio. Se plantea la posibilidad de que existan señales entre neuronas y astrocitos que relacionen su funcionamiento metabólico a través de las concentraciones de calcio. La concentración de calcio se midió por absorción atómica en el medio intra y extracelular de cultivos primarios de neuronas y astrocitos y posteriormente en el medio intra y extracelular después de una hora de incubación con lactato, glutamato, glutamina y acetato a concentraciones fisiológicas. Las comparaciones estadísticas se efectuaron con ANOVA y Duncan (p < 0.05. Se hicieron 3 replicaciones de cada experimento con 5 repeticiones. Los resultados permiten afirmar que al hacer incubaciones in vitro con los sustratos, se producen variaciones en las concentraciones de calcio extra é intracelular. El estrés metabólico puede estar influyendo en estas variaciones. Adicionalmente, se demuestra que los astrocitos son menos dependientes del calcio extracelular que las neuronas. Las variaciones del calcio intracelular pueden incrementar el metabolismo de estas células y acelerar el metabolismo mitocondrial. Se postula que cambios en la concentración de calcio afectan el metabolis-mo de células excitables en incubaciones in vitro usando diferentes sustratos.

Evaluación de sustratos para almácigos de hortalizas

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Gustavo Quesada Rold\\u00E1n

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Se realizó una evaluación agronómica de almácigos de hortalizas (tomate, pepino, lechuga y brócoli establecidos en diferentes sustratos, en la Estación Experimental Fabio BaudritMoreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica, bajo condiciones de invernadero, del 12 de abril al 7 de mayo del 2004. Se utilizaron bandejas plásticas de 128 celdas de forma piramidal invertida. El diseño experimental utilizado fue un irrestricto completamenteal azar con cuatro repeticiones. Ala edad de transplante seevaluaron variables de vigor de germinación, desarrollo deplanta y calidad de adobe. Los sustratos que permitieron elmejor desarrollo de las plantas en los cultivos de brócoli, pepino y tomate fueron abono orgánico Juan Viñas; lombricom-post + abono orgánico Juan Viñas + granza; y abono orgánicoJuan Viñas + granza. Los sustratos aserrín de melina madurado + suelo + granza; y peat moss + perlita fueron los mejoresmedios para almácigos de lechuga. Se observó además en lossustratos abono orgánico Juan Viñas + aserrín de melina ma-durado + granza; bagazo + aserrín de melina madurado + abono orgánico Juan Viñas; y aserrín de melina madurado + fibrade coco + ceniza, una excelente calidad de adobe, aunque undesarrollo de la planta no tan vigoroso. Los sustratos “tierrafermentada”; fibra de coco; sustrato comercial 2; y bagazo +fibra de coco + piedra pómez fueron los que más limitaron elestablecimiento de las plantas de almácigo.

EVALUACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO IN VITRO DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DE HIDROXIAPATITA DEPOSITADOS MEDIANTE PROYECCIÓN TÉRMICA POR COMBUSTIÓN OXIACETILÉNICA SOBRE UN SUSTRATO DE Ti6Al4V

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HAMILTON COPETE

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Recubrimientos de Hidroxiapatita sintética producida por precipitación y calcinación a 850 °C fueron depositados sobre sustratos de Ti6Al4V mediante proyección térmica por combustión. Las fases presentes en el material sintetizado y en los recubrimientos elaborados fueron determinadas mediante Difracción de Rayos X. Los recubrimientos fueron evaluados en condiciones in vitro con fluido fisiológico a 37 °C que simula el plasma humano, por periodos de 3, 7, 15 y 30 días. La superficie de los recubrimientos fue caracterizada antes y después de los ensayos in vitro mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido y por Barrido de Energía Dispersiva. La concentración de iones de fosfato y de calcio en el fluido fisiológico fue determinada mediante espectrofotometría. Los resultados de las pruebas in vitro sugieren la acción de dos mecanismos: disolución del recubrimiento en el fluido fisiológico y posterior precipitación de cristales de calcio y fósforo sobre la superficie de la capa de Hidroxiapatita.

Efecto de diversos sustratos artificiales en el crecimiento y supervivencia de estadios tempranos de la langosta azul (Cherax quadricarinatus) cultivados en un sistema de recirculación - Effect of different artificial substrates on growth and survival of early stages of the blue lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus) reared in a recirculating system

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García-Ulloa Gómez, Manuel; Pinzón López, Liliana Araceli

2012-01-01

ResumenSe evaluó la influencia de diferentes sustratos artificiales (tubo, malla, tubo + malla y grupo control, sin sustrato) sobre el crecimiento y la supervivencia de crías tempranas de Cherax quadricarinatus, cultivadas en un sistema derecirculación durante cuatro semanas.AbstractThe effect of different artificial substrates (tube or straw, mesh, mesh and tube or straw, and control or no substrate) on growth and survival of offspring early Cherax quadricarinatus raised in a recirculating s...

ESTUDIO TOPOGRÁFICO DE PELÍCULAS DELGADAS DE ORO SOBRE MICA MEDIANTE EVAPORACIÓN POR MÉTODO FÍSICO

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Sebastián Bahamondes

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Se presenta un estudio topográfico de la formación de películas delgadas de oro sobre mica moscovita. La caracterización de las muestras fue hecha con microscopio de efecto túnel (STM y microscopio de fuerza atómica (AFM. Se realizó un conjunto de muestras del mismo espesor, evaporadas a distintas temperaturas del sustrato (entre -160 y 260 °C y otro conjunto de muestras evaporadas a temperatura ambiente variando su espesor (ente 1,5 y 33 nm. Los resultados muestran que el oro presenta un crecimiento tridimensional a través de la formación de granos; estos se presentan aislados o formando nanohilos hasta los 6 nm de espesor, los cuales recubren completamente el sustrato sobre 8 nm de espesor. El diámetro promedio de grano es constante hasta espesores de 8 nm y aumenta con el espesor para deposiciones mayores. El diámetro promedio de grano es similar para películas de igual espesor sin importar la temperatura del sustrato.

El crecimiento de cuatro plantas ornamentales anuales en diferentes sustratos.

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Adalberto Di Benedetto

2003-06-01

Full Text Available Usando un sustrato base compuesto por turba de Sphagnum, perlita y vermiculita (Sustrato Van Leeuwen®, se evaluaron las siguientes mezclas de cultivo: (1 Sustrato Van Leeuwen® (100%; (2 Suelo (100%; (3 Suelo (50%; (4 Resaca de río (100% y (5 Resaca de río (50%. Se encontró una disminución de la porosidad total durante las primeras semanas de cultivo y un aumento, que no llegó a compensar la caída inicial, durante las fases finales de crecimiento para las cuatro plantas utilizadas en todas las mezclas evaluadas. De las cuatro plantas estudiadas: Begonia x semperflorens (“flor de azúcar”, Gerbera x jamensonii, Impatiens x walleriana (“alegría del hogar” y Viola x wittrockiana (“pensamiento”, todas presentaron una curva de crecimiento típica en función del tiempo con variaciones significativas entre las cinco mezclas de crecimiento utilizadas. Nuestros resultados indican que la resaca de río podría ser una alternativa potencial para la sustitución parcial o total de la turba de Sphagnum aunque la proporción exacta se halla asociada con los requerimientos de cada planta en particular.

Manutenção da área foliar e produtividade de arroz irrigado com a aplicação de fertilizantes foliares no estádio de emborrachamento Foliar area maintenance and yield with application of foliar fertilizers on booting stage of irrigated rice

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Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo

2008-08-01

Full Text Available A utilização de fertilizantes foliares, aplicados ao final do ciclo da cultura do arroz irrigado, pode proporcionar complementação nutricional para a planta e proteção contra patógenos com reflexos na produtividade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a utilização de fertilizantes foliares, aplicados no estádio de emborrachamento, sobre a produtividade do arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2005/2006, em área experimental de várzea do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 10 fertilizantes foliares, dois produtos aplicados via sementes, um fungicida e a testemunha. Os fertilizantes não influenciaram qualquer parâmetro avaliado. As condições climáticas e o manejo da adubação anterior à aplicação dos tratamentos foliares propiciaram condições favoráveis para o arroz expressar o seu potencial produtivo, em torno de 10.000kg ha-1. Neste nível de produtividade, os produtos utilizados não aumentaram a produtividade do arroz irrigado.The use of foliar fertilizers applied to the reproductive phase of rice can improve the plant nutrition and protect the field against foliar diseases with gains in yield. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the use of the foliar fertilizers applied to the booting stage in order to verify the irrigated rice yield. The experiment was carried out in 2005/06 in a lowland area in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil. The treatments, arranged in a randomized block design with four replications, were constituted by 10 foliar fertilizers available in the market, two products applied to seeds, a fungicide, and a check treatment. The treatments presented no effects on any of the variables studied. The suitable climatic conditions and the fertilizer management carried out before the application of the foliar treatments led to the

Efecto de diferentes sustratos en la calidad de plántulas de berenjena (Solanum melongena L.)

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ARAMÉNDIZ-TATIS, HERMES; CARDONA-AYALA, CARLOS; CORREA-ÁLVAREZ, ENDER

2013-01-01

La berenjena es una hortaliza con alta demanda en el departamento de Córdoba (Colombia), donde tiene importancia social y económica. El sistema actual de producción presenta algunos limitantes tecnológicos, uno de ellos es la producción de plántulas, y la de calidad de los sustratos. Con el fin de evaluar los sustratos disponibles de la región, se realizó un diseño completamente al azar con siete tratamientos, correspondientes a mezclas de sustratos (T1 = 50% aluvión + 50% casacarilla de arro...

Incidencia de los fertilizantes sobre el pH del suelo

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Ginés, Irantzu; Mariscal Sancho, Ignacio de Loyola

2002-01-01

El pH del suelo o del sustrato de cultivo determina la asimilabilidad de los nutrientes; los fertilizantes tienen una importante influencia sobre dicho pH. La incidencia de los fertilizantes sobre el pH del suelo depende principalmente de: a) el perfil acidificante de la composición química del fertilizante utilizado b) de su carácter descalcificante o calcificante y c) de la capacidad tamponadora del suelo. En esta monografía se recogen la incidencia de los principales fertilizantes comercia...

Efecto de sustratos orgánicos en plantas de fresa (Fragaria sp. cv ‘Albion’ bajo condiciones de campo

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José Samuel Medina-Bolívar

2016-11-01

Full Text Available El cultivo de fresa es una de las opciones productivas para los agricultores, principalmente de los departamentos de Cundinamarca, Antioquia y Boyacá. La tendencia creciente hacia una agricultura cada vez más abierta al comercio mundial determina que las actividades agrícolas nacionales deben ser cada día más productivas y competitivas, esto soportado en nuevas y mejores tecnologías de producción. Dentro de estas, se cuenta el uso de diferentes sustratos con el fin de solucionar problemas como acidez, alta erosión o problemas de tipo fitosanitario que impiden la siembra de forma directa en el suelo. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior el objetivo de la investigación fue la evaluación de diferentes sustratos orgánicos en el crecimiento y desarrollo de plantas de fresa cv ‘Albion’, bajo condiciones de campo abierto. Para la evaluación se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos siendo S1: suelo 50% + fibra de coco 50% (S:FC, S2: suelo 50% + fibra de coco 25% + cascarilla de arroz 25% (S:FC:CA y S3: suelo 50% + cascarilla de arroz 50% (S:CA, cada uno conto con tres replicaciones. Las variables evaluadas fueron masa fresca y seca de raíz y parte aérea, área foliar, clorofilas totales, numero de frutos/planta y producción g/planta. El tratamiento (S1, mostró diferencias significativas según la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05 en la mayoría de parámetros evaluados, esto lo convierte en una alternativa para la producción de fresa cv ‘Albión’ bajo las condiciones de estudio.

Evaluación de la producción de cuerpos fructíferos de cepas guatemaltecas del hongo comestible Rukoxil Tunay Che’ (Agrocybe cylindracea (DC.: Fr. Maire en diferentes sustratosEvaluation of the production of fruiting bodies of the

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María del Carmen Bran

2014-10-01

Full Text Available En el presente estudio se determinó la producción de cuerpos fructíferos de cinco cepas nativas de Agrocybe cylindracea sobre tres sustratos y dos tratamientos térmicos, a través del porcentaje de eficiencia biológica y la medición del diámetro de los píleos. Se encontró que el mayor porcentaje de eficiencia biológica de las cepas en los sustratos evaluados fue 115.84 %, que correspondió al sustrato constituido por 29% paja de trigo mas 1% de harina de soya pasteurizado y obtenido por la cepa 58.01, la cual también produjo las mayores eficiencias biológicas en todos los sustratos evaluados. Al confrontar el porcentaje de eficiencia biológica en los diferentes sustratos, todas las cepas presentaron valores altos en el sustrato compuesto por 28% de paja de trigo, 1% harina de soya y CaCO3. Con respecto al diámetro de los cuerpos fructíferos, las cepas 58.01, 59.01, 60.01 y 638.08 produjeron píleos menores de 2 cm, entre 2-4 cm y mayores a 4.0 cm en los diferentes sustratos y tratamientos, excepto la cepa 59.01 que en el sustrato formulado con 29% de paja de trigo y 1% de harina de soya, solo produjo cuerpos fructíferos con píleos menores a 2 cm y entre 2-4 cm. En el análisis proximal de los basidiomas de las cepas evaluadas se obtuvo un alto porcentaje de proteínas, fibra cruda y carbohidratos, así como bajo porcentaje de grasas. Se recomienda que en futuras investigaciones o transferencia de tecnología a comunidades o entidades interesadas en el cultivo de este hongo, utilizar paja de trigo suplementada con harina de soya y como regulador de pH CaCO3, ya que en dicho sustrato se obtuvieron los mayores porcentajes de eficiencia biológica para la producción de cuerpos fructíferos de A. cylindracea.

COMPORTAMIENTO DE CORROSIÓN-EROSIÓN EN RECUBRIMIENTOS DE TiN/ZrN DEPOSITADOS SOBRE ACERO AISI 4140

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Aperador, Willian; Mejía, Aura S; Caicedo, Julio

2014-01-01

Se depositaron películas delgadas de nitruro de titanio/nitruro de zirconio sobre acero AISI 4140 mediante un sistema multi-blanco magnetrón pulverización (sputtering) con radiofrecuencia. El proceso se desarrolló bajo el sistema de rotación del sustrato que permitió situar el sustrato de frente a los blancos de titanio y zirconio, generando la super-red con periodos de 1, 50, 100 y 200 bicapas. Las multicapas fueron evaluadas frente a la sinergia corrosión-erosión en una solución compuesta p...

Producción de plantas de camu camu con diferentes sustratos orgánicos en camas de vivero convencional

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Carlos Abanto Rodriguez

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo fue verificar el desarrollo inicial de plantones de camu camu con diferentes sustratos orgánicos en camas de vivero convencional con riego por microaspersión y manejo de sombra con malla Chromatine® color rojo con 50% de luz. Se utilizó material genético proveniente de plantas madre del Banco de Germoplasma de camu camu del INIA-Iquitos, las semillas fueron germinadas en aserrín descompuesto y mantenidas por un periodo de 40 días, luego se realizó el repicado con 10 cm de altura en los diferentes sustratos según los tratamientos en camas de vivero con dimensiones de 1,20 m de ancho x 10 m de largo y con una profundidad de 30 cm. Después de realizar las evaluaciones de altura (cm y diámetro basal (mm durante un periodo de 120 días, se encontró que el sustrato gallinaza se consolida como el sustrato de mayor eficiencia en el desarrollo de plantas de camu camu seguido por el sustrato humus de lombriz.

Influencia de la pérdida foliar sobre la cosecha en el cv. Gruesa, Musa acuminata Colla (AAA, cultivado bajo invernadero en las Islas Canarias

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Juan Cabrera Cabrera

2010-12-01

Full Text Available El cultivo de la variedad de platanera Gruesa, selección local de Dwarf Cavendish, ha experimentado un importante aumento en los últimos años en las Islas Canarias, tanto al aire libre como bajo invernadero. La eliminación de hojas, tras la floración, es una práctica habitual en los cultivos bajo invernadero. Asimismo es frecuente la pérdida de hojas por el efecto de los vientos en los cultivos al aire libre. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar, mediante simulación de pérdida foliar por daños mecánicos, la influencia que tiene la disminución de superficie foliar sobre el llenado y cosecha de la fruta en dicho cultivar. Para ello, cuatro meses antes de la cosecha se efectuaron cinco niveles de defoliación: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% y 100%. Se valoran dos métodos diferentes de defoliación, eliminación de limbo foliar y tronchado de hojas con posterior corte de éstas. Se analizan y presentan datos morfológicos, fenológicos y productivos, así como valoración de la metodología empleada en este trabajo para la simulación de daños. A partir de un 25% de defoliado, equivalente a 7.5 hojas funcionales por planta, se detectaron diferencias significativas con las plantas testigos.

Evaluación de sustratos en un cultivo de lechuga bajo un sistema hidropónico en el municipio de Pasto

OpenAIRE

Elizabeth Marcela Guerrero; Juan Camilo Revelo; Orlando Benavides; Germán Chaves; Carlos Álvaro Moncayo

2014-01-01

La horticultura es un importante renglón económico en Nariño, este proyecto se realizó como una alternativa para mejorar la producción y calidad de lechuga. En el Centro Internacional de Producción Limpia Lope - SENA - Regional Nariño, se realizó la evaluación de los sustratos fibra de coco y cascarilla de arroz con sus respectivas mezclas bajo un sistema hidropónico sobre una estructura en forma de “A” para la producción de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) en un área de 10 metros2 para un total d...

Estudio del efecto de la temperatura sobre la fermentación acetobulítica

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L. Cruz

1996-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se estudia el efecto de la temperatura sobre la velocidad específica de crecimiento, el consumo de sustrato y la producción de solventes en la fermentación acetobutilica, FABE. Se obtuvieron las temperaturas más apropiadas para las fases acidogénica y solventogénica y la influencia de la edad del inóculo sobre el crecimiento celular y la producción de solventes.

Efecto de la aplicación foliar de calcio sobre algunos atributos de calidad en frutos de melón

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BOUZO, C.A.

2012-07-01

Full Text Available La fertilización foliar puede constituir una importante práctica agronómica para incrementar la concentración de calcio de los frutos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la utilización de algunos fertilizantes cálcicos en aspersión foliar, en diferentes ambientes, sobre la calidad de frutos de melón. Los experimentos de campo fueron realizados en cinco localidades en la región central de la Argentina (Colón, Coronda, Ángel Gallardo, Esperanza y Media Agua durante el período 2009-2010. Las soluciones cálcicas fueron aplicadas en cinco oportunidades, desde el inicio de la fructificación, con una frecuencia semanal entre aplicaciones.Los tratamientos fueron: i testigo sin fertilizar; ii nitrato de calcio (3 g L-1; iii EDTA Cálcico Amónico (5 cm3 L-1 y calcio orgánico (40 cm3 L-1. Las mediciones realizadas en los frutos luego de la cosecha fueron: Firmeza Interna (IF y Externa (EF (kg, Concentración de Sólidos Solubles (SSC (%, Peso de los Frutos (W (kg y concentración de calcio en la corteza y pulpa (%. Excepto para Media Agua, la aplicación de nitrato de calcio permitió obtener, en promedio, incrementos de la IF y EF de 40% y 60% respectivamente, en comparación con el tratamiento testigo. Los tratamientos con soluciones cálcicas no incrementaron el SSC y W de los frutos.A excepción de Media Agua, en las otras localidades se incrementó el contenido de calcio en la corteza.Estos resultados indicarían que el uso de fertilizantes cálcicos foliares puede mejorar la calidad de los frutosde melón, aunque dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales de la localidad.

Efecto de la micorrización sobre el crecimiento de plántulas de plátano en sustrato con y sin la presencia de nematodos fitoparásitos

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Lederson Gañán

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Se comparó el efecto de la pre-inoculación de los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA Glomus fistulosum, Glomus fasciculatum, micorriza comercial (G. aggregatum, G. manihotis, G. fistulosum, G. fasciculatum, Kuklosplora colombiana y Scutellospora spp. y un control sin HMA, sobre el crecimiento de propágulos vegetativos de plátano Dominico Hartón (Musa AAB en sustrato con la presencia de Radopholus similis y Helicotylenchus spp y sin ella. Adicionalmente se evaluó el efecto de los HMA sobre la cantidad final de los nematodos fitoparásitos en raíces y suelo rizosférico. Los resultados indicaron un incremento significativo en el porcentaje de colonización micorrícica en raíces inoculadas con HMA comercial (40% - 41%, en comparación con el control y los demás HMA (< 3%. Se presentaron incrementos superiores a 30% en las variables de peso fresco de raíces y peso seco (cormo y tejido aéreo en las plantas inoculadas con HMA comercial, aun en la presencia de nematodos fitoparásitos. La cantidad final de nematodos fitoparásitos no fue afectada por la aplicación de HMA. Se concluye que la micorrización obtenida con las especies de HMA del inóculo comercial favoreció el crecimiento radical y la absorción de nutrientes, mejoró la producción de biomasa y contrarrestó los daños causados por nematodos fitoparásitos.

Estudio cinético de una fermentación alcohólica utilizando miel de abejas como sustrato

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José Ángel Gómez

1997-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo describe un estudio cinético de una fermentación alcohólica utilizando miel de abejas como sustrato; para este efecto se realizaron nueve fermentaciones en proceso discontinuo con un volumen, de 10 L, siguiendo el comportamiento de las concentraciones de sustrato, biomasa y producto en el tiempo. Se evaluó la conveniencia de factores como la agitación y la adición de nutrientes, además, se observa el efecto de las concentraciones iniciales de sustrato e inocula y el tipo de miel.

FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON PINEAPPLE QUALITY AND YIELD ADUBAÇÃO FOLIAR NA QUALIDADE E PRODUTIVIDADE DE ABACAXI

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Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho

2011-04-01

Full Text Available There are just a few studies using foliar sprays with micronutrients on pineapple crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the B and Zn effect, as chelate, acid or salt, via foliar feeding, on fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in Guaraçaí, São Paulo State, Brazil, in a loamy medium texture soil, by using Smooth Cayenne (Hawaiian pineapple seedlings. A randomized block design with four replications was adopted, with 110 g ha-1 of B and 250 g ha-1 of Zn for each application. Two foliar sprays were applied, at 7 and 9 months after planting. The B and Zn sources did not affect the total soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, average fruit diameter, fruit length without crown, and maturity index. Only the B, Zn, and K concentrations in the leaves were influenced by the application of micronutrients.

Poucos são os estudos desenvolvidos com a aplicação via foliar de micronutrientes, na cultura do abacaxi. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de B e Zn, em forma de quelato, ácido ou sal, via foliar, buscando-se obter respostas sobre os efeitos na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi realizado em Guaraçaí (SP, em solo com textura média. Foram utilizadas mudas tipo filhote, da cultivar Smooth Cayenne (Havaiano. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, utilizando-se fontes para fornecer, em cada aplicação, 110 g ha^-1 de B e 250 g ha^-1 de Zn. Foram realizadas duas pulverizações foliares, aos 7 e 9 meses após o plantio. As fontes de B e Zn não exerceram efeito nos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável, diâmetro médio do fruto, comprimento do fruto sem coroa e índice de maturação. Apenas os teores de B, Zn e K, na

Probability of foliar injury for Acer sp. based on foliar fluoride concentrations.

Science.gov (United States)

McDonough, Andrew M; Dixon, Murray J; Terry, Debbie T; Todd, Aaron K; Luciani, Michael A; Williamson, Michele L; Roszak, Danuta S; Farias, Kim A

2016-12-01

Fluoride is considered one of the most phytotoxic elements to plants, and indicative fluoride injury has been associated over a wide range of foliar fluoride concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine the probability of indicative foliar fluoride injury based on Acer sp. foliar fluoride concentrations using a logistic regression model. Foliage from Acer nedundo, Acer saccharinum, Acer saccharum and Acer platanoides was collected along a distance gradient from three separate brick manufacturing facilities in southern Ontario as part of a long-term monitoring programme between 1995 and 2014. Hydrogen fluoride is the major emission source associated with the manufacturing facilities resulting with highly elevated foliar fluoride close to the facilities and decreasing with distance. Consistent with other studies, indicative fluoride injury was observed over a wide range of foliar concentrations (9.9-480.0 μg F -  g -1 ). The logistic regression model was statistically significant for the Acer sp. group, A. negundo and A. saccharinum; consequently, A. negundo being the most sensitive species among the group. In addition, A. saccharum and A. platanoides were not statistically significant within the model. We are unaware of published foliar fluoride values for Acer sp. within Canada, and this research provides policy maker and scientist with probabilities of indicative foliar injury for common urban Acer sp. trees that can help guide decisions about emissions controls. Further research should focus on mechanisms driving indicative fluoride injury over wide ranging foliar fluoride concentrations and help determine foliar fluoride thresholds for damage.

Disponibilidad de agua-aire en sustratos para plantas Water-air availability in plant substrates

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Lilia Beatriz Vence

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Las propiedades físicas de los sustratos especialmente las relacionadas con la disponibilidad de agua-aire para las raíces de las plantas son las más importantes dentro del estudio de estos materiales usados en cultivos en contenedores. Para un óptimo crecimiento de la planta un sustrato debe contener suficiente cantidad de agua y aire y ambos estar disponibles. A nivel mundial el estudio de las propiedades que determinan esta disponibilidad comenzó desde las ciencias del suelo y fue adaptándose a las características propias de la amplia gama de productos que pueden ser utilizados, surgiendo así variables y métodos de medida específicos para la caracterización física de sustratos. En la Argentina el estudio de sustratos para plantas constituye un área de conocimiento nueva y en desarrollo, por ello exige un trabajo interdisciplinario donde hay que concordar un lenguaje común de términos técnicos, la elección de los métodos analíticos de referencia específicos y una legislación actualizada para sustratos. Haciendo un estudio crítico de la gran cantidad de información al respecto que proviene de otros países se podrán adaptar a nuestra realidad y a nuestros materiales. En esta revisión se enumeran resumidamente los más importantes conceptos a tener en cuenta para la evaluación física de sustratos a fin de que puedan servir de base para una mejor comprensión y discusión del tema.The study of the physical properties of substrates for container plant production is very important because the water and air availability for plant roots is involved. A substrate must contain a sufficient amount of available water and air to produce an optimum plant growth and development. Worldwide, the study of the properties that determine the water and air availability started from soil sciences and has been evolving to the present existence of a great variety of products that can be used, concomitant with the identification of parameters

EFECTIVIDAD DE UN BIOFERTILIZANTE FOLIAR SOBRE EL CULTIVO DE FRIJOL COMÚN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS, BLUEFIELDS, R.A.A.S.

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Yader Mejía Bermúdez

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo tuvo como propósito evaluar la efectividad de las diferentes dosis de un biofertilizante foliar sobre el rendimiento del cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris en época de postrera, en la comunidad El Cañal, Kukra River, Bluefields, en el ciclo productivo 2008-2009. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar, cuatro tratamientos con dos repeticiones, cada repetición constó de 63 plantas de frijol (n=126. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 (testigo; T2: 0.25 litros de biofertilizante; T3: 0.37 lt. y T4: 0.5 lt. En todos los tratamientos, incluyendo al testigo, se hizo deshierbe y en todos, excepto el testigo, se aplicó el biofertilizante disuelto en 10 litros de agua. Se realizaron tres mediciones (21, 36 y 51 días después de la siembra.Los resultados indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en la altura de las plantas, pero si en el porcentaje de afectación por herbívoros, así como en el número de vainas por planta y de granos por vaina. El tratamiento T4 registró el menor ataque por herbívoros, la mayor producción en función del número de vainas por planta, de granos por vaina y peso total de los granos de frijol, en cambio el testigo fue el que registró el menor rendimiento con respecto a todas estas variables. El uso del biofertilizante foliar aumentó el rendimiento del cultivo de frijol en todas las dosis.SummaryThe aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of different doses of a foliar biofertilizer on crop production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris throughout season time in the community of El Cañal, Kukra River, Bluefields, during the production cycle 2008-2009. A random design was used, four treatments with two replications, each replication consisted of 63 bean plants (n=126. The treatments were: T1 (baton, T2: 0.25 liters of biofertilizer, T3: 0.37 lt. and T4: 0.5 lt.  In all the treatments, including the baton, weeding was done, and in all except the baton

Effects of nitrate enrichment on leaf litter decomposition Efeitos do enriquecimento por nitrato sobre a decomposição de detritos foliares

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Alan Mosele Tonin

2011-03-01

Full Text Available AIM: This study aimed to determine the effects of nitrate enrichment on leaf decomposition process and the kinetic parameters of decomposition model; METHODS: Samples of water from a first-order stream and senescent leaves of the native tree species Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (Myrtaceae were collected in South of Brazil. The leaves were oven-dried, grounded and for each experimental condition (control and enriched 20 decomposition chambers were prepared with leaf fragments and unfiltered stream water (with and without nitrate addition, maintained under low and high oxygen conditions. In sampling days the particulate and dissolved organic carbon and total inorganic carbon concentrations were evaluated; RESULTS: The decomposition of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC was faster in nitrate enriched treatment under high dissolved oxygen condition. The DOC mineralization coefficients (k3 were in average 283-fold higher than the rate constants for refractory POC (RPOC mineralization, being the enriched k3 2.3-fold higher than the control k3; CONCLUSIONS: The leaf litter decomposition was affected by dissolved nitrate concentration in the water and RPOC and DOC decomposition was faster with nitrate enrichment than in reference natural conditions (without nitrate enrichment. Thus, dissolved nitrate seems to be an important factor in controlling litter decomposition and its increase affects the leaf carbon processing in stream ecosystems.OBJETIVO: Esse estudo tem por objetivo determinar os efeitos do enriquecimento por nitrato sobre o processo de decomposição foliar e os parâmetros cinéticos do modelo de decomposição; MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas amostras de água de um riacho de primeira-ordem e folhas senescentes da espécie arbórea nativa Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (Myrtaceae no sul do Brasil. As folhas foram secas em estufa, moídas e para cada condição experimental (controle e enriquecido, 20 câmaras de

Bioconcentraciones foliares de elementos minerales en Lippia alba (salvia morada)

OpenAIRE

Schroeder, María A; Burgos, Ángela M

2013-01-01

Introducción: la salvia morada es un subarbusto aromático, que crece de modo espontáneo en América Central y del Sur. Frecuentemente es cultivada en jardines como ornamental, por su intenso aroma y sus propiedades medicinales y culinarias. No se encontraron estudios sobre parámetros nutricionales en esta especie. Objetivos: determinar las bioconcentraciones foliares de elementos minerales en Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson que crece naturalmente en el bioambiente del nort...

Evaluación de la capacidad productiva de Pleurotus ostreatus utilizando hoja de plátano deshidratada (Musa paradisiaca L., en relación con otros sustratos agrícolas

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Omar Romero

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la producción de la cepa CP-50 de P. ostreatus en residuos de hoja de plátano deshidratada en contraste con otros sustratos agrícolas de desecho del Municipio de Tetela de Ocampo-Puebla. Las hojas de plátano (M. paradisiaca fueron colectadas en la zona de Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz- México y los demás sustratos agrícolas como paja de trigo (T. aestivum, paja de cebada (H. vulgare, pajilla de frijol (P. vulgaris y rastrojo de maíz (Z. mays se adquirieron en la región de Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla, México, para la obtención de fructificaciones en condiciones rurales. La cepa CP-50 demostró un adecuado crecimiento de aéreas miceliales sobre la hoja de plátano deshidratada con una tasa de producción de 1,5±0,1%. La mayor eficiencia biológica (EB se obtuvo en el sustrato paja de trigo, con 129,34±9,1%, la hoja de plátano deshidratada con 123,30±0,7%, y la pajilla de frijol obtuvo la EB más baja de 82,91±0,4%. Los resultados demostraron la factibilidad de cultivar la cepa CP-50 de Pleurotus ostreatus bajo condiciones rústicas en la sierra norte del estado de Puebla, al aprovechar los residuos de la cosecha de plátano de las regiones aledañas del municipio.

Recubrimientos de (ti,aln sobre acero aisi 4140 por sputtering reactivo

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DANNA GARCIA

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Empleando la técnica de Pulverización catódica con radiofrecuencia y magnetrón (Magnetron Sputtering RF, se prepararon películas de (Ti,AlN sobre sustratos de acero AISI 4140. Se utilizó un blanco formado con polvos metálicos de Ti y Al, con composición nominal 60% Ti y 40% Al (porcentaje en átomos y una razón de presiones parciales de nitrógeno - argón, PN2/PAr de 0,1 aproximadamente; la temperatura del sustrato se varió entre 260 y 330 ºC y el tiempo de deposición entre 2 y 4,5 horas para obtener películas con diferentes espesores. La composición química de las películas se determinó mediante la técnica de energía dispersada de rayos X (EDX, y su topografía mediante microscopía de fuerza atómica (AFM. Igualmente se midió micro dureza, y se determinó su comportamiento electroquímico mediante espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica EIS y ensayos TAFEL. Las películas obtenidas presentaron granos globulares, uniformes y de pequeño diámetro, con características electroquímicas de protección al sustrato frente a procesos de corrosión.

Morfometria e nervação foliar em procedências de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hill. (Aquifoliaceae = Morphometry and foliar venation in origins of maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hill. (Aquifoliaceae

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Vânia Helena Techio

2009-10-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a morfologia foliar morfometria e nervação foliar de procedências de erva-mate coletadas no Sul do Brasil e Argentina. Analisaram-se 30 folhas de cada procedência, obtendo-se cinco medidas (comprimento total da folha, largura máxima, comprimento desde a base até a largura máxima, comprimento do pecíolo e área e calculando-se dois índices (comprimento total sobre a largura máxima e comprimento desde a base até a largura máxima sobre o comprimento total da folha. Para anervação foliar, as folhas foram clarificadas por meio da técnica de diafanização. Os maiores e menores valores morfométricos foram, respectivamente, 118 e 67 mm para comprimento da folha, 51 e 34 mm para largura máxima, 78 e 42 mm para comprimento desde a base até alargura máxima, 16 e 10 mm para comprimento do pecíolo, 2,3 e 2 mm para comprimento sobre largura máxima e 0,65 e 0,6 para comprimento desde a base até a largura máxima sobre o comprimento da folha. Quanto à nervação foliar, não foram observadas diferenças entre as folhas das distintas procedências, as quais apresentaram nervação primária penada, nervação secundária semicraspedódroma, nervuras terciárias com percurso alternado e sinuoso, nervação quaternária reticulada, constituída por polígonos regulares e nervação de 5ª ordem dicotomizante.The present research aimed to evaluate the foliar morphology(morphometry and leaf venation of origins of maté collected in southern Brazil and Argentina. For the study of the morphometry, thirty leaves/plant were analyzed, and five measurements (leaf total length, maximum width, length from the base until maximum width, area and petiole length and two indices were obtained (total leaf length on maximum width and length from basis until maximum width on total leaf length. The leaves were clarified by the clarificationtechnique and examined in stereomicroscope. The highest and lowest values of leaf

Determinación de la función fotocatalítica de recubrimientos sobre soporte cerámico

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Bordes, M. C.

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Photocatalysis is a process in which the impingement of UV radiation on a semiconductor causes the organic matter in contact with the semiconductor to degrade. The process is found in various applications that require the use of the photocatalyst (semiconductor in suspension or supported on a substrate. The application of photocatalytic coatings onto ceramic substrates yields multifunctional surfaces with self-cleaning properties related to their capacity to degrade, and even mineralise, organic compounds present in water or air. The photocatalytic coatings supported on ceramic substrates are obtained by applying suspensions of nanometre-sized particles (10-9 m onto the substrate. Owing to the small particle size, this type of material has different properties from those of macroscopic materials. The recent appearance of photocatalytically active materials requires having a method for determining and quantifying photocatalytic activity. No standard is currently available for determining the photocatalytic function of materials. The present study was undertaken, therefore, to fine-tune a test method that would allow determination of the photocatalytic function in materials supported on a ceramic substrate.

La fotocatálisis es un proceso en el que la incidencia de radiación ultravioleta sobre un semiconductor produce la degradación de la materia orgánica en contacto con el mismo. Este proceso encuentra diversas aplicaciones que requieren el uso del fotocatalizador (semiconductor en suspensión o soportado sobre un sustrato. La aplicación de recubrimientos fotocatalíticos sobre sustratos cerámicos da lugar a la obtención de superficies multifuncionales con propiedades autolimpiantes relacionadas con la capacidad de degradación e incluso mineralización de compuestos orgánicos presentes en el agua o el aire. La preparación de los recubrimientos soportados sobre el sustrato cerámico se realiza mediante la aplicación de

Producción de plántulas de ciclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill. en sustratos basados en polvo de bonote de coco

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R. Flores-Almaráz

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El ciclamen tarda unos 30 días después de la siembra (dds para que emerja la plántula y suele presentar bajo porcentaje de emergencia. Como para muchos cultivos ornamentales, en México se utilizan principalmente tierra de monte y turba como sustratos para su producción, materiales para los que se requiere un sustituto para proteger los suelos forestales y evitar la importación de la turba. Con el objetivo de mejorar el porcentaje y tiempo de emergencia y probar el polvo de bonote de coco (PBC como sustrato, se produjeron plántulas de ciclamen y se evaluaron los factores remojo de semilla (con y sin, sustrato (turba, PBC lavado, PBC sin lavar y PBC+turba y genotipo (seis series, en un experimento factorial en bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. El remojo de la semilla durante 24 horas previas a la siembra no incrementa el porcentaje de emergencia de plántulas de ciclamen, pero disminuye el tiempo de emergencia de las mismas en 1.5 y 2.3 días, en promedio, para los sustratos basados en PBC lavado y sin lavar, respectivamente, y acorta el tiempo a la emergencia de las plántulas de las series Lugano gigante, Pannevis® y Halios® en 3.7, 1.0 y 1.1 días, respectivamente. Las plántulas que logran establecerse emergen antes de los 37 dds. El menor tiempo a la emergencia de las plántulas y el mayor porcentaje de establecimiento de las mismas se obtuvo en sustratos con una capacidad de retención de humedad de 75 y 82 %. El PBC tiene características físicas y químicas que permiten utilizarlo en la formulación de sustratos para producir plántulas de ciclamen con características similares o superiores a las obtenidas utilizando turba o sustratos comerciales que la contengan. Hay diferencias entre los genotipos de ciclamen estudiados en cuanto a la capacidad de emergencia y establecimiento de plántulas, velocidad de crecimiento y producción de biomasa.

Interpretação de confrontos em perícias de crimes violentos baseados em anatomia foliar

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Marina Milanello do Amaral

2016-07-01

Full Text Available A megadiversidade de plantas no território brasileiro representa um grande potencial forense. No entanto, conhecimentos botânicos estabelecidos há séculos são esporadicamente empregados em procedimentos forenses. A Botânica Forense, em particular o estudo da morfologia externa e interna (anatomia das plantas, possibilita a caracterização de amostras e a identificação da espécie, oferecendo grande auxílio para o embasamento de linhas investigativas e, em alguns casos, configurando-se como importante prova material. Nas perícias de crimes violentos letais intencionais, como homicídio, execução sumária, estupro e roubo seguido de morte, é comum se encontrarem folhas ou fragmentos foliares aderidos a solas de calçado e tapetes de veículos de suspeitos. Confrontar esses vestígios com as amostras de folhas e fragmentos foliares do local de crime pode representar a única alternativa de materialidade, na falta de impressões dígito-papilares, pegadas ou material biológico humano. Neste estudo de caso, apresentamos três exames de confronto de amostras vegetais em investigações de roubo seguido de morte e execução sumária no Estado de São Paulo. Folhas e fragmentos foliares do local de crime foram comparados com folhas e fragmentos foliares de peças associadas ao(s suspeito(s a partir da observação da morfologia externa e da anatomia. Em todos os casos foi possível obter informações sobre a morfologia externa e, principalmente, sobre a anatomia dos fragmentos foliares, permitindo realizar comparações e apresentar como resultados dois confrontos negativos e um confronto parcialmente positivo. A experiência obtida com esses exames revelou que o planejamento das coletas de amostras botânicas nos locais de crime condiciona a interpretação dos resultados.

Influencia de los grupos hidroxilos como grupo funcional primario o secundario en la adsorción de moléculas orgánicas sobre grafito

OpenAIRE

Medina Carrasco, Santiago

2012-01-01

El estudio estructural y composicional de la frontera entre una fase sólida y una fase líquida posee un notable interés, tanto desde un punto de vista básico como aplicado, y ... Se han usado multitud de sustratos y adsorbatos con el fin de caracterizar y estudiar el fenómeno de la adsorción de una fase líquida, gaseosa o sólida sobre un sólido. Entre ellos, el grafito exfoliado y recomprimido es uno de los sustratos más empleados para estudios de adsorción. Esto es debido, a que este grafit...

Evaluación de productos de descarte de una empresa de bebidas no alcohólicas para ser usados como sustrato fermentable por Sacch a romyces cerevisiae

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L. Matute-Almeida

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Se evaluaron productos de desecho de la industria de bebidas no alcohólicas para ser usados como sustrato fermentable por Saccharomyces cerevisiae , debido a que estos resi duos presentan entre 5,5 a 13 % de azúcares. Bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado con arreglo factorial 2 3 , se estudió la cinética de crecimiento de S. cerevisiae , empleando un m e dio estéril a base de bebidas no alcohólicas descartadas (cola negra (P con 12% de azúcar , cafeína, ácido fofórico y agua carbonatada o una bebida isotónica ( G con 7% de azúcar , ácido cítrico y sales , cuyos pH fueron ajustados a valores de 4 o 4,5. Los medios fueron inocul a dos con una concentración de 10 g/L de levadura co mercial, siendo i ncub a dos a 30 °C con agitación constante de 100 rpm o de 130 rpm . Se tomaron mue stras cada 2 h, desde la inoc u lación hasta el tiempo final de fermentación (12 h, midiéndose el contenido de sólidos sol u bles, la conce n tración de etanol y la producción de biomasa . El análisis estadístico demostró que el tiempo de inc u bación y el sustrat o influyeron sobre la producción de biomasa (p ˂0,01. La mayor producción de biomasa bajo las condiciones de estudio, se obtuvo cuando se ajustó el pH inicial a 4,5 y usando 130 rpm como velocidad de agitación para ambos sustratos. O b teniéndose 15,4 g/L de bio masa a las 8 h de incubación en el sustrat o P (p˂0,05 y 12,8 g/L de biomasa en el sustrato G. Asimis m o, se logró la remoción del color de las bebidas y una di s min u ción del 10% en los valores de DQO. Con base en estos resultados se puede señalar que es posible emplear bebidas no alcohólicas descar tadas como sustrato fermentable en procesos en donde se inocule, Saccharomyces cer e visiae .

Adubação foliar com níquel e molibdênio no feijoeiro comum cv. Ouro Vermelho

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José Francisco Lopes

2014-04-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de níquel (Ni e molibdênio (Mo sobre componentes de rendimento, crescimento e composição mineral do feijoeiro comum Ouro Vermelho. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e arranjo fatorial 5 x 2, constituído de doses de Ni (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g ha-1 e de Mo (0 e 80 g ha-1, aplicadas por via foliar, aos 25 dias após a semeadura, na forma de cloreto de níquel hexaidratado e de molibdato de amônio, respectivamente. As doses de Ni não influenciaram os teores foliares de N, P, K, Fe, Mo e Ni, aumentaram, porém, os teores de N, Ni e de proteína bruta na semente. A aplicação foliar de Mo reduziu os teores foliares de P, Fe e Ni, aumentou, no entanto, o teor foliar de Mo e o teor de N, Mo e de proteína bruta na semente. Observou-se que as doses de Ni e de Mo não afetaram a massa de sementes, o número de sementes por vagem, o número de vagens por planta e a massa seca de raiz do feijoeiro. A aplicação de Mo aumentou em 21,62% o número de nódulos.

EL POLVO DE COCO COMO SUSTRATO ALTERNATIVO PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE PLANTAS ORNAMENTALES PARA TRASPLANTE

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A. Ayala-Sierra

2008-01-01

Full Text Available La presente investigación se realizó con el objeto de evaluar la factibilidad de utilizar sustratos elaborados a base de polvo de coco para la germinación de semillas y desarrollo inicial de plantas para trasplante de seis especies ornamentales y determinar la posibilidad de remplazar al Peat Moss. Las especies seleccionadas para el estudio fueron: Dianthus chinensis (clavelina, Gazania rigens (gazania, Tagetes erecta (marigold, Viola wittrockiana (pensamiento, Antirrhinum majus (dragón y Petunia x hybrida (petunia. Las semillas de las seis especies fueron sembradas en tres sustratos: polvo de coco, Peat Moss y Peat Lite. Previo a la siembra, el polvo de coco fue acondicionado mediante el ajuste del pH a 6.2, la adición de cal dolomítica y KNO3 como carga de nutrientes. Posteriormente, se elaboró una mezcla a base de polvo de coco, perlita y vermiculita a razón de 70, 20 y 10 % (v/v, y Peat Moss, perlita y vermiculita en las mismas proporciones. El Peat Lite contenía 50 % de Peat Moss y 50 % de perlita (v/v. Se evaluó el efecto de los sustratos en la altura de planta, el peso seco del vástago y de raíz, el porcentaje de germinación y el porcentaje de plantas con valor comercial. Aunque el polvo de coco causó una disminución significativa en la altura de plantas de gazania (21 %, dragones (30 % y petunias (13 %, y en el peso seco del vástago de dragones (24 % y en el peso seco de raíz de clavelina (22 %, esto no estuvo asociado con una disminución en la calidad de las plantas. Por lo tanto, se concluye que el polvo de coco puede utilizarse como sustrato para la producción de plantas para trasplante de especies ornamentales.

Foliar Epidermal Studies of Plants in Euphorbiaceae

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H. A. Thakur

2014-03-01

Full Text Available This paper describes foliar epidermal structure in 17 species belonging to 17 genera of the family Euphoprbiaceae. Anomocytic stomata is predominant, rarely they are anisocytic, paracytic on the same foliar surface with different combinations. Leaves are hypostomatic and rarely amphistomatic. The foliar surface is smooth, rarely striated. The foliar epidermal cell walls are straight or undulate. Distribution of stomata, stomatal index, stomatal frequency, stomatal size and other cell wall contours are described in detail.

Producción y caracterización de la perovskita NdBa2SbO6 como sustrato para una película superconductora de YBa2Cu3O(7-δ

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Queeny Madueño Pinto

2002-07-01

Full Text Available Las propiedades de las películas superconductores de alta temperatura crítica son dependientes de parámetros cristalográficos y de la estabilidad química entre sustrato y película. Por lo tanto, con el fin de producir una perovskita cúbica compleja policristalina de NdBa2SbO6, en forma de pastilla, por medio de la técnica de reacción de estado sólido. Este material no conductor fue mezclado con el policristal superconductor YBa2CuO(7-δ en proporciones volumétricas. Se encontró un buen acoplamiento de los parámetros de red a través de la técnica experimental de difracción de rayos X. La influencia de los porcentajes de volumen del NdBa2SbO6 sobre las propiedades superconductoras del YBa2CuO(7-δ fue estudiada a través de las medidas de magnetización dc. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el material NdBa2SbO6 es un excelente candidato a sustrato para crecer películas superconductoras de YBa2CuO(7-δ.

Compatibilidade entre acaricidas e fertilizantes foliares em função de diferentes águas no controle do ácaro da leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis Compatibility between acaricides and foliar fertilizers in different water resources for citrus leprosis mite control Brevipalpus phoenicis

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Daniel Júnior de Andrade

2013-03-01

Full Text Available A adição de fertilizantes foliares à calda acaricida é frequentemente empregada na citricultura com o intuito de reduzir os custos das aplicações. Todavia, as implicações desta prática, na maioria dos casos, são desconhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de caldas acaricidas em mistura com fertilizantes foliares e preparadas com diferentes águas no controle do ácaro B. phoenicis. Foram realizados dois experimentos em laboratório, nos anos de 2009 e 2010, utilizando-se de frutos de laranja para conter ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis. Um dos experimentos constou de três bioensaios, nos quais se procurou verificar o efeito das misturas entre fertilizantes foliares e os acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinatrhrin sobre B. phoenicis. No outro experimento, além de verificar o efeito das misturas de fertilizantes com os acaricidas propargite e acrinatrhrin, buscou-se também avaliar o efeito de águas coletadas em diferentes fontes utilizadas no preparo das caldas sobre B. phoenicis. Os resultados evidenciaram que a aplicação dos fertilizantes foliares cloreto de zinco, cloreto de manganês, ureia e a mistura de fosfito de potássio + ureia + cloreto de zinco não afetaram a ação dos acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinathrin sobre o controle de B. phoenicis. As misturas dos cloretos de zinco e de manganês com o sulfato de magnésio e a adição de fosfito de potássio diminuíram a eficiência dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathrin, não devendo, a princípio, ser adicionadas numa mesma aplicação. Águas provenientes dos municípios paulistas de Itápolis, Pirangi e Pirassununga interferiram na ação dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathin sobre B. phoenicis, sendo que a água coletada em Itápolis apresentou resultados superiores em termos de eficiência. Verificaram-se alterações dos valores de pH e da condutividade elétrica após a adição de alguns dos fertilizantes à calda acaricida.The addition

Influence of foliar fertilization on walnut foliar zinc levels and nut production in black walnut

Science.gov (United States)

William R. Reid; Andrew L. Thomas

2013-01-01

The impact of foliar zinc fertilizer application on nut-bearing black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees was studied. Foliar sprays were applied three times per season on two cultivars during four growing seasons by wetting the foliage of the entire crown using a tank mix containing 500 ppm zinc, starting at leaf burst and continuing at 2 week intervals...

Cultivo de Tillandsia kautskyi E. Pereira, bromélia brasileira em risco de extinção: considerações sobre adubação foliar.

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Maria Esmeralda Soares Payão Demattê

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Foi objetivo observar o efeito de duas fontes de nutrientes (mineral e orgânica sobre o crescimento de Tillandsia kautskyi. O experimento foi conduzido de janeiro de 2003 a maio de 2004, em Jaboticabal (SP, em telado com 70% de interceptação da luz solar. As mudas foram cultivadas em vasos de plástico, em substrato constituído por 100% de fibra de coco. Foram comparados os seguintes tratamentos de adubação foliar a cada 30 dias, exceto nos meses de inverno: A1 = adubo NPK 14-7-28 + Mg, na dose de 0,5 g/L; A2 = A1 + húmus solúvel, na dose de 75 mg/L; A3 = húmus solúvel, na dose de 75 mg/L; A4 = testemunha sem adubação. As plantas do tratamento A1 obtiveram maior altura da parte aérea e maior comprimento do sistema radicular que as não-adubadas.

Primer registro de artropodofauna cadavérica en sustratos humanos y animales en San Juan, Argentina First record of cadaverous arthropod fauna in human and animal substrates in San Juan, Argentina

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Fernando H. Aballay

2008-12-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se estudiaron los artrópodos carroñeros que acudieron a cadáveres de vertebrados al aire libre en la provincia de San Juan, Argentina. El objetivo fue inventariar la composición específica de la artropodofauna cadavérica, asociada a diferentes sustratos de vertebrados en descomposición. Se colectaron muestras de artrópodos sobre restos animales y humanos en condiciones de campo y sobre cadáveres de cerdos domésticos colocados al aire libre bajo condiciones controladas. Se registraron, por primera vez para la provincia de San Juan, 40 especies de artropodofauna tanatológica incluidas en cuatro órdenes y 15 familias. Se incorpora, como primera cita para la fauna forense argentina, un necrófago: Megelenophorus americanus Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, y tres necrófilas: Polybia ruficeps Schrottky (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Pheidole bergi Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae y Ectatomma brunneum Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae. Se citan 18 especies necrófagas, 18 necrófilas, una omnívora y seis oportunistas sobre siete diferentes sustratos cadavéricos de vertebrados. Se brindan nuevos registros de distribución de 18 especies de insectos. Se confirma la estacionalidad invernal de Callíphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae.In order to determine the specific composition of cadaverous arthropod fauna associated to different decomposing vertebrate substrates, we studied the carrion arthropods that feed on outdoor carcasses in San Juan province, Argentina. Arthropods were collected on animal and human remains in the field and on carcasses of domestic pig placed outdoors under controlled conditions. Forty species of carrion arthropods belonging to four orders and 15 families were recorded for the first time in this province. We present the first record of forensic fauna in Argentina of the necrophagous species Megelenophorus americanus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae and three

Foliar additional nutrition in the fruit growing field

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Soare, M.; Borlan, Z.; Gavriluta, I.; Budoi, G.; Marinca, C.; Bandu, G.G.

1999-01-01

This paper presents data concerning the influence of foliar application of some types of complex foliar fertilizers under the conditions of SCPP Caransebes (Caras-Severin district). The composition of these nutrients fulfils the nutritional needs of the fruit growing species on the fruit yield obtained in orchards. The application of different types of foliar nutrients on plants teguments resulted in some significant yield increases for the two species that were studied: apple and plum tree. The novelty of this paper is represented by the apparent degrees of productive use in yields of the macro and micronutrients from foliar fertilizers, as well as the productive use degrees of nutrients present in soil and of the nutrients applied in soil (we took into account the mean values for the studied years). The apparent degrees of productive use (in yield increases) of the nutrients from complex foliar fertilizers applied on apple-trees and plum-trees generally exceed 100 %. They determine high levels of productive use of the nutrients from soil and foliar nutrients applied. The experimental data emphasize the ecological protection effect of the supplementary foliar fertilization for the yield stimulation especially on soils with light texture and sloping soils. Refs. 6 (author)

Equações para a estimativa do índice de área foliar do cafeeiro

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Favarin José Laércio

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de estudar a variação temporal do índice de área foliar (IAF da cultura de café, utilizando um método simples e não-destrutivo, foi instalado um experimento no Departamento de Produção Vegetal, da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, da Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizou-se a cultivar Mundo Novo IAC 388-17, enxertada sobre a cultivar Apoatã IAC 2258 (de 15 até 35 meses de idade, no espaçamento de 2,5 x 1,0 m. Foram coletadas todas as folhas de duas plantas de café, em intervalos de 60 a 150 dias, para a mensuração da área foliar com o equipamento LI-COR (modelo 3100. Para obter a relação funcional entre IAF e diferentes variáveis de crescimento (altura da planta, número e massa total de folhas e área foliar e arquitetura da copa (área da seção inferior, média e superior do dossel, área lateral do dossel, diâmetro inferior, médio e superior do dossel, volume do dossel da planta e altura do primeiro par de ramos, assumiu-se que a parte aérea do cafeeiro tem a forma cônica. O diâmetro da seção inferior do dossel (primeiro par de ramos e a altura da planta podem ser utilizadas para estimar o índice de área foliar do cafeeiro.

Efeito do sombreamento na anatomia foliar de plantas jovens de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.

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Dayse de Souza Aragão

2014-08-01

Full Text Available A capacidade de utilização da luz varia entre as espécies, e o sucesso de cada indivíduo depende de suas respostas morfoanatômicas. Este estudo avaliou a influência de diferentes intensidades luminosas sobre a anatomia foliar de mudas de Carapa guianensis Aubl. Folhas sadias do segundo e terceiro nós foram coletadas de plantas jovens desenvolvidas em quatro níveis de sombreamento: 30%, 50%, 70% e 0% (pleno sol, durante oito meses de experimento. Análises anatômicas foram feitas sob Microscopia Óptica (MO, a partir de lâminas temporárias e permanentes e sob Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV. A densidade estomática não apresentou diferenças significativas. As dimensões estomáticas e a espessura dos tecidos da lâmina foliar foram maiores com o aumento da intensidade luminosa. C. guianensis apresenta plasticidade anatômica, possibilitando a sobrevivência na floresta sob distintas condições luminosas.

Resistencia al desgaste de recubrimientos sol-gel de SiO2 y SiO2 - ZrO2 sobre materiales vitrocerámicos obtenidos por sinterización

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Soares, V. O.

2013-10-01

Full Text Available The sol-gel process is widely used to obtain coatings on glass-ceramic substrates in order to improve the scratch and abrasion resistance, also providing a bright and homogeneous appearance of a glaze avoiding expensive final polishing treatments. This paper describes the preparation of silica and silica / zirconia coatings by sol-gel method on Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS glassceramic substrates produced by sintering. The coatings were deposited by dip-coating on LAS substrates and characterized by optical microscopy and spectral ellipsometry. On the other hand, hardness and elastic modulus, coefficient of friction and abrasion and scratch resistance of the coatings were determined and compared with the substrate properties. Coatings deposited on LAS glass-ceramic confere the substrate a bright and homogeneous aspect, similar to a glaze, improving the appearance and avoiding the final polishing. However these coatings do not increase the scratch resistance of the substrate only equaling the properties of the glass-ceramic.El proceso sol-gel es un método interesante para la producción de recubrimientos vítreos sobre sustratos vitrocerámicos con el fin de mejorar su resistencia al rayado y al desgaste, y proporcionando además un aspecto homogéneo, vidriado y brillante que evite los costosos tratamientos finales de pulido. Este trabajo describe la preparación de recubrimientos de sílice y sílice/ circona por el método sol-gel sobre sustratos vitrocerámicos del sistema Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS producidos por sinterización. Los recubrimientos se depositaron por la técnica de inmersión y se caracterizaron mediante microscopía óptica de luz reflejada y elipsometría espectral. Por otro lado, se determinó la dureza y el módulo de elasticidad, además del coeficiente de fricción, la resistencia al desgaste y al rayado de los recubrimientos. Estos resultados se compararon con las propiedades del sustrato sin recubrir. Las capas depositadas

Estimativa da área foliar da berinjela em função das dimensões foliares

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Fernando Dill Hinnah

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho explora diferentes modelos não destrutivos de estimativa da área foliar de Solanum melongela L. através de medidas do comprimento (C e largura (L do limbo foliar. Para tanto, um cultivo de berinjela em estufa plástica foi conduzido no período de março a junho de 2007. Amostraram-se folhas de plantas em momentos aleatórios totalizando 186 folhas, sendo 98 utilizadas na estimativa dos parâmetros dos modelos e 88 para sua validação. As amostragens abrangeram amplo espectro de dimensões foliares, visando minimizar a raiz do quadrado médio do erro (RQME. Elas foram realizadas aos 71, 79, 81, 85, 92 e 99 dias após o transplante. Posteriormente obteve-se o maior número possível de discos foliares com o auxílio de um calador de 25 mm de diâmetro. Correlações foram realizadas entre a área foliar obtida pelo método dos discos com as dimensões lineares de L e C, o produto entre elas (CL e o quadrado do comprimento multiplicado pela largura (C²L. Análises de regressão para 20 modelos foram obtidas, entre quadráticos, exponenciais, lineares, logarítmicos e de potência, dos quais 12 apresentaram coeficiente de determinação (R² elevado. O modelo quadrático (Y = -5,78+0,4981CL-3,263.10-4CL² e o da potência (Y = 0,4395CL1,0055 apresentaram melhores estimativas, com R² de 0,964 para ambos e RQME de 33,2 e 34,4, respectivamente. Com a medida apenas de uma dimensão foliar, o modelo quadrático (Y = -63,5+10,492L+0,2822L²; R² = 0,937; RQME = 44,1 apresenta-se como alternativa, pouco afetando a precisão da estimativa.

El sustrato histórico del euroescepticismo checo

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Daniel Esparza

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo examina el sustrato histórico del que se nutre el euroescepticismo checo. Se trata de un segmento apenas explorado que se aborda desde un marco teórico que estudia la relación entre la identidad nacional y el Otro. La identidad se construye a través de las sucesivas identificaciones "simbólicas e imaginarias" con Otros relevantes. Dichas identificaciones pueden ser tanto positivas como negativas. Para clasificar dichas identificaciones hacia la UE, cualitativamente, se proponen cuatro criterios básicos: "democracia", "economía", "seguridad" e "identidad nacional". Las fuentes utilizadas son los discursos del presidente Václav Klaus y los programas electorales del ODS y KSCM. Una de las conclusiones sugiere que las identifi caciones negativas hacia la UE están asociadas a reminiscencias de relaciones traumáticas con potencias del pasado, como la URSS, Alemania o el imperio Habsburgo.

Effect of salt stress on nutrient concentration, photosynthetic pigments, proline and foliar morphology of Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Efeito do estresse salino sobre as concentrações de nutrientes, pigmentos fotossintéticos, prolina e na morfologia foliar de Salvinia auriculata Aubl.

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Maria Angélica da Conceição Gomes

2011-06-01

Full Text Available AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effects of NaCI and Na2So4 salts on Ca, CI, K, Mg N, P, S and Na content as well as on the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids, proline content and on the foliar morphology of Salvinia auriculata Aubl. METHODS: The plants were collected in Jacu lagoon, located in the North of Rio de Janeiro State, and after a five-day-acclimation period, experiments were performed in the greenhouse with 0, 100, 200 mM concentrations of NaCI and Na2SO4 salts and the usual techniques for light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: After seven days of experiment, a decrease in the content of Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, P, N ions as well as in the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a,b and carotenoids in Salvinia auriculata under saline treatments was observed. The proline content showed an upward tendency as compared to the control. Under transmission electron microscopy, it was observed that, on the foliar limb, there was a membrane system disorder, mainly of chloroplasts, with higher presence of starch grains of plant cells subjected to salinity. Under scanning electron microscope, the integrity of trichomes and foliar limb cells of Salvinia auriculata subjected to the control treatment as well as the changes caused by salinization on the surface of cells were observed. CONCLUSION: As for all the salinization effects evaluated, it was noticed that the increase in Na2SO4 salt concentration resulted in higher morphological and nutritional alterations in the floating aquatic macrophyte, Salvinia auriculata.OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos dos sais NaCl e Na2SO4 sobre o conteúdo de Ca, Cl, K, Mg, N, P, S, Na; teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos (clorofila-a, clorofilab-b e carotenóides; teor de prolina e a morfologia das folhas de Salvinia auriculata Aubl. MÉTODOS: As plantas foram coletadas na lagoa do Jacu localizada no Norte do Estado do Rio de

ESTRUCTURA DE TALLAS Y PREFERENCIA AL SUSTRATO DEL PEZ LEÓN (Pterois volitans (SCORPAENIFORMES: SCORPAENIDAE EN SANTA MARTA (COLOMBIA

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Juan Manuel Hernández-Abello

2015-05-01

Full Text Available El pez león, luego de su invasión al Caribe, fue registrado en el Caribe continental colombiano en 2009, a partir de entonces y para medir su impacto, se han adelantado numerosas estrategias. Este trabajo aporta sobre la estructura de tallas y preferencia al sustrato que se determinó entre diciembre de 2011 y diciembre de 2012 para cinco localidades de Santa Marta, a través de censos visuales en transectos delimitados de 30x5 m. Las tallas se agruparon de acuerdo con la distribución de frecuencia en cuatro categorías (uno: entre 8 y 14 cm; dos: entre 15 y 21 cm, tres: entre 22 y 28 cm y cuatro: entre 29 y 35 cm. Se observaron 92 individuos con un promedio de 18,0 ± 5,3 cm. La categoría dos fue la más abundante (n=48 predominando en Morro Grande e Isla Aguja y en junio, julio y agosto. Le siguieron las categorías tres (n=21 y uno (n=20. La categoría cuatro (n=3 fue la menos abundante y se encontró en Morro Grande e Isla Aguja. Las variables que explicaron la correlación entre la abundancia de pez león y el tipo de sustrato fueron la cobertura de esponjas (0,6303 y los corales (0,6111, y los componentes abióticos (-0,9443 (n=50; p<0,001. La abundancia del pez león estuvo marcada por el tipo de estructura en las formaciones arrecifales de cada localidad, sin preferencia por ningún tipo de sustrato, que indica así una posible adaptación a todo tipo de condición arrecifal. ABSTRACT The lionfish, after its invasion to the Caribbean, was reported in the Colombian continental Caribbean, thereafter and to measure its impact there have been numerous strategies. Size structure and substrate preference were studied for a year between December 2011 and December 2012 in five locations in Santa Marta, through visual censuses in 30x5 m transects. Size were grouped according to the frequency distribution into four categories (one: between 8 and 14 cm, two: between 15 and 21 cm, three: from 22 to 28 cm and four: between 29 and 35 cm. We

Foliar absorption of 15N labeled urea by tea plant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hoshina, Tsuguo; Kozai, Shuji; Ishigaki, Kozo

1978-01-01

The effect of foliar application on the nitrogen nutrient status of tea shoots has been studied using 15 N labelled urea. Furthermore, the difference in nitrogen utilization by tea plant between foliar applied and top dressed nitrogen was investigated using 15 N labelled urea and ammonium sulfate. The foliar application of urea increased the amount of chlorophyll and total nitrogen in the new shoot, and the foliar application was more effective under shading condition. The urea sprayed upon old leaves prior to the opening of new leaf translocated to the new shoots. However, the foliar application after the opening of new leaf was more effective on nitrogen absorption by new shoots than one prior to that, and rather than top dressing for new shoots. It could be recognized that the foliar application of urea raises the nitrogen nutrient status of tea leaves in summer. (author)

Fibra de coco e adubação foliar no crescimento e na nutrição de Cryptanthus sinuosus Coconut fiber and foliar fertilization on the growth and nutrition of Cryptanthus sinuosus

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Janie M Jasmim

2006-09-01

Full Text Available Plantas de Cryptanthus sinuosus foram cultivadas em três substratos (mesocarpo de coco - MC; mesocarpo de coco lavado - MCL e xaxim-X, visando comparar o efeito da fibra de coco verde, como substrato, àquele da fibra de xaxim sobre o crescimento e teores de nutrientes das plantas, sob três níveis de adubação foliar: 50, 100 e 150% de solução contendo 210 mg L-1 de N, 31 mg L-1 de P e 234 mg L-1 de K. O experimento constou de um fatorial em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e três plantas por parcela, uma planta por vaso e conduzido em casa de vegetação. O número de folhas, diâmetro da roseta, massa da matéria seca (MS de folhas e raízes e teores de nutrientes foram avaliados. As plantas cultivadas em X apresentaram valores de MS de folhas e de raízes mais altos que aquelas em MC, mas não diferiram estatisticamente daqueles observados nas plantas em MCL. As plantas cultivadas em MC e MCL apresentaram características semelhantes indicando que a alta condutividade elétrica encontrada no substrato MC não prejudicou o acúmulo de matéria seca. As plantas cultivadas em MC e MCL apresentaram menores teores foliares de N, P, S que as cultivadas em X, porém com coloração e arquitetura foliares mais atrativas. Os diferentes níveis de adubação utilizados não tiveram efeito diferenciado sobre as características de crescimento, nem sobre os teores de nutrientes nas plantas.Cryptanthus sinuosus plants were grown in three substrates (coconut mesocarp - MC, rinsed coconut mesocarp - MCL and tree fern fiber-X aiming to compare the effect of green coconut fiber as substrate with tree fern fiber on the plant growth and nutrient contents, under three foliar fertilization levels (50, 100 and 150% of a solution containing 210 mg L-1 of N, 31 mg L-1 of P and 234 mg L-1 of K. The experimental design was a factorial scheme of randomized blocks with four replications and three plants per plot, one plant per pot, and was

Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Craine, J M; Elmore, A J; Aidar, M P M

2009-01-01

Ratios of nitrogen (N) isotopes in leaves could elucidate underlying patterns of N cycling across ecological gradients. To better understand global-scale patterns of N cycling, we compiled data on foliar N isotope ratios (d15N), foliar N concentrations, mycorrhizal type and climate for over 11 00...

Influência do extrato pirolenhoso na calda de pulverização sobre o teor foliar de nutrientes em limoeiro 'Cravo' Effect of pyroligneous acid in the spraymg solutions on foliar nutrients content of 'Rangpur' lime

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Marcelo Zanetti

2004-12-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da presença do extrato pirolenhoso (EP na calda de pulverização sobre o teor foliar de nutrientes de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck, foi desenvolvido um experimento com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso, em ambiente protegido. Os tratamentos constituíram da pulverização das soluções: T0 = água; T1 = solução de micronutrientes sem EP; T2 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (1cm³ dm-3; T3 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (2 cm³ dm-3; T4 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (5cm³ dm-3; T5 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (10 cm³ dm-3. A solução de micronutrientes foi preparada com sulfatos de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn (250 mg dm-3 do elemento e ácido bórico (42,5 mg dm-3 de B. As plantas foram cultivadas em tubetes cônicos de 0,280 dm³, com substrato sem a adição de micronutrientes na formulação. As soluções foram pulverizadas uma única vez, aos 140 dias após o plantio (DAP, momento em que as plantas apresentavam aproximadamente 20 cm de altura. Ao final do experimento (160 DAP, quantificaram-se a massa seca e os teores de macro e micronutrientes da parte aérea e sistema radicular. A presença do extrato pirolenhoso na solução de micronutrientes não interferiu na concentração foliar de B, Fe e Zn em mudas de limoeiro 'Cravo'. Entretanto, na concentração de 10 cm³ dm-3, aumentou a concentração foliar de Cu e Mn. Observou-se também que as plantas pulverizadas com soluções contendo EP (1 a 10 cm³ dm-3 + micronutrientes apresentaram menor teor de Fe e maior teor de Ca no sistema radicular.This research studied the effect of pyroligneous acid (PA presence in the micronutrient solution sprayed on leaves on the foliar nutrient content of 'Rangpur lime' (Citrus limonia Osbeck0 seedlings, under screen house. An experiment in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replicates was set up. Treatments consisted of leaf spraying with

Estimativa da área foliar de nabo forrageiro em função de dimensões foliares

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Alberto Cargnelutti Filho

2012-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo para estimar a área foliar de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg determinada por fotos digitais, em função do comprimento, ou da largura e/ou do produto comprimento vezes largura da folha. Aos 76 dias após a semeadura, foram coletadas 557 folhas da haste principal de 92 plantas, sendo mensurados o comprimento (C e a largura (L de cada folha, e calculado o produto comprimento × largura (C×L. Após, determinou-se a área foliar (Y, por meio do método de fotos digitais. Do total de folhas, separaram-se, aleatoriamente, 450 folhas para a construção de modelos do tipo quadrático, potência e linear de Y em função de C, da L, e/ou de C×L. 107 folhas foram usadas para a validação dos modelos. O modelo do tipo potência da área foliar obtida por meio do método de fotos digitais (Ŷ=0,6843x0,9221, R²=0,9862 em função do produto comprimento × largura é adequado para estimar a área foliar de nabo forrageiro.

Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability

Science.gov (United States)

Joseph M. Craine; Andrew J. Elmore; Marcos P. M. Aidar; Mercedes Bustamante; Todd E. Dawson; Erik A. Hobbie; Ansgar Kahmen; Michelle C. Mack; Kendra K. McLauchlan; Anders Michelsen; Gabriela Nardoto; Linda H. Pardo; Josep Penuelas; Peter B. Reich; Edward A.G. Schuur; William D. Stock; Pamela H. Templer; Ross A. Virginia; Jeffrey M. Welker; Ian J. Wright

2009-01-01

Ratios of nitrogen (N) isotopes in leaves could elucidate underlying patterns of N cycling across ecological gradients. To better understand global-scale patterns of N cycling, we compiled data on foliar N isotope ratios, foliar N concentrations, mycorrhizal type and climate for over 11 000 plants worldwide. Global-scale comparisons of other components of the N cycle...

Estimating foliar nitrogen in Eucalyptus using vegetation indexes

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Luiz Felipe Ramalho de Oliveira

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N has commonly been applied in Eucalyptus stands in Brazil and it has a direct relation with biomass production and chlorophyll content. Foliar N concentrations are used to diagnose soil and plant fertility levels and to develop N fertilizer application rates. Normally, foliar N is obtained using destructive methods, but indirect analyses using Vegetation Indexes (VIs may be possible. The aim of this work was to evaluate VIs to estimate foliar N concentration in three Eucalyptus clones. Lower crown leaves of three clonal Eucalyptus plantations (25 months old were classified into five color patterns using the Munsell Plant Tissue Color Chart. For each color, N concentration was determined by the Kjeldahl method and foliar reflectance was measured using a CI-710 Miniature Leaf Spectrometer. Foliar reflectance data were used to obtain the VIs and the VIs were used to estimate N concentrations. In the visible region, the relationship between N concentration and reflectance percentage was negative. The highest correlations between VIs and N concentrations were obtained by the Inflection Point Position (IPP, r = 0.97, Normalized Difference Red-Edge (reNDVI, r = 0.97 and Modified Red-Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (mNDI, r = 0.97. Vegetation indexes on the red edge region provided the most accurate estimates of foliar N concentration. The reNDVI index provided the best N concentration estimates in leaves of different colors of Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla × urophylla (R2 = 0.97 and RMSE = 0.91 g kg−1.

Use of the radioisotopes in foliar fertilizing studies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Muraoka, T.; Boaretto, A.E.

1987-01-01

The utilization of the radioactive isotopes is studied to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen in foliar fertilizers. One of the objectives was study the urea absorption via foliar in time function in sugar cane. The nitrogen 15 determination was done by mass spectrometer. (author)

El sustrato neolítico en la cuenca de Vera (Almería

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Fernández-Miranda, Manuel

1993-12-01

Full Text Available The economic and social evolution in the southeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula during the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age has been a focus for analysis by researchers ever since Siret conducted his studies of the area towards the end of the nineteenth century. In his work, he proposed diffusionist hypotheses linked to the appearance of metallurgy in the area, but in his conclusions, he failed, among other considerations, to include the existence of a Neolithic cultural substratum. The identification in the village of Cuartillas, together with other findings in the Valley of Vera (Almería, of a Neolithic community related to that of other areas in eastern Andalucía, brings new light to bear on the hypotheses considered to date.

Los análisis sobre la evolución económica y social en el sudeste de la Península Ibérica durante el Calco lítico y la Edad del Bronce han llamado la atención de los investigadores desde los trabajos llevados a cabo por Siret en la región a partir de los últimos años del siglo XIX. Su explicación presentaba algunos problemas, entre otros la indefinición de un sustrato cultural neolítico, lo que condujo a proponer hipótesis de carácter difusionista vinculadas a la aparición de la metalurgia en la zona. La identificación en la aldea de Cuartillas y otros yacimientos de la Cuenca de Vera (Almería de una población neolítica emparentable con la de otras áreas de Andalucía oriental, permite replantear desde nuevas perspectivas los supuestos hasta ahora considerados.

Diagnosing foliar nutrient dynamics of Eucalyptus grandis in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Fertilisation is one of the most cost-effective methods of increasing and maintaining the productivity of Eucalyptus grandis plantations in South Africa. This silvicultural practice can be optimised by using the foliar nutrient ratios measured in plants at maximum growth as a guideline for fertiliser application. The foliar nutrient ...

Influencia del nitrógeno en la producción del tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum L sembrado en sustrato en Sutamarchán (Boyacá

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Leidy Natalia Cuadrado-García

2015-04-01

Full Text Available El nitrógeno es necesario para las plantas, pero debido a la ineficacia de estas para absorberlo, tan solo un bajo porcentaje es asimilado, y el restante es liberado al ambiente. El trabajo que aquí se presenta se enfocó en determinar la dinámica del nitrógeno en la producción de tomate hidropónico con sistema de drenaje abierto y bajo condiciones de invernadero en la finca Hortifresh S.A., ubicada en el municipio de Sutamarchán (Boyacá. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se realizaron semanalmente muestreos de la solución nutritiva, del sustrato utilizado, del agua de drenaje y del material vegetal (tallo, hojas y frutos, con el fin de determinar la concentración de nitrógeno aprovechable por la planta en el cultivo de tomate hidropónico. Los contenidos de N aplicados a la planta, expresados en relación con la acumulación total, fueron de 37,93 g, que equivalen al 100% del N aplicado. Del N total aplicado, el 0,6% (0,22051 g es drenado, el 36% (13,665 g es absorbido por la planta y el restante 63,4% (24,049 g se acumula en el sustrato. Que solo el 36% del N aplicado sea asimilado por la planta, según la investigación, indica que se debe reducir la aplicación de fertilizantes nitrogenados y hacer uso racional del suministro de nutrientes que el cultivo de tomate necesita, con el propósito de reducir el impacto ambiental y optimizar el aprovechamiento de los recursos; en este sentido, la investigación sobre el mejor manejo de la fertirrigación en sistemas hidropónicos con recirculación contribuirá a un desarrollo más sostenible de estos.

Phylogenetic Structure of Foliar Spectral Traits in Tropical Forest Canopies

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Kelly M. McManus

2016-02-01

Full Text Available The Spectranomics approach to tropical forest remote sensing has established a link between foliar reflectance spectra and the phylogenetic composition of tropical canopy tree communities vis-à-vis the taxonomic organization of biochemical trait variation. However, a direct relationship between phylogenetic affiliation and foliar reflectance spectra of species has not been established. We sought to develop this relationship by quantifying the extent to which underlying patterns of phylogenetic structure drive interspecific variation among foliar reflectance spectra within three Neotropical canopy tree communities with varying levels of soil fertility. We interpreted the resulting spectral patterns of phylogenetic signal in the context of foliar biochemical traits that may contribute to the spectral-phylogenetic link. We utilized a multi-model ensemble to elucidate trait-spectral relationships, and quantified phylogenetic signal for spectral wavelengths and traits using Pagel’s lambda statistic. Foliar reflectance spectra showed evidence of phylogenetic influence primarily within the visible and shortwave infrared spectral regions. These regions were also selected by the multi-model ensemble as those most important to the quantitative prediction of several foliar biochemical traits. Patterns of phylogenetic organization of spectra and traits varied across sites and with soil fertility, indicative of the complex interactions between the environmental and phylogenetic controls underlying patterns of biodiversity.

RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSIÓN DE LAS MULTICAPAS DE [TIN/ALTIN]n DEPOSITADAS SOBRE ACERO AL CARBONO AISI 1045

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WILLIAM APERADOR

2011-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta el mejoramiento frente a la corrosión de los recubrimientos multicapas de [TiN/AlTiN]n con periodos de 2, 6, 12 y 24 bicapas depositados mediante la técnica de PVD magnetrón Sputtering sobre acero al carbono AISI 1045. La evaluación electroquímica se realizó mediante las técnicas espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS y curvas de polarización Tafel, en una solución de 0.5M de H2SO4 + 3.5% wt. de NaCl. La resistencia a la corrosión aumentó de forma gradual en función del número de bicapas en comparación al sustrato encontrando valores de velocidad de corrosión de 18.51 mpy para el sustrato sin recubrir y de 1x10 6 mpy para la muestra con 24 bicapas. Los resultados electroquímicos revelan el efecto positivo en cuanto a la protección superficial del acero 1045 con el incremento del periodo en las multicapas de [TiN /AlTiN]n.

Área foliar de Zinnia elegans Jacq. em diferentes épocas de semeadura e sistemas de condução.

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Ana Christina Rossini Pinto

1996-05-01

Full Text Available No presente trabalho, estudaram-se os efeitos de épocas de semeadura e sistemas de condução sobre a área foliar de Zinnia elegans e determinaram-se equações de regressão para a estimativa da área foliar de plantas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de condução. Definiram-se três estádios de desenvolvimento da planta para coleta das folhas: anterior à visualização da gema florífera apical, com gema florífera apical visível e em floração. Em cada estádio, foram coletadas, respectivamente, 45, 50 e 140 folhas por tratamento, num experimento em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, analisado em esquema fatorial 3 X 3 (3 épocas de semeadura e 3 sistemas de condução. Determinaram-se o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C, a largura máxima perpendicular à nervura principal (L e a área foliar real (AFR. Estudaram-se as relações existentes entre a área foliar real e o produto do comprimento pela largura da folha, por meio de modelos de regressão linear. Concluiu-se que a área foliar foi influenciada pela época de semeadura, no estádio anterior à visualização dagema florífera apical e no de gema florífera apical visível, e pela época de semeadura e sistema de condução, no estádio de floração plena. Embora todos os modelos de regressão obtidos fossem adequados para estimar a área foliar real, recomendam-se, pela sua simplicidade, os modelos lineares sem intercepto AFR = 0,808907 CL, para o estádio anterior à visualização da gema florífera apical, AFR = 0,814309 CL, para o estádio de gema florífera apical visível, e AFR = 0,806762 CL, para o estádio de floração plena.

Morfologia e distribuição de galhas foliares de Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae

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Claudia Scareli-Santos

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Galhas são estruturas que exibem associações específicas entre o indutor e a planta hospedeira, onde são evidenciadas modificações morfológicas, anatômicas e químicas dos tecidos vegetais. Objetivou-se descrever a morfologia e a distribuição de galhas foliares de Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae. Foram coletadas 294 folhas, da porção apical dos ramos, de indivíduos localizados na Universidade Federal do Tocantins - Campus Araguaína, TO. Foram realizadas análises morfológicas utilizando microscópio estereoscópico, paquímetro e bibliografia específica. Determinou-se o número de galhas no limbo foliar seguida da análise de regressão linear entre o número de galhas por limbo e o seu comprimento. Foram observadas galhas do tipo cônico atravessando a lâmina foliar, glabras, de coloração verde quando jovens e vermelho alaranjadas quando maduras, com distribuição isolada/agrupada e aderência total; internamente apresentou um lóculo e uma larva do indutor (Cecidomyiidae. A distribuição das galhas no limbo apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,001, em ordem decrescente foi observado maior número de galhas entre as nervuras (57,1%, sobre a nervura secundária (35,7%, na margem (6,3% e na nervura central (1,2%; a análise de regressão linear apresentou fracamente positiva (r2= 0,03; coeficiente de Pearson= 0,2025, o que sugere que a oviposição está associada, em parte, com o tamanho do limbo e que outras variáveis podem ser determinantes. Estes são os primeiros registros de galhas em A. occidentale no estado do Tocantins.

Aplicação foliar de cálcio em pessegueiro na Serra Gaúcha: avaliação do teor de nutrientes na folha, no fruto e produção Foliar application of calcium in peach in Serra Gaúcha: evaluation of content of nutrients in the leaf, fruit and yield

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Gustavo Brunetto

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Na região Sul do Brasil, as aplicações foliares de cálcio têm sido usadas durante o ciclo produtivo do pessegueiro. Entretanto se carece de conhecimentos sobre o teor de cálcio e de outros nutrientes na folha, usada para estimar o estado nutricional da planta, no fruto, utilizado como referência para definir a ocorrência de distúrbio fisiológico e na produção. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de pulverizações foliares de diferentes fontes de cálcio no seu teor e de outros nutrientes nas folhas, nos frutos e na produção. O trabalho compreendeu dois experimentos e foi conduzido na safra agrícola de 2003/2004, em um pomar comercial de pessegueiro da cultivar Chimarrita, em Pinto Bandeira-RS, sobre um Cambissolo Húmico. O experimento 1 consistiu de uma, duas e três pulverizações foliares de cloreto de cálcio nas concentrações de 0 (água; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%. O experimento 2 compreendeu uma, duas e três pulverizações foliares de nitrato de cálcio nas concentrações de 0 (água; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%. O delineamento experimental usado nos dois experimentos foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela, que foram distribuídas ao longo da linha de plantio. Nas plantas dos dois experimentos, foram coletadas folhas completas (limbo+pecíolo do terço médio dos ramos do ano, nos diferentes lados da planta, secas, moídas e preparadas para a análise dos teores de cálcio, nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio. Na maturação completa, os frutos foram colhidos e determinados a massa, a produção e os teores de cálcio, nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio. Os resultados mostraram que as aplicações foliares de cloreto de cálcio e nitrato de cálcio durante o ciclo produtivo do pessegueiro aumentaram o teor de cálcio na folha. Porém, não afetaram o teor de nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio na folha, o teor de cálcio, nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio no fruto e na produção.Foliar application of

INFLUENCIA DE LA NITRURACIÓN POR PLASMA SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO A LA CORROSIÓN Y LA ADHESIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DLC SOBRE ACERO INOXIDABLE AISI 420

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Jorge N. Pecina

2016-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento a la corrosió n y la adhesión de dos rec ubrimientos DLC (“Diamond Like Carbon ” , “Soft” y “Hard”, depositados por PACVD (“Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition” sobre acero AISI 420, templado y revenido y /o nitrurado por plasma . Se analizaron por espectroscopía Raman y midió dureza en superficie. Se observó la microestructura por OM y SEM. Se realizaron pruebas de adhesión con indentación Rockwell C . S e practicaron ensayos de Niebla Salina e inmersión en HCl . Los DLC “ Soft ” presentaron una dureza de 5 00 HV y un espesor de 2 0 μm , mientras que los “ Hard ” tuvieron 1400 HV y 2 ,5 μm. Ambos recubrimientos presentaron bajo coeficiente de fricción y buena adhesión sobre el sustrato nitrurado . También presentaron buena resistencia a la corrosión atmosférica. En HCl el DLC retardó la degradación que se presentó rápidamente en las muestras sin recubrir.

Evaluation of soil and foliar fertilization on wheat yield and quality

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ndiema, A.C.; Maina, M.P.D.; Kamundia, W.J.

2001-01-01

Traditionally wheat farmers in Kenya apply basal compound fertilizer like diammonium phosphate (DAP), Triple super phosphate (TSP). Plants require a considerable number of different elements for optimal growth. One way of supplying these micronutrients is through foliar fertilization. However there was an increase of 71.7% for 40kg N/ha plus bayfolan in Njoro over the control, 61.8% for bayfolan alone a foliar fertilizer, which contain a wide range of plant nutrients. In Molo the control out-yielded all the treatments indicating that planting the crop with DAP is sufficient. Foliar fertilizer was applied directly to the plant leaves to enhance crop yield due to their rapid absorption. The potential of improving yields comes as a result of increase in number of seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar fertilizer on wheat yield when used alone or in combination with soil-applied fertilizers. Byfolan is a fast acting fertilizer with nutrients rapidly becoming available to the plant. The composition of Bayfolan includes N (11%), P (8%), K (6%), Fe (0.019%), Mn (0.016%). Zn (0.0061% ), Co (0.00035%), Mo (0.00009%), sodium, sulphur, vitamin B 1 and growth hormones. The design was RCBD with nine (9) treatments and three (3) replications. The treatments included control, 20kg N/ha, 40kg N/ha, 80kg N/ha, Bayfolan foliar, 20kg N/ha + Baylon a foliar, 40kg N/ha + Bayfolan foliar, 20kg N/ha urea in solution form, 20kg N/ha urea in solution form + Bayfolan foliar. DAP was applied at the rate of 130kg/ha, as a blanket treatment at planting timeto provide N and P for initial growth. Significant difference in spike density and kernel weight at 5% level was observed at farms in Njoro but not at farms in Molo. (author)

Self-cleaning Foliar Surfaces Characterization using RIMAPS Technique and Variogram Method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rosi, Pablo E.

2002-01-01

Along the last ten years many important studies about characterization of self-cleaning foliar surfaces have been done and focused new interest on this kind of surfaces.These studies were possible due to the development of a novel preparation technique for this biological material that let us observe the delicate structures of a foliar surface under scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.).This technique consists of replacing the natural water of the specimen by glycerol. Digital S.E.M. images from both self-cleaning and non-self-cleaning foliar surfaces were obtained and analyzed using RIMAPS technique and Variograms method. Our results revealed the existence of a common and exclusive geometrical pattern that is found in species which present self-cleaning foliar surfaces.This pattern combines at least nine different directions.The results from the Variograms method showed that the stomata play a key role in the determination of foliar surface roughness. In addition, spectra from RIMAPS technique constitute a fingerprint of a foliar surface so they can be used to find evolutionary relationships among species.Further studies will provide more detailed information to fully elucidate the self-cleaning pattern, so it might be possible to reproduce it on an artificial surface and make it self-cleaning

Propiedades de transporte de una superred de grafeno tipo sinusoidal

OpenAIRE

J. A. Briones-Torres; I. Rodríguez-Vargas

2015-01-01

En este trabajo usamos el método de la matriz de transferencia para estudiar el tunelamiento de los electrones de Dirac a través de superredes en grafeno. Consideramos una superred con potencial sinusoidal o polaridad invertida, para ello consideramos dos maneras de crearla, una por medio de sustratos mixtos junto con la aplicación de un campo perpendicular sobre el sustrato de Óxido de Silicio (SiO2), la otra por medio de potenciales alternados aplicados perpendicularmente sobre la sábana de...

Síntesis y deposición de semiconductores basados en Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 sobre laminados cerámicos para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas

OpenAIRE

Calvet Roures, Ivan

2018-01-01

En la presente tesis doctoral se ha estudiado la metodología de obtención de laminados cerámicos fotovoltaicos basados en la tecnología de capa fina. Se ha sintetizado el material inorgánico Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, el cual cristaliza en la estructura kesterita, como absorbedor del dispositivo. Como soporte de los dispositivos fotovoltaicos se han empleado laminados de gres porcelánico esmaltados. Sobre la superficie de estos sustratos se ha depositado Mo metálico como contacto inferior del dispositiv...

Estimativa da área foliar de Crambe abyssinica por discos foliares e por fotos digitais Estimate leaf area of Crambe abyssinica for leaf discs and digital photos

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Marcos Toebe

2010-02-01

Full Text Available A área foliar é importante na determinação do crescimento e desenvolvimento das culturas agrícolas. Assim, os objetivos do trabalho foram comparar os métodos de discos foliares e de fotos digitais na estimativa da área foliar de Crambe abyssinica e modelar a área foliar em função do comprimento (C, da largura (L e ou do produto comprimento vezes largura (CxL de diferentes tamanhos de folhas. Para isso, em 308 folhas, foram determinados a área foliar, o comprimento, a largura e o produto comprimento vezes largura por meio dos métodos de discos foliares e de fotos digitais. Em seguida, foram comparados os métodos por meio do coeficiente de correlação linear entre a área foliar. A seguir, em cada método, modelou-se a área foliar (Y em função do C, da L e do CxL, por meio dos modelos: linear, linear simples, quadrático, geométrico e exponencial. Os coeficientes de correlação linear de Pearson e de Spearman entre a área foliar dos métodos de discos foliares e de fotos digitais foram de 0,9917 e 0,9889, respectivamente, o que revela métodos concordantes. Em ambos os métodos, os modelos quadráticos e geométricos apresentaram os melhores coeficientes de determinação da área foliar em função do comprimento e da largura das folhas. A largura da folha é a variável que melhor estima a área foliar. O método de fotos digitais pode ser utilizado para estimar a área foliar de crambe.Leaf area is important in determining the growth and development of agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to compare the methods of leaf discs and digital photos in estimating leaf area of Crambe abyssinica, and model leaf area according to length (C, width (L and/ or the product of length width (CxL for different sizes of leaves. For this, in 308 leaves it was determined the leaf area, length, width and the product of length width using the methods of leaf discs and digital photos. Then the methods were compared using the linear

Teores foliares de nutrientes em mudas do abacaxizeiro ‘smooth cayenne’ em resposta à adubação Leaf nutrient contents on ´smooth cayenne´ planting material as response to fertilization

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Ruimário Inácio Coelho

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Mudas do abacaxizeiro ‘Smooth Cayenne’ obtidas por seccionamento de caule foram submetidas à adubação foliar com soluções em diferentes concentrações de uréia, KCl e H3BO3, em pulverizações semanais, num total de vinte e seis para a uréia e o KCl e aplicações mensais num total de quatro, para o H3BO3. Todos os tratamentos foram iniciados na nona semana após o plantio das secções. O delineamento utilizado foi fatorial fracionado do tipo (1/553, com três tipos de adubo (uréia, KCl e H3BO3 e cinco concentrações num total de 25 tratamentos. Cada parcela constituiu-se de 50 secções. Os tratamentos consistiram nas combinações das seguintes concentrações em g L-1: 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10 para a uréia e o KCl, e 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2,0 de H3BO3. Análises das amostras de folhas “D” revelam efeitos da uréia e H3BO3 sobre os teores foliares de S, Cl e B e efeito do KCL sobre K e Cl foliar. A uréia não apresentou efeito sobre o teor de N foliar, porém influencia significativamente o conteúdo de N nas mudas.‘Smooth Cayenne’ planting material obtained through stem sectioning were trea-ted with foliar fertilization with different concentrations of urea, KCl, in weekly pulverizations, and H3BO4, totalizing twenty-six for urea and KCL pulverizations and four for H3BO3, which was applied monthly The treatments were began nine weeks after planting thestem sections. The experimental scheme was a fractionated factorial (1/55³ with three types of fertilizers (urea, KCl and H3BO3 and five concentrations in a total of 25 treatments. There were 50 sections per plot. Treatments were a combination of concentrations in g L-1: 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 of urea and KCl, and 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2,0 of H3BO3. Sample analyses of ‘D’ leaves showed urea and H3BO3 effect on S, Cl and B leaf contents whereas KCL affected leaf K and Cl contents. Urea did not affect N leaf content, however it strongly influenced N content in planting material.

Molecular mechanisms of foliar water uptake in a desert tree.

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Xia; Zhou, Maoxian; Dong, Xicun; Zou, Songbing; Xiao, Honglang; Ma, Xiao-Fei

2015-11-12

Water deficits severely affect growth, particularly for the plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In addition to precipitation, other subsidiary water, such as dew, fog, clouds and small rain showers, may also be absorbed by leaves in a process known as foliar water uptake. With the severe scarcity of water in desert regions, this process is increasingly becoming a necessity. Studies have reported on physical and physiological processes of foliar water uptake. However, the molecular mechanisms remain less understood. As major channels for water regulation and transport, aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in this process. However, due to the regulatory complexity and functional diversity of AQPs, their molecular mechanism for foliar water uptake remains unclear. In this study, Tamarix ramosissima, a tree species widely distributed in desert regions, was investigated for gene expression patterns of AQPs and for sap flow velocity. Our results suggest that the foliar water uptake of T. ramosissima occurs in natural fields at night when the humidity is over a threshold of 85 %. The diurnal gene expression pattern of AQPs suggests that most AQP gene expressions display a circadian rhythm, and this could affect both photosynthesis and transpiration. At night, the PIP2-1 gene is also upregulated with increased relative air humidity. This gene expression pattern may allow desert plants to regulate foliar water uptake to adapt to extreme drought. This study suggests a molecular basis of foliar water uptake in desert plants. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.

Estimating foliar biochemistry from hyperspectral data in mixed forest canopy

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Huber Gharib, Silvia; Kneubühler, Mathias; Psomas, Achilleas

2008-01-01

data to estimate the foliar concentration of nitrogen, carbon and water in three mixed forest canopies in Switzerland. With multiple linear regression models, continuum-removed and normalized HyMap spectra were related to foliar biochemistry on an individual tree level. The six spectral wavebands used...

Organismic-Scale Remote Sensing of Canopy Foliar Traits in Lowland Tropical Forests

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K. Dana Chadwick

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Airborne high fidelity imaging spectroscopy (HiFIS holds great promise for bridging the gap between field studies of functional diversity, which are spatially limited, and satellite detection of ecosystem properties, which lacks resolution to understand within landscape dynamics. We use Carnegie Airborne Observatory HiFIS data combined with field collected foliar trait data to develop quantitative prediction models of foliar traits at the tree-crown level across over 1000 ha of humid tropical forest. We predicted foliar leaf mass per area (LMA as well as foliar concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium for canopy emergent trees (R2: 0.45–0.67, relative RMSE: 11%–14%. Correlations between remotely sensed model coefficients for these foliar traits are similar to those found in laboratory studies, suggesting that the detection of these mineral nutrients is possible through their biochemical stoichiometry. Maps derived from HiFIS provide quantitative foliar trait information across a tropical forest landscape at fine spatial resolution, and along environmental gradients. Multi-nutrient maps implemented at the fine organismic scale will subsequently provide new insight to the functional biogeography and biological diversity of tropical forest ecosystems.

Foliar uptake of cesium from the water column by aquatic macrophytes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pinder, J.E. [Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29801 (United States); Hinton, T.G. [Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29801 (United States)]. E-mail: thinton@srel.edu; Whicker, F.W. [Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618 (United States)

2006-07-01

The probable occurrence and rate of foliar absorption of stable cesium ({sup 133}Cs) from the water column by aquatic macrophyte species was analyzed following the addition of {sup 133}Cs into a small reservoir near Aiken, South Carolina, USA. An uptake parameter u (10{sup 3} L kg{sup -1} d{sup -1}) and a loss rate parameter k (d{sup -1}) were estimated for each species using time series of {sup 133}Cs concentrations in the water and plant tissues. Foliar uptake, as indicated by rapid increases in plant concentrations following the {sup 133}Cs addition, occurred in two floating-leaf species, Brasenia schreberi and Nymphaea odorata, and two submerged species, Myriophyllum spicatum and Utricularia inflata. These species had values of u {>=} 0.75 x 10{sup 3} L kg{sup -1} d{sup -1}. Less evidence for foliar uptake was observed in three emergent species, including Typha latifolia. Ratios of u to k for B. schreberi, M. spicatum, N. odorata and U. inflata can be used to estimate concentration ratios (CR) at equilibrium, and these estimates were generally within a factor of 2 of the CR for {sup 137}Cs for these species in the same reservoir. This correspondence suggests that foliar uptake of Cs was the principal absorption mechanism for these species. Assessments of: (1) the prevalence of foliar uptake of potassium, rubidium and Cs isotopes by aquatic macrophytes and (2) the possible importance of foliar uptake of Cs in other lentic systems are made from a review of foliar uptake studies and estimation of comparable u and k values from lake studies involving Cs releases.

Improvement of Soybean (Glycine max L. Yield with Urea Foliar Application at Growth Stages

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Mahmood Tohidi

2017-07-01

Full Text Available To investigate the effects of nitrogen foliar application at different growth stages of soybean on the yield and yield components this experiment was performed in Shush, north of Khuzestan, Iran, during growing season of 2014. The experiment was in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer foliar applications as control (no nitrogen foliar application, 25, 50 and 75 kg/ha pure nitrogen from urea source (46% pure nitrogen assigned to the main plots and spraying times in three levels, at vegetative stage, flowering stage and podding stage to the subplots. Results showed that the effects of nitrogen foliar application on traits measured in this experiment like leaf area index, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per pod, thousand seed weight, seed yield, biologic yield, harvest index, protein percent and protein yield and also interaction of different levels of nitrogen foliar application and different growth stages, were significant. Oil percent and yield were only significant under the effect of nitrogen foliar application treatments at different growth stages while the interaction of different levels of nitrogen foliar application and different growth stages, were not significant. In this experiment nitrogen foliar application increased seed yield. The highest seed yield amounted to 2466 kg/ha when 50kg/ha of foliar nitrogen applied at vegetative growth stage and lowest seed yield amounted to 1295 kg/ha in the control treatment at the stage of podding. In general, results demonstrated that 50 kg/ha treatment could be considered as the best management option of nitrogen foliar application for soybean at vegetative growth stage.

variability in foliar phenolic composition of several quercus species in northern mexico

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Salazar, J.A.A.; Antuna, E.M.; Abarca, N.A.; Alvarado, E.A.D.

2015-01-01

Quantitative and qualitative composition of the foliar phenolic compounds were investigated in 81 individual specimens of several white oak species (Quercus spp.). The trees were growing in twelve locations in Durango, Mexico. The phenol profiles were determined by HPLC-DAD and a Folin-Ciocateuprocedure. The results revealed that: (i) the foliar phenol profiles of all species analysed were complex and formed by 6 to 30 compounds, (ii) the flavonols mostly quercetin glycoside, isorhamnetin glycoside, kaempferol glycoside and phenolic acids were the main identified compounds, (iii) there was a high intra and inter-specific variability in the foliar phenol profiles both at the quantitative and qualitative levels, and (iv) the foliar phenol profiles indicated a slight species-specific tendency for phenols to be accumulated, although this was not clearly distinguished. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the content and composition of the foliar flavonoids between species were observed due to the large environmental and soil conditions variability between localities. (author)

Sustratos orgánicos como alternativa para la producción de albahaca (Ocimum Selloi Benth)

OpenAIRE

Campos Mota, Lilián; Flores Sánchez, Diego

2013-01-01

La especie de albahaca Ocimum Selloi Benth ha sido empleada en México por sus propiedades medicinales y como condimento. Por otra parte, el uso de vermicomposta es una alternativa en la producción orgánica de las plantas medicinales; por lo tanto, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la vermicomposta en el crecimiento de albahaca. Como tratamientos se emplearon 4 sustratos: 1) vermicomposta de café (con base a pulpa proveniente del beneficio húmedo) más cascarilla de caf...

Foliar pH as a new plant trati: van it explain variation in foliar chemistry and carbon cycling processes among subarctiv plant species and types?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Quested, H.M.; van Logtestijn, R.S.P; Perez-Harguindeguy, N.; Gwynn-Jones, D.; Diaz, S.; Callaghan, T.V.; Press, M.C.; Aerts, R.

2006-01-01

Plant traits have become popular as predictors of interspecific variation in important ecosystem properties and processes. Here we introduce foliar pH as a possible new plant trait, and tested whether (1) green leaf pH or leaf litter pH correlates with biochemical and structural foliar traits that

Foliar water uptake of Tamarix ramosissima from an atmosphere of high humidity.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Shuang; Xiao, Hong-lang; Zhao, Liang; Zhou, Mao-Xian; Wang, Fang

2014-01-01

Many species have been found to be capable of foliar water uptake, but little research has focused on this in desert plants. Tamarix ramosissima was investigated to determine whether its leaves can directly absorb water from high humidity atmosphere and, if they can, to understand the magnitude and importance of foliar water uptake. Various techniques were adopted to demonstrate foliar water uptake under submergence or high atmospheric humidity. The mean increase in leaf water content after submergence was 29.38% and 20.93% for mature and tender leaves, respectively. In the chamber experiment, obvious reverse sap flow occurred when relative humidity (RH) was persistently above 90%. Reverse flow was recorded first in twigs, then in branches and stems. For the stem, the percentage of negative sap flow rate accounting for the maximum value of sap flow reached 10.71%, and its amount accounted for 7.54% of diurnal sap flow. Small rainfall can not only compensate water loss of plant by foliar uptake, but also suppress transpiration. Foliar uptake can appear in the daytime under certain rainfall events. High atmospheric humidity is beneficial for enhancing the water status of plants. Foliar uptake should be an important strategy of water acquisition for desert plants.

Foliar Water Uptake of Tamarix ramosissima from an Atmosphere of High Humidity

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shuang Li

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Many species have been found to be capable of foliar water uptake, but little research has focused on this in desert plants. Tamarix ramosissima was investigated to determine whether its leaves can directly absorb water from high humidity atmosphere and, if they can, to understand the magnitude and importance of foliar water uptake. Various techniques were adopted to demonstrate foliar water uptake under submergence or high atmospheric humidity. The mean increase in leaf water content after submergence was 29.38% and 20.93% for mature and tender leaves, respectively. In the chamber experiment, obvious reverse sap flow occurred when relative humidity (RH was persistently above 90%. Reverse flow was recorded first in twigs, then in branches and stems. For the stem, the percentage of negative sap flow rate accounting for the maximum value of sap flow reached 10.71%, and its amount accounted for 7.54% of diurnal sap flow. Small rainfall can not only compensate water loss of plant by foliar uptake, but also suppress transpiration. Foliar uptake can appear in the daytime under certain rainfall events. High atmospheric humidity is beneficial for enhancing the water status of plants. Foliar uptake should be an important strategy of water acquisition for desert plants.

Avaliação de produtos para a nutrição da videira via foliar

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J. C. Fráguas

2001-12-01

Full Text Available A nutrição da videira é fator fundamental para uma produção com qualidade. Muitas vezes, por razões fisiológicas, principalmente nutricionais, ocorrem problemas de baixa brotação, refletindo na produtividade da videira. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de formulações de macro e micronutrientes via foliar, ativadas com poliexose, na produção de videira com deficiência na brotação, realizou-se um experimento por dois anos, em um vinhedo do cv. Merlot enxertado sobre o porta-enxerto R110, formado no sistema lira, localizado no município de Monte Belo do Sul (RS. Os tratamentos, em número de 11, foram compostos por três programas de nutrição foliar, cada um com três dosagens, um programa denominado tratamento básico (TB e um tratamento-testemunha (sem nutrição foliar chamado de tratamento do produtor (TP. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: produtividade por gema, produtividade por gema brotada, percentagem de gemas brotadas, produção por planta e por área, qualidade das uvas (ºBrix, acidez total e pH, índices de doenças nos cachos, diagnóstico nutricional e relação custo-benefício dos programas. A análise estatística (contrastes ortogonais só registrou efeitos significativos entre as doses 2 e 3, dentro do programa 2, para percentagem de gemas brotadas (1994/95. Na safra de 1995/96, os efeitos significativos foram para adubação foliar contra a testemunha e para as doses 2 e 3, nos programas 1 e 2, para a produtividade por gema e percentagem de gemas brotadas. Houve efeito cumulativo dos programas nas variáveis analisadas. As relações custo-benefício do TB foram superiores às dos demais programas e, em relação à testemunha, alcançaram 1:12,8 e 1:16,0, nas safras de 1994/95 e 1995/96, respectivamente.

Controls over foliar N:P ratios in tropical rain forests.

Science.gov (United States)

Townsend, Alan R; Cleveland, Cory C; Asner, Gregory P; Bustamante, Mercedes M C

2007-01-01

Correlations between foliar nutrient concentrations and soil nutrient availability have been found in multiple ecosystems. These relationships have led to the use of foliar nutrients as an index of nutrient status and to the prediction of broadscale patterns in ecosystem processes. More recently, a growing interest in ecological stoichiometry has fueled multiple analyses of foliar nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios within and across ecosystems. These studies have observed that N:P values are generally elevated in tropical forests when compared to higher latitude ecosystems, adding weight to a common belief that tropical forests are generally N rich and P poor. However, while these broad generalizations may have merit, their simplicity masks the enormous environmental heterogeneity that exists within the tropics; such variation includes large ranges in soil fertility and climate, as well as the highest plant species diversity of any biome. Here we present original data on foliar N and P concentrations from 150 mature canopy tree species in Costa Rica and Brazil, and combine those data with a comprehensive new literature synthesis to explore the major sources of variation in foliar N:P values within the tropics. We found no relationship between N:P ratios and either latitude or mean annual precipitation within the tropics alone. There is, however, evidence of seasonal controls; in our Costa Rica sites, foliar N:P values differed by 25% between wet and dry seasons. The N:P ratios do vary with soil P availability and/or soil order, but there is substantial overlap across coarse divisions in soil type, and perhaps the most striking feature of the data set is variation at the species level. Taken as a whole, our results imply that the dominant influence on foliar N:P ratios in the tropics is species variability and that, unlike marine systems and perhaps many other terrestrial biomes, the N:P stoichiometry of tropical forests is not well constrained. Thus any use of N

Ozone air pollution and foliar injury development on native plants of Switzerland

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Novak, Kristopher; Skelly, John M.; Schaub, Marcus; Kraeuchi, Norbert; Hug, Christian; Landolt, Werner; Bleuler, Peter

2003-01-01

Visible ozone-induced foliar injury on native forest species of Switzerland was identified and confirmed under ambient OTC-conditions and related to the current European AOT40 standard. - The objectives of this study were to examine the foliar sensitivity to ozone exposure of 12 tree, shrub, and herbaceous species native to southern Switzerland and determine the seasonal cumulative ozone exposures required to induce visible foliar injury. The study was conducted from the beginning of May through the end of August during 2000 and 2001 using an open-top chamber research facility located within the Lattecaldo Cantonal Forest Nursery in Canton Ticino, southern Switzerland (600 m asl). Plants were examined daily and dates of initial foliar injury were recorded in order to determine the cumulative AOT40 ppb h ozone exposure required to cause visible foliar injury. Plant responses to ozone varied significantly among species; 11 species exhibited visible symptoms typical of exposures to ambient ozone. The symptomatic species (from most to least sensitive) were Populus nigra, Viburnum lantana, Salix alba, Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum opulus, Tilia platyphyllos, Cornus alba, Prunus avium, Fraxinus excelsior, Ribes alpinum, and Tilia cordata; Clematis spp. did not show foliar symptoms. Of the 11 symptomatic species, five showed initial injury below the critical level AOT40 10 ppmh O 3 in the 2001 season

Adubação foliar de boro em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura do amendoim

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João Paulo Machado Mantovani

2013-04-01

Full Text Available A adubação boratada foliar, na cultura do amendoim, pode ser uma estratégia viável para fornecimento desse elemento à planta; porém, são poucos os conhecimentos sobre dosagens, épocas e efeitos de parcelamento das doses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características de produção e a composição mineral foliar em diferentes doses, épocas de aplicação e parcelamentos da adubação boratada. O experimento foi conduzido na safra de verão 2010/2011, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Rubiácea (SP. Foram estudadas as doses de zero; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg ha-1 de boro (B, aplicadas por via foliar, utilizando-se como fonte o ácido bórico. Os efeitos da adubação boratada foram testados em doses únicas nos estádios V1 ou R5, além do parcelamento da dose de 1,0 kg ha-1 (0,5 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5, de 1,5 (0,75 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5; 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1 e R5 e de 2,0 kg ha-1 (1,0 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5; 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1, R3 e R5. O aumento na produtividade de amendoim em casca ocorreu apenas com a dose de 1,5 kg ha-1, parcelada em três aplicações de 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1 e R5. A utilização de 2,0 kg ha-1 de B foliar no amendoim causou efeito depressivo na produtividade, rendimento e número de vagens por planta.

Environmental protection foliar fertilization in areas subject to limitation of fertilizers use

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gavriluta, I.; Alexandrescu, A; Budoi, G.; Bireescu, L.; Bireescu, G.

1999-01-01

Significant increases of plant productivity have been recorded in field experiments conducted between 1991 - 1994 using general purpose complex foliar fertilizers as well as aminoacid containing complex foliar fertilizers. These increases at the same time had positive environmental effects against chemical pollution, especially with nitrates. As a rule, the greater the degree of nutrient efficiency, especially of nitrate, the lower are the losses, which are subject to transfer to the environment. So in the light of environmental protection against chemical pollution using foliar fertilization is certainly beneficial for crops and for all other components of the agricultural environment giving rise to its significant improvement. Both, foliar and soil fertilization in areas with limitation of fertilizer use should be carried out under a continuous and strict analytical check of plant, soil and water. Refs. 14 (author)

Aplicação foliar de fertilizantes organominerais em cultura de alface Foliar application of organic mineral fertilizer in lettuce

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Magno Q Luz

2010-09-01

Full Text Available A aplicação de fertilizantes organominerais tem permitido respostas positivas em diversas olerícolas. No presente trabalho avaliou-se a produção de mudas e produção comercial de alface, cultivar Vera, em função da aplicação foliar de fertilizantes organominerais líquidos, de outubro de 2005 a janeiro de 2006. A etapa de produção de mudas foi realizada em viveiro especializado na produção de mudas de hortaliças em Uberlândia e a condução da fase de campo foi realizada em área da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Analisou-se altura e número de folhas, massa fresca da parte aérea e diâmetro de raízes das mudas, massas fresca da parte aérea e de raízes das plantas na fase de campo. Foram empregados os fertilizantes organominerais Aminoagro Raiz, Aminoagro Folha Top, Aminoagro Mol, Nobrico Star, Aminolom Foliar e Lombrico Mol 75. O primeiro experimento utilizando mudas foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 15 repetições. O segundo experimento instalado a campo, foi feito em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. O uso exclusivo dos produtos organominerais líquidos, via aplicação foliar foi superior à testemunha para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas nas fases de muda e campo na alface, cultivar Vera.Biofertilizer application provides positive responses of several vegetable crops. The effect of foliar application of liquid biofertilizers on seedling and on commercial production of lettuce cultivar Vera were evaluated from October 2005 to January 2006. Seedling production was carried out in a nursery specialized in the production of vegetable seedlings, in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and the crop growing was carried out at a field of the Universidade Federal de Uberlandia. Plant height, number of leaves, aboveground part fresh weight and root diameter were evaluated on seedlings and fresh weight of the aboveground part and roots were evaluated on plants in the field. Aminoagro Raiz

EFECTO DE LAS CONDICIONES DE SECADO SOBRE LA CINÉTICA DE DESHIDRATACIÓN DE LAS HOJAS DE MORERA (Morus alba

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mar\\u00EDa Lourdes Pineda-Castro

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las cinéticas de deshidratación de la morera bajo diferentes condiciones de temperatura, velocidad y humedad del aire, entre junio y diciembre del 2006, en Costa Ri ca. Forraje de morera (Morus alba de 75 días fue empleado como sustrato. Se evaluó la cinética de deshidratación en un secador convectivo de resistencias eléctricas de bandeja única con diámetro de 0,22 m y carga de 122 ± 1 g hasta una humedad del 5 %. La evaluación se realizó para tres temperaturas de secado (60 °C, 75 °C y 90 °C, dos velocidades de aire (1,0 y 2,5 m/s y dos humedades del aire (12 g/kg aire seco y 45 g/kg aire seco, para un total de 12 tratamie ntos trip licados. Las curvas de secado correspondie ntes se estudia ron según el modelo de decaimiento exponencial de Newton. Se obtuvieron gráficos de velocidad de secado en función del tiempo y la humedad. Las cinéticas de deshidratación presentaron la curva típica del modelo de Newton, con altos coeficientes de correlación. Existió un efecto triple significativo (p<0,05 entre la temperatura, la velocidad y la humedad del aire sobre el tiempo de secado del sustrato; la variable más influyente fue la temperatura, seguida de la velocidad y por último la humedad del aire. El aumento de cualquie ra de estas varia bles implicó una disminución del tiempo de secado. El efecto de la temperatura sobre éste fue más pronuncia do a una velocidad del aire de 1 m/s.

EFECTO DEL SUSTRATO SOBRE LA DESCOMPOSICIÓN DE HOJARASCA EN TRES ESPECIES DE MANGLE EN LA RESERVA DE BIOSFERA SEAFLOWER, CARIBE COLOMBIANO

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Galeano Elizabeth

2010-12-01

Full Text Available La presencia de manglares en pequeñas islas caribeñas como Providencia y SantaCatalina es fundamental, pues sirven de barrera mitigadora contra eventuales tormentasy huracanes. Los manglares a su vez, requieren de aportes de sedimento para sumantenimiento y crecimiento. El aporte de sedimento en estas islas, carentes de fuentesalóctonas, está dado principalmente por la descomposición de la propia hojarasca delmanglar. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue cuantifi car las tasas de descomposiciónde hojarasca de tres especies de manglar en los humedales más representativos de lasislas, en diferentes sustratos de descomposición: agua, turba y superfi cie del bosque.La velocidad de descomposición en cada uno de los sitios fue más rápida durantelas primeras tres semanas, donde se presentó la mayor pérdida de biomasa, seguidade un periodo de lenta descomposición hasta el fi nal del periodo de muestreo. Elmodelo simple exponencial, calculado con los datos de peso remanente a lo largode las 11 semanas de experimentación, fue el que mejor se ajustó a la dinámica dedescomposición. El ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostró diferencias signifi cativasentre especies; las hojas de Rhizophora mangle se descompusieron a menor velocidad(K = 0.020 ±0.007 que las de Avicennia germinans y Laguncularia racemosa (K =0.021 ±0.01; K = 0.022 ±0.006. Estas tasas de descomposición proveen informaciónvaliosa acerca del movimiento del material vegetal en cada uno de los manglaresestudiados y del aporte que cada especie le proporciona al medio.

Contributing factors in foliar uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen at leaf level

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wuyts, Karen, E-mail: karen.wuyts@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Forest and Nature Lab (ForNaLab), Dept. Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, B-9090 Gontrode-Melle (Belgium); Adriaenssens, Sandy, E-mail: adriaenssens@irceline.be [Belgian Interregional Environment Agency (IRCEL-CELINE), Kunstlaan 10–11, B-1210 Brussels (Belgium); Staelens, Jeroen, E-mail: jeroen_staelens@yahoo.com [Flemish Environment Agency (VMM), Kronenburgstraat 45, B-2000 Antwerp (Belgium); Wuytack, Tatiana, E-mail: tatiana.wuytack@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Van Wittenberghe, Shari, E-mail: shari.vanwittenberghe@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Boeckx, Pascal, E-mail: pascal.boeckx@ugent.be [Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Dept. Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent (Belgium); Samson, Roeland, E-mail: roeland.samson@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Verheyen, Kris, E-mail: kris.verheyen@ugent.be [Forest and Nature Lab (ForNaLab), Dept. Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, B-9090 Gontrode-Melle (Belgium)

2015-02-01

We investigated the influence of leaf traits, rainwater chemistry, and pedospheric nitrogen (N) fertilisation on the aqueous uptake of inorganic N by physiologically active tree leaves. Leaves of juvenile silver birch and European beech trees, supplied with NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} to the soil at rates from 0 to 200 kg N ha{sup −1} y{sup −1}, were individually exposed to 100 μl of artificial rainwater containing {sup 15}NH{sub 4}{sup +} or {sup 15}NO{sub 3}{sup −} at two concentration levels for one hour. In the next vegetative period, the experiment was repeated with NH{sub 4}{sup +} at the highest concentration only. The N form and the N concentration in the applied rainwater and, to a lesser extent, the pedospheric N treatment and the leaf traits affected the aqueous foliar N uptake. The foliar uptake of NH{sub 4}{sup +} by birch increased when leaves were more wettable. High leaf N concentration and leaf mass per area enhanced the foliar N uptake, and NO{sub 3}{sup −} uptake in particular, by birch. Variation in the foliar N uptake by the beech trees could not be explained by the leaf traits considered. In the first experiment, N fertilisation stimulated the foliar N uptake in both species, which was on average 1.42–1.78 times higher at the highest soil N dose than at the zero dose. However, data variability was high and the effect was not appreciable in the second experiment. Our data suggest that next to rainwater chemistry (N form and concentration) also forest N status could play a role in the partitioning of N entering the ecosystem through the soil and the canopy. Models of canopy uptake of aqueous N at the leaf level should take account of leaf traits such as wettability and N concentration. - Highlights: • Foliar uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) by potted trees was studied. • Leaves were individually exposed to rainwater drops containing {sup 15}NH{sub 4}{sup +} or {sup 15}NO{sub 3}{sup −}. • Foliar N uptake efficiency depended on

Aplicação foliar de nitrogênio em videira: avaliação do teor na folha e das reservas nitrogenadas e de carboidratos nas gemas dos ramos do ano Nitrogen foliar spraying in grapevine: content in leaves and reserve of nitrogen and carboihydrates in shoots buds

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Gustavo Brunetto

2008-12-01

Full Text Available No Rio Grande do Sul (RS, as aplicações foliares de nitrogênio, quando necessárias, têm sido usadas para complementar a adubação via solo. Entretanto, carece-se de informações dos efeitos da freqüência e da quantidade de N aplicado sobre a sua dinâmica na folha e de reservas nitrogenadas e de carboidratos nas partes perenes da videira, que compõem o objetivo deste trabalho. O trabalho foi conduzido em um vinhedo da cultivar Chenin Blanc, safra 2004/05, na Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Bento Gonçalves (RS, sobre um Neossolo Litólico. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma, duas e três aplicações foliares de 0 (água; 1,11; 2,23; 3,31 e 4,41g de N planta-1. Após cada aplicação de nitrogênio, foram coletadas folhas inteiras (limbo+pecíolo no terço médio dos ramos do ano, no interior e exterior dos diferentes lados da planta, secas, moídas e preparadas para a análise de N total. Na última época de coleta de folhas, foram coletados três ramos do ano em cada planta, retiradas seis gemas em cada ramo, as quais foram submetidas à análise de amido, carboidratos solúveis totais, carboidratos redutores, aminoácidos totais e proteínas totais. As aplicações foliares de N aumentaram o teor do nutriente na folha inteira, de forma destacada, nas épocas de coletas próximas às aplicações; entretanto, essas aplicações diminuíram os teores de amido e carboidratos solúveis totais nas gemas dos ramos do ano e não afetaram os teores de carboidratos redutores e os totais de aminoácidos e proteínas.Leaf nitrogen application is used in grapevines in Southern Brazil as complement to soil fertilization. On the other hand, there is no information about its affects on nitrogen content in the leaves and nitrogen and carbohydrates reserves in the perennial parts. The experiment was carried out in 2004/2005, with the objective to evaluate the effect of nitrogen foliar spraying on leaves and nitrogen and carbohydrates reserves in shoots buds

Foliar uptake of zinc by vascular plants. Radiometric study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Maresova, J.; Remenarova, L.; Hornik, M.; Pipiska, M.; Augustin, J.; Lesny, J.

2012-01-01

The aim of this paper was to obtain quantitative data of foliar uptake kinetics and long distance transport of zinc in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and hop (Humulus lupulus L.) plants. Zinc was used as a model of microelement and toxic metal, tobacco and hop as a representatives of agriculturally important plants. A tip of leaf blade was immersed in the solution spiked with 65 ZnCl 2 and foliar uptake and translocation to other parts of the plant grown in nutrient solution was measured by gamma-spectrometry and autoradiography. We found that foliar zinc uptake by both plants is dependent on the initial metal concentration within the range C 0 = 10-100 μmol dm -3 ZnCl 2 . Zinc is immobilized mainly in immersed part of the contact leaf and only 0 = 0.1 mmol dm -3 ZnCl 2 concentrations >2.5 mg/g Zn and 4.8 mg/g Zn (dry wt.) in immersed part of tobacco and hop leaf plant, respectively were found after 5 days of exposure. Low mobility of zinc entering the plant via the leaf surface can be attributed to the immobilization of zinc into Zn-ligand complexes with high stability constants log K at pH 6.0-8.0, such as the reaction products of Zn 2+ ions with citric acid, histidine or phosphates. Zinc can be extracted from dried leaves by the solutions of inorganic salts, carboxylic acids, amino acids and synthetic complexing ligands such as EDTA. Anionic (SDS) and non-ionic (Tween 40) surfactants causes the decrease of the Zn foliar uptake, but not translocation of Zn from the contact leaf area. Obtained data are discussed from the point of view of possible limited efficiency of liquid formulations designed for practical applications as Zn foliar fertilizers. (author)

Anatomia foliar de microtomateiros fitocromo-mutantes e ultra-estrutura de cloroplastos Leaf anatomy of micro-tomato phytochrome-mutants and chloroplast ultra-structure

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Hyrandir Cabral de Melo

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Plantas fitocromo-mutantes têm sido utilizadas com o intuito de caracterizar isoladamente, dentre os demais fotorreceptores, a ação dos fitocromos sobre eventos ligados à fotomorfogênese. Raros são os estudos que relatam a ação dos fitocromos sobre aspectos estruturais, embora sejam fundamentais à compreensão do desenvolvimento das plantas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar características ultraestruturais de cloroplastos e aspectos anatômicos foliares dos microtomateiros (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom fitocromo-mutantes aurea (subexpressa fitocromos, hp1 e atroviolacea (ambos supra-responsivos a eventos mediados por fitocromo em plantas em estágio de floração. Observou-se que os fitocromos são responsáveis pela expressão de muitas características anatômicas da epiderme foliar, assim como do mesofilo e da ultraestrutura dos cloroplastos.Phytochrome-mutant plants have been used for phytochrome action characterization among all photoreceptors, in events of photomorphogenesis. Studies relating the phytochrome action on structural aspects, which are fundamental to the comprehension of plant development, are rare. The objective of this work was to analyze chloroplast ultra structure and leaf anatomical characteristics of micro-tomatos (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom phytochrome-mutants aurea (sub express phytochrome, hp1 and atroviolacea (both super express phytochrome events-mediated in plants in the flowering stage. The results show that phytochromes are responsible for the expression of many characteristics of leaf epidermis, mesophyll and chloroplast ultra-structure.

Una técnica para obtener la fase icosahédrica en peliculas delgadas multicapas de AICr

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D. Chaverri

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Se describe el procedimiento empleado para producir películas delgadas de multicapas de AlCr con fase icosahédrica utilizando un sistema de alto vacío con cañón de electrones. Las muestras con fase icosahédrica experimentan reconocimiento in situ al condensar las capas sobre sustratos calientes (aproximadamente360°C. Para identificarla fase icosahédrica se utiliza microscopía electrónica de transmisión en el modo de difracción. Se comparan las muestras con fase con otras formadas simultáneamente sobre sustratos a aproximadamente 100°C.

Vegetation Indices for Mapping Canopy Foliar Nitrogen in a Mixed Temperate Forest

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Zhihui Wang

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Hyperspectral remote sensing serves as an effective tool for estimating foliar nitrogen using a variety of techniques. Vegetation indices (VIs are a simple means of retrieving foliar nitrogen. Despite their popularity, few studies have been conducted to examine the utility of VIs for mapping canopy foliar nitrogen in a mixed forest context. In this study, we assessed the performance of 32 vegetation indices derived from HySpex airborne hyperspectral images for estimating canopy mass-based foliar nitrogen concentration (%N in the Bavarian Forest National Park. The partial least squares regression (PLSR was performed for comparison. These vegetation indices were classified into three categories that are mostly correlated to nitrogen, chlorophyll, and structural properties such as leaf area index (LAI. %N was destructively measured in 26 broadleaf, needle leaf, and mixed stand plots to represent the different species and canopy structure. The canopy foliar %N is defined as the plot-level mean foliar %N of all species weighted by species canopy foliar mass fraction. Our results showed that the variance of canopy foliar %N is mainly explained by functional type and species composition. The normalized difference nitrogen index (NDNI produced the most accurate estimation of %N (R2CV = 0.79, RMSECV = 0.26. A comparable estimation of %N was obtained by the chlorophyll index Boochs2 (R2CV = 0.76, RMSECV = 0.27. In addition, the mean NIR reflectance (800–850 nm, representing canopy structural properties, also achieved a good accuracy in %N estimation (R2CV = 0.73, RMSECV = 0.30. The PLSR model provided a less accurate estimation of %N (R2CV = 0.69, RMSECV = 0.32. We argue that the good performance of all three categories of vegetation indices in %N estimation can be attributed to the synergy among plant traits (i.e., canopy structure, leaf chemical and optical properties while these traits may converge across plant species for evolutionary reasons. Our

Foliar application of two silica sols reduced cadmium accumulation in rice grains

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Chuanping; Li Fangbai; Luo Chunling; Liu Xinming; Wang Shihua; Liu Tongxu; Li Xiangdong

2009-01-01

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of foliar application of two silica (Si) sols on the alleviation of cadmium (Cd) toxicity in contaminated soil to rice. Results showed that the foliar application of Si sols significantly increased the dry weight of grains (without husk) and shoots in rice grown in Cd contaminated soil, whereas the Cd concentration in the grains and shoots decreased obviously. The total accumulation of Cd in rice grains also decreased with the application of both of the Si sols, but no significant effect was found on the Cd accumulation in the shoots. For the optimal effect, Si-sol-B should be foliar applied at the tillering-stage during rice growth. The mechanism of Si foliar application to alleviate the toxicity and accumulation of Cd in grains of rice may be related to the probable Cd sequestration in the shoot cell walls

Fertilização com boro e zinco no solo em complementação à aplicação via foliar em laranjeira Pêra

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Quaggio José Antônio

2003-01-01

Full Text Available As deficiências de boro (B e zinco (Zn são as mais freqüentes na citricultura brasileira e há escassez de conhecimento sobre critérios de diagnóstico e manejo desses nutrientes nessa cultura. A aplicação foliar tem sido a forma tradicional de fornecimento desses nutrientes, a despeito da baixa redistribuição na planta cítrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação complementar de B e Zn no solo em comparação com a aplicação via foliar e estabelecer curvas de calibração de análises de solo e de folhas com a produtividade da laranjeira Pêra. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em delineamento fatorial 4², com três repetições. Foram aplicadas no solo as doses anuais de 0, 2, 4 e 6 kg ha-1 de B (ácido bórico e Zn (sulfato de zinco, em complemento à adubação foliar. A produção de frutos aumentou significativamente com a aplicação de B no solo até a dose de 4 kg ha-1, enquanto a aplicação de Zn no solo mostrou-se pouco eficiente. As doses de B afetaram a qualidade dos frutos. A produtividade máxima foi obtida com teor de B no solo de 1,0 mg dm-3, e na folha de cerca de 300 mg kg-1. A aplicação foliar de B, apesar de evitar os sintomas típicos de deficiência, não otimizou a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos, enquanto a aplicação foliar de Zn mostrou-se eficiente. Curvas de calibração de análises de solo e de folhas mostraram a necessidade de rever as classes de interpretação desses micronutrientes na citricultura.

Influencia de los esfuerzos residuales en la adherencia de recubrimientos de Al2O3-40% TiO2 depositados mediante proyección térmica por combustión

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Edward Restrepo

2016-11-01

Los resultados obtenidos indican que, en todas las muestras, el esfuerzo residual fue de tipo compresivo y que su magnitud se incrementa con el aumento del espesor de la capa y con la disminución de la temperatura del sustrato, lo que hizo que los recubrimientos depositados sobre sustratos precalentados a 250 °C y con un bajo espesor de la capa fuesen los de mayor resistencia.

Anatomía foliar y del pecíolo de cuatro especies de Lupinus (Fabaceae Foliar and petiole anatomy of four species of Lupinus (Fabaceae

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Juan Francisco Zamora-Natera

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Se describe y compara la anatomía foliar y del pecíolo de 4 especies del género Lupinus (L. aschenbornii S.Schauer, L. exaltatus Zucc., L. montanus Kunth y L. reflexus Rose que se distribuyen en un gradiente altitudinal en el Parque Nacional Nevado de Colima. Las hojas se fijaron en campo y se procesaron mediante la técnica de inclusión en parafina. Parte de las láminas se deshidrataron para caracterizar la superficie foliar por medio del microscopio electrónico de barrido. Las especies comparten la epidermis papilosa de paredes anticlinales con diferentes grados de ondulación, estomas anomocíticos, tricomas simples lineares y mesofilo bifacial. Los folíolos de L. montanus son glabros en la superficie abaxial, las estrías cuticulares sobre las células localizadas en la base de los tricomas es un rasgo característico de L. montanus y de L. reflexus. Las diferencias encontradas en espesor de la lámina y del mesofilo así como la abundancia de ceras epicuticulares pueden estar influenciadas por el ambiente. Distintivamente, el número y distribución de haces vasculares en los pecíolos difieren entre las 4 especies y podrían ser de utilidad para diferenciarlas si estos resultados se confirman al estudiar un mayor número de especies de Lupinus.The aims of this study were to describe and compare the foliar and petiole anatomy of 4 species of Lupinus (L. aschenbornii S.Schauer, L. exaltatus Zucc., L. montanus Kunth, and L. reflexus Rose distributed in an elevation gradient at Parque Nacional Nevado de Colima. Leaves were fixed in the field and prepared using the paraffin embedding technique. In addition, part of the blades was dehydrated to describe leaf surface through the scanning electron microscope. The 4 species shared a papillose epidermis with undulated anticlinal walls in different degrees, stomata anomocytic, simple unicellular trichomes, and bifacial mesophyll. Leaflets of L. montanus are glabrous on the abaxial surface

Foliar and ecosystem respiration in an old-growth tropical rain forest

Science.gov (United States)

Molly A. Cavaleri; Steven F. Oberbauer; Michael G. Ryan

2008-01-01

Foliar respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration, yet extrapolations are often uncertain in tropical forests because of indirect estimates of leaf area index (LAI).A portable tower was used to directly measure LAI and night-time foliar respiration from 52 vertical transects throughout an old-growth tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In this study, we (...

Concentração foliar de manganês e zinco em laranjeiras adubadas com óxidos e carbonatos via foliar Leaf concentrations of manganese and zinc in the orange fertilized via foliar application with oxides and carbonates

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Leandro José Grava de Godoy

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Dentre os micronutrientes, o Zn e o Mn limitam a produção dos citros, no Brasil. A aplicação foliar tem sido a forma tradicional de fornecimento, contudo, a eficiência desta adubação depende de uma série de fatores, entre eles o tipo de fertilizante. Foram realizados dois experimentos em pomar com laranjeiras Pêra, enxertadas em limão cravo, com sete anos de idade, em Botucatu, SP. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas três fontes de Mn via foliar: carbonato de manganês A, carbonato de manganês B e sulfato manganoso, em duas doses para cada fertilizante, correspondente a 250 e 500 g ha-1 de Mn, mais o controle, pulverizado somente com água. No segundo experimento foram testadas três fontes de Zn para aplicação foliar: óxido de zinco A, óxido de zinco B e sulfato de zinco, em duas doses para cada fertilizante, correspondente a 375 e 750 g ha-1 de Zn, mais o controle. As amostragens de folhas foram realizadas mensalmente, iniciando aos 30 dias após aplicação dos tratamentos. A aplicação foliar com carbonato de manganês B, na dose de 500 g ha-1 Mn, e com óxido de zinco B, na dose de 750 g ha-1, proporcionaram, respectivamente, níveis nutricionais adequados de Mn e Zn nas folhas de laranjeira. Na ausência de chuvas, os teores adequados de Mn e Zn no solo, não permitem suprir satisfatoriamente as laranjeiras Pêra enxertadas em limoeiro cravo.Among micronutrients, Zn and Mn limit the production of citrus in Brazil. Foliar application has been the traditional form of supply, however the efficiency of this type of fertilization depends on a number of factors, including the type of fertilizer used. Two experiments were conducted in an orchard of seven year old Pêra orange, grafted onto Rangpur lime, in Botucatu, São Paulo. In the first experiment three sources of Mn, applied via foliar application, were evaluated: manganese carbonate A, manganese carbonate B and manganese sulphate, at two rates per fertilizer

Production of oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth seedling from seeds in nursery for transplanting

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Raúl Martínez-Hernández

2017-01-01

Full Text Available La producción de orégano en vivero es una opción para la obtención de plantas de buena calidad para trasplante. El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de cinco sustratos y cinco contenedores en el crecimiento y calidad de la planta de orégano. Los sustratos fueron: mezcla comercial BM2 (turba, perlita y vermiculita, 80:10:10, BM2 + arena de río (1:1, BM2 + arena de río (1.5:1, BM2 + perlita + vermiculita (1:1:1 y mezcla de composta + arena de río (1.5:1. Los contenedores incluyeron charolas de poliestireno expandido (PE de 200, 128 y 76 cavidades, vaso de PE de 250 cm 3 y bolsa de plástico negro de 712 cm 3 (calibre 150 μm . Se usó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial, con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Los sustratos y el tipo de contenedor afectaron el crecimiento y calidad de la planta. Se observó mayor crecimiento de la planta y mayor área foliar en la combinación bolsa y sustrato BM2. Este mismo sustrato y el contenedor bolsa promovieron el índice de calidad de Dickson más alto. La relación peso seco del vástago y peso seco de la raíz fue mayor en los contenedores de mayor volumen.

Concepciones de profesores sobre aprender y enseñar usando tecnologías

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Marcelo Mauricio Arancibia Herrera

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Artículo que expone categorías y subcategorías que caracterizan las concepciones sobre enseñar y aprender con Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación de 40 profesores de ciencias, historia, lenguaje y matemática. Se utilizó metodología cualitativa, aplicándose entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis fue fenomenográfico configurándose a partir de la definición de tres dimensiones: curriculares, didácticas y uso de tecnología. Los principales resultados develan que las concepciones son situadas, se vinculan a conocimiento explícito y obedecen a campos disciplinares de formación. Con todo, se rompe la dicotomía respecto de la relevancia de la especialidad o lo pedagógico en la formación docente, pues necesariamente el profesor de secundaria es facilitador de aprendizajes de una disciplina. Emerge la necesidad de profundizar en las concepciones de los profesores como un área que permita apoyar la formación del profesorado con el trabajo sobre los procesos de cambio conceptual como sustrato a la innovación con tecnología.

Foliar absorption and translocation of 137cs in egyptian olive plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ramadan, A.A.; Maly, A.I.

1999-01-01

Foliar absorption and translocation of 137Cs by olive leaves were studied. Olive seedlings were transferred to the greenhouse in pots containing fine Nile silt.. Two seriies of pot experiments were conducted at the Nuclear Research Center site at Inshas. The treatments were conducted on leaves at the two middle nodes of the selected shoots. The lower surface of the olive leaf absorbed more 137Cs at the studied pH values as compared with the upper surface. The results show that changing the pH from 2 to 3 had no have any effect on the foliar absorption of 137Cs. Further increase of pH value caused the 137Cs foliar absorption to show a minimum at pH 5 then a maximum at pH 7. At pH 8 the foliar absorption of 137Cs started to decrease again. The concentration of translocated 137Cs was found to decrease gradually in the leaves above and below the treated ones. Absorption of 137Cs increased with time in the first 24 hours followed by lower absorption rates till the end of the experiment after 148 hours

Molecular mechanisms of foliar water uptake in a desert tree

OpenAIRE

Yan, Xia; Zhou, Maoxian; Dong, Xicun; Zou, Songbing; Xiao, Honglang; Ma, Xiao-Fei

2015-01-01

Water deficits severely affect growth, particularly for the plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In addition to precipitation, other subsidiary water, such as dew, fog, clouds and small rain showers, may also be absorbed by leaves in a process known as foliar water uptake. With the severe scarcity of water in desert regions, this process is increasingly becoming a necessity. Studies have reported on physical and physiological processes of foliar water uptake. However, the molecul...

Effects of Zn, macronutrients, and their interactions through foliar applications on winter wheat grain nutritional quality.

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Shaoxia Wang

Full Text Available Although application of Zn combined with macronutrients (K, P, and N can be used to fortify wheat grain with Zn, little is known about their interactions when foliar application is employed or the influences of common soil fertility management practices (e.g. N and straw management on their efficiency. Therefore, the effects of foliar-applied Zn and N, P, or K on grain nutritional quality (especially Zn were investigated in wheat grown under different soil N rates at two sites with (Sanyuan or without (Yangling employing straw return. A 4-year-long field experiment was also conducted to evaluate the environmental stability of the foliar formulations. Across 6 site-years, foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively. In terms of increasing grain Zn concentration, foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan and K (at Yangling, but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested, suggesting depressive effects of foliarly-applied P on physiological availability of Zn. Although these interaction effects were the major factor that governing the efficiency of foliar-applied Zn combined with N, P, or K on grain Zn concentration, the magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn (-3.96~5.71 mg kg-1 due to these interactions was much less than the average increases following Zn+K (31.3, Zn+P (18.7, and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1 treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment. The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality and in some cases slightly increased grain yield and macronutrient concentrations. Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment. These effects were consistent over four years and across three

Effects of Zn, macronutrients, and their interactions through foliar applications on winter wheat grain nutritional quality.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Shaoxia; Li, Meng; Liu, Ke; Tian, Xiaohong; Li, Shuo; Chen, Yanlong; Jia, Zhou

2017-01-01

Although application of Zn combined with macronutrients (K, P, and N) can be used to fortify wheat grain with Zn, little is known about their interactions when foliar application is employed or the influences of common soil fertility management practices (e.g. N and straw management) on their efficiency. Therefore, the effects of foliar-applied Zn and N, P, or K on grain nutritional quality (especially Zn) were investigated in wheat grown under different soil N rates at two sites with (Sanyuan) or without (Yangling) employing straw return. A 4-year-long field experiment was also conducted to evaluate the environmental stability of the foliar formulations. Across 6 site-years, foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively. In terms of increasing grain Zn concentration, foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan) and K (at Yangling), but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested, suggesting depressive effects of foliarly-applied P on physiological availability of Zn. Although these interaction effects were the major factor that governing the efficiency of foliar-applied Zn combined with N, P, or K on grain Zn concentration, the magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn (-3.96~5.71 mg kg-1) due to these interactions was much less than the average increases following Zn+K (31.3), Zn+P (18.7), and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1) treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment. The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality and in some cases slightly increased grain yield and macronutrient concentrations. Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment. These effects were consistent over four years and across three soil N

Comparing algorithms for estimating foliar biomass of conifers in the Pacific Northwest

Science.gov (United States)

Crystal L. Raymond; Donald. McKenzie

2013-01-01

Accurate estimates of foliar biomass (FB) are important for quantifying carbon storage in forest ecosystems, but FB is not always reported in regional or national inventories. Foliar biomass also drives key ecological processes in ecosystem models. Published algorithms for estimating FB in conifer species of the Pacific Northwest can yield signifi cantly different...

Efeitos da radiação ultravioleta-B sobre a morfologia foliar de Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh. (Brassicaceae Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on leaf morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh. (Brassicaceae

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Maria Regina Torres Boeger

2006-06-01

Full Text Available A redução da camada de ozônio resulta no aumento da radiação ultravioleta que atinge a superfície terrestre, especialmente a radiação ultravioletaB (UV-B. O aumento da radiação poderá induzir a mudanças estruturais e fisiológicas nas plantas, influenciando no seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos da radiação UV-B ambiente sobre a morfologia das folhas de Arabidopsis thaliana desenvolvidas em condições controladas. As sementes de A. thaliana cresceram em câmaras de crescimento, com 300 µmol m-2s-1 de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR com ou sem 6 kJ m-2 s-1 de radiação UV-Bbe (UV-Bbe; UV-B biologicamente efetiva. Após 21 dias, 10 folhas de cada tratamento (com e sem radiação UV-B foram coletadas para avaliar área foliar, massa fresca e seca, AEF, densidades estomáticas e de tricomas de ambas as faces da folha, espessura da lâmina foliar e concentração de compostos fenólicos e de clorofila total, a e b. As folhas tratadas com radiação UV-B apresentaram menor área foliar, massa fresca e seca, densidade de tricomas na face adaxial e densidade de estômatos na face abaxial da folha. Entretanto, apresentaram os maiores valores médios de espessura total da lâmina e do mesofilo, maior concentração de clorofila total, clorofila a e clorofila b e compostos fenólicos foliares do que as folhas não tratadas com radiação UV-B. Essas diferenças morfológicas significativas (p Reduction of the ozone layer results in the increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface, especially the ultraviolet-B (UV-B. The increase of radiation may induce structural and physiological changes in plants, influencing their growth and development. This paper evaluates the effects of ambient UV-B radiation upon to the leaf morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana developed under controlled conditions. The seeds of A. thaliana grown in environmental chamber, with 300 µmol m-2

Regional assessment of N saturation using foliar and root δ15N

Science.gov (United States)

L.H. Pardo; P.H. Templer; C.L. Goodale; S. Duke; P.M. Groffman; M.B. Adams; P. Boeckx; J. Boggs; J. Campbell; B. Colman; J. Compton; B. Emmett; P. Gundersen; J. Kjonaas; G. Lovett; M. Mack; A. Magill; M. Mbila; M.J. Mitchell; G. McGee; S. McNulty; K. Nadelhoffer; S. Ollinger; D. Ross; H. Rueth; L. Rustad; P. Schaberg; S. Schiff; P. Schleppi; J. Spoelstra; W. Wessel

2006-01-01

N saturation induced by atmospheric N deposition can have serious consequences for forest health in many regions. In order to evaluate whether foliar δ15N may be a robust, regional-scale measure of the onset of N saturation in forest ecosystems, we assembled a large dataset on atmospheric N deposition, foliar and root δ

Comparison between Seed and Foliar Treatment as a Tool in Integrated Pest Management.

Science.gov (United States)

Matyjaszczyk, Ewa

2017-08-02

A study into doses of seed treatments and foliar plant protection products containing an identical active substance registered to control the same pest in the same crops was carried out in the European Union. The results show that, for fungicides, the use of seed treatment is often connected with a significantly lower release of active substance per hectare when compared to foliar treatments. In 11 of 13 cases, the difference was 8-fold or higher. For insecticides, in most of the cases, the consumption of an active substance was several times higher for seed treatment, in one case for foliar application.

Foliar-applied urea modulates nitric oxide synthesis metabolism and glycinebetaine accumulation in drought-stressed maize

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, L.; Tian, L.; Lai, J.; Zheng, P.; Liang, Z.; Alva, A

2014-01-01

Foliar urea has been proved to play a better positive role in enhancing accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) and glycinebetaine (GB) in maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress (DS). However, it is unclear how foliar urea affects biosynthetic metabolism of NO and its relationship with GB accumulation. This study was on investigating the effect of foliar- applied urea on seedlings of maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 grown in a hydroponic medium under DS or No DS. Contents of NO and GB and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity increased and peaked 12 h after the treatment. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) followed the similar pattern 6h after the treatment. Under DS foliar urea application increased NR and NOS activity and, thereby, increased NO formation. Therefore, enhancement in activities of both NRA and NOS resulted in an increase of NO accumulation. Foliar- applied urea could induce an increased NO burst by enhanced NO synthesis metabolism as a nitrogen signal, possibly resulting in GB accumulation under DS. (author)

Caracterización mecánica de recubrimientos de aluminio por CVD-FBR sobre aceros inoxidables y resistencia a la oxidación en vapor de agua

OpenAIRE

Diego Pérez-Muñoz; José Luddey Marulanda-Arévalo; Juan Manuel Meza-Meza

2015-01-01

Los recubrimientos de aluminio depositados sobre el acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 por Deposición Química de Vapor en Lecho Fluidizado (CVD-FBR) presentan a altas temperaturas una reducción de la velocidad de corrosión de más de 80 veces. Se realizó la caracterización mecánica de los recubrimientos por medio de microdureza, nanoindentación, para conocer cómo se vieron afectas las propiedades mecánicas (en especial la dureza y el módulo de Young) del recubrimiento y del sustrato luego d...

Análise sazonal do potencial antimicrobiano e teores de flavonoides e quinonas de extratos foliares de Aloe arborescens Mill., Xanthorrhoeaceae

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Fernando Leite Cardoso

Full Text Available Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano e os teores de flavonoides e quinonas de extratos foliares de Aloe arborescens Mill., Xanthorrhoeaceae, produzidos em diferentes épocas do ano. Extratos etanólicos e clorofórmicos foram preparados a partir de folhas, os bioensaios de atividade antimicrobiana foram desenvolvidos pelo método de macrodiluição em caldo, e dosagens de flavonoides e quinonas foram realizadas nos extratos. Todos os extratos apresentaram ação inibitória sobre os microrganismos testados. O extrato clorofórmico de inverno apresentou a menor CIM (128 µg/mL sobre B. subtilis. Os extratos clorofórmicos de inverno, primavera e verão apresentaram maior atividade antimicrobiana em relação ao extrato clorofórmico de outono. O extrato etanólico de inverno apresentou a menor CIM (256 µg/mL e a menor CMM (512 µg/mL sobre K. pneumoniae. Os extratos etanólicos de verão e outono mostraram baixa atividade antimicrobiana. Os teores de quinonas das folhas foram maiores nos períodos mais quentes de coleta (verão e outono, enquanto os teores de flavonoides foram semelhantes nos quatro períodos de coleta.

Foliar retention, transport and leaching of polonium-210 and lead-210

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Athalye, V V; Mistry, K B

1972-01-01

Polonium-210 and lead-210, the long-lived daughter radionuclides of gaseous radon-222, are deposited on plant surfaces under conditions of atmospheric washout. Foliar retention, transport and leaching of these radionuclides in Red Kidney beans were investigated in nutrient culture experiments. Under identical conditions, over 90 percent of foliar applied radiolead was retained by the plant while only about 30 percent of polonium was retained. Over a 48-hr period small quantities of polonium were translocated from the treated leaflet to other parts of the plant. By comparison, radiolead was totally immobilized at the site of retention. Leachability of root absorbed radiolead from bean leaves was 20-fold greater than that of polonium. The marked differences in the extent of foliar retention, translocation and leaching of polonium and radiolead could significantly affect the levels of these long-lived radionuclides attained in plants.

MULTIPLICACIÓN DE HONGOS MICORRIZA ARBUSCULAR (H.M.A Y EFECTO DE LA MICORRIZACIÓN EN PLANTAS MICROPROPAGADAS DE BANANO (Musa AAA cv. Gran Enano (Musaceae MULTIPLICATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE FUNGI (AMF AND MYCORRHIZATION EFFECT IN MICROPROPAGATED PLANTS OF BANANA (Musa AAA cv. ‘Gran Enano’ (Musaceae

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Carmen Elena Usuga Osorio

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el proceso de multiplicación de hongos que forman micorriza arbuscular (HMA, para lo cual se usaron diferentes tipos de inóculos entre ellos nativos de agroecosistemas bananeros del Urabá (Antioquia-Colombia, en sustrato sólido, con diferentes plantas hospedadoras y la infectividad y efectividad sobre plantas de banano (Musa AAA cv. Gran Enano. La colonización micorrizal promedio general de los HMA a las plantas trampa fue de 37,76 ± 21,86 %, con respecto a este porcentaje, las plantas B (Brachiaria decumbens y S (Sorgum vulgare fueron las que más favorecieron la simbiosis. Teniendo en cuenta el sustrato, el S2 (Arena 50 - suelo 50 y el S6 (Vermiculita 50-suelo 50 permitieron expresiones significativamente mayores respecto a los demás. El Sorgum vulgare y Pueraria phaseoloides y en el sustrato S1 (Arena 30 - suelo 70, se encontró un mayor número de esporas. La combinación planta-sustrato que más favoreció la asociación fue la planta trampa B en los sustratos S2 y S4 (cascarilla de arroz 50-suelo50 y la producción de esporas fueron las plantas K y S en el sustrato S1. La asociación micorrícica general en plantas de banano provenientes de cultivo de tejidos fue de 48,74 ± 30,44. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (P > 0,05 entre plantas de cero días con plantas de 30 de aclimatadas. Los inóculos que significativamente favorecieron la asociación fueron los provenientes de agroecosistemas bananeros al compararse con el inóculo comercial y el proveniente de ecosistemas naturales del Urabá. El mayor peso seco foliar y radical se encontró en plántulas de banano inoculadas con I5 (Inóculo proveniente de agroecosistema bananeros de la zona de estudio. Para las variables de crecimiento no se encontraron diferencias.The process of multiplication of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF from indigenous banana agro-environments from Urabá (Antioquia - Colombia was evaluated, using solid substrate, with different �

Effect of Foliar Application of Micro Nutrients on Physiological Growth Indices and Total Dry Matter Yield of Forage Corn

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A. Soleymani

2012-04-01

Full Text Available In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of micro nutrients on physiological growth indices and total dry matter yield of forage corn. Field experiment was conducted in 2006 at Bersian village Isfahan. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Plant treated with 8 foliar application treatments (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe + Mn, Cu + Zn, Fe + Mn + Cu + Zn and control. The responses to foliar application in total dry weight, LAI and CGR appeared to differ between the treatments, but there is no significant difference in NAR between the treatments. Maximum leaf area index gained in foliar application of Fe but there is significant difference between this treatment and other treatments except foliar application of Zn and Fe + Mn. Foliar application of Fe and Fe + Mn result to maximum total dry weight, but there is no significant difference between these treatments and foliar application of Zn, Mn, Mn + Cu and Fe + Zn + Cu +Mn. Maximum and minimum NAR gained in foliar application of Mn and control treatments respectively. Maximum CGR gained in foliar application of Zn, there is significant difference between this treatment and others. Control treatment in comparison with others shows minimum value in all measured factors. The results indicate that foliar application of micro nutrients particularly Fe and Fe+Mn may be suitable to product maximum total dry matter yield under similar condition.

Effect of foliar fertilizer and fungicidal protection against leaf spot diseases on winter wheat

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Agnieszka Mączyńska

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Field experiments were carried out in the seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 in Plant Protection Institute, Sooenicowice Branch to assess the influence of foliar fertilizers such as Ekolist PK 1, Ekolist Mg, Mikrosol Z and Urea on healthiness of winter wheat. Foliar fertilizers were mixed with fungicides. The fungicides were applied at full or half recommended doses. The effect of the disease on wheat leaves was evaluated three times in each vegetation season. Remaining green leaf area (GLA of leaves was also determined. GLA of the leaves F-1 was not significantly different for each combination with different fertilization and different levels of chemical treatment. The application of foliar fertilizer only had no effect on green leaf area (GLA. The results indicate that foliar fertilization of all experimental plots improved leaf condition and therefore halted the development of wheat leaf diseases. The increases of 1000 grain mass and yield was high for each plot where a fertilizer and a full or half dose of a fungicide was applied. Foliar fertilizing with no chemical control had no proven effect on studied parameters.

Inferring foliar water uptake using stable isotopes of water.

Science.gov (United States)

Goldsmith, Gregory R; Lehmann, Marco M; Cernusak, Lucas A; Arend, Matthias; Siegwolf, Rolf T W

2017-08-01

A growing number of studies have described the direct absorption of water into leaves, a phenomenon known as foliar water uptake. The resultant increase in the amount of water in the leaf can be important for plant function. Exposing leaves to isotopically enriched or depleted water sources has become a common method for establishing whether or not a plant is capable of carrying out foliar water uptake. However, a careful inspection of our understanding of the fluxes of water isotopes between leaves and the atmosphere under high humidity conditions shows that there can clearly be isotopic exchange between the two pools even in the absence of a change in the mass of water in the leaf. We provide experimental evidence that while leaf water isotope ratios may change following exposure to a fog event using water with a depleted oxygen isotope ratio, leaf mass only changes when leaves are experiencing a water deficit that creates a driving gradient for the uptake of water by the leaf. Studies that rely on stable isotopes of water as a means of studying plant water use, particularly with respect to foliar water uptake, must consider the effects of these isotopic exchange processes.

A two-compartment exposure device for foliar uptake study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zuo, Q.; Lin, H.; Zhang, X.L.; Li, Q.L.; Liu, S.Z.; Tao, S.

2006-01-01

An airtight two-chamber exposure devise was designed for investigating foliar uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by plants. The upper and the bottom chambers of the device were air-tightly separated by an aluminum foil and the plant aerial tissues and roots were exposed in the two chambers, respectively. The device was tested using maize exposed to several PAH species. Positive correlations between air and aerial tissue concentrations of the exposed PAH species were revealed. PAHs spiking in the culture solution had no influence on the leaf concentrations. -- A two-compartment gastight exposure device was developed for investigation of foliar uptake of PAHs by plants

Hongos endófitos de orquídeas y su efecto sobre el crecimiento en Vanilla planifolia Andrews

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Nancy Fiorela Ordóñez C

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Los endófitos son microorganismos que crecen dentro de los tejidos vegetales sin causar síntomas de enfermedad. Aquellos asociados a las raíces tienen, entre otros posibles beneficios la defensa contra patógenos y un aumento en la disponibilidad de nutrientes. En el presente estudio se aislaron hongos endófitos de raíces de orquídeas del género Vanilla en estado silvestre, con el fin de determinar su efecto sobre el crecimiento de plantas de V. planifolia cuando se inocularon en el sustrato. Los resultados mostraron que variables como biomasa aérea, longitud de raíces y altura de la planta son afectadas por la inoculación de estos endófitos. La efectividad de estos hongos sobre la protección de plantas o la estimulación en el crecimiento contribuye a la generación de herramientas para el uso de bioinoculantes. De esta forma se reduce el uso de insumos químicos y se promueven prácticas amigables con el ambiente en sistemas de cultivo de vainilla.

De-coupling seasonal changes in water content and dry matter to predict live conifer foliar moisture content

Science.gov (United States)

W. Matt Jolly; Ann M. Hadlow; Kathleen Huguet

2014-01-01

Live foliar moisture content (LFMC) significantly influences wildland fire behaviour. However, characterising variations in LFMC is difficult because both foliar mass and dry mass can change throughout the season. Here we quantify the seasonal changes in both plant water status and dry matter partitioning. We collected new and old foliar samples from Pinus contorta for...

Recubrimientos decorativos de Ti, TiN y TiO2 sobre vidrio, depositados en vacío mediante pulverización por arco eléctrico

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Straumal, B.

2001-04-01

Full Text Available In a vacuum arc discharge, highly ionised species are formed, which permits an effective control of the deposition process and, particularly, to deposit Ti, TiN and TiO2 coatings on non-conducting materials like glass. Moreover, this technique allows us to position a mask between the substrates and the sheets to be coated. Another advantage of the vacuum arc technology is the low substrate temperature during the deposition. Data on the roughness, composition and corrosion resistance in architectural glass mask-coated with titanium nitride and oxide are presented and analysed in this work. A comparative analysis is made with reactive direct current sputtering and plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition techniques.La técnica de pulverización por arco eléctrico en vacío permite un control eficaz del proceso de deposición, ya que la temperatura del sustrato permanece baja durante dicho proceso. Además, mediante esta técnica pueden llevarse a cabo recubrimientos sobre superficies no conductoras y resulta posible la utilización de máscaras de plástico, colocadas entre la fuente y el sustrato a recubrir. En este trabajo se han llevado a cabo recubrimientos de Ti, TiN y TiO2 sobre vidrio arquitectónico. Los recubrimientos se han realizado con y sin dibujos, aplicados a través de máscaras. Se han estudiado algunas características de estos recubrimientos, como son la rugosidad, composición y resistencia contra la corrosión. Los análisis se han llevado a cabo mediante técnicas de microscopía de fuerza atómica, espectroscopía Auger y ensayos electroquímicos. Finalmente, se ha realizado un análisis comparativo con resultados obtenidos mediante otras técnicas de deposición.

Climatic limits on foliar growth during major droughts in the southwestern USA

Science.gov (United States)

Weiss, Jeremy L.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.

2012-09-01

Pronounced droughts during the 1950s and 2000s in the American Southwest provide an opportunity to compare mesoscale ecosystem responses to anomalously dry conditions before and during the regional warming that started in the late 1970s. This year-round warming has produced fewer cool season freezes, losses in regional snowpack, an 8-10 day advance in spring onset, and hotter summers, all of which should affect vegetation differently across seasons and elevations. Here, we examine indices that represent climatic limits on foliar growth for both drought periods and evaluate these indices for areas that experienced tree mortality during the 2000s drought. Relative to the 1950s drought, warmer conditions during the 2000s drought decreased the occurrence of temperatures too low for foliar growth at lower elevations in winter and higher elevations in summer. Higher vapor pressure deficits (VPDs), largely driven by warmer temperatures in the more recent drought, were more limiting to foliar growth from spring through summer at lower and middle elevations. At many locations where tree mortality occurred during the 2000s drought, low-temperature constraints on foliar growth were extremely unlimiting, whereas VPD constraints were extremely limiting from early spring through late autumn. Our analysis shows that in physiographically complex regions such as the Southwest, seasonality and elevational gradients are important for understanding vegetative responses to warming. It also suggests that continued warming will both increase the degree to which VPD limits foliar growth during future droughts and expand its reach to higher elevations and other seasons.

Foliar pH as a new plant trait: can it explain variation in foliar chemistry and carbon cycling processes among subarctic plant species and types?

Science.gov (United States)

Cornelissen, J H C; Quested, H M; van Logtestijn, R S P; Pérez-Harguindeguy, N; Gwynn-Jones, D; Díaz, S; Callaghan, T V; Press, M C; Aerts, R

2006-03-01

Plant traits have become popular as predictors of interspecific variation in important ecosystem properties and processes. Here we introduce foliar pH as a possible new plant trait, and tested whether (1) green leaf pH or leaf litter pH correlates with biochemical and structural foliar traits that are linked to biogeochemical cycling; (2) there is consistent variation in green leaf pH or leaf litter pH among plant types as defined by nutrient uptake mode and higher taxonomy; (3) green leaf pH can predict a significant proportion of variation in leaf digestibility among plant species and types; (4) leaf litter pH can predict a significant proportion of variation in leaf litter decomposability among plant species and types. We found some evidence in support of all four hypotheses for a wide range of species in a subarctic flora, although cryptogams (fern allies and a moss) tended to weaken the patterns by showing relatively poor leaf digestibility or litter decomposability at a given pH. Among seed plant species, green leaf pH itself explained only up to a third of the interspecific variation in leaf digestibility and leaf litter up to a quarter of the interspecific variation in leaf litter decomposability. However, foliar pH substantially improved the power of foliar lignin and/or cellulose concentrations as predictors of these processes when added to regression models as a second variable. When species were aggregated into plant types as defined by higher taxonomy and nutrient uptake mode, green-specific leaf area was a more powerful predictor of digestibility or decomposability than any of the biochemical traits including pH. The usefulness of foliar pH as a new predictive trait, whether or not in combination with other traits, remains to be tested across more plant species, types and biomes, and also in relation to other plant or ecosystem traits and processes.

The Effect of Zinc Sulfate Different Amount Soil and Foliar Application on Correlated Grain Characters in Sweet Corn

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J. Mahmoodi,

2013-06-01

Full Text Available This research was conducted to evaluate the effects different concentrations of zinc sulfate applications at different growth stages on sweet corn at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch in 2012. The study was conducted in split plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were seven levels of zinc sulfate application methods: (control, soil application, foliar application at 6-8 leaf growth stage, tasseling, grain filling stage, foliar application at three stages, soil application with foliar application at three stages as main plot, three levels of foliar and soil application of zinc sulfate: (0.003, 0.005 and 0.007 for foliar application and 15, 25 and 35 kg/ha for soil application as sub plot. Results showed that the highest grain yield correlated characters were obtained in foliar application at three stages and soil application with foliar application at three stages. In these conditions increasing of dry grain yield and ear were more than 50%. The higher values for grain production were obtained in Zn foliar application with 0.005 concentration (25 kg/ha soil application. Zinc sulfate increased Zn content of grains produced more than 100%. Thus, using Zn not only increases sweet corn grain and ear yield but also increased quality of products.

Sr2YSbO6 como potencial sustrato para la deposición de películas supercnductoras de YBa2Cu3O7-δ

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Omar Ortiz

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Se sinteitzó un nuevo material y por medio de la técnica de difracción de rayos X se encontró que su ordenamiento estructual corresponde al de una perovskita compleja de tipo A2BB'O6 con valor de parámetro de red 8,2561 A. Este estudio junto con un análisis EDX permitieron asignar a este compuesto la fórmula Sr2YSbO6. Se elaboraron mezclas homogéneas de este material con YBa2Cu3O7-δ, compactando luego las muestras en forma de pastilla para someterlas a un tratamiento térmico a 900 ºC durante diez horas. Los estudios de difracción de rayos X y magnetización para temperaturas entre 5 y 300 K sobre estas mezclas permitieron determinar que Sr2YSbO6 no reaccionó químicamente con el YBa2Cu3O7-δ y no altero el valor de la temperatura de transiión del superconductor a pesar del tratamiento térmico. Estos estudios permitieron determinar que el nuevo material Sr2YSbO6 podría ser utilizado como sustrato para el crecimiento epitaxial de películas superconductoras de YBa2Cu3O7-δ.

Herbage Production and Quality of Shrub Indigofera Treated by Different Concentration of Foliar Fertilizer

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L. Abdullah

2010-12-01

Full Text Available A field experiment on fodder legume Indigofera sp. was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar fertilizer concentration on forage yield and quality, and to identify optimum concentrations among the fertilizer treatments on herbage yield, chemical composition (CP, NDF, ADF, minerals, and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD as wll as organic matter (IVOMD digestibility in goat’s rumen. Randomized block design was used for the six concentration of fertilizer treatments; control, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/10 l with 3 replicates. Leaves were sprayed with foliar fertilizer at 30, 34, 38, and 42 days after harvest. Samples were collected at 2 harvest times with 60 days cutting interval. Application of the foliar fertilizer up to 30 g/10 l significantly increased herbage DM yield, twig numbers, tannin, saponin, Ca and P content, as well as herbage digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD. The lower and higher concentration of foliar fertilizer resulted in lower value of those parameters, but NDF and ADF contents had the opposite patterns. The optimum level of foliar fertilizer that resulted the highest herbage yield and quality was 30 g/10 l, and the highest in vitro digestibility and Ca concentration was 20 g/10 l.

Taxonomic value of foliar characters in Dahlstedtia Malme: Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae Valor taxonômico de caracteres foliares em Dahlstedtia Malme: Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae

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Simone de Pádua Teixeira

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Dahlstedtia Malme (Leguminosae is a neotropical genus, native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and comprises two species, D. pinnata (Benth. Malme and D. pentaphylla (Taub. Burk., although it has been considered a monotypic genus by some authors. Leaf anatomy was compared to verify the presence of anatomical characters to help delimit species. Foliar primordium, leaflet, petiolule, petiole and pulvinus were collected from cultivated plants (Campinas, SP, Brazil and from natural populations (Picinguaba, Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil - D. pinnata; Antonina, PR, Brazil - D. pentaphylla. Studies on leaflet surface assessment (Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as histology and venation analyses were carried out of dehydrated, fresh and fixed material from two species. Leaflet material was macerated for stomatal counts. Histological sections, obtained by free-hand cut or microtome, were stained with Toluidine Blue, Safranin/Alcian Blue, Ferric Chloride, Acid Phloroglucin. Secretory cavities are present in the lamina, petiolule, petiole, pulvinus and leaf primordium in D. pentaphylla, but not in D. pinnata, and can be considered an important character for species diagnosis. Other leaf characters were uninformative in delimiting Dahlstedtia species. There is cambial activity in the petiolule, petiole and pulvinus. This study, associated with other available data, supports the recognition of two species in Dahlstedtia.Dahlstedtia Malme (Leguminosae é um gênero neotropical, com duas espécies reconhecidas, D. pinnata (Benth. Malme e D. pentaphylla (Taub. Burk., embora tenha sido considerado monotípico por alguns autores. Seus representantes ocorrem na Floresta Atlântica, nos Estados do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo comparativo da anatomia foliar, para verificar a presença de caracteres que possam auxiliar a identificação das espécies. Primórdio foliar, lâmina foliar, peciólulo, pecíolo e pulvino

Decoupling Seasonal Changes in Water Content and Dry Matter to Predict Live Conifer Foliar Moisture Content.

OpenAIRE

Jolly, W. M.; Hadlow, A. M.; Huguet, K.

2014-01-01

Live foliar moisture content (LFMC) significantly influences wildland fire behaviour. However, characterising variations in LFMC is difficult because both foliar mass and dry mass can change throughout the season. Here we quantify the seasonal changes in both plant water status and dry matter partitioning. We collected new and old foliar samples fromPinus contorta for two growing seasons and quantified their LFMC, relative water content (RWC) and dry matter chemistry. LFMC quantifies the amou...

Caracterización de sustratos de filtros de suelo plantados: Influencia en la depuración de aguas residuales

OpenAIRE

Pérez Villar, Maira; Domínguez, Elena; Tack, Filip; Vandermoortel, Anneris

2011-01-01

Se determinaron diferentes parámetros (pH, Conductividad eléctrica, Materia orgánica, Carbono total, Capacidad de intercambio catiónico, Nitrógeno total, Nitrógeno amoniacal y Fósforo total), en los dos tipos de suelos antes y después de ser utilizados como sustratos en el filtro, el análisis de los metales se realizó por espectrometría de emisión atómica y se utilizó el software statgraphics centurión XV.II para el tratamiento estadístico. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los s...

Effect of foliar nitrogen and sulphur application on aromatic expression of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc

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Florian Lacroux

2008-09-01

Significance and impact of the study: Vine nitrogen deficiency can negatively impact on grape aroma potential. Soil nitrogen application can increase vine nitrogen status, but it has several drawbacks: it increases vigour and enhances Botrytis susceptibility. This study shows that foliar N and foliar N + S applications can improve vine nitrogen status and enhance aroma expression in Sauvignon blanc wines without the negative impact on vigour and Botrytis susceptibility. Although this study was carried out on Sauvignon blanc vines, it is likely that foliar N or foliar N + S applications will have similar effects on other grapevine varieties containing volatile thiols (Colombard, Riesling, Petit Manseng and Sémillon.

Adubos foliares quelatizados e sais na absorção de boro, manganês e zinco em laranjeira ?Pera?

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Santos Carlos Henrique dos

1999-01-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência de formulações de adubos foliares quelatizados na absorção dos micronutrientes boro, manganês e zinco, com a aplicação convencional de sais em plantas de laranjeira ?Pera? (Citrus sinensis (L. Osbeck. Para tanto foi conduzido experimento nas dependências do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas UNESP/Campus de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. Utilizaram-se plantas de laranjeira ?Pera? (Citrus sinensis (L. Osbeck enxertadas sobre limoeiro ?Cravo? (Citrus limonia Osbeck, com 2 anos de idade, plantadas em caixas de 250 litros. Os adubos foliares utilizados foram: Grex Citros na dose de 1,0 mL L-1; Copas citros 2,0 mL L-1; Plantin Citros 1,0 mL L-1; Citrolino 2,0 mL L-1; Fertamin Citros 1,75 mL L-1; Yogen Citros 2,0 mL L-1; MS-2 1,0 mL L-1; Sais, Sais + 1,0 g L-1 de KCl e Sais substituindo o ZnSO4 pelo ZnCl2. O volume de aplicação, foi de 1 litro de calda planta-1. Em todos os tratamentos adicionou-se o espalhante adesivo do grupo químico dos alquifenoletoxilados a 0,03%. A amostragem das folhas foi realizada 30 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, coletando-se a 3a ou 4a folha de ramos vegetativos no início do florescimento, dos 4 quadrantes, localizados na região mediana da planta, totalizando 10 folhas por planta. A aplicação foliar de micronutrientes, favoreceu a absorção e resultou no aumento do teor foliar de Mn e Zn mas não de B, sendo que a presença de cloreto aumentou os teores de Zn na folhas de laranjeira ?Pera?, proporcionando maior absorção do que o sulfato e sulfato adicionado ao cloreto de potássio. Os resultados mostram, também, que os produtos quelatizados Yogen e MS-2, para as condições deste estudo, não foram eficientes como fontes fornecedoras de Mn.

Modelos para a estimação da área foliar de feijão de porco por dimensões foliares

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Marcos Toebe

2012-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar a área foliar de feijão de porco determinada por fotos digitais em função do comprimento ou da largura e/ou do produto comprimento vezes largura do limbo do folíolo central da folha. Em seis períodos de desenvolvimento da cultura (29, 43, 57, 73, 87 e 101 dias após a emergência foram coletadas, aleatoriamente, 745 folhas. Cada folha é composta pelos folíolos esquerdo, central e direito. Nas 745 folhas foi mensurado o comprimento (CFC e a largura (LFC e calculado o produto do comprimento pela largura (CFC×LFC do limbo do folíolo central. A seguir, determinou-se a área foliar (soma da área dos folíolos esquerdo, central e direito por meio do método de fotos digitais (Y. Do total de folhas, foram separadas, aleatoriamente, 605 folhas para a construção de modelos do tipo quadrático, potência e linear de Y em função do CFC, da LFC, e/ou do CFC×LFC e 140 folhas para a validação dos modelos. Em feijão de porco, o modelo tipo potência (Ŷ=3,7046x1,8747, R²=0,9757 da largura do limbo do folíolo central é adequado para estimar a área foliar obtida por fotos digitais.

Morfo-anatomia foliar de Ocotea gardneri (Meisn. Mez (Lauraceae-Lauroideae

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Denise F. Coutinho

Full Text Available Ocotea gardneri (Meisn. Mez é uma espécie arbórea, encontrada no nordeste brasileiro, principalmente nos estados da Paraíba e Pernambuco, conhecida por "louro-branco" e "louro-babão". Neste trabalho realizou-se morfodiagnoses (macroscópica e microscópica de folhas de O. gardneri, com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios à sua caracterização e identificação. Para a morfologia externa, analisaram-se amostras frescas e conservadas em álcool (70º, com auxílio de estereomicroscópio, e observações de campo. Realizaram-se secções transversais em lâminas foliares e pecíolos, e seções paradérmicas nas duas faces de lâminas foliares. Ocotea gardneri possui folhas elípticas a oval-elípticas, margem inteira, levemente ondeada, ápice agudo e base arredondada. A lâmina foliar é hipoestomática com estômatos do tipo paracítico; a epiderme é uniestratificada, com células de paredes retas e espessadas; o mesofilo é isobilateral, aqui referido pela primeira vez para uma espécie de Lauraceae, com células e ductos secretores evidentes e feixes vasculares colaterais envolvidos pela bainha esclerenquimática. Este conjunto de caracteres aliado à morfologia foliar, permitiram o estabelecimento de parâmetros que possibilitarão a caracterização de folhas de Ocotea gardneri em testes de autenticidade, bem como auxiliarão em estudos da taxonomia da espécie estudada.

Redução de haste verde e retenção foliar na soja em razão de maior disponibilidade de nitrogênio pelo tratamento de sementes

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Fernando Fávero

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Problemas relacionados à retenção foliar e maturação desuniforme na cultura da soja têm sido relatados em várias regiões do país, inclusive no Estado do Paraná, desafiando pesquisadores brasileiros. Várias hipóteses já foram levantadas sobre o desequilíbrio nutricional das plantas e intensificação do problema, porém nenhuma com conclusão definitiva. Com o objetivo de avaliar como a disponibilidade de N via inoculação e uso de Co e Mo no tratamento de sementes, associado ao uso de fungicida e inseticida, pode minimizar a retenção foliar e haste verde, instalou-se um ensaio no campo da Estação Experimental da Copacol, em Cafelândia, PR. Oito combinações de produtos foram usadas no tratamento de sementes de soja, considerando a presença ou ausência de Co e Mo, inoculante e inseticida/fungicida. Avaliaram-se o teor de N foliar, a frequência de plantas anormais por ocasião da colheita, a porcentagem de vagens, com 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 grãos formados, o peso de 1000 grãos, o teor de umidade, a impureza na colheita e o rendimento de grãos. O uso do Co e Mo e a inoculação de sementes promoveram aumento do teor de N foliar na soja e reduziram o número de plantas anormais, refletindo positivamente no rendimento e seus componentes. Os resultados evidenciaram efeito positivo da melhor nutrição das plantas de soja com relação ao N na redução de haste verde e reafirmaram a necessidade do uso do Co e Mo e da inoculação de sementes.

Response of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivars to Foliar Applications of Magnesium

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Michele Pisante

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Magnesium deficiencies have been shown to be particularly dangerous to short cycled crops, both on sandy and clay soils. Such deficiencies may be corrected by foliar fertilisations, but in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. no experimental data may be found to support this hypothesis. Therefore this paper was aimed at studying the effect of foliar Mg-applications (56, 112 and 224 g ha-1 in single application at flowering or splitted half dose at 4-leaf stage and half at flowering alone and with Zn (200 g ha-1 on yield and quality of two French bean genotypes (Bronco, Cadillac. Foliar Mg-applications significantly increased pod yield and, considering the highest rate with respect to the untreated, such an increase was 78% and 32% for Bronco and Cadillac, respectively. Split applications were also more effective, with yield increases of 109% and 50% for the two genotypes. Concerning quality, foliar Mg applications showed a significant effect particularly on sugars, calcium, phosphate, sulphate and Mg contents in pods. On the other hand, a significant effect on the accumulation of nitrates was noted, especially with split applications (144% increase vs. unfertilised and, in some cases, an antagonistic effect on K content (10-20% decrease on average. Foliar Mg fertilisation of French bean seemed to be a promising practice with reference to human health and nutrition, tough some care is needed to avoid the accumulation of nitrates in pods. Split applications seemed to be more effective, while the addition of Zn to the fertiliser mix did not give any relevant effect.

Shifting Foliar N:P Ratios with Experimental Soil Warming in Tussock Tundra

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Jasinski, B.; Mack, M. C.; Schuur, E.; Mauritz, M.; Walker, X. J.

2017-12-01

Warming temperatures in the Arctic and boreal ecosystems are currently driving widespread permafrost thaw. Thermokarst is one form of thaw, in which a deepening active soil layer and associated hydrologic changes can lead to increased nutrient availability and shifts in plant community composition. Individual plant species often differ in their ability to access nutrients and adapt to new environmental conditions. While nitrogen (N) is often the nutrient most limiting to Arctic plant communities, the extent to which plant available phosphorus (P) from previously frozen mineral soil may increase as the active layer deepens is still uncertain. To understand the changing relationship between species' uptake of N and P in a thermokarst environment, we assessed foliar N:P ratios from 2015 in two species, a tussock sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum) and a dwarf shrub (Rubus chamaemorus), at a moist acidic tussock tundra experimental passive soil warming site. The passive soil warming treatment increased active layer depth in warmed plots by 35.4 cm (+/- 1.1 cm), an 80% increase over the control plots. E.vaginatum demonstrated a 16.9% decrease (p=0.012, 95% CI [-27.99%, -5.94%]) in foliar N:P ratios in warmed plots, driven mostly by an increase in foliar phosphorus. Foliar N:P ratios of R.chamaemorus showed no significant change. However, foliar samples of R.chamaemorus were significantly enriched in the isotope 15N in soil warming plots (9.9% increase (p=0.002, 95% CI [4.45%, 15.39%])), while the sedge E.vaginatum was slightly depleted. These results suggest that (1) in environments with thawing mineral soil plant available phosphorus may increase more quickly than nitrogen, and (2) that species' uptake strategies and responses to increasing N and P will vary, which has implications for future ecological shifts in thawing ecosystems.

Erythroneura lawsoni abundance and feeding injury levels are influenced by foliar nutrient status in intensively managed American sycamore.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Coyle, David, Robert: Aubrey, Doug, Patric; Bentz, Jo-Ann

2010-01-01

Abstract 1 Abundance and feeding injury of the leafhopper Erythroneura lawsoni Robinson was measured in an intensively-managed American sycamore Platanus occidentalis L. plantation. Trees were planted in spring 2000 in a randomized complete block design, and received one of three annual treatments: (i) fertilization (120 kg N/ha/year); (ii) irrigation (3.0 cm/week); (iii) fertilization + irrigation; or (iv) control (no treatment). 2 Foliar nutrient concentrations were significantly influenced by the treatments because only sulphur and manganese levels were not statistically greater in trees receiving fertilization. 3 Over 116 000 E. lawsoni were captured on sticky traps during the study. Leafhopper abundance was highest on nonfertilized trees for the majority of the season, and was positively correlated with foliar nutrient concentrations. Significant temporal variation in E. lawsoni abundance occurred, suggesting five discrete generations in South Carolina. 4 Significant temporal variation occurred in E. lawsoni foliar injury levels, with the highest injury ratings occurring in late June and August. Foliar injury was negatively correlated with foliar nutrient content, and higher levels of injury occurred more frequently on nonfertilized trees. 5 The results obtained in the present study indicated that increased E. lawsoni abundance occurred on trees that did not receive fertilization. Nonfertilized trees experienced greater foliar injury, suggesting that lower foliar nutrient status may have led to increased levels of compensatory feeding.

Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior.

Science.gov (United States)

James K. Agee; Clinton S. Wright; Nathan Williamson; Mark H. Huff

2002-01-01

Fotiar moisture was monitored for five conifers and associated understory vegetation in Pacific Northwest forests. Decline in foliar moisture of new foliage occurred over the dry season, while less variation was evident in older foliage. Late season foliar moisture ranged from 130 to 170%. In riparian-upland comparisons, largest differences were found for understory...

Adubação foliar com macro e micronutrientes no crescimento de mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill] em diferentes recipientes Foliar fertilization with macro and micronutrients in the growth of plantlets micropropagated of pineapple cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill] in different containers

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Izaias dos Santos Bregonci

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação foliar com macro e micronutrientes no crescimento das mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill], em diferentes recipientes. O experimento foi em esquema fatorial 8x3, adubação foliar em 8 níveis e recipientes em 3 níveis, através de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 repetições. As mudas foram padronizadas com altura média de 7,12 cm. As adubações foliares foram feitas com uréia, cloreto de potássio, ácido bórico, um formulado comercial com macro e micronutrientes e testemunha (pulverização com água e os recipientes: bandeja de isopor com 200 células; tubete pequeno de 115 cm³; e tubete grande com 300 cm³. O substrato utilizado foi o plantmax hortaliças®. Avaliaram-se as características área foliar, altura de planta e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, aos 140 dias do transplantio. Os adubos foliares proporcionaram maior crescimento em área foliar, altura e massa seca da parte aérea às mudas do abacaxizeiro, embora com resultados diferentes. Os adubos foliares não aumentaram a massa seca do sistema radicular. A bandeja de isopor apresentou as menores médias, com todos os adubos foliares para área foliar, altura e massa seca da parte aérea das mudas do abacaxizeiro. O tubete pequeno e o tubete grande apresentaram resultados semelhantes com a maioria dos adubos foliares utilizados.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the foliar fertilization with macro and micronutrients on the growth of the plantlets micropropagated of pineapple cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill] in different containers. The experiment was mounted in factorial arrangement 8x3, with foliar fertilization in 8 levels and containers in 3 levels, through a completely randomized design with five repetitions. The plantlets were standardized with average height of 7,12 cm. The foliar fertilization was used in the urea

Effect of Nutrient Solution Concentration, Time and Frequency of Foliar Application on Growth of Leaf and Daughter Corms of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.

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R Khorasani

2015-07-01

Full Text Available In order to investigate the effect of different levels of nutrient solution concentration and times and frequencies of foliar applications on dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of leaf and corm of saffron, a pot experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications under open door conditions in research garden of ferdowsi university, faculty of agriculture. The experimental treatments were included 4 levels of solution concentration (0, 4, 8 and 12 per 1000 and 7 levels of time and frequency of foliar applications (F1: foliar application on 3th February, F2: foliar application on 18th February, F3: foliar application on 5th March, F4: foliar applications on 3th and 18th February, F5: foliar applications on 3th February and 5th March, F6: foliar applications on 18th February and 5th March, F7: foliar applications on 3th and 18th February and 5th March. Results of variance analysis showed that fresh and dry weight of corm and leaf were not influenced by concentration, time and frequency of foliar applications. Also, comparison of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of leaf and corm showed that there was no significant difference between levels of foliar treatments and control. Therefore, it seems that due attention to pattern of leaf and low nutrient demand of saffron, foliar applications in different levels of nutrient solution concentrations and times and frequencies of foliar applications could not increase vegetative growth and consequently, could not improve the growth and nutritional properties of saffron corms.

Antagonistas a Phytophthora capsici inoculados en sustratos de germinación de Capsicum annuum Leonian y Mucuna deeringiana Bort.

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Juliana Bautista-Calles

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Existen microorganismos benéficos a las plantas que se emplean de manera específica y aislada para favorecer la germinación y crecimiento. El beneficio es mayor si, en lugar de inocular un microorganismo específico al sustrato, se inoculan grupos de éstos para que disminuyan la incidencia de las enfermedades inducidas por fitopatógenos de la raíz; y, a su vez, favorezcan la emergencia y crecimiento de los cultivos. El objetivo de este trabajo, con enfoque holístico, fue evaluar las variables emergencia y altura de plántulas en almácigo, e incidencia en el invernadero al reintroducir antagonistas a Phytophthora capsici en grupos de 8, 16, 24 y 32 aislamientos de microorganismos, en los sustratos de germinación del chile (Capsicum annuum y frijol terciopelo (Mucuna deeringiana. Los tratamientos con grupos de antagonistas presentaron al menos uno de los efectos benéficos esperados (en comparación con el testigo, al incrementar la emergencia, la mayor altura de plántulas en el almácigo, y la menor incidencia por P. capsici en el invernadero. Los tratamientos que presentaron la mayor altura de plántulas en almácigo, fueron los tratamientos con grupos de 18, 24 y 32 antagonistas, que incluyeron el grupo de ocho actinomicetos. El mejor tratamiento fue con ocho aislamientos de actinomicetos, que presentó la mayor emergencia de plántulas para ambos cultivos en el almácigo y la menor incidencia de P. capsici en el cultivo de chile en invernadero.

Micromorfologia Foliar de Espécies de Sida spp. (guanxumas Leaf Micromorphology of Sida spp. Species (prickly sida

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L.H.B. Albert

2002-12-01

Full Text Available A eficácia dos herbicidas aplicados à folha é influenciada pela morfologia da superfície foliar que recebe a calda. A topografia da superfície foliar, o grau e o tipo da formação da cera epicuticular e a presença, tipo e distribuição de tricomas são características que influenciam a distribuição da calda pulverizada sobre a superfície foliar e, conseqüentemente, a eficácia do controle da planta daninha. Diante desses fatos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer morfologicamente a superfície foliar de três espécies de guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia , Sida glaziovii e Sida cordifolia . A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA, instalada na ESALQ/USP-Piracicaba/SP. As amostras biológicas foram fixadas, posteriormente desidratadas, secas ao ponto crítico e recobertas com ouro. Após a evaporação com metal, as amostras das folhas foram observadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura Zeiss, operando entre 5 e 15 kV. Verificou-se que a superfície adaxial das espécies S. rhombifolia e S. glaziovii apresentou tricomas estelares e simples (não-ramificados, tanto curtos como longos, e também glandulares simples, tanto curtos como longos; S. glaziovii apresentou a maior quantidade destes. A espécie que apresentou maior presença de ceras epicuticulares foi S. rhombifolia, cuja aparência é estriada e a orientação aleatória. Das três espécies, S. cordifolia foi a que mostrou menor quantidade de tricomas, possuindo na superfície adaxial predominantemente tricomas simples e/ou com duas ramificações e também tricomas glandulares simples e curtos. A cutícula apresentou superfície plana e lisa, sem o aspecto estriado das outras duas espécies analisadas. Todas as espécies são anfiestomáticas, com predominância do tipo anomocítico, que é característico da família Malvaceae.The efficacy of leaf - applied herbicides is

[Dynamics of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen during foliar litter decomposition under artificial forest gap in Pinus massoniana plantation.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Ming Jin; Chen, Liang Hua; Zhang, Jian; Yang, Wan Qin; Liu, Hua; Li, Xun; Zhang, Yan

2016-03-01

Nowadays large areas of plantations have caused serious ecological problems such as soil degradation and biodiversity decline. Artificial tending thinning and construction of mixed forest are frequently used ways when we manage plantations. To understand the effect of this operation mode on nutrient cycle of plantation ecosystem, we detected the dynamics of microbial bio-mass carbon and nitrogen during foliar litter decomposition of Pinus massoniana and Toona ciliate in seven types of gap in different sizes (G 1 : 100 m 2 , G 2 : 225 m 2 , G 3 : 400 m 2 , G 4 : 625 m 2 , G 5 : 900 m 2 , G 6 : 1225 m 2 , G 7 : 1600 m 2 ) of 42-year-old P. massoniana plantations in a hilly area of the upper Yang-tze River. The results showed that small and medium-sized forest gaps(G 1 -G 5 ) were more advantageous for the increment of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the process of foliar litter decomposition. Along with the foliar litter decomposition during the experiment (360 d), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in P. massoniana foliar litter and MBN in T. ciliata foliar litter first increased and then decreased, and respectively reached the maxima 9.87, 0.22 and 0.80 g·kg -1 on the 180 th d. But the peak (44.40 g·kg -1 ) of MBC in T. ciliata foliar litter appeared on the 90 th d. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in T. ciliate was significantly higher than that of P. massoniana during foliar litter decomposition. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in foliar litter was not only significantly associated with average daily temperature and the water content of foliar litter, but also closely related to the change of the quality of litter. Therefore, in the thinning, forest gap size could be controlled in the range of from 100 to 900 m 2 to facilitate the increase of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the process of foliar litter decomposition, accelerate the decomposition of foliar litter and improve soil fertility of plantations.

Importance of Foliar Nitrogen Concentration to Predict Forest Productivity in the Mid-Atlantic Region

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Yude Pan; John Hom; Jennifer Jenkins; Richard Birdsey

2004-01-01

To assess what difference it might make to include spatially defined estimates of foliar nitrogen in the regional application of a forest ecosystem model (PnET-II), we composed model predictions of wood production from extensive ground-based forest inventory analysis data across the Mid-Atlantic region. Spatial variation in foliar N concentration was assigned based on...

Effects of Foliar Selenite on the Nutrient Components of Turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn.

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Xiong Li

2018-03-01

Full Text Available We administered foliar applications of 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 selenium (Se, selenite on turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn. and detected the changes in the main nutrient components in fleshy roots. Results showed that the foliar application of Se (IV significantly increased the Se content in turnip, and Se (IV positively affected the uptake of several mineral elements, including magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Se (IV treatments also improved the synthesis of protein and multiple amino acids instead of crude fat and total carbohydrate in turnip, indicating that the foliar application of Se (IV could enhance Se biofortification in turnip and promote its nutritional value. We recommended 50–100 mg L−1 Se treatment for foliar application on turnip based on the daily intake of Se for adults (96–139 μg person−1 day−1 and its favorable effects on the nutrient components of turnip.

Effects of foliar selenite on the nutrient components of turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn.)

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Xiong; Li, Boqun; Yang, Yongping

2018-03-01

We administered foliar applications of 50, 100 and 200 mg L‑1 selenium (Se, selenite) on turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn.) and detected the changes in the main nutrient components in fleshy roots. Results showed that the foliar application of Se (Ⅳ) significantly increased the Se content in turnip, and Se (Ⅳ) positively affected the uptake of several mineral elements, including magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese and copper. Se (Ⅳ) treatments also improved the synthesis of protein and multiple amino acids instead of crude fat and total carbohydrate in turnip, indicating that the foliar application of Se (Ⅳ) could enhance Se biofortification in turnip and promote its nutritional value. We recommended 50–100 mg L‑1 Se treatment for foliar application on turnip based on the daily intake of Se for adults (96–139 µg person‑1 day‑1) and its favourable effects on the nutrient components of turnip.

Evaluación anticorrosiva de tricapas cerámicas Sio2-Tio2-Zro2 sintetizadas por el método Sol-Gel

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Jorge Hernando Bautista Ruiz

2009-06-01

Full Text Available  Se muestra la conformación de tricapas de recubrimientoscerámicos del sistema SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2, sintetizadas por elmétodo Sol-gel, utilizando como precursores Si(OC2H54,Ti(OBu4 y Zr(OC3H74, como solventes EtOH y agua, ycomo acomplejante 2,4 pentanodiona. Los recubrimientoscerámicos fueron depositados sobre sustratos de aceroinoxidable AISI/SAE 304 mediante la técnica de inmersión(dip-coating. Se estudió la influencia de los recubrimientossobre el comportamiento anticorrosivo del sustrato en unasolución de HCl al 3% mediante las técnicas deEspectroscopia de Impedancia Electroquímica (EIS ycurvas potenciodinámicas de polarización. Adicionalmentese realizó un estudio morfológico mediante la técnica deMicroscopía de Fuerza Atómica (AFM. Se encontró quelos valores de los parámetros electroquímicos cambiansustancialmente con la concentración de los precursoressumada a los efectos de la película sobre el sustrato.

Comparative study of the variation of the hydric properties and aspect of natural stone and brick after the application of 4 types of anti-graffiti

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García, O.

2010-02-01

Full Text Available In this article a comparative study of the behaviour of different commercial anti-graffiti on natural stone and brick is presented. 8 different European substrates were selected and 4 commercial anti-graffiti of different chemical nature were applied on these substrates. The variations of their hydric properties and aspect (colour and gloss with regard to the untreated substrates were later studied in the laboratory. The results obtained permitted to assess the suitability of 4 of the main types of chemical formulations employed to be used as anti-graffiti. This study concludes that the sacrificial anti-graffiti with polymeric paraffins in its composition presents the lowest reductions of the hydric properties of the studied substrates, being also the variations in colour the least perceptible.

En este artículo se presenta un estudio comparativo del comportamiento de diferentes tipos de anti-graffiti comerciales sobre piedra natural y ladrillo. Para ello se seleccionaron 8 tipos de sustratos porosos de diferentes países europeos, sobre los que se aplicaron 4 anti-graffiti de distinta naturaleza química. Posteriormente se estudiaron las variaciones en sus propiedades hídricas y de aspecto (color y brillo con respecto a los sustratos no tratados, en el laboratorio. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido evaluar la idoneidad de 4 de los principales tipos de formulaciones químicas más frecuentemente utilizadas como anti-graffiti sobre sustratos porosos. El estudio concluye que el antigraffiti de sacrificio de composición parafínica es el producto que reduce en menor medida las propiedades hídricas de los sustratos porosos estudiados, y que menores cambios de color produce en los mismos.

PESO DE HOJAS COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA ESTIMAR EL ÁREA FOLIAR EN SOYA

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Felipe Rafael Garcés Fiallos

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Cuantificaciones del área foliar en plantas son importantes en estudios de daños ocasionados por enfermedades, por lo tanto su determinación requiere el uso de equipamientos que no siempre se encuentran disponibles para todos. La utilización de determinaciones indirectas, como el peso de materia fresca o seca podría ayudar en este proceso. En este trabajo, se evaluó la relación entre el peso de hojas y área foliar, a partir de plantas recolectadas en el estadío R7.1, en 64 parcelas de campo con el cultivar de soja Nidera 5909 RG. El peso fresco fue medido luego de la colecta, el peso seco después de 48 horas de incubación a 65° C y el área foliar a través de un integralizador digital Licor. Fueron obtenidas ecuaciones significativas (p < 0.0001 e R2 de 0.74 a 0.97 para cada estrato y para la planta entera. Para la media de la planta, la relación de área foliar fue de y = 45.53 x + 19.03 para peso fresco e y = 176.17 x – 75.30 para peso seco. Esta herramienta se presenta potencialmente viable para estimar el área foliar de la planta. La utilización del peso seco es mas trabajosa, más no requiere pesaje de las hojas inmediatamente después de su colecta. La utilización futura de esta herramienta requiere estudios adicionales con otros cultivares a fin de verificarse si el comportamiento es similar.

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINOACIDS ON PLANT YIELD AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN FABA BEAN PLANTS IRRIGATED WITH SEAWATER

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Magdi T. ABDELHAMID

2015-01-01

La salinidad disminuye el rendimiento en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Con el aumento de la demanda de agua de riego, se están buscando fuentes alternativas. El agua de mar se consideró previamente inutilizable para irrigación debido a su salinidad. Sin embargo, esta agua puede ser utilizada con éxito en cultivos bajo ciertas condiciones. Los aminoácidos son bioestimulantes bien conocidos por sus efectos positivos sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento, y por mitigar significativamente las lesiones causadas por estrés abióticos. Por lo tanto, en el presente studio se investigó el efecto del tratamiento exógeno con aminoácidos sobre plantas de haba que crecen bajo estrés salino por irrigación con agua de mar. Se evaluó la reducción de daños por salinidad en plantas de haba mediante el uso de una mezcla de aminoácidos para mejorar los parámetros morfológicos y bioquímicos, y por lo tanto elevar el nivel de rendimiento de la planta. Se desarrolló un experimento en macetas para paliar los efectos nocivos de la salinidad del agua de mar en el cv. De haba Giza 843 por aspersion foliar de una mezcla de aminoácidos con diferentes concentraciones (0, 500, 1000 o 1500 mg L-1. El riego de plantas de haba con niveles de agua de mar de 3.13 y 6.25 dS m-1 condujo a reducciones significativas en la altura de planta, número de hojas de la planta, peso fresco y seco de los brotes, y en el contenido foliar de pigmentos fotosintéticos, carbohidratos totales, polisacáridos y ácidos nucleicos (ADN y ARN. La salinidad del agua de mar indujo un mayor contenido de Na+ y Cl- , y una disminución del contenido de K+, K+: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ y P3+. El riego de plantas de haba con diferentes niveles de agua de mar redujo el rendimiento de semillas y el peso seco total por planta en comparación con las regadas con agua corriente. Además, el contenido de carbohidratos y proteína total en las semillas disminuyeron con el aumento de los niveles de salinidad del agua de mar. La

Relación entre la solubilidad en álcali y los parámetros de tracción de un hilado de estambre sometido a tratamientos ácidos y oxidantes

OpenAIRE

Gacén Guillén, Joaquín; Naik Kardile, Arun; Cayuela Marín, Diana; Palet Alsina, Daniel

2003-01-01

Un hilado de lana peinada ha sido sometido a tratamientos ácidos y con peróxido de hidrógeno a efectos de preparar sustratos que presentan un amplio intervalo de solubilidades alcalinas. Se han relacionado los parámetros de tracción con la solubilidad alcalina de los correspondientes sustratos. Este estudio ha permitido ampliar la información sobre el motivo del aumento de la solubilidad en álcali producido por el blanqueo con peróxido de hidrógeno. Se ha relacionado la solubilidad alcalina d...

Relação entre concentrações foliares de carboidratos solúveis totais e tolerância ao frio em diferentes espécies de Eucalyptus spp.

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Mireli Moura Pitz Floriani

2013-03-01

Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988450O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da rustificação sobre a tolerância ao frio em Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden, Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden e Eucalyptus saligna Sm., através da quantificação dos teores foliares de carboidratos solúveis totais e de prolina. Mudas das quatro espécies (com três meses de idade e cerca de 50 cm de altura foram submetidas a dois períodos de rustificação (0 e 21 dias de exposição a temperaturas diurnas de 5 ºC e noturnas de 1 ºC, com fotoperíodo controlado de 12 horas. Ao final de cada período de rustificação, as mudas foram submetidas durante 3 horas a três gradientes de temperatura abaixo de zero (-2 ºC, -5 ºC e -8 ºC. Foram feitas avaliações das concentrações foliares de carboidratos solúveis totais e de prolina, da temperatura letal de 50 % (TL50 e do índice de dano ao frio. Não foi identificada a presença de prolina nos tecidos foliares das espécies avaliadas. No entanto, em mudas não rustificadas, observou-se diferenças entre as espécies quanto à concentração foliar de carboidratos, sendo maior em Eucalyptus benthamii, intermediária em Eucalyptus dunnii e Eucalyptus grandis, e menor em Eucalyptus saligna. A rustificação causou um aumento na concentração foliar de carboidratos de 2,9; 2,5; 2,8 e 1,3 vezes em Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus benthamii, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus grandis, respectivamente. Em mudas que não foram submetidas à rustificação, a TL50 foi mais baixa em Eucalyptus benthamii, intermediária em Eucalyptus dunnii e Eucalyptus grandis, e mais alta em Eucalyptus saligna. No entanto, com a rustificação das plantas não houve diferenças entre as espécies quanto à TL50. Observou-se que a TL50 diminuiu com a rustificação, exceto no Eucalyptus benthamii. Houve correlação negativa entre a concentração foliar de carboidratos solúveis totais e a TL50

Mapping spatial variability of foliar nitrogen in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations with multispectral Sentinel-2 MSI data

Science.gov (United States)

Chemura, Abel; Mutanga, Onisimo; Odindi, John; Kutywayo, Dumisani

2018-04-01

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting factor to coffee development and productivity. Therefore, development of rapid, spatially explicit and temporal remote sensing-based approaches to determine spatial variability of coffee foliar N are imperative for increasing yields, reducing production costs and mitigating environmental impacts associated with excessive N applications. This study sought to assess the value of Sentinel-2 MSI spectral bands and vegetation indices in empirical estimation of coffee foliar N content at landscape level. Results showed that coffee foliar N is related to Sentinel-2 MSI B4 (R2 = 0.32), B6 (R2 = 0.49), B7 (R2 = 0.42), B8 (R2 = 0.57) and B12 (R2 = 0.24) bands. Vegetation indices were more related to coffee foliar N as shown by the Inverted Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index - IRECI (R2 = 0.66), Relative Normalized Difference Index - RNDVI (R2 = 0.48), CIRE1 (R2 = 0.28), and Normalized Difference Infrared Index - NDII (R2 = 0.37). These variables were also identified by the random forest variable optimisation as the most valuable in coffee foliar N prediction. Modelling coffee foliar N using vegetation indices produced better accuracy (R2 = 0.71 with RMSE = 0.27 for all and R2 = 0.73 with RMSE = 0.25 for optimized variables), compared to using spectral bands (R2 = 0.57 with RMSE = 0.32 for all and R2 = 0.58 with RMSE = 0.32 for optimized variables). Combining optimized bands and vegetation indices produced the best results in coffee foliar N modelling (R2 = 0.78, RMSE = 0.23). All the three best performing models (all vegetation indices, optimized vegetation indices and combining optimal bands and optimal vegetation indices) established that 15.2 ha (4.7%) of the total area under investigation had low foliar N levels (landscape scale.

Foliar micromorphology of Lippia javanica (Burm.F) Spreng ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Background: Lippia javanica (Burm.F.) Spreng is an aromatic indigenous South African plant with culinary and medicinal values. This study investigated the foliar morphology and elemental composition of the plant because not much data concerning the anatomical and micro-morphological features can be found in ...

Efecto de los surfactantes sobre la absorción de agroquímicos en plantas

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José Antonio Vera-Núñez

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Introducción. La eficiencia de absorción y removilización de una molécula o compuesto químico aplicado a un sistema biológico depende de interacciones entre factores bióticos y abióticos. Para el caso de vegetales, destaca la composición físico-química y concentración de la molécula, el estado fisiológico del órgano donde se aplica y el manejo del producto (dosis y forma de aplicación. Existen diferentes tecnologías a base de compuestos químicos tensoactivos que permiten aumentar la absorción del compuesto aplicado en plantas de interés agrícola. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del surfactante INEX-A (COSMOCELMR sobre la absorción de compuestos con actividad sistémica comúnmente aplicados en la agricultura a través del marcaje isotópico bajo condiciones de invernadero. Métodos. Se desarrollaron los ensayos siguientes: 1 herbicida (14C-Glifosato aplicado vía foliar en zacate Johnson (Sorghum halepense, 2 insecticida (14C-Imidacloprid aplicado vía foliar, 3 insecticida (14C-Imidacloprid aplicado vía suelo y 4 nutrimento (32P-Fosfato de amonio monobásico aplicado vía foliar en tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum. Resultados. El efecto del surfactante INEX-A aumentó la absorción de las moléculas en estudio en comparación con los tratamientos donde no se aplicó éste surfactante, esto generó una mayor removilización de las moléculas y probablemente una mayor producción de metabolitos secundarios que tienen como origen o intermediario a dichas moléculas. El efecto del surfactante INEX-A osciló en el rango 22-100 % en relación al incremento de la absorción de las moléculas en estudio. Cuando se aplicó el surfactante INEX-A se incrementó 12 veces la absorción del insecticida 14C-Imidacloprid aplicado vía foliar. Asimismo, la removilización hacia el grupo de hojas superiores vs. hojas inferiores fue mayor. Además, el efecto del INEX-A presentó una relación directa en función al tipo de

Absorção e redistribuição do nitrogênio aplicado via foliar em videiras jovens Uptake and redistribution of nitrogen in foliar application in young grapevines

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Gustavo Brunetto

2005-04-01

Full Text Available A aplicação de nitrogênio via foliar antes da senescência das folhas da videira pode ser uma estratégia para aumentar as reservas deste nutriente nas partes perenes, uma vez que as mesmas são disponibilizadas no início do crescimento vegetativo dos órgãos anuais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de estimar a absorção e a redistribuição do N adicionado via foliar em videiras jovens. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação na EMBRAPA-Uva e Vinho, no município de Bento Gonçalves (RS. Foram utilizadas as variedades Chardonnay e Riesling Itálico com porta-enxerto 101-14 Mgt. Foi cultivada uma planta por vaso contendo 10kg de solo Neossolo Litólico. A aplicação do N via foliar foi parcelada em três vezes, durante três dias sucessivos. Foram aplicados 84,84mg N planta-1 na forma de (15NH42SO4 . As plantas foram colhidas em sete épocas diferentes. Após a colheita, as plantas foram fracionadas em folhas, enxerto, porta-enxerto, raízes grossas (>2mm e raízes finas (The foliar application of nitrogen before the leaves senescence may be a strategy to increase the nutrient reserves in the perennial parts, being available in the beginning of the vegetative growth of the annual parts. The objective of this work was to estimate the uptake and redistribution of N applied by foliar way in young grapevines. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at EMBRAPA-Grape and Wine, Bento Gonçalves Southern Brazil. The cultivars used were Chardonnay and Riesling Italic grafted on rootstock 101-14 Mgt. It was cultivated one plant by vase with 10kg of soil Udorthent. The foliar application of N was parceled in three times during three successive days. It was applied 84,84mg N plant-1 using (15NH42SO4 . The plants were collected in seven times, during vegetative growth. The plants were fractionated in leaves, graft, carry-graft, thick roots (>2mm and fine roots (<2mm, oven-dried, weighted, and analyzed N-total and 15N contents. The

Estimativa da área foliar de Sida cordifolia e Sida rhombifolia usando dimensões lineares do limbo foliar Estimate of Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia leaf area using leaf blade linear dimensions

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S. Bianco

2008-01-01

Full Text Available A estimativa da área foliar pode auxiliar na compreensão de relações de interferência entre plantas daninhas e cultivadas. Com o objetivo de obter uma equação que, por meio de parâmetros lineares dimensionais das folhas, permita a estimativa da área foliar de Sida cordifolia e Sida rhombifolia, estudaram-se as correlações entre área foliar real (Af e parâmetros dimensionais do limbo foliar, como o comprimento (C ao longo da nervura principal e a largura máxima (L perpendicular à nervura principal. Foram analisados 200 limbos foliares de cada espécie, coletados em diferentes agroecossistemas na Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Jaboticabal. Os modelos estatísticos utilizados foram linear: Y = a + bx; linear simples: Y = bx; geométrico: Y = ax b; e exponencial: Y = ab x. Todos os modelos analisados podem ser empregados para estimação da área foliar de S. cordifolia e S. rhombifolia. Sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples, envolvendo o produto C*L, considerando-se o coeficiente linear igual a zero, em função da praticidade desta. Desse modo, a estimativa da área foliar de S. cordifolia pode ser obtida pela fórmula Af = 0,7878*(C*L, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,9307, enquanto para S. rhombifolia a estimativa da área foliar pode ser obtida pela fórmula Af = 0,6423*(C*L, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,9711.Leaf area estimate may contribute to understand the relationship of interference between weeds and crops. The objective of this research was to obtain a mathematical equation to estimate Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia leaf area based on linear measures of leaf blade. Correlation studies were conducted between real leaf area (Af and dimensional leaf blade parameters such as leaf length (C and maximum leaf width (L. Around 200 leaf blades of each species were analyzed, collected from several agro-ecosystems at São Paulo State University, in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The statistical

Noise-resistant spectral features for retrieving foliar chemical parameters

Science.gov (United States)

Foliar chemical constituents are important indicators for understanding vegetation growing status and ecosystem functionality. Provided the noncontact and nondestructive traits, the hyperspectral analysis is a superior and efficient method for deriving these parameters. In practical implementation o...

Utilização de Acibenzolar-S-Methyl para controle de doenças foliares da soja Use of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl to control foliar diseases of soybean

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Leandro Jose Dallagnol

2006-09-01

Full Text Available O controle das doenças foliares na cultura da soja pode ser obtido pela utilização de métodos genéticos, culturais e químicos. A utilização de ativadores químicos dos mecanismos de defesa é uma alternativa de controle induzido. Para avaliar o efeito na eficácia com a inclusão de Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM no programa de controle químico das doenças foliares na cultura da soja, um experimento foi instalado com as cultivares IAS 5, CD 201 e RS 10. O efeito do ASM foi avaliada isoladamente e em mistura com Difenoconazole aplicados nos estádios R3, R4 e R5.1 e o Azoxystrobin em R5.1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a severidade das doenças de final de ciclo (DFC, desfolha, área foliar verde e rendimento de grãos. A inclusão de ASM nos programas de controle químico aumentou, na maioria dos casos, a eficácia dos fungicidas para todos os parâmetros avaliados, porém com variação entre as cultivares. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com aplicações de Difenoconazole + ASM aplicado em R3 e R4, não sendo verificado efeito na eficácia do Azoxystrobin (R5.1. O incremento no rendimento das cultivares foi influenciado pela tolerância das cultivares as doenças, sendo positivo para as cultivares CD 201 e RS 10 com aplicação de ASM + Difenoconazole em R4.The chemical control of foliar diseases in soybean can be achieved by using genetic, cultural and chemical practices. The use of activators of plant defense mechanisms is an alternative for disease control. An experiment was carried out with the cultivars 'IAS 5', 'CD 201' and 'RS 10' aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the inclusion of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM to the chemical control program of foliar diseases in soybean. The effect of ASM was evaluated separately and mixture with Difenoconazol sprayed on to plants at the growth stages of R3, R4, R5. 1 Azoxystrobin was sprayed on R5.1. The variables evaluated were diseases severities at the end of the crop, desfoliation, green

Residual effect of sugar cane ratoon of urea nitrogen foliar application to plant cane

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trivelin, P.C.O.; Lara Cabezas, W.A.R.; Coleti, J.T.

1984-01-01

The residual effect of urea - N, foliar applied to plant cane, on sugar cane ratoon is studied. Setts grown in drums containing washed sand are used. 180 days from planting, foliar fertilizer (43.5% urea solution) labelled with 3.95 atom % 15 N is applied. The first harvest is made 7 days after application and final harvest of resprouting at 123 days. (M.A.C.) [pt

Estimativa da área foliar do girassol por método não destrutivo

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Leonardo Angelo de Aquino

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Métodos de fácil execução, rápidos e não destrutivos, que possibilitem estimar a área foliar com precisão, são importantes para avaliar o crescimento das plantas nas condições de campo. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho, ajustar equações para estimar a área do limbo foliar e a área das folhas do girassol, em função das medidas lineares do limbo e do número de folhas por planta, incluindo a verificação da possibilidade de modelos comuns para as cultivares BR-122 e M-734. Seis plantas de cada cultivar nos estádios de início de florescimento e de florescimento pleno foram coletadas. As áreas dos limbos foliares foram determinadas por método direto. Foram medidos o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal e a largura de forma perpendicular à inserção do limbo no pecíolo. Foram ajustados os modelos linear, quadrático, cúbico, exponencial e potencial. Os modelos potenciais Ŷi = 1,6329Xi1,7164 e Ŷi = 0,5405Xi1,0212 com a utilização, respectivamente, das medidas da largura e do produto largura e comprimento são os mais adequados para estimar a área do limbo foliar do girassol. O modelo Ŷi = 5,1014Xi2,4383 permite estimar com precisão a área foliar total do girassol em função do número de folhas por planta. A precisão das equações ajustadas para as estimativas da área do limbo foliar ou de folhas por planta não é reduzida quando se ajustam modelos comuns às cultivares BR-122 e M-734.

Contribution of foliar leaching and dry deposition to sulfate in net throughfall below deciduous trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garten, C.T. Jr.; Bondietti, E.A.; Lomax, R.D.

1988-01-01

Experiments were conducted at Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee in 1986 with radioactive 35 S to quantify the contribution of foliar leaching and dry deposition to sulfate (SO 4 2- ) in net throughfall (NTF). Two red maple (Acer rubrum) and two yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) trees (12-15 m tall) were radiolabeled by stem well injection. Total S and 35 S were measured in leaves; 35 S and SO 4 2- were measured in throughfall (THF). The contribution of foliar leaching to SO 4 2- in NTF, THF minus incident precipitation, was estimated by isotope dilution of 35 S in NTF arising from nonradioactive S in dry deposition. The per cent contribution of foliar leaching to SO 4 2- in NTF was greatest during the week following isotope labeling and during the period of autumn leaf fall. During the growing season, foliar leaching accounted for 80% of the SO 4 2- in NTF beneath the study trees. Dry deposition of S to these tree species can be reasonably approximated during summer from the measurement of SO 4 2- flux in NTF. (author)

Malabsorption of mineral nutrients and effects of foliar fertilization on continuously cropped capsicum annuum l. var. annuum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ye, X.H.; Zhao, Z.L.; Zhao, Z.L.; Zhao, H.B.

2014-01-01

Cayenne pepper (C. annuum var. annuum) cultivar known as line No. 5 was used to establish a reference baseline for fertilization experiments under conditions of continuous cropping versus crop rotation. The effects of continuous cropping on absorption of 11 essential nutrient elements and fruit yield were studied. Concurrently, we also examined the effects of foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/ and Fe + B + Zn + Mn on nutrient absorption due to continuous cropping. The results showed that, compared with peppers grown in rotation soil, continuous cropping affected the uptake of eight elements (P, K, Mg, Fe, B, Zn, Mn, Cu) and transport of these elements to the aerial parts of the plant, although the element concentrations in continuous cropping soil were not lower than those in rotation soil. Continuous cropping caused a decline in fruit yield. The impact of continuous cropping on the uptake of trace elements was greater than it was for macro elements. Foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/ significantly improved the P, Mg, Fe, and Mo content of continuously-cropped pepper plants, but did not significantly improve the content of N and K, and there was an antagonistic effect on Zn uptake. Foliar application of Fe + B + Zn + Mn, significantly increased the Fe, B, Zn, Mn, and P content in the plants; Ca uptake in the leaves and fruits was promoted to a certain degree, but there was obvious antagonism toward Mo and Cu uptake in the stems, leaves and fruits. Pepper fruit yields were significantly increased by foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/ or foliar application of Fe + B + Zn + Mn. However the effects of foliar application of Fe + B + Zn + Mn on increased production were significantly better than the effects of foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/. (author)

Foliar and soil application of 15N-labelled fertilizers in the cultivation of common bean and soybean

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Papanicolaou, E.P.; Skarlou, V.D.; Apostolakis, C.G.; Katranis, N.

1979-01-01

In two field experiments (one with beans and one with soybeans) during 1977, the influence of soil application of different nitrogen fertilizers and also of foliar application of the Hanway nutrient solution (N-P-K-S) on nitrogen fixation, grain yield and fertilizer utilization was studied. The nodule data for soybeans indicated that urea applied as starter, topdress or foliar spray adversely affected nodule number and weight. Starter (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 had an effect similar to urea, while starter NH 4 NO 3 had slight or no adverse effect. Use of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NH 4 NO 3 in the Hanway solution had a strong adverse effect. Yield data of the soybean experiment indicated that urea, applied as starter or starter plus topdress, had no essential effect while foliar spray showed a clear adverse effect on the grain yield of soybean-nod. When (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NH 4 NO 3 were used in the foliar spray, the adverse effect was more evident. Non-nod soybean showed slight yield response to topdress N and significant positive response to Hanway foliar spray. In the bean experiment some evidence of positive response to topdress N plus Hanway foliar spray was observed in the non-nod crop, but it was not significant. The utilization coefficient of the applied fertilizers varied with the treatments. The highest utilization coefficient (50-70%), for both experiments, was observed when urea was applied as foliar spray. Application of urea as starter gave low utilization while topdress application gave high utilization in the soybean experiment and low in that of common bean. Under the experimental conditions starter urea was better utilized than starter ammonium sulphate or nitrate. (author)

Changes in radiocesium contamination from Fukushima in foliar parts of 10 common tree species in Japan between 2011 and 2013

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yoshihara, Toshihiro; Matsumura, Hideyuki; Tsuzaki, Masaharu; Wakamatsu, Takashi; Kobayashi, Takuya; Hashida, Shin-nosuke; Nagaoka, Toru; Goto, Fumiyuki

2014-01-01

Yearly changes in radiocesium ( 137 Cs) contamination, primarily due to the Fukushima accident of March 2011, were observed in the foliar parts of 10 common woody species in Japan (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Cedrus deodara, Pinus densiflora, Cryptomeria japonica, Phyllostachys pubescens, Cinnamomum camphora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Prunus × yedoensis, Acer buergerianum, and Aesculus hippocastanum). The samples were obtained from Abiko (approximately 200 km SSW of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant) during each growing season between 2011 and 2013, and the foliar parts were examined based on their year of expansion and location in each trees. The radiocesium concentrations generally decreased with time; however, the concentrations and rates of decrease varied among species, age of foliar parts, and locations. The radiocesium concentrations in the 2012 current-year foliar parts were 29%–220% of those from 2011, while those from 2013 fell to between 14% and 42% of the 2011 values. The net decontamination in the foliage was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species. The radiocesium concentrations in the upper foliar parts were higher than those in the lower parts particularly in C. japonica. In addition, the radiocesium concentrations were higher in the current-year foliar parts than in the 1-year-old foliar parts, particularly in 2013. Thus, the influence of the direct deposition of the fallout was reduced with time, and the translocation ability of radiocesium from old to new tissues became more influential. Similar to the behavior of potassium in trees, Cs redistribution probably occurred primarily due to internal nutrient translocation mechanisms. - Highlights: • 137 Cs concentrations of foliar parts expanded in 2013 was 14–42% of those in 2011. • The rates of decrease varied with the species, sampling part, and position. • Newly expanded foliar parts contain higher 137 Cs concentrations than older parts. • 137 Cs translocation

Comportamento da área foliar da videira “Isabel” submetida a diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizantes

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Olivânia dos Santos Nascimento

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizante, na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ em cultivo orgânico nas condições edafoclimáticas de Catolé do Rocha-PB. Estudou-se os efeitos de 5 tipos de biofertilizante biofertilizante e 8 doses na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ após a primeira poda de produção. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de campo, em área pertencente à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campus IV. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 40 tratamentos, no esquema fatorial 5 x 8, com 4  repetições, totalizando 160 parcelas experimentais, os tratamentos consistiram em aplicações crescentes de diferentes biofertilizante, aplicados de forma independente. O valor da área foliar unitária da videira Isabel aumentou com o incremento da dose do biofertilizante B1 até um limite ótimo de 0,93 L/planta/aplicação; o valor da área foliar unitária diminuiu com o aumento da dose do biofertilizante B1 acima do limite ótimo de 0,93 L/planta/aplicação; a utilização de biofertilizante enriquecido com farinha de rocha e leguminosa (B3 proporcionou maior área foliar unitária e área foliar da planta da videira Isabel.

Imaging spectroscopy of foliar biochemistry in forestry environments ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Remote sensing estimates of leaf biochemicals provide valuable information on ecosystem functioning, vitality and state at local to global spatial scales. This paper aims to give an overview of the state of the art of foliar biochemistry assessment in general and, where possible, attention is given to: (1) Eucalyptus forest ...

Statistical analysis of grapevine mortality associated with esca or Eutypa dieback foliar expression

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Lucia GUERIN-DUBRANA

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Esca and Eutypa dieback are two major wood diseases of grapevine in France. Their widespread distribution in vineyards leads to vine decline and to a loss in productivity. However, little is known either about the temporal dynamics of these diseases at plant level, and equally, the relationships between foliar expression of the diseases and vine death is relatively unknown too.  To investigate this last question, the vines of six vineyards cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in the Bordeaux region were surveyed, by recording foliar symptoms, dead arms and dead plants from 2004 to 2010. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, approximately five percent of the asymptomatic vines died but the percentage of dead vines which had previously expressed esca foliar symptoms was higher, and varied between vineyards. A logistic regression model was used to determine the previous years of symptomatic expression associated with vine mortality. The mortality of esca is always associated with the foliar symptom expression of the year preceding vine death. One or two other earlier years of expression frequently represented additional risk factors. The Eutypa dieback symptom was also a risk factor of death, superior or equal to that of esca. The study of the internal necroses of vines expressing esca or Eutypa dieback is discussed in the light of these statistical results.

Soil and Foliar Arthropod Abundance and Diversity in Five Cropping Systems in the Coastal Plains of North Carolina.

Science.gov (United States)

Adams, Paul R; Orr, David B; Arellano, Consuelo; Cardoza, Yasmin J

2017-08-01

Soil and foliar arthropod populations in agricultural settings respond to environmental disturbance and degradation, impacting functional biodiversity in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate system level management effects on soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity in corn and soybean. Our field experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replicates for five farming systems which included: Conventional clean till, conventional long rotation, conventional no-till, organic clean till, and organic reduced till. Soil arthropod sampling was accomplished by pitfall trapping. Foliar arthropod sampling was accomplished by scouting corn and sweep netting soybean. Overall soil arthropod abundance was significantly impacted by cropping in corn and for foliar arthropods in soybeans. Conventional long rotation and organic clean till systems were highest in overall soil arthropod abundance for corn while organic reduced till systems exceeded all other systems for overall foliar arthropod abundance in soybeans. Foliar arthropod abundance over sampling weeks was significantly impacted by cropping system and is suspected to be the result of in-field weed and cover crop cultivation practices. This suggests that the sum of management practices within production systems impact soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity and that the effects of these systems are dynamic over the cropping season. Changes in diversity may be explained by weed management practices as sources of disturbance and reduced arthropod refuges via weed reduction. Furthermore, our results suggest agricultural systems lower in management intensity, whether due to organic practices or reduced levels of disturbance, foster greater arthropod diversity. © The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

A preliminary survey of foliar sclerenchyma in neotropical Loranthaceae

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kuijt, J.; Lye, D.

2005-01-01

The foliar sclerenchyma of all genera of neotropical Loranthaceae is surveyed by means of cleared leaves, using selected species. Three general categories of sclerenchyma are recognized. Fibers may form discontinuous or continuous bundles associated with veins or, more rarely, occur as individual

Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Journal of Biosciences; Volume 42; Issue 2. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and a xyloglucan oligosaccharide on capsiate content and gene expression associatedwith capsinoids synthesis in Capsicum annuum L. AY ZUNUN-PÉREZ T GUEVARA-FIGUEROA SN ...

Foliar biofilms of Burkholderia pyrrocinia FP62 on geraniums

Science.gov (United States)

Biofilm formation on foliar surfaces is commonly associated with plants in water-saturated environments (e.g. tropics or modified environments). On most leaf surfaces bacteria are thought to reside in aggregates with limited production of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix. However, the biocontrol ag...

Morfoanatomia foliar de Palicourea longepedunculata Gardiner (Rubiaceae

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Pereira Zefa Valdivina

2003-01-01

Full Text Available O gênero Palicourea - tribo Psychotrieae - compreende cerca de 200 espécies e destaca-se por apresentar alcalóides indólicos muitas vezes tóxicos para bovinos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi contribuir para o conhecimento da família Rubiaceae, enfatizando os aspectos da morfoanatomia foliar de Palicourea longepedunculata. O material foi coletado na Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso (RFMP, município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, e amostras-testemunha foram depositadas no herbário VIC. Folhas provenientes do quarto nó foram fixadas em FAA50 e conservadas em etanol 70%. Seções transversais e longitudinais do pecíolo e da lâmina foliar foram obtidas em micrótomo de mesa para montagem de lâminas permanentes, conforme metodologia usual. As folhas são simples, opostas, inteiras, ovais lanceoladas, dorsiventrais e hipoestomáticas. A epiderme do pecíolo e da lâmina foliar é uniestratificada, papilosa na face adaxial da folha e recoberta por cutícula delgada. Os estômatos são paracíticos e ocorrem no mesmo nível das demais células epidérmicas. O mesofilo é constituído por uma camada de parênquima paliçádico e de várias de parênquima lacunoso. Na face adaxial e abaxial da nervura mediana e no bordo da lâmina observa-se colênquima subepidérmico. Um feixe vascular do tipo colateral, em forma de "U", distribui-se ao longo do pecíolo e da nervura mediana, acompanhado, invariavelmente, por dois feixes menores localizados lateralmente. No córtex do pecíolo e da nervura mediana observa-se aerênquima. As características anatômicas seguem o padrão descrito para as Rubiaceae, e algumas delas são interpretadas como adaptações a ambientes úmidos e sombreados no qual a espécie ocorre.

Antecipação do período de diagnose foliar em laranjeira 'Pêra' no Amazonas

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Jairo Rafael Machado Dias

2013-07-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de se antecipar o período de realização da diagnose foliar em laranjeira 'Pêra'. Vinte e sete pomares representativos da região produtora de laranja do Estado do Amazonas foram monitorados durante o ano agrícola de 2011/2012. Foram realizadas diagnoses da composição nutricional (CND em amostras foliares retiradas durante a floração e quando a árvore apresentava frutos com três e seis meses de idade (época tradicional para o monitoramento nutricional. Pomares com produtividade superior a 25 Mg ha‑1 foram selecionados para o estabelecimento dos padrões de referência. O estado nutricional da laranja variou com o estádio fenológico no qual se realizou a amostragem foliar, o que fez com que fosse necessário estabelecer normas CND para cada período. Com a antecipação da diagnose para o período de floração, observou-se aumento nas concentrações foliares de N, P, K e Cu diminuição e nas de Ca. A antecipação da diagnose foliar em laranja 'Pêra' depende da geração de padrões nutricionais CND específicos para cada época de amostragem.

Estimación del rendimiento de orellana mediante modelos Gamlss

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Freddy Hernández Barajas

2017-01-01

Full Text Available En la literatura científica se pueden encontrar estudios sobre la influencia de variables ambientales en la producción de hongos comestibles, sin embargo, todos estos estudios han utilizado modelos estadísticos donde se asume que la variable producción se distribuye en forma normal, supuesto que no siempre se cumple. En este artículo usan los modelos GAMLSS para estudiar la influencia de las variables humedad, temperatura, tiempo de aireación, tipo de sustrato y cantidad de sustrato sobre la producción del hongo orellana. Los modelos GAMLSS permiten que el investigador asuma distribuciones estadísticas para la variable respuesta diferentes a la normal y que se puedan modelar todos los parámetros en función de las covariables. Al aplicar GAMLSS a los datos de orellana se encontró que sólo las variables temperatura, tiempo de aireación y tipo de sustrato tienen una influencia significativa en la producción de orellana. En particular, se encontró que a mayor temperatura y tiempo de aireación la producción de orellana aumenta, adicionalmente, se estimó que la producción de orellana se duplica si la siembra se dá en sustrato de higuerilla molido. Los resultados de este artículo sirven para cuantificar los efectos de las variables ambientales en la producción industrial de orellana y para determinar combinaciones óptimas de los factores que maximicen la producción.

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen addition on foliar stoichiometry of nitrogen and phosphorus of five tree species in subtropical model forest ecosystems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huang Wenjuan; Zhou Guoyi; Liu Juxiu; Zhang Deqiang; Xu Zhihong; Liu Shizhong

2012-01-01

The effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen (N) addition on foliar N and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry were investigated in five native tree species (four non-N 2 fixers and one N 2 fixer) in open-top chambers in southern China from 2005 to 2009. The high foliar N:P ratios induced by high foliar N and low foliar P indicate that plants may be more limited by P than by N. The changes in foliar N:P ratios were largely determined by P dynamics rather than N under both elevated CO 2 and N addition. Foliar N:P ratios in the non-N 2 fixers showed some negative responses to elevated CO 2 , while N addition reduced foliar N:P ratios in the N 2 fixer. The results suggest that N addition would facilitate the N 2 fixer rather than the non-N 2 fixers to regulate the stoichiometric balance under elevated CO 2 . - Highlights: ► Five native tree species in southern China were more limited by P than by N. ► Shifts in foliar N:P ratios were driven by P dynamic under the global change. ► N addition lowered foliar N:P ratios in the N 2 fixer under elevated CO 2 . - N addition could facilitate the N 2 fixer rather than the non-N 2 fixers to regulate foliar N and P stoichiometry under elevated CO 2 in subtropical forests.

Effect of Foliar Application of Phosphorus and Water Deficit on Yield and Yield Components of Winter Wheat (Cultivar Alvand

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M. Vafapour

2011-04-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effects of foliar application of phosphorus (P and water deficit on yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Alvand, a split-plot experiment, with completely randomized blocks design and three replications, was carried out at the Research Farm of Boyer Ahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, 13 km west of Yasouj, in 2008-2009. The main plots were irrigation at three levels (1- full irrigation (control, 2- deficit irrigation from the stem elongation to booting stage, and 3- deficit irrigation from booting stage to the end of growth period and the subplots were five levels of foliar application of P fertilizer (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 kg/ha KH2PO4. The results showed that the effects of different irrigation regimes and foliar application of P were significant on all traits, and their interaction was significant on plant height, number of grain per spike, grain yield and biological yield. Full irrigation and foliar application of 6 kg/ha P produced the highest grain and biological yield (6000 and 14170 kg/ha, respectively and deficit irrigation from the stem elongation to booting stage without foliar application of P produced the lowest grain and biological yield (2920 and 8219 kg/ha, respectively. Foliar application of P affects significantly the evaluated traits only in drought-stress treatments and its effect was not significant in full irrigation treatment. In general, foliar application of 9 kg/ha P compensated the losses in wheat due to drought stress.

Modelo para estimar a área foliar de Combretum leprosum Mart.

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Willame dos Santos Candido

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Combretum leprosum Mart. -Combretaceae es un arbusto utilizado en la medicina popular del noreste de Brasil como antiulceroso, antihemorrágica y antinociceptiva. En este estudio se desarrolló un modelo para el cálculo de área foliar de Combretum leprosum usando mediciones lineales de longitud (C y ancho máximo (L de la hoja. Se recolectaron 200 láminas de hojas de una población de C. leprosum nativo en un área de conservación de la Caatinga en el campus de la Universidad Federal Rural de la Semi árido en Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte. Las hojas se obtuvieron de árboles adultos y el área foliar se midió utilizando un integrador (LI-3100, LI-COR. El análisis de regresión se hizo con el programa SAEG. Para estimar el área foliar de C. leprosum se puede utilizar la ecuación lineal simple de regresión A = 0.7103 x (C x L, que es equivalente a tomar 71.03% de los productos de la longitud a lo largo de la nervadura central y el ancho máximo, con un coeficiente de determinación de 0.952617.

PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS DE PELÍCULAS HÍBRIDAS (ORGÁNICO-INORGÁNICO SOBRE ACERO INOXIDABLE 304 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Films (Organic-Inorganic on Stainless Steel 304

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Jorge H. Bautista-Ruiz

2011-12-01

Full Text Available This article shows the creation of ceramic films of the SiO2-TiO2 Organic Polymer hybrid system from Tetraethyl-Orthosilicate (Si (OC2H54 and Titanium Tetrabutoxide (Ti(OBu4 synthesized through the sol-gel method in several volumetric concentrations of precursors. This hybrid system was deposited on AISI 304 stainless steel substrates through the dip-coating technique. Feasibility for obtaining hybrid and homogeneous coatings on this type of substrate and evaluating the surface properties was studies. For such a purpose, the coating microhardness and adhesion were studies. Additionally, the film surface was characterized through the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy. The study concluded that characteristics of films change in function of the volumetric amount of precursors used for creating films.Este trabajo muestra la conformación de películas cerámicas del sistema híbrido SiO2-TiO2-Polímero Orgánico, a partir de tetraetil-ortosilicato (Si (OC2H54, y tetra-butoxido de titanio (Ti(OBu4 y sintetizado por el método sol-gel en diferentes concentraciones volumétricas de los precursores. Este sistema híbrido se depositó sobre sustratos de acero inoxidable AISI 304 mediante la técnica de inmersión (dip-coating. Se estudió la viabilidad de obtener recubrimientos híbridos homogéneos sobre este tipo de sustrato y evaluar las propiedades superficiales. Para tal efecto, se estudió microdureza y adhesión del recubrimiento. Adicionalmente, se caracterizó la superficie de las películas por microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB. Del estudio se concluye que las características de las películas cambian en función de la cantidad volumétrica de los precursores utilizados en la conformación de las mismas.

Leaf age affects the responses of foliar injury and gas exchange to tropospheric ozone in Prunus serotina seedlings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Jianwei; Schaub, Marcus; Ferdinand, Jonathan A.; Skelly, John M.; Steiner, Kim C.; Savage, James E.

2010-01-01

We investigated the effect of leaf age on the response of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g wv ), foliar injury, and leaf nitrogen concentration (N L ) to tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) on Prunus serotina seedlings grown in open-plots (AA) and open-top chambers, supplied with either carbon-filtered or non-filtered air. We found significant variation in A, g wv , foliar injury, and N L (P 3 treatments. Seedlings in AA showed the highest A and g wv due to relatively low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Older leaves showed significantly lower A, g wv , N L , and higher foliar injury (P wv , and foliar injury to O 3 . Both VPD and N L had a strong influence on leaf gas exchange. Foliar O 3 -induced injury appeared when cumulative O 3 uptake reached 8-12 mmol m -2 , depending on soil water availability. The mechanistic assessment of O 3 -induced injury is a valuable approach for a biologically relevant O 3 risk assessment for forest trees. - Ozone effects on symptom development and leaf gas exchange interacted with leaf age and N-content on black cherry seedlings.

Effects of ozone on the foliar histology of the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reig-Arminana, J.; Calatayud, V.; Cervero, J.; Garcia-Breijo, F.J.; Ibars, A.; Sanz, M.J.

2004-01-01

An open-top chamber study was conducted to investigate the tissue and cellular-level foliar effects of ozone (O 3 ) on a Mediterranean evergreen species, the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.). Plants were exposed at three different O 3 levels, and leaf samples were collected periodically from the beginning of the exposure. Although no visible foliar injury was evident, alterations of the plastids and vacuoles in the mesophyll were observed. Senescence processes were accelerated with an anomalous stacking of tannin vacuoles, and a reduction in the size and number of the chloroplasts. Overall, most of the modifications induced by O 3 were consistent with previously reported observations on deciduous broadleaf species, with the exception of alterations in the cells covering the secretory channels, reported here as a new finding. Comments on the feasibility of using microscopy to validate O 3 related field observations and subtle foliar injury are also given

Susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in California bay laurel, a key foliar host of sudden oak death

Science.gov (United States)

Brian L. Anacker; Nathan E. Rank; Daniel Hüberli; Matteo Garbelotto; Sarah Gordon; Rich Whitkus; Tami Harnik; Matthew Meshriy; Lori Miles; Ross K. Meentemeyer

2008-01-01

Sudden oak death, caused by the water mold Phytophthora ramorum, is a plant disease responsible for the death of hundreds of thousands of oak and tanoak trees. Some foliar hosts play a major role in the epidemiology of this disease. Upon infection by P. ramorum, these foliar hosts express non-fatal leaf lesions from which large...

[Foliar water use efficiency of Platycladus orientalis sapling under different soil water contents].

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yong E; Yu, Xin Xiao; Chen, Li Hua; Jia, Guo Dong; Zhao, Na; Li, Han Zhi; Chang, Xiao Min

2017-07-18

The determination of plant foliar water use efficiency will be of great value to improve our understanding about mechanism of plant water consumption and provide important basis of regional forest ecosystem management and maintenance, thus, laboratory controlled experiments were carried out to obtain Platycladus orientalis sapling foliar water use efficiency under five different soil water contents, including instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE gs ) derived from gas exchange and short-term water use efficiency (WUE cp ) caculated using carbon isotope model. The results showed that, controlled by stomatal conductance (g s ), foliar net photosynthesis rate (P n ) and transpiration rate (T r ) increased as soil water content increased, which both reached maximum va-lues at soil water content of 70%-80% field capacity (FC), while WUE gs reached a maximum of 7.26 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 at the lowest soil water content (35%-45% FC). Both δ 13 C of water-soluble leaf and twig phloem material achieved maximum values at the lowest soil water content (35%-45% FC). Besides, δ 13 C values of leaf water-soluble compounds were significantly greater than that of phloem exudates, indicating that there was depletion in 13 C in twig phloem compared with leaf water-soluble compounds and no obvious fractionation in the process of water-soluble material transportation from leaf to twig. Foliar WUE cp also reached a maximum of 7.26 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 at the lowest soil water content (35%-45% FC). There was some difference between foliar WUE gs and WUE cp under the same condition, and the average difference was 0.52 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 . The WUE gs had great space-time variability, by contrast, WUE cp was more representative. It was concluded that P. orientalis sapling adapted to drought condition by increasing water use efficiency and decreasing physiological activity.

PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURATION IN SEEDS OF SWEET SOGHUM FOR FOLIAR FERTILISATION WITH SILICATE

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BRUNO FRANÇA DA TRINDADE LESSA

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological quality in seeds of sweet sorghum grown under semi-arid conditions, and to determine the age of physiological maturity of the seeds as a function of the foliar application of potassium silicate. The experiment was carried out at the Curu Valley Experimental Farm, in Pentecoste in the state of Ceará, during the rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 varieties were used, under foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mL.ha -1, in addition to the control lots (with no application; harvesting was at four periods, 30, 37, 44 and 51 days after full bloom (DAB. The percentage and speed of germination were evaluated, together with the accelerated ageing test and seedling growth. The seeds presented greater than 90% germination from 37 DAB, reaching high seedling vigour at 51 DAB. Foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate under the conditions of the experiment resulted in an increase in the physiological quality of the seeds. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 cultivars displayed the highest physiological quality between 49 and 53 DAF.

Effects of Foliar Application of Nitrogen, Zinc and Manganese on Yield, Yield Components and Grain Quality of Chickpea in Two Growing Seasons

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B. Shirani

2015-09-01

Full Text Available To study the effects of foliar application of zinc, manganese and nitrogen on yield, yield components and grain quality of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L. two experiments, one in autumn and the other in spring were conducted at Research Farm, Shahrekord University in 2009-2010 growing season each as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were foliar application of zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate mixture, nitrogen and distilled water (as control. The results showed that planting season had a significant effect on plant height, 100-seed weight and seed yield. All measured traits, except plant height, increased in winter compared to spring growing season. This increase was more than 12% for grain yield. Foliar application of nutrients significantly affected seed yield and seed yield components. Foliar application of nitrogen, presumably, through significant increase in number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight, increased the grain yield by 6.2% compared to control. Foliar application × planting season interactions were significant for plant height and number of pods per plant. Foliar application of nitrogen caused a significant increase in grain yield and protein content. Foliar application of zinc sulphate significantly increased Zn content of grains however it did not affect seed yield. In conclusion, foliar application of nitrogen could be suggested for increasing protein and grain yield in chickpea under similar conditions to that of the present study.

Effect of some factors on foliar absorption and mobility of Fe59 in plant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mohamed, F.A.

1990-01-01

Three experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions using Fe 59 and seedlings of guava and orange to study the effect of PH value (3-8), Fe SO 4 concentrations in combination with three values of PH on foliar absorption and mobility of Fe. In addition, a comparative study to evaluate some compounds of iron for foliar spray was achieved. Foliar absorption of Fe 59 by guava leaves and its mobility were considerably influenced by PH value of spray solution. Maximum absorption and translocation were observed at PH 6. However, most of the absorbed iron 'about 90%' was retained in the treated leaves and the portion 'about 10%' acropetally and basipetally translocated. Upward transport of iron was more pronounced than downward one. Total iron in plant derived from applied FeSO 4 was greatly increased, whereas utilization percent of it was reduced by increasing the rate of Fe in spray solution. Generally, FeSO 4 had a good efficiency which ranged from about 25-43%. Specific absorption of iron by orange leaves was higher than that of guava leaves. From plant nutritional point of view, efficiency of FeSo 4 , Fe-metalosate and multi mineral-metalosate as different sources of Fe through foliar application remarkably varied and FeSO 4 was highly efficient one in comparison with metalosate compounds

Foliar fertilizations with boron and growth regulators on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv floresta culture

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Masunaga, S.I.; Chueire, F.B.; Teixeira, N.T.

1989-01-01

The experiment was realized to verify the possibility of applying Boron as foliar fertilization with growth regulators: indol acetic acid, giberellic acid, ethephon and cycocel. The other objective was to compare the foliar and soil fertilization, with Boron, on the lettuce culture. The results showed that there wasn't difference of production between the treatments. Meanwhile the application of growth regulator modified the Boron grade in the leaves. (author) [pt

Effects of soil and foliar applications of iron and zinc on flowering and essential oil of chamomile at greenhouse conditions

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Yousef NASIRI

2015-11-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effects of soil and foliar applications of iron (Fe and zinc (Zn on flowering, flower yield and essential oil production of German chamomile a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran in 2012. The experiment was arranged as completely randomized design with 12 treatments and three replications. Treatments were as follow: T1: control – without Fe or Zn fertilizers, T2: 30 mg FeSO4.7H2O kg-1 dry soil, T3: 22 mg ZnSO4.7H2O kg-1 dry soil, T4: 30 mg FeSO4.7H2O + 22 mg ZnSO4.7H2O kg-1 dry soil, T5: foliar spraying of FeSO4.7H2O (3.5 g L-1, T6: foliar spraying of FeSO4.7H2O (7.0 g L-1, T7: foliar spraying of ZnSO4.7H2O (2.5 g L-1, T8: foliar spraying of ZnSO4.7H2O (5.0 g L-1, T9: T5+T7, T10: T5+T8, T11: T6+T7, T12: T6+T8. The foliar spraying was done two times during the growing period. The results revealed that the flower number, flower yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were significantly increased by soil and foliar applications of Fe + Zn, compared with the control (untreated. The highest flower number (477 plant-1, flower yield (11.6 g pot-1, essential oil content (0.88 % and essential oil yield (119 mg pot-1 were recorded for the soil application of Fe + Zn (T4 by 58, 68, 21.4 and 105 % increment compared to the control, respectively. Foliar application of Fe + Zn (T12 was placed at the next rank; however this treatment had no significant difference with the soil application of Fe + Zn (T4. Other treatments did not show significant differences with the control. Generally, the results showed that soil or foliar application of Fe + Zn can be effective on increase or improve of quantity and quality of chamomile yield. Moreover, use of foliar application as a low cost method especially in areas with alkaline or calcareous soils can be recommended.

New substrate containing agroindustrial carnauba residue for production of papaya under foliar fertilization

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Francisca G. Albano

Full Text Available ABSTRACT The use of organic waste in the composition of substrates for seedlings constitutes an alternative to the recycling of these materials. Thus, an experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the production of ‘Formosa’ papaya seedlings in substrate containing carnauba wax residue, under foliar fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates, with treatments distributed in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five materials used as substrates, in the presence and absence of foliar fertilization. The materials used were: earthworm humus, carnauba residue + fresh rice husk; carnauba residue in powder; carnauba residue semi-decomposed and mixture of carnauba residues: carnauba residue + fresh rice husk + carnauba residue semi-decomposed + carnauba residue in powder, at the proportion 1:1:1. The agroindustrial residue of carnauba wax semi-decomposed can be used as substrates in the production of ‘Formosa’ papaya seedlings. The foliar fertilization increases the quality of papaya seedlings, leading to increment in leaf area, root volume and sulfur content in the leaves, thus becoming a necessary practice.

An Approach for Foliar Trait Retrieval from Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy of Tropical Forests

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Roberta E. Martin

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Spatial information on forest functional composition is needed to inform management and conservation efforts, yet this information is lacking, particularly in tropical regions. Canopy foliar traits underpin the functional biodiversity of forests, and have been shown to be remotely measurable using airborne 350–2510 nm imaging spectrometers. We used newly acquired imaging spectroscopy data constrained with concurrent light detection and ranging (LiDAR measurements from the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO, and field measurements, to test the performance of the Spectranomics approach for foliar trait retrieval. The method was previously developed in Neotropical forests, and was tested here in the humid tropical forests of Malaysian Borneo. Multiple foliar chemical traits, as well as leaf mass per area (LMA, were estimated with demonstrable precision and accuracy. The results were similar to those observed for Neotropical forests, suggesting a more general use of the Spectranomics approach for mapping canopy traits in tropical forests. Future mapping studies using this approach can advance scientific investigations and applications based on imaging spectroscopy.

Zinc complexed chitosan/TPP nanoparticles: A promising micronutrient nanocarrier suited for foliar application.

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Deshpande, Paresh; Dapkekar, Ashwin; Oak, Manoj D; Paknikar, Kishore M; Rajwade, Jyutika M

2017-06-01

Cultivation of cereals in zinc deficient soils leads to declined nutritional quality of grain. Zinc deficiency in humans is a consequence of consumption of micronutrient deficient cereals as staple food. To achieve an increase in zinc density in grain, we evaluated zinc complexed chitosan nanoparticles (Zn-CNP) as a potential 'nanocarrier' suited for foliar fertilization. Zn-CNP were synthesized using tri-polyphosphate as a cross-linker. Spherical Zn-CNP (diameter 250-300nm) were positively charged (zeta potential, +42.34mV) and contained ∼20mg Zn/g (w/w). Plant growth in zinc deficient sand media, followed by foliar application of Zn-CNP (twice-a-week, for 5 weeks) after anthesis resulted in 27 and 42% increase in grain zinc content of MACS 3125 and UC1114 (durum wheat cultivars) respectively. Translocation of zinc ions from foliar applied Zn-CNP into the leaf and seed tissue was demonstrated using zinquin and dithizone stains, respectively. The study indicates the suitability of chitosan-based nanocarriers in agronomic biofortification. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foliar flavonoids of nine species of Bauhinia

OpenAIRE

SALATINO, ANTONIO; BLATT, CECÍLIA T.T.; SANTOS, DÉBORAH Y.A.C. DOS; VAZ, ANGELA M.S.F.

1999-01-01

Foliar flavonoids of nine species of Bauhinia were isolated and identified. All the compounds correspond to glycosides derived from kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin and myricetin. Derivatives of the latter aglyconhe seem to be rare in Bauhinia. Derivatives of isorhamnetin are commonly found in species of subgenus Bauhinia and were not detected in the two species of subgenus Phanera. Flavonoid patterns of species of the former subgenus are in general more complex than those of the latter. ...

Foliar fungi of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

OpenAIRE

Millberg, Hanna

2015-01-01

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is an ecologically and economically important tree species in Fennoscandia. Scots pine needles host a variety of fungi, some with the potential to profoundly influence their host. These fungi can have beneficial or detrimental effects with important implications for both forest health and primary production. In this thesis, the foliar fungi of Scots pine needles were investigated with the aim of exploring spatial and temporal patterns, and development with needle...

PROPAGACIÓN POR ESTACAS JUVENILES DEL BALSO BLANCO (Heliocarpus americanus L. Sin. H. popayanensis UTILIZANDO PROPAGADORES DE SUBIRRIGACIÓN PROPAGATION OF WHITE BALSUM (Heliocarpus americanus L. Sin. H. popayanensis CUTTINGS USING NONMIST PROPAGATORS

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Carolina Vásquez Restrepo

2006-12-01

Full Text Available El mercado mundial de edulcorantes orgánicos es una oportunidad para la panela, producto básico de la canasta familiar que representa ingresos importantes para la población rural colombiana. El balso blanco (Heliocarpus americanus L. Sin. H. popayanensis Hook & Arn. es la especie más usada en procesos de clarificación de la panela en Antioquia y las zonas cañeras húmedas colombianas. Pero la extracción de la corteza de árboles obtenidos de la regeneración natural comienza a ser insostenible, por el daño causado a los individuos y la presión creciente a este recurso. La prohibición del uso de sustancias químicas en procesos de clarificación de panela ha aumentado la demanda de la corteza del balso blanco. En este trabajo se estimó el enraizamiento de estacas juveniles de balso blanco, por propagadores de subirrigación. Se realizaron dos experimentos, utilizando ácido anaftalenacético (ANA. En el primero se evaluó el efecto del transporte, cicatrizante y sustrato sobre el enraizamiento de las estacas de balso blanco. El mejor medio de transporte fue en cristales de hidrogel para mantener la humedad de las estacas, sin utilizar cicatrizante y sembrándolas en el sustrato tierra (55 % de enraizamiento. En el segundo se analizó la influencia de la intensidad lumínica y el área foliar en el porcentaje de enraizamiento de las estacas. El más alto enraizamiento se obtuvo con el tratamiento de doble sombra y un área foliar de 20 cm² (25 % de enraizamiento. Aunque los mejores resultados indican un relativo éxito en el uso de medios de enraizamiento, es una primera aproximación para propagar esta especie que necesita ser protegida.The world market of organic edulcorants is an opportunity for “panela”, a basic domestic consumption product that provides important income to rural population. White balsum (Heliocarpus americanus L. Sin. H. popayanensis Hook & Arn. is the most used species in the panela clarification processes in

Mapping Loci That Control Tuber and Foliar Symptoms Caused by PVY in Autotetraploid Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

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da Silva, Washington L; Ingram, Jason; Hackett, Christine A; Coombs, Joseph J; Douches, David; Bryan, Glenn J; De Jong, Walter; Gray, Stewart

2017-11-06

Potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD) is a tuber deformity associated with infection by the tuber necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVY NTN ). PTNRD negatively impacts tuber quality and marketability, and poses a serious threat to seed and commercial potato production worldwide. PVY NTN symptoms differ in the cultivars Waneta and Pike: Waneta expresses severe PTNRD and foliar mosaic with vein and leaf necrosis, whereas Pike does not express PTNRD and mosaic is the only foliar symptom. To map loci that influence tuber and foliar symptoms, 236 F 1 progeny of a cross between Waneta and Pike were inoculated with PVY NTN isolate NY090029 and genotyped using 12,808 potato SNPs. Foliar symptom type and severity were monitored for 10 wk, while tubers were evaluated for PTNRD expression at harvest and again after 60 d in storage. Pairwise correlation analyses indicate a strong association between PTNRD and vein necrosis (τ = 0.4195). QTL analyses revealed major-effect QTL on chromosomes 4 and 5 for mosaic, 4 for PTNRD, and 5 for foliar necrosis symptoms. Locating QTL associated with PVY-related symptoms provides a foundation for breeders to develop markers that can be used to eliminate potato clones with undesirable phenotypes, e.g. , those likely to develop PTNRD or to be symptomless carriers of PVY. Copyright © 2017 Silva et al.

Recubrimientos de quitosano/fosfato de calcio obtenidos por electrodeposición sobre una aleación de titanio

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Darío Yesid Peña Ballesteros

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Los recubrimientos de fosfato de calcio en Ti6AL4V como implantes ortopédicos son conocidos por acelerar el crecimiento óseo y mejorar la fijación del hueso. La deposición electrolítica de estos compuestos bioactivos ha presentado mayores ventajas que los recubrimientos obtenidos por métodos convencionales. Este método electrolítico ha facilitado la posibilidad de adicionar quitosano a la solución de iones calcio y fosfato y fijar este compuesto, funcional y estructuralmente. De esta forma se han obtenido, compuestos de fosfatos de calcio-quitosano sobre un substrato de Ti6Al4V ELI por electrodeposición catódica, los cuales se han caracterizado morfológica y químicamente, mediante SEM-EDX, DRX y FTIR, para determinar la estructura y asociaciones químicas entre los fosfatos de calcio y el quitosano. Además, se evaluó por EIE, la incidencia de la densidad de corriente, el tiempo de electrodeposición y la concentración de quitosano en solución sobre la resistencia a la polarización de los sustratos recubiertos. Se emplearon circuitos equivalentes para modelar el comportamiento fisicoquímico de los recubrimientos desde un punto de vista electroquímico.

Foliar nitrogen application in Cabernet Sauvignon vines: Effects on wine flavonoid and amino acid content.

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Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón; Garde-Cerdán, Teresa; Portu, Javier; Moreno-Simunovic, Yerko; Martínez-Gil, Ana M

2017-06-01

Wine quality greatly depends on its chemical composition. Among the most important wine chemical compounds, flavonoids are the major contributors to wine organoleptic properties while amino acids have a huge impact on fermentation development and wine volatile profile. Likewise, nitrogen applications are known to have an impact on wine composition. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the effects of foliar nitrogen applications on wine flavonoid and amino acid composition. The experiment involved five foliar nitrogen applications at veraison time: urea (Ur), urea plus sulphur (Ur+S), arginine (Arg), and two commercial fertilizers Nutrimyr Thiols (NT) and Basfoliar Algae (BA). The results showed that nitrogen foliar treatments decreased wine flavonoid content although the effect varied according to each treatment. This could be related to a low vine nitrogen requirement, since must yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) was above acceptable threshold values for all samples. With regard to wine amino acid content, all treatments except for Ur increased its values after the applications. Finally, foliar nitrogen treatments greatly influenced wine composition. Among them, urea seemed to exert the most negative effect on both phenolics and amino acids. In addition, an inverse relationship between wine amino acid content and flavonol concentration was exhibited. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of ozone on the foliar histology of the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reig-Arminana, J.; Calatayud, V.; Cervero, J.; Garcia-Breijo, F.J.; Ibars, A.; Sanz, M.J

2004-11-01

An open-top chamber study was conducted to investigate the tissue and cellular-level foliar effects of ozone (O{sub 3}) on a Mediterranean evergreen species, the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.). Plants were exposed at three different O{sub 3} levels, and leaf samples were collected periodically from the beginning of the exposure. Although no visible foliar injury was evident, alterations of the plastids and vacuoles in the mesophyll were observed. Senescence processes were accelerated with an anomalous stacking of tannin vacuoles, and a reduction in the size and number of the chloroplasts. Overall, most of the modifications induced by O{sub 3} were consistent with previously reported observations on deciduous broadleaf species, with the exception of alterations in the cells covering the secretory channels, reported here as a new finding. Comments on the feasibility of using microscopy to validate O{sub 3} related field observations and subtle foliar injury are also given.

Respuesta de Melinis minutiflora a la inoculación con hongos micorrícico arbusculares en un Inceptisol de Colombia Response of Melinis minutiflora to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in an Inceptisol of Colombia

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Lyda Minelly Zárate Quiroga

2009-10-01

Full Text Available En un invernadero del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali (Colombia se evaluó la aplicación de cinco inóculos de hongos micorrícico arbusculares, HMA: Kuklospora colombiana, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus manihotis y la mezcla de estos con y sin esterilización, en sustrato sin desinfectar (SD y desinfectado (D sobre variables de rendimiento (biomasa aérea y radical, longitud radical, colonización por HMA y concentración foliar de nutrientes en la gramínea Melinis minutiflora Beauv., con el objetivo de seleccionar los inóculos más eficientes. Se utilizaron como unidades experimentales materos de 13.5 x 16.0 x 14.0 cm. El sustrato empleado fue suelo procedente de un Inceptisol con baja disponibilidad de nutrientes, tamizado y mezclado con arena. Los inóculos de Gi. margarita y Gl. manihotis presentaron los mejores resultados en la acumulación de biomasa aérea y radical, longitud radical, porcentaje de colonización micorrícica y concentración de elementos. Kuklospora colombiana presentó efectos inhibitorios sobre las variables evaluadas. La condición del sustrato SD favoreció la acumulación de biomasa aérea y radical y la concentración de fósforo (P en la biomasa aérea, además, estimuló la longitud radical de M. minutiflora. La concentración de N, K, Ca y Mg en la biomasa aérea fue mayor en el sustrato D. Los resultados muestran que Mellinis minutiflora con inoculación HMA es promisoria para la recuperación de suelos degradados.The effect of five inocula of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF on the grass Melinis minutiflora Beauv. was investigated under greenhouse conditions at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT, Cali, Colombia, with the aim of selecting the most efficient AMF inocula. Non-disinfected (ND and disinfected (D substrates were studied. Inocula were: Kuklospora colombiana, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus manihotis and a mixture of those three species of AMF with and

Índice de área foliar, spad e massa de matéria seca do feijoeiro comum em função dos bioestimulantes, NPK e micronutrientes em Vitória da Conquista – BA

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Danilo Nogueira dos Anjos

2017-04-01

Full Text Available A cultura do feijão apresenta grande importância econômica e social no Brasil e estudos sobre a função dos bioestimulantes associados a diferentes adubações nessa cultura ainda são incipientes. Desse modo, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência do uso de bioestimulantes e suas interações com as adubações de NPK e micronutrientes no índice SPAD, índice de área foliar e a massa de matéria seca do feijoeiro da cultivar de feijão Pérola no município de Vitória da Conquista - BA. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia e teve o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados arranjados em três fatores 2x2x4 sendo dois níveis de NPK (ausência e presença, dois níveis de micronutrientes (ausência e presença e os bioestimulantes (ausência, Stimulate, Booster e Biozyme TF. Houve reposta significativa entre a interação dos bioestimulantes e NPK para o índice de área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea, com destaque para os bioestimulantes Booster e Biozyme TF que na ausência do NPK aumentaram o índice de área foliar. O NPK incrementou a massa seca da haste e o índice SPAD do feijoeiro.

Corn silage from corn treated with foliar fungicide and performance of Holstein cows.

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Haerr, K J; Lopes, N M; Pereira, M N; Fellows, G M; Cardoso, F C

2015-12-01

Foliar fungicide application to corn plants is used in corn aimed for corn silage in the dairy industry, but questions regarding frequency of application and its effect on corn silage quality and feed conversion when fed to dairy cows remain prevalent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various foliar fungicide applications to corn on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk composition when fed to dairy cows. Sixty-four Holstein cows with parity 2.5±1.5, 653±80kg of body weight, and 161±51d in milk were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn silage treatments (total mixed ration with 35% of the dry matter as corn silage). Treatments were as follows: control (CON), corn silage with no applications of foliar fungicide; treatment 1 (1X), corn silage from corn that received 1 application of pyraclostrobin (PYR) foliar fungicide (Headline; BASF Corp.) at corn vegetative stage 5; treatment 2 (2X), corn silage from corn that received the same application as 1X plus another application of a mixture of PYR and metconazole (Headline AMP; BASF Corp.) at corn reproductive stage 1 ("silking"); and treatment 3 (3X), corn silage from corn that received the same applications as 2X as well as a third application of PYR and metconazole at reproductive stage 3 ("milky kernel"). Corn was harvested at about 32% dry matter and 3/4 milk line stage of kernel development and ensiled for 200d. Treatments were fed to cows for 5wk, with the last week being used for statistical inferences. Week -1 was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Dry matter intake tended to be lower for cows fed corn silage treated with fungicide than CON (23.8, 23.0, 19.5, and 21.3kg for CON, 1X, 2X, and 3X, respectively). A linear treatment effect for DMI was observed, with DMI decreasing as foliar fungicide applications increased. Treatments CON, 1X, 2X, and 3X did not differ for milk yield (34.5, 34.5, 34.2, and 34.4kg/d, respectively); however, a trend for

European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, L.) green attack affects foliar reflectance and biochemical properties

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Abdullah, Haidi; Darvishzadeh, Roshanak; Skidmore, Andrew K.; Groen, Thomas A.; Heurich, Marco

2018-02-01

The European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, L. (hereafter bark beetle), causes major economic loss to the forest industry in Europe, especially in Norway Spruce (Picea abies). To minimise economic loss and preclude a mass outbreak, early detection of bark beetle infestation (so-called ;green attack; stage - a period at which trees are yet to show visual signs of infestation stress) is, therefore, a crucial step in the management of Norway spruce stands. It is expected that a bark beetle infestation at the green attack stage affects a tree's physiological and chemical status. However, the concurrent effect on key foliar biochemical such as foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll as well as spectral responses are not well documented in the literature. Therefore, in this study, the early detection of bark beetle green attacks is investigated by examining foliar biochemical and spectral properties (400-2000 nm). We also assessed whether bark beetle infestation affects the estimation accuracy of foliar biochemicals. An extensive field survey was conducted in the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP), Germany, in the early summer of 2015 to collect leaf samples from 120 healthy and green attacked trees. The spectra of the leaf samples were measured using an ASD FieldSpec3 equipped with an integrating sphere. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between healthy and infested needle samples were found in the mean reflectance spectra, with the most pronounced differences being observed in the NIR and SWIR regions between 730 and 1370 nm. Furthermore, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the biochemical compositions (chlorophyll and nitrogen concentration) of healthy versus green attacked samples. Our results further demonstrate that the estimation accuracy of foliar chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations, utilising partial least square regression model, was lower for the infested compared to the healthy trees. We show that early stage of infestation reduces not only

[Effects of different soil types on the foliar δ13C values of common local plant species in karst rocky desertification area in central Guizhou Province].

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Du, Xue-lian; Wang, Shi-jie; Luo, Xu-qiang

2014-09-01

By measuring the foliar δ13C values of common local plant species grown in different soil types in Wangjiazhai catchments, a typical karst desertification area in Qingzhen City, Central Guizhou, we studied the impact of soil type and rocky desertification grade on the foliar δ13C values. The results showed that the foliar δ13C values were more negative in yellow soil area than those in black calcareous area and there was no obvious difference in foliar δ13C values between these two soil types. The distribution interval of foliar δ13C values in yellow soil area was narrower than those in black calcareous area and the variation coefficient of foliar δ13C values in yellow soil area were smaller than those in black calcareous area. With increasing degree of karst rocky desertification, the foliar δ13C values of plant community in black calcareous area increased, whereas those in yellow soil area first increased and then decreased. The result of multiple comparison showed that the difference in foliar δ13C values of plant community among rocky desertification grade was not obvious in yellow soil area, but it was obvious in black calcareous area. Correlation analysis between the foliar δ13C values of plant species and the main environmental factors indicated that slope and soil thickness were the main factors which affected the foliar δ13C values of plants in yellow soil area and soil water contant was the main factor in black calcareous area. The impact of soil on the foliar δ13C values was realized by adjusting the soil moisture in study area.

Changes in radiocesium contamination from Fukushima in foliar parts of 10 common tree species in Japan between 2011 and 2013.

Science.gov (United States)

Yoshihara, Toshihiro; Matsumura, Hideyuki; Tsuzaki, Masaharu; Wakamatsu, Takashi; Kobayashi, Takuya; Hashida, Shin-Nosuke; Nagaoka, Toru; Goto, Fumiyuki

2014-12-01

Yearly changes in radiocesium ((137)Cs) contamination, primarily due to the Fukushima accident of March 2011, were observed in the foliar parts of 10 common woody species in Japan (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Cedrus deodara, Pinus densiflora, Cryptomeria japonica, Phyllostachys pubescens, Cinnamomum camphora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Prunus × yedoensis, Acer buergerianum, and Aesculus hippocastanum). The samples were obtained from Abiko (approximately 200 km SSW of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant) during each growing season between 2011 and 2013, and the foliar parts were examined based on their year of expansion and location in each trees. The radiocesium concentrations generally decreased with time; however, the concentrations and rates of decrease varied among species, age of foliar parts, and locations. The radiocesium concentrations in the 2012 current-year foliar parts were 29%-220% of those from 2011, while those from 2013 fell to between 14% and 42% of the 2011 values. The net decontamination in the foliage was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species. The radiocesium concentrations in the upper foliar parts were higher than those in the lower parts particularly in C. japonica. In addition, the radiocesium concentrations were higher in the current-year foliar parts than in the 1-year-old foliar parts, particularly in 2013. Thus, the influence of the direct deposition of the fallout was reduced with time, and the translocation ability of radiocesium from old to new tissues became more influential. Similar to the behavior of potassium in trees, Cs redistribution probably occurred primarily due to internal nutrient translocation mechanisms. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Relação entre a temperatura e o molhamento foliar no monocíclo da Sigatoka-negra

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Cleilson do Nascimento Uchôa

2012-06-01

Full Text Available A influência da temperatura (21, 24, 27 e 30 °C e da duração do tempo de molhamento foliar (0, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas na penetração do agente causal da Sigatoka-negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis foi quantificada em ambiente controlado. A área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença (AACPD e a incidência foram influenciadas pela temperatura e pela duração do tempo de molhamento foliar. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas (P=0,05 nos valores da AACPD para as diferentes temperaturas, bem como verificada a interação significativa (P=0,05 entre temperaturas e o molhamento foliar. Em todas as temperaturas foi possível a observação de sintomas, entretanto, a maior AACPD foi observada em folhas inoculadas que permaneceram na temperatura de 24 e 27°C, a partir de 48 horas de molhamento foliar. Nas temperaturas de 21ºC e 30°C a incidência de Sigatoka-negra foi menor. O período de molhamento foliar mínimo para o progresso da doença foi de 24 horas. Não foram observados sintomas de Sigatoka-negra em folhas inoculados com o molhamento foliar de 0 hora e 12 horas em todas as temperaturas. As folhas assintomáticas, após 5 dias em câmara úmida apresentavam sintomas característicos de Sigatoka-negra, demonstrando que os conídios inoculados nas folhas permaneceram viáveis por um período na ausência de água livre na folha.

EFECTO DE LA INOCULACIÓN CON HONGOS FORMADORES DE MICORRIZAS ARBUSCULARES SOBRE PLÁNTULAS DE CAUCHO

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Tiffany Sosa Rodriguez

2009-09-01

Full Text Available Hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HFMA obtenidos a partir de suelos caucheros se multiplicaron en plantas de Lolium sp., con 73% de colonización radical luego de 4 meses. Se obtuvieron 7 morfotipos de HFMA, con los cuales se inocularon dos grupos de plántulas de Hevea brasiliensis: 1 producidas in vivo a partir de semilla; 2 producidas in vitro por rescate de embrión, para determinar efectos sobre mortalidad, crecimiento, micorrización y contenido de fósforo foliar. Los niveles de colonización por HFMA para las plántulas obtenidas in vitro e in vivo fueron de 12,6% y de 44,7 %, respectivamente. La biomasa media total acumulada por las plántulas producidas in vitro fue de 0,41 y de 1,40 g por las procedentes del material in vivo, en comparación con los controles no inoculados, los cuales acumularon 0,37 y 0,40 g, respectivamente. El tratamiento con HFMA disminuyó la mortalidad en las plántulas obtenidas in vitro, aunque no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el contenido de fósforo foliar. La respuesta del crecimiento de las plántulas inoculadas fue diferente dependiendo del origen del material vegetal y del tipo de inóculo (nativo o no nativo. La simbiosis entre HFMA y H. brasiliensis se desarrolló en condiciones controladas de crecimiento, aunque su avance dependió del estado de desarrollo de la plántula. No obstante, influyó en el crecimiento y en la disminución de la mortalidad de las plántulas, lo que abre la posibilidad de utilizarla como alternativa de inoculación en las fases tempranas de obtención del material vegetal.

Foliar nutrition in apple production | Murtic | African Journal of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of research papers dealing with the effect of foliar feeding on development parameters in apple trees in an attempt to obtain a more thorough insight into the advantages and disadvantages of this fertilization type and facilitate the potential use of this practice ...

Ecoanatomía foliar de arbustos y árboles del distrito chaqueño oriental de la Argentina

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Ana Arambarri

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar caracteres anatómicos foliares que contribuyan a una mejor comprensión de la relación planta-ambiente y al desarrollo de tecnologías para el aprovechamiento sustentable y conservación de los bosques de esta región. Para ello se aplicaron técnicas histológicas convencionales sobre hojas de ejemplares de 36 especies recolectadas en la región chaqueña húmeda. Se determinaron densidades por mm-2 de células epidérmicas, estomas y tricomas, tipos de mesofilo, tipo y distribución de los tejidos vascular y de sostén. La mayoría de los árboles de la región en estudio presentan hojas hipostomáticas con mesofilo dorsiventral, elevada densidad de células epidérmicas (4000-7000/mm-2, una densidad intermedia de estomas (300-500/mm-2 y baja densidad de tricomas (< 35/mm-2. La comparación con los caracteres anatómicos foliares de los arbustos y árboles de las Provincias Biogeográficas Paranaense, de las Yungas y Chaqueña permite concluir que los rasgos más variables son la distribución de estomas y tipo de mesofilo. Las hojas xeromórficas son anfistomáticas, equifaciales y las mesomórficas son hipostomáticas, bifaciales. En el Distrito Chaqueño Oriental las hojas son predominantemente meso-xeromórficas, ya que a sus rasgos mesomórficos se suman otros xeromórficos como elevada densidad de células epidérmicas y abundante tejido esclerenquimático.

Absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris vittata L.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bondada, Bhaskar R.; Tu, Shuxin; Ma, Lena Q

2004-10-01

The fact that heavy metals can enter various domains of the plant system through foliar pathways spurred us to explore if the fronds of the Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), a hyperaccumulator of arsenic, a carcinogenic metalloid, was proficient in absorbing arsenic in the form of sprays. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the impact of frond age, form of arsenic, and time of application on the absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the brake fern; also examined were the effects of foliar sprays on surface ultrastructure and arsenic speciation in the frond following absorption. Foliar sprays of different arsenic concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) were applied to young and fertile fronds. A positive linear relationship existed between arsenic concentration and absorption; the arsenic concentration of fronds increased from 50 to 200 ppm. Time-course analysis with excised pinnae indicated an initial linear increase followed by a plateau at 48 h. The young fronds with immature sori absorbed more arsenic (3100 ppm) than the fertile mature fronds (890 ppm). In the frond, the arsenic absorption was greatest in the lamina of the pinnae followed by the sori and the rachis. Applying arsenic during night (20:00-22:00 h) or afternoon (12:00-14:00 h) resulted in greater absorption of arsenic than the application in the morning (08:00-10:00 h). The arsenic absorption was greater through abaxial surfaces than through adaxial surfaces. The brake fern absorbed more arsenic when it was applied in the form of arsenite. Regardless of the form of arsenic and the surface it was applied to, arsenic occurred as arsenite, the reduced and the most toxic form of arsenic, after having been absorbed by the fronds. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no surface morphological alterations following all arsenic sprays. The study unequivocally illustrated that the Chinese brake fern absorbed foliar-applied arsenic with great efficiency. Consequently, the

Absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris vittata L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bondada, Bhaskar R.; Tu, Shuxin; Ma, Lena Q.

2004-01-01

The fact that heavy metals can enter various domains of the plant system through foliar pathways spurred us to explore if the fronds of the Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), a hyperaccumulator of arsenic, a carcinogenic metalloid, was proficient in absorbing arsenic in the form of sprays. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the impact of frond age, form of arsenic, and time of application on the absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the brake fern; also examined were the effects of foliar sprays on surface ultrastructure and arsenic speciation in the frond following absorption. Foliar sprays of different arsenic concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) were applied to young and fertile fronds. A positive linear relationship existed between arsenic concentration and absorption; the arsenic concentration of fronds increased from 50 to 200 ppm. Time-course analysis with excised pinnae indicated an initial linear increase followed by a plateau at 48 h. The young fronds with immature sori absorbed more arsenic (3100 ppm) than the fertile mature fronds (890 ppm). In the frond, the arsenic absorption was greatest in the lamina of the pinnae followed by the sori and the rachis. Applying arsenic during night (20:00-22:00 h) or afternoon (12:00-14:00 h) resulted in greater absorption of arsenic than the application in the morning (08:00-10:00 h). The arsenic absorption was greater through abaxial surfaces than through adaxial surfaces. The brake fern absorbed more arsenic when it was applied in the form of arsenite. Regardless of the form of arsenic and the surface it was applied to, arsenic occurred as arsenite, the reduced and the most toxic form of arsenic, after having been absorbed by the fronds. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no surface morphological alterations following all arsenic sprays. The study unequivocally illustrated that the Chinese brake fern absorbed foliar-applied arsenic with great efficiency. Consequently, the

Leaf age affects the responses of foliar injury and gas exchange to tropospheric ozone in Prunus serotina seedlings

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhang Jianwei, E-mail: jianweizhang@fs.fed.u [Environmental Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Schaub, Marcus; Ferdinand, Jonathan A. [Environmental Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Skelly, John M. [Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Steiner, Kim C. [School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Savage, James E. [Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States)

2010-08-15

We investigated the effect of leaf age on the response of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g{sub wv}), foliar injury, and leaf nitrogen concentration (N{sub L}) to tropospheric ozone (O{sub 3}) on Prunus serotina seedlings grown in open-plots (AA) and open-top chambers, supplied with either carbon-filtered or non-filtered air. We found significant variation in A, g{sub wv}, foliar injury, and N{sub L} (P < 0.05) among O{sub 3} treatments. Seedlings in AA showed the highest A and g{sub wv} due to relatively low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Older leaves showed significantly lower A, g{sub wv}, N{sub L}, and higher foliar injury (P < 0.001) than younger leaves. Leaf age affected the response of A, g{sub wv}, and foliar injury to O{sub 3}. Both VPD and N{sub L} had a strong influence on leaf gas exchange. Foliar O{sub 3}-induced injury appeared when cumulative O{sub 3} uptake reached 8-12 mmol m{sup -2}, depending on soil water availability. The mechanistic assessment of O{sub 3}-induced injury is a valuable approach for a biologically relevant O{sub 3} risk assessment for forest trees. - Ozone effects on symptom development and leaf gas exchange interacted with leaf age and N-content on black cherry seedlings.

Effect of Maize Hybrid and Foliar Fungicides on Yield Under Low Foliar Disease Severity Conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Mallowa, Sally O; Esker, Paul D; Paul, Pierce A; Bradley, Carl A; Chapara, Venkata R; Conley, Shawn P; Robertson, Alison E

2015-08-01

Foliar fungicide use in the U.S. Corn Belt increased in the last decade; however, questions persist pertaining to its value and sustainability. Multistate field trials were established from 2010 to 2012 in Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, and Wisconsin to examine how hybrid and foliar fungicide influenced disease intensity and yield. The experimental design was in a split-split plot with main plots consisting of hybrids varying in resistance to gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis) and northern corn leaf blight (caused by Setosphaera turcica), subplots corresponding to four application timings of the fungicide pyraclostrobin, and sub-subplots represented by inoculations with either C. zeae-maydis, S. turcica, or both at two vegetative growth stages. Fungicide application (VT/R1) significantly reduced total disease severity relative to the control in five of eight site-years (P<0.05). Disease was reduced by approximately 30% at Wisconsin in 2011, 20% at Illinois in 2010, 29% at Iowa in 2010, and 32 and 30% at Ohio in 2010 and 2012, respectively. These disease severities ranged from 0.2 to 0.3% in Wisconsin in 2011 to 16.7 to 22.1% in Illinois in 2010. The untreated control had significantly lower yield (P<0.05) than the fungicide-treated in three site-years. Fungicide application increased the yield by approximately 6% at Ohio in 2010, 5% at Wisconsin in 2010 and 6% in 2011. Yield differences ranged from 8,403 to 8,890 kg/ha in Wisconsin 2011 to 11,362 to 11,919 kg/ha in Wisconsin 2010. Results suggest susceptibility to disease and prevailing environment are important drivers of observed differences. Yield increases as a result of the physiological benefits of plant health benefits under low disease were not consistent.

Ácidos Húmicos: sustrato natural empleado como tratamiento alternativo en la inhibición de la bacteria Helicobacter Pylori, aporte desde la docencia para una mejora en la calidad de vida

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Tatiana Sarmiento Monsalve

2009-10-01

Full Text Available A través de la historia, las enfermedades han sido tratadas por compuestos naturales, dentro de los que están los Ácidos Húmicos (AH, biopolímeros que se encuentran en plantas, aguas estancadas y carbones de bajo rango. Estos sustratos poseen grupos funcionales que les atribuyen propiedades terapéuticas para el hombre.

Estimativa de área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada' conduzida em sistema de latada, região norte fluminense

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Miquéias Permanhani

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de estabelecer um modelo matemático para estimar de forma precisa a área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada' na região de Cardoso Moreira-RJ, realizou-se este trabalho em vinhedo particular do sítio pioneiro, implantado no ano de 2002, em sistema de latada. Foram coletadas aleatoriamente, no ciclo de produção iniciado em 2011, 70 folhas de diversos tamanhos, completamente expandidas e sem danos aparentes para determinar a relação entre a área foliar (AF e a área do círculo (AC, considerando seu diâmetro igual à largura da folha. Por meio da análise de regressão, obteve-se a equação linear (AFes = 0,82*AC + 16,12 que, juntamente com mais outras duas, foram utilizadas para comparar a área foliar estimada com a área foliar medida em 30 folhas do ciclo de produção posterior (Março de 2012. Constatou-se que as equações apresentadas permitem estimar de forma precisa a área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada/IAC 572' conduzida em sistema de latada, na região de Cardoso Moreira-RJ, com apenas uma dimensão foliar: a largura da folha, sendo que o modelo de regressão obtido (AFes = 0,82*AC + 16,12 foi o que menos subestimou a área da folha comparada (coeficiente angular = 0,99, seguido pelo modelo indicado por Pedro Jr. et al. (1986.

Variation in foliar water content and hyperspectral reflectance of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Sirex noctilio, the Eurasian wood wasp, is one of the major pests responsible for declining forest health in pine forests located in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Researchers have shown that stress induced by S. noctilio causes a rapid decrease in foliar water content, with the foliage of the tree changing from a dark green to a ...

SE-ENRICHMENT OF CARROT AND ONION VIA FOLIAR APPLICATION

OpenAIRE

Kapolna, Emese; Laursen, Kristian H.; Hillestrøm, Peter; Husted, Søren; Larsen, Erik H.

2008-01-01

The aim of this work was to study the selenium accumulation in carrot and onion plants using foliar application by sodium selenite and sodium selenate. Furthermore, we aimed at identifying the Se species biosynthesised by onion and carrot plants. The results were used to prepare for production of 77Se enriched plants for an ongoing human absorption study.

The Effects Foliar Application of Methanol at Different Growth Stages on Kernel Related Traits in Chickpea var. ILC 482

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N. Naeimi,

2013-12-01

Full Text Available This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol on certain kernel related traits at different growth stages of pea var. ILC482 at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2011. The study was conducted in split plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were three levels methanol foliar application at different growth stages (vegetative, reproductive and foliar application at both two stages which considered as main factor, six levels of foliar application of methanol concentrations: (0 [control], 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30% as sub factor. Results showed that the interactions of methanol applications growth stages and its concentrations on grain number per plant, 100 kernel weight, grain yield, grain filing rate and harvest index were significantly different. Foliar application of methanol at reproductive stage decrease kernel related traits, but this application at both growth stages had positive effect on grain production and kernel related traits. This positive effect on number and 100 kernel weight were significant. The highest grain yield (2460 kg/ha was obtained by 20% concentration of methanol at both growth stages that increased grain yield above 13.5% compared to the control condition.

Purple Phototrophic Bacterium Enhances Stevioside Yield by Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni via Foliar Spray and Rhizosphere Irrigation

Science.gov (United States)

Wu, Jing; Wang, Yiming; Lin, Xiangui

2013-01-01

This study was conducted to compare the effects of foliar spray and rhizosphere irrigation with purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) on growth and stevioside (ST) yield of Stevia. rebaudiana. The S. rebaudiana plants were treated by foliar spray, rhizosphere irrigation, and spray plus irrigation with PPB for 10 days, respectively. All treatments enhanced growth of S. rebaudiana, and the foliar method was more efficient than irrigation. Spraying combined with irrigation increased the ST yield plant -1 by 69.2% as compared to the control. The soil dehydrogenase activity, S. rebaudiana shoot biomass, chlorophyll content in new leaves, and soluble sugar in old leaves were affected significantly by S+I treatment, too. The PPB probably works in the rhizosphere by activating the metabolic activity of soil bacteria, and on leaves by excreting phytohormones or enhancing the activity of phyllosphere microorganisms. PMID:23825677

Effect of Nitrogen Foliar Application on Canola Yield (Brassica napus L. and Nitrogen Efficiency across Different Sowing Dates

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S Doori

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Introduction Between oil seeds, from the quality, quantity and nutrition index point of view, canola has the top level . Because of the solubility of N fertilizers, the time of urea application, is very important and one of the main reasons of the reduction in N application efficiency is utilization of urea in an inappropriate time. By precisely foliar application of nitrogen, the efficiency of nitrogen transformation to the grain will be very high because in this method the leaf is considered the main organ of nitrogen uptake and a low amount of absorbed nitrogen was transferred to the root and entered the soil. The more division of N application in growth stages and in accordance with plant need and foliar application result in increasing nitrogen use efficiency. The delay in sowing will result in the reduction of yield and this is due to low LAI, and thus low radiation absorb in vegetable phase and shorter reproductive phase with high temperature in flowering and subsequent stages that result in low prolific silique and make disorder in transferring stored material to grain. In this experiment using N foliar application to decrease the adverse effect of delay in sowing is objective. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan. Experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this experiment sowing date]optimum sowing (27 November, 17 December and late sowing (30 December [were assigned to main plots and several time of N-foliar application with 5 percent density from urea (20 liter per ha, ]TO (control, T1 (foliar N application in rosette stage, T2 (foliar N application in budding stage, T3 (foliar N application in flowering stage[ were placed in sub-plots in randomized way. Fertilizing was based on the results of soil examination. Therefore, 162 kg ha-1 of pure nitrogen (from resource urea in the way

EFECTOS DEL ENRIQUECIMIENTO CON SELENIO EN SPAD, CALIDAD DE LA FRUTA Y PARÁMETROS DE CRECIMIENTO DE PLANTAS DE FRESA EN UN SISTEMA DE CULTIVO SIN SUELO

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PEDRO PALENCIA

2016-02-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN El selenio (Se es un elemento traza esencial no solo para animales, plantas y microorganismos, sino también para la salud de las personas. Por ello, parece que aumentar las cantidades de selenio en plantas puede tener implicaciones positivas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar en un sistema de cultivo sin suelo con fibra de coco el efecto del selenito (Se IV y selenato (Se VI en el peso, calidad de las frutas de fresa, así como en variables de crecimiento y contenido de clorofilas de las hojas jóvenes y adultas de la planta de fresa de la variedad ‘Splendor’. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 Se(IVF (foliar, T2 Se(IVS (sustrato, T3 Se(VIF, T4 Se(VIS y T5 control (sin aporte de Se. Se aplicaron semanalmente las mismas concentraciones de Se(IV y Se(VI. Los resultados del análisis mostraron que el efecto de los tratamientos sobre firmeza, sólidos solubles totales y acidez titratable en frutas fue significativo. Los valores más altos de firmeza y sólidos solubles fueron mostrados por el tratamiento T4. Los mayores valores para el pH se producen en los tratamientos con T2 y T4. Los resultados indican que el Se tiene un efecto positivo sobre los valores de SPAD en hoja vieja. Las plantas con tratamiento de selenio presentaron un mayor número de hojas en relación a las plantas control.

Improving Tolerance of Faba Bean during Early Growth Stages to Salinity through Micronutrients Foliar Spray

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Mohamed M. EL FOULY

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Salinity, either of soil or of irrigation water, causes disturbances in plant growth and nutrient balance. Previous work indicates that applying nutrients by foliar application increases tolerance to salinity. A pot experiment with three replicates was carried out in the green house of NRC, Cairo, Egypt, to study the effect of micronutrients foliar application on salt tolerance of faba bean. Two concentrations of a micronutrient compound (0.1% and 0.15% were sprayed in two different treatments prior to or after the salinity treatments. Levels of NaCl (0.00-1000-2000-5000 ppm were supplied to irrigation water. Results indicated that 2000 and 5000 ppm NaCl inhibited growth and nutrient uptake. Spraying micronutrients could restore the negative effect of salinity on dry weight and nutrients uptake, when sprayed either before or after the salinity treatments. It is suggested that micronutrient foliar sprays could be used to improve plant tolerance to salinity.

Diversidad de coleópteros saproxílicos asociada a agrosistemas mediterráneos

OpenAIRE

Artero Cabezas, Alberto Manuel

2016-01-01

Los invertebrados saproxílicos y especialmente los coleópteros, son clave en el funcionamiento y dinámica de los bosques debido a su papel como descomponedores de los sustratos leñosos. Sin embargo, representan uno de los grupos más amenazados de los bosques europeos. En la actualidad se desarrollan cada vez más estudios sobre la entomofauna saproxílica en ecosistemas mediterráneos de la Península Ibérica y también sobre ecosistemas manejados por el hombre, pero los estudios sobre entomofauna...

Foliar injury responses of eleven plant species to ozone/sulfur dioxide mixtures

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tingey, D T; Reinert, R A; Dunning, J A; Heck, W W

1973-01-01

Eleven plant species were exposed to ozone and/or sulfur dioxide to determine if a mixture of the two gases enhanced foliar injury. Tobacco, radish, and alfalfa developed more injury that the additive injury of the single gases. In other species, such as cabbage, broccoli, and tomato, the foliar injury from mixed-gas exposures was additive or less than additive. Leaf injury from the ozone/sulfur dioxide mixture appeared as upper surface flecking, stipple, bifacial necrosis, and lower surface glazing and, in general, appeared similar to injury from oxidant or ozone. The concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide that caused plant injury were similar to those found in urban areas. These concentrations may result in yield losses to plants grown under field conditions.

Substrate temperature study in the crystallinity of BaTiO{sub 3} thin films; Estudio de la temperatura de crecimiento sobre la cristalinidad en peliculas delgadas de BaTiO{sub 3}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marquez-Herrera, Alfredo [Coordinacion Academica Region Altiplano (COARA), Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi (Mexico)]. E-mail: amarquez@mixteco.utm.mx; Hernandez-Rodriguez, Eric Noe; Zapata-Torres, Martin Guadalupe [Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, Instituto Politecnico Nacional (Mexico)]. E-mails: noehmx@hotmail.com; mzapatat@ipn.mx; Cruz-Jauregui, Maria de la Paz [Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico)]. E-mail: mcruz@cnyn.unam.mx; Melendez-Lira, Miguel angel [Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politecnico Nacional (Mexico)]. E-mail: mlira@fis.cinvestav.mx

2013-07-15

Ferroelectric thin films of BaTiO{sub 3} (BTO) were grown on quartz and nichrome substrates using a BaTiO{sub 3} target by RF-Sputtering technique. It was studied the effect of the substrate temperature in the crystallization of the material. These samples were compared with films deposited at room temperature and heat treated out of the growth Chamber. Their crystallinity were studied by X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the optical characterizations were carried out by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The growth of thin films with substrate temperature allows the obtaining of crystalline materials at temperatures below those reported by other authors. [Spanish] Peliculas delgadas Ferroelectricas de BaTiO{sub 3} (BTO) se depositaron a partir de un blanco de BaTiO{sub 3} mediante la tecnica de RF-Sputtering (erosion catodica por radio frecuencia) sobre substratos de nicromel y cuarzo. Se estudio el efecto de la temperatura de sustrato in-situ en la cristalinidad del material durante su deposito. Estas muestras fueron comparadas con peliculas depositadas a temperatura ambiente y tratadas termicamente posterior al deposito fuera de la camara de crecimiento. El estudio de la cristalinidad fue realizado mediante la tecnica de difraccion de rayos-X. Adicionalmente, se llevaron a cabo caracterizaciones opticas mediante un espectrofotometro UV-Vis. El crecimiento de peliculas delgadas con temperatura de sustrato permite la obtencion de materiales cristalinos a temperaturas por debajo de las reportadas por otros autores.

Seasonal trends in reduced leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced foliar injury in three ozone sensitive woody plant species

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Novak, K.; Schaub, M.; Fuhrer, J.; Skelly, J.M.; Hug, C.; Landolt, W.; Bleuler, P.; Kraeuchi, N.

2005-01-01

Seasonal trends in leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced visible foliar injury were investigated for three ozone sensitive woody plant species. Seedlings of Populus nigra L., Viburnum lantana L., and Fraxinus excelsior L. were grown in charcoal-filtered chambers, non-filtered chambers and open plots. Injury assessments and leaf gas exchange measurements were conducted from June to October during 2002. All species developed typical ozone-induced foliar injury. For plants exposed to non-filtered air as compared to the charcoal-filtered air, mean net photosynthesis was reduced by 25%, 21%, and 18% and mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 25%, 16%, and 8% for P. nigra, V. lantana, and F. excelsior, respectively. The timing and severity of the reductions in leaf gas exchange were species specific and corresponded to the onset of visible foliar injury. - Reductions in leaf gas exchange corresponded to the onset of ozone-induced visible foliar injury for seedlings exposed to ambient ozone exposures

Seasonal trends in reduced leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced foliar injury in three ozone sensitive woody plant species

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Novak, K. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland)]. E-mail: kristopher.novak@wsl.ch; Schaub, M. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Fuhrer, J. [Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture FAL, 8046 Zurich (Switzerland); Skelly, J.M. [Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Hug, C. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Landolt, W. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Bleuler, P. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Kraeuchi, N. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland)

2005-07-15

Seasonal trends in leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced visible foliar injury were investigated for three ozone sensitive woody plant species. Seedlings of Populus nigra L., Viburnum lantana L., and Fraxinus excelsior L. were grown in charcoal-filtered chambers, non-filtered chambers and open plots. Injury assessments and leaf gas exchange measurements were conducted from June to October during 2002. All species developed typical ozone-induced foliar injury. For plants exposed to non-filtered air as compared to the charcoal-filtered air, mean net photosynthesis was reduced by 25%, 21%, and 18% and mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 25%, 16%, and 8% for P. nigra, V. lantana, and F. excelsior, respectively. The timing and severity of the reductions in leaf gas exchange were species specific and corresponded to the onset of visible foliar injury. - Reductions in leaf gas exchange corresponded to the onset of ozone-induced visible foliar injury for seedlings exposed to ambient ozone exposures.

Complementary Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Root Responses to Assess the Effectiveness of Different Iron Foliar Applications for Chlorosis Remediation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marta Fuentes

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Iron deficiency in plants is caused by a low availability of iron in the soil, and its main visual symptom is leaf yellowing due to a decrease in chlorophyll content, along with a reduction in plant growth and fruit quality. Foliar sprays with Fe compounds are an economic alternative to the treatment with expensive synthetic Fe-chelates applied to the soil, although the efficacy of foliar treatments is rather limited. Generally, plant response to Fe-foliar treatments is monitored by measuring chlorophyll content (or related parameters as SPAD index. However, different studies have shown that foliar Fe sprays cause a local regreening and that translocation of the applied Fe within the plant is quite low. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of foliar applications of different Fe compounds [FeSO4, Fe(III-EDTA, and Fe(III-heptagluconate] on Fe-deficient cucumber plants, by studying the main physiological plant root responses to Fe deficiency [root Fe(III chelate reductase (FCR activity; acidification of the nutrient solution; and expression of the Fe deficiency responsive genes encoding FCR, CsFRO1, Fe(II root transporter CsIRT1, and two plasma membrane H+-ATPases, CsHA1 and CsHA2], along with SPAD index, plant growth and Fe content. The results showed that the overall assessment of Fe-deficiency root responses improved the evaluation of the efficacy of the Fe-foliar treatments compared to just monitoring SPAD indexes. Thus, FCR activity and expression of Fe-deficiency response genes, especially CsFRO1 and CsHA1, preceded the trend of SPAD index and acted as indicators of whether the plant was sensing or not metabolically active Fe due to the treatments. Principal component analysis of the data also provided a graphical tool to evaluate the evolution of plant responses to foliar Fe treatments with time.

Desarrollo en etapa de vivero de Gmelina arbórea Roxb. ex Sm sometida a tres dosis de fertilización y dos sustratos

OpenAIRE

Guillermo-Ramírez, Joaquín

2017-01-01

Gmelina arbórea es una especie forestal utilizada en el establecimiento y manejo de bosques comerciales en Colombia, pero se carece de alternativas tecnológicas que ayuden a su sostenibilidad. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer el desarrollo vegetativo en la fase de vivero, con tres niveles de NPK (nitrógeno, fosforo y potasio) y dos sustratos. Las dosis evaluadas por planta fueron D1: 100 mg N, 75 mg P, 50 mg K; D2: 200 mg N, 150 mg P, 100 mg K y D3:300 mg N, 225 mg P, 150 mg K. P...

FOLIAR NUTRIENT CONTENTS AND FRUIT YIELD IN CUSTARD APPLE PROGENIES

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Paulo Sérgio Lima e Silva

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Foliar nutrient contents are evaluated in several fruit trees with many objectives. Leaf analysis constitutes a way of evaluating the nutritional requirements of crops. Due to the positive impact that fertilizers have on crop yields, researchers frequently try to evaluate the correlations between yield and foliar nutrient contents. This work's objective was to present fruit yields from the 4th to the 6th cropping seasons, evaluate foliar nutrient contents (on the 5th cropping season, and estimate the correlations between these two groups of traits for 20 half-sibling custard apple tree progenies. The progenies were evaluated in a random block design with five replicates and four plants per plot. One hundred leaves were collected from the middle third of the canopy (in height of each of four plants in each plot. The leaves were collected haphazardly, i.e., in a random manner, but without using a drawing mechanism. In the analysis of variance, the nutrient concentrations in the leaves from plants of each plot were represented by the average of four plants in the plot. Fruit yield in the various progenies did not depend on cropping season; progeny A4 was the most productive. No Spearman correlation was found between leaf nutrient concentrations and fruit yield. Increased nutrient concentrations in the leaves were progeny-dependent, i.e., with regard to Na (progenies FE5 and JG1, Ca (progeny A4, Mg (progeny SM7, N (progeny A3, P (progeny M, and K contents (progeny JG3. Spearman's correlation was negative between Na-Mg, Na-Ca, and Mg-P contents, and positive between Mg-Ca and N-K contents.

A study of the wet deposit and foliar uptake of iodine and strontium on rye-grass and clover

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Angeletti, Livio; Levi, Emilio; Commission of the European Communities, Ispra

1977-12-01

Foliar uptake of iodine and strontium by rye-grass and clover was studied as a function of aspersion intensities. At the same time, the contribution of root sorption to foliar uptake was measured. The effective half-lives of radionuclides of standing and harvested grass were also determined together with their uptake under the action of demineralized water aspersion [fr

Metal and metalloid foliar uptake by various plant species exposed to atmospheric industrial fallout: Mechanisms involved for lead

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schreck, E., E-mail: eva.schreck@ensat.fr [Universite de Toulouse (France); INP, UPS (France); EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement) (France); ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); CNRS (France); EcoLab, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); Foucault, Y. [Universite de Toulouse (France); INP, UPS (France); EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement) (France); ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); CNRS (France); EcoLab, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); STCM, Societe de Traitements Chimiques des Metaux, 30 Avenue de Fondeyre 31200 Toulouse (France); Sarret, G. [ISTerre (UMR 5275), Universite J. Fourier and CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 (France); Sobanska, S. [LASIR (UMR CNRS 8516), Universite de Lille 1, Bat. C5, 59655 Villeneuve d' Ascq cedex (France); Cecillon, L. [ISTerre (UMR 5275), Universite J. Fourier and CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 (France); Castrec-Rouelle, M. [Universite Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), Bioemco (Biogeochimie et Ecologie des Milieux Continentaux), Site Jussieu, Tour 56, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05 (France); Uzu, G. [Laboratoire d' Aerologie (UMR 5560), OMP, UPS 14, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse (France); GET (UMR 5563), IRD, 14, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse (France); Dumat, C. [Universite de Toulouse (France); INP, UPS (France); EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement) (France); ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); CNRS (France); EcoLab, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France)

2012-06-15

Fine and ultrafine metallic particulate matters (PMs) are emitted from metallurgic activities in peri-urban zones into the atmosphere and can be deposited in terrestrial ecosystems. The foliar transfer of metals and metalloids and their fate in plant leaves remain unclear, although this way of penetration may be a major contributor to the transfer of metals into plants. This study focused on the foliar uptake of various metals and metalloids from enriched PM (Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, As, and especially lead (Pb)) resulting from the emissions of a battery-recycling factory. Metal and metalloid foliar uptake by various vegetable species, exhibiting different morphologies, use (food or fodder) and life-cycle (lettuce, parsley and rye-grass) were studied. The mechanisms involved in foliar metal transfer from atmospheric particulate matter fallout, using lead (Pb) as a model element was also investigated. Several complementary techniques (micro-X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) were used to investigate the localization and the speciation of lead in their edible parts, i.e. leaves. The results showed lead-enriched PM on the surface of plant leaves. Biogeochemical transformations occurred on the leaf surfaces with the formation of lead secondary species (PbCO{sub 3} and organic Pb). Some compounds were internalized in their primary form (PbSO{sub 4}) underneath an organic layer. Internalization through the cuticle or penetration through stomata openings are proposed as two major mechanisms involved in foliar uptake of particulate matter. - Graphical abstract: Overall picture of performed observations and mechanisms potentially involved in lead foliar uptake. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Foliar uptake of metallic particulate matter (PM) is of environmental and health concerns. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The leaf morphology influences the adsorption

Ozone sensitivity of Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior young trees in relation to leaf structure and foliar ozone uptake

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gerosa, Giacomo; Marzuoli, Riccardo; Bussotti, Filippo; Pancrazi, Marica; Ballarin-Denti, Antonio

2003-01-01

The difference in ozone sensitivity between Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus exclesior is explained by their different stomatal ozone uptake and by their different foliar structure. - During the summer of 2001, 2-year-old Fraxinus excelsior and Fagus sylvatica plants were subjected to ozone-rich environmental conditions at the Regional Forest Nursery at Curno (Northern Italy). Atmospheric ozone concentrations and stomatal conductance were measured, in order to calculate the foliar fluxes by means of a one-dimensional model. The foliar structure of both species was examined (thickness of the lamina and of the individual tissues, leaf mass per area, leaf density) and chlorophyll a fluorescence was determined as a response parameter. Stomatal conductance was always greater in Fraxinus excelsior, as was ozone uptake, although the highest absorption peaks did not match the peaks of ozone concentration in the atmosphere. The foliar structure can help explain this phenomenon: Fraxinus excelsior has a thicker mesophyll than Fagus sylvatica (indicating a greater photosynthesis potential) and a reduced foliar density. This last parameter, related to the apoplastic fraction, suggests a greater ability to disseminate the gases within the leaf as well as a greater potential detoxifying capacity. As foliar symptoms spread, the parameters relating to chlorophyll a fluorescence also change. PI (Performance Index, Strasser, A., Srivastava, A., Tsimilli-Michael, M., 2000. The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. In: Yunus, M., Pathre, U., Mohanty, P., (Eds.) Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanisms, Regulation and Adaptation. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, pp. 445-483.) has proved to be a more suitable index than Fv/Fm (Quantum Yield Efficiency) to record the onset of stress conditions

Accounting for the effect of temperature in clarifying the response of foliar nitrogen isotope ratios to atmospheric nitrogen deposition.

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Chen, Chongjuan; Li, Jiazhu; Wang, Guoan; Shi, Minrui

2017-12-31

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition affects nitrogen isotope composition (δ 15 N) in plants. However, both negative effect and positive effect have been reported. The effects of climate on plant δ 15 N have not been corrected for in previous studies, this has impeded discovery of a true effect of atmospheric N deposition on plant δ 15 N. To obtain a more reliable result, it is necessary to correct for the effects of climatic factors. Here, we measured δ 15 N and N contents of plants and soils in Baiwangshan and Mount Dongling, north China. Atmospheric N deposition in Baiwangshan was much higher than Mount Dongling. Generally, however, foliar N contents showed no difference between the two regions and foliar δ 15 N was significantly lower in Baiwangshan than Mount Dongling. The corrected foliar δ 15 N after accounting for a predicted value assumed to vary with temperature was obviously more negative in Baiwangshan than Mount Dongling. Thus, this suggested the necessity of temperature correction in revealing the effect of N deposition on foliar δ 15 N. Temperature, soil N sources and mycorrhizal fungi could not explain the difference in foliar δ 15 N between the two regions, this indicated that atmospheric N deposition had a negative effect on plant δ 15 N. Additionally, this study also showed that the corrected foliar δ 15 N of bulk data set increased with altitude above 1300m in Mount Dongling, this provided an another evidence for the conclusion that atmospheric N deposition could cause 15 N-depletion in plants. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Foliar Nutritional Quality Explains Patchy Browsing Damage Caused by an Invasive Mammal.

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Hannah R Windley

Full Text Available Introduced herbivores frequently inflict significant, yet patchy damage on native ecosystems through selective browsing. However, there are few instances where the underlying cause of this patchy damage has been revealed. We aimed to determine if the nutritional quality of foliage could predict the browsing preferences of an invasive mammalian herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, in a temperate forest in New Zealand. We quantified the spatial and temporal variation in four key aspects of the foliar chemistry (total nitrogen, available nitrogen, in vitro dry matter digestibility and tannin effect of 275 trees representing five native tree species. Simultaneously, we assessed the severity of browsing damage caused by possums on those trees in order to relate selective browsing to foliar nutritional quality. We found significant spatial and temporal variation in nutritional quality among individuals of each tree species examined, as well as among tree species. There was a positive relationship between the available nitrogen concentration of foliage (a measure of in vitro digestible protein and the severity of damage caused by browsing by possums. This study highlights the importance of nutritional quality, specifically, the foliar available nitrogen concentration of individual trees, in predicting the impact of an invasive mammal. Revealing the underlying cause of patchy browsing by an invasive mammal provides new insights for conservation of native forests and targeted control of invasive herbivores in forest ecosystems.

Improving growth and yield of cowpea by foliar application of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Water stress impaired cowpea plant growth and decreased ion percentage and chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentration in the shoot as well as yield and its quality. Foliar-applied chitosan, in particular 250 mg/l, increased plant growth, yield and its quality as well as physiological constituents in plant shoot under stressed ...

Impact of Potassium Foliar Application in Alleviating the Harmful Effects of Salinity in Spinach

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Amirhooshang jalali

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Spinach is an important leafy vegetable in the cold season, and despite the fact that is considered as low-calorie food source contains significant amount of minerals such as iron, and vitamin A and C. According to the University of Utah 3.8 dS m-1 is salinity tolerance threshold for the spinach and yield decrease that have been reported by 10%, 25% and 50% at 5.5, 7 and 8 dS m-1 salinity. The necessity to supply adequate potassium has been demonstrated in salinity conditions. In salt stress conditions, foliar application of K in spinach, reduces the harmful effects of salt and increase the ratio of potassium to sodium (1.61 to 2.72. Foliar application of K with prevent of potassium transfer from root to shoot is causing continuation of photosynthesis and reduce the effects of salinity. Absorption of potassium from the leaves depends on the type of used compound. In this context, characteristics of plant (leaves with a waxy composition, duration of growth and leaf area are important. 100 kg ha-1 of potassium in salt stress conditions by reducing the absorption of sodium, increased salt tolerance on the sunflower. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the foliar application of K on the yield and yield components of spinach in salt stress condition, a study was conducted in 2012 by using split plot randomized based on complete block design with four replications at Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. Three levels of irrigation water salinity consisted of a control (2 dS m-1, well water with salinity (4 dS m-1 and well water with salinity (8dS m-1 arranged in main plots and two levels of control and foliar applications of potassium fertilizer containing potassium oxide solubility in water (2.5 ml per liter arranged in subplots. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SAS software and statistical tests were compared with Duncan at 5 percent. Result and Discussions: The results showed that the yield of

Modelo de aparición de nudos en clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Delphi cultivado en sustratos

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López M. Miguel Ángel

2010-04-01

Full Text Available

Los modelos fenológicos son herramientas diseñadas para conocer y predecir el desarrollo de las plantas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la temperatura base (Tb para la aparición de nudos y en función de este parámetro generar un modelo fenológico para tallos florales de clavel estándar cv. Delphi a primer pico de producción. El ensayo se estableció en un invernadero, en el SENA ubicado en el municipio de Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia. Se sembraron esquejes en tres tipos de sustrato (100% cascarilla de arroz quemada; mezcla de 65% de cascarilla de arroz quemada y 35% de fibra de coco; mezcla de 35% de cascarilla de arroz quemada y 65% de fibra de coco. La Tb se estimó mediante el ajuste de un modelo exponencial entre la tasa de aparición de nudos y la temperatura acumulada. Se usó el método de Euler para la simulación de nudos y el desarrollo fenológico de la planta se determinó a través del tiempo térmico. El tipo de sustrato no influenció la tasa promedio de aparición de nudos (0,102 nudos/día. El valor estimado de la Tb fue de 0,12°C. A partir del pinch, y hasta la aparición del botón floral se acumularon 1.363,2 grados día (gdd; y el pico de cosecha se alcanzó a los 2.226,5 gdd. La aparición de nudos fue un proceso acelerado en los primeros estadios de desarrollo, que disminuyó paulatinamente luego de la aparición del botón floral. El máximo número de nudos observado fue 16,18 y el máximo estimado por el modelo fue 16,89. El modelo se ajusta de manera satisfactoria para las condiciones evaluadas y presenta un bajo índice de raíz cuadrada del cuadrado medio del error (RSME = 0,28.

Estimation of leaf area for greenhouse cucumber by linear measurements under salinity and grafting Estimativa da área foliar do pepino em ambiente protegido por medidas lineares sob salinidade e enxertia

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Flávio Favaro Blanco

2005-08-01

Full Text Available The measurement of leaf area by linear parameters is a useful tool when plants cannot be destroyed for direct measurement. The objectives of this study were to establish equations to estimate the leaf area of greenhouse-cucumber and to evaluate the effects of salinity and grafting on this estimative. Non-grafted cucumber seedlings, cv. 'Hokushin', were transplanted in a greenhouse and were irrigated with water of different salinities (1.0, 3.2 and 5.0 dS m-1. In the second growing period, the same cultivar was grafted on Cucurbita spp. and the plants were irrigated with water of 1.4, 3.0 and 5.3 dS m-1. Leaves of different sizes were collected from both experiments and leaf area was determined by an integrating area meter. Leaf length (L and width (W were also recorded. An equation for estimating the leaf area from L and W was developed for a given salinity level or grafting condition and estimated well the area of leaves collected in the other treatments. The leaf area (LA of cucumber 'Hokushin' could be estimated using the equation LA = 0.88LW - 4.27, for any grafting and salinity conditions.A determinação da área foliar por medidas lineares é uma ferramenta útil quando as plantas não podem ser destruídas para que a medição direta seja realizada. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram definir equações para a estimativa da área foliar do pepino em ambiente protegido e avaliar os efeitos da salinidade e da a enxertia nessa estimativa. Mudas de pepino, cv. 'Hokushin', não enxertadas, foram transplantadas em um ambiente protegido e irrigadas com água de diferentes salinidades (1,0, 3,2 e 5,0 dS m-1. No segundo período de cultivo, a mesma cultivar foi enxertada sobre Cucurbita spp., sendo as plantas irrigadas com água de 1,4, 3,0 e 5,3 dS m-1. Foram coletadas folhas de diferentes tamanhos dos dois cultivos e dos três tratamentos e a área foliar foi determinada por um medidor de área foliar. O comprimento (C e a largura (L da folha

ASERRÍN DE PINO COMO SUSTRATO HIDROPÓNICO. I: VARIACIÓN EN CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS DURANTE CINCO CICLOS DE CULTIVO

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Joel Pineda-Pineda

2012-01-01

tratamiento de 100 % aserrín. Estos tratamientos se evaluaron durante cinco ciclos continuos de cultivo con jitomate (30 meses. Al sustrato original y al final de cada ciclo se midieron porosidad total, volumen de partículas, capacidad de retención de humedad, capacidad de aireación y densidad aparente. Se encontró poca variación en la densidad aparente, pero la porosidad, la retención de humedad y la capacidad de aireación disminuyeron gradualmente durante los cinco ciclos de cultivo con jitomate. La capacidad de aireación fue la característica física que presentó mayor variación, mostrando valores por debajo del adecuado después de 24 meses de cultivo.

Severidade de doenças e manutenção da área foliar verde em função da aplicação de micronutrientes e fungicidas em trigo

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Giuvan Lenz

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Na safra agrícola de 2007 foi instalado um experimento com a cultura do trigo com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do zinco, manganês e molibdênio aplicados juntamente com fungicidas sobre a severidade de doenças e duração da área foliar verde. As aplicações dos fungicidas foram realizadas no final do emborrachamento e no florescimento, e a de micronutrientes, somente no florescimento. Foram analisados os teores de micronutrientes nas folhas, severidade das doenças causadas por Drechslera tritici-repentis eSeptoria tritici, índice SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development, peso hectolítrico, peso de mil grãos, tamanho de espigas, e rendimento de grãos. O uso do epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina proporcionou o melhor controle de D. tritici-repentis e de S. tritici. Produtos com epoxiconazol e piraclostrobina atuaram na fisiologia da planta, incrementando os teores de micronutrientes nos tecidos e prolongando o tempo que o trigo permaneceu com área foliar fotossinteticamente ativa. Epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina, piraclostrobina e epoxiconazol pulverizados associados ou não a micronutrientes, propiciaram aumento do peso hectolítrico, peso de mil grãos e rendimento, quando comparados à testemunha.

PROPAGACIÓN DE UCHUVA (Physalis peruviana L. MEDIANTE DIFERENTES TIPOS DE ESQUEJES Y SUSTRATOS PROPAGATION OF CAPE GOOSEBERRY (Physalis peruviana L. USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CUTTINGS AND SUBSTRATES

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Francisco José López Acosta

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento sobre la propagación asexual de uchuva, se estableció este experimento cuyo objetivo fue evaluar el uso de esquejes obtenidos de diferentes partes de la planta: del tercio alto, medio y bajo de la rama productiva, de hoja y de hoja con yema axilar. Se determinaron las características del enraizamiento (longitud, peso de materia fresca y seca de raíces, y algunos cambios de magnitud de los esquejes (peso de materia fresca del esqueje y longitud del brote axilar durante un período de la fase vegetativa del cultivo. Los esquejes ( 16 cm de longitud, 2 nudos, con un par de hojas en el nudo superior fueron establecidos en diferentes sustratos: arena; suelo:cascarilla de arroz (1:1 v/v y arena:suelo:cascarilla de arroz (1:1:1 v/v y mantenidos en condiciones de alta humedad relativa (90% y temperatura media de 24ºC. Los resultados demostraron diferencias estadísticas entre tipo de esqueje; siendo los del tercio alto, los que obtuvieron mayor longitud radical, mayor peso de materia fresca y seca de raíces y mayor porcentaje de enraizamiento. En cuanto a los sustratos, se encontró que las mejores condiciones para enraizamiento se presentaron en la arena, donde se obtuvieron plántulas con el porcentaje de enraizamiento más alto, sin embargo, las diferencias significativas solo se presentaron entre longitud de raíz y del brote axilar.In order to contribute to the knowledge of the asexual propagation of cape gooseberry, this study was established with the aim to evaluate the use of cuttings from different plant parts: first third (apical shoot part, medium and basal third of the productive shoot; leaf solely and leaf with axillary bud. The characteristics of rooting were identified (length, fresh and dry weight of roots, and some changes of cutting’s magnitude (fresh weight of the cutting, length of the axillary sprout during the vegetative growth cycle. The cuttings ( 16 cm long, 2 nodes, with a pair

Effect of foliar fertilization on Ananas comosus L. Merr. cv. `Cayena lisa' acclimatization

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Ortelio Hurtado

2015-07-01

Full Text Available The low survival and slow growth of in vitro pineapple plants (Ananas comosus L. Merr. in acclimatization stage limit the use of biotechnological techniques for it propagation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foliar fertilization in the acclimatization of pineapple plants cv. `Smooth Cayenne'. Two variants of foliar fertilization were compared. The first, plants were fertilized daily after the last irrigation with a minimum dose increased until three months of culture. The second included the same fertilizer at maximum dose with daily dose foliar applications after the last irrigation 10 days from planting to three months of cultivation. As a control, unfertilized plants were included. Every 20 days to three months of culture height (cm of plants was measured, the number of leaves per plant was quantified and the length and width of the leaves was measured. It was observed that fertilization had effect under the experimental conditions tested on the plants variables. After 90 days of culture plants obtained in the treatment with daily fertilization at maximun dose (option 2, met the requirements of height, length and width of the leaf for transplantation to field conditions. Key words: pineapple, propagation, zeolite

Assimilação foliar de enxofre elementar pela soja Foliar elementary sulfur assimilation by soybean

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Godofredo Cesar Vitti

2007-02-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a assimilação de enxofre elementar (S0, aplicado nas folhas de soja, e sua eficiência comparada à adubação feita ao solo, de acordo com a dose e a natureza da fonte do nutriente. O S0 aplicado às folhas, independentemente da dose e fonte, foi assimilado pela planta, o que acarretou em aumento no teor de proteína total na folha. Todas as fontes de S aplicadas às folhas aumentaram a produção de grãos, semelhantemente à aplicação ao solo. Observou-se uma mesma produtividade com o uso de 20 kg ha-1 de S0 no solo ou de 6 kg ha-1 via foliar. A eficiência da aplicação de S via foliar, com base no conteúdo de proteína solúvel total, foi superior à da aplicação ao solo.The objective of this work was to evaluate the elementary sulfur (S0 assimilation applied on soybean leaves, and its efficiency compared to the fertilization done in the soil, according to the dose and nature of the nutrient source. The S0 applied to leaves, independently of the dose and source, was assimilated by the plant, what resulted in increase of total protein content in the leaf. All S sources applied to leaves increased the grain yield, similarly to the application to the soil. The same productivity was observed with the use of 20 kg ha-1 of S0 in the soil or 6 kg ha-1 applied to leaves. The elementary S application efficiency on leaves, based on the content of total soluble protein, was superior to application efficiency on soil.

Competition between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and (barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.) as affected by methanol foliar application.

Science.gov (United States)

Rezaeieh, Alireza D; Aminpanah, Hashem; Sadeghi, Seyed M

2015-01-01

Pot experiment was conducted in Iran, to evaluate the effect of methanol on competition between rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three replicates. Factors were two aqueous methanol foliar applications (0, and 14% v/v) and five rice: barnyardgrass ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:6, and 0:100). Replacement series diagrams for aboveground dry weight illustrated that 'Shiroudi' was more competitive than barnyardgrass as averaged across methanol foliar applications. When methanol was not sprayed, the lines for 'Shiroudi' and barnyardgrass intersected at 75:25 rice: barnyardgrass ratio, but when methanol was sprayed at 14% v/v, the lines for 'Shiroudi' and barnyardgrass intersect at the left of the 75:25 rice: barnyardgrass mixture proportion. These indicate that methanol application reduced competitive ability of 'Shiroudi' against barnyardgrass for aboveground biomass accumulation. At the same time, Methanol foliar application significantly reduced the relative crowding coefficient of 'Shiroudi' while simultaneously it significantly increased the relative crowding coefficient of barnyard grass. This indicates that methanol foliar application reduced the competitive ability of 'Shiroudi' against barnyardgrass for shoot biomass accumulation. This experiment illustrated that foliar spray of aqueous methanol can not be recommended for rice under weedy conditions.

Effect of Foliar Application of Iron, Zinc and Manganese on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Two Varieties of Grain Millet

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H. Javadi

2016-12-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effect of foliar application of Fe, Zn and Mn on yield, yield components and protein content of two varieties of grain millet an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University at 2010.  In this study two millet varieties including Bastan (Setaria italica and Pishahang (Panicum miliaceum, and six levels of foliar micronutrient fertilizer including control, Fe, Zn, Mn, (Fe+Zn, (Fe+Zn+Mn were investigated. The results indicated that, panicle length, 1000 grain weight and panicle number per m2 were higher in Pishahang than Bastan, but grain yield, number of seeds per panicle, harvest index and protein yield were higher in Bastan. Characteristics such as panicle length, biological yield and harvest index and protein percentage were affected by foliar micronutrient fertilizer but grain yield remained unchanged. Foliar application with (Fe+Zn+Mn increased protein content compared to the control, but it did not affect protein yield. According to the results of this experiment, Bastan millet variety and foliar application of Zn is potent to produce the maximum grain yield, albeit it warrants further studies.

Foliar nectar enhances plant-mite mutualisms: the effect of leaf sugar on the control of powdery mildew by domatia-inhabiting mites.

Science.gov (United States)

Weber, Marjorie G; Porturas, Laura D; Taylor, Scott A

2016-09-01

Mite domatia are small structures on the underside of plant leaves that provide homes for predacious or fungivorous mites. In turn, mites inhabiting domatia defend the plant by consuming leaf herbivores and pathogens, which can result in a domatia-mediated, plant-mite defence mutualism. Several recent studies have suggested that plants receive enhanced benefits when they provide a foliar food source, such as sugars secreted from extrafloral nectaries, to mite mutualists alongside mite domatia. However, the effect of foliar sugar on reducing leaf pathogen load via domatia-inhabiting mites has not been directly investigated. To fill this gap, the links between foliar sugar addition, domatia-inhabiting mite abundance, and pathogen load were experimentally evaluated in wild grape. Furthermore, because the proposed combined benefits of providing food and housing have been hypothesized to select for the evolutionary correlation of extrafloral nectaries and domatia across plant lineages, a literature survey aimed at determining the overlap of mite domatia and extrafloral nectaries across plant groups was also conducted. It was found that leaves with artificial addition of foliar sugar had 58-80 % more mites than leaves without foliar sugar addition, and that higher mite abundances translated to reduced powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) loads on leaves. It was found that mite domatia and extrafloral nectaries occur non-randomly in the same clades across Eudicots. Genera with both traits are reported to highlight candidate lineages for future studies. Together, the results demonstrate that foliar sugar can indeed enhance the efficacy of domatia-mediated plant-mite mutualisms, and suggest that this synergism has the potential to influence the co-distribution of foliar nectar and mite domatia across plants. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Foliar Absorption, Translocation and Utilization of Zn-65 by Mango Seedlings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mohamed, F.A.; Sharaf, A.N.M.; Awad, S.M.; Abu EL Azm, S.K.

2001-01-01

Greenhouse experiment was designed using ZnSO 4 at rates of 0.125,0.25 and 0.50%. Solutions were adjusted to ph 6.0 and Tween-20 was added as a surfactant. The prepared solutions were labelled with carrier-free Zn-65. Six-month old mango seedlings were arranged in a complete block design to study the foliar absorption,translocation and percentage use of Zn-65 as influenced by soil application of phosphorus. The total absorption of Zn-65 by mango leaves was affected by spraying treatment of Zn-65 and soil application of phosphorus. In this respect increasing the rates of labelled Zn solution resulted in a great increment in the total absorption of in total absorption of Zn-65 by mango leaves was observed due to increasing P rates as a soil application from 0.0 up to 100 ppm. Translocation of the absorbed Zn-65 either in upward or downward direction was positively related to the absorbed amount. The percentage use of Zn-65 by mango leaves was reduced by increasing foliar Zn rates. On the contrary, it was slightly increased as a result of increasing soil application rate of P. Generally, the percentage use of Zn-65 mango leaves was ranged between 8.7 and 16.87 under the conditions of this experiment. Therefore, foliar application of ZnSO 4 could be recommended as a good source of Zn for mango nutrition in particular with addition of high rates of phosphorus as a soil application

Foliar urea application affects nitric oxide burst and glycine betaine metabolism in two maize cultivars under drought

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, L.; Zhang, X.; Wang, K.; Zhao, Y.; Zhai, Y.; Gao, M.

2011-01-01

Foliar urea has been proved to act a better role in alleviation of the negative effects of drought stress (DS). However, the modulation mechanism of foliar urea are not conclusive in view of nitric oxide (NO) burst and glycine betaine metabolism and their relationship. Two maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars (Zhengdan 958, JD958, Jundan 20, ZD20) were grown in hydroponic medium, which were treated with spraying of urea concentration of 15 g L/sup -1/ and two water regimes (non-stress and DS simulated by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG, 15% w/v, MW 6000). The ten-day DS treatment increased betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity, choline content and nitric oxide (NO) content acted as the key enzyme, initial substrate and a nitrogenous signal substance respectively in GB synthesis metabolism, thus, induced to great GB accumulation. The accumulation of NO reached the summit earlier than that of GB. The more positive/less negative responses were recorded in JD958 as compared with ZD20 to DS. Addition of foliar ur ea could increase accumulation of choline and BADH activity as well as NO content, thereby, increase GB accumulation under DS. These positive effects of urea applying foliarly on all parameters measured were more pronounced in cultivar JD20 than those in ZD958 under drought. It is, therefore, concluded that increases of both BADH activity and choline content possibly resulted in enhancement of GB accumulation. Foliar urea application could provoke better GB accumulation by modulation of GB metabolism, possibly mediating by NO burst as a signal molecule during drought, especially in the drought sensitive maize cultivar. (author)

Improvement of growth and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. through foliar applications of naphthalene acetic acid

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Shazia Parveen

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Plant growth regulators like naphthalene acetic acid (NAA positively affect the growth and yield of crop plants. An experiment was conducted to check the foliar application of NAA on growth and yield components of cotton variety Bt.121 under field condition at research area of agriculture farm near Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The experiment was comprised of foliar application of NAA (1% viz. T0 (control, T1 (One spray of NAA, T2 (Two sprays of NAA, T3 (Three sprays of NAA, T4 (Four sprays of NAA. The first foliar spray was applied at 45 days after sowing (DAS and later on it was continued with 15 days interval with skilled labour by hand pump sprayer. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated three times. Data recorded on growth, chlorophyll contents, yield and yield components showed a significant increase with the application of NAA. Furthermore, earliness index, mean maturity date and production rate index were also influenced with foliar application of NAA. On the basis of growth and yield parameters it can be concluded that four spray of NAA (1% can be applied commercially under field conditions.

Foliar K application delays leaf senescence of winter rape-seed (Brassica napus L.) under waterlogging

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

Lin Wan; Chao Hu; Chang Chen; Liyan Zhang; Ni Ma; Chunlei Zhang

2017-01-01

To better understand waterlogging effect on leaf senescence in winter rapseed (Brassica napus L.) during flowering stage, experiments were designed to explore foliar K application influences on adverse effects of waterlogging stress. Winter rapeseed was sprayed with K after waterlogging at initial flowering stage. Results indicated that waterlog-ging significantly decreased leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr). It also declined maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of electron transport (ΦPS II) and pho-tochemical quenching (qP), but increased leaf non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and minimal fluorescence (Fo). Interestingly, exogenous application of K significantly alleviated waterlogging-induced photosynthesis inhibition. Foliar K application increased RuBisCO activation, chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, while significantly decreased MDA con-tent under waterlogging stress. Moreover, K supplementation improved accumulation of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, N, Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ in leaves. In general, foliar K application is effective in alleviating deleterious effects of waterlogging stress and delays leaf senescence of winter rapeseed.

Does foliar application of salicylic acid protects nitrate reductase and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The present study was conducted to assess whether exogenous applied salicylic acid (SA) as a foliar spray could ameliorate the adverse effects of virus infection in two maize cultivars (maize cv. sabaini and maize cv. Nab El-gamal). The plants were grown under normal field conditions for two weeks in sand clay soil, and ...

Área foliar de duas trepadeiras infestantes de cana-de-açúcar utilizando dimensões lineares de folhas Foliar area estimate of two sugarcane-infesting weeds using leaf blade linear dimensions

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N.P. Cardozo

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo obter uma equação, por meio de medidas lineares dimensionais das folhas, que permitisse a estimativa da área foliar de Momordica charantia e Pyrostegia venusta. Entre maio e dezembro de 2007, foram estudadas as correlações entre a área folia real (Sf e as medidas dimensionais do limbo foliar, como o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C e a largura máxima (L perpendicular à nervura principal. Todas as equações, exponenciais geométricas ou lineares simples, permitiram boas estimativas da área foliar. Do ponto de vista prático, sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto C x L, considerando-se o coeficiente linear igual a zero. Desse modo, a estimativa da área foliar de Momordica charantia pode ser feita pela fórmula Sf = 0,4963 x (C x L, e a de Pyrostegia venusta, por Sf = 0,6649 x (C x L.The aim of this study was to obtain a mathematical equation to estimate the leaf area of Momordica charantia and Pyrostegia venusta using linear leaf blade measurements. Correlation studies were conducted involving real leaf area (Sf and leaf length (C, maximum leaf width (L and C x L. The linear and geometric equations involving parameter C provided good leaf area estimates. From a practical viewpoint, the simple linear equation of the regression model is suggested using the C x L parameter, i.e., considering the linear coefficient equal to zero. Thus, leaf area estimate of Momordica charantia can be obtained by using the equation Sf = 0.4963 x (C x L, and that of Pyrostegia venusta by using equation Sf = 0.6649 x (C x L.

Response of winter rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg., Sinsk to foliar fertilization and different seeding rates

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Cezary A. Kwiatkowski

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A field experiment in growing winter rape was carried out during the period 2009-2011 in a family farm (owned by Mr. M. Bednarczyk located in Jaroszewice (Lublin region, on podzolic soil. Plant biometric features as well as yield and seed qualitative parameters (oil, protein and glucosinolate content were evaluated depending on the following rates of soil NPK fertilizers and on foliar fertilization (autumn spraying with the fertilizer solution: 100% and 75% of NPK as well as urea + nickel chelate + MgSO4H2O; 100% and 75% of NPK as well as urea + Plonvit R + MgSO4H2O. Plots without foliar fertilization (only 100% of NPK were the control treatment. The other experimental factor was the seeding rate (2.5 kg×ha-1 – 30 cm row spacing; 4 kg×ha-1 – 18 cm row spacing. Foliar spraying was done once in the autumn in the second decade of October. Tillage as well as mechanical and chemical control of agricultural pests in the plantation were typical for this plant species and consistent with the recommendations for winter rape protection. A hypothesis was made that the application of foliar fertilizers would have a beneficial effect on winter rape productivity, at the same time maintaining the high quality of raw material. It was also assumed that a reduction in the seeding rate of winter oilseed rape would result in reduced plant lodging and an increased number of siliques per plant; as a consequence, seed and oil productivity would be at a level not lower than that obtained at the higher seeding rate. The present study has proved that foliar fertilization of winter oilseed rape in the autumn period contributes to improved plant winter hardiness and increased productivity. The application of foliar fertilizers also enables the rates of basic mineral NPK fertilizers to be reduced by 25% without detriment to seed yield. Foliar fertilizers have been found to have a weaker effect on changing the chemical composition of rapeseed. The study has shown that

Foliar nutrient status of Pinus ponderosa exposed to ozone and acid rain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anderson, P.D.; Houpis, J.L.J.

1991-01-01

A direct effect of foliar exposure to acid rain may be increased leaching of nutrient elements. Ozone exposure, through degradation of the cuticle and cellular membranes, may also result in increased nutrient leaching. To test these hypotheses, the foliar concentrations of 13 nutrient elements were monitored for mature branches of three clones of Pinus ponderosa exposed to ozone and/or acid rain. The three clones represented three distinct levels of phenotypic vigor. Branches were exposed to charcoal filtered, ambient, or 2 x ambient concentrations of ozone and received no acid rain (NAP), pH 5.1 rain (5.1), or pH 3.0 (3.0) rain. Following 10 months of continuous ozone exposure and 3 months of weekly rain applications, the concentrations of P and Mg differed significantly among rain treatments with a ranking of: 5.1 < NAP < 3.0. The S concentration increased with rain application regardless of pH. For the clones of moderate and low vigor, the concentration of N decreased with increasing rain acidity. There was no evidence of significant ozone or ozone x acid rain response. Among the three families, high phenotypic vigor was associated with significantly greater concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, B and An. These results indicate generally negligible leaching as a result of exposure to acid rain and/or ozone for one growing season. Increases in foliar concentrations of S, Mg and P are possibly the result of evaporative surface deposition from the rain solution

Variation in Foliar δ13C of Desert Plant Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. among Different Environments in Northwestern China

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Ma, J.; Pendall, E.; Chen, F.

2008-12-01

Reaumuria soongorica is a dominant desert shrub species in arid regions of northwest China, it playing an important role in the maintenance of the stability and continuity of desert ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution characteristics of foliar δ13C value in R. soongorica, establish the correlations between foliar characteristics and environmental factors, and identify the major factor controlling the variations of foliar δ13C among different environments. Leaves of R. soongorica were collected from 21 natural populations in its major distribution area in northwestern China, across a range of mean annual precipitation from 27 to 328 mm, at altitudes from 394 to 1987 m above sea level, at latitudes from 36°N to 45°N and at longitudes from 81°E to 107°E. We measured the leaf nitrogen (LN), phosphorus (LP), potassium content (LK), leaf water content (LWC) and foliar δ13C in leaves of 407 individuals, and the soil physicochemical properties including nitrogen (SN), phosphorus (SP), soil organic matter (SOM), soil water contents (SWC) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), evaporation, mean relative humidity (MRH) and duration of sunshine (DS), were collected from the Cold and Arid Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. We observed that the foliar δ13C values increased significantly with the decreasing of MAP (r = -0.623, P = 0.003) and MRH(r = -0.702, P = 0.002), and decreased with decreasing DS and evaporation. No significant correlation with MAT was detected in δ13C values of R. soongorica. The correlations between foliar δ13C value and the soil factors demonstrated that the foliar δ13C values in R. soongorica significantly increased with the decreasing SWC (r = - 0.470, P = 0.037) and increasing TDS (r = 0.507, P = 0.022) in soil. There were no significant correlations between the foliar δ13C values and soil pH, total

Ecosystem, location, and climate effects on foliar secondary metabolites of lodgepole pine populations from central British Columbia.

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Wallis, Christopher M; Huber, Dezene P W; Lewis, Kathy J

2011-06-01

Lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson, are encountering increased abiotic stress and pest activity due to recent increases in temperature and changes in precipitation throughout their range. This tree species counters these threats by producing secondary metabolites, including phenolics and terpenoids. We examined foliar levels of lignin, soluble phenolics, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids in 12 stands in British Columbia, Canada. We used these data to assess associations among foliar secondary metabolite levels and ecosystem, geographic, and climatic variables. Regressions were also performed to observe which combinations of variables best explained secondary metabolite variance. Stands of P. c. latifolia in the Coastal Western Hemlock and Interior Cedar/Hemlock biogeoclimatic zones had consistently greater foliar levels of almost all measured secondary metabolites than did other stands. Lignin was present in greater amounts in Boreal White/Black Spruce ecosystem (i.e., northern) stands than in southern stands, suggesting a role for this metabolite in pine survival in the boreal forest. Attempts to develop regression models with geographic and climatic variables to explain foliar secondary metabolite levels resulted in multiple models with similar predictive capability. Since foliar secondary metabolite levels appeared to vary most between stand ecosystem types and not as much due to geographic and climatic variables, metabolic profiles appeared best matched to the stress levels within local environments. It is unknown if differences in secondary metabolite levels are the result of genetic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, but results from this and other studies suggest that both are important. These results are interpreted in light of ongoing efforts to assist in the migration of certain populations of P. c. latifolia northward in an effort to counter predicted effects of climate change.

Intercomparison of Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices, Ground Spectroscopy, and Foliar Chemistry Data from NEON

Science.gov (United States)

Hulslander, D.; Warren, J. N.; Weintraub, S. R.

2017-12-01

Hyperspectral imaging systems can be used to produce spectral reflectance curves giving rich information about composition, relative abundances of materials, mixes and combinations. Indices based on just a few spectral bands have been used for over 40 years to study vegetation health, mineral abundance, and more. These indices are much simpler to visualize and use than a full hyperspectral data set which may contain over 400 bands. Yet historically, it has been difficult to directly relate remotely sensed spectral indices to quantitative biophysical properties significant to forest ecology such as canopy nitrogen, lignin, and chlorophyll. This linkage is a critical piece in enabling the detection of high value ecological information, usually only available from labor-intensive canopy foliar chemistry sampling, to the geographic and temporal coverage available via remote sensing. Previous studies have shown some promising results linking ground-based data and remotely sensed indices, but are consistently limited in time, geographic extent, and land cover type. Moreover, previous studies are often focused on tuning linkage algorithms for the purpose of achieving good results for only one study site or one type of vegetation, precluding development of more generalized algorithms. The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) is a unique system of 47 terrestrial sites covering all of the major eco-climatic domains of the US, including AK, HI, and Puerto Rico. These sites are regularly monitored and sampled using uniform instrumentation and protocols, including both foliar chemistry sampling and remote sensing flights for high resolution hyperspectral, LiDAR, and digital camera data acquisition. In this study we compare the results of foliar chemistry analysis to the remote sensing vegetation indices and investigate possible sources for variance and difference through the use of the larger hyperspectral dataset as well as ground based spectrometer measurements of

Foliar Nutrient Distribution Patterns in Sympatric Maple Species Reflect Contrasting Sensitivity to Excess Manganese.

Science.gov (United States)

Fernando, Denise R; Marshall, Alan T; Lynch, Jonathan P

2016-01-01

Sugar maple and red maple are closely-related co-occurring tree species significant to the North American forest biome. Plant abiotic stress effects including nutritional imbalance and manganese (Mn) toxicity are well documented within this system, and are implicated in enhanced susceptibility to biotic stresses such as insect attack. Both tree species are known to overaccumulate foliar manganese (Mn) when growing on unbuffered acidified soils, however, sugar maple is Mn-sensitive, while red maple is not. Currently there is no knowledge about the cellular sequestration of Mn and other nutrients in these two species. Here, electron-probe x-ray microanalysis was employed to examine cellular and sub-cellular deposition of excessively accumulated foliar Mn and other mineral nutrients in vivo. For both species, excess foliar Mn was deposited in symplastic cellular compartments. There were striking between-species differences in Mn, magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S) and calcium (Ca) distribution patterns. Unusually, Mn was highly co-localised with Mg in mesophyll cells of red maple only. The known sensitivity of sugar maple to excess Mn is likely linked to Mg deficiency in the leaf mesophyll. There was strong evidence that Mn toxicity in sugar maple is primarily a symplastic process. For each species, leaf-surface damage due to biotic stress including insect herbivory was compared between sites with acidified and non-acidified soils. Although it was greatest overall in red maple, there was no difference in biotic stress damage to red maple leaves between acidified and non-acidified soils. Sugar maple trees on buffered non-acidified soil were less damaged by biotic stress compared to those on unbuffered acidified soil, where they are also affected by Mn toxicity abiotic stress. This study concluded that foliar nutrient distribution in symplastic compartments is a determinant of Mn sensitivity, and that Mn stress hinders plant resistance to biotic stress.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Lavandula angustifolia to Salinity Under Mineral Foliar Application

Science.gov (United States)

Chrysargyris, Antonios; Michailidi, Evgenia; Tzortzakis, Nikos

2018-01-01

Saline water has been proposed as a solution to partially cover plant water demands due to scarcity of irrigation water in hot arid areas. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) plants were grown hydroponically under salinity (0–25–50–100 mM NaCl). The overcome of salinity stress was examined by K, Zn, and Si foliar application for the plant physiological and biochemical characteristics. The present study indicated that high (100 mM NaCl) salinity decreased plant growth, content of phenolics and antioxidant status and essential oil (EO) yield, while low-moderate salinity levels maintained the volatile oil profile in lavender. The integrated foliar application of K and Zn lighten the presumable detrimental effects of salinity in terms of fresh biomass, antioxidant capacity, and EO yield. Moderate salinity stress along with balanced concentration of K though foliar application changed the primary metabolites pathways in favor of major volatile oil constituents biosynthesis and therefore lavender plant has the potential for cultivation under prevalent semi-saline conditions. Zn and Si application, had lesser effects on the content of EO constituents, even though altered salinity induced changings. Our results have demonstrated that lavender growth/development and EO production may be affected by saline levels, whereas mechanisms for alteration of induced stress are of great significance considering the importance of the oil composition, as well. PMID:29731759

Induction of drought tolerance in zea mays l. by foliar application of triacontanol

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Perveen, S.; Iqbal, M.; Nawaz, A.

2016-01-01

In the present study, we assessed the effect of foliar application of triacontanol (TRIA) on various growth and physiochemical parameters of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (cv. MMRI-Yellow and cv. Hybrid S-515) under different irrigation levels i.e., normal watering (control) and watering at 60% of the field capacity (drought). Seeds of the two maize cultivars were sown in plastic pots filled with sandy loam soil (2 kg in each). Foliar application of TRIA (0, 2 and 5 micro M) was performed after two weeks of drought stress to 28-day-old plants. Data of 58-day-old maize plants was collected for analysis of various growth and physiochemical attributes. Drought stress significantly decreased growth and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and the contents of total phenolics, total soluble proteins, glycinebetaine (GB) and free proline. Foliar treatment with TRIA further increased CAT and POD activities whereas decreased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H/sub 2/O/sub 2/), malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolics and GB in the maize plants when under drought stress. Of the two maize cultivars, cv. MMRI-Yellow excelled the growth under both normal and drought stress (60% of the field capacity). Overall, TRIA (5 micro M) was much more effective in modulating various growth and physiochemical attributes, and thus improving drought tolerance in maize plants. (author)

Foliar applications of iron promote flavonoids accumulation in grape berry of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot grown in the iron deficiency soil.

Science.gov (United States)

Shi, Pengbao; Song, Changzheng; Chen, Haiju; Duan, Bingbing; Zhang, Zhenwen; Meng, Jiangfei

2018-07-01

Flavonoids are important compounds for grape and wine quality. Foliar fertilization with iron compounds has been reported to have a substantial impact on grape composition in the grapevines growing in calcareous soil. However, much less is known about its real impact on flavonoid composition. In the present study, Ferric ethylenediamine di (O-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (Fe-EDDHA) was foliar applied to Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines growing in calcareous soil over two consecutive vintages in order to study its effect on grape flavonoid composition. Fe-EDDHA foliar supply tended to increase grape sugar, anthocyanin and flavonol content, decrease acid content and enhance the juice pH when compared to the control. Principal component analysis showed that the vintage also had influence on grape quality. The results suggested that Fe-EDDHA foliar application had an enhancement effect on grape secondary metabolism, and the effect increased the nutritional value of the consequent grapes and wines. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vector control and foliar nutrition to maintain economic sustainability of bearing citrus in Florida groves affected by huanglongbing.

Science.gov (United States)

Stansly, Philip A; Arevalo, H Alejandro; Qureshi, Jawwad A; Jones, Moneen M; Hendricks, Katherine; Roberts, Pamela D; Roka, Fritz M

2014-03-01

Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening is a bacterial disease vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) causing tree decline, and yield loss. Vector control and foliar nutrition are used in Florida to slow the spread of HLB and mitigate debilitating effects of the disease. A four year replicated field study was initiated February 2008 in a 5.2-ha commercial block of young 'Valencia' orange trees employing a factorial design to evaluate individual and compound effects of vector management and foliar nutrition. Insecticides were sprayed during tree dormancy and when psyllid populations exceeded a nominal threshold. A mixture consisting primarily of micro- and macro-nutrients was applied three times a year corresponding to the principal foliar flushes. Differences in ACP numbers from five- to 13-fold were maintained in insecticide treated and untreated plots. Incidence of HLB estimated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rose from 30% at the beginning of the study to 95% in only 18 months. Highest yields all four years were seen from trees receiving both foliar nutrition and vector control. Production for these trees in the fourth year was close to the pre-HLB regional average for 10 year old 'Valencia' on 'Swingle'. Nevertheless, at current juice prices, the extra revenue generated from the combined insecticide and nutritional treatment did not cover the added treatment costs. This experiment demonstrated that vector control, especially when combined with enhanced foliar nutrition, could significantly increase yields in a citrus orchard with high incidence of HLB. Economic thresholds for both insecticide and nutrient applications are needed under different market and environmental conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dinámica del daño foliar en plántulas de Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae y Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae en el bosque altoandino de la Cordillera Oriental colombiana

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Carolina Ramos

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Además de las estrategias fitoquímicas especializadas, las plantas pueden usar la producción sincrónica de hojas como un método de saciado de patógenos y herbívoros. Con el fin de determinar si las especies del bosque altoandino colombiano Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae y Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae recurren a la producción sincrónica de hojas para controlar los efectos de la herbivoría y el ataque microbiano, y establecer que relación existe entre el estado de salud, el crecimiento y la mortalidad de plántulas, se evaluó la dinámica del daño foliar sobre diferentes cohortes. Dado que una plántula tolerante a la sombra recientemente emergida no puede suplir los costos fisiológicos de una estrategia especializada, se esperaba una alta sincronía en la producción de hojas en las plántulas más jóvenes, y diferencias en el daño foliar entre cohortes. Se midieron cuatro variables que evaluaban el estado de salud a lo largo del tiempo, en tres cohortes de plántulas: Proporción de hojas predadas, proporción de hojas sanas, proporción de hojas enfermas o con daño puntual y crecimiento. Ambas especies mostraron diferencias significativas entre épocas, en la proporción de hojas sanas; pero no hubo un efecto de la interacción tiempo-cohorte, por lo tanto la producción sincrónica de hojas no fue una estrategia más usada por alguna cohorte en particular. El daño foliar osciló a través del tiempo, lo cual puede ser explicado por los pulsos en la producción de hojas. Sin embargo, ésta estrategia tuvo poca eficiencia para controlar el ataque por patógenos. En general, el comportamiento unificado de todas las variables fue afectado por la cohorte, el tiempo, la especie y todas las diferentes interacciones. La relación entre crecimiento y daño foliar fue condicionado por el clima. La mayor mortalidad se dio durante la estación seca, y un cuarto de las muertes en D. granadensis fueron causadas por la acción conjunta de

Rain-Induced Wash-Off of Chemical Warfare Agent (VX) from Foliar Surfaces of Living Plants Maintained in a Surety Hood

Science.gov (United States)

2016-09-01

RAIN-INDUCED WASH-OFF OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT (VX) FROM FOLIAR SURFACES OF LIVING PLANTS MAINTAINED IN A...Final 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) May 2014 – Sep 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Rain-Induced Wash-Off of Chemical Warfare Agent (VX) from Foliar...galli Foliage Chemical warfare agent (CWA) O-ethyl-S-(2

Acclimation of foliar respiration and photosynthesis in response to experimental warming in a temperate steppe in northern China.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yonggang Chi

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Thermal acclimation of foliar respiration and photosynthesis is critical for projection of changes in carbon exchange of terrestrial ecosystems under global warming. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A field manipulative experiment was conducted to elevate foliar temperature (Tleaf by 2.07°C in a temperate steppe in northern China. Rd/Tleaf curves (responses of dark respiration to Tleaf, An/Tleaf curves (responses of light-saturated net CO2 assimilation rates to Tleaf, responses of biochemical limitations and diffusion limitations in gross CO2 assimilation rates (Ag to Tleaf, and foliar nitrogen (N concentration in Stipa krylovii Roshev. were measured in 2010 (a dry year and 2011 (a wet year. Significant thermal acclimation of Rd to 6-year experimental warming was found. However, An had a limited ability to acclimate to a warmer climate regime. Thermal acclimation of Rd was associated with not only the direct effects of warming, but also the changes in foliar N concentration induced by warming. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Warming decreased the temperature sensitivity (Q10 of the response of Rd/Ag ratio to Tleaf. Our findings may have important implications for improving ecosystem models in simulating carbon cycles and advancing understanding on the interactions between climate change and ecosystem functions.

Combined effects of drought stress and npk foliar spray on growth, physiological processes and nutrient uptake in wheat

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shabir, R.N.; Waraocj, E.A.

2015-01-01

The present study investigated the effects of supplemental foliar nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) spray, alone or in various combinations, on physiological processes and nutrients uptake in wheat under water deficit conditions. The study comprised of two phases; during the first phase, ten local wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for their response to PEG-6000 induced osmotic stress. One drought tolerant (Bhakkar-2002) and sensitive (Shafaq-2006) genotype selected from screening experiments were used in the second phase to determine the individual and combined effects of N, P and K foliar spray on physiological mechanisms in wheat under drought stress. The results revealed that limited water supply significantly reduced germination, growth and uptake of N, P and K. Supplemental foliar fertilisation of these macronutrients alone or in different combinations significantly improved the water relations, gas exchange characteristics and nutrient contents in both the genotypes. Bhakkar-2002 maintained higher turgor, net CO/sub 2/ assimilation rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and accumulated more N, P and K in shoot than Shafaq-2006. The foliar spray of NPK in combination was effective in improving wheat growth under both well-watered and water-deficit conditions. (author)

Selenium supplementation of Portuguese wheat cultivars through foliar treatment in actual field conditions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Catarina Galinha; Pacheco, A.M.G.; Maria do Carmo Freitas; Jose Coutinho; Benvindo Macas; Ana Sofia Almeida

2013-01-01

Selenium (Se) is a trace element essential to the well-being and health quality of humankind. Plant-derived foodstuffs, namely cereals, are the major dietary sources of Se in most countries throughout the world, even if Se contents are strongly dependent upon the corresponding levels in cereal-growing soils. Therefore, wheat is one of the staple crops that appears as an obvious candidate for Se biofortification, considering its gross-tonnage production and nutritional relevance worldwide. The present paper focuses on the ability of bread and durum wheat-Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf., respectively-to accumulate Se after supplementation via a foliar-addition procedure. Two of the most representative wheat cultivars in Portugal - Jordao (bread) and Marialva (durum) - have been selected for supplementation trials, following the same agronomic practices and field schedules as the regular (non-supplemented) crops of those varieties (sowing: November 2010; harvesting: July 2011). Foliar additions were performed at the booting and grain-filling stages, using sodium selenate and sodium selenite solutions at three different Se concentrations-equivalent to field supplementation rates of 4, 20 and 100 g of Se per ha-with and without potassium iodide. Selenium contents in wheat grains obtained under foliar application are compared to data from regular wheat samples (field blanks) grown at the same soil/season, yet devoid of any Se supplementation. Total Se in all field samples was determined by cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA), via the short-lived nuclide 77m Se (half-life time: 17.5 s), in the Portuguese Research Reactor (RPI; CTN-IST, Sacavem). Quality control of the analytical procedure was asserted through concurrent analyses of NIST-SRM R 1567a (Wheat Flour). Results show that foliar additions can increase Se contents in mature grains up to 15 and 40 times for Marialva and Jordao, respectively, when compared to non-supplemented crops. Jordao and

Aspectos fisiológicos de estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni en el Caribe colombiano: I. Efecto de la radiación incidente sobre el área foliar y la distribución de biomasa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jarma Alfredo

2005-12-01

Full Text Available

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni es uno de los 154 miembros del genero Stevia. El componente edulcorante de sus hojas se debe a glucosidos de diterpeno. Los principales glucosidos de esteviol son: esteviosido, rebaudiosido A, rebaudiosido C y dulcosido A. Este trabajo se realizo en Monteria (Colombia, con el proposito de evaluar el efecto de cuatro niveles de radiacion incidente sobre el comportamiento fisiologico de S. rebaudiana, bajo las condiciones ambientales delvalle del Sinu, en el Caribe colombiano. Se planteo un diseno completo al azar con arreglo factorial, en el que los factores fueron los porcentajes de la radiacion incidente en la region (19%, 24%, 56% y 100% y los genotipos de estevia ‘Morita 1’ y ‘Morita 2’. Los resultados indicaron que el area foliar de ‘Morita 2’ es superior a ‘Morita 1’, independientemente de la radiacion. Los altos niveles de radiacion incidente (100% y 56% registraron la mayor acumulacion de biomasa de las hojas, siendo superior en ‘Morita 2’. La mayor proporcion de la biomasa de las hojas, con respecto a la del tallo, en los primeros 60 d indica que la planta se dedico a fortalecer su aparato fotosintetico; luego, la migracion de fotoasimilados se hizo en mayor proporcion hacia los tallos, terminando con una tendencia estable hacia ambas demandas.

Review of cleaning techniques and their effects on the chemical composition of foliar samples

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rossini Oliva, S.; Raitio, H.

2003-07-01

Chemical foliar analysis is a tool widely used to study tree nutrition and to monitor the impact and extent of air pollutants. This paper reviews a number of cleaning methods, and the effects of cleaning on foliar chemistry. Cleaning may include mechanical techniques such as the use of dry or moistened tissues, shaking, blowing, and brushing, or use various washing techniques with water or other solvents. Owing to the diversity of plant species, tissue differences, etc., there is no standard procedure for all kinds of samples. Analysis of uncleaned leaves is considered a good method for assessing the degree of air contamination because it provides an estimate of the element content of the deposits on leaf surfaces or when the analysis is aimed at the investigation of transfer of elements along the food chain. Sample cleaning is recommended in order (1) to investigate the transfer rate of chemical elements from soil to plants, (2) to qualify the washoff of dry deposition from foliage and (3) to separate superficially absorbed and biomass-incorporated elements. Since there is not a standard cleaning procedure for all kinds of samples and aims, it is advised to conduct a pilot study in order to be able to establish a cleaning procedure to provide reliable foliar data. (orig.)

Costs and benefits of insecticide and foliar nutrient applications to huanglongbing-infected citrus trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Tansey, James A; Vanaclocha, Pilar; Monzo, Cesar; Jones, Moneen; Stansly, Philip A

2017-05-01

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), vectors Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes huanglongbing (HLB). In Florida, HLB incidence is approaching 100% statewide. Yields have decreased and production costs have increased since 2005. Despite this, some growers are maintaining a level of production and attribute this in part to aggressive psyllid control and foliar nutrition sprays. However, the value of these practices is debated. A replicated field study was initiated in 2008 in a commercial block of 'Valencia' sweet orange trees to evaluate individual and combined effects of foliar nutrition and ACP control. Results from 2012-2016 are presented. Insecticides consistently reduced ACP populations. However, neither insecticide nor nutrition applications significantly influenced HLB incidence or PCR copy number in mature trees. In reset trees, infection continued to build and reached 100% in all treatments. Greatest yields (kg fruit ha -1 ) and production (kg solids ha -1 ) were obtained from trees receiving both insecticides and foliar nutrition. All treatments resulted in production and financial gains relative to controls. However, material and application costs associated with the nutrition component offset these gains, resulting in lesser benefits than insecticides applied alone. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Diagnóstico do estado nutricional de n em porta-enxertos de citros, utilizando-se de teores foliares de clorofila

OpenAIRE

Decarlos Neto, Antônio; Siqueira, Dalmo Lopes de; Pereira, Paulo Roberto Gomes; Venegas, Victor Hugo Alvarez

2002-01-01

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os teores foliares de clorofila total (a+b) em porta-enxertos de citros cultivados em tubetes, como índices no diagnóstico do estado nutricional de N, de acordo com adição das doses de N (0; 400; 800; 1.600; 3.200 e 4.800 mg/dm³ de N no substrato). Os teores foliares de clorofila total apresentaram alta correlação positiva com a altura, diâmetro do caule, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes, área foliar e teor de N-NO3 da parte aérea dos porta-e...

Anatomía foliar y caulinar de Stemodia hassleriana (Scrophulariaceae, una especie endémica del Paraguay Foliar and caulinar anatomy of Stemodia hassleriana (Scrophulariaceae, a species endemic to Paraguay

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María de las Mercedes Sosa

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Se estudia la anatomía foliar y caulinar de Stemodia hassleriana Chodat, especie endémica del Paraguay. Esta especie se distingue de las restantes Stemodia del Paraguay por presentar el tallo con colénquima y seis costillas notorias. Se describe y compara la estructura anatómica de la hoja y el tallo con la de otras especies del género. Se ilustran algunos caracteres útiles para su reconocimiento.Foliar and caulinar anatomy of Stemodia hassleriana Chodat, a species endemic to Paraguay is studied. This species is distinguished from the remaining species of Stemodia from Paraguay since it presents the stems with collenchyma and six notorious ribs. Stem and leaves anatomical structures are described and compared with other species of the genus. Some useful characters for the recognition of this species are illustrated.

influence of foliar applications of calcium chloride and borax on fruit

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Dr. A Rab

2011-12-16

Dec 16, 2011 ... The influence of foliar application of calcium chloride and borax calcium on fruit skin strength and cracking incidence in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit was investigated at 25 days interval and also the evaluation of fruit skin calcium and boron contents, skin strength, ion leakage from skin discs and.

Genetics and physiology of the nuclearly inherited yellow foliar mutants in soybean

Science.gov (United States)

Plant photosynthetic pigments are important in harvesting the light energy and transfer of energy during photosynthesis. There are several yellow foliar mutants discovered in soybean and chromosomal locations for about half of them have been deduced. Viable-yellow mutants are capable of surviving wi...

Coatings of metal substrates assisted by laser radiation

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Caudevilla, H.

1998-04-01

Full Text Available In this contribution, a new way of obtaining ceramic coatings is presented. This method uses precursor suspensions, settled on substrates and in-situ pyrolised with a laser. Different deposition techniques of the ceramic precursors have been tested in order to obtain a homogeneous distribution on the metal substrate before the laser treatment.

La combinación de recubrimientos utilizando disoluciones de precursores metálicos con la pirólisis asistida por láser, permite obtener una gran diversidad de recubrimientos sobre sustratos de muy distinta naturaleza. Se han realizado estudios, tanto con disoluciones poliméricas, como con disoluciones de tipo sol-gel y pastas obtenidas con técnicas similares, depositadas utilizando métodos convencionales de inmersión y atomización previa a la pirólisis asistida por láser, así como simultánea. En este trabajo se presenta un resumen de los resultados más significativos obtenidos en la realización de recubrimientos sobre sustratos metálicos y cerámicos.

Fluoride-induced foliar injury in Solanum pseudo-capsicum: its induction in the dark and activation in the light

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

MacLean, D.C.; Schneider, R.C.; Weinstein, L.H.

1982-09-01

The differential responses of plants exposed to hydrogen fluoride (HF) in continuous light or darkness were investigated in Jerusalem cherry Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. Plants exposed to HF in the dark develop few, if any, foliar symptoms by the end of the exposure period, but severe foliar injury develops rapidly upon transfer to the light after exposure. The results suggest that light is required for the expression of responses induced by exposure to HF in the dark.

Foliar application of calcium chloride and borax affects the fruit skin ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The influence of foliar application of calcium chloride and borax calcium on fruit skin strength and cracking incidence in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit was investigated at 25 days interval and also the evaluation of fruit skin calcium and boron contents, skin strength, ion leakage from skin discs and fruit cracking in four ...

Effect of potassium and potting-bag size on foliar biomass and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Foliar fresh mass was significantly increased by the interaction between K concentration and potting-bag size. Growers may use a 5.3 mmol L−1 K concentration and a 5 L potting bag for optimum production of rose geranium under soil-less cultivation. Keywords: C:G ratio, enzyme activation, oil quality, potassium, rose ...

Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Wei-Ning; Tarafdar, Jagadish C.; Biswas, Pratim

2013-01-01

An aerosol process was developed for synthesis and delivery of nanoparticles for living watermelon plant foliar uptake. This is an efficient technique capable of generating nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and number concentrations. Aerosolized nanoparticles were easily applied to leaf surfaces and enter the stomata via gas uptake, avoiding direct interaction with soil systems, eliminating potential ecological risks. The uptake and transport of nanoparticles inside the watermelon plants were investigated systematically by various techniques, such as elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and plant anatomy by transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that certain fractions of nanoparticles ( d p watermelon plants. The particle size and number concentration played an important role in nanoparticle translocation inside the plants. In addition, the nanoparticle application method, working environment, and leaf structure are also important factors to be considered for successful plant foliar uptake.

Anatomía foliar y caulinar en especies de Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae Foliar and caulinar anatomy in species of Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria De Las Mercedes Sosa

2005-07-01

Full Text Available Se describe la estructura anatómica foliar y caulinar en el género Stemodia. Son consideradas siete especies: S. ericifolia (Kuntze K. Schum., S. hyptoides Cham. & Schltdl., S. lanceolata Benth., S. lobelioides Lehm., S. palustris A. St.-Hil., S. stricta Cham. & Schltdl. y S. verticillata (Mill. Hassl. Se hallaron diferencias en la epidermis foliar, donde hay variación en el tipo de estomas y de tricomas, y en la forma de las papilas epidérmicas; también en la estructura del mesofilo. Se describen e ilustran cuatro tipos de tricomas considerando si son o no glandulares y el número de células que lo conforman. El estudio de la anatomía caulinar mostró diferencias en cuanto a la presencia de aerénquima cortical y de laguna medular, y el porcentaje de espacios en el aerénquima cortical.Comparative anatomical studies of the leaves and stems on the genus Stemodia are presented. Seven species are considered: S. ericifolia (Kuntze K. Schum., S. hyptoides Cham. & Schltdl., S. lanceolata Benth., S. lobelioides Lehm., S. palustris A. St.-Hil., S. stricta Cham. & Schltdl. and S. verticillata (Mill. Hassl. There are variation in the stomatal and trichome types, form of the papillae and mesophyll structure. Four trichome types are described and illustrated considering if they are glandular or non-glandular and the number of cells. The stems present a quite homogeneous anatomical structure. Some differences in the amount and distribution of the aerenchyma and the size of the intercellular spaces are observed.

Physiological characteristics of Plantago major under SO2 exposure as affected by foliar iron spray.

Science.gov (United States)

Mohasseli, Vahid; Khoshgoftarmanesh, Amir Hossein; Shariatmadari, Hossein

2017-08-01

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is considered as a main air pollutant in industrialized areas that can damage vegetation. In the present study, we investigated how exposure to SO 2 and foliar application of iron (Fe) would affect certain physiological characteristics of Plantago major. The plant seedlings exposed or unexposed to SO 2 (3900 μg m -3 ) were non-supplemented or supplemented with Fe (3 g L -1 ) as foliar spray. Plants were exposed to SO 2 for 6 weeks in 100 × 70 × 70 cm chambers. Fumigation of plants with SO 2 was performed for 3 h daily for 3 days per week (alternate day). Lower leaf Fe concentration in the plants exposed to SO 2 at no added Fe treatment was accompanied with incidence of chlorosis symptoms and reduced chlorophyll concentration. No visible chlorotic symptoms were observed on the SO 2 -exposed plants supplied with Fe that accumulated higher Fe in their leaves. Both at with and without added Fe treatments, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity was higher in the plants fumigated with SO 2 in comparison with those non-fumigated with SO 2 . Foliar application of Fe was also effective in increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD. Exposure to SO 2 led to reduced cellulose but enhanced lignin content of plant leaf cell wall. The results obtained showed that foliar application of Fe was effective in reducing the effects of exposure to SO 2 on cell wall composition. In contrast to SO 2 , application of Fe increased cellulose while decreased lignin content of the leaf cell wall. This might be due to reduced oxidative stress induced by SO 2 in plants supplied with Fe compared with those unsupplied with Fe.

Effect of foliar application of chitosan and salicylic acid on the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) varieties

Science.gov (United States)

Hasanah, Y.; Sembiring, M.

2018-02-01

Elicitors such as chitosan and salicylic acid could be used not only to increase isoflavone concentration of soybean seeds, but also to increase the growth and seed yield. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of foliar application of elicitor compounds (i.e. chitosan, and salicylic acid)on the growth of two soybean varieties under dry land conditions. Experimental design was a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was soybean varieties (Wilis and Devon). The second factor was foliar application of elicitors consisted of without elicitor; chitosan at V4 (four trifoliate leaves are fully developed); chitosan at R3 (early podding); chitosan at V4 and R3; salicylic acid at V4; salicylic acid at R3 and salicylic acid at V4 and R3. Parameters observed was plant height at 2-7 week after planting (WAP), shoot dry weight and root dry weight. The results suggest that the Wilis variety had higher plant height 7 WAP than Devon. The foliar application of chitosan increased the plant height at 7 WAP, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. The foliar application of chitosan at V4 and R3 on Devon variety increased shoot dry weight.

[Characteristics of foliar delta13C values of common shrub species in various microhabitats with different karst rocky desertification degrees].

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Xue-Lian; Wang, Shi-Jie; Rong, Li

2011-12-01

By measuring the foliar delta13C values of 5 common shrub species (Rhamnus davurica, Pyracantha fortuneana, Rubus biflorus, Zanthoxylum planispinum, and Viburnum utile) growing in various microhabitats in Wangjiazhai catchment, a typical karst desertification area in Guizhou Province, this paper studied the spatial heterogeneity of plant water use at niche scale and the response of the heterogeneity to different karst rocky desertification degrees. The foliar delta13C values of the shrub species in the microhabitats followed the order of stony surface > stony gully > stony crevice > soil surface, and those of the majority of the species were more negative in the microhabitat soil surface than in the others. The foliar delta13C values decreased in the sequence of V. utile > R. biflorus > Z. planispinum > P. fortuneana > R. davurica, and the mean foliar delta13C value of the shrubs and that of typical species in various microhabitats all increased with increasing karst rocky desertification degree, differed significantly among different microhabitats. It was suggested that with the increasing degree of karst rocky desertification, the structure and functions of karst habitats were impaired, microhabitats differentiated gradually, and drought degree increased.

Effect of Foliar Application of Chitosan on Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. under Water Deficit Stress

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batool mahdavi

2014-09-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of chitosan in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L., a pot experiment was conducted in 2009. Experimental design was a randomized complete block in factorial arrangement with three replications. Experimental factors were water deficit levels (unstressed (control and 70% available water depletion from soil (water deficit stress, chitosan concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1%, all dissolved in 1% acetic acid along with an additional treatment of distilled water and foliar application times (before and during stem elongation. The results showed that water deficit stress reduced plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, root height and volume. Whereas, foliar application of chitosan increased mentioned traits. In addition, water deficit stress decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration and relative water content. Carotenoid, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA content were increased in response to stress. Foliar application of chitosan increased chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content (68.77% and chlorophyll b in the water deficit stressed plants, whereas decreased MDA content. The results of the present study indicate that application of chitosan can reduce the harmful effects of water deficit and improve plant growth.

The Relationship Between Soils and Foliar Nutrition For Planted Royal Paulownia

Science.gov (United States)

James E. Johnson; David O. Mitchem; Richard E. Kreh

2002-01-01

Royal paulownia is becoming an important hardwood plantation species in the southern U.S. A study was done to investigate two novel site preparation techniques for aiding the establishment of royal paulownia seedlings in the Virginia Piedmont. The effects of these treatments on the foliar nutrition of first year seedlings was determined, as was the relationship...

Effect of polybag size and foliar application of urea on cocoa ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The effects of different polybag sizes and foliar application of urea on the growth of cocoa seedlings in the nursery were studied at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana substation at Afosu in the Eastern Region of Ghana between June 2004 and May 2005. Hybrid cocoa seeds were sown in polybags measuring 17.5 cm ...

Método não destrutivo para determinação da área foliar da videira, cultivar BRS-Violeta

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Gustavo Malagi

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as combinações entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e principal de folhas na estimativa da área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta. Realizou-se a coleta aleatória de 200 folhas intactas e completamente desenvolvidas, em uma área de cultivo experimental. Determinaram-se a área foliar real (AFR e o comprimento das nervuras secundárias (esquerda - direita e principal. Obtiveram-se três regressões com seus coeficientes de determinação para a identificação da relação mais precisa, considerando o comprimento da nervura principal (CNP, o somatório do comprimento das nervuras secundárias (SCNS e o somatório entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e o comprimento da nervura principal (SCNSP, como variáveis independentes. A AFR foi considerada variável dependente nas três regressões. Observou-se que a relação entre AFR x SCNS proporcionou o maior coeficiente de determinação (0,87. A área foliar estimada pela equação obtida pela relação AFR x SCNS garantiu uma precisão de 87%, segundo a relação entre AFR x AFE (área foliar estimada. Portanto, conclui-se que a área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta pode ser estimada pela equação y = 0,2169 (SCNS² + 5,3642 (SCNS - 34,725, com precisão satisfatória.

Efecto de la aplicación de roca fosfórica y la inoculación con bacterias solubilizadoras de fosfatos sobre el crecimiento del ají (Capsicum annum L.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Patiño Torres

2014-04-01

Full Text Available La utilización de roca fosfórica para la fertilización de los cultivos tropicales es una práctica eficaz y sostenible,cuyos efectos positivos sobre las plantas pueden aumentarse a través de su inoculación con microorganismos promotores del crecimiento vegetal. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, se estudió en invernadero el efecto de la fertilización con roca fosfórica en plantas de ají (Capsicum annum L. variedad Cayena, inoculadas y sin inocular, con dos aislamientos bacterianos solubilizadores de fosfato (Burkholderia ambifaria y B. lata, utilizando como sustrato un suelo ácido altamente deficiente en fósforo, sobre variables asociadas con el crecimiento de las plantas. Los ensayos mostraron efecto significativo de la roca fosfórica (RF sola y/o en conjunto con los aislamientos inoculados. La bioinoculación permitió disminuir la RF, a la mitad (12 g/unidad experimental de la dosis más adecuada, sin afectar estadísticamente la media de las variables analizadas, igualmente, los contenidos de fósforo (15P en los tejidos de las plantas inoculadas con las bacterias fueron superiores comparados con el de aquellas no inoculadas.

Seasonal development of ozone-induced foliar injury on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Souza, Lara; Neufeld, Howard S.; Chappelka, Arthur H.; Burkey, Kent O.; Davison, Alan W.

2006-01-01

The goals of this study were to document the development of ozone-induced foliar injury, on a leaf-by-leaf basis, and to develop ozone exposure relationships for leaf cohorts and individual tall milkweeds (Asclepias exaltata L.) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plants were classified as either ozone-sensitive or insensitive based on the amount of foliar injury. Sensitive plants developed injury earlier in the season and to a greater extent than insensitive plants. Older leaf cohorts were more likely to belong to high injury classes by the end of each of the two growing seasons. In addition, leaf loss was more likely for older cohorts (2000) and lower leaf positions (2001) than younger cohorts and upper leaves, respectively. Most leaves abscised without prior ozone-like stippling or chlorosis. Failure to take this into account can result in underestimation of the effects of ozone on these plants. - Leaf loss was not necessarily accompanied by symptoms of foliar ozone injury

Seasonal development of ozone-induced foliar injury on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Souza, Lara [Department of Biology, 572 Rivers Street, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608 (United States)]. E-mail: lsouza@utk.edu; Neufeld, Howard S. [Department of Biology, 572 Rivers Street, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608 (United States); Chappelka, Arthur H. [School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, 108 M White-Smith Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 (United States); Burkey, Kent O. [US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, 3908 Inwood Road, Raleigh, NC 26703 (United States); Davison, Alan W. [School of Biology, Ridley Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU (United Kingdom)

2006-05-15

The goals of this study were to document the development of ozone-induced foliar injury, on a leaf-by-leaf basis, and to develop ozone exposure relationships for leaf cohorts and individual tall milkweeds (Asclepias exaltata L.) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plants were classified as either ozone-sensitive or insensitive based on the amount of foliar injury. Sensitive plants developed injury earlier in the season and to a greater extent than insensitive plants. Older leaf cohorts were more likely to belong to high injury classes by the end of each of the two growing seasons. In addition, leaf loss was more likely for older cohorts (2000) and lower leaf positions (2001) than younger cohorts and upper leaves, respectively. Most leaves abscised without prior ozone-like stippling or chlorosis. Failure to take this into account can result in underestimation of the effects of ozone on these plants. - Leaf loss was not necessarily accompanied by symptoms of foliar ozone injury.

Impact of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on foliar elemental composition in a short rotation poplar plantation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marinari, Sara; Calfapietra, Carlo; De Angelis, Paolo; Mugnozza, Giuseppe Scarascia; Grego, Stefano

2007-01-01

The experiment was carried out on a short rotation coppice culture of poplars (POP-EUROFACE, Central Italy), growing in a free air carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere (FACE). The specific objective of this work was to study whether elevated CO 2 and fertilization (two CO 2 treatments, elevated CO 2 and control, two N fertilization treatments, fertilized and unfertilized), as well as the interaction between treatments caused an unbalanced nutritional status of leaves in three poplar species (P. x euramericana, P. nigra and P. alba). Finally, we discuss the ecological implications of a possible change in foliar nutrients concentration. CO 2 enrichment reduced foliar nitrogen and increased the concentration of magnesium; whereas nitrogen fertilization had opposite effects on leaf nitrogen and magnesium concentrations. Moreover, the interaction between elevated CO 2 and N fertilization amplified some element unbalances such as the K/N-ratio. - CO 2 enrichment reduced foliar nitrogen and increased the magnesium concentration in poplar

Physiological responses of Tillandsia albida (Bromeliaceae) to long-term foliar metal application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kováčik, Jozef; Klejdus, Bořivoj; Štork, František; Hedbavny, Josef

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► Impact of foliar Cd, Ni and Cd + Ni application on Tillandsia albida was studied. ► Cd caused visible damage and enhanced stress parameters in combined treatment. ► Nitrogenous compounds were slightly affected but phenols were up- and down-regulated. ► Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by any of treatments. ► Total Cd or Ni reached ca. 0.04% and Ni was more absorbed than Cd. - Abstract: The impact of 2-month foliar application of cadmium, nickel and their combination (10 μM) on Tillandsia albida was studied. Cadmium caused damage of tissue but assimilation pigments were depressed in Cd + Ni variant only. Stress-related parameters (ROS and peroxidase activities) were elevated by Cd and Cd + Ni while MDA content remained unaffected. Free amino acids accumulated the most in Ni alone but soluble proteins were not influenced. Among phenolic acids, mainly vanillin contributed to increase of their sum in all variants while soluble phenols even decreased in Cd + Ni and flavonols slightly increased in Cd variants. Phenolic enzymes showed negligible responses to almost all treatments. Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by metal application but N content increased. Total Cd or Ni amounts reached over 400 μg g −1 DW and were not affected if metal alone and combined treatment is compared while absorbed content differed (ca. 50% of total Cd was absorbed while almost all Ni was absorbed). These data indicate tolerance of T. albida to foliar metal application and together with strong xerophytic morphology, use for environmental studies is recommended.

Efeitos do sombreamento na anatomia foliar de Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng Harms e Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi

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M.S. Santos

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de analisar as alterações na anatomia foliar de Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng Harms e Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi quando cultivadas em ambientes de sombra moderada ou densa, simulando as condições naturais encontradas em sistemas agroflorestais tradicionais do sul da Bahia, Brasil. Plantas das duas espécies, com aproximadamente um ano de idade, foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação sob quatro níveis de sombreamento (25%, 17%, 10% e 5%. Estudos anatômicos do limbo foliar foram realizados a partir de material incluído em parafina e seccionado em micrótomo rotativo. Os diferentes níveis de sombreamento ocasionaram alterações na estrutura do mesofilo de ambas as espécies, com diferenças significativas na espessura do parênquima paliçádico, limbo foliar, e densidade estomática. Nas condições em que o experimento foi realizado os resultados obtidos indicaram que G. integrifolia apresenta maior capacidade de aclimatação a ambientes de sombra moderada e densa do que S. terebinthifolius, sendo mais indicada para o cultivo em sistemas agroflorestais pré-estabelecidos.

Biorremediación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos mediante aplicación de sustrato post‐cultivo de champiñón (Agaricus bisporus)

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García Delgado, Carlos

2015-01-01

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Agrícola. Fecha de lectura: 10-07-2015 La presente Tesis Doctoral ha sido financiada por el proyecto: Recuperación de suelos contaminados con plantas autóctonas producidas en sustratos eco‐compatibles y efecto de estos materiales en la biodisponibilidad y biodegrada bilidad de los contaminantes (ECOSUSTRATO II). 2010 – 2014; CTM2009 ‐13140‐C02‐02. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovac...

Métodos de análisis foliar aplicados bosques naturales y exóticos de interés comercial: características, ventajas y desventajas.

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Carlos Esse

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Resumen El presente trabajo, corresponde a una síntesis bibliográfica cuyo objetivo radica en la descripción de las principales características de tres de los métodos más utilizados en los análisis de tejido foliar de origen vegetal. Para ello, se analizaron los estudios relacionados la temática expuesta, desde los cuales se extrajeron los principales resultados y discusiones sobre las ventajas del uso de cada uno de ellos. Los métodos aquí presentados corresponden al método de los valores críticos (VC, método DRIS (diagnosis and recommendation integrated system, y método a través del análisis de vectores. Las principales conclusiones indican que los tres métodos permiten abordar en general las distintas condiciones en las cuales crecen los bosques naturales y exóticos de interés comercial, no destacándose ningún método sobre otro, sin embargo, cada uno posee sus ventajas dependiendo de la especie tratada y el sitio. Lo anterior permite su recomendación con base a características de la especie analizada y las condiciones de sitio en las cuales crece y se desarrollan las especies forestales.

Soil and foliar analysis laboratories in Costa Rica: a report of the Comite de Laboratorios de Analisis de Suelos, Plantas y Aguas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Corrales, Marco; Bertsch, Floria; Bejarano, Jose Antonio

2005-01-01

The situation of soils and foliar analysis laboratories in Costa Rica is showed in this job. The characteristics and methodologies of each laboratory are described, as well as the results of the National Exchange Programs, which have been implemented among all of them for the last 6 years, and which are denominated as PINAS for soils and PINAF for foliar. For each determination, soil as well as foliar, achievements in homologation of methodologies are stressed, and estimates obtained on intrinsic variability - resulting from processing control samples - are discussed. With the results of control samples that have been analyzed in 15 national laboratories, the internal variability of each one was evaluated, comparisons among them were made, and estimations of the intrinsic variability shown by each determination were made. At PINAS, more than 60 soil control samples have been processed, with 2 extracting solutions (Modified KCl-Olsen and Mehlich 3), and with 3 to 6 replicates per solution; at PINAF, 16 control foliar samples have been processed, also repeated 3 times in each laboratory. In general, the internal variability of the laboratories is low; for soil determinations, variation among laboratories fluctuated 10-20%, and for foliar the fluctuation was even lower (10-15%). The assessment can be made, that having these variations among results from different laboratories is quite acceptable, yet subject to improvement. (author) [es

Changes in the dynamics of foliar N metabolites in oak saplings by drought and air warming depend on species and soil type.

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Bin Hu

Full Text Available Climate change poses direct or indirect influences on physiological mechanisms in plants. In particular, long living plants like trees have to cope with the predicted climate changes (i.e. drought and air warming during their life span. The present study aimed to quantify the consequences of simulated climate change for foliar N metabolites over a drought-rewetting-drought course. Saplings of three Central European oak species (i.e. Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens were tested on two different soil types (i.e. acidic and calcareous. Consecutive drought periods increased foliar amino acid-N and soluble protein-N concentrations at the expense of structural N in all three oak species. In addition, transient effects on foliar metabolite dynamics were observed over the drought-rewetting-drought course. The lowest levels of foliar soluble protein-N, amino acid-N and potassium cation with a minor response to drought and air warming were found in the oak species originating from the driest/warmest habitat (Q. pubescens compared to Q. robur and Q. petraea. Higher foliar osmolyte-N and potassium under drought and air warming were observed in all oak species when grown on calcareous versus acidic soil. These results indicate that species-specific differences in physiological mechanisms to compensate drought and elevated temperature are modified by soil acidity.

Reguladores de crecimiento y sustratos naturales para la aclimatación de vitro-plántulas de piña Ananas comosus (L. Merr. Growth regulators and natural mediums for aclimatation of pineapple vitro-plants Ananas comosus (L. Merr

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Vargas Helder

1998-12-01

Full Text Available Con el propósito de obtener tecnologías para la etapa de adaptación de plántulas de piña, mediante el cultivo de tejidos, se experimentaron los sustratos arena amarilla de río, suelo natural y escoria de carbón, simultáneamente con las auxinas: AIA, AIB y ANA en concentraciones de 0,500, 1.000 y 1.500 ppm. Se registraron los parámetros vegetales número de raíces, longitud de la raíz y el peso seco de la raíz. En general y
para todo el ensayo, el sustrato arena amarilla de río fue el de mejor resultado, los otros dos manifestaron respuestas, generalmente, bajas y sin una tendencia clara. La hormona que mejor desempeño tuvo, cuando se combinó con el sustrato arena amarilla de río, fue la AIB, en concentraciones de 1000 y 1500 ppm.

The aclimatizacion stage is the critical step during the development of tissue cultures in crops. It was evaluated the response of vitro-plants from pineapple Ananas comosus (L. Merr., to the applications of the hormones: AlA, AIB and ANA in dos es 0-500-1000 and 1500 ppm at the medium: yellow river sand, natural soil and charcoal-scoria. The number of roots, root length and dry weigh root were recorded in the vitro-plants. In general, the yellow river sand was the medium that showed the best results. The natural soil and the charcoal - scoria had low response without a clear tendency. The AIB hormone presented a very good behaviour with the combination yellow river sand at 1000 and 1500 ppm dose.

Foliar application effects of beet vinasse on rice yield and chemical composition

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tejada, M.; Garcia-Martinez, A. M.; Benitez, C.; Gonzalez, J. L.; Bautista, J.; Parrado, J.

2009-01-01

This study presents an account of rice (oriza sativa cv. Puntal) yield quality parameters as influenced by the foliar application of an industrial byproduct (beet vinasse). Beet (Beta vulgaris L. Subsp.vurgaris) vinasse is a product of great agricultural interest, because of its organic matter content, N and K concentrations. (Author)

Anatomia foliar de quatro espécies do gênero Cattleya Lindl. (Orchidaceae do Planalto Central Brasileiro Foliar anatomy of four species of genus Cattleya Lindl. (Orchidaceae of the Brazilian Central Planalt

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Rosane Zanenga-Godoy

2003-03-01

Full Text Available As espécies analisadas (Cattleya araguaiensis Pabst, C. bicolor Lindl., C. nobilior Rchb. e C. walkeriana Gardn. apresentam epiderme uniestratificada em ambas as faces da lâmina foliar, ocorrendo estômatos na face abaxial; deposição de cera epicuticular em crostas, escamas, flocos e plaquetas; em C. araguaiensis ocorrem estegmatas incrustados nas células epidérmicas; em todas as espécies ocorre hipoderme com células de paredes espessadas; mesofilo bifacial, compacto; células paliçádicas atípicas, com barras de espessamento; feixes vasculares colaterais dispostos alternadamente, acompanhados por bainha de fibras; cordões fibrosos acompanhados por estegmatas ocorrem longitudinalmente na lâmina foliar; presença de ráfides. Os aspectos descritos revelam acentuada xeromorfia, em função de economia de água.The analyzed species (Cattleya araguaiensis Pabst, C. bicolor Lindl., C. nobilior Rchb. e C. walkeriana Gardn. present unistratified epidermis at both surfaces with stomata at abaxial surface; deposition of epicuticular wax in crusts, scales, granules and plates; C. araguaiensis presents stegmata at epidermal cells; others characteristics present at all species are: hypodermis cells with thick walls; bifacial and compact mesophyll; atipic cells ofpalisade parenchyma with thichness bars; collateral vascular bundles alternate accompanied by sheath fibers; cordon fibers accompanied by stegmata in the foliar blade; raphids. The described aspects reveal accentuate xeromorphy for water economy.

Aplicação foliar de tratamentos para o controle do míldio e da podridão-de-escamas de bulbos de cebola Foliar spray of treatments in the control of downy mildew and bulb rot in onion

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João Américo Wordell Filho

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Em experimento de campo, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação foliar de tratamentos para o controle do míldio (Peronospora destructor e da podridão de bulbos (Burkholderia cepacia de cebola: testemunha, clorotalonil/metalaxyl + clorotalonil, fosfito de potássio, fertilizante foliar (03-00-16, N-P-K, calda bordalesa, calda bordalesa/fosfito de potássio, acibenzolar-S-methyl, pulverizados semanalmente; extrato de alga (Ulva fasciata e ulvana, aplicados a cada 7, 14 e 21 dias. Somente a pulverização semanal com fungicidas sintéticos ou com o fertilizante (03-00-16; 400 mL de p.c./100 L foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a severidade do míldio, em 60 ou 23%, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha não pulverizada, sem aumentar o rendimento de bulbos. O tratamento com fertilizantes ricos em potássio resultou em maior incidência da podridão de bulbos armazenados por cinco meses. O conteúdo de açúcares solúveis e incidência da podridão de bulbos de cebola foram correlacionados significativamente (-0,629, p A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of foliar sprays with the following treatments on the downy mildew (Peronospora destructor and bulb rot (Burkholderia cepacia in onions: non-treated control, fungicide chlorotalonil/metalaxyl + chlorotalonil, potassium phosphite, foliar fertilizer (03-00-16, N-P-K, bordeaux mixture, bordeaux mixture/potassium phosphite, acibenzolar-S-methyl weekly applied; extract of alga Ulva fasciata and ulvan sprayed every 7, 14 and 21 days. Only the weekly spraying of fungicides and fertilizer (03-00-16, 400 mL/100 L significantly reduced the mildew severity by 60 and 23%, respectively, but did not increase the bulb yield. The foliar application of potassium rich fertilizers resulted in a higher incidence of rotten bulbs after 5 months in storage. Soluble sugar content and rot incidence of onion bulbs were significantly correlated (-0,629, p < 0,05.

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF SILICON ON YIELD COMPONENTS OF WHEAT CROP

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THOMAS NEWTON MARTIN

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Wheat is a major winter crop in southern Brazil. To maximize its productivity, there should be no biotic or abiotic restrictions that can affect the yield components. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the changes caused in the wheat crop yield components by silicon foliar application. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons. In the first year, five wheat cultivars (Quartzo, Campo Real, Onix and Fundacep Lineage were assessed and in the second year four were assessed (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte and Quartzo. In both years the crops were subjected to three doses of silicon (0, 3 and 6 L of silicon ha -1. The silicon was applied during the tillering, booting and anthesis stages. The yield components assessed were the number of plants, number of ears, number of fertile tillers, dry matter per plant, hectoliter weight, number of spikelets, number of grains per spike, weight of hundred grains, grain yield and harvest index. Most yield components did not respond to the silicon foliar application. The harvest index (first year and the number of tillers (second year however presented a quadratic relationship with the supply of silicon. The remaining differences were attributed to variations among the wheat cultivars.

DESEMPENHO DA APLICAÇÃO FOLIAR DE ZINCO EM FEIJOEIRO

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Hugo Alexandre Coelho

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The nutritional requirements of crops, in general, becomes more intense with the beginning of the reproductive phase, being more critical at the time of seed formation, when considerable amounts of nutrients are they translocation, this requirement should be increased to the fact that nutrients are essential to training and development of new bodies of booking. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of foliar application of zinc (zinc oxide Zn 700 g L-1 in bean plant, compared to leaf application of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4 and control (without application of Zn. The experiment was installed in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP / Campus de Botucatu-SP. Was placed in containers with a capacity of 20L of soil and leaf applications encompassing four schemes and two of rain, with 5 replicates per treatment, a total of 40 vessels. The results for the factorial design did not show in general, significantly different answers when evaluated on the simulation of rain or the lack of simulation. The treatment (700g L-1 of ZnO has demonstrated agronomic efficiency as its foliar application, with results equal or exceed the application of ZnSO4 and control when applied at the same dose of Zn.

Uso del escobajo como sustrato para el crecimiento de hongos de la pudrición blanca, la producción de enzimas ligninolíticas y la decoloración de tinturas Grape stalks as substrate for white rot fungi, lignocellulolytic enzyme production and dye decolorization

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Laura Levin

2012-06-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial del escobajo, un residuo agroindustrial, como sustrato para el crecimiento y la producción de enzimas lignocelulósicas de tres hongos causantes de pudrición blanca en la madera: Trametes trogii, Stereum hirsutum y Coriolus antarcticus. Para ello se utilizaron técnicas de fermentación en estado sólido. También se ensayó la decoloración de colorantes industriales sobre estos cultivos. La pérdida de peso seco del sustrato fue similar después del día 60 (33-43 %. C. antarcticus produjo las mayores actividades de lacasa y Mn-peroxidasa (33,0 y 1,6 U/g peso seco. La mayor actividad endoglucanasa fue medida en cultivos de S. hirsutum (10,4 U/g, y la mayor actividad endoxilanasa en T. trogii (14,6 U/g. El sistema C. antarcticus/escobap mostró un importante potencial para su aplicación en la biorremediación de efluentes textiles, con porcentajes de decoloración de 93, 86, 82, 82, 77 y 58 % para índigo carmín, verde de malaquita, azure B, azul R brillante de remazol, cristal violeta y xilidina, respectivamente, en 5 h.The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of grape stalks, an agroindustrial waste, for growth and lignocellulolytic enzyme production via solid-state fermentation, using the following three white rot fungi: Trametes trogii, Stereum hirsutum and Coriolus antarcticus. The decolorization of several dyes by the above mentioned cultures was also investigated. Similar values of dry weight loss of the substrate were measured after 60 days (33-43 %. C. antarcticus produced the highest laccase and Mn-peroxldase activities (33.0 and 1.6 U/g dry solid. The maximum endoglucanase production was measured in S. hirsutum cultures (10.4 U/g, while the endoxylanase peak corresponded to T. trogii (14.6 U/g. The C. antarcticus/grape stalk system seems potentially competitive in bioremediation of textile processing effluents, attaining percentages of decolorization of 93, 86, 82, 82

EVALUACIÓN DE TRES NIVELES DE NITRÓGENO EN MEDIO DE CULTIVO, EN LAS FASES DE ENRAIZAMIENTO in vitro Y ADAPTACIÓN A SUSTRATO DE Rubus glaucus (BENTH)

OpenAIRE

Vaca, Ivonne; Landazuri, Pablo

2013-01-01

El presente trabajo fue desarrollado en el Cantón Rumiñahui, provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. El objetivo fue evaluar tres concentraciones nitrógeno de las sales Murashige y Skooog (MS) en el medio de cultivo, en las fases de enraizamiento in vitro y adaptación a sustrato de Rubus glaucus. La dosis de 4,88mMde nitrógeno en elmedio presentó el mayor número de raíces con un promedio de 3,72 raíces por planta, mayor longitud de raíz con 1,8cm de largo, mayor porcentaje de enraizamiento ...

Foliar manganese accumulation by Maytenus founieri (Celastraceae) in its native New Caledonian habitats: populational variation and localization by X-ray microanalysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Fernando, D R; Woodrow, I E; Jaffré, T; Dumontet, V; Marshall, A T; Baker, A J M

2008-01-01

Hyperaccumulation by plants is a rare phenomenon that has potential practical benefits. The majority of manganese (Mn) hyperaccumulators discovered to date occur in New Caledonia, and little is known about their ecophysiology. This study reports on natural populations of one such species, the endemic shrub Maytenus founieri. Mean foliar Mn concentrations of two populations growing on ultramafic substrates with varying soil pHs were obtained. Leaf anatomies were examined by light microscopy, while the spatial distributions of foliar Mn in both populations were examined by qualitative scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Plants growing on two different substrates were found to have very different mean dry weight (DW) foliar Mn concentrations. Light microscopy showed that the leaves had very distinct thick dermal structures, consisting of multiple layers of large cells in the hypodermis. In vivo X-ray microprobe analyses revealed that, in both populations, Mn sequestration occurred primarily in these dermal tissues. The finding here that foliar Mn is most highly localized in the nonphotosynthetic tissues of M. founieri contrasts with results from similar studies on other woody species that accumulate high Mn concentrations in their shoots.

Effects of magnesium sulfate on the foliar absorption of phosphates at the pumpkin

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chamel, A.

1962-01-01

The foliar absorption of phosphates labelled with 32 P and applied with or without magnesium sulfate on the first leaf of pumpkin seedlings have been studied. The magnesium sulfate applied with the phosphate reduces plainly the absorption rate of 32 P. (O.M.) [fr

The Effect of Nitroxin Biofertilizer and Foliar Applicatin of Micronutrients Time Consumption on Yield and Yield Components of New Wheat Cultivars under Khorramabad Climatic Conditions

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A. Vaez

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction In order to study the effects of Nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients time consumption on yield and yield components of new wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum & T. durum under Khorramabad climatic conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm khorramabad during growing season of 2012-2013. Considering the positive effect of inoculation with bio-fertilizer and foliar Nitroxin micronutrients and reaction of cultivars to this type of fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers and the importance of wheat as one of the main crops, this study aims to determine the most appropriate time for foliar and Nitroxin application of micronutrients at the different stages of plant growth and bio-fertilizer application on yield and yield components. Materials and Methods The first factor was considered in six levels: N0: The lack of the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and without the foliar application of micronutrients (control, N1: the seed inoculation with the nitroxin biofertilizer, N2: the foliar application of micronutrients at the jointing stage, N3: the foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage, N4: the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the jointing stage, N5: the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage. The second factor was considered at two levels, consisting: V1: Parsi cultivar and V2: Dena cultivar. MSTATC Software was used for data analysis and means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. Results and Discussion In this experiment the grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000- grain weight, spike number per m-2, grain number per spike and spikelet number per spike of wheat were studied. The results of the data variance analysis has

Foliar δ13C Showed No Altitudinal Trend in an Arid Region and Atmospheric Pressure Exerted a Negative Effect on Plant δ13C

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Zixun Chen

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Previous studies have suggested foliar δ13C generally increases with altitude. However, some observations reported no changes or even decreased trends in foliar δ13C. We noted that all the studies in which δ13C increased with elevation were conducted in the human regions, whereas those investigations in which δ13C did not vary or decreased were conducted in areas with water stress. Thus, we proposed that the pattern of increasing δ13C with elevation is not a general one, and that δ13C may remain unchanged or decrease in plants grown in arid environments. To test the hypothesis, we sampled plants along altitude gradients on the shady and sunny slopes of Mount Tianshan characterized by arid and semiarid climates. The measurements of foliar δ13C showed no altitudinal trends for the plants grown on either of the slopes. Therefore, this study supported our hypothesis. In addition, the present study addressed the effect of atmospheric pressure on plant δ13C by accounting for the effects of temperature and precipitation on δ13C. This study found that the residual foliar δ13C increased with increasing altitude, suggesting that atmospheric pressure played a negative role in foliar δ13C.

Physiological responses of Tillandsia albida (Bromeliaceae) to long-term foliar metal application

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kovacik, Jozef, E-mail: jozkovacik@yahoo.com [Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); Klejdus, Borivoj [Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); Stork, Frantisek [Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Manesova 23, 041 67 Kosice (Slovakia); Hedbavny, Josef [Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic)

2012-11-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Impact of foliar Cd, Ni and Cd + Ni application on Tillandsia albida was studied. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Cd caused visible damage and enhanced stress parameters in combined treatment. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nitrogenous compounds were slightly affected but phenols were up- and down-regulated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by any of treatments. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Total Cd or Ni reached ca. 0.04% and Ni was more absorbed than Cd. - Abstract: The impact of 2-month foliar application of cadmium, nickel and their combination (10 {mu}M) on Tillandsia albida was studied. Cadmium caused damage of tissue but assimilation pigments were depressed in Cd + Ni variant only. Stress-related parameters (ROS and peroxidase activities) were elevated by Cd and Cd + Ni while MDA content remained unaffected. Free amino acids accumulated the most in Ni alone but soluble proteins were not influenced. Among phenolic acids, mainly vanillin contributed to increase of their sum in all variants while soluble phenols even decreased in Cd + Ni and flavonols slightly increased in Cd variants. Phenolic enzymes showed negligible responses to almost all treatments. Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by metal application but N content increased. Total Cd or Ni amounts reached over 400 {mu}g g{sup -1} DW and were not affected if metal alone and combined treatment is compared while absorbed content differed (ca. 50% of total Cd was absorbed while almost all Ni was absorbed). These data indicate tolerance of T. albida to foliar metal application and together with strong xerophytic morphology, use for environmental studies is recommended.

NGULAN MAPU (ARAUCANÍA: LA ‘PACIFICACIÓN’ Y SU RELATO HISTORIOGRÁFICO, 1900-1973

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LEONARDO LEÓN

2011-06-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se analiza el relato historiográfico relativo al proceso de ocupación de las tierras mapuches por parte del Estado chileno. Se trata de reconocer, clarificar, establecer los paradigmas que infiltran y contaminan la transparencia y lucidez de la conciencia histórica chilena sobre los mapuches. Por sobre todo, se requiere revisar a fondo el sustrato gnoseológico sobre el cual se construye ‘nuestra’ mirada actual de una tradición de investigación y búsqueda que se fue construyendo sin preguntarse sobre la solidez de sus cimientos, guiándose por el prisma ideológico de una época marcada por el racismo y el evolucionismo social.

Vine-shoot waste aqueous extract applied as foliar fertilizer to grapevines: Effect on amino acids and fermentative volatile content.

Science.gov (United States)

Sánchez-Gómez, R; Garde-Cerdán, T; Zalacain, A; Garcia, R; Cabrita, M J; Salinas, M R

2016-04-15

The aim of this work was to study the influence of foliar applications of different wood aqueous extracts on the amino acid content of musts and wines from Airén variety; and to study their relationship with the volatile compounds formed during alcoholic fermentation. For this purpose, the foliar treatments proposed were a vine-shoot aqueous extract applied in one and two times, and an oak extract which was only applied once. Results obtained show the potential of Airén vine-shoot waste aqueous extracts to be used as foliar fertilizer, enhancing the wine amino acid content especially when they were applied once. Similar results were observed with the aqueous oak extract. Regarding wine fermentative volatile compounds, there is a close relationship between musts and their wines amino acid content allowing us to discuss about the role of proline during the alcoholic fermentation and the generation of certain volatiles. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Controle de verrugose, melanose e leprose em laranja pera, com fungicidas e acaricida em mistura com adubo foliar Control of citrus scab, melanose and leprosis with fungicides and miticide mixed to foliar fertilizer

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W. Bettiol

1994-12-01

Full Text Available Pulverizações com ziram (Rodisan SC, oxicloreto de cobre (Coprantol BR e óxido de fembutatina (Torque 500 SC em dosagens normais e subdosagens, isoladamente ou em mistura com um adubo foliar originário da fermentação glutâmica do melaço, controlaram de forma efetiva a verrugose, melanose e leprose em laranja pera. A aplicação isolada do resíduo da fermentação glutâmica do melaço, base para diversos adubos foliares, nas dosagens de 0,25% e 5% do produto comercial Ajifol, não interferiu na ocorrência de verrugose e melanose. Entretanto, ocasionou um aumento do número de frutos com leprose, do número de lesões de leprose por fruto e do número de ácaros da leprose (Brevipalpus phoenicis Geipsks nas folhas e nos frutos.Normal dosage and tinder-dosage sprays of ziram (Rodisan SC; cooper oxychloride (Coprantol BR and fenbutatin oxide (Torque 500 SC, isolately or in association with Ajifol, a foliar fertilizer from molasses glutamic fermentation, provided efficient control of scab, melanose and leprosis in 'Pera' orange. Sprays of Ajifol at 0.25 and 5% had no effect on the rate of occurrence of scab and melanose, but was correlated with increases in the rates of fruits with symptoms of leprosis, number of leprosis spots per fruit, and the number of leprosis mites (Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes on leaves and fruits.

O papel de Rhizoctonia spp. binucleadas na indução de resistência a mela da soja = The role of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. inducing resistance to the soybean foliar blight

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Marco Antonio Basseto

2008-04-01

Full Text Available O papel de Rhizoctonia spp. binucleadas (RBN, no biocontrole de doenças causadas por R. solani Kühn em várias culturas, tem sido relatado na literatura. No entanto, não há informação, no Brasil, sobre o potencial de RBN como agentes de biocontrole contradoenças causadas por Rhizoctonia na soja. A hipótese testada foi de que isolados de RBN podem induzir resistência na soja contra a mela, causada por R. solani do grupo de anastomose (AG 1 IA. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar isolados de RBN, obtidos de amendoim, feijão e soja quanto à capacidade de induzir resistência na soja contra a mela, em condições de casa de vegetação. Esta pesquisa evidencia a ação de RBN na indução de resistência em plantas de soja contra a mela. Entretanto, a manifestação e a efetividade do fenômeno de indução de resistência são dependentes da época de cultivo da soja.The role of non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (BNR onthe biocontrol of diseases caused by R. solani on many crops has been reported in the literature. However, in Brazil, there is no information about the potential of BNR as biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia diseases on soybean. On this research we tested thehypothesis that BNR can induce resistance on soybean against the foliar blight caused by R. solani anastomosis group (AG 1 IA. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate BNR isolates isolated from peanuts, snapbeans and soybean according to their ability forinducing resistance on soybean against the foliar blight disease, under greenhouse conditions. This research evidenced the role of BNR inducing resistance on soybeans against the foliar blight. However, both the occurrence and effectiveness of the phenomenon of induced resistance are dependent on the soybean cultivation season.

Nutritional status and specific leaf area of mahogany and tonka bean under two light environments Estado nutricional e área foliar específica de mogno e cumaru sob dois ambientes de luz

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José Francisco de C. Gonçalves

2005-01-01

de idade, crescidas em plantio a céu aberto (sol com cerca de 2000 µmol m-2 s-1 e sob cobertura natural (sombra de plantas de pau-de-balsa (Ochroma pyramidale Cav. Ex Lam. Urb com cerca de 260 µmol m-2 s-1, foram analisadas quanto à área foliar (AF, a massa da matéria seca (MMS, a área foliar específica (AFE e aos teores de nutrientes foliares. Verificou-se que, folhas de S. macrophylla, crescidas a pleno sol, apresentaram AF 35% menor quando comparadas com as folhas crescidas na sombra. Por outro lado, nas folhas de D. odorata, não foram observadas diferenças para AF entre os ambientes. Adicionalmente, observou-se que folhas de sombra de S. macrophylla, com base na MMS, foram 50% menores que as folhas de sol, enquanto que no D. odorata não foram observadas diferenças para MMS entre os ambientes. Quanto a AFE, nas folhas de S. macrophylla, verificou-se que as folhas de sol foram três vezes menores quando comparadas com as folhas de sombra, e não houve diferença nas folhas do D. odorata. Quanto aos teores dos nutrientes verificou-se que, independentemente do ambiente, folhas de S. macrophylla apresentaram maiores teores de P e Ca do que aqueles encontrados nas folhas do D. odorata. Os teores de N, K, Fe e Mn diminuíram nas folhas de S. macrophylla crescidas a sombra. Por último, nós sugerimos que a diminuição no teor dos nutrientes foliares pode ter influência negativa sobre o crescimento foliar. Os resultados demonstram que a hipótese testada é verdadeira para características foliares, D. odorata, classificada como clímax, exibiu menor plasticidade para características foliares quando comparada com S. macrophylla, classificada como intermediária.

Aplicações de fertilizantes foliares na nutrição e na produção do pimentão e do tomateiro Foliar fertilizer applications on nutrition and yield of sweet pepper and tomato

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Hamilton S. Pereira

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Avaliou-se a eficiência de fertilizantes foliares, contendo Ca e B, na nutrição e produção do pimentão cv. Mayata e do tomate cv. Carmem, cultivados em estufas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos, três e quatro repetições, respectivamente, para o tomateiro e pimentão. Os tratamentos foram a água de retortagem de xisto (100; 78; 3,0; 12,5; 3,0; 12,5; 4,0 e 0,2 g.L-1 de N, K, S, Ca, Mg, B, Mn e Mo, respectivamente a 0,1; 0,25; 0,5 e 1%; os sais ácido bórico (170 g.kg-1 de B a 0,15% mais cloreto de cálcio a 0,15% e o quelato de cálcio (200 g.kg-1 de Ca a 0,1% e boro orgânico (10 g.kg-1 de B a 0,15%. A aplicação de água de retortagem de xisto a 0,5% via foliar aumentou em 27,4% a produção de frutos de pimentão e os teores foliares de Mg e S em relação à aplicação desse fertilizante a 0,1%. Para o tomateiro, as pulverizações com água de retortagem de xisto a 0,5 e 1% elevaram em 60,5 e 93,8% a produção de frutos em comparação à menor dose desse fertilizante. Os maiores teores de B nas folhas de pimentão e de tomate foram obtidos com as aplicações de sais e resultaram em sintomas visuais de toxicidade de B no início do desenvolvimento das culturas.The efficiency of foliar fertilizers was evaluated on nutrition and yield of sweet pepper cv. Mayata and tomato cv. Carmem, cultivated in plastic greenhouse. For the two experiments the experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three and four replications for tomato and sweet pepper, respectively, and six treatments (schist retortage water 0.1; 0.25; 0.5 and 1%; boric acid 0.15% plus clorate calcium 0.15% and quelate Ca 0.1% plus organic B 0.15%. The foliar application of schist retortage water 0.5% increased 27.4% the sweet pepper fruit yield and foliar concentrations of Mg and S compared to this fertilizer 0.1%. For tomato, the application of schist retortage water 0.5 and 1% increased 60.5 and 93.8% the fruit yield

Shrimp pond effluent dominates foliar nitrogen in disturbed mangroves as mapped using hyperspectral imagery

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Fauzi, A.; Skidmore, A.K.; van Gils, H.A.M.J.; Schlerf, M.; Heitkonig, I.M.A.

2013-01-01

Conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds creates fragmentation and eutrophication. Detection of the spatial variation of foliar nitrogen is essential for understanding the effect of eutrophication on mangroves. We aim (i) to estimate nitrogen variability across mangrove landscapes of the Mahakam

Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on the Growth and Foliar Chemistry of Transgenic Bt Cotton

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

Gang Wu; Fa-Jun Chen; Feng Ge; Yu-Cheng Sun

2007-01-01

A field study was carried out to quantify plant growth and the foliar chemistry of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)cotton (cv. GK-12) exposed to ambient CO2 and elevated (double-ambient) CO2 for different lengths of time (1, 2 and 3 months) in 2004 and 2005. The results indicated that CO2 levels significantly affected plant height, leaf area per plant and leaf chemistry of transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly, higher plant height and leaf area per plant were observed after cotton plants that were grown in elevated CO2 were compared with plants grown in ambient CO2 for 1, 2 and 3 months in the investigation. Simultaneously, significant interaction between CO2 level x investigating year was observed in leaf area per plant. Moreover, foliar total amino acids were increased by 14%, 13%, 11% and 12%, 14%, 10% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Condensed tannin occurrence increased by 17%, 11%, 9% in 2004 and 12%, 11%, 9% in 2005 in transgenic Bt cotton after being exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 for the same time. However, Bt toxin decreased by 3.0%,2.9%, 3.1% and 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.9% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3months compared with ambient CO2 for same time in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Furthermore, there was prominent interaction on the foliar total amino acids between the CO2 level and the time of cotton plant being exposed to elevated CO2. It is presumed that elevated CO2 can alter the plant growth and hence ultimately the phenotype allocation to foliar chemistical components of transgenic Bt cotton, which may in turn, affect the plant-herbivore interactions.

A comparison of two methods for estimating conifer live foliar moisture content

Science.gov (United States)

W. Matt Jolly; Ann M. Hadlow

2012-01-01

Foliar moisture content is an important factor regulating how wildland fires ignite in and spread through live fuels but moisture content determination methods are rarely standardised between studies. One such difference lies between the uses of rapid moisture analysers or drying ovens. Both of these methods are commonly used in live fuel research but they have never...

Comportamento da área foliar da videira “Isabel” submetida a diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizantes

OpenAIRE

Olivânia dos Santos Nascimento; Aldair Souza Medeiros; Atos Tavares Gomes; Fábio Itano dos Santos Alves; José Geraldo Rodrigues dos Santos

2014-01-01

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizante, na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ em cultivo orgânico nas condições edafoclimáticas de Catolé do Rocha-PB. Estudou-se os efeitos de 5 tipos de biofertilizante biofertilizante e 8 doses na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ após a primeira poda de produção. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de campo, em área pertencente à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campus IV. O delineamento adotado foi o d...

Modelos alométricos para estimativa da área foliar de boldo pelo método não destrutivo

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Samuel Ferreira da Silva

2017-09-01

Full Text Available A área foliar é uma das mais importantes medidas de avaliação do crescimento vegetativo, em virtude de estar ligada ao incremento de matéria seca nas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar e obter o melhor modelo matemático para estimativa da área foliar do boldo (Plectranthus ornatus em função das suas dimensões alométricas. Utilizou-se um cultivo de boldo localizado na propriedade São Domingos no município de Alegre - ES, onde foram coletadas 80 folhas de 12 arbustos em outubro de 2013. As regressões foram determinadas considerando-se a área foliar real (AFR como variável dependente e o comprimento (C, largura (L e o produto do (C x L de cada folha como variáveis independentes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a equação exponencial    y = 22033e0,1523x foi o melhor modelo matemático para estimar a área foliar do boldo, com R² de 0,62. Os modelos que utilizaram apenas a largura das folhas mostraram-se mais adequados para estimar a área das folhas do boldo, uma vez que apresentam maior correlação.

Foliar Application of Potassium Fertilizer to Reduce the Effects of Salinity in Potato

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H Molahoseini

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Introduction The potato of commerce (Solanum tuberosum L. is an annual dicot species. It is an autotetraploid with 4x=48 chromosomes. In Iran the consumption per capita of potato is over the 35 kg. Potato production is usually done without reducing yield in the irrigation water salinity 1-2 dS m-1, but 4.2 dS m-1 salinity reduces yield by 26 percent. 10, 25 and 50 percent yield reduction have been reported in soil electrical conductivity 2.5, 3.8 and 5.9 dS m-1, respectively . Between the ability of plant species to maintain potassium levels and their tolerance to salinity is positive correlation and on this basis nutritional irregularity due to increased salinity can be compensated by increasing of potassium fertilizer. In tolerant plant species, during times of increased salinity, selective absorption of potassium increased. The ability of plants to maintain a certain level of K/Na within the cell is essential for salt tolerance and sometimes of these ratios is used as indicators of salinity tolerance. Potato yield in response to salt stress, according to a variety of uses, can be reduced from 20 to 85 percent. Harmful effects of salinity in the beginning stages of tubers and tuber growth stage are important, therefore, tuber number and tuber size are two important components of yield which may reduce in the effect of salinity. Accelerate the aging process of the shoot, unwanted earliness, are of the reasons for the reduction in tuber size. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted in the agricultural and natural resources research center (31° 32´ N, 51° 51´ E, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. According to twenty years statistics, rainfall and temperature means for experiment location were 110 mm and 25 °C, respectively. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were three levels of foliar K application (control, K sulphate 10 ppm, and 2.5 ppm

Foliar and soil chemistry at red spruce sites in the Monongahela National Forest

Science.gov (United States)

Stephanie J. Connolly

2010-01-01

In 2005, soil and foliar chemistry were sampled from 10 sites in the Monongahela National Forest which support red spruce. Soils were sampled from hand-dug pits, by horizon, from the O-horizon to bedrock or 152 cm, and each pit was described fully. Replicate, archived samples also were collected.

Effects of Vermi-compost Fertilizer Application and Foliar Spraying on Yield and Yield Component of Isabgol (Plantago ovate L. Medicinal Plant

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Asghar Rahimi

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Introduction Vermi-compost is the ability of some species of earthworms to consume and break down a wide range of organic residues such as sewage sludge, animal wastes, crop residues and industrial refuse. Vermi-composts are usually more stable than their parent materials with increased availability of nutrients and improved physicochemical and microbiological properties. Aerial compost tea contains high populations of live microorganism consisting of rhizobactria, trichoderma and pseudomonas species which increase the growth and yield of the plant. Acid humic is the main humic substance and the important ingredient of soil organic matter (humus which causes increase of yield and quality of crop. The aim of this research is evaluating the effect of vermi-compost and foliar application of compost tea and acid humic on yield, yield component and mucilage content of isabgol. Vermiwash as the extract of vermi-compost is liquid organic fertilizer obtained from unit of vermiculture and vermi-compost as drainage. It is used as a foliar spraying on the leaf. Vermiwash stimulate and increase the yield of crop products and foliar application of vermiwash can be caused of plant resistance to different factors and can prevent leaf necrosis. Material and Methods In order to study the effect of vermi-compost and foliar application of tea compost and acid humic on growth indices of isabgol (Plantago ovata, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized design with three replications in agricultural research farm at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. Treatments were included application of vermi-compost (0 (control, 4, 8, 12 and 16 t.ha-1 and 3 levels of foliar application (distilled water as control, acid humic and compost tea. Samples for evaluating of yield, yield components and mucilage content were taken from 1 m2 area of each treatment. Tea compost solution prepared using mix of vermi-compost, acid humic, yeast and alga extract

Soil and leaf fertilization of lettuce crop with cow urine Fertilização com urina de vaca em alface via solo e foliar

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Nelson Licínio C de Oliveira

2009-12-01

urina de vaca sobre o crescimento e produção da alface em experimento conduzido de 13 de janeiro de 2006 a 22 de março de 2006, com a cv. Regina 2000. O experimento foi constituído de 12 tratamentos, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocadas as aplicações das soluções de urina (solo e foliar e, nas subparcelas, as concentrações (0,00; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,00 e 1,25%. A subparcela foi constituída por quatro fileiras de 1,75 m, espaçamento de 0,25 x 0,25 m e consideraram-se, como úteis, as seis plantas centrais das duas fileiras centrais. Na colheita foram avaliados a massa da matéria fresca (MFF e seca de folhas (MSF; massa da matéria fresca (MFC e seca de caule (MSC; comprimento de caule (CC; massa da matéria fresca (MFR e seca de raízes (MSR; massa da matéria fresca (MFCA e seca da cabeça (MSCA e produtividade comercial (PROD. Exceto a MSR, que diminuiu e MSC e MFR que não foram alteradas na aplicação via foliar, as demais características avaliadas apresentaram incremento às concentrações aplicadas. Maior produtividade de cabeça foi obtida com concentrações de 1,25% (17,0 t ha-1 aplicada via foliar e de 1,01% (14,9 t ha-1 aplicada via solo correspondendo, respectivamente, a aumentos em produtividade de 28,1% e de 47,3%, comparados à testemunha. A aplicação foliar, comparada via solo, proporcionou maior MFF (0,50 e 1,25%, CC (0,50; 0,75 e 1,25%, MFC e MFR (0,5%, MFCA e PROD (0,50 e 1,25% e menores MSC e MFR (1,25% e MSR (1,0 e 1,25%. Sugere-se, no cultivo da alface, a aplicação das doses de solução de urina às concentrações de 1,25% via foliar ou de 1,0%, via solos.

Relationships between net photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen concentrations in a loblobby pine forest ecosystem grown in elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Springer, C. J.; Thomas, R. B.; Delucia, E. H.

2005-01-01

The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on the relationship between light-saturated net photosynthesis and area-based foliar nitrogen concentration in the canopy of a loblobby pine forest at the Duke Forest FACE experiment was examined. Two overstory and four understory tree species were examined at their growth carbon dioxide concentrations during the early summer and late summer of 1999, 2001 and 2002. Light-saturated net photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen relationship were compared to determine if the stimulatory effects of elevated carbon dioxide on net photosynthesis had declined. Results at all three sample times showed no difference in either the slopes, or in the y-intercepts of the net photosynthesis-foliar nitrogen relationship when measured at common carbon dioxide concentrations. Net photosynthesis was also unaffected by growth in elevated carbon dioxide, indicating that these overstory and understory trees continued to show strong stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide. 46 refs., 6 tabs., 3 figs

Estimativa não destrutiva do teor foliar de nitrogênio em cacaueiro utilizando clorofilômetro

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Paulo Alfredo de Santana Dantas

2012-09-01

Full Text Available A substituição do método tradicional de avaliação do teor de nitrogênio (N na planta pelo uso do medidor portátil de clorofilas do tipo SPAD é promissora por se tratar de um aparelho portátil que estabelece um índice de modo não destrutivo, instantâneo e com menor custo. Objetivou-se determinar a capacidade deste aparelho em estimar o teor foliar de N do cacaueiro. A área de abrangência deste estudo envolve as zonas climáticas úmida e úmida a subúmida da região cacaueira da Bahia. Foram selecionadas dez propriedades rurais, em cada zona, com lavoura em sistema agrossilvicultural, que tiveram a área renovada por enxertia de broto basal com clones tolerantes à vassoura-de-bruxa. Em cada propriedade, quatro plantas com idade superior a quatro anos foram selecionadas em condições edáficas e topográficas distintas. Foram coletadas oito folhas sadias por planta e, em cada uma delas, foram feitas seis leituras do índice SPAD. Além disso, determinaram-se o teor e o conteúdo de N na folha, a área foliar (AF e a massa foliar específica (MFE. O índice SPAD correlacionou se, significativa e positivamente com o teor foliar de N (r = 0,74, com a AF (r = 0,62 e negativamente com a MFE (r = -0,57. Não houve correlação entre o conteúdo de N e o índice SPAD. O modelo de regressão linear simples para a predição do teor de N, a partir do índice SPAD, sem a distinção dos ambientes, foi o mais apropriado.

Uptake of soil-, foliar-and pod-applied nitrogen and phosphorus by rape (Brassica napus L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Qinzheng; Xi Haifu; Lang Xianhua

1992-01-01

Uptake of soil-applied and foliar-and pod applied N, P by rape was studied by using 32 P and 15 N labelled fertilizer under pot culture condition. Application of phosphorus fertilizer to purplish clayey paddy soil which was poor in available P had influence on utilization of basal-dressed NH 4 HCO 3 by rape and subsequently on its growth and seed yield. Utilization rate of applied N in whole plant and seeds were 3.66 and 5.13 fold respectively as compared with control when 187.5 kg/ha of superphosphate were applied and increased with increasing application of superphosphate (187.5-562.5 kg/ha). Application of P fertilizer not only increased uptake of N but also promoted transportation of N from vegetative organs to seeds. Rape plant uptook 69.09% of foliar-and pod-applied N in form of 2% solution of urea after flowering and transported the N to seeds in greater proportion than that of soil-applied N. In the same period, 60% of foliar- and pod-applied P in form of 0.2% KH 2 PO 4 was absorbed by rape plant, most of which was in leaves. Uptake of N and P by rape increased 17.89% and 27.78% respectively when urea and phosphate was applied together compared with using urea and phosphate alone. Uptake of basal-dressed P by rape plant was 6% at early growing stage

Effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain on yield, growth and foliar injury of several crops

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, J J; Neely, G E; Perrigan, S C; Grothaus, L C

1981-01-01

This study was designed to reveal patterns of response of major United States crops to sulfuric acid rain. Potted plants were grown in field chambers and exposed to simulated sulfuric acid rain (pH 3.0, 3.5 or 4.0) or to a control rain (pH 5.6). At harvest, the weights of the marketable portion, total aboveground portion and roots were determined for 28 crops. Of these, marketable yield production was inhibited for 5 crops (radish, beet, carrot, mustard greens, broccoli), stimulated for 6 crops (tomato, green pepper, strawberry, alfalfa, orchardgrass, timothy), and ambiguously affected for 1 crop (potato). In addition, stem and leaf production of sweet corn was stimulated. Visible injury of tomatoes might have decreased their marketabiity. No statistically significant effects on yield were observed for the other 15 crops. The results suggest that the likelihood of yield being affected by acid depends on the part of the plant utilized, as well as on species. Effects on the aboveground portion of crops and on roots are also presented. Plants were regularly examined for foliar injury associated with acid rain. Of the 35 cultivars examined, the foliage of 31 was injured at pH 3.0, 28 at pH 3.5, and 5 at pH 4.0. Foliar injury was not generally related to effects on yield. However, foliar injury of Swiss chard, mustard greens and spinach was severe enough to adversely affect marketability.

Ozone uptake (flux) as it relates to ozone-induced foliar symptoms of Prunus serotina and Populus maximowizii x trichocarpa

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Orendovici-Best, T.; Skelly, J.M.; Davis, D.D.; Ferdinand, J.A.; Savage, J.E.; Stevenson, R.E.

2008-01-01

Field studies were conducted during 2003 and 2004 from early June to the end of August, at 20 sites of lower or higher elevation within north-central Pennsylvania, using seedlings of black cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) and ramets of hybrid poplar (Populus maximowizii x trichocarpa). A linear model was developed to estimate the influence of local environmental conditions on stomatal conductance. The most significant factors explaining stomatal variance were tree species, air temperature, leaf vapor pressure deficit, elevation, and time of day. Overall, environmental factors explained less than 35% of the variation in stomatal conductance. Ozone did not affect gas exchange rates in either poplar or cherry. Ozone-induced foliar injury was positively correlated with cumulative ozone exposures, expressed as SUM40. Overall, the amount of foliar injury was better correlated to a flux-based approach rather than to an exposure-based approach. More severe foliar injuries were observed on plants growing at higher elevations. - Within heterogeneous environments, ozone flux does not completely explain the variation observed in ozone-induced visible injury

Contribuição das ramificações e a evolução do índice de área foliar em cultivares modernas de soja

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alencar Junior Zanon

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Os objetivos neste trabalho foram quantificar a contribuição das ramificações e a evolução do índice de área foliar em cultivares modernas de soja com diferentes grupos de maturação, tipos de crescimento, semeadas em diferentes épocas e regiões produtoras de soja no Rio Grande do Sul. Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante o ano agrícola 2013/2014 em Santa Maria, Júlio de Castilhos e em três lavouras comerciais de soja nos municípios de Restinga Sêca, Tupanciretã e Água Santa. Avaliaram-se (data de ocorrência os estágios reprodutivos e a determinação do índice de área foliar total, máximo, da haste principal e das ramificações em treze cultivares de soja. O índice de área foliar das ramificações contribui com cerca de 31%, 12,3% e 11% do índice de área foliar total nas cultivares determinadas, e com 20,2%, 11,8% e 9% do índice de área foliar total nas cultivares indeterminadas nas semeaduras de setembro, novembro e fevereiro, respectivamente, em Santa Maria. A maioria das cultivares apresentou uma redução no índice de área foliar total, máximo, da haste principal e das ramificações com o atraso da época de semeadura, independentemente do grupo de maturação e tipo de crescimento.

Foliar exposure of the crop Lactuca sativa to silver nanoparticles: Evidence for internalization and changes in Ag speciation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Larue, Camille, E-mail: camille.larue@rub.de [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Castillo-Michel, Hiram, E-mail: castillo@esrf.fr [ESRF, Beamline ID21, Grenoble (France); Sobanska, Sophie, E-mail: sophie.sobanska@univ-lille1.fr [LASIR, UMR CNRS 8516, Université Lille 1, Bât C5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex (France); Cécillon, Lauric, E-mail: lauric.cecillon@irstea.fr [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Bureau, Sarah, E-mail: sarah.bureau@ujf-grenoble.fr [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Barthès, Véronique, E-mail: veronique.barthes@cea.fr [CEA/LITEN/DTNM/L2T, CEA Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France); Ouerdane, Laurent, E-mail: laurent.ouerdane@univ-pau.fr [LCABIE/IPREM-UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l‘Adour, 64053 Pau Cedex 9 (France); Carrière, Marie, E-mail: marie.carriere@cea.fr [UMR E3 CEA-UJF/LAN, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France); Sarret, Géraldine, E-mail: geraldine.sarret@ujf-grenoble.fr [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France)

2014-01-15

Highlights: • Ag-NPs are internalized inside lettuce leaves after foliar exposure to a suspension of Ag-NPs. • A classical washing process is inefficient at decreasing significantly Ag content. • Ag-NPs in plants undergo oxidation, and resulting ionic Ag are complexed with organic compounds including thiol-containing molecules. • Foliar exposure to Ag-NPs does not lead to detectable phytotoxicity symptoms. -- Abstract: The impact of engineered nanomaterials on plants, which act as a major point of entry of contaminants into trophic chains, is little documented. The foliar pathway is even less known than the soil-root pathway. However, significant inputs of nanoparticles (NPs) on plant foliage may be expected due to deposition of atmospheric particles or application of NP-containing pesticides. The uptake of Ag-NPs in the crop species Lactuca sativa after foliar exposure and their possible biotransformation and phytotoxic effects were studied. In addition to chemical analyses and ecotoxicological tests, micro X-ray fluorescence, micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microscopy were used to localize and determine the speciation of Ag at sub-micrometer resolution. Although no sign of phytotoxicity was observed, Ag was effectively trapped on lettuce leaves and a thorough washing did not decrease Ag content significantly. We provide first evidence for the entrapment of Ag-NPs by the cuticle and penetration in the leaf tissue through stomata, for the diffusion of Ag in leaf tissues, and oxidation of Ag-NPs and complexation of Ag{sup +} by thiol-containing molecules. Such type of information is crucial for better assessing the risk associated to Ag-NP containing products.

Foliar Mn accumulation in eastern Australian herbarium specimens: prospecting for 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators and potential applications in taxonomy.

Science.gov (United States)

Fernando, Denise R; Guymer, Gordon; Reeves, Roger D; Woodrow, Ian E; Baker, Alan J; Batianoff, George N

2009-04-01

The analysis of herbarium specimens has previously been used to prospect for 'new' hyperaccumulators, while the use of foliar manganese (Mn) concentrations as a taxonomic tool has been suggested. On the basis of their geographic and taxonomic affiliations to known Mn hyperaccumulators, six eastern Australian genera from the Queensland Herbarium collection were sampled for leaf tissue analyses. ICP-OES was used to measure Mn and other elemental concentrations in 47 species within the genera Austromyrtus, Lenwebbia, Gossia (Myrtaceae), Macadamia (Proteaceae), Maytenus and Denhamia (Celastraceae). The resulting data demonstrated (a) up to seven 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators, mostly tropical rainforest species; (b) that one of these 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators also had notably elevated foliar Ni concentrations; (c) evidence of an interrelationship between foliar Mn and Al uptake among the Macadamias; (d) considerable variability of Mn hyperaccumulation within Gossia; and (e) the possibility that Maytenus cunninghamii may include subspecies. Gossia bamagensis, G. fragrantissima, G. sankowsiorum, G. gonoclada and Maytenus cunninghamii were identified as 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators, while Gossia lucida and G. shepherdii are possible 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators. Of the three Myrtaceae genera examined, Mn hyperaccumulation appears restricted to Gossia, supporting its recent taxonomic revision. In the context of this present investigation and existing information, a reassesment of the general definition of Mn hyperaccumulation may be warranted. Morphological variation of Maytenus cunninghamii at two extremities was consistent with variation in Mn accumulation, indicating two possible 'new' subspecies. Although caution should be exercised in interpreting the data, surveying herbarium specimens by chemical analysis has provided an effective means of assessing foliar Mn accumulation. These findings should be followed up by field studies.

Foliar exposure of the crop Lactuca sativa to silver nanoparticles: Evidence for internalization and changes in Ag speciation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Larue, Camille; Castillo-Michel, Hiram; Sobanska, Sophie; Cécillon, Lauric; Bureau, Sarah; Barthès, Véronique; Ouerdane, Laurent; Carrière, Marie; Sarret, Géraldine

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Ag-NPs are internalized inside lettuce leaves after foliar exposure to a suspension of Ag-NPs. • A classical washing process is inefficient at decreasing significantly Ag content. • Ag-NPs in plants undergo oxidation, and resulting ionic Ag are complexed with organic compounds including thiol-containing molecules. • Foliar exposure to Ag-NPs does not lead to detectable phytotoxicity symptoms. -- Abstract: The impact of engineered nanomaterials on plants, which act as a major point of entry of contaminants into trophic chains, is little documented. The foliar pathway is even less known than the soil-root pathway. However, significant inputs of nanoparticles (NPs) on plant foliage may be expected due to deposition of atmospheric particles or application of NP-containing pesticides. The uptake of Ag-NPs in the crop species Lactuca sativa after foliar exposure and their possible biotransformation and phytotoxic effects were studied. In addition to chemical analyses and ecotoxicological tests, micro X-ray fluorescence, micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microscopy were used to localize and determine the speciation of Ag at sub-micrometer resolution. Although no sign of phytotoxicity was observed, Ag was effectively trapped on lettuce leaves and a thorough washing did not decrease Ag content significantly. We provide first evidence for the entrapment of Ag-NPs by the cuticle and penetration in the leaf tissue through stomata, for the diffusion of Ag in leaf tissues, and oxidation of Ag-NPs and complexation of Ag + by thiol-containing molecules. Such type of information is crucial for better assessing the risk associated to Ag-NP containing products

Behavior of Foliares Applications of Humus Mixed with the NPK in Rice Cultivation (Oryza Sativa L..

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Rolando Saborit Reyes

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Taking into consideration the observation of one green yellowsh clorosis in the plantations of rice, after the cold campaings and the disminishing of the agricultural efficiency of the cerial in areas of Saint Elena Land belonging to the fortified cooperatove of credits and service (FCCS Camilo Cienfuegos in Las Nuevas, La Sierpe, Province of Sancti – Spiritus, were done foliars aplications with mineral fertilizing as, N.P.K to different doses and moments of applications, in order to obtain alternative of nutrition for the cultivation, the work was done on a green yellowish ferralitic ground since 2009 to 2011, using LP-5 cultivation doing the sowing by the method of transplantation, fertilization. It was done mixing 49L. ha-¹ of liquid warm humus with 0.35 Kg. ha-¹ of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The results shown that the use of the foliar fertilization with liquid worm humus mixed with the N.P.K minerals, increased the efficiency, obtaining 5.3t. ha-¹ as an average in different variants used. The economic analysis showed that the treatment with 40% of nitrogen was reduced with seven foliars applications, it was highest to the witness N.P.K in 1.5t . ha-¹ of the grain obtaining a relative benefit of 4264.55 pesos by hectarea.

Alteration of foliar flavonoid chemistry induced by enhanced UV-B radiation in field-grown Pinus ponderosa, Quercus rubra and Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Science.gov (United States)

Warren, Jeffrey M; Bassman, John H; Mattinson, D Scott; Fellman, John K; Edwards, Gerald E; Robberecht, Ronald

2002-03-01

Chromatographic analyses of foliage from several tree species illustrate the species-specific effects of UV-B radiation on both quantity and composition of foliar flavonoids. Pinus ponderosa, Quercus rubra and Pseudotsuga menziesii were field-grown under modulated ambient (1x) and enhanced (2x) biologically effective UV-B radiation. Foliage was harvested seasonally over a 3-year period, extracted, purified and the flavonoid fraction applied to a mu Bondapak/C(18) column HPLC system sampling at 254 nm. Total flavonoid concentrations in Quercus rubra foliage were more than twice (leaf area basis) that of the other species; Pseudotsuga menziesii foliage had intermediate levels and P. ponderosa had the lowest concentrations of total flavonoids. No statistically significant UV-B radiation-induced effects were found in total foliar flavonoid concentrations for any species; however, concentrations of specific compounds within each species exhibited significant treatment effects. Higher (but statistically insignificant) levels of flavonoids were induced by UV-B irradiation in 1- and 2-year-old P. ponderosa foliage. Total flavonoid concentrations in 2-year-old needles increased by 50% (1x ambient UV-B radiation) or 70% (2x ambient UV-B radiation) from that of 1-year-old tissue. Foliar flavonoids of Q. rubra under enhanced UV-B radiation tended to shift from early-eluting compounds to less polar flavonoids eluting later. There were no clear patterns of UV-B radiation effects on 1-year-old P. menziesii foliage. However, 2-year-old tissue had slightly higher foliar flavonoids under the 2x UV-B radiation treatment compared to ambient levels. Results suggest that enhanced UV-B radiation will alter foliar flavonoid composition and concentrations in forest tree species, which could impact tissue protection, and ultimately, competition, herbivory or litter decomposition.

INOCULACIÓN DE Brachiaria decumbens CON HONGOS FORMADORES DE MICORRIZA ARBUSCULAR NATIVOS DEL TRÓPICO HÚMEDO ECUATORIANO

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Oscar Prieto Benavides

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio bajo condiciones semicontroladas de invernadero, para determinar el efecto de hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular (HMA nativos de sistema agroforestales tradicionales con Theobroma cacao L. (cacao tipo nacional (SAF-C en el Trópico húmedo ecuatoriano, sobre pasto Brachiaria decumbens. El experimento se realizó entre los meses junio y diciembre del año 2009, estuvo constituido por cinco tratamientos, que consistían en la inoculación de HMA originarios de SAF-C, distribuidos en un diseño completo al azar (DCA: T1: Glomus spp., T2: Scutellospora spp., T3: Glomus spp.+ Scutellospora spp., T4: Acaulospora spp. + Gigaspora spp., T5: Control (H2O destilada estéril, en plántulas de B. decumbens sembradas en macetas plásticas de 1,000 cm3, conteniendo como sustrato una mezcla de suelo pobre en nutrientes + tamo de arroz, estériles, en proporción 3:1. El inóculo estuvo constituido de 30 esporas de HMA por tratamiento. Se analizaron las variables: a número de esporas de HMA por 100 g de suelo húmedo (gsh-1, b porcentaje de colonización micorrícica visual y categoría de pelos radicales, c altura de plantas, d peso húmedo y seco del sistema foliar y radical, e largo total de raíz (RL, y f densidad radical (RLv, a 78 y 103 días después de las inoculaciones. Las plantas inoculadas con Glomus spp., o en combinación con Scutellospora spp. mostraron mejores respuestas en las variables evaluadas. Los resultados demostraron la eficiencia y potencial de los HMA procedentes de SAF-C, sobre plantas de B. decumbens.

Seasonal variability of leaf area index and foliar nitrogen in contrasting dry-mesic tundras

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Campioli, Matteo; Michelsen, Anders; Lemeur, Raoul

2009-01-01

Assimilation and exchange of carbon for arctic ecosystems depend strongly on leaf area index (LAI) and total foliar nitrogen (TFN). For dry-mesic tundras, the seasonality of these characteristics is unexplored. We addressed this knowledge gap by measuring variations of LAI and TFN at five contras...

Foliar uptake of 137Cs from the water column by aquatic macrophytes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kelly, M.S.; Pinder, J.E. III

1996-01-01

A transplant experiment was performed to determine the relative importances of root uptake from the sediments and foliar uptake from the water column in determining the accumulation of 137 Cs by aquatic macrophytes. Uncontaminated individuals of three species, Brasenia schreberi, Nymphaea odorata and Nymphoides cordata, were transplanted into pots containing either contaminated sediments (i.e. 1.2 Bq 137 Cs g -1 dry mass) or uncontaminated sediments (i.e. -1 dry mass) and immersed in Pond B, a former reactor cooling pond where 137 Cs concentrations in surface waters range from 0.4 to 0.8 Bq liter -1 . The plants is uncontaminated sediments rapidly accumulated 137 Cs from the water column and after 35 days of immersion had 137 Cs concentrations in leaves that were: (1) not statistically significantly different from those for plants in contaminated sediments; and (2) similar to those for the same species growing naturally in Pond B. The similarity in 137 Cs concentrations between naturally-occurring plants and those in pots with uncontaminated sediments suggests that foliar uptake from the water column is the principal mode of Cs accumulation by these species in Pond B. (author)

Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foliar Dust of Nanjing, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Zha, Yan; Zhang, Yinlong; Ma, Zilong; Tang, Jie; Sun, Kai

2018-04-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern for both ecosystem and human health due to their potential teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. The concentration of ∑ 16 PAHs in foliar dust ranged from 49.4 to 19,018.1 µg kg -1 , with a mean value of 7074.5 µg kg -1 . There were significant seasonal variations in the concentration of ∑ 16 PAHs, with the concentration in winter being almost twice as high as in summer. Similarly, the differences between PAH profiles in different seasons indicated that they had common sources, which were attributed to the combined effect of regional transport and local emissions. The diagnostic ratios of indicator compounds indicated that PAHs detected in foliar dust originated from a mixture of gasoline vehicle emissions, biomass, and coal combustion in Nanjing. According to the ecological risk classification of ∑ 16 PAHs, the ecological risk caused by PAHs was high since the value of RQ ∑16PAHs(MPCs) was ≥ 1 and RQ ∑16PAHs(NCs) were ≥ 800. The mean values for RQ∑ 16 PAHs (MPCs) and RQ∑ 16 PAHs (NCs) were 14.8 and 2368.9, which indicated a relatively high ecological risks of PAHs in foliar dust in Nanjing.

Effect of two doses of urea foliar application on leaves and grape nitrogen composition during two vintages.

Science.gov (United States)

Pérez-Álvarez, Eva P; Garde-Cerdán, Teresa; García-Escudero, Enrique; Martínez-Vidaurre, José María

2017-06-01

Nitrogen affects grapevine growth and also yeast metabolism, which have a direct influence on fermentation kinetics and the formation of different volatile compounds. Throughout the grapevine cycle, soil nitrogen availability and grape nitrogen composition can vary because of different factors. Nitrogen foliar applications can contribute toward enhancing grapevine nitrogen status and minimize the problem of leaching that traditional nitrogen-soil applications can provoke. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of urea foliar applications on grapevine nitrogen status and grape amino acid content. Accordingly, two different doses of urea were applied over the leaves of a 'Tempranillo' vineyard. The highest urea doses affected nitrogen content on blade leaf tissues after veraison. Must amino acid profiles were modified by urea application and some of the compounds increased their concentrations. The effect of year on the increase of must total amino acid concentrations was more important than the effect of the doses applied. Urea foliar applications can be an interesting tool for decreasing grapevine nitrogen deficiencies. This method of nitrogen implementation in the vineyard could avoid sluggish fermentation problems during winemaking, enhance must nitrogen composition, and contribute to improving wine quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Movement of foliar uptake radionuclides in radish. [Raphanus sativus

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yanagisawa, K.; Kamada, H.

1986-05-01

The purpose of this investigation was to study the translocation of /sup 60/Co, /sup 54/Mn, and two representative fission products of /sup 85/Sr and /sup 137/Cs in radish (Raphanus sativus) and to provide a translocation rate for a given nuclide. The effect of air humidity on the foliar uptake-translocation was also investigated. Retention of the radionuclides was usually higher in plants grown under conditions of 100% humidity at night as opposed to conditions of a constant humidity of 70%. Results indicate that Co and Cs translocate much more than Mn and Sr in the plant.

Investigating organic matter in Fanno Creek, Oregon, Part 1 of 3: estimating annual foliar biomass for a deciduous-dominant urban riparian corridor

Science.gov (United States)

Sobieszczyk, Steven; Keith, Mackenzie K.; Rounds, Stewart A.; Goldman, Jami H.

2014-01-01

For this study, we explored the amount, type, and distribution of foliar biomass that is deposited annually as leaf litter to Fanno Creek and its floodplain in Portland, Oregon, USA. Organic matter is a significant contributor to the decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations observed in Fanno Creek each year and leaf litter is amongst the largest sources of organic matter to the stream channel and floodplain. Using a combination of field measurements and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud data, the annual foliar biomass was estimated for 13 stream reaches along the creek. Biomass estimates were divided into two sets: (1) the annual foliage available from the entire floodplain overstory canopy, and (2) the annual foliage overhanging the stream, which likely contributes leaf litter directly to the creek each year. Based on these computations, an estimated 991 (±22%) metric tons (tonnes, t) of foliar biomass is produced annually above the floodplain, with about 136 t (±24%) of that foliage falling directly into Fanno Creek. The distribution of foliar biomass varies by reach, with between 150 and 640 t/km2 produced along the floodplain and between 400 and 1100 t/km2 available over the channel. Biomass estimates vary by reach based primarily on the density of tree cover, with forest-dominant reaches containing more mature deciduous trees with broader tree canopies than either wetland or urban-dominant reaches, thus supplying more organic material to the creek. By quantifying the foliar biomass along Fanno Creek we have provided a reach-scale assessment of terrestrial organic matter loading, thereby providing land managers useful information for planning future restoration efforts.

Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang Weining; Tarafdar, Jagadish C.; Biswas, Pratim

2013-01-01

An aerosol process was developed for synthesis and delivery of nanoparticles for living watermelon plant foliar uptake. This is an efficient technique capable of generating nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and number concentrations. Aerosolized nanoparticles were easily applied to leaf surfaces and enter the stomata via gas uptake, avoiding direct interaction with soil systems, eliminating potential ecological risks. The uptake and transport of nanoparticles inside the watermelon plants were investigated systematically by various techniques, such as elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and plant anatomy by transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that certain fractions of nanoparticles (d p < 100 nm) generated by the aerosol process could enter the leaf following the stomatal pathway, then pass through the stem, and reach the root of the watermelon plants. The particle size and number concentration played an important role in nanoparticle translocation inside the plants. In addition, the nanoparticle application method, working environment, and leaf structure are also important factors to be considered for successful plant foliar uptake.

Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wang Weining [Washington University in St. Louis, Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering (United States); Tarafdar, Jagadish C. [Central Arid Zone Research Institute (India); Biswas, Pratim, E-mail: pbiswas@wustl.edu [Washington University in St. Louis, Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering (United States)

2013-01-15

An aerosol process was developed for synthesis and delivery of nanoparticles for living watermelon plant foliar uptake. This is an efficient technique capable of generating nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and number concentrations. Aerosolized nanoparticles were easily applied to leaf surfaces and enter the stomata via gas uptake, avoiding direct interaction with soil systems, eliminating potential ecological risks. The uptake and transport of nanoparticles inside the watermelon plants were investigated systematically by various techniques, such as elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and plant anatomy by transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that certain fractions of nanoparticles (d{sub p} < 100 nm) generated by the aerosol process could enter the leaf following the stomatal pathway, then pass through the stem, and reach the root of the watermelon plants. The particle size and number concentration played an important role in nanoparticle translocation inside the plants. In addition, the nanoparticle application method, working environment, and leaf structure are also important factors to be considered for successful plant foliar uptake.

Crecimiento de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en diferentes tamaños de contenedor

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Mónica Andrea Osorio G.

2017-12-01

Full Text Available El volumen del contenedor para la propagación del cacao es determinante, ya que su tamaño influye en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plántulas, siendo un factor definitivo para el establecimiento del cultivo. En este trabajo se comparó el efecto que tienen diferentes tamaños de contenedor 0,01; 0,02 y 0,1m3 (volumen de sustrato y la duración en vivero, sobre el crecimiento de plantas de cacao, además, se evaluaron los cambios en el sustrato confinado. Se sembraron semillas de cacao en contenedores de diferentes alturas: 25, 45 y 70cm. Se midió la temperatura de las hojas y se colectaron plántulas, para cuantificar la biomasa particionada y crecimiento de la raíz principal. Simultáneamente fueron evaluadas la resistencia a la penetración, la temperatura, la humedad y la porosidad del sustrato. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05 en la acumulación de fitomasa total. En los contenedores de mayor tamaño (0,1m3 hubo mayor biomasa total, mayor longitud de raíces: 62,17cm, el sustrato presentó menor resistencia a la penetración (0,52Kg cm-2 y temperatura. La temperatura de las hojas se relacionó directamente con la temperatura del suelo e inversamente con la humedad del suelo. Se comprobó que el tamaño del contenedor afecta las características físicas del sustrato y el crecimiento de las plantas, lo cual sugiere que con 0,02m2 (con 45cm altura del contenedor las plantas pueden permanecer 180 días en vivero.

CORRELATION BETWEEN OZONE EXPOSURE AND VISIBLE FOLIAR INJURY IN PONDEROSA AND JEFFREY PINES. (R825433)

Science.gov (United States)

Ozone exposure was related to ozone-induced visible foliar injury in ponderosa and Jeffrey pines growing on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Measurements of ozone exposure, chlorotic mottle and fascicle retention were collected during the years ...

Iron supply to soybean plants through the foliar application of IDHA/Fe3+: effect of plant nutritional status and adjuvants.

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez-Lucena, Patricia; Ropero, Edgar; Hernández-Apaolaza, Lourdes; Lucena, Juan J

2010-12-01

Synthetic Fe chelates are commonly used to overcome Fe deficiencies in crops, but most of them are scarcely biodegradable. Iminodisuccinic acid (IDHA) is a biodegradable chelating agent that is currently being evaluated as an alternative to EDTA. In this work, the efficacy of the foliar application of IDHA/Fe(3+) to soybean chlorotic plants under controlled conditions was studied, testing the influence of the adjuvant used and of the plant nutritional status. When IDHA/Fe(3+) was applied to soybean plants with severe Fe chlorosis and the foliar sprays were the sole source of Fe, this chelate behaved similarly to the EDTA/Fe(3+) and the recovery of the plants was slight in both cases. The same chelates were tested when foliar sprays were an additional source of Fe for mildly chlorotic plants, which were also being supplied with low concentrations of Fe applied to the nutrient solution. Then, plant recovery was appreciable in all cases, and the IDHA/Fe(3+) was as effective as EDTA/Fe(3+). Among the adjuvants studied, a urea-based product was the only one that did not damage the leaf surface and that could improve the efficiency of IDHA/Fe(3+) up tp the level of EDTA/Fe(3+). Thus, it was concluded the foliar application of IDHA/Fe(3+) can be an environmentally friendly alternative to the non-biodegradable chelate EDTA/Fe(3+) when the appropriate adjuvant is used. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry.

Resistencia al desgaste de recubrimientos Bi/NbC producidos con el sistema sputtering con magnetrón desbalanceado

OpenAIRE

Ardila Rodríguez, Laura Angélica

2013-01-01

En este trabajo se produjeron películas nano estructuradas de NbC, Bi y bicapas Bi/NbC sobre acero M2 y 316L mediante la técnica Sputtering con magnetrón desbalanceado, y se evaluó su resistencia frente al desgaste por medio del ensayo pin on disc, la adherencia con una prueba de rayado y la resistencia a la corrosión de las películas depositadas sobre los sustratos 316L mediante técnicas electroquímicas. La microestructura de los recubrimientos se analizó mediante Difracción de rayos X, M...

In situ analysis of foliar zinc absorption and short-distance movement in fresh and hydrated leaves of tomato and citrus using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Yumei; Kopittke, Peter M.; Noller, Barry N.; James, Simon A.; Harris, Hugh H.; Xu, Zhi Ping; Li, Peng; Mulligan, David R.; Huang, Longbin

2015-01-01

Background and Aims Globally, zinc deficiency is one of the most important nutritional factors limiting crop yield and quality. Despite widespread use of foliar-applied zinc fertilizers, much remains unknown regarding the movement of zinc from the foliar surface into the vascular structure for translocation into other tissues and the key factors affecting this diffusion. Methods Using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (µ-XRF), absorption of foliar-applied zinc nitrate or zinc hydroxide nitrate was examined in fresh leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and citrus (Citrus reticulatus). Key Results The foliar absorption of zinc increased concentrations in the underlying tissues by up to 600-fold in tomato but only up to 5-fold in citrus. The magnitude of this absorption was influenced by the form of zinc applied, the zinc status of the treated leaf and the leaf surface to which it was applied (abaxial or adaxial). Once the zinc had moved through the leaf surface it appeared to bind strongly, with limited further redistribution. Regardless of this, in these underlying tissues zinc moved into the lower-order veins, with concentrations 2- to 10-fold higher than in the adjacent tissues. However, even once in higher-order veins, the movement of zinc was still comparatively limited, with concentrations decreasing to levels similar to the background within 1–10 mm. Conclusions The results advance our understanding of the factors that influence the efficacy of foliar zinc fertilizers and demonstrate the merits of an innovative methodology for studying foliar zinc translocation mechanisms. PMID:25399024

Controle da mancha acinzentada da cebola e seu impacto sobre a qualidade de mudas Control of onion leaf blight (Botrytis squamosa and their impact on the seedling quality

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

João Américo Wordell Filho

2006-12-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho estudou o efeito da adubação química e orgânica, fungicidas, fertilizantes foliares e extratos vegetais sobre a severidade da mancha acinzentada causada por Botrytis squamosa e a qualidade de mudas de cebola. Para tanto, realizou-se um experimento na Epagri/Estação Experimental de Ituporanga, SC, no período de maio a julho de 2005. Em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcela sub-dividida, testou-se os seguintes tratamentos (Fator A: a testemunha; b fungicida ciprodinil (75 g i.a./100 L; c fosfito de potássio (00-30-20, 250 mL/100 L; d fertilizante foliar (03-00-16, 400 mL/100 L; e calda bordalesa (0,3%; f calda bordalesa/fosfito de potássio; g extrato da alga Ulva fasciata (0,2%, peso seco: volume; h extrato de cavalinha Equisetum arwense (0,26%; i extrato de Urtiga dióica (0,47%. Os canteiros foram conduzidos com adubação química ou orgânica (Fator B. A área foliar necrosada foi avaliada semanalmente e usada para calcular a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD. O tipo de fertilização não afetou o desenvolvimento da mancha acinzentada, porém a adubação química aumentou o comprimento e o diâmetro do pseudocaule das mudas. Os tratamentos ciprodinil, fosfito de potássio, fertilizante foliar (03-00-16, calda bordalesa e fosfito combinado com calda bordalesa, reduziram significativamente a doença, enquanto que os extratos não foram eficazes.This work studied the effect of mineral and organic fertilization, fungicides, foliar fertilizers and plant extracts on the severity of onion leaf blight caused by Botrytis squamosa and onseedling quality. Field experiment was carried out at Epagri's experimental station in Ituporanga-SC from May to July 2005. In a split-plot design with four replicates the following treatments (factor A were tested: a control; b fungicide ciprodinil (75 g a.i./100 L; c potassium fosfite (00-30-20, 250 mL./100 L

A hybrid model for mapping relative differences in belowground biomass and root: Shoot ratios using spectral reflectance, foliar N and plant biophysical data within coastal marsh

Science.gov (United States)

Jessica L. O'Connell,; Byrd, Kristin B.; Maggi Kelly,

2015-01-01

Broad-scale estimates of belowground biomass are needed to understand wetland resiliency and C and N cycling, but these estimates are difficult to obtain because root:shoot ratios vary considerably both within and between species. We used remotely-sensed estimates of two aboveground plant characteristics, aboveground biomass and % foliar N to explore biomass allocation in low diversity freshwater impounded peatlands (Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, CA, USA). We developed a hybrid modeling approach to relate remotely-sensed estimates of % foliar N (a surrogate for environmental N and plant available nutrients) and aboveground biomass to field-measured belowground biomass for species specific and mixed species models. We estimated up to 90% of variation in foliar N concentration using partial least squares (PLS) regression of full-spectrum field spectrometer reflectance data. Landsat 7 reflectance data explained up to 70% of % foliar N and 67% of aboveground biomass. Spectrally estimated foliar N or aboveground biomass had negative relationships with belowground biomass and root:shoot ratio in both Schoenoplectus acutus and Typha, consistent with a balanced growth model, which suggests plants only allocate growth belowground when additional nutrients are necessary to support shoot development. Hybrid models explained up to 76% of variation in belowground biomass and 86% of variation in root:shoot ratio. Our modeling approach provides a method for developing maps of spatial variation in wetland belowground biomass.

Effect of the available soil water and organic matter on the castor bean foliar area growth; Influencia da agua disponivel e materia organica no crescimento da area foliar da mamoneira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lacerda, Rogerio D. de; Almeida, Larissa C.; Guerra, Hugo O. Carvalho; Souza, Cristiana M. de; Batista, Faed R. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil)], Emails: rogerio_dl@yahoo.com.br, laris_almeida@yahoo.com.br, hugo_carvallo@hotmail.com, crismsouza@hotmail.com, faedrideiro@hotmail.com

2010-07-01

The Brazilian potential for bio fuel production through the cultivation of oil seeds is immeasurable. On the Northeast is possible to cultivate the castor bean, peanuts, sesame, babassu and other species. Just for the castor bean there exist 3.0 millions of hectares able for cultivation. The experiment had as objective to study the effect of available soil water for plants and organic matter on the foliar area production. It was conducted on the field during the period of October 2008 to March 2009 using an experimental design 2 x 4 factorial on a randomized-complete block design, constituted of two soil organic matter contents (5.0 g.kg{sup -1} and 25.0 g.kg{sup -1}) and four soil water contents (100, 90, 80 and 70% of the soil available water for the plants) with 3 replicates. On each 100 m{sup 2} parcel 50 plants were cultivated until 180 days after the sowing, DAS. The analyses of variance allowed to observe that the addition of organic matter increased the foliar areas in 20,7% and the available water produced an increment of 51,5% when were elevated from 70 to 100%. (author)

Foliar copper uptake by maize plants: effects on growth and yield

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Rogério Hidalgo Barbosa

2013-09-01

Full Text Available A slight increase in the levels of a certain nutrient can cause a significant increase in crop yield or can cause phytotoxicity symptoms. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of copper (Cu on the growth and yield of DG-501 maize. The experiment was carried out between December 2009 and April 2010 in conventional tillage. When plants were with six to eight leaves, Cu (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600g ha-1 was applied to the leaves. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block with five replications. When 50% of the plants were in flowering, it was evaluated the plant height, culm diameter, height of the first ear insertion, leaf area, and chlorophyll content. At harvest, it was evaluated diameter and length of the ear, yield and thousand grain weight. There was a linear reduction in the plant height and in the height of the first ear insertion with increasing Cu doses. On the other hand, chlorophyll content, leaf area, diameter and length of ear, thousand grain weight and yield increased at doses up to 100g ha-1 Cu, however, decreased at higher doses. Therefore, foliar Cu application at doses higher than 100g ha-1 has toxic effect in maize plants with losses in growth and yield.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-dependent production of transformed roots from foliar explants of pepper (Capsicum annuum): a new and efficient tool for functional analysis of genes.

Science.gov (United States)

Aarrouf, J; Castro-Quezada, P; Mallard, S; Caromel, B; Lizzi, Y; Lefebvre, V

2012-02-01

Pepper is known to be a recalcitrant species to genetic transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation offers an alternative and rapid possibility to study gene functions in roots. In our study, we developed a new and efficient system for A. rhizogenes transformation of the cultivated species Capsicum annuum. Hypocotyls and foliar organs (true leaves and cotyledons) of Yolo Wonder (YW) and Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334) pepper cultivars were inoculated with the two constructs pBIN-gus and pHKN29-gfp of A. rhizogenes strain A4RS. Foliar explants of both pepper genotypes infected by A4RS-pBIN-gus or A4RS-pHKN29-gfp produced transformed roots. Optimal results were obtained using the combination of the foliar explants with A4RS-pHKN29-gfp. 20.5% of YW foliar explants and 14.6% of CM334 foliar explants inoculated with A4RS-pHKN29-gfp produced at least one root expressing uniform green fluorescent protein. We confirmed by polymerase chain reaction the presence of the rolB and gfp genes in the co-transformed roots ensuring that they integrated both the T-DNA from the Ri plasmid and the reporter gene. We also demonstrated that co-transformed roots of YW and CM334 displayed the same resistance response to Phytophthora capsici than the corresponding untransformed roots. Our novel procedure to produce C. annuum hairy roots will thus support the functional analysis of potential resistance genes involved in pepper P. capsici interaction.

Effect of ambient-level gas-phase peroxides on foliar injury, growth, and net photosynthesis in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus)

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Chen Xuan, E-mail: xuan66chen@yahoo.co.j [Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, No.8, Dayangfang, Anwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012 (China); Aoki, Masatoshi [Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509 (Japan); Takami, Akinori [National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8506 (Japan); Chai Fahe [Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, No.8, Dayangfang, Anwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012 (China); Hatakeyama, Shiro [Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509 (Japan)

2010-05-15

To investigate the effects of ambient-level gas-phase peroxides concurrent with O{sub 3} on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and biomass in herbaceous plants, we exposed Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) to clean air, 50 ppb O{sub 3}, 100 ppb O{sub 3}, and 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O{sub 3} in outdoor chambers. Compared with exposure to 100 ppb O{sub 3}, exposure to 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O{sub 3} induced greater damage in foliar injury, net photosynthetic rates and biomass; the pattern of foliar injury and the cause of net photosynthetic rate reduction also differed from those occurring with O{sub 3} exposure alone. These results indicate for the first time that sub-ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O{sub 3} can cause more severe damage to plants than 100 ppb O{sub 3}, and that not only O{sub 3}, but also peroxides, could be contributing to the herbaceous plant damage and forest decline observed in Japan's air-polluted urban and remote mountains areas. - Ambient-level gas-phase peroxides coexisted with 50 ppb O{sub 3} may contribute to the herbaceous plants damage and forest decline observed in Japan.

Contrasting nutritional acclimation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. and red maple (Acer rubrum L. to increasing conifers and soil acidity as demonstrated by foliar nutrient balances

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Alexandre Collin

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall, SM is believed to be more sensitive to acidic and nutrient-poor soils associated with conifer-dominated stands than red maple (Acer rubrum L., RM. Greater foliar nutrient use efficiency (FNUE of RM is likely the cause for this difference. In the context of climate change, this greater FNUE could be key in favouring northward migration of RM over SM. We used the concept of foliar nutrient balances to study the nutrition of SM and RM seedlings along an increasing gradient in forest floor acidity conditioned by increasing proportions of conifers (pH values ranging from 4.39 under hardwoods, to 4.29 under mixed hardwood-conifer stands and 4.05 under conifer-dominated stands. Nutrients were subjected to isometric log-ratio (ilr transformation, which views the leaf as one closed system and considers interactions between nutrients. The ilr method eliminates numerical biases and weak statistical inferences based on raw or operationally’’ log-transformed data. We analyzed foliar nutrients of SM and RM seedlings and found that the [Ca,Mg,K|P,N] and [Ca,Mg|K] balances of SM seedlings were significantly different among soil acidity levels, whereas they did not vary for RM seedlings. For SM seedlings, these differences among soil acidity levels were due to a significant decrease in foliar Ca and Mg concentrations with increasing forest floor acidity. Similar differences in foliar balances were also found between healthy and declining SM stands estimated from literature values. Conversely, foliar balances of RM seedlings did not differ among soil acidity levels, even though untransformed foliar nutrient concentrations were significantly different. This result highlights the importance of using ilr transformation, since it provides more sensitive results than standard testing of untransformed nutrient concentrations. The lower nutrient requirements of RM and its greater capacity to maintain nutrient equilibrium are

Ex Vivo Application of Secreted Metabolites Produced by Soil-Inhabiting Bacillus spp. Efficiently Controls Foliar Diseases Caused by Alternaria spp.

Science.gov (United States)

Ali, Gul Shad; El-Sayed, Ashraf S A; Patel, Jaimin S; Green, Kari B; Ali, Mohammad; Brennan, Mary; Norman, David

2016-01-15

Bacterial biological control agents (BCAs) are largely used as live products to control plant pathogens. However, due to variable environmental and ecological factors, live BCAs usually fail to produce desirable results against foliar pathogens. In this study, we investigated the potential of cell-free culture filtrates of 12 different bacterial BCAs isolated from flower beds for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria spp. In vitro studies showed that culture filtrates from two isolates belonging to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens displayed strong efficacy and potencies against Alternaria spp. The antimicrobial activity of the culture filtrate of these two biological control agents was effective over a wider range of pH (3.0 to 9.0) and was not affected by autoclaving or proteolysis. Comparative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses showed that a complex mixture of cyclic lipopeptides, primarily of the fengycin A and fengycin B families, was significantly higher in these two BCAs than inactive Bacillus spp. Interaction studies with mixtures of culture filtrates of these two species revealed additive activity, suggesting that they produce similar products, which was confirmed by LC-tandem MS analyses. In in planta pre- and postinoculation trials, foliar application of culture filtrates of B. subtilis reduced lesion sizes and lesion frequencies caused by Alternaria alternata by 68 to 81%. Taken together, our studies suggest that instead of live bacteria, culture filtrates of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens can be applied either individually or in combination for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria species. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Comparative SEM and LM foliar epidermal and palyno-morphological studies of Amaranthaceae and its taxonomic implications.

Science.gov (United States)

Hussain, Amara Noor; Zafar, Muhammad; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Khan, Raees; Yaseen, Ghulam; Khan, Muhammad Saleem; Nazir, Abdul; Khan, Amir Muhammad; Shaheen, Shabnum

2018-05-01

Palynological features as well as comparative foliar epidermal using light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of 17 species (10genera) of Amaranthaceae have been studied for its taxonomic significance. Different foliar and palynological micro-morphological characters were examined to explain their value in resolving the difficulty in identification. All species were amphistomatic but stomata on abaxial surface were more abundant. Taxonomically significant epidermal character including stomata type, trichomes (unicellular, multicellular, and capitate) and epidermal cells shapes (polygonal and irregular) were also observed. Pollens of this family are Polypantoporate, pores large, spheroidal, mesoporous region is sparsely to scabrate, densely psilate, and spinulose. All these characters can be active at species level for identification purpose. This study indicates that at different taxonomic levels, LM and SEM pollen and epidermal morphology is explanatory and significant to identify species and genera. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Foliar nitrogen and potassium applications improve photosynthetic activities and water relations in sunflower under moisture deficit condition

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hussain, R.A.; Ahmad, R.

2016-01-01

This study investigated the influence of foliar supplementation of nitrogen (N) potassium (K) and their combination on photosynthetic activities, physiological indices and water relations of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids Hysen-33 and LG-5551 under water deficit condition. Studies were conducted in a wire-house at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Treatments were two water stress levels [100 (control) and 60% field capacity (water deficit)], six levels of foliar spray (no spray, water spray, 1% N, 1% K, 0.5% N + 0.5% K and 1% N + 1% K) and each treatment was replicated three times. Results showed that water stress reduced the photosynthetic activities: Pn (photosynthetic rate), E (rate of tanspiration) and gs (stomatal conductance) and water relations i.e., pie w (water potential), pie s (osmotic potential) and pie p (turgor potential) . Soil moisture deficit also significantly reduced the plant height, root length, fresh and dry matter which consequently affected the plant height stress tolerance index (PHSI), root length stress tolerance index (RLSI) and dry matter stress tolerance index (DMSI) in both sunflower hybrids. However, foliar supplementation with N and K or N+K improved the photosynthetic activities, water relations and physiological indices of both the sunflower hybrids. The findings of present study suggest that application of N+K is necessary to have high plant productivity. (author)

Foliar nutrients explain goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus, adult feeding preference among four California oak species

Science.gov (United States)

Yigen Chen; Tom. W. Coleman; Michael. I. Jones; Mary. L. Flint; Steven. J. Seybold

2013-01-01

Adults of the invasive goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), consumed foliar weight in no-choice feeding tests of, in descending order, California black oak Quercus kelloggii Newb., Engelmann oak, Quercus engelmannii Greene, coast live oak, Quercus...

Physiological responses of Tillandsia albida (Bromeliaceae) to long-term foliar metal application.

Science.gov (United States)

Kováčik, Jozef; Klejdus, Bořivoj; Stork, František; Hedbavny, Josef

2012-11-15

The impact of 2-month foliar application of cadmium, nickel and their combination (10 μM) on Tillandsia albida was studied. Cadmium caused damage of tissue but assimilation pigments were depressed in Cd+Ni variant only. Stress-related parameters (ROS and peroxidase activities) were elevated by Cd and Cd+Ni while MDA content remained unaffected. Free amino acids accumulated the most in Ni alone but soluble proteins were not influenced. Among phenolic acids, mainly vanillin contributed to increase of their sum in all variants while soluble phenols even decreased in Cd+Ni and flavonols slightly increased in Cd variants. Phenolic enzymes showed negligible responses to almost all treatments. Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by metal application but N content increased. Total Cd or Ni amounts reached over 400 μg g(-1) DW and were not affected if metal alone and combined treatment is compared while absorbed content differed (ca. 50% of total Cd was absorbed while almost all Ni was absorbed). These data indicate tolerance of T. albida to foliar metal application and together with strong xerophytic morphology, use for environmental studies is recommended. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Are nitrate exports in stream water linked to nitrogen fluxes in decomposing foliar litter?

Science.gov (United States)

Kathryn B. Piatek; Mary Beth. Adams

2011-01-01

The central hardwood forest receives some of the highest rates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, which results in nitrate leaching to surface waters. Immobilization of N in foliar litter during litter decomposition represents a potential mechanism for temporal retention of atmospherically deposited N in forest ecosystems. When litter N dynamics switch to the N-...

Flujos de nutrientes en un banco de ostras de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia

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Gómez López Diana Isabel

2000-12-01

Full Text Available Water flow through a plastic tunnel (1OL x 0.80W x 0.30H m was used to determine nutrient retention and release rates over two substrates (with and without oysters in a natural oyster bank at the northeastern end of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta. In general terms, nutrient fluxes are inversally related to the water flow. Values obtained over the substrate without oysters were higher than those observed over the substrate with oysters. Such differences can be explained by the low oyster density in the area and the great microbial activity and typical sediment diffusion processes in this estuarine ecosystem.Un flujo de agua a través de un túnel plástico (10 L x 0.80 W x 0.30H m fue utilizado para determinar las tasas de liberación-retención de amonio y fosfatos sobre dos tipos de sustratos (con y sin ostras en un banco de ostras en el sector nororiental de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. En general se observa que los flujos de amonio y fosfatos son inversamente proporcionales al caudal de agua, y que los valores obtenidos en el sustrato sin ostras son mayores comparados a los obtenidos en el sustrato con ostras. Estas diferencias entre los sustratos pueden haberse debido a la baja densidad de ostras en el área (7.5 ostras/ m2 y a la gran actividad microbiana y procesos de difusión de los sedimentos característicos de este ecosistema estuarino.

Integrated effect of nutrients from a recirculation aquaponic system and foliar nutrition on the yield of tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum L. and Solanum pimpinellifolium.

Science.gov (United States)

Gullian Klanian, Mariel; Delgadillo Diaz, Mariana; Aranda, Javier; Rosales Juárez, Carolina

2018-04-20

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of tomato plants to efficiently use the nitrogen (N) of a recirculation aquaponic system (RAS) and to evaluate the effects of foliar fertilization as a complement to the water nutrition on the growth of the two tomato cultivars. The significant effect of six macro- and seven micronutrients was evaluated on the plant growth and on the fruit yield. Two experiments were performed in a nutrient film aquaponic unit. The first experiment was designed to study the effects of foliar fertilization on the seedlings of two tomato cultivars Costoluto Genovese (CG) (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Currant tomato (Ct) (Solanum pimpinellifolium) with 8% of weekly water exchange (WE8%-RAS). The foliar fertilizer was formulated with N restriction in the last 11 weeks (TF1). In the second experiment, two other foliar fertilization treatments (TF2 and TF3) were applied with a concentration of nutrients twice and triple that in TF1, but with a lower proportion of NPK ratio. These treatments were tested on the cultivar CG in a RAS with zero water exchange (WE0%-RAS). The data from the 1st experiment showed a positive effect of the foliar fertilization on the yield of both cultivars. The fertilization markedly influenced the dry matter weight of the CG; however, this effect was not observed in the Ct. The root length of both cultivars was positively influenced by the P content, whereas the plant height was affected by the excess of Co and S. According to the results from the 2nd experiment, the TF2 plants had the highest number of fruits with a high mean weight. The system was efficient in utilizing N from fish tank; the water K favored the yield of the CG fruit and the foliar K favored the growth of the TF2 plants. With a decrease in the foliar N, the CG plants were able to absorb 27.5% of the NO 3 - and 7.06% of total ammonia nitrogen from water. The absolute and relative growth rate of Nile tilapia was not affected by the rate

Severidade da mela da soja causada por Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA em função de doses de potássio Severity of hte foliar blight of the soylean caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA infunction of doses of potassium

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Marco Antonio Basseto

2007-03-01

Full Text Available O fungo Rhizoctonia solani pertencente ao grupo de anastomose 1 IA (AG-1 IA é um dos patógenos mais importantes afetando a cultura da soja no Brasil. Este fungo causa queima da folha e/ou mela em soja, para a qual medidas de manejo cultural são consideradas alternativas importantes para controle antes do estabelecimento da doença. Há evidências de que a adubação potássica diminui substancialmente a severidade dos sintomas de várias doenças da soja como a queima foliar (Cercospora kikuchii, a seca da haste e da vagem (Phomopsis phaseoli var. sojae e o cancro da haste (Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis. Apesar das evidências do efeito do potássio no controle de várias doenças da soja, não há informação na literatura sobre o efeito desse nutriente no controle da mela. A hipótese testada foi que a mela da soja pode ser controlada através de incrementos na adubação potássica. De maneira geral, concluiu-se que, sob condições de casa de vegetação, o incremento de K no solo não resultou no controle da mela da soja. É necessário, entretanto, confirmar esta observação conduzindo-se experimentos sob condições de campo, podendo-se incluir a avaliação do efeito da doença sob aspectos da produção.The fungus Rhizoctonia solani, belonging to anastomosis group 1IA (AG-1 IA is one of the most important pathogens affecting soybean in Brazil. This fungus causes aerial or foliar blight of soybean, and cultural measures are thought as important choices for the control before the establishment of the disease. Based on evidences that potassium amendments can substantially reduce the severity of several soybean diseases such as Cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora kikuchii, pod and stem blight (Phomopsis phaseoli var. sojae and stem canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis. Despite all evidence, there is no information in the literature about the effect of potassium controlling the soybean foliar blight. The

Lodos residuales composteados; una alternativa de sustrato para la producción de planta de Agave durangensis

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G. Montes Rivera

2004-01-01

Full Text Available El agua residual que genera la ciudad de Durango, es principalmente de origen doméstico con contaminantes orgánicos y sólidos, debido a la aportación de 490,524 habitantes. Este afluente genera diariamente 80,175 m3 de volumen total de azolve de las seis lagunas de aireación. Los programas de plantación forestal en Durango se han incrementado recientemente, con el fin de establecer la cubierta forestal en las áreas degradadas del bosque. La Comisión Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR en Durango, produjo 12’910,410 plantas durante el año 2002 de las cuales 2’500.000 son Agavaceas. Esto implica el uso de grandes volúmenes de sustrato para producir las metas, lo cual eleva los costos de producción. Se propone que el lodo residual composteado sea una alternativa de sustrato, para disminuir su costo para la demanda de planta de agave que ha tomado gran auge por la denominación de origen NOM- 070-SCF-1994 que ha adquirido el mezcal para el estado de Durango y para resolver el problema de azolve de las lagunas. En un experimento realizado al azar se aplicaron tres tratamientos, con tres repeticiones, Tratamiento l. Lodo fresco (40 kg; ll. Lodo fresco (40 kg, 10 kg de alfalfa, 10 kg de paja de avena seca, 10 kg de estiércol fresco; lll. suelo agrícola del Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario Núm. 1 (ITA Núm. 1. Las variables a evaluar fueron: número de coliformes totales y fecales antes y después del composteo, caracterización físico-química, y contenido de los principales metales pesados. Obtenidos los datos se utilizó un paquete estadístico de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Nuevo León ( FAUANL. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, 600 NMP (número más probable de coliformes fecales del tratamiento II después del composteo; valor bajo comparado con el de la norma para uso de servicio público con contacto indirecto (NOM 1987. Este resultado del tratamiento II demuestra la efectividad del

Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat

OpenAIRE

Deshpande, Paresh; Dapkekar, Ashwin; Oak, Manoj; Paknikar, Kishore; Rajwade, Jyutika

2018-01-01

Background Wheat is the staple food for most of the world’s population; however, it is a poor source of zinc. Foliar fertilization of zinc via zinc loaded chitosan nanocarriers (Zn-CNP) post-anthesis has proved to be a promising approach for grain zinc enhancement in durum wheat as evidenced in our earlier study. However, the molecular mechanism of uptake of zinc via Zn-CNP remains unclear. Methods/Principle findings Foliar application of Zn-CNP was performed at post anthesis stages in two du...

Efecto del dopado con Si sobre la estructura de defectos en sistemas heteroepitaxiales GaN/AlN/Si(111

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Sánchez, A. M.

2000-08-01

Full Text Available The Si doping effect on the defect structure in GaN epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111 substrates using AlN buffer layers has been studied. Transmission electron microscopy and related techniques have been used to carry out the structural characterization. The Si doping affects both the subgrain size and misorientation in GaN epilayer mosaic structure. The Si doping also leads to an increase of the planar defect density, as well as a decrease of the threading dislocation density. The enlargement of the subgrain tilt and the planar defect density explain the reduction of the dislocation density reaching the GaN free surface.

En el presente artículo se lleva a cabo el análisis del efecto que el dopado con Si tiene sobre la estructura de defectos en epicapas de GaN crecidas por epitaxia de haces moleculares sobre sustratos de Si (111 utilizando capas amortiguadoras de AlN. La caracterización estructural se llevó a cabo mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión convencional y de alta resolución. El dopado con Si afecta a la desorientación y tamaño de los subgranos que constituyen la estructura mosaico de la epicapa de GaN. El dopado con Si provoca un aumento en la densidad de defectos planares, así como una disminución en la densidad de dislocaciones de propagación. El incremento en el grado de desorientación de inclinación, así como en la densidad de defectos planares que se produce conforme aumenta el dopado con Si explican la disminución en la densidad de dislocaciones que alcanzan la superficie libre de GaN.

Foliar Mn accumulation in eastern Australian herbarium specimens: prospecting for ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators and potential applications in taxonomy

Science.gov (United States)

Fernando, Denise R.; Guymer, Gordon; Reeves, Roger D.; Woodrow, Ian E.; Baker, Alan J.; Batianoff, George N.

2009-01-01

Background and Aims The analysis of herbarium specimens has previously been used to prospect for ‘new’ hyperaccumulators, while the use of foliar manganese (Mn) concentrations as a taxonomic tool has been suggested. On the basis of their geographic and taxonomic affiliations to known Mn hyperaccumulators, six eastern Australian genera from the Queensland Herbarium collection were sampled for leaf tissue analyses. Methods ICP-OES was used to measure Mn and other elemental concentrations in 47 species within the genera Austromyrtus, Lenwebbia, Gossia (Myrtaceae), Macadamia (Proteaceae), Maytenus and Denhamia (Celastraceae). Key Results The resulting data demonstrated (a) up to seven ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators, mostly tropical rainforest species; (b) that one of these ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators also had notably elevated foliar Ni concentrations; (c) evidence of an interrelationship between foliar Mn and Al uptake among the Macadamias; (d) considerable variability of Mn hyperaccumulation within Gossia; and (e) the possibility that Maytenus cunninghamii may include subspecies. Conclusions Gossia bamagensis, G. fragrantissima, G. sankowsiorum, G. gonoclada and Maytenus cunninghamii were identified as ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators, while Gossia lucida and G. shepherdii are possible ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators. Of the three Myrtaceae genera examined, Mn hyperaccumulation appears restricted to Gossia, supporting its recent taxonomic revision. In the context of this present investigation and existing information, a reassesment of the general definition of Mn hyperaccumulation may be warranted. Morphological variation of Maytenus cunninghamii at two extremities was consistent with variation in Mn accumulation, indicating two possible ‘new’ subspecies. Although caution should be exercised in interpreting the data, surveying herbarium specimens by chemical analysis has provided an effective means of assessing foliar Mn accumulation. These findings should be

Avaliação da nutrição de plantações jovens de eucalipto por análise foliar e métodos não destrutivos Nutrition evaluation in young Eucalyptus plantation by foliar analysis and non-destructive methods

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Ana Carla Madeira

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Avaliou-se o crescimento e estado nutritivo de jovens Eucalyptus por análise foliar tradicional (teores de N, P e pigmentos fotossintéticos e com o medidor de clorofila SPAD-502. Efectuou-se uma gestão diferenciada dos resíduos de abate da plantação anterior, com incorporação dos resíduos no solo (I, remoção dos resíduos (R, e distribuição dos resíduos à superfície (S; aplicou-se um fertilizante azotado (IF, RF e SF e introduziuse uma leguminosa do género Lupinus (IL e RL. Não houve diferenças significativas no crescimento entre I, R e S. A aplicação de fertilizante intensificou o crescimento em SF e IF. O teor foliar de N foi no início positivamente afectado pelo Lupinus (IL e RL. Após a primeira aplicação de fertilizante, este teor foi significativamente superior em IF, RF e SF, esbatendo-se a diferença entre tratamentos após as aplicações seguintes; semelhante padrão foi observado para os pigmentos e o SPAD. Os valores de SPAD correlacionaram-se (PThe growth and nutritional state of young Eucalyptus was evaluated by foliar analysis (contents of N, P and photosynthetic pigments and the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. An experimental system was used with different harvest residues management, such as incorporation of residues into the soil (I, removal of residues (R, and distribution of residues on the soil surface (S, with N fertiliser application (IF, RF and SF, and with the leguminous Lupinus seeding (IL and RL. No significant differences in growth were found between the I, R and S. Application of fertiliser increased growth in the SF and IF. Initially, foliar N content was positively affected by the leguminous (RL and IL. After the first fertiliser application, a higher N content was observed in the IF, RF and SF, the differences being reduced in the following applications; a similar trend was observed for extracted pigments and SPAD values. Foliar N contents were correlated (P<0.05 with SPAD values. The

Determine the Optimal Levels of Bio-fertilizers and Foliar Application of Iron on Yield and Quality Indices of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

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zahra mir

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction In conventional agricultural systems to obtain the highest performance continuous use of chemical fertilizers is inevitable. The health of the plant, soil and living matter depends on the rotation of food elements in the ecosystem. This cycle is disrupted as a result of the loss of soil fertility, its food imbalance and inappropriate cultivation practices. Bio-fertilizers are composed of beneficial microorganisms, each for a specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium, iron. It should be noted that most studies in the field for sour Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa are based on the use of various chemical fertilizers, but the reaction of this plant to bio-fertilizers and iron solubilization has not been considered. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of bio fertilizers and iron on yield and quality traits of Roselle in hot and dry weather conditions. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers and foliar application iron on yield and quality indicators Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa experiment in Research field of Zabol University Agriculture Institute in 2015-2016 years was performed with split-plot based on completely randomized design and three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of bio-fertilizers: control (without fertilizer, vermicompost, cow manure, seaweed and iron foliar applications include: lack of iron, foliar application at a rate of 3cc per thousand, 6cc per thousand was considered. As a source of bio-fertilizer treatments and foliar application iron levels were considered as sub plots. Before sowing Roselle seeds, vermicompost and manure were added to the soil and inoculation operation . Measurements were: economic yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, anthocyanins, carbohydrates and protein. Statistical analysis of data was done with SAS software version 9.1 and mean comparison with

Técnica para o estudo da anatomia da epiderme foliar de batata A technique for the anatomical study of potato leaf epidermis

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Fernanda Bastos Segatto

2004-10-01

Full Text Available Embora a batata (Solanum tuberosum seja uma espécie de grande valor econômico, são poucas as informações disponíveis sobre a anatomia foliar, principalmente de características estruturais da epiderme. O estudo da anatomia foliar assume grande importância básica, para a ecologia e fisiologia, e aplicada para a fitopatologia e o melhoramento genético. Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar uma técnica histológica que permite a confecção de lâminas semipermanentes para avaliar a epiderme foliar, em vista frontal, de um grande número de plantas de batata em um curto período de tempo. O corte paradérmico a mão livre, o método de Jeffrey e as técnicas de hidróxido de potássio e de impressão da epiderme foram avaliados. Lâminas semipermanentes foram confeccionadas da secção frontal da epiderme de folíolos principais do terço médio de plantas de batata. A impressão da epiderme em lâmina foi a única técnica que possibilitou a avaliação adequada de todos os clones de batata utilizados. A impressão da epiderme é uma técnica muito rápida, de baixo custo e de fácil execução, que atende os requisitos necessários para a identificação e seleção de características anatômicas de um grande número de plantas em um programa de melhoramento genético de batata.Even though potato (Solanum tuberosum is an economically important crop, information about leaf characteristics of anatomical structure has not been well studied. Studies of leaf epidermis have significance for basic fields as ecology and physiology and for applied fields as plant pathology and breeding. The objective of this research was to identify a fast and easy technique to prepare semi-permanent slides for studying the anatomy of potato leaf epidermis. Para dermal free hand cut, Jeffrey method, potassium hydroxide and epidermal fingerprint on glass slide techniques were evaluated. Semi-permanent slides were prepared from the longitudinal section of

Propiedades de transporte de una superred de grafeno tipo sinusoidal

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J. A. Briones-Torres

2015-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo usamos el método de la matriz de transferencia para estudiar el tunelamiento de los electrones de Dirac a través de superredes en grafeno. Consideramos una superred con potencial sinusoidal o polaridad invertida, para ello consideramos dos maneras de crearla, una por medio de sustratos mixtos junto con la aplicación de un campo perpendicular sobre el sustrato de Óxido de Silicio (SiO2, la otra por medio de potenciales alternados aplicados perpendicularmente sobre la sábana de grafeno. Calculamos las propiedades de transmisión, transporte y estructura electrónica, variando diferentes parámetros como ángulo de incidencia, anchos de pozos y barreras y diferente número de barreras. Se encontró (1 el importante papel que juega el efecto Klein en tales estructuras, (2 las propiedades de transmisión y transporte presentan cierta simetría respecto del origen de la energía, y (3 el carácter sinusoidal del sistema trae consigo una baja en el nivel de energía de las subbandas en el espectro de estados acotados, además las degenera y origina que la apertura-cierre de las minibandas sea en el mismo nivel de energía.

Effect of the foliar enrichment and herbicides on maize and associated weeds irrigated with drainage water

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Roshdy M.H. Tagour

2017-12-01

Full Text Available A two-year field experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2013 and 2014, which were irrigated by drainage water which belong to salinity class (C3S1 to C4S2, to study the effect of the foliar enrichment namely (Anti-stress and weed management treatments (some pre and post-emergence herbicides and two-hand hoeing on maize growth, yield, yield components and chemical composition of maize grains and associated weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus and Echinochloa colonum. The results illustrated that application of the foliar enrichment enhanced the dry weight of weeds and increased maize growth characters, yield and yield components and total crude protein and total oil percentage of grain maize, as compared with untreated treatment. All weed management treatments caused a significant reduction in total dry weight of weeds at 60 and 80 days after sowing in both seasons. Two-hand hoeing treatment exerted the highest decrease in total dry weight of weeds followed by metribuzin, oxadiagyl, fluroxypyr and bentazon, respectively at 60 and 80 days after sowing compared with other weed management treatments. While, the highest values of maize growth, yield, yield components and maize grains' content of protein and oil was obtained with two-hand hoeing followed by metribuzin, oxadiagyl, fluroxypyr and bentazon, respectively. While, two hands hoeing produced the maximum values of leaf area, ear length, the weight of kernels plant−1, but applying of metribuzin treatment gave the highest values of total oil percentage of grain maize when the foliar enrichment was used.

Níveis de irrigação e doses de potássio sobre os teores foliares de nutrientes do maracujazeiro amarelo Effect of irrigation levels and potassium doses on nutrient content of yellow passion fruit leaves

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Valdemício F. de Sousa

2008-02-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de níveis de irrigação e doses de potássio aplicadas via água de irrigação por gotejamento, sobre os teores foliares de nutrientes do maracujazeiro amarelo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Campo Experimental da Fazenda Areão, da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba, SP (22° 42' 30" S e 47° 38' 00" W; utilizou-se, com tal propósito, um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, cujos tratamentos foram arranjados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas e resultaram da combinação de quatro níveis de irrigação (L1 = 0,25 L; L2 = 0,50 L; L3 = 0,75 L; L4 = 1,00 L em que L é o volume de água médio medido em lisímetros, e cinco níveis de potássio (K0 = 0,000; K1 = 0,225; K2 = 0,450; K3 = 0,675 e K4 = 0,900 kg planta-1 ano-1 de K2O, aplicadas via água de irrigação. Avaliou-se a concentração de nutrientes nas plantas através da diagnose foliar, realizada no período de colheita de frutos. Os teores dos nutrientes nas folhas do maracujazeiro não foram influenciados pelos níveis de irrigação nem pela interação irrigação x potássio, ao passo que a acumulação de K, Ca, Mg, B e Mn o foram pelas doses de potássio.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of irrigation and potassium levels applied through irrigation water by drip irrigation on the nutrient content of yellow passion fruit. The experiment was performed in the Experimental Field of the Areão Farm at ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil (22° 42' 30" S e 47° 38' 00" W. An experimental design of randomized blocks in subdivided plots with four replications was used. The treatments resulted from the combination of four irrigation levels (L1 = 0.25 L, L2 = 0.50 L, L3 = 0.75 L and L4 = 1.00 L, in which L is the average water depth measured in lysimetr, and five potassium doses (K0 = 0.00; K1 = 0.225; K2 = 0.450 K3 = 0.675 and K4 = 0.90 kg plant-1 year-1 of K2O, applied

Influência da temperatura e da duração do molhamento foliar na severidade do míldio da cebola

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Leandro Luiz Marcuzzo

Full Text Available RESUMO No presente trabalho foram estudadas, em condições controladas para o desenvolvimento de um modelo climático baseado na influência da temperatura (10, 15, 20 e 25°C e da duração do molhamento foliar (6, 12, 24 e 48 horas na severidade do míldio da cebola incitado por Peronospora destructor. A densidade relativa de lesões foi influenciada pela temperatura e pela duração do molhamento foliar (P<0,05. A doença foi mais severa na temperatura de 15°C. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão não linear. A função beta generalizada foi usada para ajuste dos dados de severidade e temperatura, enquanto uma função logística foi escolhida para representar o efeito do molhamento foliar na severidade do míldio da cebola. A superfície de resposta obtida pelo produto das duas funções foi expressa por SE = 0,1506 * (((x-80,0614 * ((30-x0,1419 * (0,71642/(1+0,56954 * exp (-0,04460*y, onde SE, representa o valor da severidade estimada (0,1; x, a temperatura (ºC e y, o molhamento foliar (horas. Este modelo climático deverá ser validado em condições de campo para aferir o seu emprego como um sistema de previsão computacional para o míldio da cebola

Changes in conifer and deciduous forest foliar and forest floor chemistry and basal area tree growth across a nitrogen (N) deposition gradient in the northeastern US

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Johnny L. Boggs; Steven G. McNulty; Linda H. Pardo

2007-01-01

We evaluated foliar and forest floor chemistry across a gradient of N deposition in the Northeast at 11 red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) sites in 1987/1988 and foliar and forest floor chemistry and basal area growth at six paired spruce and deciduous sites in 1999. The six red spruce plots were a subset of the original 1987/1988 spruce sites. In 1999...

Foliar application with nano-silicon alleviates Cd toxicity in rice seedlings.

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Wang, Shihua; Wang, Fayuan; Gao, Shuangcheng

2015-02-01

Nanofertilizers may be more effective than regular fertilizers in improving plant nutrition, enhancing nutrition use efficiency, and protecting plants from environmental stress. A hydroponic pot experiment was conducted to study the role of foliar application with 2.5 mM nano-silicon in alleviating Cd stress in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv Youyou 128) grown in solution added with or without 20 μM CdCl2. The results showed that Cd treatment decreased the growth and the contents of Mg, Fe, Zn, chlorophyll a, and glutathione (GSH), accompanied by a significant increase in Cd accumulation. However, foliar application with nano-Si improved the growth, Mg, Fe, and Zn nutrition, and the contents of chlorophyll a of the rice seedlings under Cd stress and decreased Cd accumulation and translocation of Cd from root to shoot. Cd treatment produced oxidative stress to rice seedlings indicated by a higher lipid peroxidation level (as malondialdehyde (MDA)) and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a lower GSH content. However, those nano-Si-treated plants had lower MDA but higher GSH content and different antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating a higher Cd tolerance in them. The results suggested that nano-Si application alleviated Cd toxicity in rice by decreasing Cd accumulation, Cd partitioning in shoot and MDA level and by increasing content of some mineral elements (Mg, Fe, and Zn) and antioxidant capacity.

Foliar anatomy and histochemistry in seven species of Eucalyptus Anatomia e histoquímica foliar de sete espécies de Eucalyptus

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Leonardo David Tuffi Santos

2008-08-01

Full Text Available This work aimed to describe the foliar anatomy of seven species of Eucalyptus, emphasizing the characterization of secretory structures and the chemical nature of the compounds secreted and /or present in the leaves. Anatomical characterization and histochemical evaluation to determine the nature and localization of the secondary compounds were carried out in fully expanded leaves, according to standard methodology. Anatomical differences were verified among the species studied, especially in E. pyrocarpa. Sub-epidermal cavities were the only secretory structures found in the seven species studied, with higher density in E. pellita and lower in E. pilularis. The following compounds were histochemically detected: lipophilic compounds, specifically lipids of the essential or resin-oil type and sesquiterpene lactones found in the lumen of the cavities of the seven species; and hydrophilic compounds, of the phenolic compound type found in the mesophyll of all the species studied and on the epidermis of some of them. The results confirmed the complexity of the product secreted by the cavities, stressing the homogeneous histochemistry nature of these compounds among the species. However, the phenolic compounds results may be an indication of important variations in adaptations and ecological relations, since they show differences among the species.Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho descrever a anatomia foliar de sete espécies de Eucalyptus, com ênfase na caracterização de estruturas secretoras e da natureza química dos compostos secretados e/ou presentes no limbo foliar. A caracterização anatômica e a avaliação histoquímica para determinação da natureza e localização dos compostos secundários foram realizadas em folhas totalmente expandidas segundo metodologia usual. Houve diferenças anatômicas entre as espécies estudadas, especialmente em E. pyrocarpo. Cavidades subepidérmicas foram as únicas estruturas secretoras encontradas

Jorge Santayana y sus vínculos humanos en Avila. Breve recopilación epistolar

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Pedro GARCÍA MARTÍN

2009-11-01

Full Text Available Es, hasta cierto punto, conocida la vinculación abulense de Santayana. Se sabe que aquí pasó su infancia a partir de los dos años; se conocen también, en etapas posteriores, sus frecuentes escapadas veraniegas para ver a su padre primero y a sus hermanas después, especialmente a su hermana Susana que aquí casó y proporcionó finalmente al filósofo una verdadera familia hasta el final de sus días. Poco se ha profundizado, sin embargo, sobre el alcance real de esta influyente vinculación y sobre la cualidad particular de este sustrato abulense.

Mitigación de la toxicidad anaerobia de lixiviados mediante mezclas con agua residual doméstica

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Patricia Torres

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Los lixiviados contienen compuestos originalmente presentes en los residuos depositados en el relleno así como los formados en los procesos de degradación; cuando presentan altos contenidos de material orgánico y alta relación DBO5/DQO, el tratamiento biológico tiene gran potencial de aplicación; sin embargo, los altos niveles de nitrógeno y otros compuestos pueden ser inhibitorios o tóxicos para el proceso biológico. La evaluación de la toxicidad anaerobia permite determinar la magnitud y tipo de inhibición causada sobre los microorganismos encargados de la transformación final a metano y se determina comparando la Actividad Metanogénica Específica (AME del lodo control alimentado únicamente con sustrato, con la AME del lodo alimentado con el mismo sustrato más el compuesto tóxico. Dado el creciente interés en el cotratamiento de lixiviados con aguas residuales domésticas (ARD, se evaluó en escala de laboratorio la toxicidad anaerobia de lixiviados puros y mezclados con ARD para establecer el potencial efecto tóxico del lixiviado sobre la digestión anaerobia. En los ensayos usando lixiviado puro, se presentó una elevada reducción de la AME, identificándose dos tipos de inhibición: metabólica y fisiológica. En los ensayos usando mezclas de lixiviado y ARD (5 y 10%, el porcentaje de inhibición se redujo sustancialmente, alcanzándose condiciones de sustratos no tóxicos. Los resultados sugieren la potencialidad de aplicación del cotratamiento con ARD como una estrategia adecuada de manejo de lixiviados.

Evaluación del efecto tóxico del acetato plomo y el cloruro de cromo sobre el metabolismo bacterial anaerobio

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Beatriz Wills

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Se presentan los resultados del estudio de toxicidad del cloruro de cromo (CrCl3 y el acetato de plomo (CH3COO2Pb del lodo de un reactor anaerobio de flujo ascendente y manto de lodos (UASB, aclimatado y estabilizado en el laboratorio con una solución de suero en polvo sintético; los ensayos de toxicidad se realizaron en botellas serológicas de 60 mL, se utilizaron como sustratos soluciones de ácido fórmico y suero en polvo sintético y se ensayaron concentraciones de cloruro de cromo en el rango de 1.000 a 5.000 mg/L, y de 1.000 a 10.000 mg/L para el acetato de plomo. Durante 72 horas se valoró la producción de metano en mL y el comportamiento del potencial redox en mV.Se presentaron reducciones del 50% en la producción de metano a concentraciones de 3.322 mg/L para cloruro de cromo y 1.415 mg/L para el acetato de plomo cuando el sustrato fue ácido fórmico, y a 2.291 mg/L para el cloruro de cromo y 1.982 mg/L para el acetato de plomo cuando el sustrato fue suero en polvo sintético.En síntesis, el artículo demuestra que las bacterias metanogénicas tienen un grado de resistencia cuantificable con respecto a las diferentes concentraciones de metales aplicados

Slow-cycle effects of foliar herbivory alter the nitrogen acquisition and population size of Collembola

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Mark A. Bradford; Tara Gancos; Christopher J. Frost

2008-01-01

In terrestrial systems there is a close relationship between litter quality and the activity and abundance of decomposers. Therefore, the potential exists for aboveground, herbivore-induced changes in foliar chemistry to affect soil decomposer fauna. These herbivore-induced changes in chemistry may persist across growing seasons. While the impacts of such slow-cycle...

New substrate containing agroindustrial carnauba residue for production of papaya under foliar fertilization

OpenAIRE

Albano,Francisca G.; Cavalcante,Ítalo H. L.; Machado,Jailson S.; Lacerda,Claudivan F. de; Silva,Esdras R. da; Sousa,Humberto G. de

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT The use of organic waste in the composition of substrates for seedlings constitutes an alternative to the recycling of these materials. Thus, an experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the production of ‘Formosa’ papaya seedlings in substrate containing carnauba wax residue, under foliar fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates, with treatments distributed in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five mater...

Increasing Selenium and Yellow Pigment Concentrations in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) Grain with Foliar Application of Selenite.

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Ning, Na; Yuan, Xiang-Yang; Dong, Shu-Qi; Wen, Yin-Yuan; Gao, Zhen-Pan; Guo, Mei-Jun; Guo, Ping-Yi

2016-03-01

Although addition of selenium (Se) is known to increase Se in crops, it is unclear whether exogenous Se is linked to nutritional and functional components in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). In this study, we examined the potential of increasing Se and yellow pigment (YP) in foxtail millet grain by foliar application of Se. Field experiments were conducted during the growing season of foxtail millet in 2013 and 2014 to assess the effects of foliar spray of sodium selenite (10-210 g Se ha(-1)) on the yield, Se uptake and accumulation, total YP, and microminerals in the grain. Average grain yields with Se application were 5.60 and 4.53 t ha(-1) in the 2 years, showing no significant differences from the unfertilized control. However, grain Se concentration increased linearly with Se application rate, by 8.92 and 6.09 μg kg(-1) in the 2 years with application of 1 g Se ha(-1) (maximum grain recovery rates of Se fertilizer, 52 and 28 %). Likewise, total grain YP concentration markedly increased by 0.038 and 0.031 mg kg(-1) in the 2 years with application of 1 g Se ha(-1). Grain Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations were not significantly affected by Se application. This study indicated that foliar application of Se effectively and reliably increased the concentrations of Se and YP in foxtail millet grain without affecting the yield or mineral micronutrient concentrations. Thus, foliar-applied selenite has a significant potential to increase the concentrations of selenium and YP (putative lutein (Shen, J Cereal Sci 61:86-93, 2015; Abdel-Aal, Cereal Chem 79:455-457, 2002; Abdel-Aal, J Agric Food Chem 55:787-794, 2007)) of foxtail millet and, thus, the health benefits of this crop.

Meta-analysis of yield response of hybrid field corn to foliar fungicides in the U.S. Corn Belt.

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Paul, P A; Madden, L V; Bradley, C A; Robertson, A E; Munkvold, G P; Shaner, G; Wise, K A; Malvick, D K; Allen, T W; Grybauskas, A; Vincelli, P; Esker, P

2011-09-01

The use of foliar fungicides on field corn has increased greatly over the past 5 years in the United States in an attempt to increase yields, despite limited evidence that use of the fungicides is consistently profitable. To assess the value of using fungicides in grain corn production, random-effects meta-analyses were performed on results from foliar fungicide experiments conducted during 2002 to 2009 in 14 states across the United States to determine the mean yield response to the fungicides azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, and propiconazole + azoxystrobin. For all fungicides, the yield difference between treated and nontreated plots was highly variable among studies. All four fungicides resulted in a significant mean yield increase relative to the nontreated plots (P pyraclostrobin (256 kg/ha), and lowest for azoxystrobin (230 kg/ha). Baseline yield (mean yield in the nontreated plots) had a significant effect on yield for propiconazole + azoxystrobin (P pyraclostrobin, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, and propiconazole + azoxystrobin but not to azoxystrobin. Mean yield difference was generally higher in the lowest yield and higher disease severity categories than in the highest yield and lower disease categories. The probability of failing to recover the fungicide application cost (p(loss)) also was estimated for a range of grain corn prices and application costs. At the 10-year average corn grain price of $0.12/kg ($2.97/bushel) and application costs of $40 to 95/ha, p(loss) for disease severity pyraclostrobin, 0.62 to 0.93 for propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, 0.58 to 0.89 for propiconazole + azoxystrobin, and 0.91 to 0.99 for azoxystrobin. When disease severity was >5%, the corresponding probabilities were 0.36 to 95, 0.25 to 0.69, 0.25 to 0.64, and 0.37 to 0.98 for the four fungicides. In conclusion, the high p(loss) values found in most scenarios suggest that the use of these foliar fungicides is unlikely to be profitable when

Foliar fertilization of sugarcane (Saccharum spp): absorption and translocation of 15-N-labeled urea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trivelin, P.C.O.; Carvalho, J.G. de; Silva, A.Q. da; Primavesi, A.C.P.A.; Camacho, E.; Eimori, I.E.; Guilherme, M.R.

1988-01-01

The absorption and translocation of foliar applied nitrogen as urea solution to sugar cane plants was evaluated. An experiment using the isotope dilution technique with 15 N labeled urea was carried out in green house condition. Seedlings of sugarcane variety IAC 53-150 were planted in pots with 5KG of top soil''latossolo vermelho amarelo, fase arenosa'' (Haplustox). (M.A.C.) [pt

Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Foliar Uptake, Phytotoxicity, and Consequences for Sustainable Urban Agriculture.

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Xiong, TianTian; Dumat, Camille; Dappe, Vincent; Vezin, Hervé; Schreck, Eva; Shahid, Muhammad; Pierart, Antoine; Sobanska, Sophie

2017-05-02

Throughout the world, urban agriculture supplies fresh local vegetables to city populations. However, the increasing anthropogenic uses of metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs) such as CuO-NPs in urban areas may contaminate vegetables through foliar uptake. This study focused on the CuO-NP transfer processes in leafy edible vegetables (i.e., lettuce and cabbage) to assess their potential phytotoxicity. Vegetables were exposed via leaves for 5, 10, or 15 days to various concentrations of CuO-NPs (0, 10, or 250 mg per plant). Biomass and gas exchange values were determined in relation to the Cu uptake rate, localization, and Cu speciation within the plant tissues. High foliar Cu uptake occurred after exposure for 15 days for lettuce [3773 mg (kg of dry weight) -1 ] and cabbage [4448 mg (kg of dry weight) -1 ], along with (i) decreased plant weight, net photosynthesis level, and water content and (ii) necrotic Cu-rich areas near deformed stomata containing CuO-NPs observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Analysis of the CuO-NP transfer rate (7.8-242 μg day -1 ), translocation of Cu from leaves to roots and Cu speciation biotransformation in leaf tissues using electron paramagnetic resonance, suggests the involvement of plant Cu regulation processes. Finally, a potential health risk associated with consumption of vegetables contaminated with CuO-NPs was highlighted.

Foliar Potassium Fertilizer Additives Affect Soybean Response and Weed Control with Glyphosate

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Kelly A. Nelson

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Research in 2004 and 2005 determined the effects of foliar-applied K-fertilizer sources (0-0-62-0 (%N-%P2O5-%K2O-%S, 0-0-25-17, 3-18-18-0, and 5-0-20-13 and additive rates (2.2, 8.8, and 17.6 kg K ha−1 on glyphosate-resistant soybean response and weed control. Field experiments were conducted at Novelty and Portageville with high soil test K and weed populations and at Malden with low soil test K and weed populations. At Novelty, grain yield increased with fertilizer additives at 8.8 kg K ha−1 in a high-yield, weed-free environment in 2004, but fertilizer additives reduced yield up to 470 kg ha−1 in a low-yield year (2005 depending on the K source and rate. At Portageville, K-fertilizer additives increased grain yield from 700 to 1160 kg ha−1 compared to diammonium sulfate, depending on the K source and rate. At Malden, there was no yield response to K sources. Differences in leaf tissue K (P=0.03, S (P=0.03, B (P=0.0001, and Cu (P=0.008 concentrations among treatments were detected 14 d after treatment at Novelty and Malden. Tank mixtures of K-fertilizer additives with glyphosate may provide an option for foliar K applications.

Determinación del Área Foliar en Fotografías Tomadas con una Cámara Web, un Teléfono Celular o una Cámara Semiprofesional Leaf Area Measurement in Photographs Taken with a Webcam, a Cell Phone or a Semi Professional Camera

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Natalia Rincón Guerrero

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Resumen. Las determinaciones de área foliar son muy usadas en investigación agrícola. Para su cuantificación existen equipos automáticos, pero costosos y de escasa disponibilidad. Para superar estos limitantes, en esta investigación se acoplaron el uso de cámaras digitales (de un teléfono celular, una cámara web o una cámara digital semiprofesional y un software libre para análisis de imágenes (ImageJ, con el fin de determinar el área foliar en forma simple, precisa y a bajo costo. Para estimar la sensibilidad de este sistema, en la primera prueba se compararon las áreas generadas por un medidor de área foliar y por las fotografías tomadas con tres tipos de cámara digital, sobre cuadrados de papel verde de áreas conocidas. En la segunda prueba se correlacionaron los valores de área foliar obtenidos con el medidor de área foliar y los obtenidos a partir del análisis de fotografías de hojas tomadas con las tres cámaras digitales, en cinco especies vegetales, que variaban en morfología y color de hojas. Los resultados indicaron coeficientes de correlación mayores a 0,99 entre los valores de área real de las piezas de papel y los valores de área estimados por el medidor de área foliar o de las fotografías. En la segunda prueba, las mediciones de area foliar obtenidas con el medidor de area foliar y con las cámaras digitales presentaron coeficientes de correlación muy altos (r=1. Los coeficientes de líneas de regresión entre las áreas del medidor de área foliar y de las fotografías del teléfono celular estuvieron entre 0,98 y 1,02, indicando una desviación máxima de 2% comparado con las mediciones del medidor de área foliar. Estos resultados sugieren una gama amplia de posibilidades para este sistema como herramienta para la investigación agrícola y biológica, debido a la disponibilidad de estos equipos que son de bajo costo, fáciles de usar y portátiles.Abstract. Leaf area is a plant trait widely assessed

EFEITO DO SOMBRAMENTO DE PUPUNHA (Bactris gasipaes NA CULTURA DO CAFÉ CONILON

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Vinicius Agnolette Capelini

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar o comportamento temporal do teor foliar de clorofila, da área foliar específica e do índice de sólidos solúveis (medido pelo grau brix de plantas de café conilon cultivadas em sistemas agroflorestais sombreados com pupunha. As medições de teor foliar de clorofila e área foliar específica foram realizados mensalmente enquanto o grau brix foi medido a partir do início da fase fenológica de maturação. As analises estatísticas foram determinadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Regressões múltiplas foram realizadas para analisar o efeito do sistema arborizado sobre qualidade do café. O teor foliar de clorofila e a área foliar específica apresentaram variabilidade temporal, com destaque para a última variável onde a variação foi elevada. O sombreamento não influenciou a maturação dos frutos. À medida que o teor foliar de clorofila e a área foliar específica se elevam, os valores de º Brix também aumentam.

Pérdida de pubescencia foliar y sus efectos fisiológicos en Espeletia paipana(Asterales, Asteraceae, en el departamento de Boyacá-Colombia

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Sindy Buitrago

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Espeletia paipanaes una roseta caulescente gigante en peligro de extinción, endémica del departamento de Boyacá. Con el fin de establecer si una enfermedad en la planta, atribuida a la acción patogénica de microorganismos endófitos y caracterizada por la pérdida de pubescencia foliar (PPF, puede ser causante de la acelerada mortandad poblacional, se evaluó el desempeño fisiológico de la especie con y sin PPF. La incidencia (% de hojas afectadas por cada uno de los 27 individuos de la población actual y severidad (% de área foliar afectada en 135 hojas de la PPF fueron monitoreadas durante un periodo de nueve meses, en tres zonas topográficas a diferentes altitudes. Parámetros fisiológicos como conductancia estomática (Gs y temperatura foliar (Tfol e índice de contenido de clorofila (ICC fueron medidos en hojas sanas y enfermas durante cuatro días consecutivos, tanto en la época seca como en la época húmeda. El estudio fue complementado con aislamientos y pruebas de patogenici-dad para identificar el agente causal de la PPF. En general, aunque la incidencia de la enfermedad en E. paipanafue constante a lo largo del tiempo, la severidad avanzó superando el 60 % del área foliar. El aumento de la severidad en el haz fue atribuido al efecto foto-oxidativo de las altas radiaciones entre las 11:00 y14:00 h. La reducción del área foliar funcional a causa de la PPF, llevó a una baja Gs con serias implicaciones en la fijación de carbono, y por tanto limitando el crecimiento y la renovación de biomasa. El efecto estacional en la Tfol varió de acuerdo con la zona topográfica, mientras que el ICC no presentó un patrón definido con relación a la PPF; sus valores bajos podrían estar relacionados con la producción de otros pigmentos. Finalmente, aunque no es posible asegurar que Botrytissp. es el causante de la pérdida de pubescencia foliar, se postula como el agente causal más probable debido a su alta representatividad en

Spatial estimation of foliar phosphorus in different species of the genus Coffea based on soil properties

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Samuel de Assis Silva

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Information underlying analyses of coffee fertilization systems should consider both the soil and the nutritional status of plants. This study investigated the spatial relationship between phosphorus (P levels in coffee plant tissues and soil chemical and physical properties. The study was performed using two arabica and one canephora coffee variety. Sampling grids were established in the areas, and the points georeferenced. The assessed properties of the soil were levels of available phosphorus (P-Mehlich, remaining phosphorus (P-rem and particle size, and of the plant tissue, phosphorus levels (foliar P. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and probability tests. Geostatistical and trend analyses were only performed for pairs of variables with significant linear correlation. The spatial variability for foliar P content was high for the variety Catuai and medium for the other evaluated plants. Unlike P-Mehlich, the variability in P-rem of the soil indicated the nutritional status of this nutrient in the plant.

Pattern of zinc-65 incorporation into soybean seeds by root absorption, stem injection, and foliar application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khan, A.; Weaver, C.M.

1989-01-01

The pattern of 65 Zn incorporation into soybean seeds of plants grown hydroponically and intrinsically labeled with 65 Zn by root absorption, stem injection, and foliar application was studied. Stem injection resulted in the greatest (64.5% of dose) accumulation of 65 Zn while incorporation of 65 Zn through root absorption was the least (23.4%) and through foliar application was intermediate (37.5%). Regardless of the labeling techniques, approximately 40-45% of the seed 65 Zn was associated with the subcellular organelles. The pattern of zinc incorporation did not change appreciably as a result of the labeling technique. The major portion of the soluble zinc was not associated with the major proteins (11S and 7S) of soybeans but either was free or was associated with very low molecular weight amino acids, peptides, or their complexes with phytic acid. Zinc in soybean seems to be ionically bound, and this association is affected by the pH of the extracting buffer

Modelo para determinção da área foliar de Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln Model for leaf area determination in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln

OpenAIRE

Marcia Xavier Peiter; Adroaldo Dias Robaina; Ana Rita Costenaro Parizi

2006-01-01

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a verificação de um procedimento matemático que permita a descrição do crescimento foliar de Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) e possa prever a sua área foliar fotossinteticamente ativa a partir de medidas não destrutivas de folhas. As mudas de Kalanchoe Cv. "Gold Jewel" foram cultivadas para o procedimento experimental em vasos irrigados com doses recomendadas para a cultura. Semanalmente, foram retirados três vasos da estufa e as plantas tiver...

Method for the analysis of triadimefon and ethofumesate from dislodgeable foliar residues on turfgrass by solid-phase extraction and in-vial elution.

Science.gov (United States)

Runes, H B; Jenkins, J J; Field, J A

1999-08-01

Triadimefon, a fungicide, and ethofumesate, an herbicide, are commonly applied to turfgrass in the Pacific Northwest, resulting in foliar residues. A simple and rapid method was developed to determine triadimefon and ethofumesate concentrations from dislodgeable foliar residues on turfgrass. Turfgrass samples were washed, and wash water containing surfactant (a 0.126% solution) was collected for residue analysis. This analytical method utilizes a 25 mm C(8) Empore disk and in-vial elution to quantitatively determine triadimefon and ethofumesate in 170 mL aqueous samples. The analytes were eluted by placing the disk in a 2 mL autosampler vial with 980 microL of ethyl acetate and 20 microL of 2-chlorolepidine, the internal standard, for analysis by GC/MS. The method quantitation limits are 0.29 microg/L for ethofumesate and 0.59 microg/L for triadimefon. The method detection limits are 0.047 microg/L and 0.29 microg/L for ethofumesate and triadimefon, respectively. Concentrations of triadimefon and ethofumesate from dislodgeable foliar residues from a field study are reported.

Foliar potassium nitrate application improves the tolerance of Citrus macrophylla L. seedlings to drought conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Gimeno, V; Díaz-López, L; Simón-Grao, S; Martínez, V; Martínez-Nicolás, J J; García-Sánchez, F

2014-10-01

Scarcity of water is a severe limitation in citrus tree productivity. There are few studies that consider how to manage nitrogen (N) nutrition in crops suffering water deficit. A pot experiment under controlled-environment chambers was conducted to explore if additional N supply via foliar application could improve the drought tolerance of Citrus macrophylla L. seedlings under dry conditions. Two-month-old seedlings were subjected to a completely random design with two water treatments (drought stress and 100% water/field capacity). Plants under drought stress (DS) received three different N supplies via foliar application (DS: 0, DS + NH4NO3: 2% NH4NO3, DS + KNO3: 2% KNO3). KNO3-spraying increased leaf and stem DW as compared with DS + NH4NO3 and DS treatments. Leaf water potential (Ψw) was decreased by drought stress in all the treatments. However, in plants from DS + NH4NO and DS + KNO3, this was due to a decrease in the leaf osmotic potential, whereas the decrease in those from the DS treatment was due to a decrease in the leaf turgor potential. These responses were correlated with the leaf proline and K concentrations. DS + KNO3-treated plants had a higher leaf proline and K concentration than DS-treated plants. In terms of leaf gas exchange parameters, it was observed that net assimilation of CO2 [Formula: see text] was decreased by drought stress, but this reduction was much lower in DS + KNO3-treated plants. Thus, when all results are taken into account, it can be concluded that a 2% foliar-KNO3 application can enhance the tolerance of citrus plants to water stress by increasing the osmotic adjustment process. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Effect of Rhizobium inoculation of seeds and foliar fertilization on productivity of Pisum sativum L.

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Tadeusz Zając

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Pea (Pisum sativum L. is the second most important grain legume crop in the world which has a wide array of uses for human food and fodder. One of the major factors that determines the use of field pea is the yield potential of cultivars. Presently, pre-sowing inoculation of pea seeds and foliar application of microelement fertilizers are prospective solutions and may be reasonable agrotechnical options. This research was undertaken because of the potentially high productivity of the 'afila' morphotype in good wheat complex soils. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of vaccination with Rhizobium and foliar micronutrient fertilization on yield of the afila pea variety. The research was based on a two-year (2009–2010 controlled field experiment, conducted in four replicates and carried out on the experimental field of the Bayer company located in Modzurów, Silesian region. experimental field soil was Umbrisol – slightly degraded chernozem, formed from loess. Nitragina inoculant, as a source of symbiotic bacteria, was applied before sowing seeds. Green area index (GAI of the canopy, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI were determined at characteristic growth stages. The presented results of this study on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by leguminous plants show that the combined application of Nitragina and Photrel was the best combination for productivity. Remote measurements of the pea canopy indexes indicated the formation of the optimum leaf area which effectively used photosynthetically active radiation. The use of Nitragina as a donor of effective Rhizobium for pea plants resulted in slightly higher GAI values and the optimization of PAR and NDVI. It is not recommended to use foliar fertilizers or Nitragina separately due to the slowing of pea productivity.

Variation in foliar nitrogen and albedo in response to nitrogen fertilization and elevated CO2

Science.gov (United States)

Haley F. Wicklein; Scott V. Ollinger; Mary E. Martin; David Y. Hollinger; Lucie C. Lepine; Michelle C. Day; Megan K. Bartlett; Andrew D. Richardson; Richard J. Norby

2012-01-01

Foliar nitrogen has been shown to be positively correlated with midsummer canopy albedo and canopy near infrared (NIR) reflectance over a broad range of plant functional types (e.g., forests, grasslands, and agricultural lands). To date, the mechanism(s) driving the nitrogen-albedo relationship have not been established, and it is unknown whether factors affecting...

Foliar application of ascorbic acid mitigates sodium chloride induced stress in eggplant (solanum melongena l.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jan, S.; Hamayun, M.

2016-01-01

The current work was designed to test the effect of sodium chloride on germination, seedling establishment, vegetative growth, yield, chemical contents and ionic composition of eggplant. The consequences of foliar application of ascorbic acid (AA) on mitigation of adverse effects of sodium chloride were also tested. The seeds of Solanum melongena were germinated using NaCl (60 mM, 100 mM) and ascorbic acid (100 and 200 mM). High levels of salinity significantly affected the seed germination and seedling fresh and dry weights. Plants grown under salinity stress with foliar application of ascorbic acid showed significant increase in germination percentage and seedlings growth as compare to control plants. Sodium chloride stress showed adverse effects on plant height, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, total chlorophyll, carbohydrates and proteins as compared to untreated plants. The relative water content, electrolyte leakage were increased and Na+ and K+ ions balance was disturbed in different plant parts. Ascorbic acid (100 and 200ppm) enhanced all the growth parameters affected adversely by sodium chloride stress. (author)

Assessment of Paclobutrazol’s Time and Concentration of Foliar Application on Production and Germination of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Mini-tube

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B Saadatian

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction Health and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. seeds are important in the potato seed production technology. Moreover, the basic seed materials must be free of pathogens. Therefore tissue culture techniques are used at this stage in the laboratory to produce disease free seeds. Mini-tubers can be produced after acclimatization from plantlets as tissue culture which are planted at high densities in the greenhouse in beds or containers using different substrate mixtures, or even in hydroponic culture. Foliar application of growth regulators is a way to increase potato mini-tuber production. Growth regulators influence on potato mini-tuber dormancy. Triazoles, a family which Paclobutrazol belongs to them, have both fungitoxic and plant growth regulatory effects. In addition, they can also protect plants against various stresses. Therefore, the triazoles have been characterized as plant multi-protestants. Paclobutrazol changes the relationship between source and sink and by this way, affects plant production. Also, it can inhibit giberellic acid biosynthesis. Some morphological changes observed in paclobutrazol-treated plants include the inhibition of plant growth, decreased inter-nodal elongation and increased root to shoot ratios. Time of paclobutrazol foliar application is an important factor which changes plant characters (Lim et al., 2004. This study implemented to evaluate foliar application of paclobutrazol concentrations at different time on production and mini-tuber dormancy. Materials and Methods The factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the faculty of agriculture’s research greenhouse, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013. Plantlets of Agria cv. produced from nodal tissue culture in Murashinge and Skoog (MS medium. After 25 days, plantlets of free disease and uniform exported to plastic pots with 12 cm diameter and 30 cm height. Perlite, cocopite

Modelos para estimativa da área foliar de Curcuma alismatifolia e Vurcuma zedoaria Leaf area prediction models for Curcuma alismatifolia and Curcuma zedoaria

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Ana Christina Rossini Pinto

2008-01-01

Full Text Available O presente estudo determina modelos para estimativa da área foliar de Curcuma alismatifolia e de Curcuma zedoaria. Para utilização destas espécies como ornamentais, é necessário o estabelecimento de técnicas de produção adequadas. Assim, a determinação da área foliar é importante, pois é usada para avaliar a resposta da planta a fatores ambientais e técnicas culturais. O uso de modelos para estimar a área foliar é um método simples, de boa precisão e não destrutivo. No estádio de floração foram coletadas cem folhas de C.alismatifolia ('Pink' e 'White' e de C.zedoaria. Determinaram-se o comprimento (C e a largura (L máximos e a área foliar real (AFR, com auxílio de integrador de área foliar (LI-3100. Estudaram-se as relações entre a AFR e o C, L e CL (produto do comprimento pela largura da folha, por meio de modelos de regressão linear. Os modelos AFR = 0,59048 CL (C.alismatifolia 'Pink', AFR = 6,08410 + 0,52162 CL (C.alismatifolia 'White' e AFR = 0,70233 CL (C.zedoaria são estatisticamente adequados para estimar a área foliar real.The present work establishes regression models to estimate leaf area of Curcuma alismatifolia and Curcuma zedoaria. To use these of species as ornamental plants is necessary to establish adequate cultivation techniques. Thus, the determination of leaf area is very important, once it is used to evaluate plant response to environmental factors and crop techniques. The use of prediction models to estimate leaf area is a simple, accurate and nondestructive method. At the stage of flowering, a hundred leaves of C.alismatifolia ('Pink' and 'White' and C.zedoaria were collected for each species and cultivar. Maximum length (L, maximum width (W and real leaf area (RLA were measured with a leaf area meter (LI-3100. The relation between RLA and the L, W and the product of length by width (LW, was studied through linear regression models. The models RLA = 0.59048 LW (C.alismatifolia 'Pink', RLA = 6

CATALIZADOR ESTRUCTURADO DE Pt/Al2O3 SOBRE UNA ESPUMA DE ACERO INOXIDABLE (AISI 314 PARA LA OXIDACIÓN DE CO

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Juan P. Bortolozzi

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Se obtuvo un catalizador estructurado por recubrimiento de Pt/Al2O3 sobre las paredes de una espuma de acero inoxidable AISI 314. Para estabilizar térmicamente e incrementar la rugosidad de la superficie de la espuma original se realizó un tratamiento a 900°C por 2 h. El soporte, Al2O3, y el metal activo, Pt, se incorporaron por inmersión. Las técnicas de caracterización aplicadas, XRD, LRS y SEM-EDX, permiten concluir que el tratamiento térmico previo indujo la formación de óxido de cromo y de las espinelas Mn1+xCr2-xO4-x y FeCr2O4 como fases principales en las paredes del sustrato. El espesor de la capa formada es cercano a 1 μm y los cristales producidos tienen forma octaédrica. El cubrimiento de alúmina presentó en general una apariencia homogénea, sin interacción con los óxidos formados durante el tratamiento. El Pt se distribuyó de manera uniforme, resultando un catalizador muy activo para la reacción test elegida: oxidación de monóxido de carbono.

Velocidad de descomposición de la hojarasca en diferentes sustratos de manglar en San Andrés Isla, Caribe colombiano

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Omar Alfonso Sierra Rozo

2007-01-01

foliar del manglar en la acumulación de sedimentos es indispensable para estimar la estabilidad de los habitats costeros frente a los cambios del nivel del mar e impactos ocasionados por eventuales disturbios naturales. Con base a los resultados obtenidos y aquéllos de trabajos previos relacionados con las tasas de productividad de hojarasca en los mismos humedales de estudio, se propone un modelo básico conceptualcuantitativo de la dinámica producción-descomposición de hojarasca en San Andrés isla.

Modelos de regressão para estimativa da área foliar de espécies brasileiras do gênero Tillandsia L. (Bromeliaceae.

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Patrícia Gabarra Mendonça

2005-06-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar equações de regressão para estimativa da área foliar de Tillandsia spp. nativas do Brasil. Determinaram-se o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C, a largura máxima (L e a área foliar real de, no mínimo, 100 folhas de cada espécie, mantidas intactas nas plantas. Calcularam-se relações lineares existentes entre a área foliar real e as dimensões C, L e CL (produto entre o comprimento e a largura da folha. O modelo de regressão linear com intercepto foi o mais adequado, e as equações recomendadas, sendo AFE= área foliar estimada, foram: para Tillandsia carminea, AFE= 0,281188 + 0,562219 CL (R2= 0,7296; :Tillandsia dura, AFE= 0,891231 + 0,412457 CL (R2= 0,8432; Tillandsia gardneri, AFE= 2,54412 + 0,445525 CL (R2= 0,8662; Tillandsia geminiflora, AFE= 0,674484 + 0,444418 CL (R2= 0,8474; Tillandsia globosa, AFE= 1,9494 + 0,3804 CL (R2= 0,8178; Tillandsia grazielae, AFE= 0,518512 + 0,530259 CL (R2= 0,7608; Tillandsia kautskyi, AFE= 0,59338 + 0,374353 CL (R2= 0,6931; Tillandsia reclinata, AFE= 0,0379111 + 0,641623 CL (R2= 0,9169; Tillandsia stricta, AFE= 0,3937 + 0,4277 C (R2= 0,8661, ou AFE= 1,21336 + 0,385727 CL (R2= 0,8607; Tillandsia tenuifolia, AFE= 0,991226 + 0,402221 CL (R2= 0,7523.

Evaluación del crecimiento y producción de biomasa de dos cepas del género Pleurotus spp., cultivadas en un medio agar con diferentes sustratos

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Carol Daniela Coello-Loor

2017-12-01

Full Text Available La velocidad de crecimiento radial (VCR (mm.h-1 y la producción de biomasa (PB (g.g-1 de sustrato seco son técnicas que puedan establecer el grado de adaptación y desarrollo de los hongos del género Pleurotus spp., a distintos sustratos que podrían emplearse en una fermentación en medio sólido. Las especies fueron Pleurotus sapidus (Ps y Pleurotus ostreatus IE8 (Po. El medio de cultivo sintético empleado fue el papa dextrosa agar (PDA, con un pH que va de 5.6 a 5.9, ideal para el crecimiento de hongos, tiene todos los componentes nutritivos, y ligera acidez que logran la inhibición del desarrollo de bacterias; diluido en 4 diferentes soluciones preparadas con los materiales residuales (solución cascarilla de arroz CaPDA, solución cáscara de maracuyá CmPDA, solución mezcla 50% Cascarilla de arroz+50% Cáscara de maracuyá CaCmPDA y agua destilada+PDA con el propósito de observar el crecimiento radial cada 24 horas y la producción de biomasa fúngica de estos hongos lignocelulósicos por su periodo de incubación y la adaptación a nivel in vitro. Los tratamientos que presentaron mejor comportamiento VCR fueron el PoCaPDA (0.569 y el PoCaCmPDA (0.549; la cepa que reporto valores más altos en VCR y PB fue el Pleurotus ostreatus y el mejor medio de cultivo fue el CaPDA, en ambas variables; mientras, la mayor producción de biomasa fue en Pleurotus sapidus en CaPDA (0.1727 y el Pleurotus ostreatus IE8 en CmPDA (0.1722, CaPDA (0.1706 y PDA (0.1694.

New substrate containing agroindustrial carnauba residue for production of papaya under foliar fertilization

OpenAIRE

Albano, Francisca G.; Cavalcante, Ítalo H. L.; Machado, Jailson S.; Lacerda, Claudivan F. de; Silva, Esdras R. da; Sousa, Humberto G. de

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT The use of organic waste in the composition of substrates for seedlings constitutes an alternative to the recycling of these materials. Thus, an experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the production of ‘Formosa’ papaya seedlings in substrate containing carnauba wax residue, under foliar fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates, with treatments distributed in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five materials used as...

Efeito da aplicação foliar de boro e zinco sobre a produção e os teores de SST e ATT dos frutos da Pereira-Japonesa e da pinheira Leaf spray fertilization of boron and zinc on production, SST and ATT in fruits of pear and sugar apple

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Regina Célia Faria Simão Canesin

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Pulverizações foliares com produtos contendo micronutrientes, dentre os quais os produtos quelatizados, são utilizadas com relativa freqüência em frutíferas, sem o embasamento científico adequado, principalmente entre os agricultores mais tecnificados. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação via foliar de B e Zn sobre a produção e os teores de SST e ATT dos frutos da Pereira-Japonesa e da Pinheira. O experimento foi conduzido numa área irrigada, situada no cinturão verde do município de Ilha Solteira-SP. O solo da área foi classificado como Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro. Foram utilizadas plantas de Pereira-Japonesa, cultivar Okussankichi e de Pinheira. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1. apenas água; T2. ácido bórico; T3. sulfato de zinco; T4. T2 + T3; T5. ácido bórico + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA; T6. sulfato de zinco + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA; T7. T5 + T6; T8. ácido bórico + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA + molibdato de sódio + enxofre + cloreto de cálcio; T9. sulfato de zinco + ácido cítrico + EDTA + sulfato de Fe + sulfato de Mn + sulfato de Mg, e T10. T8+T9. Foram utilizadas doses de 110 g ha-1 de B e 250 g ha-1 de Zn, em cada aplicação. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e, para comparação de médias, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: 1 a produção e os teores de SST e ATT dos frutos da pereira-japonesa e da pinheira não foram influenciados pela aplicação foliar de B e de Zn; b a mistura de ácido bórico com quelatos foi eficiente no fornecimento de B às plantas de pereira- japonesa, o mesmo não ocorrendo para pinheira, c o sulfato de zinco + produtos quelatizantes foram eficientes no aumento dos teores foliares de Zn somente na pereira.Leaf spray using liquid products with micronutrients, among them, quelates are usual in fruit trees. However, there

Implementación de una línea de evaluación para subproductos agroindustriales como sustrato para la producción de bioetanol. Presacarificación-sacarificación/fermentación simultánea

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Mary Lopretti

2011-05-01

Full Text Available El estudio de vías alternativas con mayores rendimientos y bajos costos es en estos días el foco de estudio en el tema Bioetanol, por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se utilizaron dos cepas de hongos filamentosos; Trichoderma harzianum y Pleurotus ostreatus, actuando en diferentes sustratos residuales; orujo de uva, aserrín y torta de girasol provenientes de diferentes industrias nacionales, con el fin de establecer un sistema de evaluación de procesos conjuntos para la producción de alcohol a partir de microorganismos lignocelulósicos. En el diseño de estudio se contemplan la realización de una Presacarificación, con el objetivo de predigerir los sustratos, de forma de homogeneizar los diferentes sustratos acortando de esta forma las etapas posteriores; una Sacarificación enzimática utilizando el extracto de celulasas fúngicas obtenidas por Fermentación semi sólida en el proceso de Presacarificación; y un proceso de Fermentación, el cual involucra un microorganismo termoestable; Kluyveromyces marxianus (NRRL Y-665, de tal forma que permita reunir los procesos de Sacarificación y Fermentación en forma simultánea.De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos podemos establecer que el sistema empleado de FSS previa presacarificación es un buen sistema para la producción de azúcares fermentables y alcohol. Los estudios comparativos realizados con diferentes sustratos demuestran que cuando el soporte es orujo de uva o torta de girasol, se utiliza un mayor porcentaje de los azúcares fermentables disponibles, aproximadamente un 50%. Los productos de degradación, resultado de la presacarificación, pueden afectar al microorganismo y actuar como potenciales inhibidores de la fermentación, por lo que es crítico realizar estudios que determinen estos productos de degradación y los mecanismos para su reducción. Podemos concluir que el sistema utilizado es efectivo para el almacenamiento de la biomasa en forma estable en el mismo

Relación entre morfología foliar de antófitos y factores abióticos en las principales pluvisilvas de la Región Oriental cubana

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Eddy Martínez Quesada

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Se estudió la morfología foliar de los antófitos que son representativos de cuatro tipos de pluvisilvas de la Región Oriental de Cuba y se relacionó con los principales factores abióticos. Se encontró que existen varios tipos de hojas, pero predominó la micrófila en las especies endémicas y la mesófila, en las no endémicas. En la epidermis foliar se hallaron estructuras que son características de plantas mesomórficas y algunas xeromórficas, pero también se observaron otras que permiten una adaptación a las condiciones de alta humedad atmosférica, las que se consideraron higromórficas.Relationship between antophyte foliar morphology and abiotic factors in the main rainforests of Eastern Cuba. The foliar morphology of representative antophytes in four rainforest types of Eastern Cuba was studied in relation to the main abiotic factors. Although there are several leaf types in these forests, the microphyll type is the most important among endemic species in the ophiolites complex and the Montane rainforest. At the Lowland rainforest (metamorphic complex the mesophyll leaf was the most important. Most foliar epidermis had structures normally found in mesomorphic plants, but xeromorphic and higromorphic morphologies were also present. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2: 235-256. Epub 2009 June 30.

Caracterización mecánica de recubrimientos de aluminio por CVD-FBR sobre aceros inoxidables y resistencia a la oxidación en vapor de agua

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Diego Pérez-Muñoz

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Los recubrimientos de aluminio depositados sobre el acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 por Deposición Química de Vapor en Lecho Fluidizado (CVD-FBR presentan a altas temperaturas una reducción de la velocidad de corrosión de más de 80 veces. Se realizó la caracterización mecánica de los recubrimientos por medio de microdureza, nanoindentación, para conocer cómo se vieron afectas las propiedades mecánicas (en especial la dureza y el módulo de Young del recubrimiento y del sustrato luego de ser sometidos a la oxidación a alta temperatura. También se hicieron análisis por medio de Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (MEB, para observar los cambios microestructurales, y de Microscopia de Fuerza Atómica (MFA, para observar cómo varía la topografía y el gradiente de rugosidad en función de la distancia recorrida por la punta del cantiléver durante los barridos.

Foliar uptake of fog water and transport belowground alleviates drought effects in the cloud forest tree species, Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae).

Science.gov (United States)

Eller, Cleiton B; Lima, Aline L; Oliveira, Rafael S

2013-07-01

Foliar water uptake (FWU) is a common water acquisition mechanism for plants inhabiting temperate fog-affected ecosystems, but the prevalence and consequences of this process for the water and carbon balance of tropical cloud forest species are unknown. We performed a series of experiments under field and glasshouse conditions using a combination of methods (sap flow, fluorescent apoplastic tracers and stable isotopes) to trace fog water movement from foliage to belowground components of Drimys brasiliensis. In addition, we measured leaf water potential, leaf gas exchange, leaf water repellency and growth of plants under contrasting soil water availabilities and fog exposure in glasshouse experiments to evaluate FWU effects on the water and carbon balance of D. brasiliensis saplings. Fog water diffused directly through leaf cuticles and contributed up to 42% of total foliar water content. FWU caused reversals in sap flow in stems and roots of up to 26% of daily maximum transpiration. Fog water transported through the xylem reached belowground pools and enhanced leaf water potential, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and growth relative to plants sheltered from fog. Foliar uptake of fog water is an important water acquisition mechanism that can mitigate the deleterious effects of soil water deficits for D. brasiliensis. © 2013 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2013 New Phytologist Trust.

Foliar or root exposures to smelter particles: Consequences for lead compartmentalization and speciation in plant leaves

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schreck, Eva; Dappe, Vincent; Sarret, Géraldine; Sobanska, Sophie; Nowak, Dorota; Nowak, Jakub; Stefaniak, Elżbieta Anna; Magnin, Valérie; Ranieri, Vincent; Dumat, Camille

2014-01-01

In urban areas with high fallout of airborne particles, metal uptake by plants mainly occurs by foliar pathways and can strongly impact crop quality. However, there is a lack of knowledge on metal localization and speciation in plants after pollution exposure, especially in the case of foliar uptake. In this study, two contrasting crops, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.), were exposed to Pb-rich particles emitted by a Pb-recycling factory via either atmospheric or soil application. Pb accumulation in plant leaves was observed for both ways of exposure. The mechanisms involved in Pb uptake were investigated using a combination of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques (electron microscopy, laser ablation, Raman microspectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The results show that Pb localization and speciation are strongly influenced by the type of exposure (root or shoot pathway) and the plant species. Foliar exposure is the main pathway of uptake, involving the highest concentrations in plant tissues. Under atmospheric fallouts, Pb-rich particles were strongly adsorbed on the leaf surface of both plant species. In lettuce, stomata contained Pb-rich particles in their apertures, with some deformations of guard cells. In addition to PbO and PbSO 4 , chemical forms that were also observed in pristine particles, new species were identified: organic compounds (minimum 20%) and hexagonal platy crystals of PbCO 3 . In rye-grass, the changes in Pb speciation were even more egregious: Pb–cell wall and Pb–organic acid complexes were the major species observed. For root exposure, identified here as a minor pathway of Pb transfer compared to foliar uptake, another secondary species, pyromorphite, was identified in rye-grass leaves. Finally, combining bulk and spatially resolved spectroscopic techniques permitted both the overall speciation and the minor but possibly highly reactive lead species to be determined in order to better

Foliar or root exposures to smelter particles: Consequences for lead compartmentalization and speciation in plant leaves

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schreck, Eva [Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan (France); CNRS, EcoLab, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan (France); Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse (France); Dappe, Vincent [LASIR (UMR CNRS 8516), Université de Lille 1, Bât. C5, 59655 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cedex (France); Sarret, Géraldine [ISTerre, UMR 5275, Université Grenoble I, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Sobanska, Sophie [LASIR (UMR CNRS 8516), Université de Lille 1, Bât. C5, 59655 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cedex (France); Nowak, Dorota; Nowak, Jakub; Stefaniak, Elżbieta Anna [Department of Chemistry, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718 Lublin (Poland); Magnin, Valérie [ISTerre, UMR 5275, Université Grenoble I, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Ranieri, Vincent [CEA-INAC, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France); Dumat, Camille, E-mail: camille.dumat@ensat.fr [Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan (France); CNRS, EcoLab, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan (France)

2014-04-01

In urban areas with high fallout of airborne particles, metal uptake by plants mainly occurs by foliar pathways and can strongly impact crop quality. However, there is a lack of knowledge on metal localization and speciation in plants after pollution exposure, especially in the case of foliar uptake. In this study, two contrasting crops, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.), were exposed to Pb-rich particles emitted by a Pb-recycling factory via either atmospheric or soil application. Pb accumulation in plant leaves was observed for both ways of exposure. The mechanisms involved in Pb uptake were investigated using a combination of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques (electron microscopy, laser ablation, Raman microspectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The results show that Pb localization and speciation are strongly influenced by the type of exposure (root or shoot pathway) and the plant species. Foliar exposure is the main pathway of uptake, involving the highest concentrations in plant tissues. Under atmospheric fallouts, Pb-rich particles were strongly adsorbed on the leaf surface of both plant species. In lettuce, stomata contained Pb-rich particles in their apertures, with some deformations of guard cells. In addition to PbO and PbSO{sub 4}, chemical forms that were also observed in pristine particles, new species were identified: organic compounds (minimum 20%) and hexagonal platy crystals of PbCO{sub 3}. In rye-grass, the changes in Pb speciation were even more egregious: Pb–cell wall and Pb–organic acid complexes were the major species observed. For root exposure, identified here as a minor pathway of Pb transfer compared to foliar uptake, another secondary species, pyromorphite, was identified in rye-grass leaves. Finally, combining bulk and spatially resolved spectroscopic techniques permitted both the overall speciation and the minor but possibly highly reactive lead species to be determined in order to

Nitrate transporters in leaves and their potential roles in foliar uptake of nitrogen dioxide

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Yanbo eHu

2014-07-01

Full Text Available While plant roots are specialized organs for the uptake and transport of water and nutrients, the absorption of gaseous or liquid mineral elements by aerial plant parts has been recognized since more than one century. Nitrogen (N is an essential macronutrient which generally absorbed either as nitrate (NO3- or ammonium (NH4+ by plant roots. Gaseous nitrogen pollutants like N dioxide (NO2 can also be absorbed by plant surfaces and assimilated via the NO3– assimilation pathway. The subsequent NO3– flux may induce or repress the expression of various NO3–-responsive genes encoding for instance, the transmembrane transporters, NO3–/NO2– (nitrite reductase, or assimilatory enzymes involved in N metabolism. Based on the existing information, the aim of this review was to theoretically analyze the potential link between foliar NO2 absorption and N transport and metabolism. For such purpose, an overview of the state of knowledge on the NO3– transporter genes identified in leaves or shoots of various species and their roles for NO3– transport across the tonoplast and plasma membrane, in addition to the process of phloem loading is briefly provided. It is assumed that a NO2-induced ac-cumulation of NO3–/NO2– may alter the expression of such genes, hence linking transmembrane NO3– transporters and foliar uptake of NO2. It is likely that NRT1/NRT2 gene expression and spe-cies-dependent apoplastic buffer capacity may be also related to the species-specific foliar NO2 uptake process. It is concluded that further work focusing on the expression of NRT1 (NRT1.1, NRT1.7, NRT1.11 and NRT1.12, NRT2 (NRT2.1, NRT2.4 and NRT2.5 and chloride channel family genes (CLCa and CLCd may help us elucidate the physiological and metabolic response of plants fumigated with NO2.

Absorption and transport of manganese of different labelled sources with 54b Mn applied via foliar in citrus

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boaretto, Rodrigo Marcelli; Boaretto, Antonio Enedi; Muraoka, Takashi; Roque, Marcio Lucio

2000-01-01

Foliar fertilization is considered an efficient way to feed the plants, mainly with micronutrients. Studies on foliar absorption and transport of Mn have been necessary as well as on comparing different sources of this micronutrient solution applied on the leaves. The objective of the experiment was to study the Mn absorption from four sources by orange leaves and transport of the leaf absorbed Mn to the other parts of the plant. Orange plants were grown in greenhouse and some of their leaves received solution with a Mn concentration of 0.06% (MnSO 4 , MnCl 2 , lignin sulfonate-Mn and EDTA-Mn). The fertilizer solutions were labeled with 54 Mn. After 3, 6, 12, 24 hours and 2, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 days from Mn application to the leaves, the plants were harvested. The leaves which received the Mn solution were separated from the other parts of the plants and washed in sequence with detergent solution (0.1%), distilled water, HCl solution (3%) and distilled water in order to remove the Mn remaining on the leaf surface. The 54 Mn activity of the samples was determined by monochannel gamma spectrometry. Chloride was the most efficient Mn source for foliar fertilization, followed by sulfate and lignin sulfonate; EDTA was the least efficient source. Only 10% of 54 Mn absorbed by the leaves was translocated to the other parts of the plant. (author)

Regional patterns in foliar 15N across a gradient of nitrogen deposition in the northeastern US

Science.gov (United States)

Linda H. Pardo; Steven G. McNulty; Johnny L. Boggs; Sara Duke

2007-01-01

Recent studies have demonstrated that natural abundance 15N can be a useful tool for assessing nitrogen saturation, because as nitrification and nitrate loss increase, d15N of foliage and soil also increases. We measured foliar d15N at 11 high-elevation spruce-fir stands along an N deposition gradient...

Micromorfologia foliar na análise da fitotoxidez por glyphosate em Eucalyptus grandis Leaf micromorphology in the analysis of glyphosate toxicity in Eucalyptus grandis

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L.D. Tuffi Santos

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Foram avaliados os efeitos da deriva de formulações comerciais de glyphosate sobre a superfície foliar e o crescimento de clones de eucalipto. Mudas de seis clones foram submetidas a 129,6 g ha-1 de glyphosate das formulações comerciais Scout®, Roundup NA®, Roundup transorb® e Zapp QI®. Entre os clones não foram identificadas diferenças quanto à tolerância ao glyphosate. Plantas expostas à deriva simulada de Roundup transorb® e Zapp QI® apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e menor porcentagem de intoxicação. Observou-se menor massa seca em plantas expostas ao glyphosate, independentemente da formulação, e menor altura naquelas expostas ao Scout® e ao Roundup transorb®. As características quantitativas da superfície foliar não foram afetadas pelo glyphosate. As alterações micromorfológicas ocorreram na ausência de danos visíveis e foram observadas em ambas as faces da epiderme, em todos os clones avaliados. Danos como erosão e aspecto amorfo das ceras epicuticulares e infestação por hifas fúngicas ocorreram, independentemente da formulação utilizada. A avaliação anatômica da superfície foliar foi relevante para descrição e interpretação dos danos causados pelo glyphosate. Os dados de crescimento e de intoxicação indicam o Zapp QI® como a formulação de menor risco para a cultura do eucalipto quanto aos efeitos indesejáveis da deriva.The effects of commercial glyphosate drift on the leaf surface and growth of eucalypt clones were evaluated. Seedlings of six clones were submitted to 129.6 g ha-1 sub-rate of commercial glyphosate formulations Scout®, Roundup NA®, Roundup transorb® and Zapp QI®. No differences in tolerance to glyphosate were observed among the clones. Plants exposed to simulated drift of Roundup transorb® and Zapp QI® presented the highest and lowest intoxication percentages, respectively. Plants exposed to glyphosate reduced dry biomass, regardless of the formulation, and also

Respostas do capim-Tifton 85 à aplicação de nitrogênio: cobertura do solo, índice de área foliar e interceptação da radiação solar Responses of the grass Tifton 85 to the application of nitrogen: soil cover, leaf area index, and solar radiation interception

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A.P.P. Oliveira

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Estudaram-se os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada sobre o crescimento do capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85, em termos de ocorrência de plantas e altura do dossel, índice de área foliar e interceptação de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido sobre um planossolo de ocorrência em campo experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis de N (0; 150; 300; 450 e 600kg/ha de N-ureia, aplicados em duas vezes, arranjados em um desenho experimental de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, entre 10 e 40 dias após o corte. Tanto a ocorrência de plantas como a altura do dossel responderam à adubação nitrogenada, conforme um padrão de resposta que variou, sazonalmente, em função das doses de N em interação com as condições ambientais. A expansão da área foliar e a interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa associada, também foram controladas direta e proporcionalmente pelas doses de N aplicadas, sendo maximizadas a valores de índice de área foliar em torno de 4,0.The effects of nitrogen (N fertilization levels on the growth patterns of the grass Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. cv.Tifton 85 were studied in terms of occurrence of plants, sward height, leaf area index, and photosynthetically active radiation interception (PARint. The field trial was made in an experimental area. Treatments consisted of N levels (0; 150; 300; 450; and 600kg/ha N-urea, split in two applications arranged in an experimental design of entirely randomized blocks with four repetitions. Plots were weekly sampled, from the day 10th to 40th after cutting. Both occurrence of plants as well as sward height were responsive to nitrogen fertilization according to a response pattern that seasonally varied, depending on N rates and environmental conditions; thus, demonstrating their sensitivity as indicators of growth conditions and canopy structure. Leaf expansion

Leaf age affects the responses of foliar injury and gas exchange to tropospheric ozone in Prunus serotina seedlings

Science.gov (United States)

Jianwei Zhang; Marcus Schaub; Jonathan A. Ferdinand; John M. Skelly; Kim C. Steiner; James E. Savage

2010-01-01

We investigated the effect of leaf age on the response of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gwv), foliar injury, and leaf nitrogen concentration (NL) to tropospheric ozone (O3) on Prunus serotina seedlings grown in open-plots (AA) and open-top...

Obtención de recubrimientos de hidroxiapatita sobre titanio mediante el método biomimético

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Paz, A.

2011-04-01

Full Text Available In this work, a study about the deposition of hydroxyapatite on a titanium substrate employing the biomimetic method is presented. A solution with high content of calcium and phosphorus (SCS was used. In addition, activation of titanium with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid and a subsequent heat treatment was performed. The characterization of materials used and the coating obtained was carried out by Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR, X-ray Diffraction (XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX. As a result of the activation processes a hydrated titanium oxide was formed. On the active surface, a coating of hydroxyapatite was obtained after a period of 24 h, which has a thickness of about 2-4 μm.

En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio de la deposición de hidroxiapatita sobre un sustrato de titanio mediante el método biomimético. Para ello se empleó una disolución con elevado contenido de calcio y fósforo (SCS. Además, se realizó la activación del titanio a partir de la aplicación de procesos de oxidación con peróxido de hidrógeno y ácido clorhídrico con un posterior tratamiento térmico. La caracterización de los materiales empleados, así como de los recubrimientos obtenidos, se realizó mediante Espectroscopia Infrarroja (FT-IR, Difracción de Rayos X (DRX, Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (MEB y Espectroscopia de Energía Dispersiva de Rayos X (EDX. Como resultado del proceso de activación se formó un óxido de titanio hidratado. Sobre la superficie activada se logró obtener un recubrimiento de hidroxiapatita en un período de 24 h, caracterizado por su elevada densidad y cristalinidad y por presentar un espesor entre 2-4 μm.

Response of Some Bread Wheat Cultivars to Foliar Application of Zn and Fe Different Forms in Two Locations with Different Soil Properties

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E Arazmjoo

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Introduction Zinc (Zn and iron (Fe are essential mineral nutrients for plant and human growth, and dietary Zn and Fe deficiencies are a worldwide nutritional problem. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA of Zn and Fe are 15 mg and 10 mg per day for human, respectively. However, micronutrient deficiencies affect more than half of the world’s population, especially women and preschool children. Iron is one of the most important micronutrients, and approximately two billion people suffer from iron deficiency worldwide. Zinc deficiency is also considered to be quite common and affects newborn, children, pregnant women and elderly. Micronutrient malnutrition in human in developing countries is derived from deficiencies of these elements in staple food. It is believed that increasing the micronutrient concentrations in these crops could increase the dietary intake of these elements in these regions significantly. More than 80% of arable soils in Iran are zinc-deficient with an average yield depression of around 50%. It is, therefore, highly important to develop cost-effective and quick solutions to the Zn and Fe deficiency problem. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc and iron different forms on yield components, phonological and morphological traits and grain yield of some wheat cultivars in two locations with different physico-chemical soil properties, two experiments in factorial arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications conducted during 2015-16 cropping season. Experimental treatments were included: wheat cultivars Roshan, Roshan Back cross (old cultivars, Bam and Ofogh (new cultivars, zinc application in three levels of foliar application of water (control, zinc sulfate and chelated zinc and iron application in three levels of foliar application of water (control, iron sulfate and chelated iron (equivalent to 2.5 kg ha-1. The first experiment was conducted at the

The Effects of Foliar Application of Methanol on Morphological Characteristics of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. under Drought Stress Condition

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N. Armand

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction Available water is an important factor for plant growth in arid environments. Results indicated that foliar application of methanol is believed to be more important than the drought tolerance in C3 plant. Since bean is a C3 plant, it performs light respiration under intense heat, light and water stress due to internal leaf CO2 concentration reduction and oxygen concentration increase. Light respiration can cause up to 20% loss of carbon in plants and decrease the yield. Increasing concentration of carbon dioxide can neutralize the effect caused by drought stress. Thus, the use of substances that can cause an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the plant, leads to improving the yield under the drought conditions. One of the ways of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in plants is by using compounds such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol as well as use of the amino acids of glycine, glutamate and aspartate. Plants can easily absorb methanol sprayed on leaves and use it as a carbon source added to atmospheric carbon. Methanol is relatively smaller compared to the CO2 molecules, so it can be easily absorbed and utilized by plants. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol on some morphological characteristics of bean under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design with three replications in 2014 at the Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. The treatment of spraying methanol was at 4 levels include control (without spraying, 10, 20 and 30% v/v methanol which added 2 g l-1 glycine to each of solutions. Adding glycine to aqueous solution of methanol leads to prevention of damages caused by the toxicity of methanol. The drought factors including control (100% field of capacity, moderate drought stress (50% field of capacity and severe drought stress (25% field of capacity were considered. In this experiment

Acción del antiveneno botrópico polivalente sobre las actividades proteolíticas presentes en los venenos de serpientes peruanas

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Armando Yarlequé

2008-04-01

Full Text Available Los venenos de las serpientes peruanas causantes de la mayoría de accidentes ofídicos, contienen enzimas proteolíticas que pueden degradar proteínas tisulares y plasmáticas, así como causar hipotensión y coagulación sanguínea. Objetivos. Evaluar la capacidad inhibitoria del antiveneno botrópico polivalente al estado líquido producido por el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú (INS sobre las actividades caseinolítica, coagulante y amidolítica de los venenos de Bothrops atrox, Bothrops brazili, Bothrops pictus y Bothrops barnetti. Materiales y métodos. Se usaron en cada caso sustratos como caseína, fibrinógeno bovino y el cromógeno benzoil-arginil-p-nitroanilida (BApNA respectivamente, y se midieron los cambios en los valores de la actividad enzimática a ½, 1 y 2 dosis del antiveneno tanto al estado natural como calentado a 37 °C durante cinco días. Resultados. La actividad caseinolítica es la más resistente a la inhibición especialmente por el suero no calentado en tanto que, la actividad amidolítica fue severamente inhibida principalmente en los venenos de B. pictus y B. atrox. Así mismo la actividad coagulante fue totalmente inhibida en el veneno de B. pictus, mostrándose a su vez una elevada inhibición sobre los venenos de B. brazili y B. atrox. Para las actividades coagulante y amidolítica, los sueros calentados fueron menos efectivos que aquellos al estado natural. Conclusiones. El suero antibotrópico polivalente producido por el INS es efectivo para inhibir las actividades proteolíticas de los venenos de las serpientes peruanas ensayadas.

Growth analisys and assimilate partitioning in physalis plants under leaf fertilization intervalsAnálise de crescimento e partição de assimilados em plantas de fisalis submetidas a intervalos de adubação foliar

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Tiago Pedó

2013-10-01

Full Text Available The work was conducted in greenhouse and aimed to analyze the growth and partitioning of assimilates in Physalis peruviana subjected in intervals of leaf fertilization. The plants were collected at regular intervals of fourteen days after transplantation until the end of the cycle and determined the dry mass and leaf area. From the primary data analysis was applied to growth analysis and calculated the total dry matter production (Wt, rates of dry matter production (Ct, relative growth (Rw, net assimilation (Ea, leaf area index (L, relative growth of leaf area (Fa and ratios of leaf area and leaf mass (Fw, specific leaf area (Sa and dry matter partitioning between organs. Plants of Physalis peruviana subjected to leaf fertilization biweekly reached higher Wt, Ct, number of fruits and similar dry mass of fruits (Wfr of plants subjected to foliar weekly application and higher Wfr compared to plants without application leaf of fertilization. Thus, the application of leaf fertilization provided benefits of growth and the partition of assimilates in Physalis peruviana plants. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e objetivou analisar o crescimento e a partição de assimilados em Physalis peruviana submetida a intervalos de adubação foliar. As plantas foram coletadas a intervalos regulares de quatorze dias após o transplante até o final do ciclo e foram determinados a massa seca e a área foliar. A partir dos dados primários foi aplicada a análise de crescimento, sendo calculados a massa seca total (Wt, taxas de produção de matéria seca (Ct, crescimento relativo (Rw e assimilatória liquída (Ea, índice de área foliar (L, razões de área foliar (Fa e massa foliar (Fw, área foliar específica (Sa, partição de matéria seca entre órgãos e o número de frutos. Plantas de Physalis peruviana submetidas à adubação foliar quinzenal atingiram maior Wt, Ct, superior número de frutos e semelhante matéria seca de frutos (Wfr a

Foliar leaching, translocation, and biogenic emission of 35S in radiolabeled loblolly pines

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garten, C.T. Jr.

1990-01-01

Foliar leaching, basipetal (downward) translocation, and biogenic emission of sulfur (S), as traced by 35 S, were examined in a field study of loblolly pines. Four trees were radiolabeled by injection with amounts of 35 S in the 6-8 MBq range, and concentrations in needle fall, stemflow, throughfall, and aboveground biomass were measured over a period of 15-20 wk after injection. The contribution of dry deposition to sulfate-sulfur (SO 4 2- -S) concentrations in net throughfall (throughfall SO 4 2- -S concentration minus that in incident precipitation) beneath all four trees was > 90%. Calculations indicated that about half of the summertime SO 2 dry deposition flux to the loblolly pines was fixed in the canopy and not subsequently leached by rainfall. Based on mass balance calculations, 35 S losses through biogenic emissions from girdled trees were inferred to be 25-28% of the amount injected. Estimates based on chamber methods and mass balance calculations indicated a range in daily biogenic S emission of 0.1-10 μg/g dry needles. Translocation of 35 S to roots in nongirdled trees was estimated to be between 14 and 25% of the injection. It is hypothesized that biogenic emission and basipetal translocation of S (and not foliar leaching) are important mechanisms by which forest trees physiologically adapt to excess S in the environment

Influence of foliar fertilization with manganese on germination, vigor and storage time of RR soybean seeds

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Vanessa Leonardo Ignácio

2015-10-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of foliar fertilizer doses containing Mn of phenological stages of suggested application in RR soybeans, to recover management damages with glyphosate at postemergence application on seed vigor in post-harvest and post six months storage. The seeds originated from a field experiment conducted , which included two applications of glyphosate, concomitant with foliar fertilizer in growth stages V4 and V6, with 0.00, 113.50 and 227.00 mg ha-1doses of Mn2+. Germination, GSI (Germination Speed Index, electrical conductivity tests and the first count of seeds were conducted. The application of Mn did not affect the physiological quality of RR soy in postharvest. However, in post-storage, higher doses of Mn had a negative effect on tests of abnormal seedlings, GSI and electrical conductivity. The applications of Mn, regardless of the developmental stage, did not interfere in the germination and first count tests, with and without storage. The electrical conductivity test showed a higher correlation with the seed germination test in the post-harvest treatment.

Leaf and sidedressing nitrogen application on wheat crop in savannaAplicação foliar e em cobertura de nitrogênio na cultura do trigo no cerrado

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Marcelo Andreotti

2011-08-01

Full Text Available The nitrogen in wheat is essential for obtaining high yields, not only the dose but also the time and the way of application are critical, reducing potential leaching and the cost of production. The objective is evaluating leaf and sidedressing nitrogen application on wheat crop in years of 2006 and 2007. A randomized blocks design in a factorial scheme 5x3x2 was used. The treatments consisted of five doses of nitrogen in the solution (0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10%, three application times (at tillering: 30 days after plant emergency (DAE, at full flowering (50 DAE + in the beginning of grain formation (70 DAE and at tillering + in the beginning of grain formation, with and without sidedressing nitrogen applied at 40 DAE, using urea as source. They were evaluated: chlorophyll and nitrogen content in leaf, number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, mass of grains per ear, number of grains per spikelet, mass hectolitric, mass of 100 grains and productivity of grains. The application of nitrogen topdressing in both years, influenced the yield characteristics of wheat. The times of leaf nitrogen only affected the leaf N content. The leaf nitrogen concentrations increased linearly the number of grains per spikelets, grains per spike, chlorophyll content, grain weight per ear and grain yield, and reduced mean weight per hectoliter, only in 2007.A adubação nitrogenada na cultura do trigo é essencial para a obtenção de altas produtividades da cultura, não somente a dose, como também a época e o modo de aplicação são fundamentais no rendimento, reduzindo possíveis problemas de lixiviação e o custo de produção. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura e foliar em diferentes estádios sobre as características produtivas da cultura do trigo em dois agrícolas, em condições irrigadas no cerrado. Os tratamentos foram originados do fatorial 5x3x2 e consistiram de cinco concentrações de

Effects of foliar dressing of selenite and silicate alone or combined with different soil ameliorants on the accumulation of As and Cd and antioxidant system in Brassica campestris.

Science.gov (United States)

Ding, Yongzhen; Wang, Yongjiu; Zheng, Xiangqun; Cheng, Weimin; Shi, Rongguang; Feng, Renwei

2017-08-01

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using a combined technology to synchronously reduce As and Cd accumulation in the edible parts of Brassica campestris. The results showed that a foliar application of selenite (Se) and silicon (Si) combined with soil ameliorants (including Ca-Mg-P fertilizer, sodium silicate and red mud) showed limited effects on the growth of B. campestris. The As concentration in the leaves of B. campestris in all treatments was below the Chinese safety standard. When sodium silicate and Ca-Mg-P fertilizer were added to the soil, the additional foliar application of Se and Si could in some cases help further reduce the concentrations of As and Cd in the leaves of B. campestris. However, when red mud was applied to the soil, the foliar application of Se and Si enhanced the Cd concentration in the leaves of B. campestris. In most cases, high levels of soil ameliorants plus foliar application of Se and Si significantly enhanced the As concentrations in both the soil solution and the roots of B. campestris but reduced the soil solution Cd concentration and the leaf As concentration. Most of the treatments reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration in the leaves of B. campestris, and the foliar application of Se and Si helped the soil ameliorants alleviate the oxidative stress resulting from As and Cd exposure. In this study, several treatments significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). However, the enzymes peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were not induced by most treatments. In summary, the combined treatment of 1gkg -1 Ca-Mg-P fertilizer plus foliar spraying 2mmolL -1 sodium selenite was most effective in reducing the Cd concentration and a rather strong ability to reduce the As concentration and trigger the activities of SOD and APX in the leaves of B. campestris. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sapwood area as an estimator of leaf area and foliar weight in cherrybark oak and green ash

Science.gov (United States)

James S. Meadows; John D. Hodges

2002-01-01

The relationships between foliar weight/leaf area and four stem dimensions (d.b.h., total stem cross-sectional area, total sapwood area, and current sapwood area at breast height) were investigated in two important bottomland tree species of the Southern United States, cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia ...

Seasonal development of ozone-induced foliar injury on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

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Souza, Lara; Neufeld, Howard S; Chappelka, Arthur H; Burkey, Kent O; Davison, Alan W

2006-05-01

The goals of this study were to document the development of ozone-induced foliar injury, on a leaf-by-leaf basis, and to develop ozone exposure relationships for leaf cohorts and individual tall milkweeds (Asclepias exaltata L.) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plants were classified as either ozone-sensitive or insensitive based on the amount of foliar injury. Sensitive plants developed injury earlier in the season and to a greater extent than insensitive plants. Older leaf cohorts were more likely to belong to high injury classes by the end of each of the two growing seasons. In addition, leaf loss was more likely for older cohorts (2000) and lower leaf positions (2001) than younger cohorts and upper leaves, respectively. Most leaves abscised without prior ozone-like stippling or chlorosis. Failure to take this into account can result in underestimation of the effects of ozone on these plants.

Temporal patterns of foliar ozone symptoms on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata L.) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Science.gov (United States)

Chappelka, A H; Somers, G L; Renfro, J R

2007-10-01

Incidence and severity of ozone-induced foliar symptoms on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata L.) along selected trails in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) were determined by two surveys/season conducted from 1992 through 1996. Overall incidence was 73%, and was 84%, 44%, 90%, 58%, and 82% for 1992-1996, respectively for the same clusters. Average incidence was 61% and 84% for the 1st and 2nd surveys, respectively. Seasonal comparisons showed two distinct injury groupings regarding incidence and severity of injury: 1992, 1994 and 1996 (high injury); 1993 and 1995 (low injury). No discernible patterns were observed between symptomatic and asymptomatic plants regarding height, herbivory or flowering. Regression analyses indicated no differentiation in foliar symptoms regarding topographic position, aspect, slope or elevation over the 5-year study period. Our findings indicate other micro-site or genetic factors may control ozone sensitivity of tall milkweed in GRSM.

Influência da época seca na qualidade do aporte foliar em floresta semidecidual

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Rafael Nogueira Scoriza

2014-09-01

Full Text Available A serrapilheira apresenta uma importante função na ciclagem de nutrientes florestais, sendo as folhas as principais transportadoras desses nutrientes. Como a dinâmica da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual é fortemente demarcada pelos fatores climáticos, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência temporal da temperatura e precipitação no aporte de carbono (C e nitrogênio (N foliares em fragmentos florestais. O estudo foi desenvolvido em cinco fragmentos florestais em Sorocaba, SP, onde foram demarcadas dez parcelas de 100m2, sendo instalados três coletores cônicos de 0,25m2 em cada. A coleta da serrapilheira foi feita de março a julho de 2008, onde o material foliar foi separado do restante da serrapilheira. Para a avaliação do teor de C e N foram sorteadas cinco amostras por mês, sendo estas moídas e analisadas. O teor e a quantidade de C e N apresentaram diferenças entre os meses. O carbono esteve diretamente relacionado com a quantidade de folhas aportadas enquanto que o nitrogênio esteve relacionado diretamente com a temperatura e a precipitação.

Detecting terrestrial nutrient limitation: a global meta-analysis of foliar nutrient concentrations after fertilization

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Rebecca eOstertag

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Examining foliar nutrient concentrations after fertilization provides an alternative method for detecting nutrient limitation of ecosystems, which is logistically simpler to measure than biomass change. We present a meta-analysis of response ratios of foliar nitrogen and phosphorus (RRN, RRP after addition of fertilizer of nitrogen (N, phosphorus (P, or the two elements in combination, in relation to climate, ecosystem type, life form, family, and methodological factors. Results support other meta-analyses using biomass, and demonstrate there is strong evidence for nutrient limitation in natural communities. However, because N fertilization experiments greatly outnumber P fertilization trials, it is difficult to discern the absolute importance of N vs. P vs. co-limitation across ecosystems. Despite these caveats, it is striking that results did not follow conventional wisdom that temperate ecosystems are N-limited and tropical ones are P-limited. In addition, the use of ratios of N-to-P rather than response ratios also are a useful index of nutrient limitation, but due to large overlap in values, there are unlikely to be universal cutoff values for delimiting N vs. P limitation. Differences in RRN and RRP were most significant across ecosystem types, plant families, life forms, and between competitive environments, but not across climatic variables.

110mAg root and foliar uptake in vegetables and its migration in soil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shang, Z.R.; Leung, J.K.C.

2003-01-01

110m Ag, as a radionuclide of corrosion products in water-cooled nuclear reactors, was detected in the liquid effluents of Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (GNPS) of Daya Bay under normal operation conditions. Experiments on a simulated terrestrial agricultural ecosystem were carried out using the pot experiment approach. The most common plants in Hong Kong and the South China vegetable gardens such as lettuce, Chinese spinach, kale, carrot, pepper, eggplant, bean, flowering cabbage, celery, European onion and cucumber were selected for 110m Ag root and foliar uptake tests. The results show that carrot, kale and flowering cabbage have the greatest values of soil to plant transfer factor among the vegetables, while 110m Ag can be transferred to Chinese spinach via foliar uptake. Flowering cabbage, the most popular leafy vegetable locally, could be used as a biomonitor for the radioisotope contamination in vegetables. Soil column and adsorption tests were also carried out to study the leaching ability and distributio coefficient (K d ) of 110m Ag in the soil. The results show that most of the radionuclide was adsorbed in the top 1 cm of soil regardless of the pH value. The K d was also determined

Changes in conifer and deciduous forest foliar and forest floor chemistry and basal area tree growth across a nitrogen (N) deposition gradient in the northeastern US

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boggs, Johnny L.; McNulty, Steven G.; Pardo, Linda H.

2007-01-01

We evaluated foliar and forest floor chemistry across a gradient of N deposition in the Northeast at 11 red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) sites in 1987/1988 and foliar and forest floor chemistry and basal area growth at six paired spruce and deciduous sites in 1999. The six red spruce plots were a subset of the original 1987/1988 spruce sites. In 1999, we observed a significant correlation between mean growing season temperature and red spruce basal area growth. Red spruce and deciduous foliar %N correlated significantly with N deposition. Although N deposition has not changed significantly from 1987/1988 to 1999, net nitrification potential decreased significantly at Whiteface. This decrease in net potential nitrification is not consistent with the N saturation hypothesis and suggests that non-N deposition controls, such as climatic factors and immobilization of down dead wood, might have limited N cycling. - Data from the 1999 remeasurement of the red spruce forests suggest that N deposition, to some extent, is continuing to influence red spruce across the northeastern US as illustrated by a significant correlation between N deposition and red spruce foliar %N. Our data also suggest that the decrease in forest floor %N and net nitrification potential across sites from 1987 to 1999 may be due to factors other than N deposition, such as climatic factors and N immobilization in fine woody material (<5 cm diameter)

Relationship between photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency and foliar phosphorus fractions in tropical tree species

OpenAIRE

Hidaka, Amane; Kitayama, Kanehiro

2013-01-01

How plants develop adaptive strategies to efficiently use nutrients on infertile soils is an important topic in plant ecology. It has been suggested that, with decreasing phosphorus (P) availability, plants increase photosynthetic P-use efficiency (PPUE) (i.e., the ratio of instantaneous photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate per unit foliar P). However, the mechanism to increase PPUE remains unclear. In this study, we tested whether high PPUE is explained by an optimized allocation of P in ...

EFEITO DO EXTRATO FOLIAR DE Gossypium arboreum L. (ALGODÃO SOB O CRESCIMENTO MICELIAL DE Lasiodiplodia theobromae (PAT. GRIFFON & MAUBL

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Caroline da Cruz Vasconcelos

2017-03-01

Full Text Available O uso de extratos vegetais tem sido amplamente estudado como controle biológico alternativo de doenças de plantas, especialmente aquelas causadas por fungos patogênicos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro do extrato bruto etanólico obtido de folhas de algodão (Gossypium arboreum L., Malvaceae em diferentes concentrações sob o desenvolvimento micelial do fungo fitopatogênico Lasiodiplodia theobromae. O ensaio foi conduzido nos Laboratórios de Microbiologia/Fitopatologia/Genética e de Cultivo/Isolamento da Universidade do Estado do Amapá/UEAP, em Macapá, Amapá. Em um Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (DIC, seis tratamentos e seis repetições foram organizados: T1 (controle negativo – BDA (Batata-Dextrose-Ágar + 0 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T2 - BDA + 5 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T3 - BDA + 10 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T4 - BDA + 20 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T5 - BDA + 2,5 mL de etanol e T6 (controle positivo - BDA + 2,5 mL de fungicida comercial (Derosal®. As variáveis inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM, índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial (IVCM e área abaixo da curva de cobertura de crescimento micelial (AACCM foram calculadas ao final do experimento. Os resultados mostraram que o extrato bruto etanólico das folhas de G. arboreum não apresentou atividade antifúngica in vitro frente ao fungo L. theobromae nas concentrações testadas. O extrato induziu o crescimento micelial do fungo, especialmente na concentração 10 mg.mL-1, a qual apresentou condição ideal para o desenvolvimento das estruturas do fungo. Palavras-chave: Malvaceae, extrato vegetal, controle biológico, fitopatógeno.

The effect of soil and foliar applications of magnesium fertilisers on yields and quality of vine (Vitis vinifera, L. grapes

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Andrea Zatloukalová

2011-01-01

Full Text Available A one-year field trial was established with the vine variety Ryzlink vlašský (Riesling italico to evaluate the effect of spring soil applications and 5x repeated foliar application of magnesium fertilisers on yields and quality of grapes. On light soil of the experimental locality Žabčice (ca 25 km south of Brno visual symptoms of Mg deficiency on vine leaves had been monitored in the past. The experiment involved 4 treatments: 1 unfertilised control; 2 spring soil application of Kieserite – 20 kg Mg.ha−1; 3 5x foliar application of a 5% solution of Epso Combitop – Mg, S, Mn, Zn; 11.8 kg Mg.ha−1; 4 5x foliar applications of a 5% solution of Epso Top – Mg, S; 14.8 kg Mg.ha−1.No significant differences among the treatments were detected in the contents of K (1.40–1.67% and Ca (1.63–1.91% in leaves sampled after the applications. After foliar applications the contents of Mg and S significantly increased in treatments 3–4 to 0.42–0.49% and 0.34–0.40 %, respectively compared to treatments 1–2 (0.29–0.30% and 0.22%, respectively. The content of Zn (173–380 mg.kg−1 and Mn (90–551 mg.kg−1 increased significantly in treatment 3 compared to the other treatments. The chlorophyll index did not differ among the treatments. Grape yields (t.ha−1 in treatments 1–4 were the following: 7.04–8.16–7.51–7.26 t.ha−1, respectively. Only the soil-applied treatment 2 differed significantly from the other treatments. The content of sugar (16.5–17.9 °NM, titratable acids (12.78–13.25 g.l−1 and the pH of must (3.02–3.11 did not differ among the treatments.

Produção, aspectos nutricionais e fisiológicos de alface sob adubação foliar com Spirulina platensis

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Débora Samara Oliveira e Silva

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de concentrações do fertilizante orgânico a base de Spirulina platensis sobre a produção, crescimento, teores de N, P, K e sódio e sobre as trocas gasosas de alface cv. Elba em condições de campo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, constituídos das concentrações do fertilizante (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 e 7,5% com seis repetições. No ponto de colheita da cultura foram avaliadas variáveis de produção e crescimento, os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e sódio, bem como, as trocas gasosas das plantas com o medidor de gás infravermelho (IRGA. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as concentrações do fertilizante, não afetaram a produção, o crescimento, os teores de nutrientes avaliados, assim como não influenciaram as trocas gasosas das plantas.Production, mineral nutrition and physiological aspects of lettuce under foliar fertilization with Spirulina platensis Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of concentrations of organic fertilizer based on Spirulina platensis on yield, growth, in N, P, K and sodium contents and on gaseous changes of lettuce cv. Elba in field conditions. Use the design of randomized blocks, with six treatments consisting of different concentrations of fertilizer (0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 and 7.5% with six replications. At the harvest point were evaluated the growth and production, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium, as well as gas exchange plant with infrared gas meter (IRGA. The results showed that the fertilizer concentrations did not affect production, growth, levels of nutrients evaluated, and did not influence the gas exchange of plants.

Redução da área foliar e o rendimento do pepino japonês Leaf area reduction and the yield of the japanese cucumber

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Edson Shigueaki Nomura

2000-06-01

Full Text Available Para verificar o efeito da redução da área foliar sobre a produção e qualidade dos frutos de pepino japonês (híbrido Hokuho nº 2, enxertado sobre abóbora 'Excite Ikky' cultivado em ambiente protegido, foram avaliados seis tratamentos com cinco repetições e cinco plantas por parcela, no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso. O tratamento 1 foi constituído por plantas com crescimento livre; no tratamento 2 (padrão as plantas foram conduzidas com desbrotas nos ramos laterais; no tratamento 3 as plantas foram conduzidas semelhante ao padrão, mas com eliminação de frutos tortos ainda jovens (In order to verify the defoliation effect on yield and quality of japanese cucumber ('Hokuho' grafted over 'Excite Ikky' squash under protected cultivation, five replicates of five plants per plot were used to evaluate six treatments in a randomized block design. Treatment 1 consisted of free growth plants; treatment 2 (standard of disprouted plants; treatment 3, young curved fruits (<5 cm removed; treatments 4, 5 and 6, plants removing 25%, 50% and 75% of their leaves, respectively. There were no differences in plant height, but plants of treatments 5 and 6 had greater number of nodes per plant, although they were smaller and less vigorous, presenting a smaller number of sproutings. Despite having plants with higher total yield, in treatment 1, most of them were curved and the harvest was more difficult. Plants of treatment 3 had a greater commercial yield, because all the young curved fruits were removed and the plants compensated their yield, producing other fruits with better quality and plants had better sprouting. The higher the defoliation level the greater was the yield reduction.

Design of functional hybrid coatings with anti-biofouling, self-cleaning and anti-reflecting applications

OpenAIRE

Santiago Sánchez, Alexander

2016-01-01

263 p. Los recubrimientos son aplicados sobre diferentes superficies con fines fundamentalmente decorativos y de protección. Sin embargo, hoy en día el mercado de estos materiales está siendo sometido a unas especificaciones cada vez más severas. Así, los recubrimientos actuales deben, además de ser decorativos y protectores del sustrato, impartir al mismo otras propiedades adicionales como por ejemplo baja adherencia a los microorganismos, facilidad de limpieza y propiedades auto-reparabl...

Informe Científico de Investigador: Vela, María Elena (2012-2013)

OpenAIRE

Vela, María Elena

2013-01-01

Se avanzó en la caracterización y estudio de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de monocapas autoensambladas (SAMs) de alcanotioles simples y funcionalizados como también en su empleo como plataformas de construcción en la nanoescala. Se analizaron las condiciones de estabilidad de las SAMs en sustratos planos y nanoestructurados de Au. Se estudiaron las propiedades de cianinas tioladas autoensambladas sobre superficies lisas y nanopartículas de oro con posibles aplicaciones en el campo de los bi...

Producción de endoproteasa ácida extracelular (mrAE) por el hongo fitopatógeno Moniliophthora roreri cultivado en el sistema de fermentación en el estado sólido con bagazo de caña de azúcar como sustrato.

OpenAIRE

Soberano Mayo, María Isabel

2012-01-01

Las proteasas son enzimas industriales muy importantes y comprenden alrededor del 60% de las enzimas comerciales en el mundo. Dos terceras partes de estas proteasas son de fuentes microbianas, principalmente de origen fúngico. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivos estudiar la cinética de producción de enzima endoproteasa ácida extracelular (mrAe) del hongo fitopatógeno Moniliophthora roreri MRO1, cultivado en sistema de fermentación en estado sólido (FES), utilizando como sustrato inductor ...

Análise da pluviosidade e do efeito de borda sobre os teores de flavonóides em Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong. Steud., Fabaceae

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Tadeu J. da S. Peixoto Sobrinho

Full Text Available Este estudo avaliou a influência do efeito de borda e da pluviosidade sobre a produção de flavonóides em indivíduos de Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong. Steud., Fabaceae, em uma área de caatinga no estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Foi utilizada metodologia analítica por complexação com cloreto de alumínio para quantificar a concentração de flavonóides contidos nos extratos foliares de B. cheilantha, por meio de espectrofotometria no visível. De forma geral, o efeito de borda afeta a produção de flavonóides, entretanto, não foi possível correlacionar a produção de flavonóides e a pluviosidade, demonstrando que a espécie avaliada utiliza outra estratégia como resposta às pressões ambientais.

Caracteres diagnósticos foliares en táxones ibéricos de Isoetes L. (Isoetaceae, Pteridophyta

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Rolleri, Cristina H.

2003-12-01

Full Text Available This is a comparative study of foliar morphology of the species of Isoetes L. growing in the Iberian Península. The taxa included are /. durieui and /. histrix (terrestrial, /. setaceum, and /. velatum subsp. Velatum (amphibious, and /. brochonii, I. echinosporum, I. x hickeyi, I. lacustre, I. longissimum and /. velatum subsp. Asturicense (aquatic. Material of an undescribed amphibious tetraploid taxon related to /. velatum was also included in this study and referred as Isoetes sp. until proper description. Several Iberian collections, together with European and American specimens of some of the taxa were analyzed. Selected diagnostic characters of the microphylls are: cuticular ornamentation (striae, ridges and warts, cuticular flanges, epidermal patterns, stomata distribution and dimensions, foliar transverse sectíons outline, degree of development of the mesophyll, presence or absence, and distribution of the mechanical tissues (collenchyma, diaphragms, and presence or absence and type of intercellular pectic protuberances. All characters are stable, and do not vary with the age of the plants or the microphylls. Cuticular striae, ridges and warts, as well as stomata develop early in plantlets. Stomata present in the microphylls of two aquatic taxa (/. longissimum, I. velatum subsp. asturicense suggest that their absence is not entirely due to influence of aquatic environment. Collenchyma occurs, also, in species growing in different habitats. Restored herbarium material proved to be as useful as fresh or fixed material, an important advantage in the case of Isoetes species, many of which grow in vulnerable áreas or are known only through herbarium specimens due to destruction of their pristine habitats.Se presenta un estudio de morfología foliar comparada en los táxones del género Isoetes que crecen en la Península Ibérica: /. durieui e /. histrix (terrestres, /. setaceum, I. velatum subsp. velatum (anfibios e /. brochonii, I

Control efficacy of Ca-containing foliar fertilizers on bitter pit in bagged 'Fuji' apple and effects on the Ca and N contents of apple fruits and leaves.

Science.gov (United States)

Yu, Xian-Mei; Wang, Jin-Zheng; Nie, Pei-Xian; Xue, Xaio-Min; Wang, Gui-Ping; An, Miao

2018-04-20

The preharvest application of Ca-containing foliar fertilizers can reduce bitter pit (BP) incidence in apples and improve fruit quality by increasing the Ca content and decreasing both the N content and the N/Ca ratio in fruits. In this study, we aimed to investigate the control efficacy of Ca-containing fertilizers on BP incidence and the effects on the Ca and N contents in bagged 'Fuji' apple by spraying the foliar fertilizer containing calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ] or calcium formate [Ca(HCOO) 2 ] at early stage [5 days after full bloom (DAFB) + 40 DAFB] and at late stage (80 DAFB + 125 DAFB). The BP incidences were reduced significantly with the reduce percentage of 43.2~73.0%, and the efficacy of spraying at early stage was significantly higher than that of spraying at late stage. The Ca content of bagged apple fruits was increased while the N content and N/Ca ratio were decreased after spraying Ca-containing foliar fertilizers, however, the Ca content, N content and N/Ca ratio of apple leaves were differentially influenced. The foliar fertilizer containing CaCl 2, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or Ca(HCOO) 2 could be used at early stage to control BP in apple and improve the quality of bagged apple fruits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Concentração foliar de nutrientes em cultivares de Coffea arabica L. sob espaçamentos adensados Foliar nutrient contents in cultivars of Coffea arabica L. at condensed spacings

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Humberto Silva Augusto

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Os plantios adensados de café proporcionam melhor reciclagem de nutrientes e conseqüentemente reduzem a perda de nutrientes do solo por erosão, lixiviação e oxidação da matéria orgânica. Avaliaram-se as influências de diferentes espaçamentos na concentração de macro e micronutrientes em folhas de cafeeiro das cultivares IAC 44, IAC 99, MG 1192, Katipó, MG 6851 e UFV 3880. Ao início do experimento o solo foi arado para incorporação do calcário. As mudas foram plantadas em covas de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,40 m, espaçadas entre si em 0,75 m na fileira. Na adubação de plantio aplicou-se 200 g de Fosfato Natural de Araxá, 50 g de Superfosfato Simples por cova, e 15 dias após o plantio 2L/cova de esterco em cobertura. As demais adubações foram realizadas segundo o recomendado para a cultura do café. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados num esquema fatorial 6 x 4 (seis cultivares x quatro espaçamentos, com seis repetições. As parcelas foram compostas por quatro fileiras de 4,50 m de comprimento, espaçadas entre fileiras em 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 m. Amostras de folhas foram retiradas aos 21 e 34 meses para avaliação dos teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes. O adensamento não influenciou na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas aos 21 meses após o plantio, mas influenciou as concentrações foliares de P, K e Mg aos 34 meses após o plantio.Coffee-tree condensed plantings provide reduction in the loss of the soil nutrients by erosion, lixiviation and oxidation of the organic matter, and even increase nutrient recycling. This experiment aimed evaluates the influence of different spacing among rows on the nutrient foliar contents of coffee-tree varieties, and was performed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments and six replications. The employed varieties IAC 44, IAC 99, MG 1192, Katipó, MG 6851 and UFV 3880 were planted with a spacing of 0,75 m among plants and 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 and 2,5m among rows. Each plot was composed

Modelos alométricos para estimativa da área foliar de mangueira pelo método não destrutivo = Allometric models for estimating leaf area of hose by non destructive method

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Samuel Ferreira da Silva

2015-03-01

Full Text Available A área foliar é uma das mais importantes medidas de avaliação do crescimento vegetativo; sendo assim, o conhecimento sobre tal aspecto permite estimar a perda de água por transpiração, devido às folhas serem os principais órgãos responsáveis pelas trocas gasosas entre a planta e o ambiente, tornando-se importante o seu estudo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho testar e obter o melhor modelo matemático para estimativa da área foliar da mangueira (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden em função das suas dimensões alométricas. Utilizou-se um pomar localizado na propriedade São Domingos, no município de Alegre, sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, onde foram coletadas 80 folhas de 20 mangueiras em outubro de 2013. As regressões foram determinadas considerando-se a área foliar real (AFR como variável dependente, e o comprimento (C, a largura (L e o produto das dimensões lineares (C x L de cada folha, como variáveis independentes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a equação polinomial y=4,7677+ 0,6934x -0,0001x2 foi o melhor modelo matemático para estimar a área foliar da mangueira, com R² de 0,97. Os modelos que utilizam C x L são os mais adequados para estimar a área das folhas da mangueira, uma vez que apresentam maior correlação. = Leaf area is one of the most important measures for evaluating the vegetative growth, and that their knowledge allows estimating water loss through transpiration, due to the leaves being the main organ responsible for gas exchange between the plant and the environment, making it important to its study. Thus, we intended to test this work and get the best mathematical model to estimate leaf area of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden according to their dimensions Allometric. We used a greengrocer located in São Domingos property in the municipality of Alegre, southern Espírito Santo, which was collected 80 sheets of 20 hoses in October 2013. The

Improving tolerance of sunflower and safflower during growth stages to salinity through foliar spray of nutrient solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jabeen, N.; Ahmad, R.

2012-01-01

The effect of salinity and foliar application of nutrient solutions on sunflower and safflower in vegetative and reproductive phases of the growth were investigated in Bio saline Research Field, University of Karachi, Pakistan. The seeds were sown in pots under non saline condition and saline water irrigation was started at three leaf stage after germination. Different concentration of saline water were made by dissolving 3g and 6g sea salt per litre of tap water, equivalent to an EC of 4.8 and 8.6 dS/m respectively. Nutrient solution (KNO/sub 3 /, H/sub 3/ BO/sub 3/, Fe-EDTA or its mixture) was sprayed thrice, i.e., 45, 75 and 95 days after planting. KNO/sub 3/ was given at the rate 250 ppm and other H/sub 3/ BO/sub 3/ and Fe-EDTA was given at the rate 5 ppm. Salinity caused a significant reduction in nutrient uptake, height, biomass and yield of both sunflower and safflower. Foliar application of macro and micro nutrients (i.e. KNO/sub 3/, H/sub 3/BO/sub 3/, Fe-EDTA and mixture of KNO/sub 3/ + H/sub 3/BO/sub 3/ + Fe-EDTA) partially minimized the salt induced deficiency and showed significant increase in height, fresh and dry biomass, number and weight of seeds, and amount of oil per sunflower and safflower plant irrespective to their growth under non saline or saline conditions. Among the nutrient solutions, mixture of KNO/sub 3/+ H/sub 3/BO/sub 3/ + Fe-EDTA seemed to be the most effective followed by H/sub 3/ BO/sub 3/ and Fe-EDTA. These results suggested that foliar application of nutrients could be used to improve plant tolerance to salinity by alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on growth and reproductive yield. (author)

EVALUACIÓN DE DOS MÉTODOS DE DIGESTIÓN ÁCIDA EN EL ANÁLISIS DE TEJIDO FOLIAR DE CAÑA (Saccharum officinarum L.

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Betty Mendoza

2015-02-01

Full Text Available El desempeño de los métodos de digestión, vía seca (DVS y ácida asistida por microondas (DAAM fue evaluado en el análisis de muestras foliares de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.. También se evaluó el efecto de las técnicas de detección comúnmente utilizadas en el laboratorio [P: espectrometría de absorción molecular visible (UV-VIS; K: espectrometría de emisión atómica (AES; Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn: espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (FAAS] respecto a la técnica de fluorescencia de rayos X de reflexión total (TXRF sobre los resultados obtenidos a partir de los dos métodos de digestión. La exactitud y precisión de los métodos de digestión se determinó con dos muestras certificadas, Tejido vegetal N°6 y N°11 (Comisión de Normalización y Acreditación - Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo. La determinación de P vía TXRF reportó resultados mayores respecto a UV-VIS en las muestras foliares de caña de azúcar. Los métodos de digestión mostraron resultados exactos y precisos en Ca cuando se utiliza FAAS o TXRF. En Zn y Cu se presentan desviaciones y varianzas asociadas a las concentraciones bajas en las muestras y su relación con el blanco de reactivos. En general, la precisión y exactitud están relacionadas principalmente con el rango de concentración de cada elemento en las muestras y el límite de cuantificación. No se encontro diferencias apreciables en cuanto al desempeño analítico de ambos métodos de digestión. La detección por TXRF presenta menor eficiencia analítica en cuanto a exactitud y precisión en algunos elementos, pero menores costos en tiempo de análisis.

Influence of foliar applications of humic acids on yield and fruit quality of table grape cv. Italia

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Giuseppe Ferrara

2008-06-01

Significance and impact of study: This study gives new information about the positive effects of foliar application of humic acids, active components of soil and compost organic matter, on yield and fruit quality of table grape. In organic viticulture humic acids may find a valid and appropriate application for a technical and economical use.

Foliar uptake of radioisotopes and its consequences for the contamination of agricultural products

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Proehl, G.

1982-07-01

The contamination of nutritional parts of plants via radionuclides taken up through the leaves depends on the mobility of the radionuclides in the plant. The alkaline metals, iodine and technetium for example, are considered as mobile; due to the migration in the interior of the plant, these nuclides cause the highest food contamination after foliar uptake of radionuclides. The alkaline earth metals, cerium, ruthenium and plutonium are considered as immobile; the contamination by these elements is almost exclusively induced by direct nuclide deposition on the nutritional parts of the plants. Cobalt, zinc, manganese and iron have a certain middle position with regard to radionuclide migration. Gaseous iodine is taken up through slit-like apertures. The uptake may be very effective; under humid conditions the uptake is higher than under arid conditions. Due to the short half-time period only the meadow-cow-milk-path is relevant for the exposure to iodine 131, for other paths however, the longeval iodine 129 is important. The development of the specific activity of meadow grass after one single deposition can be described with a massdependent interceptory factor and two subsequent meteorologic half-times of 14 and 28 d. Model estimations show that after nuclear disorders in the middle of the year for some radionuclides and important nutritients the human activity supply via foliar uptake will exceed the activity supply via soil - root migration by up to 2 magnitudes during the next 50 years. (orig./MG) [de

Foliar injury response of petunia and kidney bean to simultaneous and alternate exposures to ozone and PAN

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nouchi, I.; Mayumi, H.; Yamazoe, F.

1984-01-01

Petunia at about 6 weeks old and kidney bean at two growing stages (6-7 days old and 16-18 days old) were exposed separately to O/sub 3/ (0-0.40 ppm) and PAN (0-0.25 ppm) for 4 h and to the mixture for the same time. In addition, petunia was exposed to O/sub 3/ (0.10-0.40 ppm) and then PAN (0.010-0.040 ppm) for 4 h, respectively. Foliar injury of petunia and kidney bean in exposures to the mixtures of O/sub 3/ and PAN was significantly smaller than that induced by each oxidant, with the exception of PAN injury on young leaves of 16-18 day-old kidney bean. The percentage of foliar injury caused by either of the mixed pollutants decreased with an increase of the concentration of the other oxidant, and was found to approximate a logarithmic function of the combined pollutant concentrations expressed as O/sub 3/ minum PAN or vice versa. Alternate exposures caused no additive or synergistic injuries. 23 references, 3 figures, 6 tables.

Foliar injury response of petunia and kidney bean to simultaneous and alternate exposures to ozone and pan

Science.gov (United States)

Nouchi, Isamu; Mayumi, Hirokazu; Yamazoe, Fumio

Petunia at about 6 weeks old and kidney bean at two growing stages (6-7 days old and 16-18 days old) were exposed separately to O 3, (0-0.40 ppm) and PAN (0-0.25 ppm) for 4 h and to the mixture for the same time. In addition, petunia was exposed to O, (0.10-0.40 ppm) and then PAN (0.010-0.040 ppm) for 4 h, respectively. Foliar injury of petunia and kidney bean in exposures to the mixtures of O 3 and PAN was significantly smaller than that induced by each oxidant, with the exception of PAN injury on young leaves of 16-18 day-old kidney bean. The percentage of foliar injury caused by either of the mixed pollutants decreased with an increase of the concentration of the other oxidant, and was found to approximate a logarithmic function of the combined pollutant concentrations expressed as O 3, minum PAN or vice versa. Alternate exposures caused no additive or synergistic injuries.

Temperature responses of photosynthetic capacity parameters were not affected by foliar nitrogen content in mature Pinus sylvestris.

Science.gov (United States)

Tarvainen, Lasse; Lutz, Martina; Räntfors, Mats; Näsholm, Torgny; Wallin, Göran

2018-03-01

A key weakness in current Earth System Models is the representation of thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in response to changes in growth temperatures. Previous studies in boreal and temperate ecosystems have shown leaf-scale photosynthetic capacity parameters, the maximum rates of carboxylation (V cmax ) and electron transport (J max ), to be positively correlated with foliar nitrogen (N) content at a given reference temperature. It is also known that V cmax and J max exhibit temperature optima that are affected by various environmental factors and, further, that N partitioning among the foliar photosynthetic pools is affected by N availability. However, despite the strong recent anthropogenic influence on atmospheric temperatures and N deposition to forests, little is known about the role of foliar N contents in controlling the photosynthetic temperature responses. In this study, we investigated the temperature dependencies of V cmax and J max in 1-year-old needles of mature boreal Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) trees growing under low and high N availabilities in northern Sweden. We found that needle N status did not significantly affect the temperature responses of V cmax or J max when the responses were fitted to a peaked function. If such N insensitivity is a common tree trait it will simplify the interpretation of the results from gradient and multi-species studies, which commonly use sites with differing N availabilities, on temperature acclimation of photosynthetic capacity. Moreover, it will simplify modeling efforts aimed at understanding future carbon uptake by precluding the need to adjust the shape of the temperature response curves to variation in N availability. © 2017 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.

PRODUCCIÓN ORGÁNICA DE ALBAHACA EN INVERNADERO EN LA COMARCA LAGUNERA

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María del Rosario Moncayo Luján

2015-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los componentes de producción de albahaca producida con tres tipos de solución nutritiva orgánica en invernadero, con el fin de establecer un esquema de producción en una región árida de México como la Comarca Lagunera. Tres soluciones nutritivas orgánicas fueron evaluadas: lixiviado de vermicomposta (LV, solución de composta (SC y solución de vermicomposta (SV. Una solución química (SQ fue utilizada como control; así como dos tipos de sustratos uno arena (A y una mezcla de perlita-arena (PA en relación porcentual 80:20, respectivamente. El diseño experimental fue un factorial 2 × 4 en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables respuesta fueron: contenido relativo de clorofila (SPAD, altura de planta (AP, número de hojas (NH, área foliar (AF, rendimiento (R, materia seca (MS y compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT. Los resultados indican, una diferencia significativa entre AP, AF y CFT. Las diferentes soluciones nutritivas orgánicas tuvieron efecto sobre AP, NH, AF, R y CFT; de tal manera que la SQ produjo plantas con mayor altura (73 cm, NH (89 hojas, promedio y AF (1259 cm2, promedio seguida por la SC y SV. El LV presentó el mayor R (79 g. La producción de CFT fue favorecida por SV (6.4 mg AG equiv/g BS, en cambio la SQ tuvo la menor cantidad (4.6 mg AG equiv / g BS aunque este tratamiento mostró el mayor contenido de MS (12 g. Por último, las interacciones mostraron diferencia altamente significativa sobre AP, NH, AF y CFT. Se concluye que la albahaca orgánica en invernadero es un cultivo con potencial productivo en la Comarca Lagunera bajo condiciones de invernadero.

Síntomas de deficiencia de macronutrientes y boro en plantas de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.

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Martínez Fabio Ernesto

2009-08-01

Full Text Available

El desconocimiento de los signos y síntomas visibles de las deficiencias nutricionales no permite establecer oportunos correctivos para manejar plantas con suficiente vigor, producción y calidad de los frutos. Plantas de uchuva ecotipo Colombia, propagadas por semilla, se sembraron en sustrato de arena cuarcítica en materas de plástico (25 L, y se mantuvieron durante 135 días en condiciones de invernadero de plástico en Bogotá. Las deficiencias nutricionales se indujeron a través de soluciones nutritivas, usando el método del elemento faltante y empleando un diseño completamente al azar con ocho tratamientos y cinco repeticiones, a saber: T0. testigo con fertilización completa; T1. fertilización completa –N; T2. –P; T3. –K; T4. –Ca; T5. –Mg; T6. –B, y T7. agua potable únicamente. Solamente en el caso del nitrógeno se aplicó 15% del N de la fertilización completa. Quincenalmente se efectuó una descripción visual y se llevó un registro fotográfico de los síntomas manifestados. Las plantas con deficiencias de N, K y B presentaron los síntomas más severos, generando efectos negativos sobre la arquitectura y el deficiente porte de las plantas, además de causar una seria afección sobre el tejido vegetal. Las plantas deficientes en B tomaron una forma de roseta, típico síntoma hipoplástico. Las uchuvas que sufrieron deficiencias de P, Ca, Mg presentaron distorsiones en el color del follaje, observándose para la deficiencia de P, una coloración púrpura tanto en hojas de la zona reproductiva de la planta como en las del tallo principal. Las deficiencias de Mg y Ca, respectivamente, indujeron clorosis foliar intervenal y coloraciones anaranjadas.

Physiological and foliar injury responses of Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana, and Acer rubrum seedlings to varying soil moisture and ozone

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schaub, M.; Skelly, J.M.; Steiner, K.C.; Davis, D.D.; Pennypacker, S.P.; Zhang, J.; Ferdinand, J.A.; Savage, J.E.; Stevenson, R.E.

2003-01-01

High soil water availability favors ozone uptake, increases foliar injury, and exacerbates the negative ozone effect on gas exchange of seedlings of deciduous tree species. - Sixteen black cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.), 10 white ash (Fraxinus americana, L.) and 10 red maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 1-year old seedlings were planted per plot in 1997 on a former nursery bed within 12 open-top chambers and six open plots. Seedlings were exposed to three different ozone scenarios (ambient air: 100% O 3 ; non-filtered air: 98% ambient O 3 ; charcoal-filtered air: 50% ambient O 3 ) within each of two different water regimes (nine plots irrigated, nine plots non-irrigated) during three growing seasons. During the 1998 and 1999 growing season, leaf gas exchange, plant water relations, and foliar injury were measured. Climatic data, ambient- and chamber-ozone-concentrations were monitored. We found that seedlings grown under irrigated conditions had similar (in 1998) but significantly higher gas exchange rates (in 1999) than seedlings grown within non-irrigated plots among similar ozone exposures. Cherry and ash had similar ozone uptake but cherry developed more ozone-induced injury (<34% affected leaf area, LAA) than ash (<5% LAA), while maple rarely showed foliar injury, indicating the species differed in ozone sensitivity. Significantly more severe injury on seedlings grown under irrigated conditions than seedlings grown under non-irrigated conditions demonstrated that soil moisture altered seedling responses to ambient ozone exposures

Correlation of epiphyllous bud differentiation with foliar senescence in crassulacean succulent Kalanchoe pinnata as revealed by thidiazuron and ethrel application.

Science.gov (United States)

Jaiswal, Sarita; Sawhney, Sudhir

2006-05-01

Leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata have crenate margins with each notch bearing a dormant bud competent to develop into a healthy plantlet. Leaf detachment is a common signal for inducing two contrastingly different leaf-based processes, i.e. epiphyllous bud development into plantlet and foliar senescence. To investigate differentiation of bud and its correlation, if any, with foliar senescence, thidiazuron (TDZ), having cytokinin activity and ethrel (ETH), an ethylene releasing compound, were employed. The experimental system was comprised of marginal leaf discs, each harbouring an epiphyllous bud. Most of the growth characteristics of plantlet developing from the epiphyllous bud were significantly inhibited by TDZ but promoted by ETH. The two regulators modulated senescence in a manner different for leaf discs and plantlet leaves. Thus, TDZ caused a complete retention whereas ETH a complete loss of chlorophyll in the leaf discs. In contrast, the former resulted in a complete depletion of chlorophyll from the plantlet leaves producing an albino effect, while the latter reduced it by 50% only. In combined dispensation of the two regulators, the effect of TDZ was expressed in majority of responses studied. The results presented in this investigation clearly show that the foliar processes of epiphyllous bud differentiation and senescence are interlinked as TDZ that delayed senescence inhibited epiphyllous bud differentiation and ETH that hastened senescence promoted it. A working hypothesis to interpret responsiveness of the disc-bud composite on lines of a source-sink duo, has been proposed.

Teores foliares de nutrientes no maracujazeiro amarelo em função de adubação nitrogenada, irrigação e epócas de amostragem

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Carvalho Almy Junior Cordeiro de

2002-01-01

Full Text Available A realização de diagnósticos de culturas, através do conhecimento dos teores foliares dos nutrientes, em cada condição de cultivo, se justifica e tem por finalidade corrigir deficiências, inclusive com a utilização de ferramentas tais como o DRIS (Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação, que auxiliam no manejo para a obtenção de altos rendimentos das culturas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada, irrigação e época de amostragem nos teores dos nutrientes foliares na cultura do maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. O experimento foi conduzido em Campos-RJ, em Argissolo Amarelo distrófico, onde foram combinadas quatro doses de nitrogênio (50 a 650 g por planta por ano de N com 6 lâminas de irrigação (0 a 125% da ETo - Evapotranspiração de referência. Na maior produtividade de frutos (41,3 t ha-1, os teores de nutrientes foliares variaram de 40,8 a 58,1 g kg-1 de N, 2,58 a 3,85 g kg-1 de P, 23,2 a 38 g kg-1 de K, 6,13 a 14,4 g kg-1 de Ca, 2,23 a 4,28 g kg-1 de Mg, 3,2 a 4,64 g kg-1 de S, 13,1 a 32,4 g kg-1 de Cl, 21,1 a 36,5 mg kg-1 de Zn, 44,4 a 94,5 mg kg-1 de Mn, 82 a 246 mg kg-1 de Fe, 16,8 a 48,9 mg kg-1 de B e 3,97 a 234 mg kg-1 de Cu. A adubação nitrogenada afetou os teores foliares de N, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cl e B. A irrigação elevou os teores foliares de Cl e de Na e não influenciou nos teores foliares dos outros nutrientes.

Endohyphal bacterium enhances production of indole-3-acetic acid by a foliar fungal endophyte.

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Michele T Hoffman

Full Text Available Numerous plant pathogens, rhizosphere symbionts, and endophytic bacteria and yeasts produce the important phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, often with profound effects on host plants. However, to date IAA production has not been documented among foliar endophytes -- the diverse guild of primarily filamentous Ascomycota that live within healthy, above-ground tissues of all plant species studied thus far. Recently bacteria that live within hyphae of endophytes (endohyphal bacteria have been detected, but their effects have not been studied previously. Here we show not only that IAA is produced in vitro by a foliar endophyte (here identified as Pestalotiopsis aff. neglecta, Xylariales, but that IAA production is enhanced significantly when the endophyte hosts an endohyphal bacterium (here identified as Luteibacter sp., Xanthomonadales. Both the endophyte and the endophyte/bacterium complex appear to rely on an L-tryptophan dependent pathway for IAA synthesis. The bacterium can be isolated from the fungus when the symbiotic complex is cultivated at 36°C. In pure culture the bacterium does not produce IAA. Culture filtrate from the endophyte-bacterium complex significantly enhances growth of tomato in vitro relative to controls and to filtrate from the endophyte alone. Together these results speak to a facultative symbiosis between an endophyte and endohyphal bacterium that strongly influences IAA production, providing a new framework in which to explore endophyte-plant interactions.

Leaf optical properties shed light on foliar trait variability at individual to global scales

Science.gov (United States)

Shiklomanov, A. N.; Serbin, S.; Dietze, M.

2017-12-01

Recent syntheses of large trait databases have contributed immensely to our understanding of drivers of plant function at the global scale. However, the global trade-offs revealed by such syntheses, such as the trade-off between leaf productivity and resilience (i.e. "leaf economics spectrum"), are often absent at smaller scales and fail to correlate with actual functional limitations. An improved understanding of how traits vary among communities, species, and individuals is critical to accurate representations of vegetation ecophysiology and ecological dynamics in ecosystem models. Spectral data from both field observations and remote sensing platforms present a rich and widely available source of information on plant traits. Here, we apply Bayesian inversion of the PROSPECT leaf radiative transfer model to a large global database of over 60,000 field spectra and plant traits to (1) comprehensively assess the accuracy of leaf trait estimation using PROSPECT spectral inversion; (2) investigate the correlations between optical traits estimable from PROSPECT and other important foliar traits such as nitrogen and lignin concentrations; and (3) identify dominant sources of variability and characterize trade-offs in optical and non-optical foliar traits. Our work provides a key methodological contribution by validating physically-based retrieval of plant traits from remote sensing observations, and provides insights about trait trade-offs related to plant acclimation, adaptation, and community assembly.

PERFORMANCE DE FERTILIZANTES FOLIARES E CORRELAÇÕES LINEARES EM COMPONENTES DO RENDIMENTO DA SOJA