Crescimento de mudas de gravioleira (Anonna muricata L. em substrato com superfosfato simples e vermicomposto Growing of soursup seedlings (Anonna muricata L. in substrate with simple superphosphate and earthworm

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Carlos Alberto Spaggiari Souza

2003-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivando avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de superfosfato simples e vermicomposto no crescimento de mudas de gravioleira (Anonna muricata L., conduziu-se um experimento no Setor de Fruticultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras. Foram testadas, num Latossolo, quatro doses de superfosfato simples (0,0; 2,5; 5,0 e 10,0 kg e quatro doses de vermicomposto (0; 10; 20 e 40% m-3 de substrato. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com 4 repetições. Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações: altura de plantas (cm, diâmetro do caule (cm, número de folha/planta, área foliar (cm².planta-1, matéria seca de folha, do caule e de raiz (g.planta-1. Os resultados demonstraram que a aplicação de superfosfato simples na dose de 5 kg e 40% de vermicomposto por m³ de substrato proporcionaram a obtenção de mudas de gravioleira mais vigorosas.An experiment was conducted at the fruits sector of the Lavras Federal University -UFLA in order to evaluate the effect of different amounts of earthworm and simple superphosphate in the growing and nutrition of soursup seedlings (Anoma muricata L.. Four dosages of simple superphosphate (0,0; 2,5; 5,0 and 10,0 kg m-3 of substratum and four dosages of earthworm (0,0%; 10,0%; 20,0% and 40,0% of volume were tested at Latosol. The experimental design was randomized block in a two factors arrangement (4x4 with 4 replicates. The plants height (cm; stem diameter (cm; matter of the aerial part and roots (g per plant; number of leaves per plant and leaves area (cm².plant-1 were evaluated. The results showed that the use of simple superphosphate at 5kg m-3 with 40,0% of earthworm provided soursup seedlings with superior quality compared to the others.

Effect of Araxa rockphosphate and simple superphosphate on some physico-chemical properties and on the available residual P of an oxic Paleudalf

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Urquiaga C, S.; Reichardt, K.; Libardi, P.L.

The experiment was developed using soil samples (TRE, Oxic Paleudalfs) from the Experimental Field Station of ESALQ, located in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. This soil had received during the period of three years 6 ton/ha of Araxa Rockphosphate (34.6% P 2 O 5 ) or 0.5 ton/ha of Simple Superphosphate (20% P 2 O 5 ) while three crops of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) were grown. This greenhouse experiment had the objective of evaluating the effect of these fertilizer applications on some physico-chemical properties of the soil, and also study the residual P effect through the Olsen and 'A value' methods. Results indicate that Araxa Rockphosphate (48.4% CaO), although applied at high rate, did not affect soil reaction. On the other hand, both fertilizers increased the exchangeable Ca 2+ level in approximately 0.5 me/100 g. In short therm (less than 3 years), the response of Araxa Rockphosphate corresponded to its 2% citric acid soluble P 2 O 5 content (4%) rather than to its total P 2 O 5 content. Through 'A values' (using KH 2 32 PO 4 ) it was shown that the residual effect of Simple Superphosphate (108.6 Kg P 2 O 5 /ha) was similar to the Araxa Rockphosphate (136.6 Kg P 2 O 5 /ha), but these were significantly greater than the natural P content of the soil (54.0 Kg P 2 O 5 /ha). The evaluation of available P in the soil (with and without fertilizer) by Olsen's method, had and efficiency of 64 and 94% (respectively) as compared to the 'A value' method. (Author) [pt

Interaction of Endomycorrhizal Fungi, Superphosphate, and Meloidogyne incognita on Cotton in Microplot and Field Studies.

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Smith, G S; Roncadori, R W; Hussey, R S

1986-04-01

Microplot and field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of two vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, Glomus intraradices (Gi) and Gigaspora margarita (Gm), and dicalcium phosphate (P) on Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) reproduction and seed cotton yield of the Mi-susceptible cotton cultivar, Stoneville 213. In 1983 population densities of Mi juveniles were significantly lower 60 and 90 days after planting in microplots receiving Gi. Mycorrhizal fungi reduced the severity of yield losses to Mi, whereas P fertilization increased yield losses to Mi. In 1984 microplot yields were reduced linearly as nematode inoculum densities increased in treatments of Mi alone, Gm, or P, but the response was curvilinear with Gi. Yield suppressions in the 1984 field experiment occurred only in plots infested with Mi alone. In the 1984 microplots, numbers of Mi juveniles penetrating seedling roots increased Iinearly with increasing nematode inoculum densities and was favored when mycorrhizal fungi or superphosphate were added. Juvenile penetration of roots was negatively correlated with yields in all treatments (r = -0.54 to -0.81) except Gm and with number of bolls in Mi alone (r = -0.85) and P (r = -0.81) treatments. Mycorrhizal fungi can increase host tolerance to M. incognita in field conditions and may function as important biological control agents in soils infested with high population densities of efficient VAM species.

[Effects of superphosphate addition on NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting].

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Yan; Sun, Qin-ping; Li, Ni; Liu, Chun-sheng; Li, Ji-jin; Liu, Ben-sheng; Zou, Guo-yuan

2015-01-01

To study the effects of superphosphate (SP) on the NH, and greenhouse gas emissions, vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls, five vegetable waste mixtures (0.77 m3 each) were treated with different amounts of the SP additive, namely, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The ammonia volatilization loss and greenhouse gas emissions were measured during composting. Results indicated that the SP additive significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting. The additive reduced the total NH3 emission by 4.0% to 16.7%. The total greenhouse gas emissions (CO2-eq) of all treatments with SP additives were decreased by 10.2% to 20.8%, as compared with the controls. The NH3 emission during vegetable waste composting had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect caused by the four different gases. The amount of NH3 (CO2-eq) from each treatment ranged from 59.90 kg . t-1 to 81.58 kg . t-1; NH3(CO2-eq) accounted for 69% to 77% of the total emissions from the four gases. Therefore, SP is a cost-effective phosphorus-based fertilizer that can be used as an additive during vegetable waste composting to reduce the NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions as well as to improve the value of compost as a fertilizer.

Effect of phosphorus on the growth and uptake of fertilizer P by mungbean in different soils of Bangladesh using 32P labelled superphosphate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ali, M.I.; Bhuiya, E.H.

1979-01-01

A pot experiment was carried out to find out the effects of P on the growth and yield of mungbean and to evaluate the P status in soils collected from 15 locations of Bangladesh using various rates of 32 P labelled superphosphate. Results indicated that P addition increased both straw and grain yields of mungbean on soils of various locations. Phosphorus concentration and the yield of P by plants also tended to increase due to P application. Spectacular increase in the uptake of applied P was recorded with the increasing rates of P application whereas, the uptake of soil P was reduced. 'A' values also tended to increase with the rates of P application. However, the correlation coefficient (r = 0.988) between the mean 'A' values and the NaHCO 3 soluble P in all soils was highly significant. (auth.)

Radio phosphorus kinetics in the blood of sheep supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, mono ammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate and Tapira rock phosphate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abdalla, A.L.

1992-01-01

With the aim to study the kinetics of radio phosphorus ( 32 P) in the blood of animals supplemented with dicalcium phosphate (BIC), mono ammonium phosphate (MAP), triple superphosphate (SPT) and Tapira rock phosphate (TAP), 32 male sheep were kept in metabolic cages at the Animal Science Section / CENA - USP. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation and the specific activity, rate of disappearance and half life of 32 P in plasma were determined. In the red blood cells were determined the uptake rate of the radioisotope, the rate of disappearance and half life of 32 P up taken. It was observed a statistical significant difference (p 32 P in the plasma and erythrocytes. The specific activity and half life of 32 P in the plasma were statistically different (p<0,10) among sheep receiving the different phosphorus sources; the same was observed in respect to the red blood cells. It was concluded that the supplemented phosphorus source given in the diet of sheep may affect the kinetics of the radio phosphorus in the blood after been intravenously injected. (author)

Efect of diferent rates of phosphorus and forms of application in the efficiency of triple superphosphate in a soil derived from volcanic ashes

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Pino, I.; Casas, L.

1988-01-01

Greenhouse experiments with a soil derived from volcanic ash were carried out in order to determine the efficiency of triple Superphosphate with different rates and forms of application. Oat (Avena Sativa L.) was used as reference crop. The P 32 labeled fertilizer was applied located 2,5 cm underneath the seeds. At the same time 500 mg P were applied located, mixed and in the surface of the soil. The P in the plant coming from the fertilizer was about 65%. This value was independent from the rates. The A value showed some fluctuations with the utmost rates of P. The fertilizer applied located and in the surface of the soil proved to be the most efficient form of application. The A value useful to compare the different treatments. The fertilizer efficiency was very low in both experiments, being the higher efficiency (5,9%) at the lowest rate which is not associated to a higher production. The best treatment was obtained with 500 mg of P located underneath the seed. (author)

Estudo químico e granulométrico das misturas de fosforita de olinda e apatita do araxá com superfosfato simples Chemical and mechanical study of fosforita de olinda and apatita do araxa mixtures (rock phosphates with ordinary superphosphate

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Francisco da Costa Verdade

1960-01-01

Full Text Available Misturas de superfosfato simples, com apatita do Araxá e com fosforita de Olinda, foram estudadas em função do tempo de contato dos componentes e dos teores de P2O5, solúvel em água, ácido cítrico a 2% (Wagner e citrato de amônro. O efeito da moagem, na porcentagem de P2O5 solúvel na água e os índices de pH resultantes das misturas, foram também analisados, bem como a granulometria do material e as variações do seu teor de umidade. Verificou-se que a fosforita de Olinda causa uma insolubilizaçao do P2O5 solúvel em água do superfosfato, quando este adubo participa das misturas nas menores proporções, e que este fenômeno se estabiliza aos 135 dias de contato dos componentes. Aumentando a porcentagem de superfosfato nas misturas, em linhas gerais o fenômeno se desenvolveu de maneira idêntica, não obstante tenha sido verificado aumento de solu-bilidade nas dosagens iniciais. Em todas as misturas com apatita do Araxá, o teor de P(20(5 solúvel em água mostrou-se inicialmente igual ou superior ao teor teórico que deveriam apresentar as misturas, se não ocorresse interação entre seus componentes. Aumentando, porém, o tempo de contato, verificou-se retrogradação crescente desta fração solúvel, sem evidência de estabilização do processo dentro do período de controle da experiência. De um modo geral, o teor de fósforo extraído pelo ácido cítrico, menos a fração solúvel em água das misturas, com ambos os fosfatos naturais cresce com o tempo de contato, inversamente ao que acontece com o P20(5 solúvel em água. A solubilidade das misturas com fosforita em citrato de amônio também aumentou em função do tempo de contato dos componentes, parecendo atingir o ponto de equilíbrio aos 135 dias. Com as misturas de apatita os resultados se mostraram erráticos.Mixtures of ordinary superphosphate with fosforita tie Olinda (sedimentary origin and apatita do Araxá (apatite type were studied by chemical and

Ratio and rate effects of 32P-triple superphosphate and phosphate rock mixtures on corn growth

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Franzini, Vinicius Ide; Mendes, Fernanda Latanze

2009-01-01

The availability of phosphorus (P) from 'Patos de Minas' phosphate rock (PR) can be improved if it is applied mixed with a water-soluble P source. The objective of this study was to evaluate 32 P as a tracer to quantify the effect of the ratio of mixtures of triple superphosphate (TSP) with PR and the rates of application on P availability from PR. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse utilizing corn (Zea mays L.) plants as test crop. In the first experiment, the P sources were applied at the rate of 90 mg P kg -1 soil either separately or as compacted mixtures in several TSP:PR ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 calculated on the basis of the total P content). In the second experiment, the TSP was applied alone or as 50:50 compacted mixtures with PR applied at four P rates (15, 30, 60 and 90 mg P kg -1 ) while the sole PR treatment was applied at the 90 mg kg -1 P rate . The mixture of PR with TSP improved the P recovery from PR in the corn plant and this effect increased proportionally to the TSP amounts in the mixture. When compared with the plant P recovery from TSP (10.52%), PR-P recovery (2.57%) was much lower even when mixed together in the ratio of 80% TSP: 20% PR. There was no difference in PR-P utilization by the corn plants with increasing P rates in the mixture (1:1 proportion). Therefore, PR-P availability is affected by the proportions of the mixtures with water soluble P, but not by P rates. (author)

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings (Zea mays L.).

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Xiulan; Wang, Dingyong

2010-01-01

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously influence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously influence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.

Ratio and rate effects of {sup 32}P-triple superphosphate and phosphate rock mixtures on corn growth

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Franzini, Vinicius Ide; Mendes, Fernanda Latanze [Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Solos e Nutricao de Plantas; Muraoka, Takashi [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil)]. E-mail: muraoka@cena.usp.br

2009-01-15

The availability of phosphorus (P) from 'Patos de Minas' phosphate rock (PR) can be improved if it is applied mixed with a water-soluble P source. The objective of this study was to evaluate {sup 32}P as a tracer to quantify the effect of the ratio of mixtures of triple superphosphate (TSP) with PR and the rates of application on P availability from PR. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse utilizing corn (Zea mays L.) plants as test crop. In the first experiment, the P sources were applied at the rate of 90 mg P kg{sup -1} soil either separately or as compacted mixtures in several TSP:PR ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 calculated on the basis of the total P content). In the second experiment, the TSP was applied alone or as 50:50 compacted mixtures with PR applied at four P rates (15, 30, 60 and 90 mg P kg{sup -1}) while the sole PR treatment was applied at the 90 mg kg{sup -1}P rate . The mixture of PR with TSP improved the P recovery from PR in the corn plant and this effect increased proportionally to the TSP amounts in the mixture. When compared with the plant P recovery from TSP (10.52%), PR-P recovery (2.57%) was much lower even when mixed together in the ratio of 80% TSP: 20% PR. There was no difference in PR-P utilization by the corn plants with increasing P rates in the mixture (1:1 proportion). Therefore, PR-P availability is affected by the proportions of the mixtures with water soluble P, but not by P rates. (author)

Gafsa rock phosphate and triple superphosphate for dry matter production and P uptake by corn Fosfato de Gafsa e superfosfato triplo na produção de matéria seca e absorção de fósforo pelo milho

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Rossini Mattos Corrêa

2005-04-01

Full Text Available Crops in general make poor use of phosphorous fertilizer and, as a result, recommended rates and production costs are very high. Phosphorus can be made more readily available to plants by proper management of phosphate fertilization, selecting both, type of fertilizer and application method. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the natural Gafsa rock phosphate and the triple superphosphate on dry matter production and P uptake by corn plants cultivated in a greenhouse. Fertilizers were applied localized and broadcast/incorporated on to two soils with contrasting phosphorus capacity factors (PCF. Rock phosphate broadcast application was as efficient as triple superphosphate in increasing corn plant dry matter in the Tropudult, with lower PCF. This effect was not observed on the Haplustox, owing to the lower P solubility due to the higher Ca concentration in this soil. Triple superphosphate rates increased plant P uptake in both soils and for both application forms. Rock phosphate resulted in higher P-content in plants, but only for broadcast application on the Ultisol.Os fertilizantes fosfatados, de modo geral, apresentam baixa eficiência de utilização pelas culturas. Essa realidade faz com que as doses aplicadas sejam altas, elevando o custo de produção. O aumento da disponibilidade de fósforo para as plantas pode ser obtido mediante o manejo correto da adubação fosfatada, com ênfase na fonte utilizada e no modo de aplicação mais adequado para solos com diferentes capacidades de adsorção do elemento. Avaliou-se a eficiência do fosfato natural de Gafsa e do superfosfato triplo, em amostras de dois solos (Argissolo Amarelo e Latossolo Amarelo com diferentes fatores capacidade de fósforo (FCP, em diferentes doses aplicadas de forma incorporada e localizada, sobre a produção de matéria seca e absorção de fósforo por plantas de milho cultivadas em casa de vegetação. No Argissolo Amarelo (menor FCP o fosfato

Nitrogen fertilization efficiency with Urea (15N) in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu associated with split application of ordinary superphosphate and potassium chloride

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oliveira, P.P.A.; Trivelin, P.C.O.; Oliveira, W.S.

2003-01-01

In pastures, the evaluation of fertilization efficiency of urea-N is important since it is applied on a massive scale. Several studies report an enhancement of the fertilizers efficiency by associated applications of urea with potassium chloride (KCl) and ordinary superphosphate (OSP). In the recovery of degraded pastures or in intensive exploration systems, high quantities of KCl and OSP used as corrective fertilization are applied at the november, beginning of the rain season. Split applications of KCl and OSP could easily be associated with urea-N surface application without additional costs. An evaluation of this management was the objective of this experiment. The annual balance of 15 N application with urea was obtained in treatments where OSP and/or KCl were split, top-dressed in five applications associated with urea, or when both were applied together in November. Highest forage production was obtained when OSP was split, followed by split KCl, the unique application of both together, and finally both split. The recovery of urea-N in the aerial part and the soil-pasture system remained unaltered by the treatments. However, the recovery of plant crown and root system differed among the treatments and was positively correlated with forage production. Fertilizer-N recovery in the litter was favored by splitting KCl. Even though the total recovery of the system was not improved by the treatments, splitting of KCl and OSP are indicated for an increased recovery of urea-N in numerous plant structures, resulting in a higher forage production. (author)

Crescimento de mudas de pinhão-manso em resposta a adubação com superfosfato simples e pó-de-rocha Growth of jatropha seedlings in response to single superphosphate and rock-flour fertilization

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Fabiano Barbosa de Souza Prates

2012-06-01

fertilization of the substrate with single superphosphate and rock-flour. The experiment was setup and conducted from September to November, 2007, in a greenhouse at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences/UFMG. The treatments, in a 2 x 5 factorial design of randomized blocks, with three replications, corresponded to two doses of rock-flour (0 and 20 kg m-3 of substrate and 5 doses of single superphosphate (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg m-3 of substrate. Plant height, stem diameter, plant height/stem diameter ratio, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, fresh and dry matter of root and shoot, total fresh and dry matter, shoot/root dry-matter ratio, dry matter content and the Dickson quality index- IQD, were all evaluated. The results show no significant interaction between the levels of phosphorus and rock-flour applied and the variables studied. The application of single superphosphate was significant for plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, root, shoot and total fresh matter, with a positive response up to the maximum applied phosphorus dosage.

Influence of the time of application of 32P triple Superphosphate on the efficiency of the phosphate fertilization and the productivity of the potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bastidas, O.G.; Alvarez, A.L.; Urquiaga, S.

1986-01-01

A study was performed on a soil derived from volcanic ash (Andic Humitropept), in Pasto (Narino), Colombia, to investigate the influence of additions of 100 and 200 Kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 , at two application times (planting and 30 days after emergence - DAE), on the fertilizer use efficiency and productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Pardo Pastusa. At planting the phosphorus was applied in a continuous row in the furrow, and at 30 DAE at one side of the plant row, and immediately covered with soil from both sides of the furrow. The fertilizer used was 32 P labelled triple superphosphate (143.59 μ Ci.g -1 p -1 . It was found that: a) the phosphorus fertilization significantly increased (P -1 ) and the accumulation (from 8 to 17.8 kg P ha -1 ) by the tubers, but there was no significant effect of the different rates or times of the fertilizer application; b) the accumulation of P by the plant accompanied the accumulation of plant dry matter; c) at 75 DAE the fraction of fertiliser P in the plant shoot in the treatment fertilized at 30 DAE (52.1%) was significantly higher than that fertilized at planting (21.8%), and this corresponded to a P fertilizer use efficiency of 2.4 and 0.82, respectively

Match sources of manure in corrective land rice high in first year of culture

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Anderson Lange

2016-08-01

Full Text Available The objective was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus sources as a partial corrective fertilization and maintenance in upland rice cultivation. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Alta Floresta/MT in crop year 2007/08, using the experimental design of randomized blocks with five treatments (control, simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, Arad reactive rock phosphate and bone meal, and four replications. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, tiller number per meter, panicle number per m2, Internode length, number of grains per panicle, percentage of filled grains, voids, weight of 100 grains, return on beans, whole grain yield and productivity. Applying phosphorus influenced most of the morphological characteristics of the rice, except the stem diameter and length of the internode. There was influence of phosphate sources for the number of grains per panicle and productivity and that the two variables for the treatments with superphosphate and triple superphosphate were higher than the control. The use of triple superphosphate provided greater productivity and higher economic return in the first year of cultivation.

Phosphorus solubility in an acid forest soil as influenced by form of applied phosphorus and liming

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fransson, Ann-Mari; Bergkvist, Bo; Tyler, Germund

1999-01-01

Sedimentary phosphorus, superphosphate, and wood-ash, as well as either sedimentary phosphorus. superphosphate or ash combined with lime, were distributed in selected plots in an 80-yr-old Norway spruce forest [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. After 2 yrs, the sedimentary phosphorus had increased the oxalate/oxalic acid-extractable P in the O-horizon, and the superphosphate had increased the oxalate/oxalic acid-extractable P in the E-horizon. At first, the percolation water from the superphosphate treatment showed high P concentrations. It soon returned to control levels, however. The percolation water from the sedimentary phosphorus treatment gradually showed increased phosphate concentrations. The wood-ash increased neither the amount of extractable P nor the P concentration in the percolation water. The oxalate/oxalic acid-extractable P from the sedimentary P treatment was reduced by liming. The P concentration in the percolation water also tended to be reduced. This was perhaps due to formation of Ca phosphates in the vicinity of the lime particles. In addition, if the solubility rate was similar to the uptake rate, it could account for the decreased P concentration

Liming effect on P availability from Maardu phosphate rock

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sidlauskas, G.; Masauskas, S.; Ezerinskas, V.

2002-01-01

Thirty years ago phosphate rock from the Maardu deposit was intensively used for soil fertilization in Lithuania. However, the application of finely ground product caused an undesirable dusty operation. Afterwards, a super-phosphate production plant was built in Kedainiai and the use of phosphate rock was completely abandoned. Field experiments with fodder beets and barley were carried out to evaluate the P availability of granulated superphosphate and Maardu phosphate rock. The comparison was made at three acidity levels: a) unlimed acid soil with a high content of Al (pH kcl 4.3-4.4, hydrolytic acidity was 41-44 meq/kg soil), b) soil limed with 0.5n rate CaCO 3 powder limestone based on hydrolytic acidity, and c) soil limed with 1.0n rate CaCO 3 . Two field experiments were carried out with fodder beets. In 1997 the yield increased significantly due to liming. However, no significant yield increases were found due to the application of phosphorus fertilizers. Differences between the effect of superphosphate and phosphate rock were also not observed. This might have been caused by a severe drought during the vegetative growth of plants. In the following year, 1998, a soil with similar acidity was chosen, however it contained even lower amounts of available phosphorus in the arable soil (about 50 mg/kg soil A-L method). In the unlimed soil the yield was low, the effect of superphosphate was better than that of phosphate rock. A good fodder beet yield of 32 to 35 t/ha was obtained and the effect of phosphate rock was better than that of superphosphate at 0.5n CaCO 3 rate. When liming with at the high rate (1.0n CaCO 3 rate according to hydrolytic acidity) the action of phosphate rock declined, and a better yield was obtained with superphosphate. Barley was grown after fodder beets in the 1997 experimental field and the residual effect of superphosphate and phosphate rock was investigated. Weather conditions were favorable for barley growth. Therefore a normal yield

Efficiency of nitrophosphates of varying water solubility with respect to their nitrogen (15N) and phosphorus (32P) utilisation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Motsara, M.R.; Leela Bhai, K.S.; Mev Singh; Datta, N.P.

1975-01-01

Nitrophosphates of different water soluble P superphosphate and super plus ammonium nitrate were compared by raising wheat as a test crop on alluvial soil of Delhi. Phosphorus was tagged with 32 P and the ammonical and nitrate nitrogen was alternately tagged with 15 N. With increasing the water-soluble P content in nitrophosphate, increasing amount of grain yield and higher uptake of total N and P were recorded. The percent phosphorus derived in the plant from the fertilizer and the percent phosphorus utilization was higher from the nitrophosphates of higher eater soluble P content. It was also higher under the application of superphosphate plus ammonium nitrate than superphosphate alone. A greater amount of ammonical nitrogen was utilized by the crop than nitrate form of nitrogen. (author)

Efficiency of phosphate fertilization to maize crop in high phosphorus content soil, evaluated by 32P tracer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trevizam, Anderson R.; Alvarez Villanueva, Felipe C.; Silva, Maria Ligia de S.; Muraoka, Takashi

2007-01-01

Application of high dosis of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils is justified by its intense fixation by the soil clays, which reduce availability to crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of maize crops to five rates of triple superphosphate in a soil with high available phosphorus content. Portions of 2 dm 3 of soil (Typic Quartzipisamment) with 75 mg kg -1 of available phosphorus and pH 7.00, collected from the upper 0-20 cm layer, were placed in plastic pots, received solution containing 5.55 MBq (150 μCi) of 32 P and incubated for 7 days. Then 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 4000 mg P kg -1 as triple superphosphate was added to soil in the respective pots and incubated for 15 days keeping the soil moisture to 60 % of the field capacity. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants, single hybrid P30F80, were grown for 50 days (after germination), collected, oven dried, weighed and ground in a Wiley mill for analysis of total P content and 32 P radioactivity. The maize dry matter increased with triple superphosphate rates. The phosphorus content and accumulation in the maize plants increased with triple superphosphate rate up to 4000 mg kg -1 . The percentage of phosphorus derived from the fertilizer ranged from 79 to 97% and consequently the phosphorus derived from soil decreased with increasing application of triple superphosphate. In spite of soil high P available content, maize plants responded to applied phosphorus rates. (author)

Efficiency of phosphate fertilization to maize crop in high phosphorus content soil, evaluated by {sup 32}P tracer

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Trevizam, Anderson R.; Alvarez Villanueva, Felipe C.; Silva, Maria Ligia de S.; Muraoka, Takashi [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Lab. de Fertilidade do Solo]. E-mails: trevizam@cena.usp.br; falvarez@cena.usp.br; mlsousi@hotmail.com; muraoka@cena.usp.br

2007-07-01

Application of high dosis of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils is justified by its intense fixation by the soil clays, which reduce availability to crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of maize crops to five rates of triple superphosphate in a soil with high available phosphorus content. Portions of 2 dm{sup 3} of soil (Typic Quartzipisamment) with 75 mg kg{sup -1} of available phosphorus and pH 7.00, collected from the upper 0-20 cm layer, were placed in plastic pots, received solution containing 5.55 MBq (150 {mu}Ci) of {sup 32}P and incubated for 7 days. Then 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 4000 mg P kg{sup -1} as triple superphosphate was added to soil in the respective pots and incubated for 15 days keeping the soil moisture to 60 % of the field capacity. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants, single hybrid P30F80, were grown for 50 days (after germination), collected, oven dried, weighed and ground in a Wiley mill for analysis of total P content and {sup 32}P radioactivity. The maize dry matter increased with triple superphosphate rates. The phosphorus content and accumulation in the maize plants increased with triple superphosphate rate up to 4000 mg kg{sup -1}. The percentage of phosphorus derived from the fertilizer ranged from 79 to 97% and consequently the phosphorus derived from soil decreased with increasing application of triple superphosphate. In spite of soil high P available content, maize plants responded to applied phosphorus rates. (author)

Effect of fertilizer type on cadmium and fluorine concentrations in clover herbage

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McLaughlin, M.J.

2002-01-01

This study investigated whether changing phosphatic fertilizer type affects the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and fluorine (F) in pasture herbage. North Carolina phosphate rock and partially acidulated fertilizers derived from this rock generally have higher Cd and F concentrations compared to single superphosphate currently manufactured in Australia. Clover herbage from sites of the National Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR) trial was collected and analysed for concentrations of Cd (11 sites) and F (4 sites). A comparison was made between pastures fertilized with 4 rates of single superphosphate, North Carolina phosphate rock, and partially acidulated phosphate rock having Cd concentrations of 283, 481, and 420 mg Cd/kg P respectively, and 170, 271, and 274 g F/kg P respectively. One site used Hemrawein (Egypt) phosphate rock (HRP) having a Cd and F concentration of 78 mg Cd/kg P and 256 g F/kg P respectively. To help identify differences in herbage Cd concentrations between sites, unfertilised soils from each site were analyzed for total and extractable Cd contents. At one site Cd concentrations in bulk herbage (clover, grasses and weeds) were related to infestation of the pasture by capeweed (Arctotheca calendula L. Levyns). There were no significant differences between F in herbage from plots fertilized with single superphosphate, partially acidulated phosphate rock or North Carolina phosphate rock, or between sites. Concentrations of F in herbage were low, generally less than 10 mg F /kg. However, there were large differences in Cd concentrations in herbage between sites, while differences between fertilizer treatments were small in comparison. The site differences were only weakly related to total or extractable (0.01 mol/L CaCl 2 ) Cd concentrations in soil. Significant differences in Cd concentrations in clover due to fertilizer type were found at 5 sites. North Carolina phosphate rock treatments had significantly higher Cd concentrations in clover compared to

Field trials on the store dressing with rock phosphate

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Pentti Hänninen

1960-01-01

Full Text Available The possibility of improving the soil phosphorus status by a store dressing with rock phosphate has been studied in two field trials of five years standing. Hyperphosphate Reno was applied to the nurse crop of a red clover-timothy ley in amounts of 0, 1000 kg/ha, or 2000 kg/ha, respectively. The split-plot technique was used to study the response of the ley to an additional annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. The soil analyses distinctly proved that, in spite of a careful working in of the hyperphosphate with a spade harrow, the fertilizer had not penetrated deeper than to the layer from 1 to 3 inches, with a large part of it remaining in the top inch. The treatment with hyperphosphate had mostly increased the fraction of the calcium-bound phosphorus, and, to a very low degree, the aluminium-bound phosphorus. The effect of superphosphate could be detected only in the fractions of aluminium- and iron-bound phosphorus of the surface inch. Although the store dressing did not produce marked responses in the yields of either trial, the statistically significant negative interaction between the effect of it and of superphosphate may be taken to indicate that hyperphosphate was able to improve the phosphorus status of these soils to some degree. The analyses of the hay samples from one of the trials in the fifth experimental year showed that the store dressing, particularly with the higher amount of hyperphosphate was able to increase the phosphorus content of hay to a satisfactory level which was equal to that produced by the annual superphosphate dressing only. Their combined effect resulted in the production of hay dry matter containing more than 0.24 % of P. In one of the experiments the residual effect of the treatments on rye was studied. The response to superphosphate was highly significant, probably owing to the high demands of phosphorus by rye, connected with the overwintering conditions, and also to the fact that ploughing in

Effects of nitrogen sources on phosphorus absorption by wheat

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Muraoka, T.

1983-01-01

The effects of two sources of phosphorus (concentrated superphosphate and DAP) and ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium nitrate on the phosphorus uptake by wheat plant were studied, utilizing superphosphate and DAP labelled with 23 P. It was observeded that the absorption of phosphrorus was influenced by the sources of nitrogen utilized. The best effect was obtained with urea, followed by ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. It is suggested that the best effect of urea was due to its increasing effect on soil pH. (Author) [pt

Influence of application time for 32-P labelled triple superphosphate on the fertilizer use efficiency and productivity of potato. Influencia da epoca de aplicacao de 32-P superfosfato triplo na eficiencia da fertilizacao fosfatada e na produtividade da batata

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Bastidas O, O G; Leon A, A [Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares, Bogota (Colombia); Urquiaga C, S [Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Seropedica, RJ (Brazil)

1988-09-01

A study was performed on a soil derived from volcanic ash (Andic Humitropept), in Pasto (Narino), Colombia, to investigate the influence of additions of 100 and 200 Kg P[sub 2] O[sub 5] ha[sup -1], at two application times (plating and 30 days after emergence - DAE), on the fertilizer use efficiency and productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Pardo Pastusa. At planting the phosphorus was applied in a continuous row in the furrow, and at 30 DAE at one side of the plant row, and immediately covered with soil from both sides of the furrow. The fertilizer used was 32 P labelled triple superphosphate (143.59 [mu] Ci.g P[sup -1]). It was found that: (a) the phosphorus fertilization significantly increased (P<0.05) the yield (from 19.9 to 37.7 t. ha[sup -1]) and the accumulation of P (from eight to 17.8 Kg P ha[sup -1]) by the tubers, but there was no significant effects of times of the fertilizer application; (b) the accumulation of P by the plant accompanied the accumulation of plant dry matter; (c) at 75 DAE the fraction of fertilizer P in the plant shoot in the treatment fertilizer at 30 DAE (52.1%) was significantly higher than that fertilized at planting (21.8%), and this corresponded to a P fertilizer use efficiency of 2.4 and 0.82%, respectively. (author).

Efeitos da utilização de misturas de adubos com ou sem enxofre na precocidade e nas características do capulho e da fibra do algodoeiro Effects of mixtures of fertilizers with or without sulfur on cotton earliness and some characteristics of fibers and bolls

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Nelson Paulieri Sabino

1984-01-01

Full Text Available São apresentados resultados referentes à precocidade e características do capulho e da fibra do algodoeiro, obtidos em ensaio de caráter permanente, no município de Guaíra (SP, em gleba de Latossolo Roxo, durante o período 1974/75-1977/78, utilizando-se a variedade 'IAC 16'. Além da reação ao fósforo, foi planejado um estudo conjunto visando observar a resposta do algodoeiro à aplicação de misturas de adubo contendo fósforo e enxofre em quantidades variáveis. A análise e a interpretação dos resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: a Adubações com superfosfato triplo ou simples, em solo deficiente em fósforo, resultaram em maior precocidade no ciclo do algodoeiro, enquanto o uso de sulfato de amônio em cobertura tendeu a prolongar esse ciclo; b Ambas as fontes citadas de fósforo proporcionaram aumentos significativos no peso de capulho e no comprimento das fibras, enquanto apenas o superfosfato simples aumentou sensivelmente o peso de cem sementes e o índice Micronaire, que representa o complexo finura + maturidade da fibra; c As características porcentagem de fibras, uniformidade de comprimento, resistência e maturidade das fibras, não foram alteradas significativamente pelos tratamentos estudados.Effects of fertilizers mixtures with or without sulfur on cotton earliness and some characteristics of fiber and bolls, obtained in a field experiment carried out at Guaira County (SP in a oxisoil -"Latossolo Roxo" - during the years of 1974/75 to 1977/78, are related. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results: a - soil fertilizations with concentrated superphosphate or ordinary superphosphate resulted in early picking of cotton crop. Plant cycle, was delayed with split application of ammonium sulphate; b - both concentrated superphosphate and ordinary superphosphate increased significantly boll weight and fiber length, but only ordinary superphosphate gave significant increases on seed weights and

Fluorosis of cattle in the Wroclaw province

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bohosiewicz, M; Jopek, Z

1975-01-01

Fluorosis of cattle and sheep was diagnosed in the neighborhood of glassworks and a superphosphate mill. In cows there was a brown color and loss of the enamel on incisive teeth, uneven detrition of molar teeth, osseous lesions in teeth and limb bones, and in some animals also swelling and painfulness of limb joints, hobble and cachexia. In sheep the lesions were observed in teeth only. Exacerbation of the lesions in the animals coming from the neighborhood of the glass works was greater than in those coming from the neighborhood of the superphosphate mill. There was found no relation between exacerbation of the lesions in teeth and bones.

Use of solid-phase salt catalysts in furfural preparation

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Morozov, E.F.; Shkut, V.M.; Kebich, M.S.; Kuznetsova, T.A.

1981-01-01

The manufacture of furfural (I) from tanning waste, birch sawdust, or corncobs at 220-230 degrees in the presence of 2.0-3.0% double superphosphate, ammophos, (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, NH/sub 4/NO/sub 3/, or NH/sub 4/Cl was evaluated. Most of I is formed within 40 minutes in the presence of NH4NO3 or NH4Cl, and within 55 minutes in the presence of double superphosphate. The highest yield of I was obtained in the presence of NH4NO3 and/or NH4Cl. The solid-phase catalyst caused a little degradation of lignocellulose.

Aluminium uptake and translocation in Al hyperaccumulator Rumex obtusifolius is affected by low-molecular-weight organic acids content and soil pH.

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Stanislava Vondráčková

Full Text Available High Al resistance of Rumex obtusifolius together with its ability to accumulate Al has never been studied in weakly acidic conditions (pH > 5.8 and is not sufficiently described in real soil conditions. The potential elucidation of the role of organic acids in plant can explain the Al tolerance mechanism.We established a pot experiment with R. obtusifolius planted in slightly acidic and alkaline soils. For the manipulation of Al availability, both soils were untreated and treated by lime and superphosphate. We determined mobile Al concentrations in soils and concentrations of Al and organic acids in organs.Al availability correlated positively to the extraction of organic acids (citric acid < oxalic acid in soils. Monovalent Al cations were the most abundant mobile Al forms with positive charge in soils. Liming and superphosphate application were ambiguous measures for changing Al mobility in soils. Elevated transport of total Al from belowground organs into leaves was recorded in both lime-treated soils and in superphosphate-treated alkaline soil as a result of sufficient amount of Ca available from soil solution as well as from superphosphate that can probably modify distribution of total Al in R. obtusifolius as a representative of "oxalate plants." The highest concentrations of Al and organic acids were recorded in the leaves, followed by the stem and belowground organ infusions.In alkaline soil, R. obtusifolius is an Al-hyperaccumulator with the highest concentrations of oxalate in leaves, of malate in stems, and of citrate in belowground organs. These organic acids form strong complexes with Al that can play a key role in internal Al tolerance but the used methods did not allow us to distinguish the proportion of total Al-organic complexes to the free organic acids.

The influence of various doses of phosphorus and of the addition of calcium or potassium fertilization upon the yield of tomatoes in Wrocław hydroponic culture using two intensities of light

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Z. Gumicka

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Two experiments were carried out with phosphate fertilization of tomatoes in hydroponic culture. It has been proved that an additional dose of phosphorus given during the second cluster bloom, caused an yield increase. The optimal dose is 12 g of superphosphate (16% P2O5 per plant. The "green back" symptoms did not appear in these conditions. The parallel additional applying of calcium or potassium gave a decrease of the yield. When the light intensity was lowered to about 50%, the yield has decreased by half. In these conditions an additional applying of calcium (0,4 g CaCO3 and phosphorus (1g superphosphate annulated the negative influence of the low light intensity.

Radioisotopes labelled agrochemicals for fertiliser development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cherian, S.; Subramanian, T.K.; Aachari, P.S.; Murthy, T.S.

1979-01-01

Chemical fertilisers like superphosphate, urea, ammonium phosphate, etc., are extensively used in agriculture for improving yields of various crops. Agrochemicals labelled with radioisotopes help in evaluating the fertiliser uptake and the role of essential nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium in different types of soils. Such studies help the industry considerably in preparing fertilisers suitable for various crops and soil conditions. Methods have been developed for the large scale preparation of labelled fertilisers like superphosphate- 32 P, nitric phosphate- 32 P with varying water solubilities. An account of the experimental investigations carried out and the finalised procedures for the preparation of labelled agrochemicals are given. The chemical methods developed would be suitable for production of fertilisers using raw materials indigenously available. (auth.)

Effect of chemically processed bonemeal in comparison to other phosphatic sources on plant growth - [Part]1 : rice wheat rotation in an alluvial soil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vimal, O.P.; Ramasami, S.

1976-01-01

The effect of chemically processed bonemeal was studied in comparison to other phosphatic sources viz., superphosphate, steamed bonemeal and raw bonemeal at the rate of 60 and 120 kg P 2 O 5 /ha on rice in alluvial soil. The residual effect was studied with wheat using 32 P as a tracer. The results showed that in the first crop (rice), superphosphate at the rate of 120 kg/ha had a significant effect both on dry matter yield and nutrient uptake. In the second crop (wheat), chemically processed bonemeal at the rate of 120 kg/ha showed a marked positive effect on yield, total P uptake and 'A' values. The effects of steamed bonemeal and raw bonemeal were significantly lower compared to above effects. (author)

Nitrogen fertilization efficiency with Urea ({sup 15}N) in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu associated with split application of ordinary superphosphate and potassium chloride; Eficiencia da fertilizacao nitrogenada com ureia ({sup 15}N) em Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu associada ao parcelamento de superfosfato simples e cloreto de potassio

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oliveira, P.P.A. [EMBRAPA, Pirassununga, SP (Brazil). Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado e Leite]. E-mail: ppaolive@cnpgl.embrapa.br; Trivelin, P.C.O. [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Lab. de Isotopos Estaveis]. E-mail: pcotrive@cena.usp.br; Oliveira, W.S. [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Lab. de Biologia Celular e Molecular]. E-mail: wsolivei@carpa.ciagri.usp.br

2003-08-01

In pastures, the evaluation of fertilization efficiency of urea-N is important since it is applied on a massive scale. Several studies report an enhancement of the fertilizers efficiency by associated applications of urea with potassium chloride (KCl) and ordinary superphosphate (OSP). In the recovery of degraded pastures or in intensive exploration systems, high quantities of KCl and OSP used as corrective fertilization are applied at the november, beginning of the rain season. Split applications of KCl and OSP could easily be associated with urea-N surface application without additional costs. An evaluation of this management was the objective of this experiment. The annual balance of {sup 15} N application with urea was obtained in treatments where OSP and/or KCl were split, top-dressed in five applications associated with urea, or when both were applied together in November. Highest forage production was obtained when OSP was split, followed by split KCl, the unique application of both together, and finally both split. The recovery of urea-N in the aerial part and the soil-pasture system remained unaltered by the treatments. However, the recovery of plant crown and root system differed among the treatments and was positively correlated with forage production. Fertilizer-N recovery in the litter was favored by splitting KCl. Even though the total recovery of the system was not improved by the treatments, splitting of KCl and OSP are indicated for an increased recovery of urea-N in numerous plant structures, resulting in a higher forage production. (author)

Agronomic evaluation of guano sources by means of isotope techniques

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zapata, F.; Arrillaga, J.L.

2002-01-01

Many soils of the tropics and subtropics under continuous cultivation are very infertile, thus poor yields are obtained and little crop residues remain to protect the soils from degrading erosion. External nutrient inputs in the form of chemical fertilizers, organic materials and other nutrients sources are essential for developing sustainable agricultural production systems. As chemical fertilizers are costly for developing countries with insufficient foreign currency for their purchase and their supplies are limited and irregular for small landholders, alternative nutrient sources must be sought and evaluated for use in dominant agricultural production systems. Locally available organic materials of different origin are potential sources of nutrients. One such source with high agronomic potential is guano. The present study was carried out to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of two guano materials of different origin (Zaire and Peru) as sources of nitrogen and phosphorus as compared to chemical fertilizers (ammonium sulfate and triple superphosphate) using isotopic ( 15 N and 32 P) techniques. Using the classical method of comparing dry matter weight and P uptake, no significant differences among the tested guano sources were found. The use of the isotopic techniques allowed a quantitative assessment of the N and P supply to crops. Both guano materials were found to be good sources of N but in contrast were poor sources of phosphorus. In addition, from the agronomic evaluation, it was found that the guano of Zaire and the ammonium sulfate were N sources of equivalent efficiency and the guano of Peru even slightly better than the ammonium sulfate. As expected, P in the single superphosphate was as available to the P in the triple superphosphate. However, the substitution ratios for the guano sources were relatively high. Thus, 1 kg P as single superphosphate was equivalent to 9.5 kg P as guano from Zaire or 12.5 kg P as guano from Peru. Further field trials in

Effect of heavy store dressing with rock phosphate on a fine sand soil

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Armi Kaila

1969-05-01

Full Text Available Results are reported of a long-term field trial on acid fine sand soil in which the effects of store dressing with rock phosphate in amounts of 0, 4000, 8000, or 12000 kg/ha was studied comparing them with an annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate using the split plot technique. In the first four years, more thoroughly studied, the response to the store dressing with rock phosphate was distinct both in the dry matter yields and the phosphorus content of the cereal and the red clover-timothy hay. The differences between the various rates of rock phosphate treatments were not statistically significant, though there was some tendency to higher results with larger amounts of rock phosphate. The annual applications of superphosphate as surface dressing to the ley did not brought about any significant increase in the dry matter yield of the rock phosphate plots, and although they tended to increase the phosphorus content of hay, the increase was statistically significant only in a few cases. No effect was found on the phosphorus content of barley grain and straw in the ninth experimental year. No differences were found in the calcium, magnesium, or potassium content of the plant samples from the variously treated plots. Nitrogen content of clover and timothy was increased by both rock phosphate and superphosphate, particularly in the first year ley. In this soil, 4000 kg/ha of rock phosphate was effective enough to produce higher dry matter yields of hay, with equal phosphorus content, than the annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. Soil analyses indicated that this soil represented the extreme pattern of phosphorus retention in which applied phosphate is almost completely retained as aluminium bound forms of the fluoride soluble fraction supposed to be fairly available. It was suggested that in soils which retain the slowly dissolving rock phosphate phosphorus mainly as less available iron bound forms, heavy applications of

Interaction entre le fumier enrichi, le calcaire et les différentes sources de phosphore issues de la roche phosphatée de Matongo sur un ferralsol de la région du Bututsi (Burundi

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Rwigema, JB.

1993-01-01

Full Text Available Interaction between enriched farmyard manure with fertilizers, lime and different phosphorus sources obtained from the phosphatic rock from Matongo on a ferralitic soil from the region of Bututsi (Burundi. This study on maize growing in pots shows that (i in combination with other inputs (farmyard manure and lime, the most soluble phosphorus sources (triple and simple superphosphate can be replaced by partially acidulated rock phosphate (50 % obtained by mixing simple superphosphate and rock phosphate both originating from the rock phosphate deposits in Matongo (Burundi, (ii the exchangeable Al can be reduced by both the addition of farmyard manure and lime, but the action of the different phosphorus 'source leave the most Bray-1 extractable phosphorus in the soil, the largest quantifies correspond to the highest doses of farmyard manure.

Studies on effects of salicylic acid and thiourea on biochemical ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Henrik

2012-08-09

Aug 9, 2012 ... nitrogenous compounds, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral nutrition ... the form of Ammonium nitrate (33.5% N), calcium superphosphate ... Flag leaf area: The leaf area (cm2) was determined by the method described in ...

The beneficial effect of dual inoculation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae + rhizobium on growth of white clover

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Lin, XG.

1993-01-01

Full Text Available Investigation on the effect of phosphorus on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection, and dual inoculation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae + rhizobium on growth of white clover under field microplots and pot experiments was conducted on fluvo-aquic soils of semi-arid region in north China. The results showed that 60 kg P205 ha in form of superphosphate was the most favorable phosphorus level for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection ; mycorrhizal infection, nodulation, dry weight of shoots and roots, total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements, the final yields and recovery of phosphorus of white clover were significantly increased by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and dual inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium. The highest response of inoculation was obtained by adding fertilizer phosphorus at the level of 60 kg P205 ha in form of superphosphate.

Damage caused due to foundry smoke

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1891-01-01

A detailed analysis of an air pollution event which occurred in 1891 in the vicinity of a superphosphate plant is given. The logic and tests used to implicate HF as the causative agent of environmental stress are detailed thoroughly.

Ensayo de fertilización del pasto puntero (Hyparrhenia rufa con un diseño de superficies de respuesta en la zona de Chaparral, Tolima

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Buritica Martínez Hernando

1991-12-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un esayo de fertilización con NPK empleando urea, superfosfato tripley cloruro de potasio como fuentes en pasto puntero (Hyparrhenia rufa en la vereda Espíritu Santo, municipio de Chaparral, Tolima en suelos francos arenosos de laderade baja a mediana fertilidad natural, altura de 1.000 m.s.n.m., temperatura diaria de 25 grados, precipitación promedia anual de 2.500 mms. y una estación seca bien definida entre los meses de junio a septiembre, utilizando el modelo de superficies de respuesta desarrollado por Box y Hunter, ex·puesto por Cochran y Cox y recomendado por Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Los modelos de regresión obtenidos, muestran incrementos crecientes en la producción de forraje verde y contenido proteínico para las aplicaciones crecientes de nitrógeno y fósforo, con máximos equivalentes a 41 toneladas/Ha y 3.5% con aplicaciones de 400 y 200 kgs/Ha de úrea y superfosfato triple. En las condiciones de ensayo, se demuestra la conveniencia de la aplicaciónde nitrógeno y fósforo en cantidades comprendidas entre 150 a 200 y 75 a too kilos de úrea y superfosfato triple por hectárea respectivamente.
A field experiment were conducted in order to know the response of "Puntero" grass (Hyparrhenia rufa to the application of diferent amount of Urea, concentrated superphosphate and muriate of potash, in a sand 108m soil of farm located in Chaparral (Tolima at 1000 above sea level, 250C annual mean temperature, and 2.500mm annual mean precipitation. Box and Hunter's surface response model was usedas advised by the Instituto Agropecuario Colombiano.The regresion analysis shows that increasing applications levels of Nitrogen (urea and Phosphorus (superphosphate increase the amount of green forage and protein conten; highest level of forage 41 ton and protein 3.5% content were obtained using 400 and 200 kg.ha-1 of urea and superphosphate. From this information, the author recomend the use of amounts between 150

Determination of phosphorus absorption in function of the time in two soils from volcanic ashes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pino N, I; Casas G, L.

1988-01-01

A green house experiment was carried out with the aim to define the most appropiate period of harvest of plant materials, and also to define the absorption curve of P through the time. The absorption curve of P was also studied for the Osorno soil series using triple superphosphate P32 and phosphoric rock from Bahia Inglesa. The P rates were 500 mg and 1.000 mg respectively. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) var. Perquenco, was used at ten plants per pot. of 1.000 cc. A gradual absorption of P through the time was detected, reaching its maximun value 65 days after the emergency. The P from the fertilizer and the total P follow the same tendency, while the P from the soil decreases through the time. For the period of the time considered in this research the triple superphosphate was 10 times more efficient than the phosphoric rocck. (author)

Effects of bradyrhiziobium and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation on symbiotic properties, yield and seed quality of groundnut

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Mohamedzein, Ekhlas Mohamedzein M [Department of Biochemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum (Sudan)

1996-11-01

A local and introduced Bradyrhizobium strains and a locally-isolated VAM fungi were used to study their effects on groundnut in clay (Shambat) and sandy (El-Rwakeeb) soil in a pot experiment. A field experiment was carried out at El-Rwakeeb to study the effect of urea, superphosphate and chicken manure on inoculated or uninoculated groundnut. Inoculation significantly increased number of nodules, dry weight of shoot, root and nodules, plant N and P content, number and dry weight of pods, yield and seed composition and quality in both pot and field experiments. Introduced strain (TAL 1000) was more effective than locally- isolated strain (ENRRI 16). All fertilizers added to inoculated or uninoculated groundnut significantly increased all measured parameters. Chiken manure reflected good results than rea and superphosphate, which showed comparable results. All treatents significantly improved the seed composition especially protein and oil content. (Author) 89 refs. , 25 tabs.

Effects of bradyrhiziobium and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation on symbiotic properties, yield and seed quality of groundnut

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mohamedzein, Ekhlas Mohamedzein M.

1996-11-01

A local and introduced Bradyrhizobium strains and a locally-isolated VAM fungi were used to study their effects on groundnut in clay (Shambat) and sandy (El-Rwakeeb) soil in a pot experiment. A field experiment was carried out at El-Rwakeeb to study the effect of urea, superphosphate and chicken manure on inoculated or uninoculated groundnut. Inoculation significantly increased number of nodules, dry weight of shoot, root and nodules, plant N and P content, number and dry weight of pods, yield and seed composition and quality in both pot and field experiments. Introduced strain (TAL 1000) was more effective than locally- isolated strain (ENRRI 16). All fertilizers added to inoculated or uninoculated groundnut significantly increased all measured parameters. Chiken manure reflected good results than rea and superphosphate, which showed comparable results. All treatents significantly improved the seed composition especially protein and oil content. (Author)

Root activity patterns of some tree crops. Results of a five-year co-ordinated research programme of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture. [32p; injection into banana trees, orange trees, cacao trees, coffee trees, and oil palms

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1975-01-01

A coordinated research program was followed using a soil injection method which employed /sup 32/P-labelled superphosphate solution. The technique was applied for determining the root activity distribution of various crops. Field experiments were carried out in Uganda on bananas, Spain and Taiwan on citrus, Ghana on cocoa, Columbia and Kenya on coffee, and Ivory Coast and Malaysia on oil palms, to study the patterns of root activity as a function of depth and distance from the tree base, soil type, tree age and season. A few weeks after injection, leaf samples of similar age were taken from well-defined morphological positions on the tree and analyzed for /sup 32/P. The activity of the label in the sample reflects the root activity at the various positions in the soil. Some preliminary experiments were also carried out using /sup 32/P-superphosphate to evaluate the efficiency of different methods of fertilizer placement in relation to phosphate uptake by the plantation as a whole.

Phosphorus use efficiency of tomato as influenced by phosphorus and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi inoculation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dhinakaran, R.; Savithri, P.

1997-01-01

A pot experiment was conducted on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.var. CO3) grown in red non-calcareous soil (Paralythic Ustochrept) to study the effect of different P treatments involving single superphosphate (SSP) and Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) added at different levels, viz. 100 and 75 kg P 2 O 5 /ha along with and without vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi inoculation. The results revealed that the P application as superphosphate at 100 kg P 2 O 5 /ha significantly increased the yield of tomato but the application of VAM fungi did not have any pronounced effect on tomato yield. The 32 P studies confirmed the increased uptake of P by the plants at higher level of P application. P content and its uptake by tomato fruit increased with the increasing levels of P application and VAM inoculation. The VAM fungi inoculation was also helpful in increasing the fertilizer use efficiency and also per cent P derived from fertilizer. (author)

Availability of phosphorus from ground phosphate rocks for rape (Brassica napus L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhu Yongyi; Yang Juncheng; Chen Jingjian; Liu Delin; Zhu Zhaomin; Wu Ming

1996-09-01

The availability of phosphorus from the ground phosphate rock, which is provided by Kaiyang mining plant, Guizhou Province of China, is investigated in pot experiment with acid red soil for rape (Brassica napus L. No. 13 Xingyou, Chinese Olive Group) by 32 P indirect labelling method. The results show that the yield increased significantly by applying ground phosphate rock (GPR) and the efficiency of GPR is equal to 17.1% of that from calcium superphosphate. It is calculated as that the fertilizer efficiency of 1 kg of calcium superphosphate is the same as that of 8.53 kg ground phosphate rock in Guizhou Province of China. The effect on the grain yield is evaluated by pot and field microplot experiments, and it is found that the main effect is to increase the pod number. The fertilizer efficiency in field experiment is the same as that in pot experiment. (9 refs., 1 fig., 7 tabs.)

Root activity patterns of some tree crops

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1975-01-01

A coordinated research programme was followed using a soil injection method which employed 32 P-labelled superphosphate solution. The technique was applied for determining the root activity distribution of various crops. Field experiments were carried out in Uganda on bananas, Spain and Taiwan on citrus, Ghana on cocoa, Columbia and Kenya on coffee, and Ivory Coast and Malaysia on oil palms, to study the patterns of root activity as a function of depth and distance from the tree base, soil type, tree age and season. A few weeks after injection, leaf samples of similar age were taken from well-defined morphological positions on the tree and analyzed for 32 P. The activity of the label in the sample reflects the root activity at the various positions in the soil. Some preliminary experiments were also carried out using 32 P-superphosphate to evaluate the efficiency of different methods of fertilizer placement in relation to phosphate uptake by the plantation as a whole

Effect of N, P and K Humates on Dry Matter of Zea mays and Soil

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Sharjeel Ahmad

may only be applicable to similar acid soils. The outcome of this study may contribute to the improvement of urea N use efficiency as well as reducing environmental pollution. Key words: Humic acids, fulvic acids, triple superphosphate, muriate of potash, soil exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, Zea mays, dry matter.

The effect of soilagrochemical properties on level of available phosphate in soil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Yumei

1985-01-01

Superphosphate labelled with 32 P and 15 typies of soil were used to study the effect of various soil-agrochemical properties on the availability of phosphate. The level was figured with A value. The relations of A to soybean yield and soil-agro-chemical properties were analysed through Multiple regression

Adubação do algodoeiro: IX - Ensaios com diversos adubos fosfatados (3.ª série Fertilizer experiments with cotton: IX - Trials with various phosphorus fertilizers (3rd series

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Ismar Ramos

1960-01-01

results obtained in eight experiments carried out from 1949-50 to 1954-55, in which superphosphate was compared with Hyperphosphate and Serrote-phosphate (ground rock phosphates on the basis of 0, 40 and 80 kilograms of P2O5 to the hectare in the presence of nitrogen and potash. The experiments were conducted for 2-5 yeors in the same plots and located on different soil types of the Planalto Paulista. In the overage of the six experiments located on soil which responded to phosphorus, with the 40-kilogram rate of application the yield increases due to Hyperphosphate and Serrote-phosphote were respectively half and one fourth of that caused by superphosphate; with the 80-kilogram rate, however, the response to Hyperphosphate was a little superior and that of Serrote-phosphate about equal to half the effect of superphosphate. The relative responses to the three phosphates were practically equal in the various soil types, but they changed appreciably in the course of the experiments. In the first year, while superphosphate increased considerably the yields, the responses to the other phosphates were very poor, even when they were applied at the 80-kilogram rate. However, starting from the second or third year the effects of the two rates of Hyperphosphate were a little superior to half the effects of the corresponding doses of superphosphate. Regarding Serrote-phosphate, at the 40-kilogram rate its effect was always very poor, but with the double rate it proved about half as efficient as superphosphate with the same amount of phosphorus.

40 CFR 63.625 - Monitoring requirements.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... determine and permanently record the mass flow of phosphorus-bearing feed material to the process. The... P2O5 feed by first determining the total mass rate in metric ton/hour of phosphorus bearing feed using... accurate account of granular triple superphosphate in storage to permit the determination of the amount of...

Cotton Wilt and the Environment

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

as well as mature healthy plants growing in diseased soil. (2) Fusarium hyphae may not be present in the wilt-affected plants. (3) Superphosphate ... agencies, such as organic manure, aluminium salts, lime and water-logging. (8) Seedlings in the very first stages of wilt-infection, if transplanted into healthy soil, develop into ...

Phosphate rock utilization by soybean genotypes on a low-P ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Thirteen promiscuous soybean genotypes were evaluated in a low-P soil at Fashola in the derived savanna of Nigeria to compare their ability to acquire and utilize P from phosphate rock (PR) and single superphosphate (SSP). Changes in soil P fractions after a subsequent maize crop were also assessed. The treatments ...

Effect of time and doses of potassium application on uptake of fertilizer phosphorus by wheat in acid soils of Palampur

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Deb, D.L.; Mev Singh; Joshi, O.P.

1974-01-01

Under greenhouse conditions, application of potassium at tillering stage reduced K uptake, P uptake and fertilizer P uptake in grains, as compared to application at sowing in acid soils of Palampur; however, application at this stage increased the percent P dff in wheat grains. P was applied as 32 P-superphosphate. (author)

Adubação do milho: XVIII - Ensaios com diversos fosfatos (4.ª série. Fertilizer experiments with corn: XVIII - Trials with various phosphorus sources (4th series

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G.P Viégas

1961-01-01

Full Text Available Neste artigo os autores relatam os resultados de mais quatro ensaios de adubação do milho, realizados entre 1949-50 e 1956-57 em diferentes localidades do Estado de São Paulo, e nos quais superfosfato foi comparado com alguns fosfatos naturais, baseando-se o confronto nos seus teores totais de P2O5. Enquanto um dos ensaios foi anual, dois outros foram conduzidos por dois anos e, o quarto, por cinco anos. Em dois dêles também foi estudada a influência da adição de calcário. Tanto o calcário como os adubos só foram aplicados no primeiro ano. Em três ensaios super fosfato foi mui (o superior a Hiperfosfato e, sobretudo, a fosfato Serrote; no outro, os dois últimos fosfatos se mostraram equivalentes e foram apenas um pouco inferiores a super fosfato. Fosfato da Flórida, que só figurou em dois ensaios, comportou-se, em média, como Hiperfosfato. A superioridade de superfosfato proveio principalmente da sua maior eficiência no primeiro ano, pois a partir do segundo os efeitos residuais dos adubos estudados tenderam a se tornar iguais. No ensaio que durou cinco anos a resposta ao calcário foi pràticamente, nula nos dos primeiros anos, mas tornou-se apreciável nos seguintes. E.m outro, conduzido por dois anos em solo mais ácido, o efeito do corretivo foi sofrível no primeiro ano e muito bom no segundo. O calcário tendeu a beneficiar o efeito de superfosfato, mas influiu de modo contraditório sôbre o comportamento dos fosfatos naturais.In this fourth paper on phosphorus fertilizers for corn the authors report the results obtained in four experiments located on different sites of the State of São Paulo, in which superphosphate was compared with three ground rock phosphates, the comparison being based on their contents of total P2O5. While one experiment was annual, the others were conducted for two, two and five years. The effect of liming was also studied in two of the experiments. Lime and fertilizers were applied only in the

Efeito residual de fertilizantes fosfatados solúveis na recuperação de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em Neossolo Quartzarênico Residual effect of soluble phosphorus fertilizers on pasture recovery (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in sandy soil

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Patrícia Perondi Anchão Oliveira

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Dois experimentos foram realizados, por um período de dois anos, para avaliar a resposta de um sistema solo-pastagem a fertilizantes fosfatados de diferentes velocidades de solubilização (superfosfato simples, superfosfato triplo e termofosfato magnesiano associados ou não à calagem. Não houve diferença em produção de forragem entre as várias fontes de fósforo, quando as adubações fosfatadas foram feitas nos dois anos. A associação de fertilizantes pode ser vantajosa, porque o termofosfato promoveu as maiores produções de forragem quando se suprimiu a adubação fosfatada no segundo ano, enquanto as adubações com superfosfatos resultaram nas maiores produções no primeiro ano. A calagem favoreceu a produção de forragem e proporcionou aumento nos teores de nutrientes e redução do alumínio no solo. A resposta à adubação foi melhor no segundo ano, porque a pastagem estava em recuperação.Two experiments were conducted during two years for evaluation of the soil/pasture system response to phosphorus fertilizers with different solubilization rates (ordinary superphosphate, triple superphosphate, and termalphosphate, with and without liming. The various phosphorus sources did not affect forage yield when fertilization was made during two years. Association of fertilizers may be advantageous since termalphosphate promoted the best forage yield when phosphorus fertilization was suppressed in the second year while fertilization with superphosphates resulted in best forage yield in the first year. Liming favored forage yield allowing higher nutrient concentration and reduction of aluminum in the soil. Response to fertilization was better in the second year because the pasture was under recovery.

Bioavailability of radionuclides 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb present in the brazilian phosphate fertilizers and phosphogypsum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Russo, Ana Carolina

2013-01-01

Phosphogypsum, also called gypsum, by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry, can be used as soil conditioner since it provides improvements in the soil-plant system. However, this by-product concentrates radionuclides of the U and Th series, present in the phosphate rock used as raw material, which can impact the environment. In order to study the bioavailability of radionuclides, samples of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizers (monoammonium phosphate and triple superphosphate) were analyzed. The concentration of 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 210 Pb were determined by gamma spectrometry. The samples were leached with a mild EDTA solution and the radionuclides present in the final solution were determined by total alpha and beta counting on a gas flow proportional counter. The percentage of extraction varied from 1.6% to 1.7% for 210 Pb, from 0.5% to 1.4% for 226 Ra and from 0.1% to 1.0% for the 228 Ra in phosphogypsum samples. The low percentage of extraction obtained for the radionuclides can be partly explained by the low solubility of phosphogypsum, which ranged from 7.7% to 16%. For the monoammonium phosphate samples the percentage of extraction were less than 26% for 226 Ra, less than 10% for '2 28 Ra and less than 10% for 210 Pb. In spite of the high solubility of 77% of monoammonium phosphate in the EDTA solution, low concentrations of radionuclides were observed in the leached solution. For the triple superphosphate samples, the percentage of extraction was 2.3% for 226 Ra, 1.2% for 228 Ra and 11.3% for 210 Pb. In spite of the high solubility of 66% of triple superphosphate in the EDTA solution, low concentrations of radionuclides were observed in the leached solution. (author)

Competição de fertilizantes fosfatados para o trigo Influence of phosphate sources on wheat production

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H. Garcia Blanco

1962-01-01

Full Text Available Um experimento de adubação para cultura de trigo, estudando diversos adubos fosfatados, é aqui relatado. Foram empregadas doses crescentes de 90 e 180 kg/ha de P2O5, em presença e em ausência de calcário. Os fosfatos utilizados, sempre acompanhados de nitrogênio e potássio, foram; superfosfato simples, superfosfato triplo, fosforita de Olinda, fosfato Alvorada (apatita do Morro do Serrote e apatita de Araxá. O ensaio foi conduzido no município de Avaré, Estado de São Paulo, em solo do arenito de Botucatu. Os resultados mostraram reação significativa para o fósforo, sòmente quando se usaram os superfosfatos simples e triplo, especialmente para êste último. Por sua vez, parcelas sem calcário não diferiram significativamente, na produção, daquelas que receberam calagem.Results from field experiment are presented in this paper concerning phosphorus fertilization on wheat. Two rates of phosphorus, 90 and 180 kg/ha of P2O5, were compared in presence and absence of lime. Triple superphosphate, ordinary superphosphate and three Brazilian rock phosphates, i.e. fosforita de Olinda, fosfato Alvorada and fosfato Araxá, were utilized as phosphorus sources, with general application of nitrogen and potassium. The experiment was located on a soil classified as Arenito de Bo-tucatu, at Avaré, São Paulo State. The favorable effect of both types of superphosphate in increasing the yeld was highly significant, while the use of three rock phosphates phomoted no significant increase on wheat production, as compared to the checks, without phosphorus. Use of lime had no effect on grain production.

Bioavailability of radionuclides {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra and {sup 210}Pb present in the brazilian phosphate fertilizers and phosphogypsum; Avaliacao da biodisponibilidade dos radionuclideos {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra e {sup 210}Pb presentes nos fertilizantes fosfatados e no fosfogesso de procedencia nacional

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Russo, Ana Carolina

2013-08-01

Phosphogypsum, also called gypsum, by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry, can be used as soil conditioner since it provides improvements in the soil-plant system. However, this by-product concentrates radionuclides of the U and Th series, present in the phosphate rock used as raw material, which can impact the environment. In order to study the bioavailability of radionuclides, samples of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizers (monoammonium phosphate and triple superphosphate) were analyzed. The concentration of {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra and {sup 210}Pb were determined by gamma spectrometry. The samples were leached with a mild EDTA solution and the radionuclides present in the final solution were determined by total alpha and beta counting on a gas flow proportional counter. The percentage of extraction varied from 1.6% to 1.7% for {sup 210}Pb, from 0.5% to 1.4% for {sup 226}Ra and from 0.1% to 1.0% for the {sup 228}Ra in phosphogypsum samples. The low percentage of extraction obtained for the radionuclides can be partly explained by the low solubility of phosphogypsum, which ranged from 7.7% to 16%. For the monoammonium phosphate samples the percentage of extraction were less than 26% for {sup 226}Ra, less than 10% for '2{sup 28}Ra and less than 10% for {sup 210}Pb. In spite of the high solubility of 77% of monoammonium phosphate in the EDTA solution, low concentrations of radionuclides were observed in the leached solution. For the triple superphosphate samples, the percentage of extraction was 2.3% for {sup 226}Ra, 1.2% for {sup 228}Ra and 11.3% for {sup 210}Pb. In spite of the high solubility of 66% of triple superphosphate in the EDTA solution, low concentrations of radionuclides were observed in the leached solution. (author)

Changes of micronutrients, dry weight and plant development in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

User

2011-05-09

May 9, 2011 ... This study was carried out to determine the effects of salt stress on the growth, dry weights and micronutrient contents of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars grown in greenhouse ... crop productivity in the arid and semiarid regions of the ... fertilizer equivalent to 150 kg ha-1 and triple-superphosphate (80 kg.

Nitrogen Fertilization Increases Cottonwood Growth on Old-Field Soil

Science.gov (United States)

B. G. Blackmon; E. H. White

1972-01-01

Nitrogen (150 lb ./acre as NH4N03 ) applied to a 6-year-old eastern cottonwood plantation in an old field on Commerce silt loam soil increased diameter, basal area, and volume growth by 200 percent over untreated controls. The plantation did not respond to 100 pounds P per acre from concentrated superphosphate.

Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils.

Science.gov (United States)

Gimeno-García, E; Andreu, V; Boluda, R

1996-01-01

The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn in different inorganic fertilizers (urea, calcium superphosphate, iron sulphate and copper sulphate) and in pesticides (two herbicides and one fungicide) are evaluated together with the contribution of these metals in soils from their use. The study was made in rice farming areas to the north of Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain). The results obtained show that superphosphate is the fertilizer that contains the highest concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu and Zn as impurities. Copper sulphate and iron sulphate have the most significant concentrations of Pb, and are the only fertilizers in which Ni was detected. The three pesticides analysed show similar Cd contents and the highest levels of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Ni are found in the herbicides. The most significant additions of heavy metals as impurities that soil receives from agricultural practices, are Mn, Zn, Co and Pb. Three contamination indexes have been applied to provide a basis for comparison of potential heavy metal toxicity. These results denote the potential toxicity of heavy metals in the studied soils.

Application of butyl alcohol bacteria for the fermentation of nonnutritive raw materials

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nakhamanovich, B M; Senkevich, V V; Yarovenko, V L

1961-01-01

Materials like corncobs after hydrolysis can be economically fermented by using bacteria which support a butyl alcohol-acetone fermentation. Best results are obtained if (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ and superphosphate are added to the fermentation liquor. Analyses are presnted of the hydrolzates (alcohols, formic acid, 2-furaldehyde, and reducing sugars) and of the final products.

Bedding and Fertilization Influence on Slash Pine Development in the Florida Sandhills

Science.gov (United States)

James B. Baker

1973-01-01

A field study on the infertile and droughty Lakeland sands of west Florida indicated that bedding or fertilization (134 kg P /ha as ordinary superphosphate and 90 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) or both increased early growth of planted slash pine ( Engelm.). Throughout the 6-year study, best growth was obtained when the treatments were...

Adubação da mamoneira: V - Experiência com vários fosfatos em solo do arenito Botucatu Fertilizer experiments with castor beans: V - Trial with several phosphorus sources

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José Luiz V. Rocha

1964-01-01

Full Text Available Numa experiência de adubação da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L,, conduzida por dois anos em solo derivado do arenito Botucatu, com vegetação de cerrado, superfosfato simples foi comparado, na presença de NK, com fosforita de Olinda, fosfato de Araxá e misturas que continham 1/3, 1/2 ou 2/3 da dose total de P2O5 (65 kg/ha como superfosfato, sendo o resto fornecido por um dos fosfatos naturais. Em média dos dois anos, a produção do tratamento sem adubo foi de 196 kg/ha, ao passo que as dos melhores tratamentos oscilaram em tôrno de 650 kg/ha. Embora muito superiores à do tratamento sem adubo, as últimas produções foram apenas sofríveis, aparentemente devido à insuficiência das adubações usadas e a fatores adversos no segundo ano. Empregados sòzinhos, os fosfatos naturais mostraram-se muito inferiores ao superfosfato; nas misturas, porém, não diferiram um do outro nem do adubo padrão. O efeito das misturas diminuiu quando se reduziu a contribuição de superfosfato, mas as diferenças foram pequenas. O efeito residual de PK, verificado no segundo ano, em parte da experiência, correspondeu a cêrca de 1/3 da resposta a NPK, obtida nos canteiros que receberam essa adubação nos dois anos.In the experiment reported, conducted for two years on poor soil derived from the Botucatu sandstone, superphosphate was compared, in the presence of NK with Olinda and Araxa phosphates (ground natural phosphates, and mixtures containing 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of the total dosis of P2O5 (65 kilograms per hectare as superphosphate, the remaining being supplied by one of the natural phosphates. The average yield of the two years was only 196 kg/ha (kilograms per hectare in the unfertilized plots and varied around 650 kg/ha in the better treatments. Although much higher than that of the unfertilized treatment, the latter yields were unsatisfactory, apparently due to the use of inadequate rates of application, deficiency of elements other than those

Fertilizer phosphorus in some Finnish soils

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Armi Kaila

1961-01-01

Full Text Available In the present paper it is tried to trace the fate of fertilizer phosphorus in soil by comparing the analyses of soils from treated and untreated plots of field trials. This indirect approach cannot be expected to provide exact values, but it is likely to give an approximate answer. The results reported above do not in any marked degree change our present conception of the forms in which fertilizer phosphorus accumulates in soils. In the acid soils studied (pH 4—6.4 in 0.02 N CaCl2 superphosphate tended to increase the fractions which were extracted by NH4F or NaOH. Hyperphosphate phosphorus was mostly found in the acid-soluble fraction. During a longer period of dressing with phosphate an increase in the organic phosphorus content of a peat soil could be detected. In the incubation experiments the mineralization of organic phosphorus occurred at a higher rate in the samples from the plots treated with superphosphate than in those from the untreated one. It might be supposed that the organic phosphorus mineralized mainly originated from the plant residues. It seems that the fractionation method developed by CHANG and JACKSON (4 for the estimation of discrete forms of soil phosphorus is not quite satisfactory for tracing the fertilizer phosphorus in soils recently dressed with phosphates. In particular, it may be fallacious to conclude that the fraction extracted by NH4F would only represent phosphorus bound to aluminium and its compounds. At least in the absence of soil, a large part of phosphorus in dicalcium phosphate dihydrate falls into this fraction, and also a small amount of hyperphosphate phosphorus may be found in it. The test values for »available» phosphorus showed the effect of fertilizers in accordance with previous observations (9, 13. Acetic acid soluble P revealed the treatment with hyperphosphate, but only slightly the application of superphosphate. The test value for the sorbed P of BRAY and KURTZ (2, or phosphorus

Effect of lime, urea and triple super phosphate on nitrogen and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

A study to investigate N and P mineralisation in an acid mollic Andosol was conducted through laboratory incubation for 120 days. Soil samples were taken from 0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm depths. Treatments applied were lime, urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) at rates equivalent to 2.5 t ha-1, 50 and 75 kg ha-1, ...

GROWTH AND LEVELS OF N, P AND K IN ROOTSTOCKS OF TAMARIND TREES USING ORGANIC SUBSTRATES AND DOSES OF PHOSPHORUS

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EDUARDO CASTRO PEREIRA

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this study was to evaluate different organic substrates and phosphorus doses on the growth and leaf content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rootstocks of Tamarindus indica L. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse nursery located on the campus of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA, from March to October 2013. The treatments consisted of three organic sources at a concentration of 40% (v/v (bovine manure, goat manure and a commercial organic compound and four doses of simple superphosphate (0, 0 kg m-3, 2.5 kg m-3, 5.0 kg m-3 and 7.5 kg m-3. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD, with 12 treatments (substrates, four replications and 10 plants per plot, totaling 480 plants. The goat manure and the organic compound were the most suitable treatments for the production of rootstocks of the tamarind tree. The maximum dose of 7.5 g kg-1 of simple superphosphate caused the highest levels of phosphorus and potassium in the dry mass of shoots. The nutrients in the dry matter of shoots accumulated in the following order: N > K > P.

Phosphate fertilizers with varying water-solubilities applied to Amazonian soils: I. agronomic efficiency of P sources

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brasil, E.C.; Muraoka, T.; Boaretto, A.E.; Scivittaro, W.B.

2002-01-01

The relative agronomic efficiency of four phosphate sources (triple superphosphate, ordinary Yoorin thermophosphate, coarse Yoorin thermophosphate and North Carolina phosphate rock) were evaluated, in a pot experiment carried out under greenhouse conditions, using five soils (medium texture Yellow Latosol, clayey Yellow Latosol, very clayey Yellow Latosol, clayey Red-Yellow Podzolic and very clayey Red-Yellow Podzolic) from Para State, Brazil. The soils received three rates of phosphorus (40, 80 and 120 mg P/kg of soil) plus the control (0P) treatment. A randomized block design with three replicates was used. Two consecutive crops (cowpea and rice) were used as test plants. The results showed that the best dry matter yield and P uptake for cowpea were obtained in soils fertilized with triple superphosphate. The agronomic efficiency index of ordinary Yoorin was superior to the coarse Yoorin and North Carolina phosphate rock for the cowpea grown as first crop. The indices were similar for all phosphate sources for the subsequent rice crop. The best residual effect was obtained with North Carolina phosphate rock and coarse Yoorin. The larger particle size of coarse thermophosphate resulted in a decreased P efficiency. (author)

Use of radio-active phosphorus in determining the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by cacao plantation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ahenkorah, Y.

1975-01-01

Both 32 P labelled phosphate solution and superphosphate were used in studying 1) in situ root distribution and activity of twenty year old Amelonado cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) during wet and dry seasons, and 2) the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by the cacao plantation. The 32 P content of the leaves was used to determine patterns of root activity. Uptake of 32 P was greatest during the wet season and root activity highest within the upper 3 cm soil layer in both wet and dry seasons. Highest 32 P activity was obtained at a distance of 120-160 cm, and lowest at 91 cm from the base of the tree. For maximum utilization of phosphate fertilizer by a plantation of twenty year old Amelonado cacao, planted at 240 cm x 240 cm spacing, the fertilizer should be broadcast during the wet season. Under low soil moisture conditions, the placement of 32 P labelled superphosphate provides information on the relative availability of fertilizer or soil phosphorus and does not necessarily reflect the activity of the root profile. Active roots of cacao tend to be more extensive and are capable of exploring a much larger area than hitherto expected

Educational experiment for students using natural radioactivity. 2. Practical example of radiochemical experiment conducted at Tottori University

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nakamura, Mariko; Esaka, Takao; Kamata, Masahiro

1999-01-01

This paper presents a practical example of educational experiment conducted at Tottori University, whose theme is to separate 214 Bi(+ 214 Pb) from superphosphate of lime or the soil sampled at Ningyo-Touge mountain pass. The results of this experiment are quantitative enough for educational purpose, although the amount of radioactivity is so small that it is free from any regulation in Japan. (author)

Alterações nas concentrações de fósforo em solos cultivados com arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul Phosphorus concentration changes in soils under flooded rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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Gustavo Kruger Gonçalves

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Os solos utilizados para a cultura de arroz irrigado por alagamento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul são oriundos de diferentes materiais de origem, os quais conferem diferentes características mineralógicas e químicas, que alteram de forma diferenciada a disponibilidade de P para a cultura. Com o objetivo de verificar essas diferenças na disponibilidade de P para o arroz em solos oriundos de diferentes materiais de origem, conduziu-se um experimento fatorial, delineado em blocos ao acaso, em que cinco solos foram submetidos à ausência ou presença de superfosfato triplo. Os solos derivados de sedimentos de arenito e granito (Planossolos apresentaram redução mais rápida do Fe com liberação do P adsorvido, quando comparados aos solos derivados de sedimento de basalto. Os Planossolos apresentaram maior quantidade de P acumulado no arroz que o Vertissolo e Chernossolo, sem ou com a adição de superfosfato triplo. A adição de superfosfato triplo resultou em maior quantidade de P acumulado na planta para todos os solos.Soils used for production of flooded rice in the state of Rio Grande do Sul are originated from different parent materials, resulting in different characteristics that affect P availability for the crop. The aim of this paper was to verify the differences in P availability for rice in soils originated from different parent materials. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design, where five soils were exposed to absence or presence of triple superphosphate. In the soils derived from sandstone and granite sediment a faster Fe reduction and release of adsorbed P was observed than in soils originated from basalt. The amount of accumulated P in rice was higher in the Planosol than the Vertisol and Mollisol, with and without triple superphosphate application. Triple superphosphate fertilization resulted in greater amounts of P accumulated in all soils.

A adição de diferentes produtos químicos e o efeito da umidade na volatilização de amônia em cama de frango Addition of chemical additives and the effect of moisture in the volatilization of ammonia in poultry litter

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Rangel Medeiros

2008-11-01

Full Text Available Foi avaliada a redução da volatilização de amônia em cama de frangos por meio da adição de aditivos químicos em três experimentos. No primeiro experimento foram estudadas diferentes doses de fosfato: testemunha; 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%, adicionado à cama No segundo, foi estudado o efeito da umidade, para os mesmos tratamentos realizados no primeiro experimento. No terceiro experimento, foram testados diferentes aditivos na cama de frango (testemunha, Sal de Glauber, Enxofre, Sulfato de cobre, Fosfato, Sulfato de alumínio e Carbonato de sódio, nos níveis de concentração de: 1,2,3,4 e 5%. Como resultado, obteve-se que a dose de 15% de superfosfatosimples foi a mais eficiente (PThe effect of additives to reduce volatilization of ammonia in poultry litter was evaluated in three experiments. In experiment one, different doses of phosphate, in the form of simple superphosphate, were studied by means of six treatments: 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% added to the poultry litter. In the second experiment, the effect of humidity was verified by using the same treatments carried out in the previous experiment. In experiment three, different additives were tested in the poultry litter, following seven treatments: Glauber’s salt; sulphur; copper sulphate, phosphate, aluminium sulphate; and sodium carbonate. In treatment one, the dose of 15% of simple superphosphate added to the poultry litter showed to be more effective than the other additives, for it has inhibited 95% of the volatilization. As to experiment two, a strong inhibiting influence of water in the volatilization of ammonia could be detected. As to experiment three, the copper sulphate was the best additive (P>0.05 to inhibit the poultry litter’s volatilization of ammonia (62%, followed by both the aluminium sulphate (53% and the simple superphosphate (43%. The use of carbonate has promoted an increase of 41% in the levels of ammonia volatilization.

Bone histomorphometry of broilers submitted to different phosphorus sources in growing and finisher rations Histomorfometria óssea de frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes fontes de fósforo nas rações de crescimento e terminação

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Rafael Carvalho de Oliveira

2006-10-01

Full Text Available The objective of this work was to identify alterations in the histomorphology of the cortical bone tissue of broilers submitted to growing and finisher rations formulated with five different sources of phosphorus: dicalcium phosphate, simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate and Araxá rock phosphate. Histological images had their components segmented, and were called regions of interest (ROI. Images were analyzed through developed algorithms, using the SCILAB mathematical environment. Eleven features were considered in order to obtain a complete description of the bone images: percentage of bone by area, ROI area, ROI perimeters, ROI elongation, ROI angle and their respective standard deviations, besides entropy of ROI angles and a texture-oriented measure (lacunarity. The substitution of dicalcium phosphate in growing and finisher rations for any other tested source of phosphorus caused significant changes on the hystomorphology of the cortical broilers bones, for example: diminution of bone percentage by area, increase of lacuna area and worse matrix homogeneity. Changes were more pronounced in the Araxá rock phosphate treatments, with the highest fluorine content, than in simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate and monoammonium phosphate treatments, which were similar.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações histomorfológicas na região do osso cortical de frangos de corte alimentados, nas fases de crescimento e engorda, com rações contendo cinco diferentes fontes de fósforo - fosfato dicálcico, superfosfato simples, superfosfato triplo, fosfato monoamônio e fosfato de rocha de Araxá. Imagens histológicas foram digitalizadas, segmentadas em regiões de interesse (ROI e analisadas por meio de algoritmos desenvolvidos no ambiente de programação SCILAB. Consideraram-se onze características para descrição das imagens: porcentagem de osso por área, área da ROI, perímetro da ROI

Preparation of reference material for the measurement of natural radioactivity

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ben Tekaya, Malik

2010-01-01

The objective of this work is to prepare reference material for the calibration of gamma spectrometry, alpha and XRF .Many procedures of chemical preparation and radiological analysis of a reference material from Triple Superphosphate were tested. Several techniques and methods of measurement were used. In addition to a description and validation of these procedures, a study of repeatability was conducted which resulted in a positive characterization of this material.

Dissolving mechanism of strain P17 on insoluble phosphorus of yellow-brown soil

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Zhong Chuan-qing

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Strain P17 was a bacterial strain identified as Bacillus megaterium isolated from ground accumulating phosphate rock powder. The fermentation broth of strain P17 and the yellow-brown soil from Nanjing Agricultural University garden were collected to conduct this study. The simulation of fixed insoluble phosphorous forms after applying calcium superphosphate into yellow-brown soil was performed in pots, while available P and total P of soil were extremely positive correlative with those of groundwater. Then the dissolving effect of strain P17 on insoluble P of yellow-brown soil was studied. Results showed that Bacillus megaterium strain P17 had notable solubilizing effect on insoluble phosphates formed when too much water-soluble phosphorous fertilizer used. During 100 days after inoculation, strain P17 was dominant. Until the 120th day, compared with water addition, available P of strain P17 inoculation treated soil increased by 3 times with calcium superphosphate addition. Besides available P, pH, activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and population of P-solubilizing microbes were detected respectively. P-solubilizing mechanism of P-solubilizing bacteria strain P17 seems to be a synergetic effect of pH decrease, organic acids, phosphatase, etc.

Improving phosphorus availability from Patos phosphate rock for Eucalyptus: a study with 32P radiotracer; Melhorando a disponibilidade de fosforo da rocha fosforica de Patos para eucalipto: um estudo com radiotracador 32P

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Villanueva, Felipe Carlos Alvarez [Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agriculturea Tropical (INIFAT), Santiago de las Vegas, La Habana (Cuba)]. E-mail: falvarez@cena.usp.br; Muraoka, Takashi; Trevizam, Anderson Ricardo [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Lab. de Fertilidade do Solo; Franzini, Vinicius Ide [Sao Paulo Univ., Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. Programa de Pos-graduacao em Solos e Nutricao de Plantas; Rocha, Alexandre Prado [Escola de Engenharia de Piracicaba, SP (Brazil)

2006-01-15

Eucalyptus plantation in Brazil is generally set on low fertility soils, therefore phosphorus (P) fertilization is mandatory and increases the cost of plantation operation. Using species that more efficiently uptake phosphorus from less soluble sources is an interesting option. However, little is known about eucalyptus regarding its ability of using less soluble forms of phosphorus. The use of P by eucalyptus (E. urophylla, E. grandis, and E. urophylla E. grandis) was studied in greenhouse using a loamy-textured, hipodystrophic Typic Haplustox from the Cerrado region, and 32P isotopic method. The P sources tested were triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphate rock (PR) and the triple superphosphate mixed with PR (TSP+PR). The effectiveness of P sources in terms of increasing dry matter yield was TSP = (TSP + PR) > PR, and the P uptake followed the order (TSP + PR) > TSP > PR for both species plus the hybrid. The increase in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence was 217.3% for E. urophylla, 235.7% for E. grandis, and 28.7% for E. urophylla E. grandis, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of PR. The hybrid E. urophylla E. grandis was the most efficient genotype on P soil use and E. grandis most exigent in P fertilizer. (author)

Improving phosphorus availability from Patos phosphate rock for Eucalyptus: a study with 32P radiotracer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villanueva, Felipe Carlos Alvarez; Muraoka, Takashi; Trevizam, Anderson Ricardo

2006-01-01

Eucalyptus plantation in Brazil is generally set on low fertility soils, therefore phosphorus (P) fertilization is mandatory and increases the cost of plantation operation. Using species that more efficiently uptake phosphorus from less soluble sources is an interesting option. However, little is known about eucalyptus regarding its ability of using less soluble forms of phosphorus. The use of P by eucalyptus (E. urophylla, E. grandis, and E. urophylla E. grandis) was studied in greenhouse using a loamy-textured, hipodystrophic Typic Haplustox from the Cerrado region, and 32P isotopic method. The P sources tested were triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphate rock (PR) and the triple superphosphate mixed with PR (TSP+PR). The effectiveness of P sources in terms of increasing dry matter yield was TSP = (TSP + PR) > PR, and the P uptake followed the order (TSP + PR) > TSP > PR for both species plus the hybrid. The increase in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence was 217.3% for E. urophylla, 235.7% for E. grandis, and 28.7% for E. urophylla E. grandis, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of PR. The hybrid E. urophylla E. grandis was the most efficient genotype on P soil use and E. grandis most exigent in P fertilizer. (author)

Response of three soils in the derived savanna zone of southwestern Nigeria to combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer as affecting phosphorus fractions

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Abigail O. Ojo

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Phosphorus inputs to the soil are primarily from the application of fertilizer P and organic resources. A ten week incubation study was carried out to determine the effects of organic and inorganic P sources on phosphorus fractions in three derived savanna soils. Poultry manure was applied at 0, 0.75g, 1.5g, 2.25g and 3g per 300g weight of soil while single superphosphate was applied at 0.0023g, 0.0046g, 0.0069g and 0.0092g per 300g of soil. Sampling was done at two weeks interval. At 0 week of the incubation study, Ekiti series had the largest amount of P fractions i.e. Fe-P, Al-P, residual P, reductant soluble P, occluded P, organic P and occluded P while Ca-P was high in Apomu series. However, increases in Fe-P, Al-P, Ca-P and organic P were observed in the three soil series evaluated and poultry manure was notably effective in reducing P occlusion. In conclusion, it was observed that irrespective of the soil series at different stages of the incubation studies, poultry manure and the combined application of poultry manure and Single superphosphate was highly effective in increasing P fractions.

The beneficial effect of dual inoculation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae + rhizobium on growth of white clover

OpenAIRE

Lin, XG.; Hao, WY.; Wu, TH.

1993-01-01

Investigation on the effect of phosphorus on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection, and dual inoculation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae + rhizobium on growth of white clover under field microplots and pot experiments was conducted on fluvo-aquic soils of semi-arid region in north China. The results showed that 60 kg P205 ha in form of superphosphate was the most favorable phosphorus level for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection ; mycorrhizal infection, nodulation, dry weight ...

Eficiência agronômica de superfosfato triplo e fosfato natural de Arad em cultivos sucessivos de soja e milho Agronomic efficiency of triple superphosphate and Arad rock phosphate on crop rotation of soybean and corn

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Fábio Benedito Ono

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Conduziu-se este estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de doses de adubos fosfatados sobre a cultura da soja e do milho, em cultivos sucessivos. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação da UFGD, em vasos contendo amostras de 5,5 dm³ de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico argiloso, sendo utilizado como fontes de fósforo (P o superfosfato triplo (SFT e o fosfato natural de Arad (FNA. O FNA foi utilizado sob duas formas. Em uma, considerou-se o P total (Arad T e, em outra, apenas a fração de P solúvel em ácido cítrico a 2% (Arad SA, resultando em três fatores de estudo, cada um em seis níveis de P (0, 56, 112, 224, 336 e 560, expressos em mg dm-3. A soja foi semeada em dezembro de 2006 e ao final do ciclo, efetuou-se a colheita, avaliando-se a produtividade de grãos, teores de P na folha e no solo. Após o cultivo da soja, semeou-se o milho, cuja colheita das plantas ocorreu aos 76 dias após a semeadura, sendo avaliados a produção de massa seca da parte aérea e teores de P na folha. O índice de eficiência agronômica foi calculado para ambas as culturas. Conclui-se que, para o primeiro cultivo (soja, o SFT apresentou um melhor desempenho no que se refere à produtividade de grãos, quando comparado ao FNA. No cultivo do milho em sucessão a soja, o FNA tendeu a equiparar-se ao SFT nos atributos avaliados.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphate fertilizer rates on soybean and corn crops, in crop rotation. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Grande Dourados University, in pots with samples of 5.5 dm³ clayey Dystropherric Red Latosol, where the triple superphosphate (TSP and the Arad rock phosphate (ARP were used as P source. Two kinds of ARP were used. In one, the total P (Arad T was considered while in the other, only the P soluble fraction in citric acid at the concentration of 2% (Arad SA was considered, resulting in three factors of study, each with six levels of P (0, 56

Competição de adubos fosfatados no algodoeiro, em ensaio de longa duração Phosphate fertilizers competition in a long term experiment with cotton, on a dusky red latosol

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Nelson Machado da Silva

1987-01-01

consecutive applications of fertilizer mixtures containing P with or without S, in a long term trial conducted with cotton, on an acid and low-fertility Dusky Red Latosol, velvet bean (Stizolobium atterrimum Piper & Tracy was cultivated and limestone enough to attain the soil pH around 6.2, was applied. During the next five years, from 1978 to 1983, IAC 18 cotton cultivar was grown with the same fertilization of the initial phase of study. N and K were supplied in constant dosis, and P and S in variable dosis, through the combination of ammonium sulfate, nitrochalk, ordinary superphosphate, triple superphosphate and potassium chloride. Sulfur deficiency symptoms such as the appearance of yellow leaves at the top of plants ("lemon green" occurred from fifth year on, in the plots which received no S, in accordance with a tendency of increasing yield. However, only after acidity correction, it was possible to maintain high cotton yield and to obtain differences statistically significant between fertilizer mixtures with or without S. In the last five-year period, annual application of 50 and 100 kg/ha of P2O5 increased cotton yield, respectivelly of 37 and 40%, as triple superphosphate and of 55 to 67%, in the case of ordinary superphosphate. With regard to economical aspects, boll weight and fiber length, ordinary superphosphate was also superior. The use of additional doses of S (120 kg/ha however, did not improve the performance of cotton fertilized with 60 kg/ha of S. It was proposed that S should be incorporated in commercial fertilizer mixtures.

Solubilização dos fosfatos naturais Patos de Minas e Arad em dois solos alagados Solubilization of Patos de Minas and Arad rock phosphate in two flooded soils

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Gustavo Krüger Gonçalves

2008-10-01

(Albaqualf and Dystrudepts. The tested factors were phosphorus sources: (a control treatment without P; (b triple superphosphate; (c "Patos de Minas" rock phosphate (Patos; (d "Arad" rock phosphate (Arad. The pH values and the Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg and P concentrations were evaluated in the soil solution during 88 days of flooding. The pH values and the Fe2+ and Mn2+ contents in the Albaqualf and Dystrudepts solution were not affected by triple superphosphate nor by Arad and Patos rock phosphate. The phosphorus content in the soil solution was higher in the treatments with triple superphosphate than in those with phosphate rock, indicating that triple superphosphate is more soluble than rock phosphates in flooded soils. The comparison of rock phosphates reveals that Arad is more soluble than Patos phosphate only in the Albaqualf.

Phosphorus extracted by ion exchange resins and mehlich-1 from oxisols (latosols treated with different phosphorus rates and sources for varied soil-source contact periods

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Irio Fernando de Freitas

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Despite the large number of studies addressing the quantification of phosphorus (P availability by different extraction methods, many questions remain unanswered. The aim of this paper was to compare the effectiveness of the extractors Mehlich-1, Anionic Resin (AR and Mixed Resin (MR, to determine the availability of P under different experimental conditions. The laboratory study was arranged in randomized blocks in a [(3 x 3 x 2 + 3] x 4 factorial design, with four replications, testing the response of three soils with different texture: a very clayey Red Latosol (LV, a sandy clay loam Red Yellow Latosol (LVA, and a sandy loam Yellow Latosol (LA, to three sources (triple superphosphate, reactive phosphate rock from Gafsa-Tunisia; and natural phosphate from Araxá-Minas Gerais at two P rates (75 and 150 mg dm-3, plus three control treatments (each soil without P application after four contact periods (15, 30, 60, and 120 days of the P sources with soil. The soil acidity of LV and LVA was adjusted by raising base saturation to 60 % with the application of CaCO3 and MgCO3 at a 4:1 molar ratio (LA required no correction. These samples were maintained at field moisture capacity for 30 days. After the contact periods, the samples were collected to quantify the available P concentrations by the three extractants. In general, all three indicated that the available P-content in soils was reduced after longer contact periods with the P sources. Of the three sources, this reduction was most pronounced for triple superphosphate, intermediate for reactive phosphate, while Araxá phosphate was least sensitive to the effect of time. It was observed that AR extracted lower P levels from all three soils when the sources were phosphate rocks, while MR extracted values close to Mehlich-1 in LV (clay and LVA (medium texture for reactive phosphate. For Araxá phosphate, much higher P values were determined by Mehlich-1 than by the resins, because of the acidity of

Stabilization and solidification of a heavy metal contaminated site soil using a hydroxyapatite based binder

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Xia, Wei-Yi; Feng, Ya-Song; Jin, Fei; Zhang, Li-Ming; Du, Yan-Jun

2017-01-01

Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) is an efficient and environment-friendly material for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. However, the application of conventional HA powder in stabilizing contaminated soils is limited, due to high cost of final products, difficulties in synthesizing purified HA crystals. A new binder named SPC, which composes of single superphosphate (SSP) and calcium oxide (CaO), is presented as an alternative in this study. HA can form in the soil matrix by an ...

Production of ethanol from blackstrap molasses by saccharomyces cerevisiae

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Elahi, S.; Hashmi, Abu-S.; Akhtar, C.M.; Ilahi, A.; Rajoka, M.I.

1991-01-01

Blackstrap molasses was analyzed for its composition and its fermentation was brought about by the yeast S. cerevisiae at predetermined optimal environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, Sugar concentration, and incubation period. The results revealed that sugar concentration 17%, pH 4.5, temperature 30 C and incubation period of 72 hours were the optimal conditions for producing maximum (73 g/l) ethanol. Clearance of molasses by 20% single superphosphate enhanced ethanol production by only 0.2%. (author)

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on zinc nutrition of maize grow in calcareous soil amended with different phosphorus sources

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aly, S.S.M.; EL-Ghandour, I. A.

2001-01-01

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to improve P nutrition of plants. The information of AMF effects on corn Zn nutrition under P fertilization in calcareous soil is limited. A greenhouse experiment was carried out using calcareous soil and two P-sources i.e single superphosphate and rock phosphate (with full and one third of recommended dose). to evaluate the ability of AMF on improving Zn nutrition in maize plants. Labelled 65 ZnSo 4 was added at rates of 0.10 and 20 mg Zn Kg -1 soil. Zinc uptake and dry mater of corn shoots were improved as a result of AMF inoculation. The maximum improvement was recorded with super-P fertilizer in combination with 10 or 20 mg Zn Kg -1 soil for non-inoculated and AMF inoculated plants. respectively. The amount of Zn in non-inoculated and AMF inoculated plants. respectively. The amount of ZnSo 4 utilized plant derived from fertilizer.(Zndff) and the percent of ZnSo 4 utilization by corn plants were increased when ZnSo 4 was added at rate of 10 mg Zn Kg -1 soil in the presence of super-P fertilizer. Inoculated plants with AMF had higher Zndff content and U% than non-inoculated ones and the greater Zndff and superphosphate fertilizer. It could be concluded that. AMF is useful method utilization by corn plants grown in calcareous soil

effect of two rock phosphates and inoculation with VA mycorrhizae and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on the chickpea-rhizobium symbiosis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Soliman, S.M.; Galal, Y.G.M.; El-Ghandour, I.A.

2004-01-01

A pot experiment was conducted tracing the effect of two types of phosphorus applied at different rates on the release of nitrogen from fertilizer and its impact on biological nitrogen fixation . chickpea (Cicer Arietinum c v. Cicer 36-ICARDA) was inoculated with peat-based inoculum of phosphorin (Bacillus Megatherium phosphate solubilizing bacteria), Mycorrhizae (VAM) and a mixture of phosphorin and VAM. three types of P fertilizer, i.e.superphosphate, rock P 1 (Safaga) and rock P2 (Abou-Trtour) were applied at rate of 25 and 50 mg Pkg -1 soil in the presence or absence of inoculum. labelled ammonium sulfate with 15 N 10% atom excess was applied at rates of 15 and 30 mg N kg -1 soil for chickpea and barley (reference crop) respectively . Addition of phosphorus fertilizers, especially at the high rates, positively affected the growth and dry weight as compared to the unfertilized control. infections with VAM mixed with phosphorin under low level of rock P (Abou-tarour) gave the highest values of dry weight and N and P uptake when compared with both superphosphate-P source and control. biological N 2 fixed was higher in dual inoculation treatments (i.e.phosphorin +VAM) than those receiving a single inoculum. the percentages of N 2 -fixed ranged from 24 to 53 according to inoculation treatments, P sources and levels

Studies of phosphorus-containing fertilizer uptake in soils by 32P isotope labelling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fueleky, Gyoergy; Osztoics, Andrasne; Papne Kranitz, Erzsebet

1983-01-01

Breeding experiments were carried out with rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.) on two soil types to determine the plant uptake of phosphorus from naturally occuring element and from that added to the soil by superphosphate fertilizers. 32 P isotope labelling and radiometric measuring method were applied. In addition to the determination of phosphorus uptake, the phosphorus contents of the soil from its natural stock and from the fertilizer for both soil types can be determined by this method. (A.L.)

Field evaluation of water or citrate soluble phosphorus in modified phosphate rocks for soybean Avaliação agronômica do fósforo solúvel em água ou citrato de fosfatos de rocha acidulados para a soja

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Luís Ignácio Prochnow

2001-03-01

Full Text Available Ten P fertilizers were collected (commercial fertilizers or synthesized (experimental sources in order to obtain single superphosphates varying in water and citrate solubility. A standard source of P was also produced by crystallization of the water-soluble fraction of a triple superphosphate. Eleven P sources were band applied to a medium textured Xanthic Hapludox, in Bahia, Brazil (low content of resin-extractable P at a rate of 80 kg ha-1 of NAC + H2O (neutral ammonium citrate plus water soluble P2O5, with soybean as the crop which was grown to maturity. A check plot (control was included in the study. Three of the P sources [single superphosphate produced from Araxa phosphate rock (PR, low-grade single superphosphate produced from Lagamar PR and the standard source of P] were also applied at rates to provide 40 and 120 kg ha-1 of NAC + H2O soluble P2O5. Yield of soybean was evaluated by analysis of variance with mean comparison performed utilizing LSD lines, considering the P sources applied at a rate of 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 + control. Regression procedures were used to study the relation between yield of soybean and rates of P2O5. The fertilizers tested performed equally well as a source of P for soybean. The level of water-soluble P did not influence fertilizer performance.Dez fontes de P foram coletadas em unidades revendedoras de fertilizantes comerciais ou produzidas em laboratório de tal forma a obter superfosfatos simples com variabilidade em água e citrato neutro de amônio + água (CNA + H2O. Utilizou-se como fonte padrão de fósforo a fração solubilizada, filtrada e cristalizada de um superfosfato triplo. As onze fontes de P foram aplicadas nas linhas de semeadura de soja de um Xanthic Hapludox textura média, localizado no Município de Barreiras, Bahia (baixo teor de fósforo resina na dose de 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 solúvel em CNA + H2O. Três das fontes (superfosfatos simples produzido a partir da rocha fosfática de Araxá e

Determination of radioactive levels in phosphate-containing fertilizers, copper and gold ores by direct gamma ray spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Constantinescu, B.; Constantin, F.; Dusoiu, M.; Pascovici, G.; Macovei, M.

1993-01-01

Two particular aspects of the role played by the natural radiation background in Romanian industry: phosphates-containing fertilizer processing, and copper and gold mining, are presented. U-238, Th-232, K-40, Ra-226 values (Bq/Kg) for various imported phosphorites, superphosphates, concentrated Cu and Au Romanian ores, are reported. A simple and efficient radioactivity determination procedure based on a large volume NaI (Tl) detector coupled to a Romanian-designed portable multichannel analyzer is described. Potential radiological impacts on specialized workers are discussed. (Author)

Evaluation of phosphatic fertilizers on weltland paddy using 32P as tracer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Basu, S.N.; Chowdhury, B.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Dhua, S.P.

1974-01-01

Superphosphate, nitrophosphate and dicalcium phosphate tagged with 32 P were tested on wetland paddy at two levels each in pot culture experiment. All the three fertilizers performed equally in respect of dry matter yield, total phosphorus uptake and fertilizer phosphorus uptake. A higher percent utilization of fertilizer phosphorus was noticed at lower level of fertilizer. Densitometric study of the plant autoradiographs showed maximum accumulation of fertilizer phosphorus in the culm, followed by in leaf sheath and accumulation in leaf blades being the least. (author)

Nutrient absorption and response of lettuce to phosphorus fertilization

OpenAIRE

Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso; Cristiaini Kano; Roberto Lyra Villas Boas

2012-01-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of lettuce (cultivar Verônica) to different levels of phosphorus fertilization. The experiment was conducted from 25/09/2003 (sowing) to 03/12/2003 (harvesting) at the Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, UNESP/FCA, Botucatu/SP, under protective structures. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with five treatments (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800kg.ha-1 of P2O5, in the form of triple superphosphate) and five replications. Pla...

Efeito da adubação fosfatada sobre o crescimento e teor de macronutrientes de mudas de pinhão manso Phosphorus fertilization on growth and contents of macronutrients in Jatropha curcas seedlings

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Rosiane de Lourdes Silva de Lima

2011-12-01

Full Text Available A adição de fósforo na composição do substrato para produção de mudas ajuda as raízes e as plântulas a crescerem mais rapidamente, aumenta a resistência aos estresses ambientais e doenças e melhora ainda a eficiência no uso de nutrientes e da água em várias espécies vegetais. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar o efeito da adição de superfosfato simples no substrato sobre o crescimento e teor foliar de macronutrientes de mudas de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas. O substrato contendo material de solo e composto de lixo recebeu as doses de 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10 e 12,5 kg m-3 de superfosfato simples. As mudas foram avaliadas 30 dias após o plantio. O crescimento máximo das plantas de pinhão manso foi observado com a adição de superfosfato simples ao substrato em doses estimadas na faixa de 5 a 8 kg m-3 de substrato. O fertilizante fosfatado favoreceu o crescimento principalmente de raízes e área foliar e propiciou aumento do teor de todos os macronutrientes no tecido vegetal, exceto o cálcio.The addition of phosphorous to the substrate for the production of seedlings promotes faster growth of both root and shoots, increases tolerance to environmental stress and diseases, and even improves the efficiency of nutrient and water use in several plant species. This experiment aimed to study the effect of the addition of simple superphosphate to the substrate on the growth and macronutrient levels in the contents of seedlings of Jatropha curcas. A substrate containing soil and urban-waste compost was modified by the addition of simple superphosphate in 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; 10.0 and 12.5 kg m-3 amounts. The seedlings were evaluated 30 days after planting. Maximum growth of the Jatropha plants was observed for the simple superphosphate added in estimated amounts in the range of 5 to 8 kg m-3. The phosphorus fertilization especially favored the growth of leaf-area and roots, and promoted increase in contents of all macronutrient except

Study on the placement of phosphorus fertilizer to improve fertilizer utilization by lowland rice

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sisworo, W.H.; Riswantoro; Mardjo, M.

1976-01-01

An experiment for studying the placement of phosphorus fertilizer was carried out in the glass house by using 32 P-labelled superphosphate. The specific activity of the labelled fertilizer used was 0,25 mCi/g P 2 O 5 . Three placement methods were studied: (1) Hill placement: Fertilizer was burried at a distance of 5cm from the plants at the depth of 5 cm, (2) Surface placement: Fertilizer was spread on the surface, and (3) Soil mixed application: Fertilizer was mixed with the soil at the depth of 5 cm. Superphosphate was applied at the rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg P 25 /ha. Results obtained from the experiment showed that the dry matter production was significantly affected by the methods of placement of phosphorus fertilizer. Soil mixed placement gave the lowest yield of dry plant material. It differed significantly from the two other methods of placement. However, there was no significant difference between hill and surface placement. The placement of phosphorus fertilizer significantly affected the total uptake of phosphorus nutrient, uptake fertilizer phosphorus, and the percentage of fertilizer utilization. Surface placement gave the highest utilization of fertilizer when supplied at rates higher than 60 kg P 2 O 5 /ha. At low rate applications, hill placement was the best, but, at rates higher than 60 kg P 2 O 5 /ha the percentage of fertilizer utilization decreased. Soil mixed application was the least efficient fertilizer utilization. (author)

Response of Sorghum bicolor L. to Residual Phosphate on Two Contrasting Soils Previously Planted to Cowpea or Maize

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Tola Omolayo Olasunkanmi

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Proper fertilizer nutrient management through adequate utilization of the residual value coupled with healthy crop rotation contributes significantly to sustainable crop production. This study was conducted to evaluate the direct and residual effects of two rock phosphate (RP materials on two contrasting soils previously planted with either the cereal crop or the leguminous crop. The effectiveness of the RP materials as substitute for the conventional P fertilizers was evaluated using single superphosphate as reference at the Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiments were 2 × 2 × 4 factorial in completely randomized design. The test crops in the first cropping performed better on the slightly acidic loamy sand than on the strongly acidic sandy clay loam. Performance of each crop was improved by P supply in the first and second cropping. Single superphosphate proved to be more efficient than the RPs in the first cropping but not as effective as MRP in the second cropping. In the second cropping, sorghum performed better on the soil previously cropped to cowpea while Morocco RP had the highest residual effect among the P-fertilizer sources. It is evident that rock phosphates are better substitutes to the conventional phosphorus fertilizers due to their long term residual effect in soils. The positive effects of healthy rotation of crops as well as the negative effects of low soil pH are also quite obvious.

Effect of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria on Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Comparison with Chemical and Organic Fertilizers in Wheat

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A. Fallah Nosrat Abad

2015-06-01

Full Text Available The high cost of fertilizers in farming systems, soil pollution and degradation of soil are factors that caused to full use of available renewable nutrient sources of plant (organic and biological with optimal application of fertilizers in order to maintain fertility, structure, biological activity, exchange capacity and water-holding capacity of the water in soil. Therefore, in recent years, according to investigators biofertilizers and organic farming as an alternative to chemical fertilizers has been drawn. Through this study, we examined the effects of triple superphosphate, organic matters and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat and nutrient uptake. The experiment was carried out in the factorial based on randomized complete block design. The factors were: 1-phosphate solubilizing bacteria in three levels including control, Pseudomonas Putida and Bacillus Coagulans bacteria, 2- triple superphosphate in five levels of 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% and 3-organic matter in 2 levels of 0 and 15 ton/ha in the soil with high phosphorous accessibility (13 mg/kg soil but lower than sufficient limit for plant 15 mg/kg soil. The results showed that the highest amount of yield has been recorded in Pseudomonas Putida bacteria treatment with organic matter and 25% phosphate fertilizer. As a result, at the conditions of this experiment phosphate solubilizing bacteria and organic matter significantly had higher yield than control and their combination with phosphate fertilizer had significant effect on reducing phosphate fertilizer use.

Aluminium Uptake and Translocation in Al Hyperaccumulator Rumex obtusifolius Is Affected by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids Content and Soil pH

Science.gov (United States)

Vondráčková, Stanislava; Száková, Jiřina; Drábek, Ondřej; Tejnecký, Václav; Hejcman, Michal; Müllerová, Vladimíra; Tlustoš, Pavel

2015-01-01

Background and Aims High Al resistance of Rumex obtusifolius together with its ability to accumulate Al has never been studied in weakly acidic conditions (pH > 5.8) and is not sufficiently described in real soil conditions. The potential elucidation of the role of organic acids in plant can explain the Al tolerance mechanism. Methods We established a pot experiment with R. obtusifolius planted in slightly acidic and alkaline soils. For the manipulation of Al availability, both soils were untreated and treated by lime and superphosphate. We determined mobile Al concentrations in soils and concentrations of Al and organic acids in organs. Results Al availability correlated positively to the extraction of organic acids (citric acid soil solution as well as from superphosphate that can probably modify distribution of total Al in R. obtusifolius as a representative of “oxalate plants.” The highest concentrations of Al and organic acids were recorded in the leaves, followed by the stem and belowground organ infusions. Conclusions In alkaline soil, R. obtusifolius is an Al-hyperaccumulator with the highest concentrations of oxalate in leaves, of malate in stems, and of citrate in belowground organs. These organic acids form strong complexes with Al that can play a key role in internal Al tolerance but the used methods did not allow us to distinguish the proportion of total Al-organic complexes to the free organic acids. PMID:25880431

Uptake of soil-, foliar-and pod-applied nitrogen and phosphorus by rape (Brassica napus L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Qinzheng; Xi Haifu; Lang Xianhua

1992-01-01

Uptake of soil-applied and foliar-and pod applied N, P by rape was studied by using 32 P and 15 N labelled fertilizer under pot culture condition. Application of phosphorus fertilizer to purplish clayey paddy soil which was poor in available P had influence on utilization of basal-dressed NH 4 HCO 3 by rape and subsequently on its growth and seed yield. Utilization rate of applied N in whole plant and seeds were 3.66 and 5.13 fold respectively as compared with control when 187.5 kg/ha of superphosphate were applied and increased with increasing application of superphosphate (187.5-562.5 kg/ha). Application of P fertilizer not only increased uptake of N but also promoted transportation of N from vegetative organs to seeds. Rape plant uptook 69.09% of foliar-and pod-applied N in form of 2% solution of urea after flowering and transported the N to seeds in greater proportion than that of soil-applied N. In the same period, 60% of foliar- and pod-applied P in form of 0.2% KH 2 PO 4 was absorbed by rape plant, most of which was in leaves. Uptake of N and P by rape increased 17.89% and 27.78% respectively when urea and phosphate was applied together compared with using urea and phosphate alone. Uptake of basal-dressed P by rape plant was 6% at early growing stage

Comparison of digestion methods to determine heavy metals in fertilizers

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Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva

2014-04-01

Full Text Available The lack of a standard method to regulate heavy metal determination in Brazilian fertilizers and the subsequent use of several digestion methods have produced variations in the results, hampering interpretation. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three digestion methods for determination of metals such as Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr in fertilizers. Samples of 45 fertilizers marketed in northeastern Brazil were used. A fertilizer sample with heavy metal contents certified by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST was used as control. The following fertilizers were tested: rock phosphate; organo-mineral fertilizer with rock phosphate; single superphosphate; triple superphosphate; mixed N-P-K fertilizer; and fertilizer with micronutrients. The substances were digested according to the method recommended by the Ministry for Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil (MAPA and by the two methods 3051A and 3052 of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA. By the USEPA method 3052, higher portions of the less soluble metals such as Ni and Pb were recovered, indicating that the conventional digestion methods for fertilizers underestimate the total amount of these elements. The results of the USEPA method 3051A were very similar to those of the method currently used in Brazil (Brasil, 2006. The latter is preferable, in view of the lower cost requirement for acids, a shorter digestion period and greater reproducibility.

Phosphorus use efficiency of maize: an investigation using radiotracer phosphorus (32P)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Meena, S.

2017-01-01

A better understanding on the nutrient uptake and utilization by plants is essential for developing better nutrient efficient cultivars suited for optimal production. Precise information on the PUE of crops and P dynamics can be obtained with the help of radiotracer technique. To study the phosphorus acquisition and phosphorus use efficiency of added sources in maize using 32 P, a pot culture experiment was conducted in a medium P soil (21.26 kg ha -1 ). The treatments were P as Single Superphosphate, Enriched FYM with Single Superphosphate (EFYM), DAP, Nutriseed pack (SSP), Nutriseed pack (DAP). The above treatments were applied along with phosphobacteria. Totally there were ten treatments replicated four times. Phosphorus sources were tagged with 32 P (obtained as 32 P in orthophosphoric medium from the Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology) and applied as per the treatments. Radioactive 32 P in the grain and stover sample was determined using Liquid Scintillation Counter (Perkin Elmer Tricarb 2810 R). Using the data, per cent phosphorus derived from fertilizer (%Pdff), per cent phosphorus derived from soil (%Pdfs), Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) and A value were determined. Application of Phosphorus (SSP, DAP, enriched FYM with SSP, Nutriseed pack (SSP) and Nutriseed pack (DAP)) along with PB increased the per cent phosphorus derived from fertilizer (% Pdff), P uptake from fertilizer and PUE. The highest PUE of 25.38 was recorded in the treatment where enriched FYM with SSP was applied along with PB. (author)

Study on utilization of shallow sea area by building an alga field. Discussions on its utilization for cultivating Ulvales; Sojo zosei ni yoru senkaiiki riyo no kenkyu. Anaaosa no baiyo to sono riyo ni kansuru kento

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tsuno, M.; Maebayashi, M. [Hokkaido Electric Power Co. Inc., Sapporo (Japan)

1997-03-25

Discussions were given on mass cultivation in a water tank using sea water of an alga Ulvales used as feed for sea urchins and abalone. A fertilizer composed of ammonium sulfate and superphosphate of lime was used, and a water temperature was set as the environmental condition. Two kinds of Ulvales produced in different areas were used. One of the two kinds had full growth periodical and weight increasing rate low, but the other Ulvales had high weight increasing rate and no blights in alga bodies, and was found suitable for mass production. The result of a test on stocks of the latter species may be described as follows: multiple regression formulas for harvest, water temperature and illumination intensity were introduced for each cultivating condition for four cases regarding accommodation density and harvest frequency; and if a cultivating condition by which the harvest is maximized is adopted, a one cubic meter water tank placed on a place with good sunlight may be expected of producing as much harvest as 2181 grams at water temperature of 15{degree}C and 4899 grams at 25{degree}C. The cultivation requires the following precautions: aeration is required; sea water should be introduced into the tank; a mixed fertilizer with ratio of ammonium sulfate at 100 to superphosphate of lime at 15 may be used; water temperatures suitable for mass cultivation are 13 to 15{degree}C or higher; and light must be irradiated evenly. 14 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.

Growth of jatropha seedlings in response to single superphosphate and rock-flour fertilization

OpenAIRE

Prates, Fabiano Barbosa de Souza; Lucas, Camila dos Santos Gonçalves; Sampaio, Regynaldo Arruda; Brandão Júnior, Delacyr da Silva; Fernandes, Luiz Arnaldo; Junio, Geraldo Ribeiro Zuba

2012-01-01

Pesquisas feitas com pó-de-rocha têm mostrado a potencialidade de alguns desses resíduos em promover o enriquecimento mineral de solos; prática definida como rochagem do solo. Ela visa aumentar a fertilidade do solo, proporcionar uma boa produtividade e maior sustentabilidade agrícola. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento de mudas de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) em resposta a adubação do substrato com superfosfato simples e pó-de-rocha. O experimento foi instalado ...

Effect of natural West African phosphates on phosphorus uptake by Agrostis and on isotopically dilutable phosphorus (L-value) in five tropical soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pichot, J.; Truong, B.; Beunard, P.

1979-01-01

Six natural West African phosphates are compared with a weak Tunisian phosphate and triple superphosphate in five types of tropical soil. The study consists of a pot experiment using Agrostis as the test plant, over several cuttings, in order to evaluate the uptake of phosphorus by plants and the isotopically dilutable phosphorus of the soil (L-value). The results show that there are very great differences between phosphates from the points of view of speed and degree of solubilization and that the L-value is a good criterion for assessing these differences. (author)

Uptake of fertilizer phosphorus by three rice varieties in a vertisol

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sinha, S.B.; Rastogi, A.K.; Mahajan, J.P.

1980-01-01

A pot experiment was conducted using labelled super-phosphate to study the utilization of fertilizer phosphorus by three paddy varieties, viz, Jaya, Ratna and Sona. Total P uptake and P derived from fertilizer, increased significantly with increasing levels of P applied (0 to 90 kg P 2 O 5 /ha), while the percent utilization of applied P showed a reverse trend. Straw and grain yield, in general, increased significantly with increasing P levels in all the three varieties. Average soil P uptake in grain and straw decreased with increasing levels of applied phosphorus. (author)

Studeis on the immobilization of water soluble phosphatic fertilizer in some soils with 32P

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Yumei; Li Rensheng; Xu Xinyu

1985-01-01

Using superphosphate lablled with 32 P, we studied immobilization of water-soluble phosphatic fertilizer on 12 typies of soil. The experimental result showed that major factors to govern immobilization of water-soluble phosphatic fertilizer are: quickly availible Fe that showed positive correlation with the immobilization when it was 4.64-65.72 ppm; and pH that showed negative correlation with the immobilization when it was between 5.35 and 8.88. CaCO 3 and organic matter showed a great effect on the immobilization though there wasn't obvious correlation among them

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC ON THE GROWTH OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT SEEDLINGS FÓSFORO E ZINCO NO CRESCIMENTO DE MUDAS DE MARACUJAZEIRO-AMARELO

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Rogério Antônio de Freitas Lima

2007-12-01

Full Text Available

The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of simultaneous application of triple superphosphate and zinc sulphate on growth of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa seedlings. A nursery experiment for seedling formation was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Production of the Mato Grosso do Sul State University, Cassilândia Unit (UEMS/UUC, Brazil. Four doses of phosphorus (0 mg dm-3, 150 mg dm-3, 300 mg dm-3 and 450 mg dm-3 and three doses of zinc (0 mg dm-3, 5 mg dm-3 and 10 mg dm-3 were tested. The phosphorus was used as triple superphosphate, and the zinc as zinc sulphate. A randomized block design was used, in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme with four replications and five plants per plot. The following traits were evaluated 92 days after sowing: height, root length, number of leaves per plant, dry matter of shoots and roots, and total dry matter. The application of triple superphosphate affected significantly height of plants, leaf number, shoots dry matter, and total dry matter. The zinc sulphate favored the variables height, shoot dry matter, and total dry matter. It was concluded that the use of triple superphosphate and zinc sulphate provided a better quality in the production of the yellow passion fruit seedlings.

KEY WORDS: Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa; passion fruit; propagation; seedling.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos da aplicação simultânea de superfosfato triplo e sulfato de zinco na formação de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento em viveiro de formação de mudas, no setor de produção agrícola da Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS, Unidade Universitária de Cassilândia (UUC. Foram testadas quatro

Emprego de calcário e de superfosfato simples na cultura do algodoeiro em solo argiloso ácido Use of lime and of ordinary superphosphate for cotton cultivated on acid clay soil

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Nelson M. da Silva

1980-01-01

liming experiment with cotton are discussed. This experiment was conducted on Latosolic B Terra Roxa soil, acid, with a pH index of 5.0, originally under "cerradão" vegetation, with 66% of clay, 4.3% of organic mater, 0.9, 0.8 and 0.5 (meq/100 ml of Al3+, Ca2+and Mg2+, respectively. The experimental design was a split-plot, with four replications. Dolomitic limestone was applied in the first year, on main plots at the levels of 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 t/ha. P and K were annually applied on split-plots, as a factorial 3 x 2, at the levels of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha of P2O5, and 40 and 80 kg/ha of K2O, respectively, with ordinary superphosphate and potassium chloride. Four months after lime application, the neutralization of the exchangeable aluminum found by soil analysis was observed, at the highest level, the pH value increased up to 5.5 and values of calcium plus magnesium reached 3.0 meq. The linear effect upon cotton yield, due to liming, was significant during all the period of this study, increasing from the first to the third year. The effect of phosphorus was smaller, but positive and significant. Cotton plants did not react to potassium fertilization and interactions were not observed. Lime increased the concentrations of P, Ca and Mg in leaf blades, and decreased those of K, Fe, Mn and Al in the year when it was applied. There were no symptoms of K or micronutrient deficiencies due to the use of lime at high level.

The Effect of Varying Speed Release of Nutrients from Fertilizers on Growth-production Process of Turf

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Peter Hric

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this experiment was to compare the influence of fertilizers with different speed of nutrients release on growth–production indicators of turf under non–irrigated conditions. The experiment was carried in warm and dry conditions in area Nitra (Slovak Republic. In the experiment were followed 5 treatments (1. without fertilization, 2. Nitre with dolomite, Superphosphate, Potassium salt, 3. Turf fertilizer Travcerit®, 4. Slow release fertilizer SRF NPK 14–5–14 (+ 4CaO + 4MgO + 7S, 5. Controlled release fertilizer Duslocote® NPK (S 13–9–18 (+6S. The highest gain of height reached variant fertilized by fertilizer SRF NPK 14–5–14 (+ 4CaO + 4MgO + 7S. Comparison of the individual treatments for the whole period showed significantly lower average daily gains of height on control treatment compared to fertilizing treatments Nitre with dolomite, Superphosphate, Potassium salt, SRF NPK 14–5–14 (+ 4CaO + 4MgO + 7S and Duslocote® NPK (S 13–9–18 (+6S. During the reported period the highest gain of weight reached treatment by application fertilizer Duslocote® NPK (S 13– 9–18 (+ 6S. Comparison of the individual treatments for the whole period, were found significantly lower average daily production of phytomass on control treatment in comparison with fertilization turfs by Travcerit® and Duslocote® NPK (S 13–9–18 (+6S.

The changes of the assimilation pigments content of turf Festuca spp. leaves after application of different nutrition forms

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Peter Hric

2018-03-01

Full Text Available The aim of this experiment was to compare find out of the changes of assimilation pigments content of turf Festuca spp. leaves after application of different nutrition forms under non–irrigated conditions. In period April 2012 – May 2015 (without June 2014 and February 2015 experiment was carried out in warm and dry conditions in area of Nitra (Slovak Republic. Concentration of assimilation pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids was determined spectrophotometrically. The experiment was included 10 treatments: 1. Without fertilization, 2. Saltpetre with dolomite, superphosphate, potassium salt, 3. Turf fertilizer NPK 15-3-8 (+ 3MgO + 0.8 Fe + 18S, 4. Slow release fertilizer NPK 14-5-14 (+ 4CaO + 4MgO + 7S, 5. Controlled release fertilizer NPK (S 13-9-18 (+ 6S, 6. Organic fertilizer NPK 5-1-1, 7. Organic fertilizer NPK 3-2-1 and 3 mycorrhizal preparations. The use of inorganic and organic fertilizers resulted in an increase chlorophyll a, b content and total chlorophyll in leaves Festuca spp. More pronounced increase in chlorophyll content was found by the application of the Turf fertilizer. Application of this fertilizer has a statistically significant effect on content of chlorophyll a + b than in the other evaluated treatments without turfs fertilized by Controlled release fertilizer and Organic fertilizer NPK 5-1-1. A statistically significant increase in the total carotenoids concentration was observed after the use of Saltpetre with dolomite, superphosphate, potassium salt and Turf fertilizer as compared to the non-fertilized control.

Determination of radioactivity levels in phosphate-containing fertilizers, copper and gold ores by direct gamma-ray spectroscopy. U-238, Th-232, K-40, and Ra-226 in fertilizers and ores

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Constantinescu, B.; Constantin, F.; Dusoiu, N.; Pascovoici, G.

1996-01-01

Two particular sources from the natural radiation background which may be encountered in Romanian industry are here presented: the phosphate containing fertilizers and the gold and copper ores, respectively. U-238, Th-232, K-40, and Ra-226 activity levels for several imported phosphorites, superphosphates and also for concentrated Cu and Au indigenous ores are reported. A simple and efficient radioactivity determination procedure based on a large volume NaI(Tl) detector, coupled to a Romanian design portable multichannel analyzer is described. Potential radiological impacts for the specialized workers are also discussed. (author) 1 fig., 4 tabs. 6 refs

Phosphorus utilization by three rice varieties at different stages of growth in a vertisol

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rastogi, A.K.; Mahajan, J.P.; Sinha, S.B.

1981-01-01

A pot experiment was conducted using labelled superphosphate to study the utilization of applied fertilizer phosphorus by three rice varieties, viz., Jaya, Ratna and Sona at tillering, flowering and harvesting stages. Total phosphorus uptake and phosphorus derived from fertilizer increased significantly with increasing level of phosphorus, but per cent utilization of applied phosphorus showed a reverse trend in all the three varieties at all the growth stages. Dry matter yield in general, increased significantly with increasing P levels in all the three varieties. Average soil-p uptake decreased with increasing levels of phosphorus at all the stages. (author)

Nutrient and Organic Carbon Losses, Enrichment Rate, and Cost of Water Erosion

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Ildegardis Bertol

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Soil erosion from water causes loss of nutrients and organic carbon, enriches the environment outside the erosion site, and results in costs. The no-tillage system generates increased nutrient and C content in the topsoil and, although it controls erosion, it can produce a more enriched runoff than in the conventional tillage system. This study was conducted in a Humic Cambisol in natural rainfall from 1997 to 2012 to quantify the contents and total losses of nutrients and organic C in soil runoff, and to calculate the enrichment rates and the cost of these losses. The treatments evaluated were: a soil with a crop, consisting of conventional tillage with one plowing + two harrowings (CT, minimum tillage with one chisel plowing + one harrowing (MT, and no tillage (NT; and b bare soil: one plowing + two harrowings (BS. In CT, MT, and NT, black oat, soybean, vetch, corn, turnip, and black beans were cultivated. Over the 15 years, 15.5 Mg ha-1 of limestone, 525 kg ha-1 of N (urea, 1,302 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (triple superphosphate, and 1,075 kg ha-1 of K2O (potassium chloride were used in the soil. The P, K, Ca, Mg, and organic C contents in the soil were determined and also the P, K, Ca, and Mg sediments in the runoff water. From these contents, the total losses, the enrichment rates (ER, and financial losses were calculated. The NT increased the P, K, and organic C contents in the topsoil. The nutrients and organic C content in the runoff from NT was greater than from CT, showing that NT was not a fully conservationist practice for soil. The linear model y = a + bx fit the data within the level of significance (p≤0.01 when the values of P, K, and organic C in the sediments from erosion were related to those values in the soil surface layer. The nutrient and organic C contents were higher in the sediments from erosion than in the soil where the erosion originated, generating values of ER>1 for P, K, and organic C. The value of the total losses

Resposta à inoculação de fungo solubilizador de fósforo em milho Maize response to inoculation with P-solubilizing fungus

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E. Nahas

1994-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho procurou verificar o efeito da adição de duas fontes de fosfato prontamente disponíveis, superfosfato triplo e fosfato solubilizado obtido por via microbiológica e uma fonte não prontamente disponível, apatita de Araxá, na cultura do milho. Em adição, foi verificado o efeito da inoculação do fungo Aspergillus niger, solubilizador de fosfato de rocha e da adição de matéria orgânica. Nos tratamentos em que se usou matéria orgânica, houve um aumento de população microbiana total do solo, mas nenhum efeito foi observado na produção e absorção de fósforo pela cultura do milho. Tanto o superfosfato triplo como a apatita de Araxá permitiram resultados mais favoráveis em termos de produção de massa seca e absorção de fósforo pelo milho em relação ao controle (sem fósforo e à utilização de fosfato solubilizado. Também não se constatou efeito da inoculação de A. niger sobre a solubilização do fosfato de rocha, possivelmente devido à interferência dos microrganismos naturais do solo. O numero de microrganismos e a atividade da fosfatase ácida foram menores no solo fertilizado com superfosfato triplo que com apatita de Araxá.This paper examined the effect of the addition of two sources of readily available phosphate, triple superphosphate and microbiologically solubilized phosphate, and of a not readily available source, Araxá apatite, on maize crop. In addition, the effects of inoculation of Aspergillus niger, a fungus that solubilizes rock phosphate, and of the addition of organic matter were examined. When organic matter was used, the total microbial population increased, but no effect was observed on phosphorus production or uptake by the maize crop. Both the triple superphosphate and Araxá apatite enhanced the production of dry matter and phosphorus uptake by maize as compared to the control (no phosphorus and to microbiologically solubilized phosphate. Also, inoculation of A. niger had no

Disponibilidade de cádmio e chumbo para milho em solo adubado com fertilizantes fosfatados Cadmium and lead availability to corn in soil amended with phosphorus fertilizers

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Eriberto Vagner de Souza Freitas

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Fertilizantes fosfatados são utilizados intensamente na agricultura, pois a baixa disponibilidade de P frequentemente limita o rendimento das culturas nas condições brasileiras. Esses fertilizantes, entretanto, constituem uma via de entrada de metais pesados no solo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial de contaminação do solo por Cd e Pb adicionados por diferentes fertilizantes fosfatados, bem como a absorção destes por plantas de milho. Foram aplicadas cinco doses de diferentes fontes de P: superfosfato simples, superfosfato triplo, fosfato de Araxá, termofosfato de Yoorin e fosfato natural de Gafsa. As doses de P equivaleram a 0, 100, 300, 500 e 800 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Dois cultivos sucessivos com milho foram conduzidos no solo. O fosfato natural de Gafsa apresentou os maiores teores de Cd e Pb. Entre os fertilizantes acidulados, o superfosfato simples apresentou maior teor de Cd e Pb, e o termofosfato, maior concentração de Pb do que os acidulados. A aplicação de fosfato de Gafsa proporcionou as maiores concentrações de Pb na parte aérea do milho no primeiro cultivo. Este fosfato também foi responsável pelo maior teor de Cd nas plantas no segundo cultivo. O ácido cítrico foi mais eficiente em prever os teores disponíveis de Cd, enquanto o DTPA estimou melhor os teores de Pb.Phosphorus fertilizers are intensively used in Brazil, since the low availability of phosphorus often limits yields in tropical soils. However, these fertilizers can be a entranceway for soil contamination with heavy metals. This study was carried out to investigate heavy metal contamination caused by the application of five different phosphorus fertilizers as well as the metal uptake by corn (Zea mays plants. The fertilizers simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, Araxá rock phosphate, Yoorin thermophosphate, and Gafsa rock phosphate were applied at rates of 0, 100, 300, 500 and 800 kg ha-1 P2O5 in two successive corn cycles. The highest Cd

Composição florística de pastagem natural afetada por fontes de fósforo, calagem e introdução de espécies forrageiras de estação fria Botanical composition of natural pasture as afected by phosphorus sources, lime and introduction of winter forage species

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Duilio Guerra Bandinelli

2005-02-01

Full Text Available Uma das características das pastagens naturais do Rio Grande do Sul é a baixa produtividade de forragem no período do outono-inverno. Uma das alternativas para melhorar os sistemas de produção baseados nessas pastagens é a introdução de espécies forrageiras de crescimento inverno-primaveril e a fertilização e correção da acidez do solo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de fontes de fósforo, calcário e introdução de espécies forrageiras de inverno na dinâmica das espécies de uma pastagem natural. Os tratamentos testados foram: T1 - superfosfato simples + calcário + introdução de espécies; T2 - superfosfato triplo + calcário + introdução de espécies; T3 - superfosfato triplo + introdução de espécies; T4 - hiperfosfato de Gafsa + introdução de espécies; T5 - introdução de espécies sem fósforo ou calagem; T6 - testemunha com pastagem natural. Para a avaliação da composição florística da pastagem foram realizados levantamentos botânicos periódicos, durante vinte e dois meses, utilizando-se o método BOTANAL. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos testados não provocaram mudanças na composição botânica das espécies nativas no período de tempo avaliado.Natural pastures of Rio Grande do Sul State, South of Brazil, have low forage productivity in the autumn-winter. An alternative to improve systems based on these pastures is introduction of winter forage species, fertilization and liming of soil. The present work had the objective of evaluating the effect of phosphorus sources, lime and introduction of winter forage species in the pasture botanical composition dynamics. The treatments used were: T1 - simple superphosphate + lime + winter forage species introduction; T2 - triple superphosphate + lime + winter forage species introduction; T3 - triple superphosphate + winter forage species introduction; T4 - Gafsa rock phosphate + winter forage species introduction; T5 - winter

Effect of Combined Application of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Phosphrous Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Sesame

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S. Nikmehr

2016-02-01

phosphorous fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg ha-1 of triple superphosphate and 1200 kg ha-1 of rock phosphate and three bacterial levels (inoculation with two phosphate solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonad, isolates of P3 and P5 that known in this study as B1 and B2 and non-inoculated. It should be noted that rock phosphate used in this study has contained 4% of zinc oxide. The bacteria selected from microbial bank of Vali-E-Asr University were able to dissolve the insoluble phosphate and produce siderophore and IAA. Four months after planting, plants were cut at the soil surface, and shoot dry weight, stem height, number of Seeds in pot, seed dry weight and seed oil percentage were recorded. Also phosphorus and Zinc contents in shoot were determined. Results and Discussion: Results indicated that both bacteria (B1 and B2 significantly increased shoot dry weight and B1 increased seed dry weight. Also application of phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height. 200 kg ha-1 of triple superphosphate had highest shoot dry weight and was similar with rock phosphate. Combined application of Phosphorous fertilizer and phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased shoot dry weight. Results also showed that seed oil was increased by application of Phosphate rock. Phosphorus concentration in seed was increased with Using B1 and B2 isolates. Application of B2 significantly increased phosphorus concentration in seed (11.5% and Phosphorous fertilizer levels increased concentration of P and Zn in seed. Application of 200 and 400 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate had the highest concentration of P and Zn in seed. Phosphorus fertilizer levels significantly enhanced uptake of P and Zn in shoot. Application of 200 and 400 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate led to increased uptake of phosphorous in shoot. Also rock phosphate significantly increased uptake of Zn in shoot. Combined application of Rock phosphate and bacteria of B1 and B2 had more significant effects on

Phosphate effect on the content of selected elements in a lettuce variety grown at a contaminated soil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Armelin, M.J.A.; Saiki, M.; Maihara, V.A.; Moreira, E.G.; Trevizam, A.R.; Muraoka, T.; Silva, M.L.S.

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of superphosphate fertilizer in remediating a contaminated soil with potentially toxic elements. For this, different phosphorus doses were used in a number of lettuce plants. The element concentrations determined in their leaves were compared with those found in control lettuce plants. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was the analytical technique used to determine element concentration in lettuce leave samples. The application of 250 mg kg -1 of P was the most effective treatment to reduce the concentrations of Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Sb and Zn in lettuce leaves. (author)

Tracer studies on the effect of different methods of phosphorus application on fertilizer P uptake by Sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chaudhury, J.; Ray, P.K.

1994-01-01

The relative efficacy of seven methods of phosphorus application on dry matter yield, and fertilizer phosphorus uptake and its utilization by Sunnhemp (var. K-12 yellow) was studied under field conditions using 32 P tagged superphosphate (SSP). Fertilizer was least utilized by the traditional method of application of fertilizer i.e. broadcasting, whereas placement below the seed was significantly superior to all other methods in relation to dry matter yield, total and fertilizer P uptake by Sunnhemp. The per cent utilization of fertilizer P added and per cent Pdff followed the similar pattern as that of the dry matter yield. (author). 7 refs., 1 tab

Millet seeds mixed with phosphate fertilizers Sementes de milheto misturadas com fertilizantes fosfatados

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Rogério Peres Soratto

2003-01-01

Full Text Available The small size of millet seeds is the main cause for lack of uniformity at sowing, especially because most farmers do not have appropriate seeders. Mixing seeds and phosphate fertilizers would improve seeding, resulting in a better crop stand. To study the effects of such mixture on the physiological quality of seeds, millet seeds were mixed with single superphosphate or triple superphosphate (1 kg of seeds: 2.5 kg of fertilizer, and stored in plastic bags for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours before sowing, under laboratory conditions. After storage, seeds were separated and their moisture and electrical conductivity were determined. Seeds were then submitted to germination test under laboratory conditions. Seeds mixed with fertilizer and non-mixed seeds, utilized as a control, were sown under greenhouse conditions and the percentage of emergence and seedling emergence speed were determined. Because of acidic residues, the single and triple superphosphates negatively affected the germination and vigor of millet seeds proportionally to the increase in time of contact with the fertilizer.O tamanho reduzido das sementes de milheto dificulta sua semeadura uniforme, principalmente para os produtores que não possuem semeadoras apropriadas. Assim, a mistura das sementes com os fertilizantes fosfatados vem sendo utilizada para facilitar a semeadura. Entretanto, o período de contato pode provocar prejuízos na germinação e no vigor. Avaliou-se a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milheto submetidas a diferentes períodos de contato (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120h com os fertilizantes superfosfato simples (SFS e superfosfato triplo (SFT, em um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 8x2 (n=4. Os atributos químicos e físicos dos fertilizantes foram previamente determinados. Foi utilizada a proporção de 1 kg de sementes para 2,5 kg de fertilizante. Após manutenção da mistura em saco plástico no laborat

Composição química de diferentes fontes de fósforo e deposição de metais pesados em tecidos de suínos Chemical composition of different phosphorus sources and heavy metal deposition in tissues of swines

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A.O. Teixeira

2005-08-01

Full Text Available Foram utilizados 112 leitões com peso inicial de 28,68kg, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 8×2 (oito tratamentos x dois sexos, sete repetições e dois animais por baia. As dietas foram formuladas com base no fósforo total, sendo estas à base de milho e de farelo de soja. O fósforo foi suplementado utilizando-se os fosfatos: bicálcico (FBC; monobicálcico (MBC; supertriplo (ST; supersimples (SS; rocha Catalão (ROCHA; mistura de fontes (MIST e ácido fosfórico (AcF; e dieta-controle, sem o fósforo suplementar (CONT. Avaliou-se previamente a composição química de amostras de fontes de fósforo disponíveis no mercado. Os fosfatos MBC, FBC e AcF apresentaram baixo nível de contaminação por metais pesados. Observou-se variação no teor de metais pesados entre as marcas comerciais de supertriplo. O consumo do fosfato resultou em acúmulo de cobre nos músculos. A dieta-controle provocou acúmulo de chumbo e zinco no fígado, e a mistura de fontes e supertriplo ocasionou acúmulo de cádmio no fígado. A utilização de fontes alternativas de fósforo menos elaboradas influenciou a deposição de minerais no fígado e nos músculos dos suínos.One hundred twelve pigs averaging weight of 28.68kg, were allotted to a completely randomized blocks with seven replicates of two animals per box. The treatments consisted in factorial 8×2 (eight phosphorus sources x two sexes. The experimental diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal and the phosphorus was supplemented through phosphate dicalcium (FBC, monodicalcium (MBC, triple superphosphate (ST, simple superphosphate (SS, Catalão rock (ROCHA, mixture of sources (MIST, and phosphoric acid (AcF in addition to a control diet without supplemental phosphous (CONT. Samples of phosphorus sources available in the market were evaluated for particle size and chemical composition. The MBC, FBC and AcF showed a low level of heavy metal contamination, but a variation in

Desenvolvimento e qualidade nutricional de mudas de mangabeiras cultivadas em substratos contendo fibra de coco e adubação fosfatada Development and nutritional quality of hancornia speciosa seedlings cultivated in mixture containing coconut fiber and fertilized with phosphorus

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Thiago Jardelino Dias

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Para a produção de mudas de qualidade, é necessária a utilização de substratos com propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas que condicionem a germinação adequada das sementes e o estabelecimento das mudas. Neste sentido, foi realizado um experimento no Centro de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e a composição mineral de mudas de mangabeiras (Hancornia speciosa em substratos compostos por diferentes proporções de fibra de coco (0% a 40%, esterco bovino (0% a 25%, terra vegetal (25% a 70% e 15% de areia, fertilizados com superfosfato triplo (0; 5,5 e 11 g dm-3. A terra vegetal e a fibra de coco exerceram efeitos benéficos às mudas com o aumento de suas proporções no substrato. A adição do esterco e do superfosfato triplo inibiu a produção de matéria seca e a área foliar das mudas. Houve aumento dos teores de nutrientes nas mudas com o aumento da concentração de esterco nos substratos. Pela estimativa dos resultados, o substrato que proporciona maior crescimento e composição mineral mais equilibrada nas mudas de mangabeira deve ser constituído por 14% de esterco, 56% de terra vegetal, 15% de fibra de coco, 15% de areia e 4 g dm-3 de superfosfato triplo.In order to produce good quality seedlings it is necessary to use a mixture that presents appropriate physical, chemical and biological properties, which supplies the necessary conditions for the germination and the seedling's establishment. This experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Sciences Center, Paraíba Federal University (Brazil, whose objective was to evaluate the growth and the mineral composition of Hancornia speciosa seedlings in substrata composed by concentrations of coconut fiber from 0% to 40%, manure bovine from 0% to 25%, soil from 25% to 70%, sand 15% and triple superphosphate between 0 and 11 g dm-3. The soil and coconut fiber had beneficial effects on the H. speciosa

Availability of a P from phosphate rock, thermophosphate and trip superphosphate after different incubation periods

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Muraoka, T.; Boaretto, A.E.; Scivittaro, W.B.; Brasil, E.C.

2002-01-01

Patos phosphate rock, Yoorin thermophosphate and triple phosphate were mixed with a tropical acid soil (Haplic Ferralsol) and incubated for different periods (short term experiment 1: 0, 1 and 30 days, and long term experiment 2: 0, 1, 30, 60, 150 and 300 days). The experiments were started with the longest period in order to have all the periods ending at the same time when rice was sown. Soil samples were taken for available P determination through Bray 1 method. There was clear decrease in extractable P with increasing period of incubation, probably due to reversion reactions to form less soluble forms of P. In addition, the reversion reactions seemed to be a more intensive process than the dissolution process. The Yoorin thermophosphate, probably due to its alkaline nature and Si content, proved to be a superior agronomic P source by maintaining the same extractable P content during the whole incubation period. (author)

Field evaluation of partially acidulated phosphate rocks in a Ferralsol from Cuba

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rodriguez, R.; Herrera, J.

2002-01-01

Phosphorus (P) is needed in large areas of developing countries to improve soil fertility for crop production. The use of phosphate rock (PR) is an alternative to costly soluble P fertilizers, but it is ineffective usually in non-acid soils unless it is modified i.e. partially acidulated (PAPR). A laboratory incubation study using the isotopic exchange kinetic method of 32 P and field experiments were undertaken on a neutral Ferralsol of Cuba to evaluate the effectiveness of PAPRs as fertilizers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). Sulfuric-acid based PAPR using 40%, 50% and 60% of the acid required to produce single superphosphate were studied. In the laboratory experiment Trinidad de Guedes PAPR was effective in providing P to the soil, through increases in isotopically exchangeable P and the percentage of P derived from fertilizer (% Pdff). In the three field experiments carried out to compare the P sources, yields of common bean were increased by PAPR, though the response was less than with triple superphosphate (TSP). The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of PAPR was greater than that of unacidulated PR. Taking into account the RAE values and the current cost of the P sources, the choice of Trinidad de Guedes PAPR instead of TSP could be economic, although the RAE value for PAPR was lower than that of TSP. This result indicates that PAPR could be used in the soil understudy to obtain the best economic return. DM yield, P uptake and grain yield of common bean were significantly increased by applying P as 50% PAPR. Low cost improvement of the agronomic value of PR can be achieved by partial acidulation, so this modification of the phosphate rock show promise for utilization of PR reserves indigenous to developing countries. (author)

Diferentes fontes de P no desenvolvimento do meloeiro e disponibilidade de fósforo no solo Use of biofertilizantes phosphated of the development of the melon and readiness of phosphorus

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Michelangelo de Oliveira Silva

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento da cultura do melão, como também a disponibilidade de fósforo nos solos com o uso de biofertilizante fosfatado após três ciclos da cultura. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados com três repetições, arranjados num fatorial 2 x 3 x 7, correspondente a dois tipos de solos (Latossolo Amarelo e Neossolo Flúvico; três fontes de fósforo (superfosfato triplo, biofertilizante fosfatado e a rocha fosfatada; e sete níveis de fósforo (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 do recomendado para a cultura e para cada solo. Os fertilizantes superfosfato triplo, biofertilizante de rocha fosfatada e rocha fosfatada não apresentaram diferenças significativas na produção de matéria seca, porém o biofertilizante foi o que mais disponibilizou P nos dois solos estudados após três ciclos da mesma cultura.This work assessed the development of melon crops,and the availability of phosphorus in the soil with the use of biofertilizer phosphate after three cycles of culture. The treatments were distributed into randomized block design with three repetitions, arranged in a factorial 2 x 3 x 7, corresponding to two types of soils (Yellow Latossol and Fluvic Neosol; three sources of phosphorus (triple superphosphate, bio-fertilizer phosphate and rocks and seven levels of phosphorus (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 of recommended for the culture and for each soil. The triple superphosphate fertilizer, biofertilizer rock phosphate and rock phosphate showed no significant differences in dry matter production, but the biofertilizer was the most available P in both soils after three cycles of the same culture.

Stabilization of chlorfenvinphos in model dips using a buffer and a bacteriostat agent

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kaposhi, C.K.M.; Mundia, M.P.; Nondo, J.C.; Mwangala, F.S.; Banda, R.

1997-01-01

The stability of chlorfenvinphos acaricide was studied in 50 L model dip tanks using a mixture of 14 C-labelled and unlabelled chlorfenvinphos with or without recharge. Calcium superphosphate fertilizer was used as buffer and to reduce the pH to below 5, while copper sulfate was used as a bacteriostat. In addition 50 g of sediment from around the dip tank was added to the vats and contents of vats were made up to 50 L using the water available at chalimbana NCSR farm. The buffer, by itself as well as in combination with copper sulfate stabilized chiorfenvinphos in the suspension. Binding with the sediment was a key factor in the reduction of chlorfenvinphos level, which was significantly reduced in all vats that contained sediments. Most of the acaricide bound to the sediment was not extractable. The pH in vats was maintained at 4.8 - 5.0 by the addition of superphosphate fertilizer, which reduced the degradation of chlorfenvinphos. Copper sulfate had no effect on the pH of the suspension and the vats treated with the bacteriostat had the lowest levels of chlorfenvinphos. TLC analysis also showed that acaricide breakdown was greater in non-buffered than in buffered vats. A metabolite, 2,4-dichloroacetophenone, was detected, although at a low level. A study of the leaching potential of chlorfenvinphos in soil columns showed that only 3% of the applied acaricide percolated through the 30 cm length of the column, while most of it remained soil-bound. A calorimetric method for measuring the concentration of chlorfenvinphos in dips was evaluated. The method is based on the reaction of the acaricide with 4-(4-nitrobenzyl) pyridine and subsequent measurement of the intensity of the colour formed with tetraethylene pentamine. The measurement was relatively accurate. (author)

The Australian national reactive phosphate rock project - Aims, experimental approach, and site characteristics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McLaughlin, M.J.

2002-01-01

Field-based cutting trials were established across Australia in a range of environments to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of 5 phosphate rocks, and 1 partially acidulated phosphate rock, relative to either single super-phosphate or triple superphosphate. The phosphate rocks differed in reactivity, as determined by the degree of carbonate substitution for phosphate in the apatite structure and solubility of phosphorus present in the fertilizers in 2% formic acid, 2% citric acid and neutral ammonium citrate. Sechura (Bayovar) and North Carolina phosphate rocks were highly reactive (>70% solubility in 2% formic acid), whilst Khouribja (Moroccan) and Hamrawein (Egypt) phosphate rock were moderately reactive. Duchess phosphate rock from Queensland was relatively unreactive ( 2 , from 4.0 to 5.1, and Colwell extractable phosphorus ranged from 3 to 47 μg/g prior to fertilizer application. Two core experiments were established at each site. The first measured the effects of phosphate rock reactivity on agronomic effectiveness, while the second core experiment measured the effects of the degree of water solubility of the phosphorus source on agronomic effectiveness. The National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project trials provided the opportunity to confirm the suitability of accepted procedures to model fertilizer response and to develop new approaches for comparing different fertilizer responses. The Project also provided the framework for subsidiary studies such as the effect of fertilizer source on soil phosphorus extractability; cadmium and fluorine concentrations in herbage; evaluation of soil phosphorus tests; and the influence of particle size on phosphate rock effectiveness. The National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project presents a valuable model for a large, Australia-wide, collaborative team approach to an important agricultural issue. The use of standard and consistent experimental methodologies at every site ensured that maximum benefit was obtained from data

Characteristics of fermentation of refined cane sugar syrup for alcohol

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raev, Z A; Bazilevich, K K

1956-01-01

Technological properties of cane sugar syrup, obtained on refining of raw cane sugar, were investigated. Its poor fermentation is caused by the lack of nitrous substances (1/10 as much as in sugar beet) necessary for the nutrition of yeast. It is necessary to introduce into the mixture of yeast and must 0.8% (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ based on weight of syrup (at a permanent aeration the assimilability of N from (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ by the yeast will be higher and the dosage has to be increased), 1% of superphosphate or 0.12% of a 70% phosphoric acid solution, and 0.5% of a yeast autolyst. For the fermentation of cane sugar syrup the mixture of yeast and must has to be prepared with a concentration of 10 to 11/sup 0/ by the saccharometer scale, but the average initial concentration of the fermentive must has to be 17 to 18/sup 0/ with the intention to keep the alcohol content of the ripe must at 8.7 to 8.8% by volume. Considering the low buffer ability of the syrup from cane sugar, the acidity of the must, mixed with yeast, has to be kept less than or equal to 0.4 to 0.5/sup 0/, the pH at 4.6 to 4.8; on a higher acidity the pH drops to a value which inhibits the fission of the yeast cells. On a joint fermentation of syrup from sugar cane and sugar beets 1% of superphosphate in the form of an aqueous extract and an autolyst of yeast in an amount of 0.5% of the weight of syrup was introduced into the must; the yield of alcohol from cane sugar syrup increased compared with the yield on separate processing.

Field evaluation of partially acidulated phosphate rocks in a Ferralsol from Cuba

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rodriguez, R.; Herrera, J. [Ciego de Avila University, Ciego de Avila (Cuba)]. E-mail: herrera@uctr.unica.cu

2002-05-15

Phosphorus (P) is needed in large areas of developing countries to improve soil fertility for crop production. The use of phosphate rock (PR) is an alternative to costly soluble P fertilizers, but it is ineffective usually in non-acid soils unless it is modified i.e. partially acidulated (PAPR). A laboratory incubation study using the isotopic exchange kinetic method of {sup 32}P and field experiments were undertaken on a neutral Ferralsol of Cuba to evaluate the effectiveness of PAPRs as fertilizers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). Sulfuric-acid based PAPR using 40%, 50% and 60% of the acid required to produce single superphosphate were studied. In the laboratory experiment Trinidad de Guedes PAPR was effective in providing P to the soil, through increases in isotopically exchangeable P and the percentage of P derived from fertilizer (% Pdff). In the three field experiments carried out to compare the P sources, yields of common bean were increased by PAPR, though the response was less than with triple superphosphate (TSP). The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of PAPR was greater than that of unacidulated PR. Taking into account the RAE values and the current cost of the P sources, the choice of Trinidad de Guedes PAPR instead of TSP could be economic, although the RAE value for PAPR was lower than that of TSP. This result indicates that PAPR could be used in the soil understudy to obtain the best economic return. DM yield, P uptake and grain yield of common bean were significantly increased by applying P as 50% PAPR. Low cost improvement of the agronomic value of PR can be achieved by partial acidulation, so this modification of the phosphate rock show promise for utilization of PR reserves indigenous to developing countries. (author)

Aplicação de fósforo para imobilização química do cádmio em solo contaminado Phosphorus application for the chemical immobilization of cadmium in contaminated soil

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Anderson Ricardo Trevizam

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus on the Cd availability to plants of a contaminated soil using 109Cd isotope and chemical extractants. The experiment was set in a randomized block design and the soil was labeled with 222 KBq of 109Cd per pot and received 5 rates of P as triple superphosphate, growing lettuce plants as test crop. The use of phosphorus reduced pH of soil which altered the Cd availability in DTPA and Mehlich extractants. The lettuce Cd content decreased but its accumulation and L value increased in all treatments compared to the control, demonstrating the inefficiency of phosphorus in reducing the Cd availability.

Biological and chemical diagnosis of damage to crops caused by air pollution and tracing the source of pollution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Van Raay, A

1975-01-01

This paper deals with the biological and chemical diagnosis of damage of crops caused by air pollution. Field observations were made as well as trials in fumigation chambers. The field work showed a great deal of fluoride contamination near industrial plants. A network of monitoring points was set up around the fluoride-emitting sources. The HF pollution was determined by the limed paper method, the fluoride content of plants, leaf necrosis in some plants, and an impinger and tubes filled with coated silver pellets, directed by a weather-vane. These investigations were carried out in two areas of New Zealand as well as near Delfzijl in Groningen. Fluoride was emitted by factories producing aluminum, superphosphate or sodium triphosphate.

Assessment of soil phosphorus status and management of phosphatic fertilisers to optimise crop production

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2002-02-01

Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient, and its deficiency in soils severely restricts crop yields. Tropical and subtropical soils are predominantly acidic and often extremely deficient in phosphorus. Moreover most of these soils possess a high phosphate sorption capacity. Strongly sorbed or fixed phosphate is unavailable for plant uptake. Therefore, substantial P inputs are required for optimum plant growth and adequate food and fiber production. Manufactured water-soluble P fertilizers, like superphosphates, are the commonest P inputs. However, in most developing countries these P fertilizers are not produced locally but are imported, and their supplies to resource-poor farmers in rural areas are limited. Many phosphate-bearing mineral deposits exist worldwide. Several developing countries with P-deficient tropical acid soils have important phosphate rock deposits, that is the raw material for the production of P fertilizers. Thus, under certain soil and climatic conditions, direct application of phosphate rocks (PRs) is an agronomically and economically sound alternative to the use of expensive superphosphates. In spite of extensive research on the application of PR to acid soils in temperate regions, there is scant information on the potential of local PR sources in tropical and subtropical regions. Phosphate rocks vary widely in their mineralogical, chemical and physical properties and consequently in their reactivity and agronomic potential. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the relative agronomic effectiveness of the indigenous and imported PRs using the commercially available superphosphate as a reference. Also, changes in the soil available P when amended with PR products and water-soluble P fertilizers need to be properly monitored with suitable soil P testing methods for the provision of adequate P fertilizer recommendations. During the 1980's, some local PR sources were evaluated in the FAO Fertilizer Programme. The idea of a project on PR

Assessment of soil phosphorus status and management of phosphatic fertilisers to optimise crop production

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2002-02-01

Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient, and its deficiency in soils severely restricts crop yields. Tropical and subtropical soils are predominantly acidic and often extremely deficient in phosphorus. Moreover most of these soils possess a high phosphate sorption capacity. Strongly sorbed or fixed phosphate is unavailable for plant uptake. Therefore, substantial P inputs are required for optimum plant growth and adequate food and fiber production. Manufactured water-soluble P fertilizers, like superphosphates, are the commonest P inputs. However, in most developing countries these P fertilizers are not produced locally but are imported, and their supplies to resource-poor farmers in rural areas are limited. Many phosphate-bearing mineral deposits exist worldwide. Several developing countries with P-deficient tropical acid soils have important phosphate rock deposits, that is the raw material for the production of P fertilizers. Thus, under certain soil and climatic conditions, direct application of phosphate rocks (PRs) is an agronomically and economically sound alternative to the use of expensive superphosphates. In spite of extensive research on the application of PR to acid soils in temperate regions, there is scant information on the potential of local PR sources in tropical and subtropical regions. Phosphate rocks vary widely in their mineralogical, chemical and physical properties and consequently in their reactivity and agronomic potential. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the relative agronomic effectiveness of the indigenous and imported PRs using the commercially available superphosphate as a reference. Also, changes in the soil available P when amended with PR products and water-soluble P fertilizers need to be properly monitored with suitable soil P testing methods for the provision of adequate P fertilizer recommendations. During the 1980's, some local PR sources were evaluated in the FAO Fertilizer Programme. The idea of a project on PR

Assessment of soil phosphorus status and management of phosphatic fertilizers to optimise crop production

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2002-03-01

Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient, and its deficiency in soils severely restricts crop yields. Tropical and subtropical soils are predominantly acidic and often extremely deficient in phosphorus. Moreover most of these soils possess a high phosphate sorption capacity. Strongly sorbed or fixed phosphate is unavailable for plant uptake. Therefore, substantial P inputs are required for optimum plant growth and adequate food and fiber production. Manufactured water-soluble P fertilizers, like superphosphates, are the commonest P inputs. However, in most developing countries these P fertilizers are not produced locally but are imported, and their supplies to resource-poor farmers in rural areas are limited. Many phosphate-bearing mineral deposits exist worldwide. Several developing countries with P-deficient tropical acid soils have important phosphate rock deposits, that is the raw material for the production of P fertilizers. Thus, under certain soil and climatic conditions, direct application of phosphate rocks (PRs) is an agronomically and economically sound alternative to the use of expensive superphosphates. In spite of extensive research on the application of PR to acid soils in temperate regions, there is scant information on the potential of local PR sources in tropical and subtropical regions. Phosphate rocks vary widely in their mineralogical, chemical and physical properties and consequently in their reactivity and agronomic potential. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the relative agronomic effectiveness of the indigenous and imported PRs using the commercially available superphosphate as a reference. Also, changes in the soil available P when amended with PR products and water-soluble P fertilizers need to be properly monitored with suitable soil P testing methods for the provision of adequate P fertilizer recommendations. During the 1980's, some local PR sources were evaluated in the FAO Fertilizer Programme. The idea of a project on PR

The uptake of phosphorus from mixed fertilizer ammonium bicarbonate and 32P-calcium superphosphate by corn

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wen Xianfang; Zhang Xizhong; Li Dongyang

1985-01-01

In this experiment the effect of different nitrogen contents in mixed and separeted fertilizers on the utilization rate of phosphyrus by corn has been stutied by using 32 P trcer. It is shown that the utilization rate of phosphorus of mixed fertilizer is higher than that of (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 and Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 4 applied separately when the content of nitrogen in fertilizer is 2.5-4.5%. There are no significant differences, when the contents of nitrogen in fertilizer are 12.4-14.1%. But the utilization rate of phosphorus of mixed fertilizer is lower than that of (NH 4 )CO 3 and Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 applied separately, when the contents of nitrogen in fertilizer is 10%

Uptake and utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus by wheat in medium black soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mahajan, J.P.

1980-01-01

A field experiment was conducted using labelled superphosphate to study the uptake and utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus by wheat under different soil fertility gradients and phosphorus levels. Grain, straw and total dry matter yield and total P uptake in wheat increased significantly with increasing soil fertility status and P levels (P 0 to P 90 kg P 2 O 5 /ha). Percent P derived from fertilizer increased significantly with increase in P levels but decreased with increasing fertility status of soil. Similar trend was observed in fertilizer P uptake in grain, straw and total dry matter, however, percent utilization of applied P decreased significantly with increasing P levels and fertility status of soil. Soil P uptake increased with increasing fertility status of soil. (author)

Extração do fósforo do solo pelo método de Neubauer e por métodos químicos Extraction of phosphorus from the soil by the neubauer and chemical methods

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R. A. Catani

1954-01-01

Full Text Available Nêste trabalho são apresentados dados sôbre a extração do fósforo de alguns solos do Estado de São Paulo, obtidos pelo método biológico de Neubauer e por diversos métodos químicos. Foram empregados três tipos de solo : massapé-salmourão, terra roxa misturada e arenito Bauru. As amostras de solo foram submetidas à extração do fósforo por arroz (Oryza sativa L., usando a técnica de Neubauer, com pequenas modificações. Ao mesmo tempo o fósforo foi extraído das referidas amostras com os seguintes extratores : água distilada; solução de ácido acético 0,25 normal; solução de ácido sulfúrico 0,05 normal; solução 0,025 ncrmal de fluoreto de amônio e 0,05 normal de ácido sulfúrico ; solução 0,25 normal de ácido oxálico e 0,75 normal de oxalato de potássio.The present work is an attempt to correlate the results obtained in the extraction of soil phosphorus by various chemical methods with those obtained by the biological seedling method of Neubauer. The soil samples investigated represent three of the main soil types of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Physico-chemical properties of these soils are given in the Portuguese text. Two samples of each soil type were prepared. To one of the samples superphosphate was added at the rate of 115 kg of P2O5 per hectare before being tested. Aliquots of the two samples were then extracted with the following extractors : distilled water ; 0.25 normal acetic acid ; 0.05 normal sulfuric acid ; 0.025 normai ammonium fluoride and 0.05 normal sulfuric acid ; 0.25 normal oxalic acid and 0.75 normal potassium oxalate. Rice plants (Oryza sativa L. were used for the Neubauer test instead of rye (Secale cereale L. because they had been found to be more satisfactory in previous tests. The results, representing the average of three replications, are summarized in table 1. Figures in column 4 represent the differences between the phosphorus absorbed from 100 g of soil and from the blank

Dissipation of coumaphos acaricide in model cattle dipping vats and soil columns under sub-tropical climate of Delhi

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jindal, T.; Singh, D.K.; Agarwal, H.C.

1997-01-01

The stability of coumaphos was studied in model dipping vats under field conditions using 14 C-labelled and unlabelled coumaphos, with or without additives. Four vats were used each containing 50 litre of water treated with 3.7 MBq 14 C and 10 g (AI) unlabelled coumaphos in 25 mL acetone. Vat 1 was control. Vat 2 and 3 were maintained at pH 5 by addition of superphosphate initially and at regular intervals as required. Vat 3 and 4 were treated with bacteriostat copper sulphate at 0.01 g per litre. The pH of vat 1 and 4 gradually increased with time from initial value of 7 to 8.47 and 7.57 respectively. In vat 1 and 4 the concentration of coumaphos declined from about initial concentration of 200 μg/mL to about 9 μg/mL in 255 days after initial treatment, whereas the persistence of coumaphos was more in vats 2 and 3. The stability of coumaphos in model vats increased significantly by maintaining a pH of 5 by addition of superphosphate. The pesticide residues consisted of 80 % or more of unchanged coumaphos. In addition potasan, chlorferon and 4 - methylumbelliferone were detected in small proportions. In another experiment the effect of pH was studied. Coumaphos was most stable at pH 5 as also observed in model vats under field conditions. Coumaphos did not leach below 10 cm in all the four cases. Dissipation, degradation and bound residue formation was more in case of alkali treated coumaphos than normal coumaphos. Aged residues of vat 3 were reasonably stable as copper sulphate inhibited the degradation of coumaphos in soil by microorganisms. Coumaphos along with the the above three metabolises were detected in the extractable insecticide residues from the soil, though the proportion of metabolises was much more than found in model vats. Again treatment of coumaphos with alkali further increased its metabolism and the soil bound residues were double as compared to untreated coumaphos

Determination of Cd, Cr and Pb in phosphate fertilizers by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nunes, Lidiane Cristina; Gustinelli Arantes de Carvalho, Gabriel [NAPTISA Research Support Center “Technology and Innovation for a Sustainable Agriculture”, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, 13416-000, Piracicaba SP (Brazil); Santos, Dario [Federal University of São Paulo, R. Prof. Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270, Diadema SP (Brazil); Krug, Francisco José, E-mail: fjkrug@cena.usp.br [NAPTISA Research Support Center “Technology and Innovation for a Sustainable Agriculture”, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, 13416-000, Piracicaba SP (Brazil)

2014-07-01

A validated method for quantitative determination of Cd, Cr, and Pb in phosphate fertilizers by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented. Laboratory samples were comminuted and homogenized by cryogenic or planetary ball milling, pressed into pellets and analyzed by LIBS. The experimental setup was designed by using a Q-switched Nd:YAG at 1064 nm with 10 Hz repetition rate, and the intensity signals from Cd II 214.441 nm, Cr II 267.716 nm and Pb II 220.353 nm emission lines were measured by using a spectrometer furnished with an intensified charge-coupled device. LIBS parameters (laser fluence, lens-to-sample distance, delay time, integration time gate, number of sites and number of laser pulses per site) were chosen after univariate experiments with a pellet of NIST SRM 695 (Trace Elements in Multi-Nutrient Fertilizer). Calibration and validation were carried out with 30 fertilizer samples from single superphosphate, triple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate, and NPK mixtures. Good results were obtained by using 30 pulses of 50 J cm{sup −2} (750 μm spot size), 2.0 μs delay time and 5.0 μs integration time gate. No significant differences between Cd, Cr, and Pb mass fractions determined by the proposed LIBS method and by ICP OES after microwave-assisted acid digestion (AOAC 2006.03 Official Method) were found at 95% confidence level. The limits of detection of 1 mg kg{sup −1} Cd, 2 mg kg{sup −1} Cr and 15 mg kg{sup −1} Pb and the precision (coefficients of variation of results ranging from 2% to 15%) indicate that the proposed LIBS method can be recommended for the determination of these analytes in phosphate fertilizers. - Highlights: • First LIBS application for quantitative Cd, Cr and Pb determination in fertilizers. • LIBS method was validated for analysis of phosphate fertilizers pressed pellets. • LIBS sample throughput is remarkably better than already existing methods.

Butanol by fermentation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hongo, M

1960-07-19

BuOH is produced by inoculating a carbohydrate mash with Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (ATCC 13564), fermenting the inoculated mash, and recovering the BuOH by fractional distillation. Thus, a medium containing sugar 4, (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ 0.2, Ca superphosphate 0.1, and CoCO/sub 3/ 0.3% is inoculated with a C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum culture and cultivated at 30/sup 0/ until the acidity begins to decrease. Then the culture is transferred to a second medium of similar composition. This transfer is repeated a third time, and then the culture is transferred to the main mash (same composition) and fermented for 60 hours at 30/sup 0/. The yield of BuOH is 11.5 g/1 or 25.5% of the sugar supplied.

Effects of soil properties and P fertilizers on trace element uptake of red clover in a pot experiment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Osztoics, E.; Bujtas, K.

1999-01-01

The impacts of superphosphate and Algerian phosphate rock and their various application rates on soil pH and on the availability of trace elements by red clover were studied in a pot experiment on several types of acidic soils from the Carpathian basin. The differences among the soils' original pH and texture, and those differences in soil pH, which resulted from the application of different P forms and rotes were reflected in the Mn, Ni, Al, Co, Sr, Cd and Cr contents of red clover. Plant concentrations of those elements were smaller on the slightly acidic than on the strongly and extremely strongly acidic soils. Elemental concentrations were generally higher when there was less time between two cuts, and decreased in the later cuts. Refs. 11 (author)

Improving Water Use Efficiency of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Using Phosphorous Fertilizers.

Science.gov (United States)

Alkhader, Asad M F; Abu Rayyan, Azmi M

2013-01-01

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorous (P) fertilizers application to an alkaline calcareous soil on the water use efficiency (WUE) of lettuce cultivar "robinson" of iceberg type. Head fresh and dry weights, total water applied and WUE were affected significantly by the P fertilizer type and rate. P fertilizers addition induced a significant enhancement in the WUE and fresh and dry weights of the crop. A local phosphate rock (PR) applied directly was found to be inferior to the other types of P fertilizers (Mono ammonium phosphate (MAP), Single superphosphate (SSP), and Di ammonium phosphate ((DAP)). MAP fertilizer at 375 and 500 kg P2O5/ha application rates recorded the highest significant values of head fresh weight and WUE, respectively.

Influência da adubação fosfatada e da introdução de espécies forrageiras de inverno na oferta de forragem de pastagem natural Influence of phosphorus fertilization and introduction of winter forage species on forage offer from natural pasture

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LUCIANO COLPO GATIBONI

2000-08-01

Full Text Available A pecuária de corte no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é baseada na utilização de pastagens naturais, que são de baixa produtividade e sazonalidade de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o efeito de diferentes fosfatos, solúveis e natural, associados ou não à calagem, no melhoramento de pastagem natural pela introdução de espécies forrageiras de inverno. O estudo foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, em solo Argissolo Vermelho. Os tratamentos foram: foscal (superfosfato simples + calcário; superfosfato triplo + calcário; superfosfato triplo; hiperfosfato de gafsa; sem adubação fosfatada e sem calcário; testemunha de pastagem natural. Com exceção do último, todos os tratamentos receberam adubação potássica, nitrogenada e introdução de Lolium multiflorum e Trifolium vesiculosum. Foram aplicados nos tratamentos específicos 3,2 Mg ha-1 de calcário (elevação do pH-H2O a 5,5, 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5, 130 kg ha-1 de K2O e 70 kg ha-1 de N. A produtividade de matéria seca foi avaliada nos períodos do inverno, primavera, primavera-verão e verão-outono. A adubação fosfatada aumentou significativamente a produtividade de matéria seca da pastagem. Os fosfatos solúveis proporcionaram maiores produções que o fosfato natural. A calagem não aumentou a produtividade de Lolium multiflorum e da pastagem natural, mas o Trifolium vesiculosum apresentou resposta a este insumo.The beef cattle production in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is based on natural pasture grazing, which are of low productivity and seasonal growth. The present work was done to test the effects of Italian ryegrass and arrowleaf clover introduction in natural pasture under different phosphorus fertilizer, soluble and natural, associated or not to the lime, on forage improvement from natural pasture. The study was conducted at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria on a Paleudalf. The treatments were: foscal (simple superphosphate + lime; triple

Agronomic behavior of phosphoric rock from Bahia Inglesa using isotopic techniques. 2. Greenhouse experiment in three volcanic ash soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pino N, I.; Casas G, L.

1989-01-01

With the aim to evaluate the behaviour of phosphoric rock in regard to the sorption capacity from three volcanic ash soils, a greenhouse trial was carried out. The isotopic dilution method with triple superphosphate labeled P32 (TSP-32) was used. Total dry matter, P total was determined by colorimetry and the liquid scintillation method for P32 was used. The evaluation of the rock was measured through different isotopical parameters such as A value and P derived from the rock. The behaviour of this material was affected by the different properties of the soils mainly on account of the diverse sorption capacity of them giving an inverse relation among sorption and effectiveness of the rock. The results showed a higher efficiency of TSP for the three soils compared with the phosphoric rock either concentrated or not. (author)

Cadmium and zinc uptake by vegetable tissues after nine annual applications of phosphate fertilizer to soil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mortvedt, J.J.

1984-01-01

Plant uptake of heavy metals such as Cd and Zn applied to soil as contaminants in P fertilizers is of concern because of their possible entry into the human food chain. Concentrations in P fertilizers generally range from 1 to 50 mg kg/sup -1/ of Cd and 50 to 500 mg kg/sup -1/ of Zn, but much higher concentrations have been reported. Such wide ranges are due to variations in heavy metal contents of phosphate rock (PR) used to produce P fertilizers. Samples of vegetable tissues grown in New York on soil fertilized with triple superphosphate (TSP) for nine years of a 10-year experiment were analyzed for Cd and Zn. Results of this study show that plant availability of Cd and Zn contaminants in P fertilizers is rather low, even at high rates of P fertilization

Phosphate fertilisers and management for sustainable crop production in tropical acid soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chien, S.H.; Friesen, D.K.

2000-01-01

Extensive research has been conducted over the past 25 years on the management of plant nutrients, especially N and P, for crop production on acidic infertile tropical soils. Under certain conditions, the use of indigenous phosphate rock (PR) and modified PR products, such as partially acidulated PR or compacted mixtures of PR with superphosphates, are attractive alternatives, both agronomically and economically, to the use of conventional water-soluble P fertilisers for increasing crop productivity on Oxisols and Ultisols. A combination of the effects of proper P and N management including biological N 2 fixation, judicious use of lime, and the use of acid-soil tolerant and/or P-efficient cultivars in cropping systems that enhance nutrient cycling and use efficiency, can provide an effective technology to sustainably increase crop productivity and production in tropical agro-ecosystems dominated by these acid soils. (author)

Risk assessment of replacing conventional P fertilizers with biomassash: Residual effects on plant yield, nutrition, cadmium accumulation and mycorrhizal status

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Cruz-Paredes, Carla; Lopez Garcia, Alvaro; Rubæk, Gitte Holton

2017-01-01

in biomass ashes in a barley crop grown on soil with adequate P status. Two contrasting doses of three different types of ashes were applied to an agricultural field with spring barley and compared to similar doses of triple-superphosphate fertilizer. In the second growing season after biomass ash......Reutilizing biomass ashes in agriculture can substitute inputs of P from finite primary sources. However, recycling of ashes is disputed due to their content of toxic substances such as heavy metals. This study evaluates the potential risk of replacing easily soluble inorganic P fertilizer with P...... application, grain, straw and root dry matter yield, and P and Cd uptake were determined. Resin-extractable P was measured in soil and the symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal activity, colonization, and community composition were assessed. Crop yield was not affected by ash application, while P...

PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DAN KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING ALFALFA DENGAN PEMUPUKAN FOSFAT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

- Sunarni

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Alfalfa (Medicago    sativa    L. as one of legume forage crops for ruminant livestock is very sensitive to the phosphorus deficiency. Phosphorus fertilizers have been used widely to overcome those problem. However, the high cost of superphosphate (SP is now focusing attention on cheaper rock phosphate (RP fertilizer. A field experiment was conducted on a latosolic soil (low pH, and low available Bray II extractable P. The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilizer from difference sources on dry matter production, and in    vitro dry matter digestibility of alfalfa. Completely randomized block design with 7 treatments in 3 replicates was used in this field experiment. The treatments were T0 (control, T1 (SP, 100 kg P2O5/ha, T2 (SP, 200 kg P2O5/ha, T3 (SP, 300 kg P2O5/ha, T4 (RP, 100 kg P2O5/ha, T5 (RP, 200 kg P2O5/ha, T6 (RP, 300 kg P2O5/ha. Size of each plot was 2 m x 2 m, and fertilized with P fertilizer (SP, RP according to the assigned treatment. All plot received basal fertilizer of urea (50 kg N/ha, KCl (100 kg K2O/ha and poultry manure (2 ton/ha. Medicago    sativa was defoliated on 12 weeks after planting and analyzed for dry matter (DM production and in    vitro DM digestibility. Result showed that DM production significantly influenced by the treatments. Superphosphate fertilization resulted DM production significantly higher compared to control and RP, except on RP 300 kg P2O5/ha was non-significant difference. In    vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD of alfalfa was not affected by the treatment. There was non-significant difference in IVDMD between the treatments. Therefore, RP (300 kg P2O5/ha could replace SP to increased DM production and not affected for IVDMD of Medicago    sativa in acid latosolic soil.

Adubação da batata-doce em São Paulo parte IV: experiências comparando formas de N, P e K Fertilizer experiments with sweet potatoes IV: trials with some N, P, and K sources

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. Paes de Camargo

1962-01-01

Full Text Available De 1943-44 a 1945-46 realizaram-se seis experiências (três anuais, uma conduzida por dois e duas por três anos, em três localidades do Estado de São Paulo, para estudar o efeito, sôbre a batata-doce, de diversas formulas contendo sempre 60-100-40 kg/ha de N-P2O5-K2O, mas preparadas com diferentes adubos nitrogenados, fosfatados e potássicos. Em relação ao tratamento sem adubo, foram poucos os casos em que as adubações com NPK aumentaram substancialmente a produção. Nessas condições, superfosfato se mostrou ligeiramente superior à farinha de ossos e não se notou diferença entre cloreto de potássio e cinzas de café. Sulfato de amônio, que figurou na experiênca conduzida por dois anos, e torta de algodão, nas demais, em regra com portaram-se melhor do que salitre do Chile. Individualmente, as fórmulas mais eficientes foram as preparadas com superfosfato, cloreto de potássio e sulfato de amônio ou torta de algodão. Contudo, mesmo com estas, foi muito baixa a freqüência de resultados compensadores.Six experiments with sweet potatoes were located on two soil types of the State of São Paulo to study the effects of fertilizer mixtures prepared with different, N. P, and K sources, but containing always 60-100-40 kilograms of N-P(20(5-K(20 per hectare. The yield increases of fertilized over the unfertilized plots were satisfactory only in a few of the 11 annual results obtained. Under such poor conditions, superphosphate was slightly superior to bone meal and no difference was observed between coffee ashes and potassium chloride. Ammonium sulphate, in one, and cottonseed meal, in the other five trials, as a rule, were more efficient than Chilean nitrate. Individually, the mixtures prepared with superphosphate, potassium chloride, and ammonium sulphate or cottonseed meal gave the best results but even with them the frequency of satisfactory yield increases was very low.

Fertilidade de substratos para mudas de mangabeira, contendo fibra de coco e adubados com fósforo = Fertility of substrata for mangabeira seedlings, containing coconut fiber and fertilized with phosphorus

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thiago Jardelino Dias

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Este experimento foi executado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da UFPB,Areia, Estado da Paraíba, com objetivo de avaliar a fertilidade de substratos compostos por diferentes concentrações de fibra de coco (0 a 40%, esterco bovino (0 a 25%, terra vegetal (25 a 70%, 15% de areia e adubados com superfosfato triplo (0; 5,5 e 11 g L-1. Houveaumento das características químicas desejáveis do substrato com aumento da concentração de terra vegetal, fibra de coco e dose máxima do superfosfato triplo. A fibra de coco provocou aumento do teor de sódio nos substratos. Recomenda-se utilizar o substratoconstituído de 0 % de esterco, 46% de terra vegetal, 39% de fibra de coco, 15% de areia e 11 g L-1 de superfosfato triplo para obtenção dos máximos valores estimados de matéria orgânica, potássio, magnésio, cálcio e fósforo, e mínimo para H++Al+3 e sódio.This experiment was carried out at Centro de Ciências Agrárias of UFPB, Areia, state of Paraíba, whose objective was to evaluate thefertility of the substrata composed by concentrations of coconut fiber from 0 to 40%, manure bovine from 0 to 25.5%, soil from 25 to 70%, sand 15% and triple superphosphate between 0 and 11 g L-1. There was increase of the desirable chemical characteristics to thesubstratum with the increase of the concentration of soil, coconut fiber and maximum dose of the triple superphosphate. The coconut fiber increased the tenor of sodium in the substrata. It is recommended to use the concentrations of 0% of manure, 46% of soil, 39% of coconut fiber, 15% of sand and 11 g L-1 of triple superphosfate, to obtain the maxima estimated values of organic matter, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus, andminima for H++Al+3 and sodium.

Evaluation of tomato varieties on P absorption and its use efficiency

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alvarez Villanueva, Felipe Carlos; Cotrim Duete, Robson Rui; Muraoka, Takashi; Cotrim Duete, Washington Luiz; Abreu Junior, Cassio Hamilton

1999-01-01

The differences on the uptake of P from the soil and fertilizer (triple superphosphate) and on nutrient use by two commercial tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Will) varieties, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Kada, were evaluated by 32 P technique. The experiment was carried out in two Brazilian soils, Dark Red Latosol from Piracicaba, Sao Paulo and calcareous Yellow Latosol from Irec Bahia, using pots with 2.5 kg soil. The radioisotope was added to the soil as KH2PO4 solution, with 3.7 MBq/pot. The dry matter weight, plant P content, L and A values were utilized for comparing the tomato varieties. There was a clear response to P fertilization. The Santa Cruz variety had higher dry matter weight and lower concentration than Santa Clara variety, but there was no difference on the total P taken up, indicating that the Santa Cruz variety

Availability of native and fertilizer P in Brazilian soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Scivittaro, W.B.; Muraoka, T.; Boaretto, A.E.; Brasil, E.C.

2002-01-01

Inorganic forms of phosphorus were determined in two Red-Yellow Latosols, which were incubated with P fertilizers for a month, after equilibration with 32 P for 60 hours. The methods used were soil P fractionation combined with the 32 P isotopic dilution technique. The fertilizers applied were: H 3 PO 4 , 10-30-0 suspension, MAP and triple superphosphate, at the rate of 92 mg P kg -1 of soil. In both soils, the isotopically exchangeable inorganic phosphorus fractions decreased in the following order: water soluble P > Al bound P > Fe bound P > calcium bound P > occluded-P. The water- soluble and Al bound P were the main source of available P for the newly fertilized soil. The Fe bound phosphate was also an important source of available P in both soils when fertilizer was not applied. The soil P fixing capacity affected the availability of native and added phosphorus. (author)

Uptake by Plants of Radiostrontium from Contaminated Soils

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Andersen, A. J.

1965-01-01

In a recent report from this department it was shown that the extractability of radiostrontium from contaminated soil samples was effectively reduced by heat treatment and by the addition of phosphate to the soil. It was pointed out that, under emergency conditions, heat-treatment of the contamin......In a recent report from this department it was shown that the extractability of radiostrontium from contaminated soil samples was effectively reduced by heat treatment and by the addition of phosphate to the soil. It was pointed out that, under emergency conditions, heat......-treatment of the contaminated soil surface and heavy phosphate application might thus reduce the uptake by plants of radiostrontium more efficiently than liming, which is only effective in soils of low calcium status. In the investigation reviewed here the influence of heat treatment and superphosphate application on the plant...... uptake of radiostrontium was examined in pot experiments. For comparison the effect of applying calcium carbonate to the contaminated soil surface was also determined....

Approach to the effect of phosphatic fertilizer and phosphogypsum upon the radioelement contents of some cultivated lands in the Egyptian nile delta

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hussein, E.M.; Ahmed, H.A.H.

1997-01-01

The present work deals-for environmental importance with the estimation of radioelement contents 238 U, 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K in non fertilized soil, fertilized soil (crops), fertilized soil (vegetables) and samples from the bottoms of the local drainage systems collected from four sites (Govern orates) of egyptian delta. This work therefore aims at assessing eventual concentration and build up of the natural-radioactivity in the Egyptian soil treated by the locally produced single superphosphate fertilizer and phosphogypsum. A total number (42) of samples were collected from the following sites (Govern orates); 1) El-Qalyobia (Shebin El-Qanater and Abu-Zaabal); 2) El-Sharqia (Inshas and Minia El-kamh); 3) El-Dakahlia (El-Mansoura); and 4) El-Menoufia (Tala). From each locality two samples of non-fertilized soil, two samples of non-fertilized soil, two samples of fertilized soil (crops), two samples of fertilized soil (vegetables), and sample the drainage system were obtained.

Fermentation of corn-cob hydrolyzates with butanol bacteria

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nakhmanovich, B M; Senkevich, V V; Scheblykina, N A; Lipshits, V V

1960-01-01

Experiments to produce BuOH from hydrolyzates of corn cobs and sunflower husks after addition to beet molasses are described. Corn cobs were heated at atmosphere pressure at 100/sup 0/ for 3 to 8 hourse at 4.1% initial H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ concentration, for sunflower hulls 120/sup 0/ for 20 minutes was used. The concentration,of solids was 25 and 33%, respectively. The hydrolyzate was neutralized with lime to pH 6.7 to 6.9 and (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/DO/sub 4/ and superphosphate were added. The best yields were obtained if the mash contained 40 to 60% hydrolyzate and 60 to 40% molasses (on sugar basis). The sugar content of the mashes was 3.7%. Yields in total organic solvents and BuOH were 40% and 27%, respectively, calculated on the initial sugar in the mash. Fermentation time was 2 to 3 days. The strain used in probably a variety of Clostridium butylicum.

Comparative evaluation of phosphorus fertilizer on lowland rice soils by the 'A' value technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nagarajah, S.; Amarasiri, S.L.; Jauffer, M.M.M.; Wickremasinghe, K.

1979-01-01

The direct and residual effects of several phosphorus fertilizers were studied in some rice soils of Sri Lanka in the greenhouse and in the field using the 'A' value method. In the greenhouse experiment rock phosphates did not show a direct effect on any of the soils. Rhenania phosphate was superior to other phosphates in its direct effect in some of the soils. The rock phosphates hardly showed a residual effect while Rhenania phosphate showed a residual effect in three of the soils. In the field experiment there were no differences in 'A' value between the forms of phosphate in their direct effects. Only the higher level of concentrated superphosphate showed a residual effect. 'A' value data also presented some problems in their interpretation and use. Some of the 'A' values were negative, there were conflicts between 'A' value data and previously known field data, and the 'A' value method was sometimes unable to differentiate between phosphates of wide differences in availability. (author)

Rehabilitation with pasture after open-cut coal mining at three sites in the Bowen Coal Basin of Queensland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Coaldrake, J E

1978-03-01

Open-cut coal mining in the Bowen Coal Basin leaves piled heaps of overburden, chiefly of a clayey nature, that have high pH, high salinity, and low contents of phosphorus and nitrogen. It is likely that pastures of introduced sub- tropical species can be used as a first stage in rehabilitating these areas, and possibly to convert them into permanent grazing lands. In field experiments the grasses Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Biloela (Buffel grass), Chloris gayana cv. Pioneer (Rhodes grass) and Panicum maximum var. trichoglume cv. Petrie (green panic) all showed satisfactory establishment and growth at two sites out of three tested. There was a clear response to superphosphate, with 400 kg/ha proving better over a two-year period than 100 kg/ha. Responses to nitrogen (as ammonium sulphate and as ammonium nitrate) were variable, and there was no response to gypsum and manganese at the one site tested for them. Of three tropical legumes subjected to limited testing only leucaena leucocephala gave encouraging results.

Trace elements in rock phosphates and P containing mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers sold in Germany

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kratz, Sylvia, E-mail: sylvia.kratz@jki.bund.de; Schick, Judith; Schnug, Ewald

2016-01-15

68 rock phosphates and 162 P containing (organo-)mineral fertilizers sold in Germany were evaluated with regard to trace element contents. While Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, U, and Zn were higher in sedimentary than in igneous rock phosphates, the opposite was true for Co, Cu, Sn, Mn, Ti, Fe, and Sr. Comparing element concentrations to the currently valid legal limit values defined by the German Fertilizer Ordinance, it was found that some PK and many straight P fertilizers (superphosphate, triple superphosphate, partly acidulated rock phosphates) exceeded the limit of 50 mg Cd/kg P{sub 2}O{sub 5}. Mean values for As, Ni, Pb, and Tl remained below legal limits in almost all cases. While no legal limit has been defined for U in Germany yet, the limit of 50 mg U/kg P{sub 2}O{sub 5} for P containing fertilizers proposed by the German Commission for the Protection of Soils was clearly exceeded by mean values for all fertilizer types analyzed. A large share of the samples evaluated in this work contained essential trace elements at high concentrations, with many of them not being declared as such. Furthermore, trace elements supplied with these fertilizers at a fertilization rate leveling P uptake would exceed trace element uptake by crops. This may become most relevant for B and Fe, since many crops are sensitive to an oversupply of B, and Fe loads exceeding plant uptake may immobilize P supplies for the crops by forming Fe phosphate salts. The sample set included two products made from thermochemically treated sewage sludge ash. The products displayed very high concentrations of Fe and Mn and exceeded the legal limit for Ni, emphasizing the necessity to continue research on heavy metal removal from recycled raw materials and the development of environmentally friendly and agriculturally efficient fertilizer products. - Highlights: • Mineral fertilizers (MF) sold in Germany often exceed legal limits for Cd • MF sold in Germany contain high

PRODUÇÃO E COMPOSIÇÃO MINERAL DE CENOURA ADUBADA COM RESÍDUOS ORGÂNICOS YIELD AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF CARROTS FERTILIZAED WITH ORGANIC RESIDUES

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MARIA APARECIDA NOGUEIRA SEDIYAMA

1998-01-01

-sugar-cane, napier grass and coffee straw and the crushed-sugar-cane with or without gypsum or superphosphate triple; one with dry swine manure; one with chemical fertilization, and a untreated control. The experiment was carried out under field conditions using a randomized block design with four replications, from May 3 to August 23, 1994, at EPAMIG Experimental Estation in Ponte Nova county, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Generally, both a greater plant height and aerial part yield were obtained from treatments with organic compounds and dry swine manure. The organic compounds produced from coffee straw plus liquid swine manure, crushed-sugar-cane plus superphosphate triple and napier grass plus liquid swine manure provided yields of total roots over than 50 t.ha-1. The organic compound produced form coffee straw and liquid swine manure provided a greater yield of total and commercial roots. Enrichment of the organic compound crushed-sugar-cane plus liquid swine manure with gypsum or superphosphate triple did not affect root yield, neither Ca and P contents in leaves and roots. The carrot roots that received organic or mineral fertilization presented superior P and K contents and similar Ca content, when compared to those contents considered as standard for elaborating human diets.

Uso de misturas de adubos contendo ou não enxofre na adubação do cultivar IAC 16 de algodoeiro The effect of sulfur on 'IAC 16' cotton

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Nelson M. Silva

1981-01-01

permanent field trial conducted with 'IAC 16' cotton, during four years, on Latosolic B "Terra Roxa", acid and of low fertility. Through the combination of various fertilizers, as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate (Chilean product, ordinary superphosphate, concentrated superphosphate and potassium chloride, N and K were supplied in constant doses, and P and S in variable doses. Sulfur was used always in the presence of phosphorous. Lime was applied in a small dose, before the first and the last years' planting. The experimental design was a Latin square, 6x6. The risk of unsuccess in cotton culture conducted immediately after liming of acid soils, was confirmed by the low levels of productivity observed in the first year, even at higher dosages of fertilizers. In this year, the effect of P on cotton yield was not significant and it was quadratic in the successive years. Sulfur effect was appreciable already in the first year, and it increased with time. Ordinary superphosphate behaved as a mixed fertilizer, since it increased the calcium level of soil analysis and the level of Ca and S of the leaf blade of cotton. No correlation between cotton yield and leaf blade nutrient concentration was observed, except for sulfur.

Nitrogen cycling in a 15N-fertilized bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop

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Victoria, R.L.; Libardi, P.L.; Reichardt, K.; Cervellini, A.

1982-01-01

To increase our understanding of the fate of applied nitrogen in Phaseolus vulgaris crops grown under tropical conditions, 15 N-labelled urea was applied to bean crops and followed for three consecutive cropping periods. Each crop received 100 kg urea-N ha - 1 and 41 kg KCl-K ha - 1 . At the end of each period we estimated each crop's recovery of the added nitrogen, the residual effects of nitrogen from the previous cropping period, the distribution of nitrogen in the soil profile, and leaching losses of nitrogen. In addition, to evaluate potential effects of added phosphorus on nitrogen cycling in this crop, beans were treated at planting with either 35 kg rock-phosphate-P, 35 kg superphosphate-P, or 0 kg P ha - 1 . Results showed that 31.2% of the nitrogen in the first crop was derived from the applied urea, which represents a nitrogen utilization efficiency of 38.5%, 6.2% of the nitrogen in the second crop was derived from fertilizer applied to the first crop, and 1.4% of the nitrogen in the third crop. (orig./AJ)

Assessment of annual effective dose from natural radioactivity intake through wheat grain produced in Faisalabad, Pakistan

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Tufail, M.; Sabiha-Javied; Akhtar, N.; Akhter, J.

2010-01-01

Wheat is staple food of the people of Pakistan. Phosphate fertilizers, used to increase the yield of wheat, enhance the natural radioactivity in the agricultural fields from where radionuclides are transferred to wheat grain. A study was, therefore, carried out to investigate the uptake of radioactivity by wheat grain and to determine radiation doses received by human beings from the intake of foodstuffs made of wheat grain. Wheat was grown in a highly fertilized agricultural research farm at the Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan. The activity concentration of 40 K, 226 Ra and 232 Th was measured in soil, single superphosphate (SSP) fertilizer, and wheat grain using an HPGe-based gamma-ray spectrometer. Soil to wheat grain transfer factors determined for 40 K, 226 Ra and 232 Th were 0.118 ± 0.021, 0.022 ± 0.004 and 0.036 ± 0.007, respectively, and the annual effective dose received by an adult person from the intake of wheat products was estimated to be 217 μSv. (author)

Availability of native and added phosphates for the soil

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Scivittaro, W.B.; Boaretto, A.E.; Muraoka, T.

1995-01-01

In superficial composite samples of two Red-Yellow Latosols with different physical and chemical properties, analyses were carried out on inorganic form of phosphorus as well as the availability of native and added phosphates. The method applied was soil phosphorus fractionation associated with isotopic dilution technique ( 32 P). The samples were taken from pots containing soils incubated for a month with fluid phosphatic fertilizers (phosphoric acid and 10-30-00 suspension) and solid phosphatic fertilizers (mono ammonium phosphate and triple superphosphate), at the rate of 210 mg P 2 O 5 /kg of soil. A control treatment was included. In both soils the availability of inorganic phosphorus fractions decreased at the following order: H 2 O-P > Al-P > Fe-P > CA-P > occluded-P. The water soluble and aluminium phosphates represented the main source of available P for the newly fertilizer, the iron phosphates were also an important source of available phosphorus. The soil phosphorus fixing capacity influenced the availability of native and added phosphates. (author). 17 refs, 3 tabs

Relative efficiency of legumes in utilizing soil and fertilizer phosphorus

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Joshi, O.P.; Prasad, R.; Subbiah, B.V.

1977-01-01

A pot-culture study was made at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the native P feeding power of six rainy season legumes (green gram, black gram, cowpea, pigeon pea, soyabean and groundnut). Ordinary superphosphate tagged with 32 P was used in the study. At the first harvest (30 days after seeding) soybean and cowpea and at the second harvest (45 days after sowing) cowpea and groundnut removed more P than the other legumes. Pigeon pea removed the least P due to its slow growth. The tracer studies showed that during the first 30 days, groundnut, pigeon pea and soyabean were relatively better feeders of native soil P than the other legumes. Some varietal differences with respect to their capacity to feed on native soil P were also observed and in groundnut the varieties AK-12-24 and Jyoti removed more soil P than the variety NG-268. Differences between the legumes with respect to feeding on native soil P were much less at the second harvest (45 days after seeding). (author)

Efficiency of Syrian and Indian rock phosphates for maize in two soils amended with sulphur

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Kanacri, S.

1995-01-01

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the fertilizer use efficiency of three Syrian rock phosphates in comparison to Mussoorie rock phosphate from India for maize grown in a laterite (ultisol) and an alluvial (entisol) soil amended with sulphur, and using sup 3 sup 2 P-labelled triple superphosphate (TSP). Results showed that application of rock phosphates (RPs) to laterite soil significantly increased the dry matter yields of maize shoots, whereas, in alluvial soil, RPs were not found effective in increasing the yields. Data further indicated that all the three Syrian RPs were equally efficient in increasing dry matter yields in laterite soil and were superior to Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP). Sulphur added in combination with RPs significantly enhanced the dry matter production as well as 'A' value of alluvial soil. Application of sulphur in conjunction with RPs significantly increased the 'A' value of laterite soil however, sulphur did not contribute to any significant increase in the yields. Syrian RPs were more reactive in soils than Mussoorie RP. (author). 7 refs., 6 tabs

Efficiency of Syrian and Indian rock phosphates for maize in two soils amended with sulphur

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Kanacri, Saloi; Bhujbal, B.M.

1993-01-01

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the fertilizer use efficiency of three Syrian rock phosphates in comparison to Mussoorie rock phosphate from India for maize grown in a laterite (ultisol) and an alluvial (entisol) soil amended with sulphur, and using 32 P-labelled triple superphosphate (TSP). Results showed that application of rock phosphates (RPs) to laterite soil significantly increased the dry matter yields of maize shoots, whereas, in alluvial soil, RPs were not found effective in increasing the yields. Data further indicated that all the three Syrian RPs were equally efficient in increasing dry matter yields in laterite soil and were superior to Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP). Sulphur added in combination with RPs significantly enhanced the dry matter production as well as 'A'value of alluvial soil. Application of sulphur in conjunction with RPs significantly increased the 'A' value of laterite soil, however, sulphur did not contribute to any significant increase in the yields. Syrian RPs were more reactive in soils than Mussoorie RP. (author). 7 refs., 6 tabs

Root activity and soil feeding zones of some Bajra hybrids (Pennisetum typhoids Stapf.)

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Shriniwas

1980-01-01

Root activity and soil feeding zones of five bajra hybrids (Hybrid D-356, HB-3, HB-4, HB-1 and Bil-3B) were determined under natural field conditions by placement of 32 P labelled superphosphate enclosed in gelatinous capsules at different soil locations around the plant. Percent root activity varied significantly from one depth to another and it decreased with increase in depths and lateral distances. More than 44 percent of the root activity occurred in a soil feeding zone consisting of 0-15 cm depth having double of this much lateral distance. Percent root activity in HB-3 and HB-4 was almost found identical both horizontally and vertically. Hybrid D-356 and HB-1 approximated more than 38 percent root activity in a soil feeding zone of 0-15 cm in depth and 0-10 cm in lateral distance. 32 P placement in capsules appeared to hold promise over Hall's technique since it overcomes the differences caused by disturbance of the feeding activity of roots at the point of 32 P injection into the soil. (author)

The role of phosphorus sources in the growth of lowland rice plant

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Sisworo, Widjang Herry

1975-01-01

The role of phosphorus sources in the growth of lowland rice plant was studied using P 32 -labelled superphosphate. The experiment was carried out in the glass house. Three high yielding rice varieties used in the experiment were PB 5, IR 22 and Pelita I/1. Results obtained from the experiment showed that, during early growth, seedlings in the nursery did not require any phosphorus from outside. The phosphorus needed was apparently supplied by the seeds themselves. After 10 days seedlings started using phosphorus from outside the plants. Phosphorus in the plants derived from fertilizer reached 5-12% at 16 days old and 25-40% at transplanting time depending on the varieties. Higher response to phosphorus application in the nursery was given by Pelita I/1, the phosphorus in the plants derived from fertilizer was 40% at transplanting time. The phosphorus requirement was mostly supplied by the application of phosphorus fertilizer till 20 days after transplanting but after 40 days soil-phosphorus became the main source for the plants. (author)

Accumulation of sup 210 Po in foodstuffs cultivated in farms around the Brazilian mining and milling facilities on Pocos de Caldas plateau

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Santos, P L; Gouvea, R C; Dutra, I R [Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Inst. de Biologia; Gouvea, V A [Brazilian Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Int. of Radioprotection and Dosimetry

1990-01-01

Several sample types from the environment of the uranium mining and milling facilities of Pocos de Caldas plateau (CIPC) in Minas Gerais state, Brazil have been assayed for their concentrations of uranium and its daughters. This paper presents the data for {sup 210}Po in food, soils and fertilizers in the CIPC region and, for comparison, the corresponding results from a vegetable garden in a control region in Joinville, in the state of Santa Catarina. The results show that vegetables from two gardens near the CIPC region have no significance differences in Po content, despite the closeness of one of the sites to a uranium mine. For some species of vegetables, however, nearsite values were twice those in the control region. Superphosphate fertilizers influence the accumulation of {sup 210}Po by plants, as well as the concentrations in soils, and their contribution is more evident than the local deposition. The major concentration in the leaf and stem suggests that the accumulation of {sup 210}Po in vegetables is due chiefly to its deposition on and absorption by their leaves. (author).

Relative efficiency of legumes in utilizing soil and fertilizer phosphorus

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Joshi, O P; Prasad, R; Subbiah, B V [Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi. Nuclear Research Lab.

1977-09-01

A pot-culture study was made at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the native P feeding power of six rainy season legumes (green gram, black gram, cowpea, pigeon pea, soybean and groundnut). Ordinary superphosphate tagged with /sup 32/P was used in the study. At the first harvest (30 days after seeding) soybean and cowpea and at the second harvest (45 days after sowing) cowpea and groundnut removed more P than the other legumes. Pigeon pea removed the least P due to its slow growth. The tracer studies showed that during the first 30 days, groundnut, pigeon pea and soybean were relatively better feeders of native soil P than the other legumes. Some varietal differences with respect to their capacity to feed on native soil P were also observed and in groundnut the varieties AK-12-24 and Jyoti removed more soil P than the variety NG-268. Differences between the legumes with respect to feeding on native soil P were much less at the second harvest (45 days after seeding).

Nutrient absorption and response of lettuce to phosphorus fertilization

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Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso

2012-09-01

Full Text Available The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of lettuce (cultivar Verônica to different levels of phosphorus fertilization. The experiment was conducted from 25/09/2003 (sowing to 03/12/2003 (harvesting at the Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, UNESP/FCA, Botucatu/SP, under protective structures. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with five treatments (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800kg.ha-1 of P2O5, in the form of triple superphosphate and five replications. Plants were grown in 13L plastic pots containing Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico Típico. A quadratic response was observed for the fresh mass of the plant shoots and leaf area, with maximum equivalent levels of 733 and 756kg.ha-1 of P2O5, respectively, as well as for potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc accumulation. Linear increases were observed with the treatments of P2O5 for dry mass of the shoots, leaf number, plant height and nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation.

Effects of anabolic and catabolic nutrients on woody plant encroachment after long-term experimental fertilization in a South African savanna.

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Anthony J Mills

Full Text Available The causes of the worldwide problem of encroachment of woody plants into grassy vegetation are elusive. The effects of soil nutrients on competition between herbaceous and woody plants in various landscapes are particularly poorly understood. A long-term experiment of 60 plots in a South African savanna, comprising annual applications of ammonium sulphate (146-1166 kg ha-1 yr-1 and superphosphate (233-466 kg ha-1 yr-1 over three decades, and subsequent passive protection over another three decades, during which indigenous trees encroached on different plots to extremely variable degrees, provided an opportunity to investigate relationships between soil properties and woody encroachment. All topsoils were analysed for pH, acidity, EC, water-dispersible clay, Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, C, N, NH4, NO3, B, Mn, Cu and Zn. Applications of ammonium sulphate (AS, but not superphosphate (SP, greatly constrained tree abundance relative to control plots. Differences between control plots and plots that had received maximal AS application were particularly marked (16.3 ± 5.7 versus 1.2 ± 0.8 trees per plot. Soil properties most affected by AS applications included pH (H2O (control to maximal AS application: 6.4 ± 0.1 to 5.1 ± 0.2, pH (KCl (5.5 ± 0.2 to 4.0 ± 0.1, acidity (0.7 ± 0.1 to 2.6 ± 0.3 cmol kg-1, acid saturation (8 ± 2 to 40 ± 5%, Mg (386 ± 25 to 143 ± 15 mg kg-1, Ca (1022 ± 180 to 322 ± 14 mg kg-1, Mn (314 ± 11 to 118 ± 9 mg kg-1, Cu (3.6 ± 0.3 to 2.3 ± 0.2 mg kg-1 and Zn (6.6 ± 0.4 to 3.7 ± 0.4 mg kg-1. Magnesium, B, Mn and Cu were identified using principal component analysis, boundary line analysis and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests as the nutrients most likely to be affecting tree abundance. The ratio Mn/Cu was most related to tree abundance across the experiment, supporting the hypothesis that competition between herbaceous and woody plants depends on the availability of anabolic relative to catabolic nutrients. These findings

Adubos fosfatados na absorção de fósforo pela soja em presença e ausência de calagem Effect of phosphate fertilizers and liming on phosphorus uptake by soybeans

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Ondino Cleante Bataglia

1984-01-01

Full Text Available Num experimento conduzido em São Simão (SP durante três anos consecutivos, em um latossolo roxo de textura média, anteriormente sob vegetação de cerrado, estudou-se o efeito da aplicação de fosfato-de-araxá, hiperfosfato, termofosfato (Yoorin e superfosfato triplo em presença e ausência de calagem, sobre o crescimento, produtividade e absorção de nutrientes pela soja cultivar Santa-Rosa. Os dados evidenciaram a importância dos nutrientes acompanhantes de fósforo dos adubos fosfatados, especialmente do cálcio, sobre o crescimento, produção de grãos e absorção de fósforo pela parte aérea da soja. Na presença de calagem, não houve diferença marcante entre os adubos sobre a produtividade e absorção do fósforo. Na sua ausência, os adubos menos solúveis, aplicados em maiores quantidades e, portanto, levando grandes quantidades de cálcio, mostraram efeitos residuais melhores que os fosfatados mais solúveis. A produtividade com a aplicação dos fosfatos menos solúveis no terceiro ano de plantio sem calagem mostrou boa correlação com a absorção de cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e com a relação Ca/Mn das folhas.One experiment was conducted during three successive growing seasons in São Simão, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to test the effect of different phosphates and liming on the uptake of phosphorus by soybeans. The phosphates were: >- rock phosphate, hyperphosphate, termophosphate (Yoorin and triple superphosphate, at rates of 100, 200 and 400kg/ha of water or 2% citric acid soluble P2O5 and a common control without phosphorus. The phosphates were broadcasted over limed or non limed plots. Dolomitic lime was applied at rates of 2500kg/ha before the first and third planting. The cultivar used was 'Santa Rosa'. Field data demonstrated the importance of the nutrients, specially calcium, carried by the phosphate together with phosphorus, on growth, grain productivity and phosphorus uptake by soybeans. In the

Composição química do capim-Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça adubado com diferentes fontes de fósforo sob pastejo = Chemical composition of Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça fertilized with different phosphorus on grazing

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Fábio Jacobs Dias

2007-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo foi avaliar a composição química do Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça, adubado com 140 kg ha-1 de P2O5 com diferentes fontes de fósforo, sob pastejo, no período de dezembro de 2002 a abril de 2003, com intervalo de coleta a cada 28 dias. Tratamentos: 1- termofosfato magnesiano YoorinÒ; 2-fosfato natural GafsaÒ; 3-superfosfato simples + superfosfato triplo (SS + ST; e 4-testemunha. Os teores de proteína bruta na lâmina foliar (PBf e colmo (PBc, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN, fibra em detergente ácido (FDA, celulose (CEL, hemicelulose (HCEL, lignina (LIG, extrato etéreo (EE, cálcio (Ca, fósforo (P, cinzas e carboidratos não-estruturais (CNE, não foram influenciados pela adubação fosfatada. As variáveis PBc, FDNf, FDNc, LIGf, LIGc, CELf, CELc, NIDAf, EEf, EEc, Caf, Cac, Pf, Pc, CINZAc, CNEc, apresentaram efeito do período de coleta. Não ocorreu diferença nacomposição química da forragem do capim-Mombaça em função das fontes de fósforo utilizadas na adubação da pastagem. As variações qualitativas foram de baixa magnitude.This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça. Grassland was fertilized with 140 kg ha-1 of P2O5 from different phosphorus sources on grazing, in December, 2002, until April, 2003, with a collection interval of every 28 days. Treatments: 1-YoorinÒ magnesium thermophosphate; 2-GafsaÒ natural phosphate; 3-simple superphosphate + triple superphosphate (SS + TS and 4-control. Leaf (lCP and stem (sCP crude protein, acid detergent fiber nitrogen (ADFN, neutral detergent fiber (NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF, cellulose (CEL, hemicellulose (HEM, lignin (LIG, ether extract (EE, calcium (Ca, phosphorus (P, ash (A and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC were not influenced by phosphated fertilization. The variables sCP, lNDF, sNDF, sLIG, lLIG, sCEL, lCEL, lADFN, sEE, lEE, lCa, sCa, lP, sP, sA and s

Fontes e doses de fósforo no desenvolvimento e produção do cafeeiro, em um solo originalmente sob vegetação de cerrado de Patrocínio - MG Sources and doses of phosphorus on coffee development and production on soil originally under savannah vegetation of Patrocínio - MG

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Benjamim de Melo

2005-04-01

áximo de produtividade.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different sources and doses of phosphorus on coffee plant development and production, Acaiá Cerrado cultivate, MG 1474-lineage, on Distroferric Red Latosol, of Patrocínio Experimental Farm, belonging to EPAMIG. The experiment was installed on spacement of 3.50 x 0.70 m, in a randomized-block design, in a factorial 4 x 5, with four repetitions. The phosphorus sources were: "Araxá" phosphate, magnesium thermophosphate, Arad phosphate and triple superphosphate, all of them applied in five doses, corresponding to: 0 (zero, 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 g of P2O5 per meter of furrow. Each experimental plot was constituted by a line with eight plants, being used the four central ones as useful plants. Thirty and forty-one months after planting were evaluated the following characteristics: plant height, stem and canopy diameters and yield. The phosphorus sources had a similar behavior in relation to coffee development, 30 and 41 months after planting; 30 months after planting, the biggest yields were obtained when the triple superphosphate and the magnesium termophosphate were used; at 41 months, the biggest yields were obtained when the "Araxá" phosphate, the Arad phosphate and the magnesium termophosphate were used; the P2O5 doses influenced the coffee vegetative development, the best results were observed from 618,8 to 674,4 g of P2O5 per meter of furrow; the best yields were obtained with the doses from 539,7 to 855,0 g of P2O5 per meter of furrow, according to the used fertilizer, with exception of triple superphosphate, 41 months after planting, where the P2O5 maximum dose wasn't sufficient to obtain a maximum of yield.

ACÚMULO DE NUTRIENTES NAS PLANTAS DE MILHETO EM FUNÇÃO DA ADUBAÇÃO ORGÂNICA E MINERAL

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Wladimir Nicolau Sobrinho

2009-01-01

Full Text Available A field experiment was carried out at the UFCG/CSTR Experimental Station NUPEARIDO in order to evaluate the influence of organic and mineral fertilization on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. production. After plot demarcation, macassar bean was sown and incorporated in the soil in the respective plots after x days of plant development. Treatments were control, green manure, NPK, cattle manure or goat manure, with four replications, totaling 20 plots, each one with 8 m2 of net inner area. Pear millet plants were grown in a 0.8 x 0.4 m2 grid. Cattle or goat manure was applied at a rate of 3.4 kg m-2, green manure at a rate of 12.5 kg plot-1, and the mineral source consisted of 25.2 g m-2 of ammonium sulphate, 22.2 g m-2 of single superphosphate and 3.3 g m-2 of potassium chloride. Plants were cut 60 days after seeding to evaluate N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn accumulation. Fertilization with cattle or goat manure promoted more nutrient accumulation pearl millet plants.

Evaluation of landfarm remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil at the Inveresk Railyard, Launceston, Australia

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Line, M.A.; Garland, C.D.; Crowley, M.

1996-01-01

The cost of landfarm bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil at a disused railyard site in Tasmania, Australia is reported. The landfarm area was enclosed in an impermeable clay embankment and where necessary the base was also rolled with clay. Microbial inoculation was not deemed to be necessary since suitable degrading biota were found to be present in site samples prior to commencement of the landfarming. Fertilizer amendment comprised primarily ammonium sulphate and superphosphate to give a C:N ratio (TPH:fertilizer) of 28:1 and a C:P ratio of 200:1. The soil was turned regularly and watered as required for the 12-month duration of the operation. Over this period levels of TPH showed a linear decline from a mean of 4,644 mg/kg to near 100 mg/kg or less, with greatest losses being in the chain lengths C10-C28. The cost was determined to be $A13.40c per m 3 , which is at the lower end of the spectrum of reported landfarming costs. The cost of such operations is important since the reported economics will influence others' choice of bioremediation techniques

Residual of fosforo in ratoon-cane for forage yield in the noth of Mato Grosso

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Tiago de Lisboa Parente

2016-08-01

Full Text Available The sugar cane can be used as bovine supplementation option in the Centro Oeste region during dry periods. However, the low phosphorus availability in the soil becomes a limiting factor in the development of culture, mainly for ratoon cane. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of ratoon cane under different levels of phosphorus, applied in corrective phosphate and of the maintenance in the plant cane. The experiment was conducted in Alta Floresta (MT, end the experimental design was a randomized block with split plots, being four doses of corrective phosphate and five of maintenance. The corrective phosphating was carried out in the entire area with natural reactive phosphate Arad in the doses of 0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha-1 of P2O5, and the maintenance done in the furrow with triple superphosphate, at rates of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 of P2O5. The fertilization in plant cane promoted residual effect for cane ratoon, however, only the Arad phosphate promoted significant differences in green mass productivity, occurring linear increase for the tested doses.

Phosphorus sources (P plus filter pie with or without azotofos on the available P in the soil

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Maikel Abreu Jiménez

2014-04-01

Full Text Available The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of four phosphorus sources plus filter pie with or without the biofertilizer Azotofos on the available phosphorus in the soil at different moments after the treatment. An experiment in factorial design 4(2+1 was established, being the four phosphorus sources: rock phosphate, natural phosphate, triple phosphate and Cuban phosphoric rock; two sources of the organic compound to base filter cake enriched with Azotofos microorganisms, only filter cake (without enrichment and a control treatment (without filter pie, neither Azotofos, with three repetitions. The evaluations of the tenor of available P (Bray-2 were carried out at the 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after the installation of the experiment. The tenor of P (Bray-2 was influenced by the sources of P and the enrichment with biofertilizantes (factorial increasing the tenor of available P in front of the control. The triple superphosphate promoted the higher tenors in P in the soil at 60 and 90 days after its application, independently of the presence or not of the organic compound enriched with P solubilizing microorganisms, although this effect didn’t stay stable at the time.

Bioremediation: Application of slow-release fertilizers on low-energy shorelines

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Lee, K.; Tremblay, G.H.; Levy, E.M.

1993-01-01

In situ biodegradation, the activation of microbial processes capable of destroying contaminants where they are found in the environment, is a biological process that responds rapidly to changing environmental factors. Accordingly, in situ sediment enclosures were used to test the efficacy of selected nutrient formulations to enhance the biodegradation of a waxy crude oil in a low-energy shoreline environment. The addition of soluble inorganic fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate) and slow-release nutrient formulations (sulfur-coated urea) stimulated microbial activity and prolonged the period of oil degradation, despite a decline in seasonal temperatures. Low temperatures reduced the permeability of the coating on the slow-release fertilizers, effectively suppressing nutrient release. Of the nutrient formulations evaluated, the authors recommend the application of granular slow-release fertilizers (such as sulfur-coated urea) when the overlying water temperatures are above 15 degrees C, and the application of soluble inorganic fertilizers (such as ammonium nitrate) at lower temperatures. Comprehensive analysis of the experimental results indicate that application protocols for bioremediation (form and type of fertilizer or type and frequency of application), be specifically tailored to account for differences in environmental parameters (including oil characteristics) at each contaminated site

Phosphate fertilizers with varying water-solubility applied to Amazonian soils: II. Soil P extraction methods

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Muraoka, T.; Brasil, E.C.; Scivittaro, W.B.

2002-01-01

A pot experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions at the Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba (SP, Brazil), to evaluate the phosphorus availability of different phosphate sources in five Amazonian soils. The soils utilized were: medium texture Yellow Latosol, clayey Yellow Latosol, very clayey Yellow Latosol, clayey Red-Yellow Podzolic and very clayey Red-Yellow Podzolic. Four phosphate sources were applied: triple superphosphate, ordinary Yoorin thermophosphate, coarse Yoorin termo-phosphate and North Carolina phosphate rock at P rates of 0, 40, 80 and 120 mg kg -1 soil. The dry matter yield and the amount of P taken up by cowpea and rice were correlated with the extractable P by anionic exchangeable resin, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and Bray-I. The results showed that the extractable P by Mehlich-1 was higher in the soils amended with North Carolina rock phosphate. Irrespective of the phosphorus sources used, the Mehlich-3 extractant showed close correlation with plant response. The Mehlich-3 and Bray-I extractants were more sensitive to soil variations. The Mehlich-3 extractant was more suitable in predicting the P availability to plants in the different soils and phosphorus sources studied. (author)

Improving phosphorus availability in an acid soil using organic amendments produced from agroindustrial wastes.

Science.gov (United States)

Ch'ng, Huck Ywih; Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna; Majid, Nik Muhamad Ab

2014-01-01

In acid soils, soluble inorganic phosphorus is fixed by aluminium and iron. To overcome this problem, acid soils are limed to fix aluminium and iron but this practice is not economical. The practice is also not environmentally friendly. This study was conducted to improve phosphorus availability using organic amendments (biochar and compost produced from chicken litter and pineapple leaves, resp.) to fix aluminium and iron instead of phosphorus. Amending soil with biochar or compost or a mixture of biochar and compost increased total phosphorus, available phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus fractions (soluble inorganic phosphorus, aluminium bound inorganic phosphorus, iron bound inorganic phosphorus, redundant soluble inorganic phosphorus, and calcium bound phosphorus), and organic phosphorus. This was possible because the organic amendments increased soil pH and reduced exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminium, and exchangeable iron. The findings suggest that the organic amendments altered soil chemical properties in a way that enhanced the availability of phosphorus in this study. The amendments effectively fixed aluminium and iron instead of phosphorus, thus rendering phosphorus available by keeping the inorganic phosphorus in a bioavailable labile phosphorus pool for a longer period compared with application of Triple Superphosphate without organic amendments.

A note on the effects of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on chemical composition of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) grains

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hago, T. E. M; Eltilib, A. M. A.; Ali, S. A. M.

2004-01-01

A filed experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) at the University of Zalengi, Western Darfur State, Sudan, to study the effects of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on chemical composition of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) grains. A local pearl millet cultivar (Darmassa) was used as a test crop. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen (0, 30, 60,80 kg N/ha) and four phosphorus (0, 15, 30, 60 kg p 2 O 5 /ha) rates, using urea (46% N) and triple superphosphate (48% P 2 O 5 ) as sources of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The experimental design was split plot with five replicates, allocating nitrogen to the main and phosphorus to the subplots. The results showed that nitrogen significantly increased grain protein content in both seasons, while phosphorus caused a consistent increase in grain protein and phosphorus contents in both seasons, but the increase was significant in the second season only. As for the other grain constituents (K, Ca, Mg), they were not effected by any of the treatment. Moreover, there were no significant interactions between the treatments.(Author)

Growth and biomass partitioning of mulungu seedlings in response to phosphorus fertilization and mycorrhizal inoculation

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Tiago de Sousa Leite

2014-12-01

Full Text Available The objective of this work was to evaluate the initial growth and biomass partitioning of mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd. seedlings under different rates of phosphorus in the presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA’s. A randomized blocks design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with four replicates and three plants per plot. Treatments consisted of five phosphorus rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.Kg soil-1, using as source the superphosphate fertilizer, and presence or absence of FMA’s. At 98 days after sowing (DAS, shoot height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter, root dry matter, leaf area, Dickson quality index and height/stem diameter ratio were evaluated. The phosphorus rate of 200 mg.kg-1 proved to be the most efficient for production of Erythrina velutina seedlings, but with a significant reduction in the biological association of this plant with rhizobacteria. Biomass distribution within the different parts of the plants did not change with distinct rates of P, and there were no benefits in the use of FMA’s until 98 DAS.

International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) national favourability studies: Jordan

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1977-08-01

Jordanian geology is dominated by the Great Rift Valley System. Most of the country is covered by Cretaceous and Eocene sediments, largely sandstones and limestones. These include phosphorates and bituminous limestones in the Upper Cretaceous, South of the Dead Sea, Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks overlie exposed granitic Pre Cambrian basement rocks carrying many minor intrusives . Phosphates provide the main mineral export of Jordan. The Natural Resources Authority (Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines) initiated a survey in 1972 of the distribution of uranium on the phosphorite horizon. In 1974 the Survey calculated that the uranium content of the phosphate areas surveyed up to that time was 5 million metric tonnes U 3 O 8 . The average U 3 O 8 content is approximately 0.02% U 3 O 8 . The exploitation of such resources would be as a byproduct of the phosphate industry and dependent on the rate of phosphate production and the capacity of triple super-phosphate plants, none of which exist at the present time. In the southern area in Paleozoic and Pre Cambrian areas there are some hopes of conventional type deposits being found but the potential appears to be small. (author)

Relative efficiency of Azotobacter and Azospirillum on yield and P utilization by wheat (Triticum Aestivum) with various N levels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aishwath, O.P.; Dravid, M.S.; Yadav, B.R.

2002-01-01

Efficiency of 32 P labelled single superphosphate along with N levels (0, 60, 80 and 120 kg/ha) and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) was studied on wheat in Typic ustifluvent (saline phase) soil. Average grain and straw yield, total P uptake, per cent P derived by crop from applied phosphorus and its utilization in grain and straw increased either with Azospirillum or Azotobacter inoculation. However, the magnitude of increase in these attributes was of higher extent in presence of Azotobacter as compared to Azospirillum. The yield, uptake and utilization of P increased with increasing levels of N. Per cent Pdff was higher with all levels of N over control, whereas, it was at par with their successive levels. Interaction effect between levels of nitrogen and biofertilizers were also positive and significant at all levels of N with respect to yield and uptake of P, while per cent Pdff and its utilization by wheat was more pronounced at 60 and 80 kg N ha -1 in the presence of Azotobacter. Azospirillum was more effective at 60 kg of N than the other levels. Generally, Azotobacter performed better than the Azospirillum with respect to all parameters. (author)

Improving Phosphorus Availability in an Acid Soil Using Organic Amendments Produced from Agroindustrial Wastes

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Huck Ywih Ch’ng

2014-01-01

Full Text Available In acid soils, soluble inorganic phosphorus is fixed by aluminium and iron. To overcome this problem, acid soils are limed to fix aluminium and iron but this practice is not economical. The practice is also not environmentally friendly. This study was conducted to improve phosphorus availability using organic amendments (biochar and compost produced from chicken litter and pineapple leaves, resp. to fix aluminium and iron instead of phosphorus. Amending soil with biochar or compost or a mixture of biochar and compost increased total phosphorus, available phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus fractions (soluble inorganic phosphorus, aluminium bound inorganic phosphorus, iron bound inorganic phosphorus, redundant soluble inorganic phosphorus, and calcium bound phosphorus, and organic phosphorus. This was possible because the organic amendments increased soil pH and reduced exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminium, and exchangeable iron. The findings suggest that the organic amendments altered soil chemical properties in a way that enhanced the availability of phosphorus in this study. The amendments effectively fixed aluminium and iron instead of phosphorus, thus rendering phosphorus available by keeping the inorganic phosphorus in a bioavailable labile phosphorus pool for a longer period compared with application of Triple Superphosphate without organic amendments.

Response of Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) to Nitrogen Phosphorous Fertilizers in Western Kenya

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kouko, W.O; Owino, G.

1999-01-01

The requirements for nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers for growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Kenya are 26-kg N ha - 1 and 27 kg P ha - 1, respectively. Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) was recommended at the rate of 100 kg ha - 1 for black cotton soils while double superphosphate (DSP) was recommended at the rate of 150 kg ha - 1 on reddish brown clays. However, experiments conducted on a major soil types on which cotton is grown in Kenya showed that, soil colour is not the best indicator of nutrients supply power of the soil. It was found that Verto-eutric planosols of National Fibre Research Centres-Kibos requires application of 13-kg ha - 1 as CAN for optimal yields. Ferralo-eurtric Acrisols of Alupe Agricultural Research Sub-Centre, Busia needed 26-kg N ha - 1 and 9 kg P ha - 1 to give high yields. At Siaya FTC 9 kg P ha - 1 was adequate in providing the highest yields without nitrogen. Strict observation of recommended agronomic practices for growing cotton and good soil management practices for growing cotton and good soil management practices were observed a prerequisite for high response and efficient utilisation of fertilizers

A study of facilities relative to stabilization of uranium mill tailings at Elliot Lake

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1983-06-01

The total project capital cost of facilities to stabilize uranium mill tailings at Elliot Lake while producing 350,000 short tons per year of sulphuric acid and 266,000 short tons per year of triple superphosphate is approximately 153 million dollars. This includes pyrite flotation, roasting, acid and phosphate production, site preparation, utilities and project overhead. A new operating credit of 20.43 dollars per short ton of acid is estimated, achieved from the sale of steam and fertilizer. Two alternatives to the above were also examined, as follows: a) Production of 596,000 short tons per year of acid, and the sale of 246,000 short tons which are in excess of the Elliot Lake mill's requirement. The capital cost of this scheme is approximately 89 million dollars, with a net operating credit of 14.97 dollars per short ton of acid. b) Production of only 350,000 short tons per year of acid. This would entail disposal of the excess pyrite floated from the Rio Algom mills. The capital cost of this scheme is approximately 75 million dollars, with an operating cost of 10.47 dollars per short ton of acid

Turnover of manure _¹⁵N-labelled ammonium during composting and soil application as affected by lime and superphosphate addition

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Tran, Tien Minh; Luxhøi, Jesper; Jensen, Lars Stoumann

2012-01-01

). The NH4-N pool in the pig manure was initially labeled with 15N to determine the fate of manure NH4-N during composting. The composts were subsequently applied to soil to investigate the effects on soil mineral N and to trace the 15N during 60 d of incubation at 25°C. Of the initial manure 15NH4-N......, approximately 30, 90, and 20% was lost by NH3 volatilization during composting in the Straw, Lime, and SSP treatments, respectively. Concurrently, 62, 16, and 41% of initial 15NH4-N was immobilized in the respective treatments. When the composts were applied to soil, the mineral N in soil with SSP compost...... or effectively in balance. In soil with Lime compost, net N immobilization was strong in the fi rst 10 d, but then net N mineralization dominated the remaining period of soil incubation. Overall, adding lime before composting reduced the NH4-N content in the compost and the amount available in soil, while adding...

Teor de fósforo e pH no bulbo molhado, com diferentes freqüências de fertirrigação, utilizando ácido fosfórico Phosphorous content and pH in the wet bulb, with diferent frequencies of fertigation using phosphoric acid

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Leticia C. Foratto

2007-08-01

Full Text Available A aplicação de fertilizantes fosfatados, tais como superfosfofato simples, superfosfofato triplo e monofosfato de amônio, via gotejamento, pode apresentar incrustações nas canalizações e obstruções de emissores. No presente trabalho, realizado na UNESP/Jaboticabal - SP, estudaram-se a distribuição do fósforo e a sua influência sobre o pH e a umidade em Latossolo Vermelho, fertirrigado durante um mês, com cinco aplicações semanais de ácido fosfórico. Utilizaram-se quatro repetições e oito tratamentos, constituídos da combinação de doses de P2O5 (0 e 50 kg ha-1 e freqüências de aplicação de 1; 3; 5 e 7 dias. Pelos resultados obtidos, observou-se que a freqüência de irrigação ou de fertirrigação não influenciou na distribuição final da umidade no bulbo molhado; aplicando-se o ácido fosfórico, o pH do solo até 30 cm do gotejador e até 40 cm em profundidade foi reduzido, atingindo valor de 3,6, e o teor de fósforo foi maior nessa mesma porção do bulbo, ultrapassando 1.500 mg dm-3. Isso permite indicar que o ácido fosfórico pode ser utilizado em irrigação localizada, com controle do pH do solo, pois sua redução influencia no desenvolvimento das culturas e, conseqüentemente, na produtividade.Phosphated fertilizers, such as superphosphate, triple superphosphate and monoamonium phosphate, applied throught drip irrigation can present pipe incrustations and emitters obstructions. In this research, carried out in the UNESP - São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal - Brazil, it was studied the phosphorous distribution, the influence on pH and the moisture in one Oxisoil, fertigated during one month, with five applications of phosphoric acid. Four replications and eight treatments were applied, and the treatments combined two rates of P2O5 (0 and 50 kg ha-1 and four frequencies of applications (1; 3; 5 and 7 days. The irrigation or fertigation frequency did not influence the distribution of the moisture in

Elemental and radionuclides distribution in the production and use of phosphate fertilizers in Brazil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saueia, Catia Heloisa Rosignoli

2006-01-01

Fertilizer is considered an essential component for agriculture, because its use increases the natural soil nutrients, which are lost slow waste or erosion. The Brazilian phosphate fertilizer is obtained by wet reaction of igneous phosphate rock with concentrated sulphuric acid, giving as final product, phosphoric acid and dihydrated calcium sulphate (phosphogypsum) as by-product. Phosphoric acid is the starting material for triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The phosphate rock used as raw material presents in its composition, radionuclides of the U and Th natural series in. During the chemical attack of the phosphate rock, this equilibrium is disrupted and the radionuclides and the elements migrate to intermediate, final products and byproducts, according to their solubility and chemical properties. While the fertilizers are commercialized, the phosphogypsum is disposed in stack piles and can cause an impact in the environment. In order to evaluate the radionuclides and the elements distribution in the industrial process of phosphate fertilizer production, samples of concentrated rock, fertilizers (SSP, TSP, MAP and DAP) and phosphogypsum from three national industries (A, B and C), were analyzed. The characterization of the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Hf, Na, Sc, Ta, Th, U, Zn and Zr, and the rare earths La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu, were performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results obtained showed that, in general, the rare earth elements are distributed uniformly in the fertilizers and phosphogypsum, except for Lu. The elemental concentration present in the fertilizers SSP and TSP are of the same order of magnitude of the source rock. The same behavior was observed in the fertilizers MAP and DAP, except for the elements Co, Sc and U. The radionuclides of the U series ( 238 U, 234 U, 230 Th, 226 Ra, 210 Pb) and of the Th series ( 232 Th, 228 Ra, 228 Th

Elemental and radionuclides distribution in the production and use of phosphate fertilizers in Brazil; Distribuicao elementar e de radionuclideos na producao e uso de fertilizantes fosfatados no Brasil

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Saueia, Catia Heloisa Rosignoli

2006-07-01

Fertilizer is considered an essential component for agriculture, because its use increases the natural soil nutrients, which are lost slow waste or erosion. The Brazilian phosphate fertilizer is obtained by wet reaction of igneous phosphate rock with concentrated sulphuric acid, giving as final product, phosphoric acid and dihydrated calcium sulphate (phosphogypsum) as by-product. Phosphoric acid is the starting material for triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The phosphate rock used as raw material presents in its composition, radionuclides of the U and Th natural series in. During the chemical attack of the phosphate rock, this equilibrium is disrupted and the radionuclides and the elements migrate to intermediate, final products and byproducts, according to their solubility and chemical properties. While the fertilizers are commercialized, the phosphogypsum is disposed in stack piles and can cause an impact in the environment. In order to evaluate the radionuclides and the elements distribution in the industrial process of phosphate fertilizer production, samples of concentrated rock, fertilizers (SSP, TSP, MAP and DAP) and phosphogypsum from three national industries (A, B and C), were analyzed. The characterization of the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Hf, Na, Sc, Ta, Th, U, Zn and Zr, and the rare earths La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu, were performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results obtained showed that, in general, the rare earth elements are distributed uniformly in the fertilizers and phosphogypsum, except for Lu. The elemental concentration present in the fertilizers SSP and TSP are of the same order of magnitude of the source rock. The same behavior was observed in the fertilizers MAP and DAP, except for the elements Co, Sc and U. The radionuclides of the U series ({sup 238}U, {sup 234}U, {sup 230}Th, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 210}Pb) and of the Th series

Growth and nutrient accumulation in mycorrhized papaya seedlings cultivated in a phosphorus-fertilized substrate

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Dácio Jerônimo de Almeida

2016-02-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT The indiscriminate use of mineral fertilizers in papaya orchards has increased production costs, and the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is a promising alternative to reduce such expenses. Therefore, the present research aimed at studying the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF on dry matter and nutrient accumulation in Sunrise Solo papaya seedlings, by applying doses of P2O5 (triple superphosphate that are harmful to the symbiosis. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment and was set up in a randomized block design with four replications, and consisted of four P2O5 doses (0, 672, 1386 and 2100 mg dm-3, three mycorrhizal fungi species (Gigaspora margarita, Entrophospora colombiana and Scutellospora heterogama and the control treatment (mycorrhiza-free. Shoot and root dry matter as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in leaf and root tissues were assessed. Mycorrhizal inoculation promoted a 30% increase in shoot dry matter in relation to the control treatment. Mycorrhizal fungi promoted increases in leaf and root nitrogen content up to 672 mg dm-3 P2O5. Inoculation of E. colombiana favored the highest gains in root and shoot dry matter. P2O5 fertilization increased foliar and root phosphorus content.

Influence of air pollution on plants

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

ten Houten, J G

1967-01-01

The history of plant poisoning from gaseous air pollutants in the Netherlands goes back 60 years; the first incident of this kind was damage caused by fluorine in the vicinity of a superphosphate plant. The effects of hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are briefly summarized. Hydrogen fluoride, when present in quantities as low as a few parts per billion, can cause damage to the leaves of plants. Lichens are so sensitive to sulfur dioxide that they cannot exist in the vicinity of large cities and industrial centers where the SO/sub 2/ concentration is higher than .35 parts per billion. PAN, sometimes known as photochemical smog, was considered an American phenomenon until October 1965, when abnormal weather conditions in western Europe caused serious damage from this pollutant to spinach and lettuce. Damage to the leaves of certain species and varieties of plants makes them valuable as indicators, but they are less accurate than chemical analyses, due to the fact that the symptoms are not entirely specific for higher concentrations. The mechanism of plant damage from air pollutants is not completely understood, although it is known for certain that fluorine, ozone, and PAN act at the cellular level, functioning as inhibitors of the plant enzymes. Fluorine also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Utilization of fertilizer phosphorus in rice wheat cropping sequence on different soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Singhania, R.A.; Goswami, N.N.

1975-01-01

Uptake and utilization of fertilizer phosphorus was studied in a rice-wheat cropping pattern on alluvial, black, red and laterite soils from representative model agronomic centres. Phosphorus was applied as 32 P-tagged superphosphate to rice at varying doses, depending upon the phosphorus fixing capacity of the soil, and to wheat at 30 kg P 2 O 5 /ha. Results showed that rice responded to phosphorus in all soils, but to higher doses only in black and laterite soils which had higher P-fixation capacity. Phosphorus applied to rice had little residual effect on the suceeding crop of wheat but the latter showed higher uptake and utilization of fertilizer phosphorus directly applied to it as compared to that by rice. Wheat responded to P only in red and laterite soils. Results on the transformation of applied P was converted to Fe-P which was of lower availability. These findings suggest that phosphorus in a rice-wheat sequence should preferably be applied to wheat primarily because of (1) greater uptake of fertilizer P by wheat (2) under flooded conditions in which rice is grown most of the applied P is transformed into Fe-P and (3) rice can utilize Fe-P better. (author)

Effect of phosphate rate on the L-value of two soils from Bahia State, Brazil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cotrim Duete, Robson Rui; Alvarez Villanueva, Felipe Carlos; Muraoka, Takashi; Abreu Junior, Cassio Hamilton

1999-01-01

The determination of L value in low phosphate content soils has presented contradictory results in the literature. In order to evaluate the effect of P rates on L value of two representative soils of Bahia State, Brazil, an experiment was carried out in green house of CENA, USP in Piracicaba. The experiment consisted of two soils (calcareous Red-yellow latosol ''LVc'' and distrofic Red-yellow latosol ''LVd'', collected from Irec and Ribeira do Pombal, respectively) and three P rates (0; 28; and 140 kg P ha -1 ) as triple superphosphate and carried out in plastic pot with 2.5 kg of soil, using corn (Zea mays L.) ''Catetinho Sabugo Roxo'' cultivar as the test plant. The 32 P was applied as KH2PO4 solution, 3.7MBq/pot. The plants were collected 45 days after emergence, dried, weighed, ground and analised for total P content and 32 P radioactivity. The increasing fertilizer P rate increased the nutrient derived from the soil and consequentely, the L values varied with the rate of P fertilizer. The calcareous LV soil showed to have higher L value, though the greater relative increase were observed in distrofic LV soil, due to lower P adsorption values

CRESCIMENTO VEGETATIVO E PRODUTIVIDADE DE MAMONEIRA EM FUNÇÃO DA VARIEDADE E DA ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA

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DJAIR FELIX DA SILVA

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Having to evaluate the effect of varieties and phosphorus fertilization on growth and productivity of castor beans, is an experiment conducted at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, located in Rio Largo- AL. The paper was a 5 x 2 factorial, consisting of five doses of P2O5 (0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1 using triple superphosphate as source, and two varieties of castor bean, (BRS 149 Nordestina and BRS 188 Paraguaçu, with the treatments distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. We determined leaf area (LA and plant height (PH 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting (DAT, the length of the primary racemes (LPR and subsequent (LSR, the number of racemes throughout the cycle (NR, the seed yield (SY and dry matter accumulation in shoot (DM. The P fertilization increased the leaf area only at 30 and 120 DAT, while for plant height, the effect was only observed at 30 DAT. There was a quadratic effect of phosphorus for the LPR, NR, SY and DM. The variety BRS 188 Paraguaçu produced more racemes, but on the other side of the racemes BRS 149 Nordestina were longer.

Characterization and obtainment of phosphate rock concentrates of Turmequé, Boyacá

Science.gov (United States)

Zanguña, S. Quijano; Lozano Gómez, L. F.; Pineda Triana, Y.

2017-12-01

The work focuses on the use and exploitation of the mineral concentrates from phosphate rock (PR) coming from mines with a low percentage of phosphorus. The procedure was based on the collection of a source of phosphate rock from the department of Boyacá (municipality of Turmequé), using a randomized design with three replications. The samples were initially milled and sifted using meshes between 140 and 200 US standard, homogenizing them and improving the process of solubility of the phosphorus in the soil. We conduced Z-potential tests, which show that by performing a prior wash on the mineral and maintaining certain concentrations and pH defined, better results are achieved in terms of the buoyancy of the particles in the flotation process. The results obtained from the microflotation tests; both direct and inverse, and the results of chemical composition, with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), before and after the microflotation process, were carried out to obtain of commercial laws grade phosphate rock concentrate, confirm that the protocol used increases by 9% the value of total phosphorus in the collected sample. These concentrates from phosphate rock, could be used in the future for the attainment of simple superphosphate (SSP), with the help of sulphuric acid and ammonium thiosulphate mixtures.

Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. I. Influence of phosphatic fertilizers and repeated harvests.

Science.gov (United States)

Mandal, Asit; Purakayastha, T J; Patra, A K; Sanyal, S K

2012-12-01

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of diammonium phosphate (DAP), single superphosphate (SSP) and two growing cycles on arsenic removal by Chinese Brake Fern (Pteris vittata L.) from an arsenic contaminated Typic Haplustept of the Indian state of West Bengal. After harvest of Pteris vittata the total, Olsen's extractable and other five soil arsenic fractions were determined. The total biomass yield of P. vittata ranged from 10.7 to 16.2 g pot(-1) in first growing cycle and from 7.53 to 11.57 g pot(-1) in second growing cycle. The frond arsenic concentrations ranged from 990 to 1374 mg kg(-1) in first growing cycle and from 875 to 1371 mg kg(-1) in second growing cycle. DAP was most efficient in enhancing biomass yield, frond and root arsenic concentrations and total arsenic removal from soil. After first growing cycle, P. vittata reduced soil arsenic by 10 to 20%, while after two growing cycles Pteris reduced it by 18 to 34%. Among the different arsenic fractions, Fe-bound arsenic dominated over other fractions. Two successive harvests with DAP as the phosphate fertilizer emerged as the promising management strategy for amelioration of arsenic contaminated soil of West Bengal through phyotoextraction by P. vittata.

Trace elements in two Oxisols after annual application of sewage sludge for thirteen years

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Maurício Gomes de Andrade

2014-02-01

Full Text Available This experiment aim was to evaluate the contamination of the trace elements (TE arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc considered in the CONAMA resolution 375 after 13 years long using sewage sludge (SS as fertilizer in two soils: an Eutroferric Clayed Red Latosol (Rhodic Eutrudox – RE and a Dystrophic Red Latosol (Typic Haplorthox – TH. Experiment in the field under maize cultivation had four treatments (0, 5, 10, and 20 t of SS ha-1, dry weight, five replications and an experimental design in randomized blocks. The agrochemicals (dolomitic limestone, single superphosphate, and potassium chloride, SS, soils, and the certified reference materials were digested according to the USEPA 3051A method and the chemical elements were quantified by ICP OES. The TE contents found in the agrochemicals used should not cause immediate environmental impact. The higher TE values were found in the RE and they did not reach the agricultural (more stringent Investigation Level (IL yet, according to 420 CONAMA resolution. Persisting the actual SS fertilization amount applied in the soil and the TE concentration in the SS is foreseen that Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn will be the first elements to reach the IL in the RE.

Soil phosphorus dynamics and availability and irrigated coffee yield

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Thiago Henrique Pereira Reis

2011-04-01

Full Text Available Research data have demonstrated that the P demand of coffee (Coffea arabica L. is similar to that of short-cycle crops. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of annual P fertilization on the soil P status by the quantification of labile, moderately labile, low-labile, and total P fractions, associating them to coffee yield. The experiment was installed in a typical dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol cultivated with irrigated coffee annually fertilized with triple superphosphate at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha-1 P2O5. Phosphorus fractions were determined in two soil layers: 0-10 and 10-20 cm. The P leaf contents and coffee yield in 2008 were also evaluated. The irrigated coffee responded to phosphate fertilization in the production phase with gains of up to 138 % in coffee yield by the application of 400 kg ha-1 P2O5. Coffee leaf P contents increased with P applications and stabilized around 1.98 g kg-1, at rates of 270 kg ha-1 P2O5 and higher. Soil P application caused, in general, an increase in bioavailable P fractions, which constitute the main soil P reservoir.

Increased Phosphorus Uptake by Wheat and Field Beans Inoculated with a Phosphorus-Solubilizing Penicillium bilaji Strain and with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.

Science.gov (United States)

Kucey, R M

1987-12-01

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to test the effect of a P-solubilizing isolate of Penicillium bilaji on the availability of Idaho rock phosphate (RP) in a calcareous soil. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, inoculation of soils with P. bilaji along with RP at 45 mug of P per g of soil resulted in plant dry matter production and P uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) that were not significantly different from the increases in dry matter production and P uptake caused by the addition of 15 mug of P per g of soil as triple superphosphate. Addition of RP alone had no effect on plant growth. Addition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was necessary for maximum effect in the sterilized soil in the greenhouse experiment. Under field conditions, a treatment consisting of RP (20 kg of P per ha of soil) plus P. bilaji plus straw resulted in wheat yields and P uptake equivalent to increases due to the addition of monoammonium phosphate added at an equivalent rate of P. RP added alone had no effect on wheat growth or P uptake. The results indicate that a biological system of RP solubilization can be used to increase the availability of RP added to calcareous soils.

Efficiency of nitrogen in NP compound (Mixed) fertilizers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guo Ying; Peng Genyuan; Wang Fujun

1990-01-01

Pot experiments with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were designed to study the utilization rate of different forms of 15 N labelled components of fertilizers and the efficiency of N residual in soil. Results showed that: 1. Three kinds of fertilizers (nitrophosphate, urea + MAP, and urea + superphosphate) gave the same effect on the yields of wheat when they were used as a basal fertilizer. 2. The utilization rate of fertilizer nitrogen by the shoot of wheat depends on the nitrogen form rather than type and composition of fertilizer. The utilization rates are 35.0% for NH 4 + in urea + MAP; 31.4% for NH 4 + in nitrophosphate; 28.1% for urea N in urea + MAP; 24.8% for NO 3 - in nitrophosphate. Among the three forms, the NO 3 - of nitrophosphate was of the highest soil residual rate (48.9%) and the nitrogen in NH 4 H 2 PO 4 had the lowest loss (22.7%). 3. All types of tested fertilizers applied to spring wheat as basal nutrient were of equal effect on grain yield of the subsequently planted rice. 7.2%-8.9% of 15 N labelled components of fertilizers applied to spring wheat as basal nutrient were utilized by rice plants (grain + straw)

Sorghum yield after liming and combinations of phosphorus sources

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Thiago C. Silveira

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Phosphate fertilization has increased sorghum yield, but few studies are available on sorghum production and efficient fertilizer management related to liming and phosphorus (P sources. This work evaluates production, dry matter partitioning and agronomic efficiency (AEI in successive sorghum cycles after application of limestone and combinations of phosphorus sources. Two cycles were conducted in sequence in the same experimental field, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, corresponding to soil with or without liming and six combinations of P2O5 sources: control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5, 100% Itafós natural phosphate (NP, 75% NP + 25% single superphosphate (SS, 50% NP + 50% SS, 25% NP + 75% SS and 100% SS. Pots with capacity for 8 dm3 were used in a randomized block design with four replicates. The first cycle, conducted in the summer/autumn season, reached the highest dry matter production and P accumulation in treatments with higher SS proportions, leading to higher AEI. Subsequently, in the second cycle, conducted considering only the residual phosphate fertilization of the first cycle, highest dry matter production and AEI were obtained in the treatment with 100% or higher proportions of natural phosphate in the presence of liming, most likely due to the gradual release of P.

The Influence of Seed Rate and Fertilizer Type on Growth of Tridax procumbens in Subhumid Nigeria

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Onifade, OS.

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Forage production of Tridax procumbens was examined from three seed rates (20, 40 and 60 kg/ha, four types of fertilizer [(unfertilized control, single superphosphate (SSP, 18 % P, NPK (20 : 10 : 10, and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN, 25 % N] and four harvest stages (6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks post sowing, WPS. Fertilizer rates used were 20 kg/ha P for (SSP and 50 kg/ha N for each of NPK and CAN. Plant height (cm, density (plants/m2 and spread (cm were measured at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 WPS. Sampling for yield estimation in each plot was done at 6, 9, 12 and 15 WPS. Mean plant height with respect to seed rate, fertilizer type and growth stage significantly (P 2000 kg DM/ha. Application of SSP, NPK and CAN gave more total DM yields than the unfertilized control plot respectively by about 69, 75 and 75 %. Total DM yield varied from 1024 kg DM/ha when T. procumbens was harvested at an earlier stage (6 WPS to 2130 kg DM/ha at a later harvest (12 WPS. The main CP of leaf was significantly (P <0.05 affected by ail the treatments imposed.

True absorption of phosphorus from di calcium phosphate, mono ammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate and urea-phosphate in bovine by the radio phosphorus dilution technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Silva Filho, J.C. da.

1990-01-01

With the aim to study the utilization of alternative sources of phosphorus by ruminants. Twenty four males steers, with 250 Kg live weight and 18 months of age, were allocated in four groups of six animals each. The animals were housed in individual pens and received a diet containing chopped hay, corn and soybean meal, urea and mineral mixtures. The phosphate sources were added to supply 10 g of phosphorus per animal daily. The animals were injected intravenously and individually with 37 MBq of P-32 (N A 2 H P O 4 ) at the 20 th day of the experimental trial into the jugular vein. Blood and faces were collected and sampled at 24 hours intervals, for 8 days. Based on the specific activities in plasma and faces, the fecal endogenous loss and true phosphorus absorption were determined. (author)

Adubação do algodoeiro: VIII - Ensaios com diversos adubos fosfatados (2.ª série Fertilizer experiments with cotton: VIII - Trials with various phosphorus fertilizers (2nd series

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Heitor de C. Aguiar

1960-01-01

efeito residual do fósforo foi enorme, sendo que superfosfato, Serranafosfato e farinha de ossos se mostraram equivalentes e superiores a Cibrafosfato. Estudando conjuntamente os ensaios que entraram neste e no artigo anterior, os autores concluíram que superfosfato se comportou melhor que os outros fosfatos menos solúveis, no que toca ao efeito imediato, e não foi inferior o êles no que toca ao efeito residual.Proceeding with the publication begun in a previous paper, the authors report the results of further experiments designed to test the efficiency of various phosphates for cotton. This second series was conducted between 1941-42 and 1944-45. While one of the six experiments utilized to determine the effects on the yields was annual, the others were conducted in the same plots for two to four seasons. The yearly application of P2O3, 80 kilograms per hectare, was always used in the presence of nitrogen and potash. Except in one of the experiments, where no effect was observed, the responses to phosphorus varied from fair to very high. In the average of the latter five experiments, bone meal and Serranaphosphate gave similar results and were superior to Cibraphosphate, while superphosphate was superior to all of them. As a rule these differences tended to decrease as the number of years of the experiments was increased. In four of the five experiments phosphorus hastened the fruiting march of the cotton plant. In this regard the influence of the various phosphates was similar in two experiments, while in the others, located on soils highly deficient in this nutrient, superphosphate was superior. Generally phosphorus increased the weight of the bolls and seeds, but did not influence the lint percentage and length, even where the effects an the yields were very high. The residual effect of phosphorus, which was studied in two of the experiments, was very high, and even on the "terra-roxa-misturada" soil (one experiment superphosphate, bone meal and Serranaphosphate

Phosphorus sources and fractions in an oxisol under no-tilled soybean Fontes e frações de fósforo num latossolo sob semeadura direta de soja

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Raquel Galvani

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Phosphorus dynamics in soil can be modified by the use of no-till systems. Brazilian farmers have applied phosphorus fertilizers onto the soil surface to optimize machine field operations despite the lack of research supporting this practice. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of the application of two P sources onto soil surface and soybean seed furrows. The treatments consisted either of the application or not of 80 kg ha-1 of total P2O5 as natural reactive rock phosphate and superphosphate spread on the soil surface over the standing plant residues. At soybean planting, additional treatments (80 kg ha-1 of Natural Phosphate or Superphosphate were applied at seed furrows. Soil was sampled down to 40 cm deep before soybean planting and after harvest. A control sample was taken from an adjacent non-cropped area. Phosphorus contents increased down to 40 cm after the soybean crop, and the increase was observed mainly in Ca-bound P and organic phosphorus. However, there was a decrease in Fe-bound P, showing that P availability to soybeans was likely related also to this fraction. Phosphorus fertilization with both phosphates decreased occluded P contents on the soil surface layer when compared with the non-cropped area.A dinâmica do P no solo pode ser modificada em sistemas com semeadura direta. Os agricultores brasileiros vêm aplicando fósforo na superfície do solo para otimizar a operação de máquinas, embora não seja uma prática recomendada pela pesquisa. Foi conduzido um experimento para estudar os efeitos da aplicação de duas fontes de fósforo na superfície do solo e no sulco de semeadura da soja. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação ou não de 80 kg ha-1 de P total como fosfato natural reativo e superfosfato, aplicados na superfície do solo, sobre os resíduos da cultura anterior. Na semeadura da soja, tratamentos adicionais (80 kg ha-1 de fosfato natural ou superfosfato foram aplicados ao sulco de semeadura. O

Use of phosphate rocks for sustainable agriculture

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zapata, F.; Roy, R.N.

2004-01-01

This publication deals with the direct application of phosphate rock (PR) sources to agriculture. Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient and its deficiency restricts crop yields severely. Tropical and subtropical soils are predominantly acidic, and often extremely P deficient with high P-sorption (fixation) capacities. Therefore, substantial P inputs are required for optimum plant growth and adequate food and fibre production. Manufactured water-soluble P fertilizers such as superphosphates are commonly recommended to correct P deficiencies, but most developing countries import these fertilizers, which are often in limited supply and represent a major outlay for resource-poor farmers. In addition, intensification of agricultural production in these countries necessitates the addition of P not only to increase crop production but also to improve soil P status in order to avoid further soil degradation. Hence, it is imperative to explore alternative P sources. Under certain soil and climate conditions, the direct application of PR, especially where available locally, has proved to be an agronomically and economically sound alternative to the more expensive superphosphates. PR deposits occur worldwide, but few are mined (for use mainly as raw materials to manufacture water-soluble P fertilizers). The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture initiated a Coordinated Research Project called 'The use of nuclear and related techniques for evaluating the agronomic effectiveness of phosphatic fertilizers, in particular rock phosphates'. This was implemented by institutes of developing and industrialized countries from 1993 to 1998. The results obtained yielded new information on: chemistry of soil P; tests for available soil P; phosphate nutrition of crops; agronomic effectiveness of PR products; and P fertilizer recommendations with particular emphasis on PR use. Within the framework of the integrated plant nutrition systems promoted by

Fluorine poisoning from waste gases and dust emitted by a superphosphate plant: determination of F content from deposits in plants, drinking water, forage, and bones

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Stas, M E

1941-01-01

An extensive review is given of the literature on detrimental effects caused by fluorine in plants, animals, and humans, as well as the literature on methods of determining trace amounts of fluorine in water, air, and various other locales. A report is given of an original study of fluorine determination in plants, rainwater, drinking water, plant life consumed by cattle, and the bones of cattle. Results obtained in the immediate vicinity (distances of 100 to 300 m from the fertilizer factory) were compared with control results from other locales. The water, grass, and hay consumed by the cattle contained high amounts of fluorine, and that the bones of cattle that died with the symptoms of fluorine poisoning contained a higher fluorine level than other cattle.

Effect of NPK fertilization and elemental sulphur on growth and yield of lowbush blueberry

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M. STARAST

2008-12-01

Full Text Available The aim of the research was to determine the effect of fertilizers on the pH of former arable soils and on the growth and the yield of the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.. Lowbush blueberry fertilization experiments were established in 1999 at two locations – at Kärla, Saaremaa, West Estonia and at Vasula, Tartu County, South Estonia. Experimental sites were situated on different soils: soil pHKCl at Kärla was 5.5 and at Vasula 6.2. Elemental sulphur and acidifying fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate and superphosphate were used in both plantations. Fertilizers were applied based on nutrient in the soil and sulphur was applied at 100 g m–2. Plant growth was recorded in 2001, 2002 and 2003. A positive influence of NPK fertilization on yield was found in both Kärla and Vasula, and yield were 336 g and 41 g higher compared to the control, respectively. The vegetative growth and yield of blueberry depended significantly on soil pH. Elemental sulphur increased soil acidity and on loamy sand soil did not increase plant productivity. The sulphur effect on soil pH began to decrease three years after application. Sulphur can be recommended to increase soil acidity in nutrient-rich soil but, not nutrient poor soil with light texture, where only NPK fertilizers were effective.;

Phosphorus kinetics in ovine fed with different phosphorus sources, using the isotopic dilution technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vitti, D.M.S.S.; Abdalla, A.L.; Meirelles, C.F.

1992-01-01

Phosphorus kinetics in fluids and tissues of sheep was studied. Sixteen castrated sheep were kept in metabolism cages, receiving a semipuried diet containing as phosphorus sources dicalcium phosphate (BIC), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), superphosphate (SPT) and Tapita phosphate (TAP) 200 μCi P-32 was intravenously injected in each sheep and blood and feces were collected for eight days. From the specific activities in feces and plasma the endogenous phosphorus and the absorption coefficient were calculated. plasma P-32 half-life was determined. Nine days after injection the animals were killed and liver, kidney and muscle and bone samples were collected. P-32 retention and specific activities in tissues were determined. Endogenous phosphorus and absorption coefficient values were 54.44 ± 15.31 mh/kg live weight and 0.60; 47.98 ± 12.44 and 0.56; 39.70 ± 7.29 and 0.49; 59.11 ± 17.12 and 0.58 respectively bor BIC, MAP, TAP and SPT. P-32 retention by tissues was 0.29 ± 0.09; 0.27 ± 0.06; 0.16 ± 0.04 and 0.08 ± 0.03 dose/g fresh matter, respectively for bone, liver, kidney and muscle. It was concluded that animals which received TAP showed differences in absorption, distribution and P-32 retention by fluids and tissues. Phosphorus availability was lower for this source. (author)

Phosphorus kinetics in ovine fed with different phosphorus sources, using the isotopic dilution technique; Cinetica do fosforo em ovinos suplementados com diferentes fontes fosfatadas, atraves da tecnica de diluicao isotopica

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vitti, D M.S.S.; Abdalla, A L [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil); Meirelles, C F [Sao Paulo Univ., Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz

1992-06-01

Phosphorus kinetics in fluids and tissues of sheep was studied. Sixteen castrated sheep were kept in metabolism cages, receiving a semipuried diet containing as phosphorus sources dicalcium phosphate (BIC), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), superphosphate (SPT) and Tapita phosphate (TAP) 200 {mu}Ci P-32 was intravenously injected in each sheep and blood and feces were collected for eight days. From the specific activities in feces and plasma the endogenous phosphorus and the absorption coefficient were calculated. plasma P-32 half-life was determined. Nine days after injection the animals were killed and liver, kidney and muscle and bone samples were collected. P-32 retention and specific activities in tissues were determined. Endogenous phosphorus and absorption coefficient values were 54.44 {+-} 15.31 mh/kg live weight and 0.60; 47.98 {+-} 12.44 and 0.56; 39.70 {+-} 7.29 and 0.49; 59.11 {+-} 17.12 and 0.58 respectively bor BIC, MAP, TAP and SPT. P-32 retention by tissues was 0.29 {+-} 0.09; 0.27 {+-} 0.06; 0.16 {+-} 0.04 and 0.08 {+-} 0.03 dose/g fresh matter, respectively for bone, liver, kidney and muscle. It was concluded that animals which received TAP showed differences in absorption, distribution and P-32 retention by fluids and tissues. Phosphorus availability was lower for this source. (author) 14 refs., 1 tab.

Influence of amendments on soil arsenic fractionation and phytoavailability by Pteris vittata L.

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Xiulan; Zhang, Min; Liao, Xiaoyong; Tu, Shuxin

2012-06-01

Increasing availability of soil arsenic is of significance for accelerating phytoremediation efficiency of As-polluted sites. The effects of seven amendments, i.e., citrate, oxalate, EDTA, sodium polyacrylate (SPA), phosphate rock (PR), single superphosphate (SSP), and compost on fractionation and phytoavailability of soil As were investigated in lab culture experiment. The results showed that the addition of PR, SPA, EDTA or compost to soils significantly increased the concentration of NaHCO(3)-extractable As over a 120 d incubation period compared with the control (amendment-free) soil. Then, the four amendments were selected to add to As-contaminated soil growing Pteris vittata. It was concluded that As accumulation by the fern increased significantly under the treatments of PR and SPA by 25% and 31%, respectively. For As fractionation in soil, SPA increased Fe-As significantly by 51% and PR increased Ca-As significantly by 18%, while both the two amendments reduced occluded-As by 16% and 19%, respectively. Adding PR and SPA in soil increased the activities of urease and neutral phosphatase resulting from the improvement the fertility and physical structure of the soil, which benefits plant growth and As absorption of P. vittata. The results of the research revealed that both PR and SPA were effective amendments for improving phytoremediation of As-contaminated sites by P. vittata. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Liming induces carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in PSB inoculated alkaline soil supplemented with different phosphorus sources.

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Adnan, Muhammad; Shah, Zahir; Sharif, Muhammad; Rahman, Hidayatur

2018-04-01

Agricultural land is a major sink of global organic carbon (C). Its suitable management is crucial for improving C sequestration and reducing soil CO 2 emission. Incubation experiments were performed to assess the impact of phosphate solubilizing bacterial (PSB) inoculation (inoculated and uninoculated) and soil calcification (4.78, 10, 15, and 20% crushed CaCO 3 ) with phosphorus (P) sources [single superphosphate (SSP), rock phosphate (RP), farm yard manure (FYM), and poultry manure (PM)] in experiment 1 and with various rates of PM (4, 8, and 12 kg ha -1 ) in experiment 2 on cumulative soil respiration. These experiments were arranged in three factorial, complete randomize design (CRD) with three replications. Interactively, lime with P sources (at day 1 and 3) and lime with PSB (at day 1) significantly expedited soil respiration. Mainly, PSB inoculation, liming, PM fertilization, and its various rates significantly enhanced soil respiration with time over control/minimum in alkaline soil at all incubation periods. Higher CO 2 emission was detected in soil supplemented with organic P sources (PM and FYM) than mineral sources (SSP and RP). CO 2 emission was noted to increase with increasing PM content. Since liming intensified CO 2 discharge from soil, therefore addition of lime to an alkaline soil should be avoided; instead, integrated approaches must be adopted for P management in alkaline calcareous soils for climate-smart agriculture.

New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants

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Jastrzębska Magdalena

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Recycling phosphorus from waste for fertilization purposes appears to be an alternative for non-renewable sources and a solution for managing harmful products of civilisation. Fertilizers from secondary raw materials are considered to be safe to the environment. This study presents an assessment of the effects of five new biofertilizers made from sewage sludge ash and/or animal bones on the content of cadmium and lead in the soil, in wheat grains and straw (test plant, in the mass of the the accompanying weeds and in the post-harvest residues. Biofertilizers were produced in the form of suspension or granules and activated using Bacillus megaterium or Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria. They were tested in four field experiments. The Cd and Pb contents of the soil and plant material were determined using the ICP-MS technique. Similar to superphosphate, new biofertilizers showed no change in the Cd and Pb contents of the soil and plants biomass when applied at amounts up to 80 kg; P2O5 ha−1. Both Cd and Pb in the soil and plants occurred naturally, and the amounts were within the acceptable standards. Biofertilizers from renewable raw materials, with low toxic element contents, are not thought to pose a hazard to the soil and plants when applied in reasonable amounts. They can be a substitute for conventional phosphorus fertilizers.

Novel Applications for Oxalate-Phosphate-Amine Metal-Organic-Frameworks (OPA-MOFs): Can an Iron-Based OPA-MOF Be Used as Slow-Release Fertilizer?

Science.gov (United States)

Anstoetz, Manuela; Rose, Terry J.; Clark, Malcolm W.; Yee, Lachlan H.; Raymond, Carolyn A.; Vancov, Tony

2015-01-01

A porous iron-based oxalate-phosphate-amine metal-organic framework material (OPA-MOF) was investigated as a microbially-induced slow-release nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer. Seedling growth, grain yields, nutrient uptake of wheat plants, and soil dynamics in incubated soil, were investigated using OPA-MOF vs standard P (triple-superphosphate) and N (urea) fertilizers in an acidic Ferralsol at two application rates (equivalent 120 and 40 kg N ha-1). While urea hydrolysis in the OPA-MOF treatment was rapid, conversion of ammonium to nitrate was significantly inhibited compared to urea treatment. Reduced wheat growth in OPA-MOF treatments was not caused by N-deficiency, but by limited P-bioavailability. Two likely reasons were slow P-mobilisation from the OPA-MOF or rapid P-binding in the acid soil. P-uptake and yield in OPA-MOF treatments were significantly higher than in nil-P controls, but significantly lower than in conventionally-fertilised plants. OPA-MOF showed potential as enhanced efficiency N fertilizer. However, as P-bioavailability was insufficient to meet plant demands, further work should determine if P-availability may be enhanced in alkaline soils, or whether central ions other than Fe, forming the inorganic metal-P framework in the MOF, may act as a more effective P-source in acid soils. PMID:26633174

Impacts of delayed addition of N-rich and acidic substrates on nitrogen loss and compost quality during pig manure composting.

Science.gov (United States)

Jiang, Jishao; Kang, Kang; Chen, Dan; Liu, Ningning

2018-02-01

Delayed addition of Nitrogen (N)-rich and acidic substrates was investigated to evaluate its effects on N loss and compost quality during the composting process. Three different delayed adding methods of N-rich (pig manure) and acidic substrates (phosphate fertilizer and rotten apples) were tested during the pig manure and wheat straw is composting. The results showed that delayed addition of pig manure and acidic materials led two temperature peaks, and the durations of two separate thermophilic phase were closely related to the amount of pig manure. Delayed addition reduced total N loss by up to 14% when using superphosphate as acidic substrates, and by up to 12% when using rotten apples as acidic substrates, which is mainly due to the decreased NH 3 emissions. At the end of composting, delayed the addition of pig manure caused a significant increase in the HS (humus substance) content, and the highest HS content was observed when 70% of the pig manure was applied at day 0 and the remaining 30% was applied on day 27. In the final compost, the GI in all treatments almost reached the maturity requirement by exceeding 80%. The results suggest that delayed addition of animal manure and acidic substrates could prevent the N loss during composting and improve the compost quality. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phycocyanin extraction in Spirulina produced using agricultural waste

Science.gov (United States)

Taufiqurrahmi, N.; Religia, P.; Mulyani, G.; Suryana, D.; Ichsan; Tanjung, F. A.; Arifin, Y.

2017-06-01

Phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex synthesized by blue-green microalgae such as Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. This pigment is used mainly as natural colouring in food industry. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential health benefits of this natural pigment. The price of phycocyanin is a vital factor that dictates its marketability. The cost of culturing the algae, particularly from the substrate used for growth, is one of the main factors that determine the price of phycocyanin. Another important factor is the growth yield of the algae. In our research, agricultural waste such as charcoal produced from rice husk was utilized for the algae cultivation to replace the synthetic chemicals such as urea and triple superphosphate used the mineral medium. The use of this low cost substrate increases the cell concentration by 60 % during 8 days’ cultivation to reach 0.39 g/l. The phycocyanin extraction was performed using water at the different biomass-to-solvent ratio and shaking rates. The phycocyanin concentration and purity (A615/A280) obtained were 1.2 g/l and 0.3. These values are 40 % and 20 % lower than the value obtained from the algae produced using the synthetic chemicals. Further purification produced the extract purity required for food grade. The biomass-solvent ratio does not significantly affect the extract purity; however, the higher shaking rate during extraction reduces the purity. This finding demonstrates the potential of using rice husk as an alternative substrate to cultivate algae for phycocyanin extraction.

Bioavailability of phosphorus from composts and struvite in acid soils

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Carmo Horta

Full Text Available ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the type and fractions of phosphorus (P forms in composts and struvite and how these P forms affect the bioavailability of P in the soil. P fertilization was performed with compost from sewage sludge (CSS, compost from poultry litter (CPL and struvite (SV and compared with single superphosphate (SSP. P forms were quantified through a sequential fractionation scheme. The first extraction was performed with H2O, the second with 0.5 M NaHCO3, the third with 0.1 M NaOH and the fourth with 1 M HCl. The release of P over time, after soil P fertilization, was assessed by incubating the fertilizers with a low-P acid soil. P bioavailability was assessed through a micro-pot experiment with the incubated soils in a growth chamber using rye plants (Secale cereale L.. Inorganic P forms in the first two fractions represented ~50% (composts, 32% (SV and 86% (SSP of the total P; and in the HCl fraction, ~40% (composts, 26% (SV and 13% (SSP of the total P. Despite the variability of the P form fractions in the composts and struvite, the P release and bioavailability were similar among the fertilized treatments. The acidic nature of the soil, which improve solubility of Ca-P forms, and the high efficiency of rye, which favors P uptake, were factors that contributed to these results.

Availability of rock phosphate with low P content in some Albanian soil: use of 32PO4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fardeau, J.C.; Migadel, F.; Gjermani, A.; Malja, S.

1983-10-01

The availability of a calcareous low P content rock phosphate (4,3% P) was measured. This Albanian ore was used, in pot experiments, on various local soils whose the pH is situated between 4,9 to 7,5. This phosphate was labelled with 32 P and 45 Ca in a reactor. The residual effect of this fertilizer was deduced from the results of isotopic dilution kinetic of phosphate ions realized in soil-solution systemes. The main results can be summarized as follow: 1. When the soil-water pH was higher than 6,1, the utilization coefficient of phosphorus was minus than 1%, even with 5,5 mounths. 2. The ratio of P and Ca derived from fertilizer and taken up by the crop is most generally different of those measured in the fertilizer. It depends of the soil constitution. 3. The analysis of isotopic dilution kinetic of phosphate ions shows that in the major part of these soils, whose the fixing capacity is very high, the rock phosphate and also superphosphate at 230 kg P 2 O 5 .ha -1 rate does not increase available soil phosphorus; it is only with rates over 800 kg P 2 O 5 .ha -1 that this objective can be reached. These results explain again that the fixing capacity of soil for phosphorus is a characteristic more useful for fertilization technique than the available phosphorus quantity [fr

Recycling slaughterhouse waste into fertilizer: how do pyrolysis temperature and biomass additions affect phosphorus availability and chemistry?

Science.gov (United States)

Zwetsloot, Marie J; Lehmann, Johannes; Solomon, Dawit

2015-01-01

Pyrolysis of slaughterhouse waste could promote more sustainable phosphorus (P) usage through the development of alternative P fertilizers. This study investigated how pyrolysis temperature (220, 350, 550 and 750 °C), rendering before pyrolysis, and wood or corn biomass additions affect P chemistry in bone char, plant availability, and its potential as P fertilizer. Linear combination fitting of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra demonstrated that higher pyrolysis temperatures decreased the fit with organic P references, but increased the fit with a hydroxyapatite (HA) reference, used as an indicator of high calcium phosphate (CaP) crystallinity. The fit to the HA reference increased from 0% to 69% in bone with meat residue and from 20% to 95% in rendered bone. Biomass additions to the bone with meat residue reduced the fit to the HA reference by 83% for wood and 95% for corn, and additions to rendered bone by 37% for wood. No detectable aromatic P forms were generated by pyrolysis. High CaP crystallinity was correlated with low water-extractable P, but high formic acid-extractable P indicative of high plant availability. Bone char supplied available P which was only 24% lower than Triple Superphosphate fertilizer and two- to five-fold higher than rock phosphate. Pyrolysis temperature and biomass additions can be used to design P fertilizer characteristics of bone char through changing CaP crystallinity that optimize P availability to plants. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.

Availability of rock phosphate with low P content in some Albanian soil: use of /sup 32/PO/sub 4/

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fardeau, J C; Migadel, F; Gjermani, A; Malja, S

1983-10-01

The availability of a calcareous low P content rock phosphate (4,3% P) was measured. This Albanian ore was used, in pot experiments, on various local soils whose pH is situated between 4,9 to 7,5. This phosphate was labelled with /sup 32/P and /sup 45/Ca in a reactor. The residual effect of this fertilizer was deduced from the results of isotopic dilution kinetics of phosphate ions realized in soil-solution systems. The main results can be summarized as follows: 1. When the soil-water pH was higher than 6,1, the utilization coefficient of phosphorus was minus than 1%, even with 5,5 months. 2. The ratio of P and Ca derived from fertilizer and taken up by the crop is most generally different of those measured in the fertilizer. It depends on the soil constitution. 3. The analysis of isotopic dilution kinetics of phosphate ions shows that in the major part of these soils, whose fixing capacity is very high, the rock phosphate and also superphosphate at 230 kg P/sub 2/O/sub 5/.ha/sup -1/ rate does not increase available soil phosphorus; it is only with rates over 800 kg P/sub 2/O/sub 5/.ha/sup -1/ that this objective can be reached. These results explain again that the fixing capacity of soil for phosphorus is a characteristic more useful for fertilization technique than the available phosphorus quantity.

Solid Cattle Manure Less Prone to Phosphorus Loss in Tile Drainage Water.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Y T; Zhang, T Q; Tan, C S; Qi, Z M; Welacky, T

2018-03-01

Forms (e.g., liquid and solid) of manure influence the risk of P loss after land application. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of P-based application of various forms of cattle manure (liquid, LCM; or solid, SCM) or inorganic P as triple superphosphate (IP) on soil P losses in tile drainage water. A 4-yr field experiment was conducted in a clay loam soil with a corn ( L.)-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] rotation in the Lake Erie basin. Over the 4 yr, the dissolved reactive P (DRP) flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) in tile drainage water was greater under SCM fertilization than under either IP or LCM fertilization. Despite its lower value on an annual basis, DRP FWMC rose dramatically immediately after LCM application. However, the differences in DRP FWMC did not result in detectable differences in DRP loads. Regarding particulate P and total P losses during the 4 yr, they were 68 and 47%, respectively, lower in the soils amended with SCM than in those with IP, whereas both values were similar between IP and LCM treatments. Overall, the P contained in solid cattle manure was less prone to P loss after land application. Accordingly, the present results can provide a basis for manure storage and application of best management practices designed to reduce P losses and improve crop growth. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

Yield gains of coffee plants from phosphorus fertilization may not be generalized for high density planting

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Samuel Vasconcelos Valadares

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Inconclusive responses of the adult coffee plant to phosphorus fertilization have been reported in the literature, especially when dealing with application of this nutrient in high density planting systems. Thus, this study was carried out for the purpose of assessing the response of adult coffee plants at high planting density in full production (in regard to yield and their biennial cycle/stability to the addition of different sources and application rates of P in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiment with coffee plants of the Catucaí Amarelo 6/30 variety was carried out over four growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a full factorial design [(4 × 3 + 1] consisting of four P sources (monoammonium phosphate, simple superphosphate, natural reactive rock phosphate from Algeria (Djebel-Onk, and FH 550®, three P rates (100, 200, and 400 kg ha-1 year-1 of P2O5, and an additional treatment without application of the nutrient (0 kg ha-¹ year-¹. A randomized block experimental design was used with three replicates. The four seasons were evaluated as subplots in a split plot experiment. The P contents in soil and leaves increased with increased rates of P application. However, there was no effect from P application on the yield and its biennial cycle/stability regardless of the source used over the four seasons assessed.

Evaluation of common bean genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency in Eutrophic Oxisol

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Daiana Alves da Silva

2016-01-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Common bean is one of the most important legumes in Latin America, mostly grown in soils with low phosphorus (P availability. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the responses of 20 bean genotypes to P deficiency. The experiment was a completely randomized design in a 2 × 20 factorial arrangement; the first factor consisted of P levels and the second factor, of 20 bean genotypes, with six replications. The substrate was a Red Eutrophic Oxisol with low P content. For application of the P treatments, it was applied simple superphosphate, consisting of two levels: restrictive and control, with the application of 45 and 90 kg∙ha–1 of P2O5, respectively. At 28 days, we observed the first symptoms of nutrient deficiency, with the decrease in the relative chlorophyll index in the restrictive level treatment. In addition, the treatments were effective in differentiating effects of both factors levels of P and genotypes for most traits evaluated relative to shoot, root and grain yield. It was possible to classify the genotypes in relation to use efficiency and responsiveness to P application, according to their average yield performances. Seven genotypes presented better performances for both P levels, being classified as Efficient and Responsive: G 2333, IAC Carioca Tybatã, IAPAR 81, IAC Imperador, IAC Formoso, BRS Esplendor and IPR Tangará; the first four genotypes were also classified as Efficient and Responsive under hydroponic conditions.

PENETRATION OF NITROGEN INTO WATER AS A RESULT OF FERTILIZATION OF LIGHT SOIL

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Franciszek Czyżyk

2014-10-01

Full Text Available In this article there are present the results of six-year study of infiltration of nitrogen through the sand soil (loamy sand. Every year the soil was fertilized by compost (from sewage sludge and equivalent doses of nitrogen in mineral fertilizers. Two variants of compost fertilization (K1-10 and K2-15 g N·m-2 were used. Additionally two variants of NPK with equivalent doses of nitrogen as an ammonium nitrate supplemented with PK as a superphosphate and potassium salt were applied. Systematically there were investigated the volume of all leachates and their chemical composition. With increasing doses of fertilizers the concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the leachate were increased. The concentration of nitrogen in the leachate from the soil fertilized by nitrate was much greater than in compost with equivalent dose of nitrogen. Not only nitrates but also nitrogen from soluble organic compounds were rinsed from the soil. In the case of soil fertilized by compost the participation of nitrates in the total value of nitorgen in the leachate was 41-77%. However in the case of fertilization by ammonium sulphate this proportion was significantly higher and was in the range 60-95%. Over the years, a systematic soil fertilization by both ways increased the nitrogen concentrations in leachate. It shows that in the soil there is surplus of nitrogen, increasing during the time.

Fermentation by butyl bacteria of the hydrolyzates of plant refuse in admixture with molasses

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nakhmanovich, B M; Lipshits, V V; Palovich, L A

1965-01-01

The husks of sunflower seeds or the stems of maize were hydrolyzed with 1.5 to 2.0% H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ for 90 minutes at 1 to 1.6 atmosphere and 1 part of hydrolyzate was added to 3 parts of raw molasses at 80/sup 0/. Inversion of the sucrose content of the molasses occurred within 30 to 60 minutes, the hydrolyzate was neutralized to pH 6.5 with CaCO/sub 3/, and the CaSO/sub 4/ precipitated removed by pressure filtration through canvas. The filtered wort was sterilized for 10 to 13 minutes at 112/sup 0/, cooled, and added to a sterile solution of NH/sub 4/HSO/sub 4/-superphosphate, 0.1%, and yeast autolyzate, 0.03%. Fermentation of the pentose-hexose sugars was carried out at 37/sup 0/ using butyl bacteria (acetone-butanol process). Preliminary inversion of the molasses sucrose made it possible to increase the sugar content by 1 to 2% and the decrease the fermentation time from 65 to 75 to 50 to 55 hours, depending on the extent of inversion. This was important because of the poor invertase activity of the butyl bacteria. The total amount of acetone butanol and ethanol produced (31 to 37% on sugar) when using molasses so treated was up to 50% greater than when using untreated molasses. This increase was due to the greater synthesis of acetone and ethanol only, the amount of butanol remaining unchanged.

Congo grass grown in rotation with soybean affects phosphorus bound to soil carbon

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Alexandre Merlin

2014-06-01

Full Text Available The phosphorus supply to crops in tropical soils is deficient due to its somewhat insoluble nature in soil, and addition of P fertilizers has been necessary to achieve high yields. The objective of this study was to examine the mechanisms through which a cover crop (Congo grass - Brachiaria ruziziensis in rotation with soybean can enhance soil and fertilizer P availability using long-term field trials and laboratory chemical fractionation approaches. The experimental field had been cropped to soybean in rotation with several species under no-till for six years. An application rate of no P or 240 kg ha-1 of P2O5 had been applied as triple superphosphate or as Arad rock phosphate. In April 2009, once more 0.0 or 80.0 kg ha-1 of P2O5 was applied to the same plots when Congo grass was planted. In November 2009, after Congo grass desiccation, soil samples were taken from the 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth layer and soil P was fractionated. Soil-available P increased to the depth of 10 cm through growing Congo grass when P fertilizers were applied. The C:P ratio was also increased by the cover crop. Congo grass cultivation increased P content in the soil humic fraction to the depth of 10 cm. Congo grass increases soil P availability by preventing fertilizer from being adsorbed and by increasing soil organic P.

Treatment of alumina refinery waste (red mud) through neutralization techniques: A review.

Science.gov (United States)

Rai, Suchita; Wasewar, K L; Agnihotri, A

2017-06-01

In the Bayer process of extraction of alumina from bauxite, the insoluble product generated after bauxite digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure is known as 'red mud' or 'bauxite residue'. This alumina refinery waste is highly alkaline in nature with a pH of 10.5-12.5 and is conventionally disposed of in mostly clay-lined land-based impoundments. The alkaline constituents in the red mud impose severe and alarming environmental problems, such as soil and air pollution. Keeping in view sustainable re-vegetation and residue management, neutralization/treatment of red mud using different techniques is the only alternative to make the bauxite residue environmentally benign. Hence, neutralization techniques, such as using mineral acids, acidic waste (pickling liquor waste), coal dust, superphosphate and gypsum as amenders, CO 2 , sintering with silicate material and seawater for treatment of red mud have been studied in detail. This paper is based upon and emphasizes the experimental work carried out for all the neutralization techniques along with a comprehensive review of each of the processes. The scope, applicability, limitations and feasibility of these processes have been compared exhaustively. Merits and demerits have been discussed using flow diagrams. All the techniques described are technically feasible, wherein findings obtained with seawater neutralization can be set as a benchmark for future work. Further studies should be focused on exploring the economical viability of these processes for better waste management and disposal of red mud.

Studies on the methods of inorganic nutrient application in coconut

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dwivedi, R.S.; Ray, P.K.; Ninan, S.

1981-01-01

Using carrier free 32 P, tagged single superphosphate and 86 Rb, the efficiency of different methods of plant injection and soil placement techniques for fertilizer applications was examined. In the plant injection techniques the radioactivity was fed to the palms through growing roots tips, cut ends of roots, stem injection and leaf axils. The application of radioactivity through the cut ends of roots was most efficient since 32 P was detected in 10 m tall palms, four hours after application. In stem, leaf axil and growing roots tips injection the 32 P was detected after 8, 12 and 18 h. Out of four methods of soil application, the quickest recovery of 32 P in the palms was detected after 7 days of placement when applied by the hole method. The 32 P activity in the palms through circular trenches, strips and basin methods was recorded after 8, 8 and 11 days of application respectively. The accumulation of 86 Rb was significantly higher than 32 P. With plant injection technique the accumulation of activity was found to be significantly higher than with soil placement methods. The rate of radioactivity absorption was 10 to 60 time faster in the former technique as compared to that of the latter. The application of radioactivity through cut ends of roots and circular trench methods, were found to be better and may recommended for nutrient application in coconut. (orig.)

Products and stability of phosphate reactions with lead under freeze-thaw cycling in simple systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hafsteinsdottir, Erla G.; White, Duanne A.; Gore, Damian B.; Stark, Scott C.

2011-01-01

Orthophosphate fixation of metal contaminated soils in environments that undergo freeze-thaw cycles is understudied. Freeze-thaw cycling potentially influences the reaction rate, mineral chemical stability and physical breakdown of particles during fixation. This study determines what products form when phosphate (triple superphosphate [Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ] or sodium phosphate [Na 3 PO 4 ]) reacts with lead (PbSO 4 or PbCl 2 ) in simple chemical systems in vitro, and assesses potential changes in formation during freeze-thaw cycles. Systems were subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles from +10 deg. C to -20 deg. C and then analysed by X-ray diffractometry. Pyromorphite formed in all systems and was stable over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Low temperature lead orthophosphate reaction efficiency varied according to both phosphate and lead source; the most time-efficient pyromorphite formation was observed when PbSO 4 and Na 3 PO 4 were present together. These findings have implications for the manner in which metal contaminated materials in freezing ground can be treated with phosphate. - Highlights: → Formation of lead phosphate products in cold environments is identified. → Potential change in formation during freeze-thaw cycling is assessed. → Lead phosphate reaction efficiency varies according to phosphate and lead source. → Pyromorphite formation is stable during 240 freeze-thaw cycles. - Pyromorphite, formed from Pb phosphate fixation, is stable during multiple freeze-thaw cycles but the efficiency of the fixation depends on the phosphate source and the type of Pb mineral.

Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers for the stabilization of cadmium in highly contaminated soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Thawornchaisit, Usarat; Polprasert, Chongrak

2009-01-01

The efficiency of three phosphate fertilizers including triple superphosphate (TSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and phosphate rock (PR) as stabilizing agents of cadmium-contaminated soils has been assessed in this study. Two types of assessment criteria, (a) the reduction of leachable cadmium concentration; and (b) the changes in Cd association with specific operational soil fraction based on the sequential extraction data, are used in the evaluation of stabilization performance of each fertilizer. Results of the study showed that after the 60-day stabilization, the leachable concentrations of Cd in PR-, DAP- and TSP- treated soils reduced from 306 mg/kg (the control) to 140, 34, and 12 mg/kg with the stabilization efficiency as TSP>DAP>PR. Results from the assessment of Cd speciation via sequential extraction procedure revealed that the soluble-exchangeable fraction and the surface adsorption fraction of Cd in the soils treated with PO 4 fertilizers, especially with TSP, have been reduced considerably. In addition, it is found that the reduction was correspondingly related with the increase of more stable forms of cadmium: the metal bound to manganese oxides and the metal bound to crystalline iron oxides. Treatment efficiency increased as the phosphate dose (based on the molar ratio of PO 4 /Cd) increased. In addition, it was observed that stabilization was most effective when using the molar ratio of PO 4 /Cd at 2:1 and at least 21-day and 28-day stabilization time for TSP and DAP, respectively.

Radioactive 32P fertilizing experiment in a vegetative tea nursery

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Darmawijaya, M.I.

1979-01-01

To support the Indonesian tea replanting programme, Vegetative Propagation (VP) clonal tea plants of a high-yielding and high-quality variety are prepared. For a quick start of growth in the nursery and eventual good crop, the soils filled into polythene sleeves should have optimum conditions for rooting. The VP nursery manuring recommendation in Indonesia is 135 g N+72 g P 2 O 5 +70 g K 2 O per cubic metre of topsoil. Uptake of phosphorus by young VP tea plants in the nursery was studied by using 32 P-labelled superphosphate. A specific activity of 0.3 mCi/g (11 MBq/g) P 2 O 2 was still detectable 12 weeks after treatment of manuring. The laboratory analytical data proved that the P-fertilizer utilization by young VP tea plant was less than 1%. The best time for P-fertilizer application was the time of planting. It seems that the P uptake in the VP tea nursery starts with the early growth of the tea cutting. To increase the efficiency of P manuring in relation to the slower and lesser phosphate adsorption by the young VP tea plants, the best application is effected at 10 cm depth of soil. Mixing P fertilizers with soil also gives higher uptake of fertilizer P. So tea plants can use phosphate efficiently when placed as close to active roots as possible. (author)

Effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers of diffrent water solubilities in relation to soil phophorus adsorption Adsorção de fósforo pelo solo e eficiência de fertilizantes fosfatados com diferente solubilidade em água

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Luís Ignácio Prochnow

2006-08-01

Full Text Available Phosphate fertilizers should match soil attributes to enhance agronomic effectiveness and recovery by plants. The purpose of this study was to test the agronomic effectiveness of P sources varying in water solubility on two soils differing widely in P adsorption capacity (PAC. Soils selected for the study were Oxisols with very low available P and presenting low and high PAC (Ox-LPAC and Ox-HPAC, respectively. Both were limed to pH 5.4 in a greenhouse study conducted utilizing corn as the test crop. Treatments consisted of the two soils interacting with five P sources (monocalcium phosphate - MCP, low-grade single superphosphate - LG-SSP, multimagnesium phosphate - MMP, Arad phosphate rock - PR and a P impurity in triple superphosphate - H14, and four rates of P (12.5, 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg kg-1. A control with no P was added for each soil. The treatments were arranged as blocks with three replicates. Plants were harvested 45 d after germination. Dry-matter yield and P uptake were measured and the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE compared with MCP as the standard. When applied in low rates of P (12.5 and 25.0 mg kg-1 the RAE of the alternative sources was higher in the soil with high PAC (45, 66, 39 and 65% in the Ox-HPAC for the LG-SSP, MMP, PR and H14, respectively, as opposed to 24, 40, 14 and 47% in the Ox-LPAC. Results suggest that sources of P with low water solubility can be agronomically more effective in soils with high PAC.Fertilizantes fosfatados devem ser aplicados tendo em vista os atributos do solo. Este estudo foi conduzido para testar fontes de P, distintas quanto à solubilidade, na eficiência agronômica em solos com diferença marcante na capacidade de adsorção de P (CAP. Foram selecionados dois Latossolos com teor muito baixo de P e apresentando baixa e elevada CAP (Lat-BCAP e Lat-ECAP, respectivamente. Ambos foram corrigidos para pH 5,4 e utilizados em experimento em casa-de-vegetação com milho. Os tratamentos

Fontes e métodos de aplicação de fósforo na cultura do melão Sources and application methods of phosphorus on the melon crop

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Luiza Teixeira de Lima Brito

1999-10-01

Full Text Available Em Petrolina, PE, foi realizado um estudo com a cultura do melão (Cucumis melo L., cultivar Valenciano Amarelo, num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de fontes de fósforo aplicadas convencionalmente (em fundação e via água de irrigação. O experimento consistiu de cinco tratamentos: 1. superfosfato simples; 2. MAP (fosfato monoamônico, aplicados pelo método convencional (em fundação; 3. MAP aplicado até 15 dias após a germinação; 4. MAP aplicado até 30 dias após a germinação e 5. MAP aplicado até 42 dias após a germinação. Nos tratamentos 3, 4 e 5 o MAP foi aplicado via água de irrigação. Os tratamentos receberam a mesma dosagem de fósforo (120 kg/ha de P2O5, conforme recomendado pela análise do solo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se que as maiores produtividades de frutos comerciais foram obtidas com MAP (27,42 t/ha e com superfosfato simples (25,96 t/ha aplicados pelo método convencional, não diferindo do MAP aplicado via água de irrigação até 30 e 42 dias após a germinação, mas superando a produtividade de 19,47 t/ha obtida com o MAP aplicado via água de irrigação até 15 dias após a germinação. Verificou-se que as fontes de fósforo e os modos de aplicação não influenciaram no peso médio dos frutos (1,86 kg/fruto -- 89,40% dos frutos obtidos enquadraram-se nos tipos 6 e 8 -- e no teor de sólidos solúveis nos frutos por ocasião da colheita, cujos valores oscilaram entre 12,75 e 13,17º Brix.This study was carried out at Petrolina, PE, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the effect of two sources of phosphorus applied conventionally and through trickle water irrigation on melon (Cucumis melo L., cv. Valenciano Amarelo. The experiment was run in a randomized complete blocks design, with four replications and five treatments: 1. simple superphosphate; 2. monoammonium phosphate (MAP applied

Phosphorus Amendment Efficacy for In Situ Remediation of ...

Science.gov (United States)

A validated method is needed to measure reductions of in vitro bioaccessible (IVBA) Pb in urban soil remediated with amendments. This study evaluated the effect of in vitro extraction solution pH and glycine buffer on bioaccesible Pb in P-treated soils. Two Pb-contaminated soils (790-1300 mg Pb kg-1), one from a garden and one from a city lot in Cleveland, OH, were incubated in a bench scale experiment for 1 yr. Six phosphate amendments, including bone meal, fish bone, poultry litter, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, and triple superphosphate, were added to containers at two application rates. Lead IVBA was assessed using USEPA Method 1340 and three modified versions of this method. Modifications included using solutions with pH 1.5 and 2.5 as well as using solutions with and without 0.4 mol L-1 glycine. Soil amendments were effective in reducing IVBA Pb in these soils as measured by pH 1.5 with glycine buffer. The greatest reductions in IVBA Pb, from 5 to 26%, were found using pH 2.5 extractions. Lead mineral results showed several soil amendments promoted Pb phosphate formation, an indicator of remediation success. A significant negative linear relationship between reduction in IVBA Pb and Pb-phosphate formation was found only for pH 2.5 without glycine extraction solution. A modified USEPA Method 1340 without glycine and using pH 2.5 has the potential to predict P soil treatment efficacy and reductions in bioavailable Pb. Developing mana

Influence of Inoculation, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels on Wheat Growth and Soil Microbial Biomass-N Using 15N Techniques

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Galal, Y.G.; El-Ghandour, I.A.; Abdel Raouf, A.M.; Osman, M.E.

2003-01-01

Pot experiment was carried out with wheat that cultivated in virgin sandy soil and inoculated with Rhizobium (Rh), mycorrhizea (VAM) and mixture of both. The objective of this work was to verify the potential of these inoculum on wheat production, nutrient acquisition and microbial biomass N (MBN) contribution as affected by N and P fertilizers levels. MBN was detected through the fumigation-extraction method. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were applied at three levels, 0; 25 ppm N and 3.3 ppm P and 50 ppm N and 6.6 ppm P in the form of ( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 5% atom excess and super-phosphate, respectively. The effect of inoculation and chemical fertilizers on dry matter (DM), N and P uptake (shoot and grain) and MBN were traced. The obtained data revealed that the highest DM and N uptake by wheat shoot were recorded with the dual inoculation (Rh + VAM) at the highest level of N and P fertilizers. The highest grain yield was detected with single inoculum of AM fungi while N and P uptake were with dual inoculation at the same rate of fertilizers. Inoculation with Rh either alone or in combination with VAM have a positive and stimulative effect on wheat growth and N and P uptake indicating the possibilities of extending the use of symbiotic microorganisms to be applied with cereals. The fluctuation in the soil microbial biomass N did not gave a chance to recognize, exactly, the impact of inoculation and/or fertilization levels

Phosphorus levels in soil and lettuce production due to phosphorus fertilization

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José Ricardo Mantovani

2014-09-01

Full Text Available The leafy vegetables are considered nutrient-demanding, but are scarce in the literature works about phosphorus fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphate on the production of lettuce, content and amount of P accumulated in leaf plants, and to relate levels of P in the clayey soil with plant production. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in pots in a randomized block design with ten treatments and four replications. The treatments were made up of P, corresponding to 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 mg dm-3, as triple superphosphate powder. Portions of 6 dm3 of the clay soil (420 g kg-1 clay received lime, aimed at raising the V % soil to 70 %, equivalent to 20 t ha-1 of cattle manure, and the phosphate fertilizer according to the treatments, remaining incubated for about 30 days. At the end of incubation, each pot received a change of lettuce cultivar Verônica. The plant harvesting was performed 39 days after transplanting the seedlings. O P gave large increases in growth and production of lettuce, and culture responded positively to the application of high doses of the nutrient. A dose of 350 mg dm-3, equivalent to 800 kg ha-1 P2O5, was the most suitable for growing lettuce in the clay soil. In this work conditions, the phosphorus fertilizations it was necessary when the P-Mehlich contents in the clay soil were less than 75 mg dm-3.

Products and stability of phosphate reactions with lead under freeze-thaw cycling in simple systems

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hafsteinsdottir, Erla G., E-mail: erla.hafsteinsdottir@gmail.com [Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 (Australia); White, Duanne A., E-mail: duanne.white@mq.edu.au [Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 (Australia); Gore, Damian B., E-mail: damian.gore@mq.edu.au [Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 (Australia); Stark, Scott C., E-mail: scott.stark@aad.gov.au [Environmental Protection and Change, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Tasmania 7050 (Australia)

2011-12-15

Orthophosphate fixation of metal contaminated soils in environments that undergo freeze-thaw cycles is understudied. Freeze-thaw cycling potentially influences the reaction rate, mineral chemical stability and physical breakdown of particles during fixation. This study determines what products form when phosphate (triple superphosphate [Ca(H{sub 2}PO{sub 4}){sub 2}] or sodium phosphate [Na{sub 3}PO{sub 4}]) reacts with lead (PbSO{sub 4} or PbCl{sub 2}) in simple chemical systems in vitro, and assesses potential changes in formation during freeze-thaw cycles. Systems were subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles from +10 deg. C to -20 deg. C and then analysed by X-ray diffractometry. Pyromorphite formed in all systems and was stable over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Low temperature lead orthophosphate reaction efficiency varied according to both phosphate and lead source; the most time-efficient pyromorphite formation was observed when PbSO{sub 4} and Na{sub 3}PO{sub 4} were present together. These findings have implications for the manner in which metal contaminated materials in freezing ground can be treated with phosphate. - Highlights: > Formation of lead phosphate products in cold environments is identified. > Potential change in formation during freeze-thaw cycling is assessed. > Lead phosphate reaction efficiency varies according to phosphate and lead source. > Pyromorphite formation is stable during 240 freeze-thaw cycles. - Pyromorphite, formed from Pb phosphate fixation, is stable during multiple freeze-thaw cycles but the efficiency of the fixation depends on the phosphate source and the type of Pb mineral.

Natural radioactivity levels and heavy metals in chemical and organic fertilizers used in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Science.gov (United States)

El-Taher, A; Althoyaib, S S

2012-01-01

The present work deals with identifying and determining the activity levels of natural occuring radionuclides, (226)Ra and (232)Th series, their decay products and (40)K, in chemical and organic fertilizers used in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 30 samples: 20 phosphatic fertilizers (single super-phosphate SSP and triple super-phosphate,TSP) and 10 organic fertilizers (cow, sheep and chicken) collected from markets and farms. The gamma-ray spectrometer consists of NaI(Tl) detector and its electronic circuit was used for measuring γ-ray spectra. The ranges of radioactivity levels of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in chemical fertilizers are 51.5±5.2-106.3±7.5, 5.1±1.6-9.9±3.2. and 462.6±21-607.3±14Bqkg(-1), respectively. The activities of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in natural fertilizers (cow, sheep and chicken) are lower than the activities in chemical fertilizers. The obtained data are compared with available reported data from other countries in literature. The Ra(eq) in chemical fertilizer ranges from 100.37 to 161.43Bqkg(-1) and in organic fertilizer ranges from 34.07 to 102.19Bqkg(-1), which are lower than the limit of 370Bqkg(-1) adopted from NEA-OECD (1979). The average heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Ni, Co and Cr) contents of the fertilizers marketed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are also determined and within the limits of those used worldwide. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study of the organic -15N mineralization in an Oxisol and its absorption by a grass (Melinis minutiflora Beauv.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Urquiaga C, S.; Libardi, P.L.; Reichardt, K.; Padovese, P.P.; Moraes, S.O.; Victoria, R.L.

1982-01-01

Mineralization of organic-N to soil samples of an Oxisol as 15 N-labeled bean straw, with and without N from fertilizer (urea) was studied, as well as the effect of expanded vermiculite in the production and absorption of the mineralized-N by a grass. The experiment was conducted in plastic pots. The fertilizer urea (46,64%N) utilized was labelled (5,2% of 15 N) atoms). All experimental pots received 150 ppm of P and K as simple superphosphate (18% P 2 O 5 ) and 26% CaO) and potassium sulphate (60% K 2 O), respectively. The grass was planted by putting 8 small pieces by pot. The aerial part was harvested at 30 days intervals. Grass production was a function of the N available and bean straw behaved as an important N source for the plants; at 30 days (first sampling) the production N extraction and efficiency of utilization of the organic N were at their maximum, decreasing (p=0,01) at each following harvest; after the first sampling the mineralization rate of organic N was very low, decreasing significantly the grass production; N fertilizer favoured significantly the mineralization and the efficiency of utilization of the organic-N applied; vermiculite did not affect either production or the N extraction by the grass; in the soil mineral-N, after the culture, the percentage of N from labelled sources was two times that of the total-N and lower than in the plant in the final harvest. (Author) [pt

The fate of urea applied to tropical bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) crops

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cervellini, A.; Libardi, P.L.; Victoria, R.L.; Reichardt, K.

The fate of nitrogen is studied when it is applied to three bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) crops variety 'carioca' grown on a site of 'Terra Roxa Estruturada' (Paleudalf) soil. Urea labeled with three different 15 N enrichment percentages was used in order to estimate crop recovery of N (and its utilization efficiency), residual effects of N from one crop to another, distribution of N in the soil profile after cropping and leaching losses of N. The superphosphate and the rockphosphate 'Araxa' were also used. Grain yield was not significantly different between the phosphorus treatments, indicating that both P sources behaved similarly. Differences in fertilizer 15 N enrichment did not affect calculated amounts of nitrogen derived from fertilizer and N utilization efficiency (NUE), as expected. The first crop recovered on the average 31,2% of the N from the applied urea. The second crop recovered 6,2% N from the fertilizer applied to the first crop. The third crop recovered only 1,4%. Taking in account the NUE for the three crops, they recovered 44,1% of the N applied to the first crop. The partition of nitrogen applied to the first crop in four components (crop N removal; soil mineral N (NO 3 + NH 4 ); soil organic N and leaching N) is analysed. Due to the low N utilization efficiency of the crop, much of N remains in the soil profile, being potentially available for leaching and so contributing for fertilizer pollution of ground water. (M.A.) [pt

‘FUJI’ APPLE TREE RESPONSE TO PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION

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GILBERTO NAVA

Full Text Available ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of orchard fertilization with increasing rates of phosphorus (P on yield and critical levels of P in the soil and in the leaf of ‘Fuji’ apple trees. The experiment was conducted in São Joaquim, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, from 2010 to 2015, in an Inceptisol soil. The three apple orchards were planted in 2004 with the Fuji cultivar grafted on Marubakaido/ M9 rootstock and grown under a high-plant-density system (1984 trees ha-1. Annual fertilizer levels of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (as triple superphosphate were applied to the soil surface, without incorporation, in a randomized block design with five replicates. In the first and last years (2011 and 2015, soil samples were collected from 0-10, 10-20 and 0-20 cm layers and the available P content was analyzed. Annually, whole leaves were collected and analyzed for P content. The number and weight of fruits per tree and hfruit yield were also evaluated. Application of P increased the content of available P in the soil, but this increase was not accompanied by increased leaf P content nor by increased fruit yield. This suggests that, in soils with medium to high content of organic matter and well fertilized with P before planting, there is no response of apple trees for P reapplication in the 10 subsequent years.

Peculiarities of pulse crops mineral feeding on sod-podzolic sandy soils contaminated with radionuclides

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Timofeev, S.F.; Sedukova, G.V.; Demidovich, S.A.

2010-01-01

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was analyzed the influence of mineral fertilizers of leguminius crops (blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) of Gelena variety and field pea (Pisum arvense) of Alex variety) on yielding capacity, grain and green mass quality, and parameters transit of 137Cs and 90Sr radionuclides into leguminous products. In course of the experiment there were analyzed six variants of mineral fertilizer application P30K30; P30K90; P30K120; P60K60; P60K90; and P60K120. Variant without any fertilizers was as control. Double superphosphate (46% of P2O5) and potash chloride (60% of K2O) were applied as mineral fertilizers. Research results showed that application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers on sod-podzolic sandy soils moderately supplied with phosphate and potassium made it possible to increase pea and lupine yield. The highest efficiency of application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers was in the ratio of 1 (ðá2ð×5) : 2 (ðÜ2ð×) provided. Fertilizer system did not render substantial influence on indexes of nutritive value of green mass of pea and lupine. There was marked a tendency of increasing of phosphorous in lupine grain after its application in dose of P60. Mineral fertilizer application made it possible to lower 137Cs transit from soil into lupine green mass in 2 times and seeds ÔÇô in 1,5 times. Application of potassium fertilizer in dose of 120 kg/ha proved to be the most efficient for the lowering of 137Cs accumulation in products of the analyzed crops

Studies on P availability of volcanic ash soils from Chile amended with various P fertilizers

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Pino, I.; Parada, A.M.; Luzio, W.

2002-01-01

A high P retention capacity and a low P availability to plants characterize the volcanic ash soils from Chile. For this reason, the purpose of this incubation study was to compare different extraction methods, P sorption, and estimations of the agronomic efficiencies of different fertilizers in these soils. In order to study the agronomic effectiveness of rock phosphates and their suitability for direct application, 32 P was used for assessing the bioavailability of P and the efficiency in rock phosphate materials. Incubation experiments were carried out to measure the soil parameters of Intensity, Quantity and Capacity. Triple superphosphate (TSP, 20% P) was applied to the soil in granular form, whereas local Bahia Inglesa PR (7.68% P) was added as powder. These Chilean soils have a very high P fixing capacity with maximum P adsorption values greater than 1000 mg P/kg soil. Moreover these soils also exhibit higher fixation strength compared to the Venezuelan soils. In relation to isotopic exchangeable P, (E value), the Chilean soils have a low value of isotopic exchangeable P without added P. There is a progressive increase in E value, under increasing P fertilizer rates, particularly at 500 ppm P and above. The P application as PR or TSP did not reduce the P retention capacity of the Perquenco soil. Nevertheless, it exists a positive effect when the P sources are applied as mixtures, which induces a decrease in the P retention percentage. Available P in this soil increased from 3.6 ppm P for the check to a maximum of 20 ppm P for the highest TSP rates, reaching medium to high values according to the extraction methodology used. (author)

Evaluating the growth parameters of soybean in response to plant growth promoting fungi under Mazandaran climate conditions

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mohammad yazdani

2016-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract In low-input cropping systems, the natural roles of microorganisms in maintaining soil fertility may be more important than conventional system. In order to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting fungi on improvement of growth and development in soybean (cv: JK an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during the 2011-2012 growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was six levels of fungi: inoculation T. harzianum and AMF genus Glumus: G. mosseae, G. intraradices, and co-inoculation of T. harzianum + G. mosseae, T. harzianum + G. intraradices and non-inoculation (control. The second factor was three levels of phosphorus (0, 70 and 140 kg.ha-1 from superphosphate trip. Results showed that inoculation of T. harzianum and G. mosseae significantly had maximum chlorophyll content up to 17% and 16% at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg.ha-1 and conventional phosphorus dosage as compared to the control respectively. The greatest effect was recorded at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg.ha-1 and conventional phosphorus dosage significant increase in terms of chlorophyll content. In addition, the dry weights and chlorophyll content of soybean plants in reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg.ha-1 and co-inoculated with T. harzianum + G. mosseae as well as conventional phosphorous dosage were significantly higher than the non-inoculated plants. In this experiment, at reduce phosphate fertilizer (P0%: 0 treatment, not affected of plant growth promoting fungi compared to control. But, reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg.ha-1 was more affected.

Phosphorus availability in oxidic soils treated with lime and silicate applications

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Aline da Silva Sandim

2014-08-01

Full Text Available Based on the assumption that silicate application can raise soil P availability for crops, the aim of this research was to compare the effect of silicate application on soil P desorption with that of liming, in evaluations based on two extractors and plant growth. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks with four replications, in a 3 × 3 × 5 factorial design, in which three soil types, three P rates, and four soil acidity correctives were evaluated in 180 experimental plots. Trials were performed in a greenhouse using corn plants in 20-dm³ pots. Three P rates (0, 50 and 150 mg dm-3 were applied in the form of powder triple superphosphate and the soil was incubated for 90 days. After this period, soil samples were collected for routine chemical analysis and P content determination by the extraction methods resin, Mehlich-1 and remaining P. Based on the results, acidity correctives were applied at rates calculated for base saturation increased to 70 %, with subsequent incubation for 60 more days, when P content was determined again. The acidity correctives consisted of: dolomitic lime, steelmaking slag, ladle furnace slag, and wollastonite. Therefore, our results showed that slags raised the soil P content more than lime, suggesting a positive correlation between P and Si in soil. Silicon did not affect the extractor choice since both Mehlich-1 and resin had the same behavior regarding extracted P when silicon was applied to the soil. For all evaluated plant parameters, there was significant interaction between P rates and correctives; highest values were obtained with silicate.

Mercury in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rice-paddy soils under long-term fertilizer and organic amendment.

Science.gov (United States)

Tang, Zhenya; Fan, Fangling; Wang, Xinyue; Shi, Xiaojun; Deng, Shiping; Wang, Dingyong

2018-04-15

High levels of mercury (Hg), especially methylmercury (MeHg), in rice is of concern due to its potential of entering food chain and the high toxicity to human. The level and form of Hg in rice could be influenced by fertilizers and other soil amendments. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of 24 years application of chemical fertilizers and organic amendments on total Hg (THg) and MeHg and their translocation in soil, plants, and rice grain. All treatments led to significantly higher concentrations of MeHg in grain than those from the untreated control. Of nine treatments tested, chemical fertilizers combining with returning rice straw (NPK1+S) led to highest MeHg concentration in grain and soil; while the nitrogen and potassium (NK) treatment led to significantly higher THg in grain. Concentrations of soil MeHg were significantly correlated with THg in soil (r = 0.59 *** ) and MeHg in grain (r = 0.48 *** ). Calcium superphosphate negatively affected plant bioavailability of soil Hg. MeHg concentration in rice was heavily influenced by soil Hg levels. Phosphorus fertilizer was a main source contributing to soil THg, while returning rice straw to the field contributed significantly to MeHg in soil and rice grain. As a result, caution should be exercised in soil treatment or when utilizing Hg-contaminated soils to produce rice for human consumption. Strategic management of rice straw and phosphorus fertilizer could be effective strategies of lowering soil Hg, which would ultimately lower MeHg in rice and the risk of Hg entering food chain. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nutrição mineral da soja perene (Glycine wightii Verdc.: I - Ensaio de adubação em solo de cerrado Mineral fertilization of soybeans (Glycine wightii Verdc.: I - Fertilizer trial in "cerrado" soil

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Luiz A. C. Lovadini

1971-05-01

Full Text Available São relatados os resultados de uma experiência de adubação com delineamento fatorial 3³, instalada em solo de cerrado (Latossolo Vermelho Escuro fase arenosa, na Estação Experimental de Jupiá (CESP, para o estudo dos efeitos da aplicação de calcário, fósforo e potássio, em três níveis, na produção de forragem de soja perene. Os resultados experimentais revelam que o calcário e o fósforo produziram efeitos altamente significativos sôbre a produção; o potássio não provocou efeitos significativos, e tampouco foram significativas as interações entre os elementos estudados. Embora não significativa, ocorreu interação negativa entre calcário e fósforo: o efeito de cada um dêles foi diminuído sempre que a dose do outro foi aumentada.In this paper are discussed the results of a factorial experiment 3³ designed to study the effect of Ca (dolomite lime, P (superphosphate and K (potassium chlorate, on the production of perennial soybean on Dark Red Latosol. Both Ca and P alone had a highly significant effect on the production whereas K did not show any effect. There was no interaction among the three elements, but it was noticed that as Ca levels were increased it decreased the effect of P and as P levels were increased it decreased the Ca effect. In other words there was a negative relationship which was not significant.

Changes in the Content of Soil Phosphorus after its Application into Chernozem and Haplic Luvisol and the Effect on Yields of Barley Biomass

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Tomáš Lošák

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The pot experiment was established in vegetation hall in the year 2015. Spring barley, variety KWS Irina, was grown. Two different soils – chernozem from Brno (with a low phosphorus content and alkali soil reaction – 7.37 and haplic luvisol from Jaroměřice nad Rokytnou (with a high phosphorus content and slightly acid soil reaction – 6.01 were used for comparison. The rates of phosphorus in the form of triple superphosphate (45 % P2O5 were increased from 0.3 – 0.6 – 1.2 g per pot (5 kg of soil – Mitscherlich pots. Nitrogen was applied in the form of CAN (27 % N at a rate of 1 g N per pot in all the treatments incl. the control. Using statistical analysis, significant differences were found between the two soil types both in terms of the postharvest soil P content and yields of aboveground biomass. The content of post‑harvest soil phosphorus increased significantly with the applied rate (96 – 141 – 210 mg/kg in chernozem and 128 – 179 – 277 mg/kg in haplic luvisol. Dry matter yields of the aboveground biomass grown on chernozem were the lowest in the control treatment not fertilised with P (38.97 g per pot and increased significantly with the P rate applied (46.02 – 47.28 g per pot, although there were no significant differences among the fertilised treatments. On haplic luvisol phosphorus fertilisation was not seen at all, demonstrating that the weight of the biomass in all the treatments was balanced (48.12 – 49.63 g per pot.

The Potential of Improved Fallows to Improve and Conserve the Fertility of Nutrients-Depleted Soils of Western Kenya

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jama, B.; Amandou, I.; Niang; Amadalo, B.; Wolf, J.; Rao, M.R.; Buresh, R.J.

1999-01-01

Maize yields are low low and declining in the densely populated highlands of Western Kenya where soils are deficient mainly in nitrogen, phosphrous and, in some areas potassium. Over the last seven years, a team of scientists from several agricultural institutions, national and international has been developing and testing on-farm soil fertility improving technologies. Improved fallows of fast-growing leguminous species appear to be one such technology that could be a more productive alternative to the commonly practiced natural fallows. Sesbania session, Crotolaria grahamiana and Tephrosia vogelii are some the promising species. In six to eight months, fallows of these species can root to N rich subsoil (0.5-2 m) below the soil surface and recycle it to the surface soil through leaf and root litter. Within this period, N sufficient for the requirements of moderate maize yields (3-4 t ha -1 ) can be recycled particular y in sites not limited by available soil P. Such fallows can also recycle sufficient K in K deficient sites. Unfortunately soils in most areas of Western Kenya are P deficient and although improved fallows can enhance the availability of soil P less available to crops, they cannot increase its supply. Under these conditions, P inputs from external sources is necessary to improve crop yields meaningfully and economically. Agronomic evaluations of inorganic P sources for maize suggests Minjingu phosphates rock can be alternative to more expensive water-soluble P sources, e.g., triple superphosphate. The need for P input and the benefits of integrating it with improved fallows in order to overcome deficiencies of other nutrients, particularly N and K is highlighted in this paper

Fontes, doses e modos de aplicação de fósforo na recuperação de pastagem com brachiaria Sources, doses, and application method of phosphorus in the recovery of brachiaria pasture

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Alfredo Yuji Ieiri

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Objetivando-se avaliar diferentes fontes, doses e métodos de aplicação de fósforo na recuperação da Brachiaria decumbens, um experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Caminho das Pedras, município de Uberlândia-MG, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura média, entre novembro de 2003 e abril de 2004. Os tratamentos constaram de três fontes de fósforo (Superfosfato Triplo, Termofosfato magnesiano e hiperfosfato de Gafsa nas dosagens de 0; 50; 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5, com manejo incorporado e não incorporado, em três repetições, no delineamento de blocos casualizados. Foram utilizadas parcelas de 2,0 x 5,0 m, as quais foram adubadas uniformemente com 330 kg ha-1 de N e 220 kg ha-1 K2O, na forma de uréia + sulfato de amônio e cloreto de potássio, respectivamente. Foi avaliada a produtividade da Brachiaria em três cortes da parte aérea, em um intervalo de 30 dias entre os cortes. A aplicação de fósforo com diferentes fontes e doses promoveu incremento na produtividade da Brachiaria, porém não houve diferença comparando-se os métodos de aplicação. A maior resposta foi obtida com 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de superfosfato triplo com produtividade média de 2997 kg ha-1 de MS por corte, e a menor produtividade ocorreu no tratamento com 50 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de hiperfosfato de Gafsa. Houve aumento na porcentagem do fósforo foliar e do fósforo no solo, com aumento da dose em todas as fontes, em ambos extratores. Na avaliação dos extratores, o Mehlich-1 apresentou maior extração na fonte hiperfosfato de Gafsa, contrariando os resultados de produção.The objective of this work was to evaluate different sources, doses and methods of phosphorus application in the recovery of Brachiaria decumbens. An experiment was installed on the "Caminho das Pedras" Farm, in Uberlândia-MG, in Acroustox soil, medium texture, between November 2003 and April 2004. The treatments were three phosphorus sources (Triple Superphosphate

Adubação verde, calagem e adubação mineral do feijoeiro em solo com vegetação de «cerrado» Response of dry beans to fertilizer treatments on a «cerrado» soil

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Shiro Miyasaka

1965-01-01

(Phaseolus vulgaris L. on a poor soil with «cerrado» vegetation. The response to green manure was positive, but small, in the presence of NPK, and negative in the absence of that fertilizer. Lime and phosphorus were the principal yield increasing factors. In the average of two years, the effect of phosphorus corresponded to +123%. In the first year, superphosphate was superior to Olinda (rock phosphate; in the second, however, it was inferior. Liming enhanced the effect of superphosphate but depressed that of Olinda phosphate. While the average annual yield of the «no lime, no fertilizers plots was only 174 kg/ha (kilograms per hectare, that of the plots treated with lime, green manure, phosphorus (in the green manure year, and additionally with NPK in the first and exclusively with N in the second dry bean years reached 910 kg/ha. This yield is equivalent to those normally obtained in fertile soils.

Utilisation of forage grasses for decontamination of spray-irrigated leachate from a municipal sanitary landfill

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Menser, H.A.; Winant, W.M.; Bennett, O.L.; Lundberg, P.E.

1979-01-01

Spray irrigation was used to test the survival and efficiency of forage grasses as a concentrating mechanism for the inorganic waste elements in leachate from a municipal solid waste sanitary landfill. Lime (0.67 metric tonnes ha), rock phosphate, and superphosphate (each at 11.2 metric tonnes ha) were applied in a randomised complete block design to reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea L., tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Schreb., cv. Ky31, orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata L., bromegrass Bromus inermis Leyss., and bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cvs. Midland and Tufcote. Leachate was applied by overhead rotary sprinklers in weekly 8-h applications from 22 October 1974 to 28 April 1975. The total application averages about 155 cm. Sprayed leachate contained about 500 ppM of Ca, 150 to 200 ppM of Na, Fe, and Cl, 50 to 100 ppM of Mn, K, Mg, and N, 2 to 5 ppM of Al, Sr, Zn, and P, and less than 0.5 ppM of Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased from approximately 7500 mg liter in water emerging from landfill drains to 5000 mg litre in sprayed leachate. Electroconductivity ranged from 3000 to 4000 ..mu..mhos cm and pH from 5.3 to about 5.5. Leachate irrigation appreciably increased Na, Fe, Mn, Cl, and S levels in all forages except orchardgrass. Lime significantly prevented Mn accumulation and benefited forage grass persistence. Reed canarygrass generally contained the highest levels of most elements and along with Tufcote bermudagrass was more leachate-tolerant than other grasses. Seasonal factors affected the uptake of several elements, e.g. Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, K and Co were significantly lower in regrowth cuttings as compared with first cuttings of Midland bermudagrass and reed canarygrass.

Evaluation of the nutritive value of phosphate fertilizer using an isotopic dilution technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guity, A.R.

1979-01-01

A new formulation of the Fried method is proposed in which the availability of the fertilizer phosphorus is directly compared with that of the Larsen phosphorus. A value G is defined representing the equivalent of the amount of P applied with the same availability as that of the Larsen phosphorus in the soil. During a pot experiment, the G values were determined for eight different Iranian soils. The fertilizer used was superphosphate, applied in the ratio of 11.52 mg P per kg of soil; rye-grass was chosen as test plant. The results obtained show that the G values vary between 11.94 and 45.16 mg P/kg. These values are 1.04-3.92 times greater than the quantity applied. The availability of the fertilizer employed is thus 1.04-3.92 times greater than that of the Larsen phosphorus. It can be seen from the L and G values that, in at least four or five soils, the amount applied is not enough to produce a significant increase in the size of the pool of phosphorus available to the plants, whereas in the less fertile soils the G values are equivalent to 61-82% of the quantity of Larsen phosphorus. A statistical calculation shows that there are significant correlations between the G value of a soil and the quantity of phosphorus in the plants which is derived from this soil, between the G value and the quantity of phosphorus in plants derived from the fertilizer applied, and finally between the L+G value of the soil and the total quantity of phosphorus in the plants. It follows from this that the G value can be regarded as a convenient criterion for determining fertilization procedures

EFEITO DA ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATA SOBRE O ACÚMULO DE BIOMASSA E TEOR DE BRIX DE DUAS VARIEDADES DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

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Sihélio Júlio Silva Cruz

2009-01-01

Full Text Available The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of matter, dry matter content of Brix and two varieties of sugar cane, influenced by the phosphorus cultivated on "Zona da Mata" region, State of Alagoas. The experiment, a factorial 2 x 6, was composed of two varieties of cane; RB867515 and RB92579 and six phosphorus levels: zero, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1, with the source of the phosphorus triple superphosphate . Was also used nitrogen and potassium in doses equivalent to 100 and 200 kg ha-1 and K, respectively. The soil of the experimental area was set to raise the base saturation to 60%. At the beginning of the first rainfall of the rainy season of 2006 was performed with micro fertilization in coverage, in doses equivalent to 6,0; 6,0 and 7,0 kg ha-1 of Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Was The chemical control of weeds. Every month, from August to October 2006, samples were collected in the cane plant. There was initially the number of plants m2, followed by weighing the material. It was subsequently withdrawn a subsample containing ten plants for weighing. After weighing the material was passed in horsemanship and homogenized, again drew up a sample of approximately 300g, leading them to forced ventilation oven at 65 ºC, to obtain constant weight. Resulting in the production of natural (MN and dry matter (DM. In July, we analyzed the levels of Brix% juice in the refractometer Brix. The average values of production of natural (MN, dry matter (DM and contents of Brix% were subjected to analysis of variance and regression for variables. The accumulation of dry matter and were influenced by fertilization. The contents of Brix% in two varieties did not suffer significant influence of fertilization.

QUANTITATIVE CHANGES OF IRON, MANGANESE, ZINC AND COPPER IN PINE BARK COMPOSTED WITH PLANT MASS AND EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS

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Jacek Czekała

2014-10-01

Full Text Available The objective of the investigation was to ascertain changes in the total contents, as well as water-soluble forms of iron, manganese, zinc and copper during the process of composting of pine bark with plant material (PM, with or without the addition of effective microorganisms (EM. Experiments were carried out at a forest nursery area and comprised the following treatments: pile 1. pine bark, pile 2. pine bark + PM, pile 3. pine bark + PM + EM. Compost piles were formed from pine bark (4 m3 and as described above, 2 Mg of plant material were added to pile 2 and to pile 3 – plant material and effective microorganisms in the amount of 3 dm3·m-3 bark. All compost files were also supplemented with 0.3 kg P2O5·m-3 (in the form of superphosphate 20% P2O5 and 0,1 kg K2O·m-3 (in the form of potassium salt 60%. The plant material comprised a mixture of buckwheat, field pea, serradella and vetch harvested before flowering. Piles were mixed and formed with the tractor aerator. At defined dates, using the method of atomic spectrophotometry, total contents of iron, manganese, zinc and copper, as well as their water-soluble forms were determined. It was found that all the examined elements underwent changes, albeit with different dynamics. This was particularly apparent in the case of water-soluble forms. This solubility was, in general, high during the initial days of the process and declined with the passage of time. No significant impact of effective microorganisms on the solubility of the examined chemical elements was determined, especially in mature composts.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ‘RENI’ ON THE QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GARDEN PEAS

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Nanko Popov

2008-05-01

Full Text Available The effect of two substances with regulatory effect – RENI and RENI A on the quality and productivity of peas were studied. The experimental work was carried out in 2005-2006 on the territory of the town of Alexandroupolis, Greece. Wrinkled-seed garden peas of Vyatovo cultivar was an object of the study. The experiment was set by the plot method in four repetitions, the plot area being 6,4 m2. The plants were grown by the technology adopted for pea production. The experimental variants were the following: 1. Control; 2. Treated with RENI; 3. Treated with RENI A. Pre-sowing treatment with nitrogen at the rate of 3,3 kg/da, applied as ammonium nitrate and with phosphorus (P2O5 at the rate of 5 kg/da, applied as triple superphosphate was carried out. Treatment with RENI substances was conducted at the stage of bud formation and at the beginning of flowering. The applied rate of 200 ml/da was determined in our previous studies. It was found out that treatment with RENI had a positive effect on the dry matter accumulation and the carbohydrate exchange dynamics in peas of Vyatovo cultivar. Thus, the unfavourable environmental conditions could be compensated and a produce of better technological features and taste qualities could be obtained. Treatment with RENI brought about the improvement of the biological value of the proteins by increasing the total amount of the essential amino acids and changing the ratio between essential and total amino acids in favour of the essential ones. Treatment with RENI increased the molybdenum content in the pea grain and it is a prerequisite for replacing the presowing treatment with molybdenum chemicals.

Phosphorus fertility recapitalization of nutrient-depleted tropical acid soils with reactive phosphate rock: An assessment using the isotopic exchange technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fardeau, J.-C.; Zapata, F.

2002-01-01

A 'soil P fertility recapitalization' initiative utilizing large rates of phosphate rocks (PRs) was proposed to improve the soil P status and increase the sustainable food production in acid and P-deficient tropical soils. Two series of experiments were carried out using five tropical acid soils treated with heavy applications of Gafsa phosphate rock (GPR). In the first series, the soils were mixed with GPR at the following application rates: 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg P·kg -1 , and incubated for one month in moist conditions. In another series, 1000 mg P kg -1 applied as GPR was added to three soils and incubated for 1.5 month; thereafter 50 mg P kg -1 as triple superphosphate (TSP) were added. The 32 P isotopic exchange method was utilized to assess the contribution of GPR to the available soil P. Changes in amounts, E, of P transferred with time as phosphate ions from the soil particles to the soil solution as well as changes in pH, calcium and phosphate concentrations in soil suspensions were determined. It was found that: (i) the contribution of P from GPR to recapitalization of soil P fertility was mainly assessed by E pool size, pH, calcium and phosphate concentrations; other variables were not significant at the 0.1 level; (ii) heavy applications of GPR did not saturate all the P sorption sites, P freshly applied as water-soluble P was still sorbed; (iii) recapitalization of soil P fertility using GPR was partly obtained in some acid tropical soils; (iv) Upon dissolution, GPR provided calcium ions to crops and to soils, thus reducing Al toxicity, but its liming effect was limited. To explain these effects with heavy application rates of GPR, it was postulated that a coating of Al and Fe compounds is formed around PR particles with time, thus reducing further dissolution. (author)

Increasing the yeast yield in alcohol fermentation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pelc, A; Vamos, E; Varga, L; Gavalya, S; Dolanszky, F

1964-02-01

The yeast and ethanol yields (the latter being based on the substrate) are enhanced by adding the substrate (molasses) gradually to the suspension of inoculating yeast during the main fermentation period, passing air through the mash, ceasing both substrate addition and aeration at the end of the main period, and allowing the process to come to an end. This way 12 to 14 kg yeast (dry weight)/100 l ethanol could be obtained within 16 to 24 hours and the yeast obtained could be used as the inoculum for the next charge. For example: 11 to 16 kg yeast (or 18 to 25 l yeast suspension from the preceding charge, containing 18 to 20% dry matter) is kept in 30 to 35 l H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ (0.74 g/100 ml) for 1 hour, diluted with H/sub 2/O and 30 kg sterile molasses to 300 l, kept at 30 to 32/sup 0/ with mild aeration for 2 hours, 1900 l 30/sup 0/ H/sub 2/O added, then 1 m/sup 3/ air/m/sup 2//hour is passed through the mixture, with the addition of 270 kg sterile molasses, and a solution of 8 kg superphosphate and 5 kg (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ in 100 l H/sub 2/O, the latter being added in 5 portions over 2 hours. Molasses (600 kg) is added during the main period, maintaining the pH at 5 (H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/), and the temperature at 30/sup 0/, then aeration is ceased and the mixture kept until fermentation proceeds. The 3000 l medium contains 9.6% ethanol and 1.38% yeast, respectively.

Effects on field- and bottom-layer species in an experiment with repeated PK- and NPK-fertilization

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nohrstedt, H.Oe.

1994-01-01

Long-term changes in forest ground vegetation because of repeated PK- and NPK-fertilization were examined in an old field experiment, located in a 85-year-old Pinus sylvestris stand in northern Sweden. Fertilizers were added at 5-(PK, NPK) or 10-(PK) year intervals, beginning 26 years prior to the study. The treatments were tested in two replicates on plots sized 40 x 40 m. The total doses added were N 720 kg/ha, P 222-380 kg/ha and K 318-620 kg/ha. N was given as ammonium nitrate, P as superphosphate and K as potassium chloride. The vegetation on control plots was of the Vaccinium vitis-idaea type. The field layer was dominated by V.vitis-idaea and V.myrtillus, and the bottom layer by Pleurozium schreberi. The effect of fertilization was quantified by examining the areal cover of individual species. This was done in 25 0.25 m 2 frames systematically placed in a grid over each treatment plot. The only pronounced effect in the field layer was on V.myrtillus. The cover was strongly reduced by fertilization with PK. The reduction was 70% for the 5-year interval and 34% for the 10-year interval. The cover more than doubled after NPK-fertilization. Among the cryptogams, a reduction in cover was indicated for Cladina arbuscula and C.rangiferina because of fertilization with NPK. NPK reduced the number of species that were found, totally depending on negative effects on several lichen species. For species absent in the examined frame areas but present somewhere else on the treatment plots, it was seen that Deschampsia flexuosa increased after NPK-fertilization, while Peltigera apthosa and Steroecaulon tomentosum decreased. Hylocomium splendens occurred on both control plots, but only on one fertilized plot. 30 refs, 1 fig, 5 tabs

Growth response of Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. seedlings to phosphorus fertilization in acid soils from Kenya

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Karanja N.K.

1999-01-01

Full Text Available Three experiments were conducted to assess the response of Grevillea robusta to phosphorus fertilization using acid soils showing low P levels from Eastern (Gituamba-Andosols and Western (Kakamega-Acrisols Kenya. In the first experiment P was applied as Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR- 13/P at 0, 52 and 77 kg P per ha into 5 kg of soil. In the second experiment 2 g vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM soil + root inoculum per 5 kg soil was included in addition to the same MPR rates using Kakamega soil only. In the third experiment, MPR and triple superphosphate (TSP were added to 5 kg Kakamega soil at a rate of 25.8 mg P per kg soil, and 32P isotope dilution techniques were used to assess P uptake in the shoot harvested at 3 and 6 MAT (months after transplanting. Application of MPR to the Andosol reduced height and root collar diameter of G. robusta significantly (p < .05 as compared to the control. Significant increases (p < .05 in height and root collar diameter where P was added compared to control were recorded with the Acrisol. Soil interaction with P fertilizer rates was highly significant (p < .001 for both height and root collar diameter growth. The roots were not infected with VAM upon harvesting at 12 months. At 3 MAT the percentage P derived from the MPR and TSP was 3/ and 6/ respectively. P uptake decreased significantly (p < .05 between 3 and 6 months. The results indicated that addition of P fertilizer in the Acrisols was probably required at the early stages of G. robusta growth but further research and particularly root studies are required to ascertain the above observations.

Topsoil and fertilizer effects on ground cover growth on calcareous minesoils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kost, D.A.; Vimmerstedt, J.P.

1997-01-01

Canopy cover and above ground biomass of herbaceous species was measured in four studies for five years (1989-1993) in southeastern Ohio; on Central Ohio Coal Company's Muskingum Mine, 5 km South of Cumberland. Three studies compared graded cast overburden, standard graded topsoil (30 cm depth), and ripped topsoil. The fourth study lacked the ripped topsoil treatment. In 1987 two studies were seeded with both a standard and a modified mixture of grass and legume species, and two studies used the modified mix only. A nitrogen rate study used 45, 90 or 135 kg/ha of N applied on two occasions, and a phosphorus fertilizer study used rock phosphate amendment at 0, 1120, or 2240 kg/ha and triple superphosphate amendment at 0, 280, or 560 kg/ha. Based on one clipping per year, overall average biomass (Mg/ha dry weight) was slightly greater on standard topsoil (3.34), and ripped topsoil (3.30) than on cast overburden (3.09). Biomass did not differ significantly (p=0.05) on standard topsoil versus cast overburden for 15 of 19 comparisons. Legume biomass (Mg/ha, measured for 3 or 4 years) averaged 0.84 on standard topsoil, 0.75 on ripped topsoil, and 1.16 on cast overburden. In three studies, legume biomass was 50% higher on cast overburden than the topsoils, but differences among the soil surfaces were decreasing by 50% higher on cast overburden than the topsoils, but differences among the soil surfaces were decreasing by 1993. Nitrogen fertilizer increased ground cover only in the year when fertilizer was applied. Phosphorus fertilizer treatments had no significant effects. Ground cover showed no signs of deterioration during the last measurements in 1993. Observations in 1995 indicated dense canopy cover on all soil surfaces with substantial invasion by goldenrods (Solidago spp.) only on topsoils. 16 refs., 4 tabs

Evaluation of the agronomic effectiveness of rock phosphates from the Polpino deposit in the Russian federation and their potential to reduce 137Cs accumulation in plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kuznetsov, V.K.; Sanzharova, N.I.; Alexakhin, R.M.

2002-01-01

The ability to supply P to plants (agronomic effectiveness) of local rock phosphates (RP) from the Polpino deposit in the Bryansk region was determined in a Sod-podzolic acid soil. In addition, the effectiveness of using the RP to reduce 137 Cs accumulation in barley was also studied. A series of greenhouse experiments were carried out using 32 P and 137 Cs as tracers. Standard methods for soil analysis and evaluation of chemical status of RP in soil were employed. The grain yield increased by 17.7, 44.3 and 57.5% compared to the control at rates of 21.8, 43.6 and 87.2 mg P/kg soil, respectively. The relative availability of phosphorus from RP applied at a rate of 21.8 P mg/kg soil was 56.1% compared to superphosphate and reached 74.5 and 81.3% at rates of 43.6 and 87.2 mg P/kg soil. The uptake of P by plants was increased with the increase in the rates of the fertilizers applied, but the percent of P fertilizer utilization decreased. The amount of P used by plants from fertilizers depended on the type and rates of P fertilizers. With an increase in SP rates from 21.8 to 87.2 mg/kg soil, the use of fertilizer P by plants dropped from 32.6 to 21.9%. For local RP, these differences were less pronounced with the percent of the total amount of P used by plants 2.1 times less than that from SP. The application of local RP at rates of 43.6 and 87.2 mg P/ kg soil resulted in a 1.3-fold decrease in 137 Cs accumulation in grain and straw of crops. At a rate of 21.8 mg P/kg soil, the differences in 137 Cs accumulation between grain and straw were insignificant compared to the control. (author)

Phosphorus, nitrogen, and radionuclide retention and leaching from a Joel sand amended with red mud/gypsum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McPharlin, L.R.; Jeffery, R.C.; Toussaint, L.F.; Cooper, M.

1994-01-01

The leaching of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and radionuclides 232 Th, 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 40 K from Joel sands amended with red mud/gypsum (RMG) at 9 rates (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 t/ha) was measured using columns. Intense leaching conditions (34 mm/day for 12 days) and a high rate of applied P (320 kg/ha as superphosphate) and N (680 kg/ha as ammonium nitrate) were used to simulate extremes of irrigated vegetable production on the Swan Coastal Plain. Addition of the highest rate of RMG (256 t/ha) reduced leaching of fertiliser P and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) by 85% and 50%, respectively, compared with 0 t/ha after 12 days. At 64 t RMG/ha P leaching was reduced 50% compared with 0 t/ha. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching was not affected by addition of RMG. Reduced leaching of NH4-N was attributed to an increase in cation exchange capacity of the soil with the addition of RMG. Bicarbonate-extractable P in the soil increased with rate of RMG to >50 μg P/g soil at 256 t/ha. This indicates that soil testing of residual P could be used to reduce P inputs to vegetable crops after soils were amended with RMG. This would further reduce the impact of vegetable production on the water systems of the Swan Coastal Plain and extend the period of effectiveness of RMG amended soils. The increase in 232 Th specific activity in Joel sand amended with RMG was well below statutory limits even at the highest rate. Neither 40 K nor 226 Ra were detectable in RMG amended sands up to 256 t RMG/ha. There was no evidence of leaching of 226 Ra or 228 Ra at any rate of RMG. These results suggest that the use of RMG amendment on commercial horticultural properties on the Swan Coastal Plain could be feasible. 30 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs

Evaluation of phospherus uptake from Minjingu phosphate rock, growth and nodulation of agroforestry tree species on an acid soil from Kenya

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Karanja, N.K.; Mwendwa, K.A.

2002-01-01

A series of studies were carried out to study the effect of P application on fast growing multi-purpose trees. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate availability and uptake of phosphorus (P) from Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR). An acid soil and six agroforestry tree species namely Leucena leuco-cephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Grevillea robusta, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus grandis were used. Phosphorus was applied at 25.8 mg P/ kg soil as Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) or Triple Superphosphate (TSP). Pregerminated seedlings were transplanted and divided into two sequential harvests at 3 and 6 MAT (months after transplanting). 32 P isotope carrier free solution was added to transplanted seedlings at the beginning and when they were 3 months old. The soil was tested for isotopically exchangeable P by incubating the soil with the MPR and TSP. The soil was high in P-fixing capacity. At 3 MAT all the species except G. robusta gave a 150-250% significantly higher stem dry weights where P was added and L. leuco-cephala, S. sesban and C. siamea maintained this up to 6 MAT. The legumes and E. grandis where P was applied differed significantly from controls in root dry weight with Minjingu PR being superior with G.sepium and E. grandis. The legumes and E. grandis had significantly higher P uptake where P was applied at 3 MAT. The relative availability of MPR at 3 MAT showed that L.leucocephala and G. sepium derived 2.93 and 1.06 times more P from Minjingu PR than from TSP respectively. Data obtained from G. robusta P uptake showed that this species preferred soil P to externally supplied P in the three sampling periods. Tree species and fertilizer P interactions at 6 MAT were highly significant (P=0.01). Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation improved growth, P uptake from MPR and nodulation of G. sepium seedlings. Inoculating L. leucocephala seedlings with VAM increased availability of P from MPR. (author)

Biochar as phosphorus transporter to support the closure of the phosphorus cycle

Science.gov (United States)

Soja, Gerhard; Jagerhofer, Reinhard; Fristak, Vladimir; Pfeifer, Christoph

2017-04-01

Waste materials rich in phosphorus could partly substitute rock phosphate-based mineral fertilizers. As rock phosphate is listed as critical raw material, measures for increasing the recovery rate of phosphorus and for closing the phosphorus cycle are required. However, direct use of the waste materials as fertilizers are frequently not possible because of legal constraints, adverse side effects because of co-occurring contaminants or hygienic concerns. So this study had the objective to test the appropriateness of carbonizing P-rich residues that can be used as secondary P resources for producing P fertilizers. The resulting biochar or hydrochar products should be tested for the bioavailability of P for plant uptake. Feedstock materials tested as secondary P resources were chicken manure, animal bone flour, sewage sludge, and digestates. These materials were either pyrolyzed at different temperatures, partly with different chemical modifications, or hydrothermally carbonized. The biochar and hydrochar products were analyzed for their total and available P concentrations, and the plant bioavailability was determined with a standardized plant growth test with rye (Neubauer-test). The results showed that biochar produced from a mixture of chicken manure and saw dust was equivalent to a standard phosphate fertilizer (superphosphate) with respect to P available for plant uptake. For most materials, a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C was slightly more beneficial for P availability than 500 °C. Pyrolytic carbonization mostly was more supportive for plant growth than hydrothermal carbonization of the tested feedstocks. For some feedstocks the addition of sodium carbonate improved the P uptake of the plants without affecting the biomass production. The results show that P-rich waste materials used as secondary resources for carbonization can effectively contribute to increased P recovery, savings in the use of mineral phosphate fertilizers and reduced P loads to non

Comparative study of P uptake and utilization from P fertilizers by Chilean wheat genotypes in volcanic ash soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pino, I.; Parada, A.M.; Zapata, F.; Navia, M.; Luzio, W.

2002-01-01

The intensification of the agricultural production in Southern Chile demand the application of P fertilizers to volcanic ash soils for optimum plant growth and crop yields. Due to the high P sorption capacities of these soils, high amounts of water-soluble phosphatic fertilizers need to be applied. Therefore, the direct application of locally available Bahia Inglesa phosphate rock has been utilized to supply P to crops in these acid soils. Phosphate rock is a very efficient P input for crops with long growth cycles or crop rotations nevertheless water-soluble P fertilizers must still be applied to crops of short growth cycle. Combined with these strategic P inputs, the use of acid-tolerant and P-efficient genotypes can further contribute to agricultural sustainability. Greenhouse studies were undertaken to explore and identify genotypic variations in P efficiency of wheat grown in Andisols of Southern Chile. 32 P isotopic techniques were utilized to measure the uptake of P from triple superphosphate, a water-soluble P fertilizer and the locally available Bahia Inglesa phosphate rock. Substantial genotypic variations in P use efficiency were found among the Chilean wheat genotypes tested. The utilization of the 32 P isotopic techniques enabled to quantify the P taken up from the P fertilizer and the assessment of differences among the genotypes. Significant genotypic differences were obtained in the P uptake from the local phosphate rock Bahia Inglesa. Much higher applications of phosphate rock were required in Santa Barbara soil series (Andisol) due to its high P retention. A sustainable strategy for agricultural production in the Andisols of Chile would therefore, be the combined utilization of those efficient wheat genotypes and the local phosphate rock Bahia Inglesa. As P efficiency is a multi-faceted trait, which interacts with a range of environmental factors, further field-testing and validation is required accompanied by in depth studies to assess the

Determination of biological nitrogen fixation capacities of winter and spring lentil varieties by using ''1''5N methodology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Akin, A.

2001-01-01

In order to determine the biological nitrogen fixation capacities of winter and spring varieties of lentil which have of agronomic importance under the Central Anatolia region, the field experiments (winter and spring) were carried out. In both experiments, the effects of two different iconoclasts and different harvesting times on the biological nitrogen fixation capacities of lentil varieties, were investigated. The field experiments were conducted using by randomized block design as split-split plot for 4 replications. Barley was selected as the reference crop and 20 cm row spacing were used for lentil and barley. Inoculations were done immediately before sowing. 10.0 kg N/ ha for lentil varieties as 10.0 % ''1''5N atom excess and 40.0 kg N/ ha for barley (reference crop) as 2.0 % ''1''5N atom excess ammonium sulphate fertilizer were applied. In addition, 60.0 kgP 2 O 5 / ha were applied as triple superphosphate for all treatments. Plants were harvested at the different growth stages and than plant materials prepared for the analysis. Total nitrogen and % ''1''5N atom excess analysis were done by Kjeldahl method and Emission spectrometer, respectively. The amount of nitrogen fixation capacities of winter and spring lentil varieties were calculated according to the A-Value method (IAEA 1990). The results showed us that the winter varieties of lentil had higher dry matter yields and nitrogen fixation capacities than the spring varieties. Inoculation treatments had no statistically significant effects on the percentage of nitrogen derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and the amount of fixed nitrogen (kg N/ ha) for both experiments. In comparison between the harvesting times, the highest amount of fixed nitrogen was found at the pod formation stage for all cultivars. The average amounts of % Ndfa and fixed nitrogen (kg N/ ha) were 75.0 and 70.0 for winter cultivars, 70.0 and 45.0 for spring cultivars, respectively

Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components of Oilseed Rape in the Wheat-Oilseed Rape Strip Intercropping Influenced by Chemical and Biological Fertilizers

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R Amirmardfar

2015-01-01

Full Text Available To evaluate the effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum and oilseed rape (Brassica napus strip intercropping on yield components, seed and biological yields of oilseed rape, field experiments were carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran during 2010-2012 cropping seasons. The first factor consisted of four types of wheat and oilseed rape cropping system, sole crop of oilseed rape (A1,: strip intercropping with 8:3 (A2, 12:4 (A3 and 16:5 (A4 of wheat and oilseed rape rows, respectively and the other factor consisted of two fertilizer levels, B1: 100% chemical fertilizers (urea and triple superphosphate and B2: 50% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers (Nitrazhin and Barvar2. The results showed that strip intercropping of wheat- oilseed rape resulted in significant increase in yield components, seed yield per occupied unit area and biological yield per occupied unit area of oilseed rape as compared with mono-cropping. The number of silique per plant in intercropping systems was significantly higher than that of mono-cropping. The highest seed yield was obtained in the 16:5 rows of wheat-oilseed rape with 343.76 g.m-2 and the lowest mean was observed in mono-cropping of oilseed rape with 260.21 g.m-2. Biological yield per occupied unit area and seed yield per intercropped unit area in B1 were significantly greater than that of B2, but this treatment had no significant effect on the other traits. Because, B1 and B2 had no significant difference in seed yield per occupied unit area and due to the importance of reduction in chemical fertilizers consumption and food and environmental health care, strip intercropping of wheat-oilseed rape under 50% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers can be recommended as a suitable cultural method.

Rape genotypic differences in P uptake and utilization from phosphate rocks in an Andisol of Chile

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Montenegro, A.; Zapata, F.

2002-01-01

A main constraint to agricultural productivity in the southern regions of Chile is the low available soil P exacerbated by the high P sorption capacity of the predominant Andisols. Therefore, substantial amounts of P fertilizers must be applied to obtain optimum growth and crop yields. One cost-effective strategy followed to supply P to crops grown in these soils is the direct application of the local Bahia Inglesa PR source. However, a more sustainable strategy would be to combine the use of the local PR with the crop species and cultivars that are able to grow in these acid soils and can utilize efficiently PR. Rape is reported to be very efficient in utilising P from PR sources due to its capacity to exude organic acids to the rhizosphere. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of five rape cultivars grown in an Andisol of southern Chile in utilising P from two PR sources (Bahia Inglesa and Bayovar) and triple superphosphate, a water-soluble P fertilizer. It was found that rape was able to absorb significant amounts of P from the PR sources and much less from the TSP and soil P. Both Bahia Inglesa and Bayovar PRs were found to be as effective as TSP for the rape genotypes in the Andisol Pemehue. The use of the 32 P isotope technique enabled to assess the ability of the genotypes tested to utilize P from the different P fertilizers applied. The genotypes G2 and G3 showed increased P acquisition from the PR than the genotype G5. Combined utilization of P efficient genotypes and direct application of the Bahia Inglesa PR seems to be a promising technology for attaining sustainable agricultural productivity in the Andisols of Chile. Further field trials for validating these findings at the level of cropping systems are needed. This agronomic testing should be accompanied by in-depth studies to assess the relative importance of the morphological and physiological traits determining a higher P efficiency. (author)

Phosphate fertilizer influence on 238 U content in vegetables

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lauria D, C.; Rodrigues S, J.I.; Ribeiro, F.C.A.

2006-01-01

Uranium is a naturally radioactive element, which is usually found in soils, superficial and ground water, vegetables and animals. After ingestion by human beings, most is excreted in few days by feces and urine, without reaching the bloodstream. However, a small part circulates through the body, being accumulated in the soft tissues, as kidneys. A minor fraction can remain in bones per some years, being able through the radioactive decay to irradiate adjacent tissues. Phosphate fertilizers used in conventional crop management can present variable amounts of uranium. In accordance with origin and use, the fertilizer can raise the content of this element in vegetables, and consequently to increase the human exposure for radiation due the consumption of vegetables. It is estimated that the use of phosphate fertilizer has at least doubled the prolonged exposure of humans from ingestion of food. This work aims to evaluate the contribution of organic and chemical fertilizer on the concentration of 238 U in vegetable samples. An experiment with black beans (a very important vegetable for Brazilian people) was conducted in a field which soil has never been fertilized with any sort of fertilizer, located near to the Rio de Janeiro city. On the organic management, bovine manure was used, while on conventional management urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate were used. Simultaneously, black bean samples from not fertilized management were collected. In addition, lettuce and carrot samples from organic and conventional managements were collected in Nova Friburgo farms (the most important vegetable supplier of Rio de Janeiro city market). The analyses of 238 U have been carried out by conventional fluorimetric method. The geometric mean of 238 U concentrations in the carrot and lettuce samples from conventional management were similar with those from organic management, while for beans the conventional samples had higher values than those ones found in organic management

Phosphate fertilizer influence on {sup 238} U content in vegetables

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lauria D, C.; Rodrigues S, J.I. [Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria (IRD/CNEN), Av. Salvador Allende s/n, Rio de Janeiro-RJ (Brazil); Ribeiro, F.C.A. [Centro Regional de Ciencias Nucleares (CRCN/CNEN) Av. Prof. Luiz Freire 200 Cidade Universitaria Recife-PE (Brazil)]. e-mail: dejanira@ird.gov.br

2006-07-01

Uranium is a naturally radioactive element, which is usually found in soils, superficial and ground water, vegetables and animals. After ingestion by human beings, most is excreted in few days by feces and urine, without reaching the bloodstream. However, a small part circulates through the body, being accumulated in the soft tissues, as kidneys. A minor fraction can remain in bones per some years, being able through the radioactive decay to irradiate adjacent tissues. Phosphate fertilizers used in conventional crop management can present variable amounts of uranium. In accordance with origin and use, the fertilizer can raise the content of this element in vegetables, and consequently to increase the human exposure for radiation due the consumption of vegetables. It is estimated that the use of phosphate fertilizer has at least doubled the prolonged exposure of humans from ingestion of food. This work aims to evaluate the contribution of organic and chemical fertilizer on the concentration of {sup 238} U in vegetable samples. An experiment with black beans (a very important vegetable for Brazilian people) was conducted in a field which soil has never been fertilized with any sort of fertilizer, located near to the Rio de Janeiro city. On the organic management, bovine manure was used, while on conventional management urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate were used. Simultaneously, black bean samples from not fertilized management were collected. In addition, lettuce and carrot samples from organic and conventional managements were collected in Nova Friburgo farms (the most important vegetable supplier of Rio de Janeiro city market). The analyses of {sup 238} U have been carried out by conventional fluorimetric method. The geometric mean of {sup 238} U concentrations in the carrot and lettuce samples from conventional management were similar with those from organic management, while for beans the conventional samples had higher values than those ones found in

Do microorganism stoichiometric alterations affect carbon sequestration in paddy soil subjected to phosphorus input?

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, ZhiJian; Li, HongYi; Hu, Jiao; Li, Xia; He, Qiang; Tian, GuangMing; Wang, Hang; Wang, ShunYao; Wang, Bei

2015-04-01

Ecological stoichiometry provides a powerful tool for integrating microbial biomass stoichiometry with ecosystem processes, opening far-reaching possibilities for linking microbial dynamics to soil carbon (C) metabolism in response to agricultural nutrient management. Despite its importance to crop yield, the role of phosphorus (P) with respect to ecological stoichiometry and soil C sequestration in paddy fields remains poorly understood, which limits our ability to predict nutrient-related soil C cycling. Here, we collected soil samples from a paddy field experiment after seven years of superphosphate application along a gradient of 0, 30, 60, and 90 (P-0 through P-90, respectively) kg.ha-1.yr-1 in order to evaluate the role of exogenous P on soil C sequestration through regulating microbial stoichiometry. P fertilization increased soil total organic C and labile organic C by 1-14% and 4-96%, respectively, while rice yield is a function of the activities of soil β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), acid phosphatase (AP), and the level of available soil P through a stepwise linear regression model. P input induced C limitation, as reflected by decreases in the ratios of C:P in soil and microbial biomass. An eco-enzymatic ratio indicating microbial investment in C vs. P acquisition, i.e., ln(BG): ln(AP), changed the ecological function of microbial C acquisition, and was stoichiometrically related to P input. This mechanism drove a shift in soil resource availability by increasing bacterial community richness and diversity, and stimulated soil C sequestration in the paddy field by enhancing C-degradation-related bacteria for the breakdown of plant-derived carbon sources. Therefore, the decline in the C:P stoichiometric ratio of soil microorganism biomass under P input was beneficial for soil C sequestration, which offered a "win-win" relationship for the maximum balance point between C sequestration and P availability for rice production in the face of climate change.

Phosphorus availability from phosphate rock and sewage sludge as influenced by the addition of water soluble phosphate fertilizer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zapata, F.; Zaharah, A.R.

2002-01-01

Phosphorus (P) inputs are required for sustainable agricultural production in most acid soils of the tropics and subtropics. Phosphate rocks (PR) and organic materials have been suggested as alternative P sources in these soils. Quantitative information on the P availability from sewage sludge (SL) is scanty. Methods to improve the effectiveness of PR such as partial acidulation and compaction with water-soluble P sources have been recommended. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of Florida PR and sewage sludges (irradiated and non-irradiated) applied alone and in mixture with a water-soluble source (triple superphosphate, TSP) at two rates (50 and 150 mg P kg -1 soil). The 32 P isotope dilution technique was utilised to determine the proportion of P in the plant taken up from the P fertilizer treatments. Wheat was grown on an acid loamy sand Dystric Eutrocrepts and harvested 6 weeks after planting. Results on total P uptake and the RAE of the P fertilizer sources tested indicated that the addition of 50 mg P kg -1 soil as TSP was adequate in supplying P to the 6-week-old wheat plants as compared to PR and sewage sludge. Intermediate values were obtained for the mixtures. Similar responses were observed for the high P rate. For a given P rate, phosphorus uptake from PR and SL in presence of TSP was higher than P uptake from these sources alone, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of these non-readily available sources. With respect to P uptake from PR applied alone, the relative increases in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence were 52 and 67% for the low and high P rates, respectively. The relative increases in P uptake from SL due to TSP when compared to P uptake from SL alone were 102 and 59% for the low and high P rates of application. Application of a water-soluble P fertilizer together with a non-readily available P source shows an enhancement on the P uptake from the non

Nutritional characteristics of two pigeon pea hybrids – Liming and phosphated fertilization

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Marcia Atauri Cardelli de Lucena

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The use of legumes in animal production systems can be a sustainable alternative as a protein source in rotational grazing system and/or as a protein bank. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp. figure as an example of success of this use on animal nutrition. The development of this species can be limited by the high acidity and low soil phosphorus content. There is a lack of scientific information on the effects of liming and phosphorus fertilization on some nutritional variables of two pigeon pea new hybrids. This study was conducted in pots containing 5 kg of soil in a greenhouse at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo State. There were studied two pigeon pea hybrids, H1 and H2, and the treatments involved agronomic practices: 1 No liming and without phosphorus (control, 2 Liming (L, 3 Phosphorus fertilization (P and 4 Liming plus phosphorus. Liming was proposed to increase soil base saturation to 50%, it was used dolomite lime PRNT = 90%, in an amount corresponding to 4.5 t/ha. Phosphorus fertilization (as superphosphate rate was 60 kg/ha of PO25. The experimental units were allocated according to a complete randomised block design, with five replications. We analyzed the levels of crude protein (CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF, in pigeon pea shoot at 45 days of age. Statistical analyzes were performed using the software SISVAR, averages were compared using test for multiple comparisons Student Newman-Keuls - SNK test (P < 0.05. The H1 hybrid had the highest content of CP, by applying P, lime plus P and the control treatment compared to H2 hybrid. The association lime plus P resulted in higher content of CP mainly due to the increased availability of P for plants. Smaller values were observed for NDF in H2 with P application. Lower values of ADF were observed in H1 in both control treatment and P application. The ADF values were lower for the hybrid H2 only for the treatment lime plus P. The two

Effectiveness of North Carolina phosphate rock and fertilizer tablets in reclaiming disturbed land in Copper Basin, Tennessee, USA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sikora, F.J.; Soileau, J.M.; Maddox, J.J.; Kelsoe, J.J.

2002-01-01

Open smelting of copper ore about 100 years ago resulted in approximately 9,300 ha of disturbed land with severely eroded acidic soils at Copper Basin, Tennessee, USA. A field study was initiated in 1992 to compare revegetation from surface application of North Carolina phosphate rock (PR) and triple superphosphate (TSP) at 20, 59, and 295 kg P ha -1 , and determine benefits of fertilizer tablets. Measurements included survival and growth of transplanted pine seedlings, ground cover from an aerially seeded grass/legume mixture, and soil acidity. Tree survival was greater than 87% with no difference among treatments. When fertilizer tablets were not used, tree height and diameter increased with increasing soil P rates with growth maximized at 59 kg P ha -1 . After 96 and 240 d, there was no difference between PR and TSP with respect to growth of loblolly pine. After 960 days, PR caused greater tree growth compared to TSP. Weeping love grass provided the most ground cover, and its growth was stimulated with fertilizer tablets and P application. Fescue, lespedeza, and black locust trees responded more to PR than to TSP. Soil pH increased, and 0.01-M SrCl 2 extractable Al decreased, with increasing rate of PR. The molar ratios of Ca:Al in 0.01-M SrCl 2 soil extracts were also greater with PR compared to TSP. Decreased soil acidity, increased growth of loblolly pines, and increased diversity of ground cover vegetation from PR application makes PR a suitable material for reclaiming extremely acidic soils. Fertilizer tablets had an effect of improving loblolly pine growth when no P was surface applied. However, with surface P application of 59 kg ha -1 as PR, fertilizer tablets did not add any additional benefit to loblolly pine growth. Some improvement in tree growth was observed using fertilizer tablets with P applied as TSP at 59 kg ha -1 . Fertilizer tablets did greatly improve ground coverage of weeping love grass. Use of fertilizer tablets in reclamation efforts in

Phosphorus availability from phosphate rock and sewage sludge as influenced by the addition of water soluble phosphate fertilizer

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Zapata, F. [Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)]. E-mail: F.Zapata@iaea.org; Zaharah, A.R. [Department of Land Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia)

2002-05-15

Phosphorus (P) inputs are required for sustainable agricultural production in most acid soils of the tropics and subtropics. Phosphate rocks (PR) and organic materials have been suggested as alternative P sources in these soils. Quantitative information on the P availability from sewage sludge (SL) is scanty. Methods to improve the effectiveness of PR such as partial acidulation and compaction with water-soluble P sources have been recommended. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of Florida PR and sewage sludges (irradiated and non-irradiated) applied alone and in mixture with a water-soluble source (triple superphosphate, TSP) at two rates (50 and 150 mg P kg{sup -1} soil). The {sup 32}P isotope dilution technique was utilised to determine the proportion of P in the plant taken up from the P fertilizer treatments. Wheat was grown on an acid loamy sand Dystric Eutrocrepts and harvested 6 weeks after planting. Results on total P uptake and the RAE of the P fertilizer sources tested indicated that the addition of 50 mg P kg{sup -1} soil as TSP was adequate in supplying P to the 6-week-old wheat plants as compared to PR and sewage sludge. Intermediate values were obtained for the mixtures. Similar responses were observed for the high P rate. For a given P rate, phosphorus uptake from PR and SL in presence of TSP was higher than P uptake from these sources alone, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of these non-readily available sources. With respect to P uptake from PR applied alone, the relative increases in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence were 52 and 67% for the low and high P rates, respectively. The relative increases in P uptake from SL due to TSP when compared to P uptake from SL alone were 102 and 59% for the low and high P rates of application. Application of a water-soluble P fertilizer together with a non-readily available P source shows an enhancement on the P

Effect of Interactions on the Nutrient Status of a Tropical Soil Treated with Green Manures and Inorganic Phosphate Fertilizers

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Abdul R. Bah

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Integrated nutrient management systems using plant residues and inorganic P fertilizers have high potential for increasing crop production and ensuring sustainability in the tropics, but their adoption requires in-depth understanding of nutrient dynamics in such systems. This was examined in a highly weathered tropical soil treated with green manures (GMs and P fertilizers in two experiments conducted in the laboratory and glasshouse. The treatments were factorial combinations of the GMs (Calopogonium caeruleum, Gliricidia sepium, and Imperata cylindrica and P fertilizers (phosphate rocks [PRs] from North Carolina, China, and Algeria, and triple superphosphate replicated thrice. Olsen P, mineral N, pH, and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg were monitored in a laboratory incubation study for 16 months. The change in soil P fractions and available P was also determined at the end of the study. Phosphorus available from the amendments was quantified at monthly intervals for 5 months by 33P-32P double isotopic labeling in the glasshouse using Setaria sphacelata as test crop. The GMs were labeled with 33P to determine their contribution to P taken up by Setaria, while that from the P fertilizers was indirectly measured by labeling the soil with 32P. The P fertilizers hardly changed Olsen P and exchangeable cations during 16 months of incubation. The legume GMs and legume GM+P did not change Olsen P, lowered exchangeable Ca, and increased exchangeable K about threefold (4.5 cmol[+]kg−1 soil in the first 4 months, even as large amounts of NH4-N accumulated (~1000 mg kg soil−1 and soil pH increased to more than 6.5. Afterwards, Olsen P and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased (threefold as NH4+-N and soil pH declined. The legume GMs also augmented reversibly sorbed P in Al-P and Fe-P fractions resulting in high residual effect in the soil, while fertilizer-P was irreversibly retained. The GMs increased PR-P utilization by 40 to over 80%, mobilized soil P, and

High plant availability of phosphorus and low availability of cadmium in four biomass combustion ashes

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Li, Xiaoxi; Rubæk, Gitte H.; Sørensen, Peter

2016-01-01

For biomass combustion to become a sustainable energy production system, it is crucial to minimise landfill of biomass ashes, to recycle the nutrients and to minimise the undesirable impact of hazardous substances in the ash. In order to test the plant availability of phosphorus (P) and cadmium (Cd) in four biomass ashes, we conducted two pot experiments on a P-depleted soil and one mini-plot field experiment on a soil with adequate P status. Test plants were spring barley and Italian ryegrass. Ash applications were compared to triple superphosphate (TSP) and a control without P application. Both TSP and ash significantly increased crop yields and P uptake on the P-depleted soil. In contrast, on the adequate-P soil, the barley yield showed little response to soil amendment, even at 300–500 kg P ha"−"1 application, although the barley took up more P at higher applications. The apparent P use efficiency of the additive was 20% in ryegrass - much higher than that of barley for which P use efficiencies varied on the two soils. Generally, crop Cd concentrations were little affected by the increasing and high applications of ash, except for relatively high Cd concentrations in barley after applying 25 Mg ha"−"1 straw ash. Contrarily, even modest increases in the TSP application markedly increased Cd uptake in plants. This might be explained by the low Cd solubility in the ash or by the reduced Cd availability due to the liming effect of ash. High concentrations of resin-extractable P (available P) in the ash-amended soil after harvest indicate that the ash may also contribute to P availability for the following crops. In conclusion, the biomass ashes in this study had P availability similar to the TSP fertiliser and did not contaminate the crop with Cd during the first year. - Highlights: • Effects of four biomass ashes vs. a P fertiliser (TSP) on two crops were studied. • Ashes increased crop yields with P availability similar to TSP on P-depleted soil. �

Separative recovery with lime of phosphate and fluoride from an acidic effluent containing H3PO4, HF and/or H2SiF6.

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Gouider, Mbarka; Feki, Mongi; Sayadi, Sami

2009-10-30

Fluoride content and flow-rate of fertilizer plant wastewater from phosphoric acid and/or triple superphosphate (TSP) production lead to the discharge of several thousand tons of fluoride (F(-)) per year and even more for phosphate (PO4(3-)). Since sustainability is an important environmental concern, the removal methods should allow phosphorus and fluoride to be recycled as a sustainable products for use as raw materials either in agricultural or industrial applications. In the present work, separative recovery with lime of these two target species was investigated. A preliminary speciation study, carried out on the crude effluent, showed that two forms of fluoride: HF and H2SiF6 are present in a highly acidic medium (pH approximately 2). Evidence that fluoride is present under both free (HF) and combined (H2SiF6) forms, in the phosphate-containing effluent, was provided by comparing potentiometric titration curves of a crude wastewater sample and synthetic acid mixtures containing H3PO4, HF and H2SiF6. In a second step synthetic effluent containing mixtures of the following acids: HF, H2SiF6 and H3PO4, were treated with lime. The behaviour of these compounds under lime treatment was analysed. The data showed that fluoride has a beneficial effect on phosphate removal. Moreover, by acting on the precipitation pH, a "selective" recovery of fluoride and phosphate ions was possible either from phosphoric acid/hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid/hexafluorosilicic acid mixtures. Indeed, the first stage of the separative recovery, led to a fluoride removal efficiency of 97-98% from phosphoric acid/hydrofluoric acid mixture. It was of 93-95% from phosphoric acid/hexafluorosilicic acid mixture. During the second stage, the phosphate precipitation reached 99.8% from both acidic mixtures whereas it did not exceed 82% from a solution containing H3PO4 alone. The XRD and IR analyses showed that during lime treatment, a H2SiF6 hydrolysis occurred, instead of CaSiF6 solid

The Effects of Application Vinasseand additive nitrogen and phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Tomato

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Ahmad Golchin

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction:Vinasse is a byproduct of the sugar industry. Sugarcane or Sugarbeet is processed to produce crystallinesugar, pulp and molasses. The latter isfurther processed by fermentation to ethanol, ascorbicacid or other products. After the removal of the desired product (alcohol, ascorbicacid, etc. the remaining material is called vinasse. Vinasse is sold after a partial dehydration and usually has a viscositycomparable to molasses. Commercially offered vinasse comes either from sugarcaneand is called cane-vinasse or from sugarbeet and is called beet-vinasse. On average, for each liter of vinasse, 12 liters alcohol produced. Vinasse is a material with dark brown color and the smell of burned sugar, which is rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen. Materials and Methods:To determine the effect of vinasse and additive nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of tomato, a factorial pot experiment was conducted at ZanjanUniversity in 2008. Two different plant nutrient including N and P and their combination (N+P were added to vinasse with three different concentrations to form experimental treatments. In addition to these treatments, three control treatments with vinasse of different concentrations, but with no additive were also included in the experiment. Each treatment used with two different application methods (soil application and soil + foliar application.The experiment had 24 treatments, a complete randomized design and three replications. The vinasse used in this experiment was diluted with water 10, 20 and 40 times to make a nutrient solution of three different concentrations of tomato plant. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that were added to vinasse were 224 and 62 mg/l, respectively. Phosphorus and nitrogen were applied to as super-phosphate triple and calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate respectively. After being deployed to ensure complete installation of tomatoes in pots containing perlite (about 2

Adubação do milho: VI - Ensaios sôbre modos de aplicação dos adubos Fertilizer experiments with corn: VI - Studies on fertilizer placement

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G. P. Viégas

1956-01-01

Full Text Available Nêste artigo os autores apresentam os resultados obtidos em quatorze ensaios, realizados, entre 1936-37 e 1944-45, nas Estações Experimentais Central (Campinas, de Mocoea, Pindorama e Ribeirão Prêto, e nos quais foram estudados vários métodos de aplicação de adubos na cultura do milho. Como base de comparação serviu sempre o método geralmente adotado entre nós, segundo o qual os adubos são espalhados, no momento do plantio, nos sulcos destinados às sementes, e levemente misturados com a terra dêsses sulcos. Dentre os outros métodos usados nos ensaios figurou principalmente o da aplicação em sulco aberto 10 cm ao lado do destinado ao plantio. Os adubos empregados no estudo foram : superfosfato, farinha de ossos, cloreto de potássio, cinzas de café, salitre do Chile e torta de algodão. Para os adubos fosfatados, a aplicação nos sulcos de plantio foi tão eficiente quanto a lateral ; para os azotados e potássicos, que, com freqüência, prejudicam a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas, a aplicação lateral se mostrou consistentemente superior. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a adoção da aplicação lateral poderia concorrer para aumentar consideravelmente o efeito dos adubos azotados e potássicos em nosso meio.Various methods of fertilizer placement for corn were compared in 14 experiments carried out from 1936-37 to 1944-45 in four experiment stations : Campinas, Mococa, Pindorama, and Ribeirão Prêto. The method of fertilizer placement most generally used in the state of São Paulo was used as a basis for comparison. It consists in adding the fertilizer to the furrow and mixing it slightly with the soil just before sowing. Another method used was the placement of the fertilizer laterally, about 4 inches to one side of the seed row. Superphosphate, bone meal, potassium chloride, coffee bean ashes, Chilean nitrate, and cotton seed meal were used alone or in combinations. The results indicated that

High plant availability of phosphorus and low availability of cadmium in four biomass combustion ashes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li, Xiaoxi, E-mail: Xiaoxi.Li@agro.au.dk; Rubæk, Gitte H.; Sørensen, Peter

2016-07-01

For biomass combustion to become a sustainable energy production system, it is crucial to minimise landfill of biomass ashes, to recycle the nutrients and to minimise the undesirable impact of hazardous substances in the ash. In order to test the plant availability of phosphorus (P) and cadmium (Cd) in four biomass ashes, we conducted two pot experiments on a P-depleted soil and one mini-plot field experiment on a soil with adequate P status. Test plants were spring barley and Italian ryegrass. Ash applications were compared to triple superphosphate (TSP) and a control without P application. Both TSP and ash significantly increased crop yields and P uptake on the P-depleted soil. In contrast, on the adequate-P soil, the barley yield showed little response to soil amendment, even at 300–500 kg P ha{sup −1} application, although the barley took up more P at higher applications. The apparent P use efficiency of the additive was 20% in ryegrass - much higher than that of barley for which P use efficiencies varied on the two soils. Generally, crop Cd concentrations were little affected by the increasing and high applications of ash, except for relatively high Cd concentrations in barley after applying 25 Mg ha{sup −1} straw ash. Contrarily, even modest increases in the TSP application markedly increased Cd uptake in plants. This might be explained by the low Cd solubility in the ash or by the reduced Cd availability due to the liming effect of ash. High concentrations of resin-extractable P (available P) in the ash-amended soil after harvest indicate that the ash may also contribute to P availability for the following crops. In conclusion, the biomass ashes in this study had P availability similar to the TSP fertiliser and did not contaminate the crop with Cd during the first year. - Highlights: • Effects of four biomass ashes vs. a P fertiliser (TSP) on two crops were studied. • Ashes increased crop yields with P availability similar to TSP on P-depleted soil

Efeito da fertilização fosfatada na culturada batata (solanum tuberosum l. no planalto do huambo (Angola Effects of phosphorus fertilization on potato (solanum tuberosum l. crop production, in huambo country (Angola

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Imaculada da Conceição Henriques

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Relatam-se ensaios realizados, no ano agrícola 2004/5, em blocos completos casualizados, para estudo do efeito na produção de doses de fertilização fosfatada da cultivar de batata-semente importada ‘Romano’ e da cultivar regional ‘Tchigembo’, plantadas em duas datas (Outubro e Fevereiro da época das chuvas e numa terceira data (Junho, na época seca, praticada em regadio. Os ensaios foram repetidos em três locais da Província do Huambo - Bailundo, Chianga e Calenga - distanciados de cerca de 50 km. Avaliaram-se os efeitos, na produção total e comercial de tubérculos (diâmetro > 25 mm, de diferentes doses de fósforo, na forma de superfosfato simples (24% de P2O5, tendo-se aplicado uniformemente ureia (300 kg ha-1 de N, fraccionada em três aplicações. As doses de fósforo ensaiadas foram 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 e 800 kg ha-1 de P2O5, comparadas com uma testemunha sem qualquer aplicação de fertilizante, azotado ou fosfatado. As modalidades de fertilização azotada receberam, uniformemente 300 de azoto. A dose que maior benefício económico originou, sem desperdício de químicos para o meio ambiente, foi a de 200 kg ha-1 de P2O5.Several trials were carried out to compare total and commercial potato yield of the imported cultivar ‘Romano’ and the regional cultivar ‘Tchigembo’, planted in two dates on rain season (October and February and in a third date (June, in dry season, with irrigation. The trials were repeated in three locations of the Huambo country - Bailundo, Chianga and Calenga. The effects on total and commercial (tubers diameter > 25 mm potato yields of different amounts of phosphorus, applied with single superphosphate (24% of P2O5 were evaluated. Treatments were: control (any type of soil fertilization null, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 kg ha-1 of P2O5. Phosphorus treatments received also 300 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (urea applied uniformly, in three times. The greatest economic benefice for both potato

Adubação da cana-de-açúcar. II - Adubação fosfatada quantitativa Quantitative phosphate fertilizing for sugar cane

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R. Alvarez

1957-01-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos em um ensaio de adubação de cana-de-açúcar, na Usina Tamôio, município de Araraquara, em 1952. Estudaram-se cinco níveis de fósforo, em presença de nitrogênio e potássio, utilizando-se um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os níveis dos fertilizantes empregados, em kg/ha, foram 0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 de P2O5, 30 de nitrogênio e 45 de K(20, sob as formas, respectivamente, de superfosfáto simples, salitre do Chile e cloreto de potássio. O ensaio foi conduzido sob as condições normais de cultivo para a cultura da cana. Adaptou-se às médias de produção uma curva exponencial de Mitscherlich. Esta curva, de expressão y = 66,23 [1 - 10 - 1,032(x + 0,3978] explica com grande precisão a relação entre os níveis de P2O5 aplicados e as produções obtidas. Conhecida a curva em questão, chegou-se à conclusão de que o nível mais aconselhável é o de 120 kg de P2O5 por hectare.This paper presents the results obtained in 1952 in a fertilizing experiment on sugar cane, at the Usina Tamôio, Araraquara. Five levels of phosphorus (in the presence of nitrogen and potash using a randomized blocks design with six replicates were studied. The formula used contained always 45 kg/ha of K(20 and 30 kg/ha of N, the amount of phosphorus being variable as follows: 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg/ha. Phosphorus, nitrogen and potash were applied under the form of simple superphosphate, Chilean nitrate and potash muriate, respectively. An exponential Mitscherlich curve of the form y = 66,23 [1 - 10 - 1,032(x + 0,3978] was the best fit for the results. It is concluded that for the conditions of the experiment 120 kg/ha of P2O5- is the best dose to be recommended.

Fósforo na produtividade e qualidade de sementes de feijão Carioca Precoce cultivado no período das águas Phosphorus on the productivity and seed quality of bean Carioca Precoce cultivated during the rainy season

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Claudemir Zucareli

2011-03-01

Full Text Available O fósforo é o nutriente que mais limita a produtividade do feijoeiro em solos brasileiros, podendo influenciar na qualidade fisiológica de sementes. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L. do cultivar Carioca Precoce cultivado no período das águas em resposta à adubação fosfatada. Foram avaliadas seis doses de P (0; 30; 60; 90; 120 e 150 kg de P2O5 ha-1, aplicados no sulco da semeadura na forma de superfosfato triplo, com cinco repetições. A produtividade de sementes foi determinada com base na massa das sementes produzidas na área útil da parcela experimental. A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada por meio das seguintes determinações: massa de 100 sementes, teor de água, germinação, primeira contagem, teor de água após o envelhecimento acelerado, germinação após o envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência de plântulas no campo e massa de matéria seca de plântulas. A produtividade de sementes do feijão Carioca Precoce, cultivado no período das águas, aumentou linearmente em função do suprimento de P. A massa de 100 sementes e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes não foram alteradas pelo incremento das doses de P.Common bean is an important crop in Brazilian agriculture and phosphorus (P deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors for this crop, thus plant P-deficiency can hamper the seed physiological quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and quality of common bean seeds cv. Carioca Precoce cultivated during the rainy season in response to phosphate fertilizer. Six levels of P (0; 30; 60; 90; 120 and 150 kg of P2O5 ha-1, with five replications, were applied in the groove of sowing as triple superphosphate. The seeds yield, at the experimental plot, was determined by the dry weight. Seed quality was evaluated through the following determinations: 100-seed mass, seed moisture content

Digestate and ash as alternatives to conventional fertilisers: Benefits and threats to soil biota

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Marshall, Rachel; Lag-Brotons, Alfonso J.; Herbert, Ben; Hurst, Lois; Ostle, Nick; Dodd, Ian C.; Quinton, John; Surridge, Ben; Aiouache, Farid; Semple, Kirk T.

2017-04-01

Recovering energy and nutrients from waste offers opportunities to tackle issues of energy and food security whilst simultaneously improving waste management. Waste materials from the bioenergy industry potentially contain valuable resources for use in agriculture and there is growing evidence to suggest that the use of digestate, from anaerobic digestion, and biomass ash from incineration processes could contribute to improving soil health and nutrition. The work presented here is part of the Adding Value to Ash and Digestate (AVAnD) project which looks at the impacts of digestate and ash blends on soil fertility, crop yields and soil health. Whilst increased crop productivity is one of the essential indicators of the success of these alternative soil amendments; it is important that the impacts on soil biological function is understood. Field and lab experiments were conducted with a number of different fertiliser treatments, including conventional fertiliser (urea and superphosphate), digestate from two contrasting feedstocks, ash material and ash-digestate blends. Looking across different biological scales from soil microbe to soil macro-fauna, this work examines the benefits and threats to soil biota arising from the use of ash-digestate fertilisers in agriculture. Measurements of microbial respiration and biomass (by chloroform fumigation) and community composition (by phospholipid fatty acid analysis) were made at different timescales (days/weeks). Data from these studies demonstrates that none of the soil amendments decreased microbial activity or biomass in the short term (t= 1 month). Additions of both conventional fertilisers and the fertilisers derived from waste stimulated microbial activity with significantly higher respiration observed from the digestate based treatments. Digestate-based treatments also resulted in higher soil microbial biomass and differential effects were observed between digestate amendments with and without ash. These results

Adubação nitrogenada do milho Nitrogen fertilizers for corn

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Hermano Vaz de Arruda

1959-01-01

Full Text Available No presente trabalho são apresentados os resultados de duas experiências de adubação de milho, instaladas no ano-agrícola 1956-57 em terra-roxa da Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Prêto, com o objetivo de investigar comparativamente o efeito da aplicação de dois adubos azotados, Salitre do Chile e sulfato de amônio. Êstes adubos foram aplicados em duas doses, 80 e 160 kg/ha de N. A aplicação do nitrogênio para a dose 80 foi em cobertura e dividida em três partes, 30, 30 e 20 kg de N, aplicados aos 30, 60 e 80 dias após a germinação, respectivamente. Para a dose 160 aplicou-se o dôbro, em cada época. Todos os canteiros da experiência haviam recebido PK nos sulcos de plantio, na dose de 80 kg/ha de P2O5 e de K2O com exceção de um que era testemunha, sem adubos. O aumento devido à aplicação de PK em relação à testemunha foi de 50%, em média para as duas experiências. A adição do nitrogênio à adubação com PK proporcionou um aumento médio de 33%. Não houve diferença entre os tipos de adubo nitrogenado usados, bem como entre as doses de N empregadas.This paper reports the results of two experiments earned out in Ribeirão Prêto experiment station to study the effects of two nitrogen fertilizers, Chilean nitrate and ammonium sulfate on corn yield. The levels of N used were 80 and 160 kg per hectare applied as side-dressing at 30, 60 and 80 days after the germination. The types and levels of N were compared in presence of PK that were applied in the furrow at planting time, respectively as superphosphate and potassium chloride, both in the amount of 80 kg per hectare. Two other treatments, no fertilizer and PK alone were included as controls. The results indicated that the application of PK increased the yield in 50% in relation to the check. No differences were found between types and levels of N. Both levels of N increased the yield in 33% when compared with that of the PK treatment.

Mineralization of soluble P fertilizers and insoluble rock phosphate in response to phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and poultry manure and their effect on the growth and P utilization efficiency of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Science.gov (United States)

Abbasi, M. K.; Musa, N.; Manzoor, M.

2015-08-01

The ability of soil microorganisms and organic manure to convert insoluble phosphorus (P) to an accessible form offers a biological rescue system for improving P utilization efficiency in soil-plant systems. Our objective was to examine the P mineralization potential of two soluble P fertilizers (SPF), i.e., single superphosphate (SSP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and of insoluble rock phosphate (RP) with and without phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and poultry manure (PM) and their subsequent effect on the growth, yield and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). An incubation study was carried out on a loam (slightly alkaline) soil with 12 treatments: T0 - control; T1 - RP; T2 - SSP; T3 - DAP; T4 - PM; T5 - 1/2 RP+1/2 SSP; T6 - 1/2 RP+1/2 DAP; T7 - 1/2 RP+1/2 PM; T8 - RP+PSB; T9 - 1/2 RP+1/2 SSP+PSB; T10 - 1/2 RP+1/2 DAP+PSB; and T11 - 1/2 RP+1/2 PM+PSB. Phosphorus mineralization was measured by analyzing extractable P from the amended soil incubated under controlled conditions at 25 °C for periods of 0, 5, 15, 25, 35 and 60 days. A complementary greenhouse experiment was conducted in pots with chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) as a test crop. Growth, yield, P uptake and PUE of the chilli was determined during the study. Results indicated that P mineralization in soil amended with RP was 6.0-11.5 mg kg-1, while both soluble P fertilizers resulted in 68-73 mg P kg-1 at day 0, which decreased by 79-82 % at the end of incubation. The integrated use of PSB and PM with RP in T11 stimulated P mineralization by releasing a maximum of 25 mg P kg-1 that was maintained at high levels without any loss. Use of PSB decreased soil pH. In the greenhouse experiment, RP alone or RP+PSB did not have a significant impact on plant growth. However, the combined use of RP, PM and PSB in T11 resulted in similar growth, yield and P uptake of chilli as DAP. The PUE of applied P varied from 4 to 29 % and was higher in the treatments that included PSB. We conclude

Adubação do algodoeiro: I - Influência dos adubos, quando aplicados em contato com as sementes, sobre a germinação Fertilizer experiments with cotton: I - Influence of fertilizer placement on the germination of seeds

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O. S. Neves

1956-01-01

, que foi muito maior nas covas. O período imediato ao plantio foi bastante chuvoso, concorrendo de um modo geral para diminuir os prejuízos. Com tempo sêco ou pouco chuvoso após o plantio, como acontece com freqüência, por certo a aplicação nos sulcos também teria sddo altamente prejudicial. Daí a conclusão de que certos adubos não devem ser aplicados pela maneira usual, como nos ensaios, e que, para avaliar o efeito dêsses adubos sôbre a produção do algodoeiro, se devem usar métodos outros que não os da aplicação nas covas ou nos sulcos de plantio.This paper reports the results obtained in a test conducted in 1936-37 at the Central Experiment Station, Campinas, to study the influence of some fertilizers on the germination of cotton seeds. "No fertilizer" plots were compared with plots fertilized with 0-50-0, 0-50-50 and 10-50-50 kilograms of N-P2O5-K2O per hectare. N and K2O were used respectively as Chilean nitrate and potassium chloride; P2O5, as superphosphate, Renaniaphosphate or bone meal. All these fertilizers were also used at double rates, and both single and double rates were applied either in the seed furrows or in the hills. The 38 treatments of the experiment were replicated three times. The plots consisted of rows 20.9 meter long, the spacing between them being 1.20 meters. Each row contained 53 hills about 0.40 meters apart and each hill received six seeds. The corresponding quantities of fertilizer were applied either continuosly in the furrows or only in the hills. In both cases the fertilizers were slightly mixed with the soil, the seeds being immediately planted on the fertilized soil. The emerged plants were counted daily during 36 days since the planting date. Superphosphate and bone meal did not affect the stands when applied as sole fertilizers either in the furrows or in the hills. However, Rhenaniaphosphate used as sole fertilizer, as well as the mixtures of potassium chloride with any of the phosphates and principally the

La aplicación de abono organo-mineral: una alternativa para la producción de maíz (Zea mays L., en suelos pardos con carbonatos.

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Ignacio Corrales Garriga

2013-04-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN Durante tres años se condujo un experimento en áreas del Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT de Camagüey, empleando diferentes abonos organo-mineral, con el objetivo de conocer su influencia en el rendimiento del maíz (Zea maiz, L, sobre un suelo Pardo Sialítico Mullido Carbonatado de pH ligeramente ácido, bajo contenido de P2O5 y medio de K2O y materia orgánica. Para las mezclas organo-mineral se emplearon como abonos orgánicos el estiércol vacuno y la cachaza y como fertilizantes minerales, el superfosfato triple y el cloruro de potasio. El organo-mineral se aplicó en el momento de la siembra a una dosis de 745 kg ha1 de acuerdo a cada tratamiento, los que fueron replicados 4 veces en un diseño de bloques al azar. Se midió el rendimiento y sus componentes y se tomaron muestras de suelo para conocer la variación de sus propiedades. Los datos fueron evaluados por un análisis de varianza de clasificación doble y se aplicó la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan para un nivel de significación del 5 %. Los resultados muestran que el empleo de los abonos organo-minerales favorece el rendimiento, reducen los fertilizantes químicos a emplear y mejoran las propiedades del suelo. ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PRODUCTION OF CORN (Zea mays L., IN SIALYTIC BROWN CARBONATED SOIL. ABSTRACT. For three years, an experiment was conducted in areas of the Research Institute (INIVIT Camaguey , using different organo- mineral fertilizers , in order to study its influence on the performance of maize ( Zea mays , L on a Fluffy Sialytic Brown Carbonated soil slightly acidic pH , low P2O5 and K2O and medium organic matter. For organo- mineral mixtures were used as organic fertilizers and cow manure and cachaza and mineral fertilizer, triple superphosphate and potassium chloride. The organo- mineral was applied at the time of planting at a dose of 745 kg ha1 according to each treatment, which

Crescimento, absorção e exportação de nutrientes por uma cultura de urucu Growth, nutrient absorption and nutrient export by anato plants

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H.P. Haag

1992-01-01

Full Text Available Sementes de urucu (Bixa orellana L. var. Peruana foram postas para germinar num substrato constituido de duas partes de terra para uma de matéria orgânica, onde foram adicionados 1,5g de superfosfato triplo por litro de substrato. Após 115 dias as plantas foram transplantadas para um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Orto série "Luiz de Queiroz" de alta fertilidade natural. O espaçamento foi de 5m x 5m. Aos 201 dias foi feita uma adubação em cobertura com 5g de KCl + 10g de uréia por planta. Plantas foram coletadas a partir dos 115 dias com intervalos de 60 dias até a produção aos 507 dias. As plantas em número de quatro por amostragem foram subdivididas em folhas, ramos, caule e órgãos reprodutivos. Aos 507 dias foram coletados frutos que foram subdivididos em casca e sementes. Os resultados mostraram que o urucu cresce lentamente até aos 267 dias intensificando o seu crescimento até os 447 dias quando ocorre uma paralização. A extração de macro e micronutrientes por uma cultura de 400 plantas/ha aos 507 dias foi de: N - 25,7kg, P - 4,1kg, K -16,7kg, Ca - 16,4kg, Mg - 4,4kg, S - 2,5kg, B - 56,4g, Cu - 16,2g, Fe - 240- 130,3g e Zn - 50,7g.Anato plant seeds (Bixa orellana var. Peruana were germinated in a soil + organic matter (2:1 substrate that received triple superphosphate (1.5 g/l. After 115 days, plants were transplanted to a high fertility Dark Red Latosol. Spacing was 5m x 5m a top dressing with 5g of KCl and l0g urea per plant was applied at the 201 day. Starting on day 115 plants (4 per sampling were collected at 60 day intervals until the 507 day. Samples were subdivided in leaves, branches, stem and reproductive parts. At the 507 day fruits were taken and divided into seeds and hulls. Anato plants grew slowly until the 267 day and improved growth rate from then on to the 447 day, when growth almost stopped. The macro and micronutrient extraction by a 400 plant per hectare crop at the 507 day were: N - 25.7 kg, P - 4.1 kg

Fertilization with nitrogen and potassium in guava seedlings in a commercial nurseryAdubação com nitrogênio e potássio em mudas de goiabeira em viveiro comercial

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Maria Jacqueline Thomazini Dias

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The fertilization takes key role at the production of fruit seedlings in order to ensure a good development and early production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and potassium on the growth of guava seedlings. Herbaceous stakes of guava, “Paluma” cultivar, were rooted in a mist room, in polyethylene bags containing substrate. The experiment was conducted in a commercial nursery, in randomized blocks and a factorial scheme 4x4, with four doses of nitrogen (0, 552, 828 and 1104 mg dm-3 and four doses of potassium (0, 726, 1,089 and 1,452 mg dm-3 in three replications and three plants for parcel. During the filling of the bags (1,5 dm-3, were added 100 mg dm-3 of superphosphate, while fertilizers containing nitrogen and potassium were split into three times. After 120 days, the seedlings were evaluated. There was a significant effect of nitrogen in the variables height, stem diameter, number of leaves, SPAD index, dry weight of leaves, stems, total, Dickson quality index, and nitrogen accumulation. The fertilization with potassium did not influence the biometric parameters, SPAD index and Dickson quality index A adubação assume papel fundamental na fase de produção de mudas de frutíferas, a fim de garantir bom desenvolvimento e precocidade de produção. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio e potássio no crescimento de mudas de goiabeira. Estacas herbáceas de goiabeiras, cultivar “Paluma”, foram enraizadas em câmara de nebulização, em sacos de polietileno contendo substrato. O experimento foi conduzido em viveiro comercial, em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 552, 828 e 1.104 mg dm-3 e quatro doses de potássio (0, 726, 1.089 e 1.452 mg dm-3, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela. No enchimento dos sacos (1,5 dm-3, foram adicionados 100 mg dm-3 de P, enquanto os adubos contendo nitrogênio e potássio foram parcelados

Potential of East African phosphate rock deposits in integrated nutrient management strategies

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Bashir Jama

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Phosphorus deficiency affects around 80% of the acid soils of western Kenya, but fertilizer use is limited due to high prices. This paper explores the potential of local phosphate rocks (PR as a remedy within the context on an integrated soil fertility management approach. A promising phosphate rock is Minjingu PR (MPR, Tanzania, a sedimentary/biogenic deposit which contains about 13% total P and 3% neutral ammonium citrate (NAC soluble P. On-farm trials in P-deficient soils in western Kenya demonstrate MPR to be as effective as triple superphosphate (TSP, 20% P at equal P rates. The benefits are most pronounced with the integration of agroforestry technologies that improve soil fertility. Besides Minjingu PR, Busumbu PR from Uganda (BPR is potentially another source of P. It is typical of the abundant but unreactive igneous PRs in eastern, central and southern Africa. Agronomic performance of BPR is poorer, though its lower cost and location near to P-deficient areas in western Kenya make it attractive in some situations. The policy implications of these findings are discussed further in the paper.A deficiência de fósforo afeta em torno de 80% dos solos ácidos do Quênia ocidental, mas o uso de fertilizantes é limitado devido aos preços altos. Este artigo explora o potencial das rochas fosfáticas locais (PR como regenerador da fertilidade dos solos dentro do contexto de uma abordagem de gestão integrada. Uma rocha fosfática promissora é a Minjingu PR (MPR, Tanzânia, um depósito sedimentar/biogênico que contém por volta de13% total P e 3% citrato neutro de amônia (NAC P solúvel. Testes em fazendas agrícolas com solos deficientes em P no Quênia ocidental demonstram que a MPR é tão efetiva quanto o superfosfato triplo (TSP, 20% P na mesma proporção de P. Os benefícios são mais pronunciados com a integração das tecnologias agroflorestais que melhoram a fertilidade do solo. Da mesma forma que o Minjingu PR, Busumbu PR de

Aplicación de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos en la adsorción de fósforo en un Oxisol Application of organic and inorganic materials and phosphorus adsorption in an Oxisol

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Martha C. Daza-Torres

2008-10-01

Full Text Available Los oxisoles presentan alta fijación de fósforo (P ocasionada por hidróxidos y óxidos de hierro y aluminio presentes en las arcillas. La aplicación de mezclas de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos puede ayudar a disminuir dicha fijación. Se utilizaron dos materiales orgánicos (gallinaza y compost y dos materiales inorgánicos (Cal y Superfosfato triple. Se establecieron un total de trece tratamientos dispuestos en bloques al azar y compuestos por diferentes combinaciones entre fertilizantes minerales y orgánicos. Se determinó la adsorción de P mediante las isotermas de Langmuir, al momento de la siembra y diez semanas después. Todos los tratamientos mostraron que al incrementar la concentración de P, las curvas de adsorción presentaron una tendencia asintótica y se acotaron a un nivel de adsorción máxima, lo que indica la existencia de una quimiadsorción. Al añadir gallinaza en concentraciones menores de 25 mg L-1 de P se disminuyó la adsorción de P, pero con concentraciones superiores de 75 mg L-1, la retención de P aumentó. La aplicación combinada de materiales orgánicos y fertilizantes químicos presentó la menor fijación de P, no obstante esta debe hacerse periódicamente, dado que la adsorción de P volvió a incrementarse, después de 10 semanas.The Oxisols present high fixation of phosphorus (P caused by oxides and hydroxides of iron and aluminum in the clays. The application of mixtures of organic and inorganic materials can help to decrease this fixation. Two organic materials were used (chicken manure and compost and two inorganic materials (lime and triple superphosphate. A total of thirteen treatments were established in randomized blocks and composed of different combinations of mineral and organic fertilizers. The adsorption of P was determined by means of the Langmuir isotherms, at the moment of the crop establishment and ten weeks later. All the treatments showed that when the concentration of P was

Adubação da cana-de-açúcar: XV - experimentos com micronutrientes nas regiões canavieiras do estado de São Paulo Fertilizer experiments with sugar cane: XV - results of micronutrients application

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Raphael Alvarez

1979-01-01

Full Text Available São apresentados os resultados de 23 experimentos em regiões canavieiras paulistas, para avaliar possíveis respostas da cana-de-açúcar a micronutrientes. Fizeram-se aplicações isoladas de sulfato ferroso, tetraborato de sódio, sulfato de cobre, sulfato de zinco, sulfato de manganês e molibdato de amônio, nos sulcos de plantio e na presença de adubação NPK Em apenas um dos experimentos verificou-se efeito significativamente favorável à aplicação de micronutrientes, no caso, cobre e molibdênio. Com base nos resultados obtidos, corroborados por análises foliares em trabalho paralelo e conduzido à mesma época, concluiu-se que, nas condições do ensaio, deficiências de micronutrientes não constituem problema para a lavoura canavieira no Estado de São Paulo.The results obtained with twenty three experiments on the application of micronutrients to sugar cane are presented in this paper. The experiments were installed to evaluate the possible occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies in soils of São Paulo state that had been more intensively cultivated with this crop. Therefore, in the localization of the field plots care was taken securing a large variation of conditions, especially those of the soil that are related to availability of micronutrients. The experiments were planted in randomized block designs with four replications. The treatments were as follows: 1. 000 (general control; 2. NPK (control; 3. NPK + Fe; 4. NPK + B; 5. NPK + Cu; 6. NPK + Zn; 7. NPK + Mn; 8. NPK + Mo. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied as ammonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium chloride, at the rates of 80kg/N, l00kg/P2O5 and 120kg/K2O per hectare. The micronutrients were applied in the furrows in addition to the basic fertilization: iron, manganese, copper and zinc, as sulfates; boron, as borax, and molybdenum as ammonium molybdate. In accordance with the purpose of the study the soils of the experiments showed great

Adding Value to Ash and Digestate (AVAnD): Performance of Novel Soil Amendents on the Soil-Plant System Under Glasshouse Conditions

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Lag-Brotons, Alfonso; Marshall, Rachel; Herbert, Ben; Hurst, Lois; Ostle, Nick; Dodd, Ian; Quinton, John; Surridge, Ben; Aiouache, Farid; Semple, Kirk T.

2017-04-01

Resource recovery from waste plays a central role in strategies tackling current worldwide sustainability problems. In this sense, two waste streams derived from bioenergy production (anaerobic digestion and incineration), digestate [D] and biomass ash [A], may be especially valuable within agriculture. These materials offer complementary plant nutrient profiles for alternative fertiliser production (i.e. nitrogen [N] from D and phosphorus [P] from A). In addition, incorporating these materials into the soil could impact upon several soil/plant characteristics, and have positive effects on ecosystem services (eg. nutrient cycling). Therefore, this present work assessed the effects of A/D blends on the soil-plant system under controlled conditions (glasshouse). The overarching aim of "Adding Value to Ash and Digestate [AVAnD]" project is to identify novel nutrient-recycling pathways to maximise soil quality and crop productivity utilising waste streams derived from bioenergy production. Two pot experiments of 6 weeks duration were carried out [Exp. A and Exp. B] using contrasting agricultural soils (neutral loam and sandy acidic soil) and wheat as the crop. A factorial randomised block design was selected, with fertilisation treatment and soil condition (planted/unplanted) as factors. Fertilisation treatments (n=13) were applied at a rate of 63/60 kg N/P2O5 per ha and comprised: control ([C], no fertilisation), urea [U], urea+superphosphate [U+P], fly ash [A1], bottom ash [A2], U+A1; U+A2, anaerobic digestates [D1, D2] and ash/digestate blends [D1A1, D1A2, D2A1, D2A2]. Each block (n=5) contained 8 planted and 5 unplanted pots (104 planted + 65 unplanted experimental units). At the end of the experiment, all the plants were assessed for morphometric traits, while for tissue elemental analyses the total number of replicates per treatment was randomly reduced (n=5/treatment). Soil physico-chemical properties (i.e. available nitrogen, pH) were assessed in unplanted and

Mobility of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the phosphorus-amended contaminated soils under simulated landfill and rainfall conditions.

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Cao, Xinde; Liang, Yuan; Zhao, Ling; Le, Huangying

2013-09-01

Phosphorus-bearing materials have been widely applied in immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. However, the study on the stability of the initially P-induced immobilized metals in the contaminated soils is far limited. This work was conducted to evaluate the mobility of Pb, Cu, and Zn in two contrasting contaminated soils amended with phosphate rock tailing (PR) and triple superphosphate fertilizer (TSP), and their combination (P + T) under simulated landfill and rainfall conditions. The main objective was to determine the stability of heavy metals in the P-treated contaminated soils in response to the changing environment conditions. The soils were amended with the P-bearing materials at a 2:1 molar ratio of P to metals. After equilibrated for 2 weeks, the soils were evaluated with the leaching procedures. The batch-based toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was conducted to determine the leachability of heavy metals from both untreated and P-treated soils under simulated landfill condition. The column-based synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) were undertaken to measure the downward migration of metals from untreated and P-treated soils under simulated rainfall condition. Leachability of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the TCLP extract followed the order of Zn > Cu > Pb in both soils, with the organic-C- and clay-poor soil showing higher metal leachability than the organic-C- and clay-rich soil. All three P treatments reduced leachability of Pb, Cu, and Zn by up to 89.2, 24.4, and 34.3 %, respectively, compared to the untreated soil, and TSP revealed more effectiveness followed by P + T and then PR. The column experiments showed that Zn had the highest downward migration upon 10 pore volumes of SPLP leaching, followed by Pb and then Cu in both soils. However, migration of Pb and Zn to subsoil and leachate were inhibited in the P-treated soil, while Cu in the leachate was enhanced by P treatment in the organic

Produtividade da soja no cerrado influenciada pelas fontes de enxofre Soybean grain yield in cerrado region influenced by sulphur sources

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Dirceu Luiz Broch

2011-09-01

evaluated the application of sulfur as Simple Superphosphate, MAP sulphured + Sulfurgran, Sulfurgran, elemental sulphur, granulated gypsum, Fosmag 509M6, agricultural gypsum throwed on surface, and a witness without application. Soybean crop answer is positive to soil applied sulphur in Brazilian cerrado soils, in most of the time to obtain higher grain yield. Most of S sources were efficient to provide this nutrient for soybean, highlighting the applications of MAP Sulphured + Sulfurgran, Formag 509M6 and agricultural gypsum, that promoted the highest soybean grain yield. Elemental sulphur was not efficient to provide available S for the crop.

The Chemophytostabilisation Process of Heavy Metal Polluted Soil.

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Grobelak, Anna; Napora, Anna

2015-01-01

Industrial areas are characterised by soil degradation processes that are related primarily to the deposition of heavy metals. Areas contaminated with metals are a serious source of risk due to secondary pollutant emissions and metal leaching and migration in the soil profile and into the groundwater. Consequently, the optimal solution for these areas is to apply methods of remediation that create conditions for the restoration of plant cover and ensure the protection of groundwater against pollution. Remediation activities that are applied to large-scale areas contaminated with heavy metals should mainly focus on decreasing the degree of metal mobility in the soil profile and metal bioavailability to levels that are not phytotoxic. Chemophytostabilisation is a process in which soil amendments and plants are used to immobilise metals. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different doses of organic amendments (after aerobic sewage sludge digestion in the food industry) and inorganic amendments (lime, superphosphate, and potassium phosphate) on changes in the metals fractions in soils contaminated with Cd, Pb and Zn during phytostabilisation. In this study, the contaminated soil was amended with sewage sludge and inorganic amendments and seeded with grass (tall fescue) to increase the degree of immobilisation of the studied metals. The contaminated soil was collected from the area surrounding a zinc smelter in the Silesia region of Poland (pH 5.5, Cd 12 mg kg-1, Pb 1100 mg kg-1, Zn 700 mg kg-1). A plant growth experiment was conducted in a growth chamber for 5 months. Before and after plant growth, soil subsamples were subjected to chemical and physical analyses. To determine the fractions of the elements, a sequential extraction method was used according to Zeien and Brümmer. Research confirmed that the most important impacts on the Zn, Cd and Pb fractions included the combined application of sewage sludge from the food industry and

Rendimento da alface e atributos químicos de um Latossolo em função da aplicação de biofertilizantes de rochas com fósforo e potássio Lettuce yield and chemical attributes of an Oxisol by application of biofertilizers from phosphate and potash rocks

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Rita de Cássia Matias de Lima

2007-06-01

Full Text Available A produção de biofertilizantes a partir de rochas é um processo prático que reduz o consumo de energia e aumenta a disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo. Realizou-se um experimento em campo, para avaliar a eficiência e o poder residual de biofertilizantes de rochas com fósforo (BP e com potássio (BK mais enxofre inoculado com Acidithiobacillus, aplicados em diferentes doses, para comparação com os fertilizantes minerais superfosfato simples (SFS e cloreto de potássio (KCl, no rendimento da alface (cv. Crespa-Grand Rapids, em dois plantios consecutivos, e em alguns atributos químicos do solo (pH, Ca, Mg trocável, P e K disponível. Nos dois ciclos houve efeito dos biofertilizantes BP, BK, e dos fertilizantes solúveis SFS e do KCl no rendimento da alface. Os melhores resultados no 1º ciclo foram com os tratamentos SFS700 BK90, SFS700 BK60, e no 2º ciclo com BP700 BK90, SFS700 BK60, e com SFS700 BK90. Observou-se efeito residual quando aplicados os tratamentos BP1050 BK90 No pH do solo não houve efeito dos biofertilizantes, aplicados em mistura com húmus de minhoca, e verificou-se significativo aumento no P e K disponíveis no solo, especialmente para P no 2º ciclo. Concluiu-se que os biofertilizantes de rochas com P e K, em mistura com húmus de minhoca, podem ser usados como alternativa a fertilizantes minerais solúveis.Production of rock biofertilizers is a practical process which reduces energy consumption and increases nutrients availability in soils. A field experiment was carried out applying phosphate biofertilizer (PB and potash biofertilizer (KB from rocks plus sulfur with Acidithiobacillus, applied in different rates, comparing with the mineral fertilizers simple superphosphate (SFS and potassium chloride (KCl, on yield of lettuce (cv. Crespa-Grand Rapids, in two consecutive crops and in soil chemical attributes (pH, and available P and K. A control treatment was added without P and K (P0K0. In the two consecutive

Eficiência e efeito residual de biofertilizantes de rochas com PK e enxofre com Acidithiobacillus em alface Efficiency and residual effect of PK rock biofertilizers with sulfur and Acidithiobacillus on lettuce

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Rita de Cássia Matias de Lima

2007-09-01

Full Text Available Entre agosto e novembro de 2005 foi realizado um experimento em campo, com dois plantios consecutivos de alface (cv. Grand Rapids, em solo do Cariri cearense, visando avaliar a eficiência da fertilização com biofertilizantes de rocha fosfatada (BP e potássica (BK, em comparação com os fertilizantes minerais superfosfato simples(SFS e cloreto de potássio (KCl. Os fertilizantes minerais foram aplicados nos níveis recomendados com base na análise de solo para alface (SFS e KCl, e os biofertilizantes em três níveis (BP1 e BK1 metade da recomendação; BP2 e BK2 nível recomendado e BP3 e BK3 uma vez e meia o recomendado para SFS e KCl, e o tratamento controle (P0K0 sem aplicação de P e K. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5², com quatro repetições. Os resultados demonstraram que o desempenho dos biofertilizantes com P e K foi equivalente ao dos fertilizantes minerais, especialmente com aplicação no nível BP2BK3. No segundo cultivo ficou evidenciado o efeito residual para produtividade da alface (biomassa fresca da parte aérea, altura, número de folhas, avaliação comercial e acumulação de P e K na parte aérea. Os resultados sugerem que os biofertilizantes de rochas com P e K podem ser usados como alternativa a fertilizantes minerais.Production of rock biofertilizers is a practical process with reduction of energy consumption and increasing nutrients availability in soils. To evaluate the agronomic efficiency and the residual effect of P rock biofertilizer (PB and potash rock (KB, compared to simple superphosphate (SSP and potassium chloride (KCl, a field experiment with two consecutive lettuce crops (cv. Grand Rapids was carried out in a soil at Cariri (Ceará, Brazil, from August to September 2005. The mineral fertilizers were applied in the levels recommended for lettuce (SSP and KCl, and the biofertilizers in three levels (PB1 and KB1 half of recommended levels; recommended levels

Fontes de fósforo aplicadas na cultura do melão via água de irrigação Souces of phosphorus applied through fertigation muskmelon

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Luiza Teixeira de Lima Brito

2000-04-01

Full Text Available Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de fontes de fósforo aplicadas via água de irrigação e, de modo convencional, na cultura do melão (Cucumis melo L., híbrido AF-682, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. As fontes analisadas foram superfosfato simples, fosfato monoamônico (MAP e ácido fosfórico, aplicadas até 30 e 42 dias após o plantio. Todos os tratamentos receberam a mesma dosagem (120 kg ha-1 de P2O5, conforme recomendado pela análise do solo. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se que as maiores produtividades de frutos comerciais foram obtidas com ácido fosfórico (32,20 e 28,90 t ha-1 aplicado via água de irrigação até 42 e 30 dias após a germinação, respectivamente, não diferindo das produtividades com o MAP aplicado via água de irrigação até 42 dias após a germinação (27,95 t ha-1 e pelo modo convencional (26,92 t ha-1. Verificou-se que as fontes de fósforo e os modos de aplicação não influenciaram no peso médio dos frutos (1,43 kg, sendo que 65% dos frutos obtidos se enquadraram nos tipos 8 a 10; entretanto, observou-se diferença significativa para o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST nos frutos, por ocasião da colheita, com o maior valor obtido com o ácido fosfórico (12,53º brix.This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of three phosphorus sources applied conventionally and through trickle irrigation on melon crop (Cucumis melo L., hybrid AF-682. The sources of phosphorus were simple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate (MAP and phosphoric acid applied up to 30 and 42 days after germination through trickle irrigation and conventionally. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. All the treatments had the same amount of phosphorus (120 kg ha-1 of P2O5 according to soil analysis. The highest commercial fruit yields were obtained with phosphoric acid

Crescimento em vasos, de cultivares de soja e de trigo em função da saturação de alumínio Tolerance of soybean and wheat varieties in sub-soil high in exchangeable aluminum

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H.A.A. Mascarenhas

1995-08-01

Full Text Available Um dos problemas que a acidez do solo causa às plantas é concentrar alguns elementos químicos em nível tóxico, como por exemplo de alumínio (Al e manganês. Visando estudar esse aspecto, foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se amostra de subsolo, classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo fase rasa, de extrema acidez e alto teor de Al trocáveL A acidez do substrato foi neutralizada com doses de hidróxido de cálcio, no intuito de reduzir a saturação de Al originalmente de 67 para 45, 30, e 15%. As incubações e os cultivos foram feitos em vasos contendo 6 kg daquele subsolo. Inicialmente foi testada a soja variedades Biloxi, Davis e Santa Rosa, com medições de: altura das plantas, número de nós, tamanho dos internódios, número de folhas trifoliadas, produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Imediatamente após, o sub-solo foi cultivado com trigo variedades BH-1146 e Siete Cerros, sendo medido o comprimento dos seus sistemas radiculares. Verificou-se para a soja que não houve diferenças significativas dentro de cada variedade para as saturações de Al estudadas, evidenciando que todas foram tolerantes ao AL As raízes do trigo BH-1146 não mostraram redução no desenvolvimento em quaisquer saturações de Al. Por outro lado, as da v. Siete Cerros mostraram menor comprimento à medida que se aumentou a saturação de Al, provando sua suscetibilidade a esse elemento.A pot experiment was installed in a greenhouse using an acid sub-soil, classified as a Red Yellow Latosol, shallow phase, high hi aluminum and very low in phosphorus availabilities. The soil acidity was neutralized using calcium hidroxide to reduce the original aluminum saturation of 67 to 45, 30 and 15%. The quantity of subsoil used per pot was 6 kg and 60 kg/ha of P2O5 were applied hi the form of superphosphate. The varieties of soybeans utilized were Biloxi, Davis and Santa Rosa. The results showed that whichever

Modo de aplicação de esterco e de fertilizantes minerais no cafeeiro Method of application of manure and mineral fertilizers in coffee plants

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Genésio da Silva Cervellini

1995-01-01

Full Text Available Foram comparados, em experimentos fatoriais 3 x 2 x 2, os efeitos do esterco de curral, fósforo e potássio aplicados em cobertura ou enterrados em sulco, na produção de cafeeiros do cultivar Mundo Novo linhagem CP 379-19 plantados no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m, em três tipos de solo: latossolo roxo - transição para latossolo vermelho-amarelo orto, da região de Campinas; latossolo roxo da região de Jaú, e podzólico vermelho-amarelo orto da região de Mococa. Foram aplicados anualmente 40 litros de esterco, 200 g de superfosfato simples, 200 g de cloreto de potássio e 800 g de Nitrocálcio por cova. Nos tratamentos onde se associaram esterco e fertilizantes minerais, foi empregada a metade dessas quantidades. As produções analisadas correspondem ao período 1966-69. A análise da produção de café, referente ao quadriênio 1966/69, do experimento de Campinas, mostrou que o uso dos fertilizantes minerais elevou a produção e que, quando aplicados sem o esterco, com as doses completas, a elevação de produção foi maior. Em Jaú e Mococa, o efeito dos fertilizantes químicos foi muito pequeno em comparação com, a aplicação de 40 litros de esterco. O modo de aplicação por incorporação mostrou-se melhor para esterco e fósforo nos três locais. O potássio em cobertura apresentou melhor efeito em Campinas e Jaú, não diferindo do incorporado em Mococa.The effect of method application of manure, phosphorus and potassium incorporated to soil or applied on the soil surface was evaluated by means of 3 x 2 x 2 factorial experiments in three soils of State of São Paulo, Brazil: (1 a Latossolic B transition to a Red Yellow Latossolic at Campinas region; (2 a Latossolic B "Terra Roxa" at Jaú region; and (3 a Red Yellow Podzolic at Mococa region. Forty liters of manure, 200 g of normal superphosphate, 200 g of potassium chloride and 800 g of ammonium nitrate per plant were applied yearly in the coffee variety Mundo Novo CP 379

The Chemophytostabilisation Process of Heavy Metal Polluted Soil.

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Anna Grobelak

Full Text Available Industrial areas are characterised by soil degradation processes that are related primarily to the deposition of heavy metals. Areas contaminated with metals are a serious source of risk due to secondary pollutant emissions and metal leaching and migration in the soil profile and into the groundwater. Consequently, the optimal solution for these areas is to apply methods of remediation that create conditions for the restoration of plant cover and ensure the protection of groundwater against pollution. Remediation activities that are applied to large-scale areas contaminated with heavy metals should mainly focus on decreasing the degree of metal mobility in the soil profile and metal bioavailability to levels that are not phytotoxic. Chemophytostabilisation is a process in which soil amendments and plants are used to immobilise metals. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different doses of organic amendments (after aerobic sewage sludge digestion in the food industry and inorganic amendments (lime, superphosphate, and potassium phosphate on changes in the metals fractions in soils contaminated with Cd, Pb and Zn during phytostabilisation. In this study, the contaminated soil was amended with sewage sludge and inorganic amendments and seeded with grass (tall fescue to increase the degree of immobilisation of the studied metals. The contaminated soil was collected from the area surrounding a zinc smelter in the Silesia region of Poland (pH 5.5, Cd 12 mg kg-1, Pb 1100 mg kg-1, Zn 700 mg kg-1. A plant growth experiment was conducted in a growth chamber for 5 months. Before and after plant growth, soil subsamples were subjected to chemical and physical analyses. To determine the fractions of the elements, a sequential extraction method was used according to Zeien and Brümmer. Research confirmed that the most important impacts on the Zn, Cd and Pb fractions included the combined application of sewage sludge from the

Adubação do milho: IV - Adubação azotada em cobertura Fertilizer experiments with corn: IV - Nitrogen application as top-dressing

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G. P. Viégas

1955-01-01

Full Text Available No presente trabalho são apresentados os resultados de quatro ensaios de adubação do milho, conduzidos de 1949/50 a 1952/53, na Estação Experimental Central, Campinas, com o fito de investigar-se o efeito da aplicação parcelada de azoto em diversas fases do desenvolvimento dessa planta. Em cada ano se utilizou uma área diferente, mas sempre de terra roxa misturada. Os adubos usados foram salitre do Chile, superfosfato e cloreto de potássio, na dose de 60 kg/ha de N, P2O5 e K2O. P e K foram aplicados nos sulcos de plantio. A dose de N foi empregada : a tôda nos sulcos de plantio ; b 2/3 nos sulcos de plantio e 1/3 em cobertura, por ocasião do desbaste ; c 1/3 nos sulcos de plantio e 2/3 no desbaste ; d 1/3 nos sulcos, 1/3 no desbaste e 1/3 no florescimento. Nas condições dos ensaios, quanto mais fracionada a dose total e menor a porção aplicada nos sulcos de plantio, tanto maior foi a resposta do milho ao azôto. Aparentemente, o parcelamento diminuiu a lixiviação do nitrato antes que o milho o pudesse absorver em escala apreciável, assim como, durante a germinação, os danos pelo excesso de concentração de sais.Four experiments were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen applications to-corn at different stages of growth. These trials were planted in four consecutive years (1949 through 1952 at the Central Experiment Station, Campinas, in the "terra roxa misturada" type of soil, each experiment being set in a new location. Chilean nitrate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride were supplied to the plants at the rate of 60 kg per hectare of each, N, P2O2, and K2O. The phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were placed in the row at planting time. Nitrate of soda was applied as follows r a all in the row at planting time ; b 2/3 in the row and 1/3 as top-dressing at thinning time; c 1/3 in the row and 2/3 when thinning ; d 1/3 in the row, 1/3 when thinning, and 1/3 when tasseling started. The experiments indicated that the

Efforts to improve and sustain the productive utilization of dry grasslands in Armenia

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Mezhunts, Bagrat; Navasardyan, Marine

2014-05-01

Armenia is a small mountainous country (29,743 km2) located in the South Caucasus. It lies in the sub-tropical zone and has a continental climate with hot summers (av. +250C) and cold winters (av. -60C). The average precipitation is 550 mm; in the dry-steppe zone it amounts to only 250 mm and with a rainy season in spring-early summer. Altitudinal variation (390-4,095 m) gives rise to a range of climatic zones (from semi-desert to alpine), soil types and plant communities. Besides, Armenia is situated on the crossroads of Caucasian - mesophyllous (humid) and Armeno-Iranian - xerophyllous (arid) floristic provinces, which has made it to a "biodiversity hotspot". Agriculture is important as a source of employment and for domestic food supply. The rural population (ca. 1.2 million) is largely dependent on livestock for their livelihood. The principal feed resource is extensive grasslands (60% of total agricultural lands), but past practices of uncontrolled grazing management has led to low grassland productivity and low proportion of valuable legume forages. Improvement of natural grasslands, enhancement of feed quality, prevention of soil erosion and re-establishment of vegetation cover are key socio-economic challenges and are needed to raise the livelihood of rural population in Armenia. This presentation focuses on present status and trends of dry pastureland degradation, exposed to intensive grazing, and on results from case studies to increase productivity and restore valuable forage species for sustainable use in agriculture. Three different conventional approaches have been applied in these studies including: fertilization with moderate doses of ammonium and potassium nitrate and superphosphate, over-sowing by local legume seeds and implementation of a 2-year rest period in overgrazed areas. From 1986 to 2007, the total yield (TY) in studied dry-steppe pastures decreased by 40%, while at the same time, the proportion of grasses in total yield decreased by 50

Phosphorus fertilization on the development of Hemerocallis fulva L.Adubação fosfatada no desenvolvimento de Hemerocallis fulva L.

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Yara Brito Chaim Jardim Rosa

2013-10-01

Full Text Available In clayey Oxisol from the Brazilian Cerrado, where there is high P fixation, the phosphorus fertilization is necessary to increase the growth and flowering of ornamental plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the development of Hemerocallis as affected by phosphorus application in clayey Oxisol (Typic Haplustox. The experiment was conducted at the Gardening area of University Federal of Grande Dourados (UFGD in Dourados-MS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of four P2O5 rates (0, 250, 500, 1000 kg ha-1 using simple superphosphate as source. The experimental unit was composed of one Hemerocallis fulva ‘Flore Pleno’ plant, grown in a plastic pot (5 liters. Phosphorus fertilization increased linearly the concentration of phosphorus in the soil; the plant had maximum absorption (5.26 g kg-1 with the calculated dose of 727 kg ha-1 P2O5. H. fulva has a root system that develops best under high availability of P, however, for aerial part, the maximum of shoots fresh mass (451.1 g was obtained with 427 kg ha-1 of P2O5. Number of flower buds, flower diameter and height flower stalks were higher in the presence of phosphorus. Em Latossolos argilosos do cerrado onde é alta a fixação de P, a adubação fosfatada torna-se necessária para garantir o crescimento e florescimento de plantas ornamentais. Assim, esse estudo objetivou analisar o desenvolvimento de hemerocale em função da adubação fosfatada em Latassolo Vermelho Distroférrico. O experimento foi conduzido na área de Jardinocultura da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD em Dourados – MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de P2O5 (0; 250; 500; 1000 kg ha-1 utilizando como fonte superfosfato simples. A unidade experimental foi composta por uma planta de Hemerocallis fulva ‘Flore Pleno�

Cultivation of Agaricus blazei ss. Heinemann using different soils as source of casing materials Cultivo de Agaricus blazei ss. Heinemann usando diferentes solos como fonte de material para a camada de cobertura

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Félix Gonçalves de Siqueira

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Commercial productivity of the Agaricus blazei mushroom is closely related to both the quality of the compost and the choice of soil to be used as a casing material. This study aims to evaluate Agaricus blazei's productivity using two compost formulations and three soils. The two compost formulations were (i crushed sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum (L. and Coastcross hay (Cynidon dactylon (L. Pers., and (ii crushed sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum (L. and corn husk (Zea mays L.; they were amended with wheat bran, lime, gypsum, superphosphate and urea. The casing materials were extracted from three soils classed as Rhodic Hapludox, Xanthic Hapludox, and Humic Haplaquox. The Rhodic Hapludox soil material was mixed with fragments of Eucalyptus charcoal in the proportion of 4:1. The compost was prepared during six weeks and thereafter heat treated during 48 h at the end of the composting period. The sugarcane bagasse:coast-hay compost was superior to the sugarcane bagasse: corn husk compost. The Rhodic Hapludox plus charcoal casing material showed to be a better casing material than either the Xanthic Hapludox and Humic Haplaquox soil materials. The choice of the soils where the casing material is taken is an important factor to the success of the Agaricus blazei mushroom cultivation.A produtividade do cogumelo Agaricus blazei depende da qualidade do composto e da terra de cobertura. Avaliou-se a produtividade deste cogumelo utilizando-se duas formulações de composto e materiais retirados de três tipos de solo usados como camada de cobertura. As duas formulações de composto consistiram em (i bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum (L. e capim Coastcross (Cynidon dactylon (L. Pers., e (ii bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum (L. e palha de milho (Zea mays L.. As duas formulações foram suplementadas com farelo de trigo, calcário, gesso, superfosfato simples e uréia. Como camadas de cobertura foram

SUBSTRATOS PARA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE JENIPAPO (Genipa americana L. SUBSTRATES FOR PRODUCTION OF JENIPAPO (Genipa americana L.

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Mauro Corrêa da Costa

2007-09-01

Full Text Available

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar substratos para crescimento de mudas de jenipapo, em condições de viveiro. Foram usados terra preta, terra preta e casca de arroz carbonizada, nas proporções de 1:1, 1:2 e 2:1; terra preta e esterco bovino, nas proporções de 1:1 e 2:1; terra preta, casca de arroz carbonizada e esterco bovino, nas proporções de 1:1:1 e 1:2:1; terra preta, casca de arroz carbonizada e areia, na proporção de 1:1:1; terra preta, casca de arroz carbonizada, esterco bovino e areia, na proporção de 1:1:1:1. Todos os substratos foram fertilizados com superfosfato simples, na dose de 3,0 kg.m^-3 de substrato. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos e três repetições de dez mudas. As características avaliadas foram: altura das mudas, número de folhas, diâmetro basal do caule, massa de matéria seca da raiz e da parte aérea, e relação da matéria seca da raiz/matéria seca da parte aérea. Os substratos à base de terra preta e esterco bovino, na proporção de 1:1, e de terra preta, casca de arroz carbonizada e esterco bovino, na proporção de 1:1:1, proporcionaram maior crescimento às mudas de jenipapo.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Frutífera tropical; propagação de plantas; Rubiaceae; planta medicinal.

This study had the aim of evaluating substrates to growing of jenipapo seedlings in nursery conditions. The substrates were: garden soil; garden soil and carbonized rice husks in the proportions 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1; garden soil and cattle manure in the proportions 1:1 and 2:1; garden soil, carbonized rice husks, and cattle manure in the proportions 1:1:1 and 1:2:1; garden soil, carbonized rice husks, and sand in proportion 1:1:1:1. All substrates were fertilized with single superphosphate, in a

Atuação de Acidithiobacillus na solubilização de fosfato natural em solo de tabuleiro cultivado com jacatupé (Pachyrhizus erosus Effect of Acidithiobacillus on solubilization of natural phosphate in a coastal tableland soil under yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus crop

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N. P. Stamford

2004-02-01

treatments were: (1 NP pelleted with S inoculated with Acidithiobacillus (NP S*; (2 S with Acidithiobacillus pelleted with NP (S* NP; (3 NP and S mixture inoculated with Acidithiobacillus (S* + NP; (4 NP and S mixture without Acidithiobacillus (NP + S; (5 triple superphosphate (TS fertilization and (6 control treatment without phosphorus application (P0. The fertilizers were applied: a on the surface; b in the plant furrow 10 cm below the seeds; c in the furrow 10 cm below and beside the seeds. Nodule dry matter was higher with (NP + S*, and best results were obtained when fertilizers were applied beside and above seeds. The treatment (FN + S* increased plant height, dry biomass of nodules, tubers, and shoots, and the total N uptake, especially when applied 10 cm below seeds. Total P uptake was highest with (S* NP applied 10 cm below seeds. The available soil P was highest in the treatments (NP + S* and (NP + S with most evident results when applied 10 cm below seeds.

Uso de esterco associado à adubação mineral na produção de mudas de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L. The use of manure associated with mineral fertilization in papaya (Carica papaya L. seedling production

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Regina Célia Faria Simão Canesin

2006-12-01

organic fertilization is associated with mineral supplementation. The objective of this research was to verify the effects of the use of corral manure, associated or not with mineral fertilization, added to the papaya seedling substrate. The experiment was deployed at the Teaching and Research Farm of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP, in Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The design was set in blocks, in split plots, where papaya cultivars were the whole unit and substrates the subunit treatments. Each unit with 5 replications and the subunit composed of 10 plants each. Means were separated by Tukey test. Results indicated that: a papaya seedling production the corral manure can be used without supplementation of simple superphosphate and potassium chloride, b corral manure alone supplied nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu to the papaya seedlings until transplanted to the field.

Bioavailability of cadmium and lead in a soil amended with phosphorus fertilizers Biodisponibilidade de cádmio e chumbo em um solo adubado com diferentes fontes de fósforo

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Alessandra Monteiro Salviano Mendes

2006-08-01

Full Text Available Phosphorus fertilizers are essential to obtain high productivity, however, they contain heavy metals that can contaminate the soil and threat the health of animals and humans. The present study focused the determination of Cd and Pb concentrations in different phosphorus fertilizers as well as the absorption of these heavy metals by velvet green bean grown on soil amended with such fertilizers. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme. The factors were four phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate-TS, Yorin thermophosphate-YT, Araxa rock phosphate-AP, and Gafsa rock phosphate-GP applied at five rates (0, 92, 183, 275, and 366 kg ha-1 of P2O5. The data obtained were submitted to variance and regression analysis. Lead availability to velvet bean was not altered as a result of fertilizer application. On the other hand, Cd uptake was significantly increased with addition of the tested fertilizers. Such an increase was a function of the rate. The highest Cd contents in shoots was reached by YT and TS applications, whereas the lowest one resulted from rock phosphate treatments. All the phosphorus sources tested increased Cd uptake in the first harvest. For the second harvest, Cd content in the shoot was detected only in plants grown on TS and GP amended soils.Fertilizantes fosfatados são essenciais para obtenção de altas produtividades, entretanto, eles podem conter metais pesados que podem contaminar o solo e ameaçar a saúde humana e animal. Este trabalho objetivou a determinação da concentração de Cd e Pb em diferentes fertilizantes fosfatados, bem como a absorção desses metais por plantas de mucuna preta cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação em solo submetido a diferentes doses desses fertilizantes. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, dispostos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, sendo os fatores quatro fontes de P (superfosfato triplo

Produção comercializável e teores de Cu e Zn em cenoura em decorrência da ação residual de fósforo e composto de lixo em solo sob cerrado Marketable yield and contents of Cu and Zn in carrot as influenced by residual phosphate and urban compost in a cerrado soil

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Manoel V. de Mesquita Filho

2002-06-01

Full Text Available Realizou-se em 1997, em condições de campo um experimento em Latossolo Vermelho Escuro distrófico argiloso sob cerrado de Brasília, para avaliar o efeito residual das aplicações em anos anteriores, a lanço de doses de fósforo (superfosfato triplo, e de composto de lixo na produção de cenoura (Daucus carota, cv. Brasília, assim como nos teores de cobre e zinco em raízes frescas. Aproveitou-se o mesmo delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições, no mesmo campo experimental dos experimentos anteriores distribuídos num esquema fatorial 3 x 5 incluindo-se 3 níveis de fósforo (0; 400 e 800 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 5 níveis de composto de lixo (0; 20; 40; 60 e 80 t ha-1. A colheita foi realizada aos 90 dias após o plantio. A análise estatística dos dados de produção total de raízes revelou efeito residual da adubação dos últimos dois anos em linear e quadrático altamente significativo (pA field experiment was conducted on a clayey Yellow Red Oxisol to evaluate the residual effect of the application of phosphorus and urban waste compost of the previous two years on the root production of carrot cv. Brasília. The soil of the previous experiment design used a factorial consisting of three levels of phosphorus (0; 400 and 800 kg ha-1, applied as triple superphosphate combined with five levels of urban waste compost (0; 20; 40; 60 and 80 t.ha-1, was arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replicates. Carrot plants were harvested 90 days after planting. After the harvest, a linear and quadratic effect for phosphorus and urban waste compost (p<0,01 was observed. The linear interaction P x quadratic urban compost was highly significant (p<0,01. The maximum root total production was 26.5 t.ha-1 corresponding to 18.5 t ha-1 of marketable yield, estimated by the calculated doses of 762.5 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 53.2 t ha-1 of urban waste compost according to the function: Y(PROD = 4.541143 + 4.0088 x 10-2 P2O5 + 2

Evaluating the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers in some Venezuelan soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Casanova, E.; Salas, A.M.; Toro, M.

2002-01-01

the greenhouse experiment, the crop response was related to the P fixing properties of the soil, the initial availability and the solubility of the P source used. The P in plant derived from the fertilizer and the Utilization Coefficient decreased significantly as the P fixing capacity of the soils increases indicating a lower availability of P for the the index plant (Agrostis sp.). The P in plant derived from the P fertilizers calculated by using the specific activity of each treatment and the one of the check plot showed that triple superphosphate had the highest values with acidulated Riecito rock phosphate (40%) having intermediate values, and Riecito rock phosphate having the lowest value. The use of 32 P techniques as a powerful method to study soil P dynamics and P uptake from different P sources and the effectiveness of phosphate rocks (natural and modified) produced in Venezuela with respect to the water-soluble P source (imported), are some of the practical implications of this study. (author)

Aspectos econômicos da adubação fosfatada para cultura do milho Economic aspects of phosphorus application to the corn crop

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Renato de Mello Prado

2001-09-01

analysis average prices in force during the 1990's of one ton of corn and one ton of triple superphosphate were considered (US$86.06 and US$224.69, respectively, and the total operating cost of US$342.22 ha-1. In general the increase of the phosphorus rate boosted the yield and the net income per hectare; the cast fertilizer aplication by hand proved to be economically unfeasible. The double furrow treatment resulted, on the average, in a higher net income and a cost/benefit ratio exceeding by 17.7% that of the single furrow application mode.

Leaching and retention of nutrients and trace elements in peat nineteen years after wood ash application and afforestation of a terminated peat cutover area; Utlakning och retention av naeringsaemnen och spaaraemnen i torv nitton aar efter vedasktillfoersel och beskogning paa en avslutad torvtaekt

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Nilsson, Torbjoern; Lundin, Lars (Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7001, SE-750 07 Uppsala (Sweden))

2008-04-15

Ash application on peatlands for improved biomass production attracts great interest. On drained peatlands in forestry use, application of wood ash would increase the forest production. Before such activities starts on a large-scale, the existing knowledge in this field should be compiled, with the aim to illustrate positive and negative effects of such a measure and to suggest recommendations for wood ash application to drained and afforested peatlands. The aim of this project was to investigate how much of different nutrients and trace elements that was still left in the peat, 19 years after application of 23 tonnes of wood fly ash, 0.6 tonnes of raw phosphate and 0.25 tonnes of superphosphate per hectare to 14 hectares of a terminated peat cutover area. This area was located on a mire, Flakmossen, in west-central Sweden. As it was nearly 40 years since peat harvesting had terminated on this mire, the area was drained before the application of wood ash and phosphorus fertilizer. A tractor-driven cultivator mixed the applied fertilizers with the upper 30-40 cm of the remaining peat and afterwards different tree species were planted in the cultivated peat. Peat sampling, down to 80 cm depth, was carried out before soil treatment, one year after, three years after and 19 years after the soil treatment. Analyses of these peat samples showed that: - After the soil treatments an initial increase of pH in the upper peat layers (0-40 cm depth) was observed, but 19 years after the soil treatments pH had decreased to levels that were lower than before the treatments. This decrease in pH was probably due to an oxidation of sulphur compounds in the peat, which was a result of the drainage. This acidification of the peat could not be buffered by the large dose of applied wood ash. However, it should be observed that the main part of the peat in this field study consists of reed peat, that has a considerable higher sulphur content than other peat types. - Nineteen years after

Effect of Different Levels of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Harvest Index and Extract Percentage of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.

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S Laleh

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction Hemp is a dioecious and annual plant. The most important use to this plant is in the food, drug, and natural fibers. Proper fertilizer management for a medicinal plant species is important for increasing its yield and maintaining the quality of active principles. Sustainable farming is on the basis of natural fertilizer application with the aim of decreasing chemical fertilizers. Various studies show that application of animal manure with chemical fertilizers (as N, P and … have positive effects on soil structure, microbial population, soil fertility, growth and yield of plant with the aim of protecting the environment. Therefore, the present study was under taken to evaluate the effect of organic amendments enriched with chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and extract of hemp. Materials and Methods To study the effect of different levels of animal manure and chemical fertilizers, a split factorial experiment, based on complete randomized blocks design with three replications was conducted at the research Farm of Faculty of agriculture, University of Birjand, during the growing season 2014-2015. Experimental factors were animal manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 t. ha-1well rotted farmyard manure as the main plot, and factorial application of three levels of N (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 as Urea with two levels of P (0 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 as triple and P was superphosphate as sub-plot. Animal manure, P and half of the N fertilizer were applied before planting and the other half of N were applied by top dressing. Hemp were planted 5 may on rows 60 cm apart, with 30 cm distance between each hemp on row, at the depth of 3-4 cm. Measured traits included leaf, stem and seed weights, stem height and diameter, 1000 seed weight, and leaves extract percentage per square meter in sub-plot for female plants of hemp. Also percentage of female plants calculated per sub-plot. Finally, all variables were analyzed by SAS software (V. 9

Chemical attributes of an Argisoil of the Vale do São Francisco after melon growth with phosphate and potash rocks biofertilizers Atributos químicos de um Argissolo do Vale do São Francisco após cultivo de melão com biofertilizantes de rochas fosfatada e potássica

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Newton P Stamford

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Fertilizer application may promote significant changes in soil reaction and on the availability of important nutrients for plants. The utilization of rock biofertilizers is a practical process that reduces energy consumption and increases nutrient availability in soils. In a field experiment, the effect of biofertilizers produced with phosphate and potash rocks plus Acidithiobacillus inoculation were evaluated on the chemical attributes of an Argisoil from the São Francisco Valley, Pernambuco State, Brazil, after melon cultivation. The experiment was arranged in a factorial 3²+2 scheme in randomized block design, with four replicates. Two sources of P biofertilizer (PB and K biofertilizer (KB were applied in the same doses recommended for simple superphosphate (SS and potassium chloride (KCl, and in doses which corresponded to two and three times the recommended ones. Additional treatments were carried out (soluble fertilizers (SS and potassium chloride KCl, applied in the recommended dose, and control treatment with no addition of P and K (P0+K0. Biofertilizers reduced soil pH and higher available P and K values were obtained when higher doses of biofertilizers (PB and KB were applied. Mg content increased when KB biofertilizers were applied in higher rates, probably due to the solubilization of Mg present in the biotite. The rock biofertilizers with Acidithiobacillus may be recommended as an alternative to soluble fertilizers by the residual effect in nutrient availability, especially in sodic soils or in limed acid soils.A aplicação de fertilizantes pode promover mudanças na reação do solo e na disponibilidade de nutrientes importantes para as plantas. A produção de biofertilizantes a partir de rochas é um processo prático que reduz o consumo de energia e aumenta a disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo. Em experimento de campo foram avaliados os efeitos de biofertilizantes produzidos com rochas, além do enxofre elementar inoculado

Micorriza arbuscular e rizóbios no enraizamento e nutrição de mudas de angico-vermelho Arbuscular mycorrhizae and rhizobium in rooting and nutrition of angico-vermelho seedlings

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Poliana Coqueiro Dias

2012-12-01

cuttings with a pair of complete leaves. It was used a 55 cm³container filled with commercial substrate Bioplant®. Four treatments were tested: 8 kg m-3 of superphosphate (SS added to substrate; 4 kg m-3 SS added to substrate; 4 kg m-3 SS added to substrate and adition of a suspension solution containing rhizobium; 4 kg m-3 SS and suspension solution containing rhizobium plus 5 g of soil contaminated by AMF spores. There was no interaction among treatments for survival rate of cuttings and roots observed at bottom of the container, evaluated in the greenhouse exit (30 days and the shade house exit (40 days, probably because the root system was still in formation. There were differences among the progeny for survival rate of the shoots, the percentage of cuttings with roots observed at bottom of the container, height, stem diameter and shoot dry weight. The evaluations of the growth characteristics of the cuttings in, particularly with respect to survival at full sun (140 days, demonstrate the efficiency of rhizobium and AMF on seedling production of this species. We conclude that the symbiotic association with rhizobium and / or FMA favors the production of seedlings of A. macrocarpa by minicutting.

Efecto de distintas alternativas de fertilización fosfatada en la secuencia trigo - soja sobre el fósforo asimilable y los rendimientos en la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina Effect of different phosphorus fertilization alternatives on available soil phosphorus concentration and yields in a soybean - wheat cropping system in Tucumán, Argentine

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Carlos F. Hernández

and 7.8 ppm phosphorus (P-Bray 1. The objective of this trial was to estimate the effect of each fertilization alternative on available phosphorus concentration in two soil layers, 0-5 cm and 5-25 cm, over five years (from 2002 to 2007, and on soybean and wheat yields. Evaluated treatments consisted in applying 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5/ha as triple superphosphate yearly only to soybean, only to wheat and to both crops. P residual effect was found for both crops when 45 kg P2O5/ha was applied. Available soil phosphorus concentration increased over 13 ppm (critical P-Bray 1 concentration for soybean when 45 and 60 kg P2O5/ha rates were applied to both crops, reaching at the same time the highest residual phosphorus uptake efficiency. Soybean yields were higher when P was applied to soybean, as compared to wheat treated with the same P rates. Soybean highest P uptake efficiency was found when P was applied to soybean.

Resposta da alfafa a fontes de fósforo associadas ao gesso e à calagem Alfalfa response to phosphorus sources associated to gypsum and liming

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Patrícia Sarmento

2001-06-01

Full Text Available O fósforo é um dos nutriente mais importante na produção de alfafa nos solos brasileiros. Diversas fontes de P são disponíveis no mercado e o fosfato de Gafsa (FG é considerado tão eficiente como solúvel. A eficiência dos adubos fosfatados é afetada pela acidez do solo. O uso do gesso associado ao FG pode corrigir o perfil do solo em relação ao alumínio e diminuir a fixação do P no solo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar num experimento em vasos a eficiência do superfosfato triplo (ST, do FG e do FG com gesso, aplicados antes e depois da calagem, nas doses de 50, 100 e 200 mg P dm-3. Foi utilizado um solo classificado como LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO Alumínico. Foram efetuados três plantios de alfafa, realizando-se um corte no primeiro plantio e três cortes no terceiro. Com o ST obteve-se maior produção de matéria seca (MS (3,3 g/vaso do que com o FG (1,0 g/vaso no primeiro plantio. Mas no terceiro plantio ocorreu menor produção de MS com o uso do ST (2,4 g/vaso do que com o FG (6,0 g/vaso. O gesso com FG elevou a produção de MS (7,0 g/vaso em relação ao FG (3,7 g/vaso no terceiro plantio. A aplicação do ST depois da calagem aumentou a produção de MS (5,0 g/vaso comparado a aplicação antes da calagem (3,7 g/vaso, no primeiro plantio. Não houve efeito do momento de calagem para o FG com ou sem gesso.Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrients in alfalfa production in Brazilian soils. Several P sources are available in the market and the Gafsa phosphate (GP is considered as efficient and soluble. The efficiency of phosphate fertilizers is affected by soil acidity. The use of GP associated to gypsum can aliviate Al toxicity and reduce soil phosphorus fixation. Therefore, this study was curried out in a glasshouse experiment, aiming to evaluate the efficiency of the triple superphosphate (TS and GP and GP with gypsum, applied before and after liming at the rates of 50; 100 and 200 mg P dm-3. The

Produção de matéria seca e eficiência nutricional para P, Ca e Mg em leguminosas herbáceas Dry matter production and nutritional efficiency for P, Ca and Mg in herbaceous legumes

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Antonio Rodrigues Fernandes

2007-06-01

Agricultural of Amazon (Brazil. Soil used was a dystrophic Yellow Latosol, sampled in the 0 - 20 cm depth. A randomized block experimental design was used with treatments arranged in a factorial 3³, comparing three legume species: velvet bean (Stizolobium atterrimum, "mucuna cochinchinensis" (Stilozobium cochinchinensis and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformes; three doses of liming (0, 4 and 8 t ha-1 of limestone and of triple superphosphate (0, 25 and 45 mg P dm-3 of soil, with four replications each one. Results showed that "mucuna cochinchinensis" and jack bean produced higher amounts of dry matter than velvet bean. The first species accumulated higher amount of P and the second species higher amount of Ca in the tissue. The "mucuna cochinchinensis" species showed higher use efficiency of Ca, Mg and P in the absence of liming. The jack bean and mucuna cochinchinensis can have better performance than velvet bean, in weathered soils with low concentration of P, Ca and Mg, since they presented higher translocation efficiency and use of these nutrients, respectively.

Bioavailabilty of deposit phosphates in animal feeding

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Godoy, Susmira; Chicco, C.F.

1997-01-01

In order to evaluate the growth, the absorption and the dynamics of phosphorus and calcium phosphates of high fluorine content , triple superphosphates (TSP) and two sedimentary phosphates Riecito (RIO) and Monte Fresco (MONTE) vs dicalcium phosphate (DICAL), they were carried out two experiments with sheep. In the first one, with a duration of 360 days, the group (six animals) consumed DICAL, and at the 330 day of feeding it was divided in two groups, one under the same treatment and to the other one it was added 500 ppm of fluorine like NaF (DICAL+F). In this experiment the growth was evaluated, and at the end of the period, it was determined the phosphorus and calcium absorption and kinetics, the retention of fluorine in different sources, as well as the bony mineralization. In the second experiment, with a duration of 30 days, the phosphorus absorption and kinetics, as and the retention of fluorine in the sources under study, were determined. In both experiments, for the dynamic studies it was used the isotopic dilution technique, by means of the dosage, through jugular injection, of 200 uCi 3 2P and, for via oral, 200 uCi 4 5Ca. The weight gained (g / animal /day ) was 75, 87, 56 and 53 for DICAL, RIO, MONTE and TSP, respectively, with significant differences (P'0.05) in favor of DICAL and RIO. The true absorption of phosphorus (%), for the fed animals during 30 and 360 days, respectively, was 73 and 76 for DICAL, 40 and 57 for RIO, 36 and 57 for MONTE and, 79 and 71 for TSP, being significantly higher (P'0.05), for both periods, the values of DICAL and TSP. The evaluation of 12 months of absorption of RIVER and MONTE was higher than during the period of 30 days. The absorption of calcium at the 362 days was higher for DICAL and RIO in relation to MONTE and TSP. The addition of fluorine during 30 days didn't affect the calcium and phosphorus absorption. The run time to reach the maximum level of specific activity of calcium in blood was higher for RIO, MONTE

Adubação do algodoeiro: V - Ensaios com azôto, fósforo e potássio, em "campos de cooperação" Fertilizer experiments with cotton: V- Experiments on the effect of N, P and K in private farms

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W. Schmidt

1958-01-01

located on the principal soil types of the State of São Paulo's cotton belt. In this work were compared 0, 40 and 80 kilograms of P2O5, per hectare, as well as three levels of nitrogen and of potash, and three forms of phosphates. Nitrogen and potash were used respectively as Chilean nitrate and potassium chloride; phosphorus, as superphosphate, Rhenaniaphosphate or bone meal. All the fertilizers were added, as usual, to the furrows and slightly mixed with the soil just before sowing. As a rule phosphorus increased considerably the yields, so that in spite of some poor results the average effect was satisfactory. However, the response to the higher rate of application was only slightly higher than that of the lower. Superphosphate was superior to both Rhenaniaphosphate and bone meal, which gave practically equal results. Nitrogen and potash, although giving good results in about one third of the experiments, did not increase the yield or even depressed it in most of them, and their higher levels generally gave poorer results than the lower. Some of the soils were apparently well supplied with nitrogen and potash, and the excessive spacing then used no doubt contributed to lessen the need for nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers. The application of nitrogen at planting time and the consequent loss through leaching before the cotton plants could take it up, may also have contributed to many small responses to that nutrient. These factors do not explain, however, why moderate doses of nitrogen and potash so often depressed the yields. Nitrogen, potash and even phosphorus (chiefly when used as Rhenaniaphosphate reduced the stands in many experiments, and these reduction were the principal causes of the negative effects in the yields. As the reductions of the stands were atributed to the application of the fertilizers in contact with the seed, it was concluded that, for evaluating their effect they must be applied by other method more efficient than that used in the

Utilização de cama sobreposta de suínos e sobressemeadura de leguminosas para aumento da produção e qualidade de pastagem natural Swine deep bedding amendment and legume sod-seeding to increase production and quality of natural pasture

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Paulo Hentz

2008-09-01

5. In order to achieve the target P application, different levels of CA (30, 60, 90, and 120 t/ha and MA (20.6; 41.2; 62.2; and 82.8 t/ha were applied. Two control treatments were used: mineral fertilization (180 kg/ha of triple superphosphate, TSP and no fertilization (AA. The legumes were sod-seeded in May/2004. After August/2004, the plants were cut every six weeks and nine cuts were performed. The highest annual (September/2004 to August/2005 dry matter (DM production was obtained with 30 and 60 t/ha of CA or 62.2 and 82.8 t/ha of MA, with DM productivity ranging from 8,083 to 8,276 kg DM/ha. This productivity was greater than the one obtained with both TSP (4,091 kg DM/ha and AA (3,071 kg DM/ha. The white-clover DM production increased linearly in the fall and in the winter seasons, as a function of MA and did not change with the CA rates. The results indicated that the CSS type (CA or MA affects the fertilizing effect of these manures, influencing the production and the botanical composition of the pastures, specially the proportion of grasses and legumes.

Desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de umbuzeiro em resposta à adubação com nitrogênio e fósforo ‘Umbuzeiro’ rootstocks development as a answer for fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorous

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Alberto Soares de Melo

2005-04-01

4X4 with four levels of nitrogen and four levels of phosphorous (0, 50, 100 and 150kg ha-1 of N and P2O5 respectively under urea form and simple superphosphate, with four replications. The higher rootstock (12.52cm was obtained with doses of 97.58kg ha-1 of N, the higher stem diameter (2.18mm was obtained with doses of 150kg ha-1 of N and 150kg ha-1 of P2O5. The major number of leaves was observed on presence of 126.03kg ha-1 of N and 150kg ha-1 of P2O5. The major dry matter production of total aerial plant was verified with a dose of 98.71kg ha-1 of N and 150kg ha-1 of P2O5. The leaf area presented a linear grown for both factors. The nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization contribute as positive performance on ‘umbuzeiro’ doing the rootstocks development anticipated for some fruit trees of the Spondias genus. Phosphorous’ doses from 150kg ha-1 were not recommended for pickles production using ‘umbuzeiro’ xylopodium.

Some Soil Characters and Qualitative Traits of Sunflower Seeds to Different Nutritional Regimes

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F Soleymani

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Introduction To achieve the high economic yield in crops, supplying enough nutrients for plants is important, that much of it, supplied by chemical fertilizers. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers led to environmental problems that these negative effects have caused attention to healthy and ecological sustainable farming systems. One solution to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers is application of organic and biological products for plant nutrition. Bio-fertilizers are made from one or more species of beneficial microorganisms with preservatives and or their products. In addition, vermicompost is an organic fertilizer and mixed of very active biological bacteria, enzymes, plant residues, manure and earthworm capsule which leads to continued organic matter decomposition and development of microbial and enzymatic activities in soil. Several experiments have shown that the using of biological and organic fertilizers improve growth and quality of products. Materials and Methods To investigate the effect of various nutritional regimes on seed quality characteristics of sunflower (Euroflour cv. and some soil characters, an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2015 at the Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University.Treatments included no biological or chemical fertilizer application, 100% of the recommended NP fertilizers (250 kg urea per hectare, 50 kg triple superphosphate per hectare, ½ recomended NP fertilizers, vermicompost (15 ton per hectare mixed with soil, phosphonitrokara (including Bacillus coagulans, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, 110 ml to inoculate 10 kg seeds, biosulfur (including Thiobacillus,mix 6 kg of fertilizer with 300 kg sulphur for 1 hectare, vermicompost+ phosphonitrokara, vermicompost+ biosulfur, vermicompost+½ NP fertilizers, phosphonitrokara+½ NP fertilizers, biosulfur+½ NP fertilizers, vermicompost+ phosphonitrokara+½ NP fertilizers

Potassium and Phosphorus in Muscat Rosada Grape Yield in Elqui Valley Soil Fósforo y Potasio en la Producción de Vid Moscatel Rosada, en Suelo del Valle de Elqui

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Carlos Sierra B

2008-09-01

Full Text Available The effects of P and K on grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. var. Muscat Rosada were evaluated four years, considering the same levels of N. The experiment was conducted at the Vicuña Experimental Station (30° S; 70°44´ W of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA. The soil is alluvial antropic miscellaneous (Entisols. Three fertilization treatments were established: 1 N 160 + P2O5 200 + K2O 300; 2 N 160 + P2O5 0 + K2O 300; and 3 N 160 + P2O5 200 + K2O 0. At the beginning of the experiment, grape vines received all the phosphate fertilizers, 200 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as triple superphosphate in Treatments 1 and 3. Nitrogen was applied as urea for four years. The applications were initiated when the vine buds measured 20 cm. The K was applied to the soils of Treatments 1 and 2, at a dosage of 200 kg ha-1 K2O, using potassium sulphate. Between berry set and 30 d before harvest, 100 kg ha-1 K2O were applied as potassium sulphate by fertigation. Significant effects of the P fertilization were observed by the second year, with increased cluster numbers per plant. K also increased grape fruit yield by the third year. This response was obtained with less than 5 mg kg-1 of P available in the soil and less than 145 mg kg-1 of exchangeable K in the soil. The initially low content of available K and P suggests a high probability of response to the application of both elements.En el Campo Experimental del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA, ubicado en la localidad de Vicuña (30° S; 70°44´ O, se evaluó durante cuatro años el efecto de la aplicación de P y K, considerando un mismo nivel de aplicación de N en vid (Vitis vinifera L. var. Moscatel Rosada. El suelo corresponde al tipo misceláneo antrópico coluvial (Entisols. Se establecieron tres tratamientos de fertilización: 1 N 160 + P2O5 200 + K2O 300; 2 N 160 + P2O5 0 + K2O 300; y 3 N 160 + P2O5 200 + K(20 0. El parrón recibió toda la fertilización fosfatada aplicada al

Influência de calcário e fósforo no desenvolvimento e produção de variedades de maracujazeiro-amarelo Influence of limestone and phosphorus in development and production of varieties of yellow passion fruit

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Edilson Carvalho Brasil

2010-09-01

used was randomized blocks, in factorial scheme 4x4x2 with 16 treatments and 4 repetitions. The factors studied had been four doses of phosphorus (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg dm-3 of P in the triple superphosphate form (SFT; four levels of saturation for bases (initial = 15%, 40%, 65%80 and 90% and two varieties of passion fruit, (yellow and Embrapa Oriental Amazônia. As corrective agent to soil acidity were used calcium (CaCO3 and magnesium (MgCO3 carbonate. At 50 days after planting, it was evaluated: plant height, stem diameter and dry matter of shoots. The liming and phosphorus application influenced positively the development and the dry mater of passion fruit plants. The greatest dry matter production was obtained with combined application of 160 mg dm-3 of P in soil with the base saturation of 47%, which was associated with concentrations of P and Ca of 143 mg dm-3 and 2,9 cmol c dm-3 in the soil, and contents of 2,6 and 10,8 g kg-1 in the shoot dry matter, respectively. The CPATU variety was superior in terms of average diameter of stem and dry matter production of shoots.

Atributos químicos de um latossolo bruno sob sistema plantio direto em função da estratégia de adubação e do método de amostragem de solo Chemical properties of a haplohumox under no-tillage as related to fertilization strategies and soil sampling method

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Volnei Pauletti

2009-06-01

greater in the no-tillage system because there is no homogenization of the soil surface layer. This study evaluated the effect of fertilization strategies on soil chemical properties at distinct soil depths after three and six years from the beginning of the experiment in a Haplohumox under long-term no-tillage. Besides, the variation of these properties considering two methods of soil sampling, with and without inclusion of the seeding row, was evaluated. Ten treatments were applied, nine considering P sources (rock phosphate and triple superphosphate, row preparation equipment (double disc opener and coulter opener, fertilizer placement (in-row and broadcast, time of application (summer and winter and one control treatment, without fertilizer. The measured soil chemical properties were higher in the surface layers and depth distribution, except for P, was not influenced by the fertilization strategies. The soil P values were the lowest in the 0-5 cm layer where the coulter opener equipment had been continuously used for more than three years and no fertilizer was applied. With the inclusion of the sowing row in the soil sampling, higher K, Ca and CEC values were observed. The methodologies of soil sampling, with and without the inclusion of the sowing row and the 0-10 and 0-20 cm sampling layers resulted in similar fertilizer and lime recommendations for areas under long-term no-tillage.

Adubação da mandioca no estado de São Paulo: Parte I - Efeito da adubação mineral

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Edgard S. Normanha

1951-01-01

aplicação dos fertilizantes, o da conjugação de adubos minerais com orgânicos e a economia das adubações.Results aro presented of 14 cassava (Manihol -utilissima Pohl fertilizer experiments, conducted in four regions of the State of São Paulo, varying in soil types. Ammonium Sulphate, Superphosphate of Lime, Bone Meal and Potassium Chloride were applied separately or mixed at the rate of 80 kg of Nitrogen, 120 kg of Phosphoric acid and 60 kg of Potassium oxide to the hectare. The fertilizers were applied in advance of planting in the planting furrows at 10 cm depth. The results can be summarized as follows: a Ammonium Sulphate applied to lhe planting furrows caused rather poor sprouting of the cuttings; b The influence of N, P, K fertilizers, separately or mixed varied according to soil type; in rather poor soil (Glacial and terra roxa cansada, P fertilizers increased root production; in better Salmourão soil, N fertilizer alone or mixed with P gave good results; in other regions either no beneficial effects of fertilizer application was noticed or a slight effect of N or N + K recorded. Due to high prices of fertilizers and to the relatively low value of cassava roots, the beneficial effects obtained in some of the regions are usually not considered to be of economic interest to the farmer.

Características químicas do lixiviado na fase de enraizamento de estacas de cacau em substratos adubados com fósforo Chemical characteristics of leachate from phosphorus-fertilized substrates during rooting of cocoa tree cuttings

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José Olimpio de Souza Júnior

2008-08-01

heavily used in the preparation of the potting mix, but studies on nutrient losses are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical attributes in leachate from potting mix during rooting of cocoa tree cuttings under intermittent irrigation and P fertilization in a 5 x 5 factorial, complete randomized block design with three replications. The factors consisted of five substrates (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80 % volume of coconut fiber (CF completed with Plantmax® and five triple superphosphate - TSP rates (P2O5 = 0; 0.23; 0.46; 0.92 and 1.84 g dm-3. The plot consisted of two tubes (288 cm³, with one herbaceous cocoa cutting per tube. Total leachate of 28 days was collected and measured, while electric conductivity (EC and pH were analyzed in three weekly samples. The nutrients P, Ca, Mg and K were quantified in weekly average samples and the data subjected to regression analysis. Over the course of time, the pH in the leachate increased and CE decreased. Increasing TSP doses reduced the pH and increased the EC of the leachate. The higher the CF proportion, the faster and higher were pH and EC variations. Nutrients content and amount in leachate from all substrates tested decreased soon after starting the study. TSP supply increased leaching of all nutrients. Ca, Mg and K losses were proportional to their availability in the substrate. Leaching of supplemented P ranged from 39 to 74 % and was inversely proportional to the phosphate adsorption capacity of the substrates.

Comparison of greenhouse and 32P isotopic laboratory methods for evaluating the agronomic effectiveness of natural and modified rock phosphates in some acid soils of Ghana

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Owusu-Bennoah, E.; Zapata, F.; Fardeau, J.C.

2002-01-01

Phosphorus deficiency is one of the major constraints for normal plant growth and crop yields in the acid soils of Ghana and therefore addition of P inputs is required for sustainable crop production. This is often difficult, if not impossible for small-scale farmers due to the high cost of mineral P fertilizers and limited access to fertilizer supplies. Direct application of finely ground phosphate rocks (PRs) and their modified forms have been recommended as alternatives for P fertilization. The direct application of the natural and modified PRs to these acid soils implies the need to predict their agronomic effectiveness of the PRs in the simplest and most cost-effective manner. In this study the classical greenhouse pot experiment was compared to the 32 P isotopic kinetics laboratory method for evaluating the agronomic effectiveness of natural and modified Togo PR in six highly weathered Oxisols from southwest Ghana. In the 32 P isotopic kinetics laboratory experiment the six soil samples were each fertilised at the rate of 50 mg P kg -1 soil in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP), Togo PAPR-50%, and Togo PR, respectively. Controls without P amendment were also included. Isotopic exchange kinetics experiments were carried out on two sets of samples, immediately after P fertilizer additions (without incubation) and after 6 weeks of incubation under wet conditions and at a room temperature of 25 deg C. In the greenhouse pot experiment, P fertilizers in the form of Togo PR, Togo PAPR, Mali PR and TSP were each applied to the six soils at rates equivalent to 0, 30, 60, and 120 kg P ha -1 , respectively. The P fertilizers were mixed with the soils and maize (Zea mays L.) variety Obatanpa was grown for 42 days before harvest. The isotopic kinetics data of the control samples indicated that 5 of the studied soils had very low P fertility status as reflected by their low P concentrations in solution (C P -1 ) and low exchangeable P (E 1 min -1 ). The capacity

Capture and treatment of goat manure

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João Elzeário Castelo Branco Iapichini

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The appropriate management and disposal of feces and urine derived from goat production systems can help minimize the environmental impact of the activity reflecting in animal welfare, good sanitary conditions, viable indexes and increase revenue by aggregating the activity value of the manure generated. Aiming to take advantage of zootechnical installation already used for the manure in rabbits’ husbandry, it was carried out the suitability of a 15.40 m² pen (5.7 x 2.7 meters, filled with dirt in the goat rearing of UPD Itapetininga/APTA-SAA being deployed on slatted floor system for capturing and processing goat manure. It was dug in the floor of the bay rectangular holes with 15 m² of surface and 80 cm of depth for capturing of the excrements, filled with layers of gravel (0.20 m, coal (0.20 m, medium sand (0, 15 m and clay (0.05 m being the surface in direct contact with feces and urine. The gap of 40 cm between the back of the slatted floor and the last layer allowed the accumulation of manure during the occupation of the stall. We used the pens for 10 consecutive months for the management of newly calved Saanen and crossbred Saanen/Boer goats for 10 to 15 days postpartum in controlled feeding and termination of 27 confined kids. The maintenance of the collection system and treatment of manure was done through constant sweeps in the slatted floor and periodical aplication of 30 g of superphosphate per m² directly in feces, in order to acidifying the compound. This measure contributed to the ambience and animal comfort, controlling flies and neutralizing odors and harmful actions of ammonia coming from the urine. To carry out the sanitary break in the stall, needed for new production cycle, the frames of the slatted floor were raised and about 2500 kg of manure was removed, followed by cleaning and disinfection of floors and pillars of support and rest for 45 days unused until the entry of the new batch of goats recently calved. Using

Balanço do nitrogênio da uréia (15N no sistema solo-planta na implantação da semeadura direta na cultura do milho Balance of nitrogen from urea (15N in the soil-plant system at the establishment of no-till in maize

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Glauber José de Castro Gava

2006-01-01

and partitioning of the phytomass, in the accumulation of total nitrogen and nitrogen in the plant derived from the fertilizer, by using the 15N side-dressing fertilization at the establishment of no-till management. The experiment was carried out in a Nitosol at Água Sumida Farm located near Barra Bonita, State of São Paulo. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized block design, with 4 replicates. The following treatments were studied: conventional tillage system (one ploughing and two harrowings and no-tilllage, both fertilized with urea (15N applied at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen. All treatments were subjected to sowing fertilization, by applying 25 kg ha-1 N as urea, 80 kg ha-1 P2O5 as simple superphosphate and 60 kg ha-1 K2O as potassium chloride. At the end of the phenological cycle, the following comparisons among the treatments were performed: crop yeld; nitrogen accumulation in the aerial and underground parts; use of nitrogen from urea (15N and residual nitrogen in the soil. The modifications of the soil caused by implantation of no-till neither restricted the availability of nitrogen to maize plants, nor the production of dry matter. The use efficiency of nitrogen fertilization of maize plants and the recovery of the soil nitrogen fertilizer were around 45% and 30%, respectively, for the urea-N side-dressing fertilization in both conventional and no-till systems. Nitrogen applied as side-dressing fertilization, and not recovered from urea (NNR averaged 25%, independently of the sowing system.

The effect of copper-amended fertiliser and copper oxide wire particles on the copper status of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) and their progeny.

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Grace, N D; Wilson, P R; Quinn, A K

2005-02-01

To determine changes in serum and liver copper concentrations in postnatal, weaner, yearling, and mature deer after grazing pasture topdressed with copper (Cu) at two rates of application of copper sulphate (CuSO4(.)5H2O), and following oral administration of copper oxide (CuO) wire particles to some of the deer. In mid-March 2000 (Year 1), 1.1-ha paddocks (two/treatment) of ryegrass/white clover pasture received either 0 (Control), 6 (Low) or 12 (High) kg CuSO4(.)5H2O /ha applied with 250 kg potash superphosphate/ha. They were grazed by 4-month-old red deer hinds (n=11/treatment) from mid-April 2000 until early March 2001. In mid-March 2001 (Year 2), the pastures were topdressed again as for Year 1, and the original hinds, now yearlings which had grazed as a single group between studies, were returned to their respective treatments in mid-April 2001 and remained on the trial until mid-March 2002. They were mated during April/May. The pastures were also grazed by pregnant mature hinds (n=8/treatment) from mid-May 2001. As the Cu status (i.e. liver Cu concentration) of the yearling hinds on the pasture treated with 6 kg CuSO4(.)5H2O/ha was not significantly different from the untreated animals, in late July 2001 the yearling and mature deer on this treatment were treated orally with 10 g CuO wire particles. The mature hinds calved in November and the yearling hinds in December. Pasture samples were collected at about monthly intervals to determine concentrations of Cu and other minerals. In Year 1, liver biopsies and blood samples were collected at 4-6-weekly intervals for determination of Cu concentrations. In Year 2, samples were collected similarly at 6-12-weekly intervals. Liver biopsies and blood were also collected from progeny, along with milk from their dams. Liveweights were determined at 3-7-monthly intervals, as well as data on calving/mortality rates. Pasture Cu concentrations before the application of CuSO4(.)5H2O were 6-9 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM) and

Pineapple yield and fruit quality effected by NPK fertilization in a tropical soil Produção e qualidade de frutos de abacaxizeiro em resposta à adubação com NPK

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Ademar Spironello

2004-04-01

Full Text Available There is a lack of information about fertilization of pineapple grown in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. So a field experiment with pineapple 'Smooth Cayenne' was carried out to study the effects of NPK rates on yield and fruit quality. The trial was located on an Alfisol in the central part of the State of São Paulo (Agudos county. The experimental design was an incomplete NPK factorial, with 32 treatments set up in two blocks. The P was applied only at planting, at the rates of 0; 80; 160 and 320 kg/ha of P2 0(5, as superphosphate. The N and K2O rates were 0; 175; 350, and 700 kg/ha, applied as urea and potassium chloride, respectively, divided in four applications during the growth period. Response functions were adjusted to yield or to fruit characteristics in order to estimate the nutrient rates required to reach maximum values. The results showed quadratic effects of N and K on yield and a maximum of 72 t/ha of fresh fruit was attained with rates of 498 and 394 kg/ha, respectively of N and K2O. In order to reach the maximum fruit size, and to improve the percentage of first class fruit (mass greater than 2.6 kg, were necessary rates of N and K respectively 11 and 43 % higher than those for maximum yield. No effect of P rates was observed on pineapple plant growth, despite the low availability of this nutrient in the soil. The effect of N rates was negative on total soluble solids and total acidity while the opposite occurred with K, which increased also the content of vitamin C. High yield and fruit size were closely related to N and K concentrations in the leaves.Há falta de informações sobre adubação de abacaxizeiro em São Paulo. Assim, um experimento de campo com abacaxizeiro 'Smooth Cayenne' foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de doses de NPK na produção e qualidade de frutos em Agudos, região central do Estado, num Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Empregou-se um fatorial incompleto, com 32 tratamentos distribu

The Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc Fertilizers on Nutrient Content and Essential Oil Yield of German Chamomile under Drought Stress (Matricaria recutita L.

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M. Ghaedi Jeshni

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Introduction: The German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L. is mainly cultivated for essential oil. Nowadays, it is a highly favored and much-used medicinal plant in reqular and traditional medicine. Water deficit is one of the most important limiting factors on crops production in arid and semi-arid regions (Sharafi et al. 2002. Drought stress limits the growth of plants by reducing water content of tissues and causes some metabolic and physiological changes. On the other hand, the availability of nutrients in the soil is affected by drought stress. Thus, nutritional management of plants under drought stress conditions is one of the most important factors in crop production. A better understanding of the role of nutrients in plant resistance to drought is associated with improvement of fertilizer management in arid and semi-arid areas. Our objectives were to investigate the effects of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers on nutrient content and essential oil yield of German chamomile under drought stress. Material and Methods: The experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research farm of University of Zabol in 2013. Drought stress consisted of three levels 75% (control, 50% (mild stress and 25% of field capacity (severe stress as main plots, and factorial combinations of three triple superphosphate fertilizer (CaH4P2O8 levels (0, 150, and 300 kg ha-1 and two zinc sulphate fertilizer (ZnSO4H2O levels (0 and 30 kg ha-1 as sub plots (the fertilizers were applied before planting time. The seeds were sown at 20 cm apart in rows 40 cm wide, on first half of March 2013. Drought stress levels were determined by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR. The success of chamomile cultivation as a commercial venture lies in how efficiently and effectively one can collect the flowers at the right stage during the peak flowering season extending over a period of 3–6 weeks. So, flowers were

Organic and conventional tomato cropping systems Sistemas de cultivo orgânico e convencional de tomateiro

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Wagner Bettiol

2004-06-01

Full Text Available Among several alternative agricultural systems have been developed, organic agriculture has deserved increasing interest from. The objective of this paper was comparing both organic (OS and conventional (CS tomato cropping systems for varieties Débora and Santa Clara, through an interdisciplinary study. The experiment was set up in a randomized blocks design with six replicates, in a dystrophic Ultisol plots measuring 25 ´ 17 m. Cropping procedures followed by either local conventional or organic growers practices recommendations. Fertilization in the OS was done with organic compost, single superphosphate, dolomitic limes (5L, 60 g, and 60 g per pit, and sprayed twice a week with biofertilizer. Fertilization in the CS was done with 200 g 4-14-8 (NPK per pit and, after planting, 30 g N, 33 g K and 10.5 g P per pit; from 52 days after planting forth, plants were sprayed once a week with foliar fertilizer. In the CS, a blend of insecticides, fungicides and miticides was sprayed twice a week, after planting. In the OS, extracts of black pepper, garlic, and Eucalyptus; Bordeaux mixture, and biofertilizer, were applied twice a week to control diseases and pests. Tomato spotted wilt was the most important disease in the OS, resulting in smaller plant development, number of flower clusters and yield. In the CS, the disease was kept under control, and the population of thrips, the virus vector, occurred at lower levels than in the OS. Variety Santa Clara presented greater incidence of the viral disease, and for this reason had a poorer performance than 'Débora', especially in the OS. Occurrence of Liriomyza spp. was significantly smaller in the OS, possibly because of the greater frequency of Chrysoperla. The CS had smaller incidence of leaf spots caused by Septoria lycopersici and Xanthomonas vesicatoria. However, early blight and fruit rot caused by Alternaria solani occurred in larger numbers. No differences were observed with regard to the

Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Oil, Seed Yield and some Agronomic Traits of Safflower under Different Irrigation Regimes

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Hamidreza Fanaei

2017-08-01

Nitrokara application (100 g.ha-1 were sub plots. Bio-fertilizers mixed with seeds before planting based on manufacturer's recommendations. Fertilizers were applied at ratio of 123 kg.ha-1 potassium based on (K2O, of sulphatedipotash, 44 kg.ha-1 phosphor based on (P2O5 of super-phosphate triple respectively, (based on the results of above soil analysis along with one-third of 99 kg.ha-1 pure N based on Urea prior to sowing. Other two-third of N was applied at the start stem and heading stages respectively. All other agricultural practices (weeds control and irrigation, were performed when they were required and as recommended for commercial safflower production. A random sample of five plants was selected from each plot in physiological ripening to estimate the different parameters. Data were analyzed by using Mstat-C statistical package (Mstat-C, Version 1.41, Crop and Sciences Department, Michigan State University, USA. Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to do mean comparisons. Results and discussion Analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation and fertilizer resources on yield, yield components, oil yield and RWC were significant. Results showed that seed yield in treatment non stress with mean 1539 than stop irrigation in vegetative phase (rosset, stem elongation, heading, and stop irrigation in reproductive phase (flowering, and seed filling had increased 45 and 27 percent, respectively. High yield by increasing yield components under water supply reported by Behdani & Mosavifar, (2011. However there was no significant difference from aspect seed yield between biological fertilizers, but Nitrokara bio-fertilizer showed 19 percent increase than non-application - chemical fertilizer (control. Biofertilizer able during a biological process, chanced the nutrients from unusable to usable form for plants in soils. By increasing stress severity, leaf relative water content (RWC than (control irrigation in all growth stages decreased, so lowest RWC obversed when

Assessment of General and Specific Combining Ability and Heterosis of Some Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. Lines for Vegetative Traits

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Fatemeh Moradipour

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. is one of the most widely cultivated vegetables. Plant length is a quantitative trait is controlled by many genes. These traits are difficult to study due to the complex nature of their inheritance. The combining ability estimation is useful in determining the breeding value of cucumber lines by suggesting the appropriate use in a breeding program. In studying combining ability, the most commonly utilized experimental approach is the diallel design. General combining ability is a measure of additive genetic action; and specific combining ability (SCA is deviation from additivity. General combining ability is a main effect and SCA is an interaction. The aim is to determine the breeding value of the cross. Heterosis has been utilized to exploit dominance variance through production of hybrids. There are reports on positive and negative heterosis in cucumber however, there are differences between reports. This research was conducted to estimate general and specific combining ability and heterosis in cucumber inbred lines and hybrids to produce hybrids with high yield and quality. Material and Methods: In the spring of 2014, the seven parental lines and their 21 F1 hybrid were planted at the University of Guilan, in loamy sand field. Three replications were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The sandy loam soil was prepared by plowing and disking and formed into raised beds by plowed and harrow prior to plant establishment. Rows were on 1 m centers and plants were about 25 cm apart in the row. Prior to planting 150 kg·ha-1 of nitrogen from urea and 100 kg·ha-1 of phosphorous from triple superphosphate and 80 kg·ha-1 of potassium sulfate was applied. Side dressing with the same amount of nitrogen and phosphorus occurred at 50% flowering stage. Irrigation with 250 m3·ha-1, three times weekly, was begun at plant first flowering. In each replication, 12 individuals of each line or hybrid were

Experiências de adubação do amendoim em campos da região de Botucatu Fertilizer experiments with peanuts on two «campo» soils of the botucatu region

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José Luiz V. Rocha

1965-01-01

tratamentos que receberam calcário + NPK, nos canteiros sem corretivo e sem adubo da gleba Estrada baixou a 34% e, nos da gleba Rincão, a tão somente 10% . Os fatôres mencionados contribuiram, ainda, para aumentar o teor de óleo nas sementes.Two trials were conducted for two years on virgin areas of poor «campo» soils (a dark red latosol and a red-yellow latosol of the Botucatu region, State of São Paulo, to study the possibility of using them for the peanut production with the aid of fertilizers. Of the compared treatments, phosphorus (ordinary superphosphate and limestone were the principal yield increasing factors. The low fertility level of the soils and the ease of its correction can be evidenced by showing that, in the second year of the experiment on the dark red latosol, the «no lime, no fertilizer>> plots yielded 476 kg/ha (kilograms per hectare of pods, the plots treated with lime + NPK only in the previous year, 1,655 kg/ha, and those additionally fertilized with NPK in the second year, 2,096 kg/ha. On the red-yellow latosol, the yields were, respectively, 333, 2,065, and 2,224 kg/ha. The rate of application of limestone was 2 metric tons per hectare; in the first and second years the NPK treatments corresponded to 30-60-30 and 30-45-30 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O, respectively. The lime and NPK treatments influenced considerably the quality of the pods. The shelling percentages varied between 70 and 73 in the lime + NPK plots of both soils, but decreased, respectively, to 34 and 10 in the «no treatment>> plots of the dark red latosol and the red-yellow latosol. Even the oil content of the seeds was appreciably increased by the mentioned treatments.

Changes in Soil C/N Ratio and Response of Growth of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L. to Different Levels of Animal Manure and Chemical Fertilizers

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S Laleh

2018-05-01

factors were animal manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton ha-1 well-rotted farmyard manure as the main plot, and factorial application of three levels of N (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 as Urea with two levels of P (0 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 as triple superphosphate as sub-plot. Hemps were planted on rows 60 cm apart, with 30 cm distance between plants within a row, at the depth of 3-4 cm. In during experiment didn’t use any poison and pesticide. Measurements were performed in both vegetative (11th leaf pair and reproductive (50% of seeds hard stages. Measured traits included leaf, shoot weight, shoot height and diameter per square meter in sub-plot for female plants of hemp in vegetative and reproductive stages. Seed weight measured in reproductive stage too. Nitrogen of soil was determined by Kjeldahl method and soil carbon was measured by Walleky & Black method. Finally, all variables were analyzed by SAS software ver 9.1. The means were compared using LSD test at the 0.05 probability level. Results and Discussion The results showed that the measured traits were not affected by animal manure in the vegetative stage, but nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on growth traits in this growth stage. Using manure and nitrogen fertilizers increased height and shoot diameter, leaf and shoot dry weight in reproductive stage. Biological and seed yield increased with increasing of nitrogen levels in different treatments of 0, 10 and 20 ton ha-1 animal manure. Combined usage of 30 ton ha-1 animal manure and 100 kg N ha-1 decreased biological and seed yields. Combined usage of 30 ton ha-1 animal manure and 50 kg N ha-1 and 20 ton ha-1 animal manure and 100 kg N ha-1 increased biological and seed yields. Harvest index decreased with increasing rate of animal manure and nitrogen fertilizers. So harvest index decreased 18.20 and 13.07 % in treatments of 30 ton ha-1 animal manure and 100 kg N ha-1 respectively, due to increasing the growth of hemp. Leaf allocation increased with increasing

Manutenção de cafèzal com adubação exclusivamente mineral Mineral fertilizing for coffee culture

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Coaracy M. Franco

1960-01-01

at a high level by the exclusive use of mineral fertilizers. A coffee plantation of the "Bourbon vermelho" variety about 40 years old grown on "terra-roxa-legítima" soil was used. A factorial experiment 3² X 2² was installed in 1953 with 9 plants per plot. The treatments used were: ammonium sulphate 0 g, 600 g and 1800 g per plant, superphosphate 0 g, 500 g and 1500 g per plant and potassium chloride 200 g, 400 g and 800 g per plant, microelements (Zn, Bo, Cu and green manure. Until 1957 the phosphate and the chloride were applied in furrows once a year and the ammonium sulphate was applied three times a year as top dressings. Starting in 1958 all the fertilizers were applied four times a year as top dressings. The microelements were applied as foliage spray of the following solution: zinc sulphate - 6 g, copper sulphate - 1 g and borax - 3 g per liter of water. Soybean was used as green manure until 1955 and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis, D. C. in the later years. The response to nitrogen application was highly significant and kept increasing every year as shown by the percentage of yield increases for the years 1954 through 1958. These were 8.4%, 60.7%, 30.9%, 50.3% and 63.1%. In previous experiments doses of KCI of up to 200 g per tree had already been used. For that reason in this experiment the minimum dose of that fertilizer used was 200 g per tree. An application of 8OO g per tree of KCI gave only 9% of yield increase in relation to the 200 g per tree application. No reaction was obtained to the application of phosphorus. The microelement spray cured the zinc deficiency symptoms which were evident prior to its application, but decreased the yield significantly, the highest decrease being 39% in 1955. No reaction was obtained to the use of green manure. The results obtained seem to show that it is possible to increase substantially the yield of a coffee plantation through the use of mineral fertilizers only.

Formas de adubação e doses de uréia para mudas clonais de cacau cultivadas em substrato Forms and doses of urea to fertilize clonal cocoa tree cuttings cultivated in substrate

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José Olimpio de Souza Júnior

2008-12-01

, foi de 23,1 g kg-1.Nitrogen is the mineral nutrient required most by plants. There are, however, no studies on N fertilization calibration for rooted cocoa tree cutting production on substrate and frequent irrigation. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of urea fertilization on substrate and leaves for rooted cocoa tree cutting and to define N recommendable doses and foliar critical N level. The experiment was set up in a rooted cutting breeding nursery of the Cocoa Biofactory Institute, in Ilheus, Bahia, in July 2006, involving 10 treatments (two fertilization treatments and five urea doses, in random blocks with four repetitions. Each plot consisted of 12 rooted cocoa cuttings in plastic tubes, containing 288 cm³ substrate (50 % coconut fiber and 50 % Plantmax®. The substrate was limed with 3.20 kg m-3 and fertilized with 2.68 kg m-3 of single superphosphate. The treatments were applied between the 82nd and 138th day, with the following weekly N doses to the substrate (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg dm-3 and to the leaves (0.0, 2.25, 4.5, 9.0 and 13.5 g L-1. For all treatments, fertilization was supplemented with P, K, S, Zn and B via substrate. On the 145th day, the plants were harvested to evaluate diameter, height, leaf area, shoot dry matter (SDM, nutrient concentration in the diagnostic leaf and nutrient content in the shoot. The biometric and nutrient variables responded to treatments. Adding urea to the substrate led to the maximum yield, exceeding foliar fertilization for SDM, height and leaf area. The N doses recommended to obtain 99 % of the maximum yield varied, according to the biometric variable, from 43 to 76 mg dm-3 for fertilization on substrate and from 9.1 to 11.7 g L-1 for foliar fertilization. The critical foliar N level to obtain 99 % of the maximum yield of SDM by foliar fertilization was 23.1 g kg-1 N.

Resposta de cafezais adensados à adubação NPK NPK fertilization for high tree density coffee plantations

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PAULO BOLLER GALLO

1999-01-01

traditional coffee blocks, on a tree basis. This research aimed at evaluating the NPK fertilization effects on two high tree density coffee plantations, one with the Mundo Novo variety e other with the Catuaí variety, under comercial production. Two 1/2(4 x 4 x 4 factorial experiments were conducted in coffee plantations under full production, in Santo Antônio and Samambaia farms, both at Mococa, State of São Paulo, Brazil. In the first farm, the coffee variety was Mundo Novo and the spacing was of 2.0 x 1.0 m. In the second case, the variety was Catuaí and the spacing was 1.5 x 1.0 m. The rates of nutrients applied were the following: nitrogen - 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg. ha-1 of N as urea; phosphorus - 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg. ha-1 of P2O5 as triple superphosphate; and, 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg. ha-1 of K2O as potassium chloride. The fertilization was split into four applications during the rainy season, starting in 1989. Four harvests were recorded for each location, from 1991 to 1994. At the Santo Antônio farm, the application of N reduced yields, which is unusual. In this case the initial soil sampling detect medium contents of P and high contents of K. The N leaf content was high for samples taken in 1992 and 1993. In the experiment at the Samambaia farm there was a significant effect of P fertilization, which is also unexpected. The results point to the need to fertilize coffee plantations taking into account the P and K contents of the soil and N contents of leaves. The results allow to conclude that coffee fertilization using standard NPK formulas, in higt tree density systems, can depress production when there is excess shade. Fertilizer needs should be determined taking into consideration soil analysis for P and K leaf analysis for N, and prescribing amounts to be applied on an area basis.

Carbon and nitrogen pools in soil and vegetation at afforestation of a cutover peatland; Kol- och kvaevefoerraad i mark och vegetation vid beskogning av en avslutad torvtaekt

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Nilsson, Torbjoern; Lundin, Lars

2006-02-15

There are a number of land-use alternatives for cutover peat areas after finished peat cutting. One land-use alternative is afforestation. In this investigation it was studied how drainage, soil treatments including fertilization, and plantation affected the carbon storage 20 years later. The studied area is located on the mire Flakmossen in the county of Vaermland, SW Sweden. Peat was harvested on 34 hectare of this mire up to 1945. The major part of the cutover area was abandoned until 1982 when after-use activities started. The depth of the remaining peat varied between a few decimeters up to about two meters. Prior to any soil measures, determination of peatland conditions was carried out. Important to this investigation was, a priori, the carbon store, i.e. remaining peat thickness was crucial. Therefore, peat depth was thoroughly investigated on 14 hectares of the cutover area in summer 1983. The remaining peat was also sampled at different depths within 18 plots of the whole cutover peat area. These samples were analyzed on i.a. concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. As bulk density also was determined, the amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the remaining peat could be estimated. A very good correlation was found between peat depth and the carbon pool in the peat. After-use activities included two afforestation projects that in the beginning of the 1980's were set up on the abandoned peat cutover area. One project was a conventional pine plantation on 19 hectares, where the effects of different drain spacings and PK-fertilizer doses were studied. The other project was an intensively managed forest experiment carried out on 14 hectares. This area was first drained and then fertilized with on average 23 tonnes of wood fly ash, 0.4 tonnes of raw phosphate and 0.25 tonnes of superphosphate per hectares. The applied fertilizers and the uppermost 30-40 cm of the peat were then mixed by a tractor-drawn rotovator in one meter wide strips. In these strips, on the

Produção e qualidade da forragem de capim-marandu fertiirrigada com dejetos líquidos de suínos Forage yield and quality of marandugrass as affected by fertiirrigation with swine slurry

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Lucilene Tavares Medeiros

2007-04-01

DM, CP, NDF, and ADF, and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD. It was used a randomized block design with nine treatments (fertilization and four replications. Treatments were described as follows: T1 (liming; T2 (chemical fertilization - 100, 40 e 60 kg/ha of N P2O5 K2O; T3 (180 m³/ha of SS 1x/year - fermented for 45 days; T4 (180 m³/ha of SS 2x/year; T5 (180 m³/ha of SS 3x/year; T6 (180 m³/ha of SS 4x/year; T7 (180 m³/ha of SS 5x/year; T8 (180 m³/ha of SS 1x/year - in natura; T9 (control. Means were compared using the Scott-Knott test. The liming was accomplished applying three metric tons of dolomitic limestone. Sources of nutrients in the chemical fertilization included ammonium sulphate, single superphosphate, and potassium chloride. Cuts were performed every 45 days. A single application of swine slurry (SS promoted greater number of tillers/m², greater DM accumulation, and better forage nutritive value for initial harvestings. Greater values of CP were found in treatments 3, 4, 8, and 9 during initial harvestings. The CP means ranged from 9.6 to 13.7%. The NDF concentration was greater at the second cut and NDF means ranged from 61.4 to 68.6%. The ADF concentration was lower at the first cut when SS was applied twice and five times per year. The ADF means ranged from 21.2 to 23.4%. The greatest IVDMD occurred at the first cut in treatments 3, 4 and 8 and IVDMD means ranged from 69.0 to 71.8%.

Correlation Coefficient, Path Analysis and Drought Tolerance Indices for Different Wheat Cultivars under Deficit Irrigation Conditions of Isfahan Region

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H. R Salemi

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Introduction Water crisis as a main factor of agronomy limitation exists in all over the arid and semiarid regions such as Isfahan province which is located in the central part of the Zayandehrud River Basin. This study aimed to use path analysis and indices of drought to evaluate the correlation coefficients between main physiological parameter (grain yield with yield components and water use efficiency of winter wheat under three water conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out in Kaboutar Abad Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan in the central region of Iran (32º 31’N, 51º 51’E is located at the altitude of 1545 m above the sea level with a split plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD with three replications in three cropping seasons on irrigated wheat cultivars. The treatments were included three levels of irrigation (60%FI, 80%FI and full irrigation as main plots and six wheat cultivars (Pishtaz, Shiraz, Sepahan, Marvdasht, Mahdavi and BC-Roshan as sub plots. Grain yield, straw and stubble, biological yield, harvest index (H.I., productivity degree (P.D., water use efficiency (WUE, plant height, grain number per spike, spike number per m2 and TGW were determined. Winter wheat cultivars were sown at the beginning of November and harvested in mid-June of the following year. The seed rate was 400 seed m-2, with a row spacing of 0.75 m. The first irrigation was by furrow method, implemented one day after seeding. Seeds emergence was observed about 5 days later. The N application was 250, 200 and 300 kgha-1 of N (urea at 46% N for each year divided into installments (10 days before planting, 30 days after planting, and every 30 days until the last irrigation. The P2O5 (phosphate ammonium and super-phosphate triple application to soil was 200, 100 and 50 kg ha-1 during the 3 years, respectively. At this stage, cultivation was done to mix the fertilizers with top soil manually. Pests and weeds were

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS SOURCES IN BRACHIARIA BRIZANTHA CV. MARANDU CULTIVATED IN TWO SOILS EFEITO DE DIFERENTES FONTES DE FÓSFORO NA Brachiaria Brizantha CV. MARANDU CULTIVADA EM DOIS TIPOS DE SOLOS

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Mozart Martins Ferreira

2007-07-01

Full Text Available The experiment was carried out at the Soil Science Department of the Federal University of Lavras, with the objective to evaluate the effect of the furnishment of different phosphorus (P sources, during the implantation of Bracharia brizantha in the accumulation of phosphorus (P, nitrogen (N content and shoot’s dry matter production (SDMP. The forage was grown in two distinct soils, a clayey dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol- LVdf and in a sandy Neosol (Entisol- NQ, for 180 days, in pots (3 dm3. Four different phosphorus sources were evaluated: triple superphosphate (TS - 46.1% total P2O5, Arad reactive phosphate (AR - 33. 1% total P2O5, Araxá natural phosphate (AN - 22.71% total P2O5, and a 1:1 ratio mixture TS/AR (1:1 total P2O5. Each P-source furnished 200 and 350 mg kg-1 of P2O5, for the NQ and LVdf soils, respectively, based on the each source’s P2O5 total content. The experimental design was a completely randomized in 4x2 scheme, with four replicates. Based on the nitrogen (N complementary fertilization, applied after each cut, high shoot’s N content were found ranging from 1.32 to 2.6 g/kg for the LVdf soil and 1.01 to 2.82 g/kg for the NQ soil, such that values for crude protein ranged from 8.25 to 16.25% and 6.31 to 17.62% for the LVdf and NQ soils respectively. Soil’s distinct mineralogy influenced Braquiaria response to the different P sources furnished. Considering that the shoot’s dry matter production (SDMP was higher in the NQ soil, and the total P accumulation after four cuts was higher in the LVdf soil. The use of P- sources of higher solubility promoted higher values for SDMP. High values for brachiaria N content were observed under the addition of low solubility P-sources such as, AR and AN. Growth and dry matter production were limited by the lack of phosphorus in the grass’s establishment. KEY-WORDS: Concentration, solubility, crude protein, forage, phosphate fertilization. O experimento foi realizado no

Adubação da mamoneira II: experiências de espaçamento x adubação Fertilizer experiments with castor beans II: plant density x fertility level

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Vicente Canecchio Filho

1959-01-01

Campinas, realizada em condições precárias, sobretudo por anormal deficiência de umidade, a produção foi muito pequena, a diminuição do espaçamento não a aumentou e as respostas ao fósforo e ao potássio foram maiores com o espaçamento mais largo. O espaçamento largo usado nas presentes experiências foi muito mais estreito que os adotados nas antigas experiências de adubação da mamoneira. Daí concluírem os autores que o uso de espaçamentos excessivamente largos deve ter concorrido apreciàvel-mente para diminuir o efeito das adubações então experimentadas.This paper reports the results obtained in four experiments conducted at different localities of the State of São Paulo with the dwarf variety of castor beans IA-38 and designed to study the effect of nitrogen (Chilean nitrate, phosphorus (superphosphate and potassium (potassium chloride, applied alone or in various combinations, under three plant spaeings: wide (1.50x1,20m, medium (1.00x0.90m and close (1.00x0t45m. In three of the experiments, which were carried out under fairly favorable conditions, the average yields obtained with the wide spacing were lower than those obtained with the medium or close spacings, the difference betwen these two being very small. The three nutrients tested, principally nitrogen and potassium, greatly influenced the determination of the best spacing; while in their absence the advantage of increasing the density of plants was null or small, in their presence it became considerable. Likewise the responses to those nutrients, particularly to nitrogen and potassium, which were small or even negative with the wide spacing, increased substantially under the medium or close spacings. One of the experiments was carried out under poor conditions, principally because the rainfall was far below normal. In this case the yields were very low, the reduction of the spacing did not increase them and the responses to the nutrients tested, viz. phosphorus and potassium, decreased

Factores Limitantes del Crecimiento de Plantaciones de Cupressus Lusitánica en Antioquia, Colombia.

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Tschinkel Heinrich

1972-08-01

discolorations observed in the field pointed at possible phosphorus deficiency. 4°- A greenhouse fertilizer trial also indicated phosphorus to be a limiting element. 5°- Two field fertilizer trials confirmed the deficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. Fertilization with the combination urea and triple superphosphate caused volume growth to increase by about 8 m3 /ha/year in comparison with the control. Specifically, on poor sites growth increased from 4 to 12 m3 /ha/year: whereas on medium sites it increased from 10 to 18 m3 /ha/year. 6°- Foliar analysis aided in the interpretation of the fertilizer trial. The concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen correlated closely with height growth. 7°- Diameter growth, measured with dendremeters , and shoot growth with dendrometers, and shoot growth showed no marked periodicity during the year. To identify the limiting factors, the integrated methods followed here, grave fast and realiable answers.

Crescimento e desenvolvimento do tomateiro cultivado em substrato com reutilização da solução nutritiva drenada Growth and development of tomato plants in substrate with re-use of drained nutrient solution

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Jerônimo L. Andriolo

2003-09-01

produtividade de frutos maduros decresceu com o aumento da CE. Concluiu-se que é possível reutilizar integralmente a solução nutritiva drenada no cultivo do tomateiro em substrato e que os efeitos negativos da CE elevada sobre a produtividade de frutos são observados somente com valores superiores a 4,9 dS m-1.Two experiments were carried out in a plastic greenhouse in autumn and spring 2001. Sowing dates were February 17th and July 3rd, respectively. At 41 (1st experiment and 36 days (2nd experiment after sowing, plantlets were transplanted to 5.5 dm³ bags placed inside gullies, using a commercial substrate, in a plant density of 3.3 plants m-2. Treatments consisted of three nutrient solutions. In T1 treatment, fertilizer concentrations were, in mol. L-1: KNO3, 0.04: Ca(NO32, 0.027; MgSO4, 0.012. Phosphorus (P was added by 1.5 g L-1 of superphosphate (20% P2O5, and micronutrients by a commercial mixture. For T1 plants, 1 L of the above nutrient solution was supplied once a week, containing 14.9 g L-1 of macronutrients. For T2 and T3 treatments the amounts of nutrients from T1 were applied in duplicate and triplicate, resulting in a total of macronutrient of 29.8 and 44.7 g L-1, respectively, supplied once a week. Drained volumes from each irrigation were collected and re-used in the next fertigations, after correcting nutrient concentrations in order to reach the original threshold level previously fixed for each treatment. Average electrical conductivity (EC values of drained nutrient solution were 3.7; 6.8 and 8,9 dS m-1 at the first and 3.3; 5.2 and 7.4 dS m-1 at the second experiment, respectively for T1, T2 and T3. From 40 to 82 days after planting date (DAP in autumn and 37 to 79 DAP in spring. Plants were periodically harvested to determine growth and development. In spring, ripe fruits on remaining plants were harvested and weighed to determine fruit yield. No significant differences were found for the number of fruits among treatments. In autumn, total and

Investigating the Effect of Chemical Management on Weeds Population, Agronomical Traits and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L. in Mazandaran Province

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Sobhan Mahzari

2018-02-01

100 kg as the base and 50 kg in two foliage stage and 50 kg in 4 foliage stage of garlic, 200 kg superphosphate triple per hectare, and 100 kg potassium sulfate. The research was performed in a land with area of 300 m2 containing 30 plots with dimensions of 3×3 m2. The planting process was done after disinfection of garlic seed varieties of Mazand for 24 hours in a solution of 2% carboxin thiram with the distance of 30×15 cm and the density of 23 plants per m2on 23/10/2012. After about two weeks from planting of garlic, germination was fully performed. The studied factors in 10 dosages of herbicide are including: 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Trifluralin (Terflan via formulations (EC 48%, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen, 1.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen in two stages (the half in first stage and the rest 18 days later via formulations (EC 24%, hand weeding control and lack of weeding control (the number of replications of these two treatments were two folds of others (2 replications in each block and 6 replications in total. Two weeks before planting Trifluralin herbicides were incorporated with the soil and Oxyfluorfen herbicides as post-emergently were applied in the 3 to 4 foliage stages of weeds using a backpack sprayer pump from the side of the nozzle sag (T-Jet. After 145 days from planting, 10 plants per plot were selected and plant heights measured. After maturity of garlics, 10 plants of garlic were eradicated and the number of cloves per bulb was counted and weight of 100 cloves of garlic was weighed. After full maturity of garlic, a square meter of each plot was harvested on 7.5.2013 and the harvested plants was placed for 48 hours in the farm and then bulb yield and biological yield were weighed and harvest index was also calculated. Statistical analysis software SAS (version 9.1 was used for analysis and the obtained averages were compared by means of the Duncan least significant difference test. Results and Discussion

Adubação do algodoeiro: IV - Ensaios sôbre época de aplicação de azôto e potássio Fertilizer experiments with cotton: IV- Experiments on the time of application of nitrogen and potassium

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O. S. Neves

1957-01-01

ôde determinar a influência das épocas de aplicação sobre o efeito do potássio, as aplicações em cobertura se mostraram inferiores ao emprego nos sulcos de plantio. Neste caso, porém, os resultados só foram satisfatórios quando choveu nos dias imediatos à semeação. Aplicado em cobertura, aparentemente o potássio não penetrou no solo em tempo útil para o algodoeiro; aplicado nos sulcos, êle ficou em posição acessível às raízes, mas, quando correu sêco o período que se seguiu ao plantio, prejudicou o "stand" e a produção. Sendo geralmente pequeno o risco de lixiviação imediata do potássio, sugere-se que êle seja aplicado antes ou por ocasião do plantio, em posição de fácil acesso às raízes, mas não em contato com as sementes.In this paper are reported the results obtained in 10 experiments located at seven different sites comprising the main soil types of the State of São Paulo. Such experiments were carried out from 1949-50 to 1953-54 and, with exception of one, were conducted on the same plots for two or three consecutive years, giving a total of 22 annual results. The rates of application were 60 kilograms of P2O5 per hectare and, according to the experiment, 20 or 30 kilograms of N and 30 or 40 kilograms of K2O per hectare, these nutrients being applied alone or in several combinations. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were used respectively as Chilean nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. Phosphorus was always applied at planting time, whereas nitrogen and potassium were applied at three different times: at planting, 30-40 and 60-80 days after the emergence of the plants. The fertilizers applied at planting time were, as usually, added to the furrows opened for the seed and slightly mixed with the soil just before planting; the applications after the emergence were done as top-dressing. The response.to nitrogen was generally much greater when it was top-dressed 30-40 days after emergence than when the application was done at

Climate Change: Precipitation and Plant Nutrition Interactions on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Yield in North-Eastern Hungary

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László Phd, M., ,, Dr.

2009-04-01

It is widely well known that annual temperatures over Europe warm at a rate of between 0.1 0C decade-1 and 0.4 0C decade-1. And most of Europe gets wetter in the winter season between +1% and +4% decade-1. In summer there is a strong gradient of change between northern Europe (wetting of up to +2% decade-1) and southern Europe (drying of up to 5% decade-1). The droughts and the floods were experienced at Hungary in the early eighties as well as today. So among the natural catastrophes, drought and flooding caused by over-abundant rainfall cause the greatest problems in field potato production. The crop is demanding indicator plant of climate factors (temperature, rainfall) and soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium status. This publication gives the results achieved in the period from 1962 to 2001 of a long term small- plot fertilization experiment set up on acidic sandy brown forest soil at Nyírlugos in the Nyírség region in North-Eastern Hungary. Characteristics of the experiment soil were a pH (KCl) 4.5, humus 0.5%, CEC 5-10 mgeq 100g-1 in the ploughed layer. The topsoil was poor in all four macronutrient N, P, K and Mg. The mineral fertilization experiment involved 2 (genotypes: Gülbaba and Aranyalma) x 2 (ploughed depths: 20 and 40 cm) x 16 (fertilizations: N, P, K, Mg) = 64 treatments in 8 replications, giving a total of 512 plots. The gross and net plot sizes were 10x5=50 m2 and 35.5 m2. The experimental designe was split-split-plot. The N levels were 0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1 year-1 and the P, K, Mg levels were 48, 150, 30 kg ha-1 year-1 P2O5, K2O, MgO in the form of 25% calcium ammonium nitrate, 18% superphosphate, 40% potassium chloride, and powdered technological magnesium sulphate. The forecrop every second year was rye. The groundwater level was at a depth of 2-3 m. From the 64 treatments, eight replications, altogether 512- experimental plots with 7 treatments and their 16 combinations are summarised of experiment period from 1962 to

Adubação da batata doce em São Paulo: Parte I - Efeito da adubação mineral

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A. Pais de Camargo

1951-03-01

desenvolvimento das ramas, sempre que houve influência significativa de algum elemento, êste foi o nitrogênio. Isto geralmente se verificou nos ensaios instalados nos solos de origem glacial. É de se ressaltar que não se verificou correlação alguma entre o desenvolvimento das ramas e a produção. Sôbre outros dados, como percentagem de falhas, número de batatas por planta, pêso médio das batatas, etc, foram insignificantes ou mesmo nulos os efeitos das adubações ou elementos estudados. Um fator que demonstrou grande influência na produção e desenvolvimento da batata doce foi a falta de rotação de cultura. Verificou-se que, nos ensaios onde se fêz o cultivo seguido dessa planta por mais de um ano no mesmo terreno, a produção caiu enormemente nos anos seguintes, muitas vezes para a terça ou quarta parte. Para as condições do Estado de São Paulo, os resultados obtidos indicaram que a adubação mineral direta para a batata doce não constitui, em geral, uma prática economicamente recomendável. Esta planta deve ser cultivada em rotação com outras culturas mais exigentes, que, necessitando de adubações pesadas, permitam à batata doce, no ano seguinte, aproveitar de modo mais vantajoso os restos dos adubos que ficaram retidos no solo.In order to study the effects of fertilizers on sweet potato, in the conditions of the State of São Paulo, a series of experiments was undertaken to cover the different aspects of the problem. In this paper, results are presented only for 31 experiments planned to study the effects of N, P and K on root development, yield, number of potatoes and mean weight, in the principal types of soil in the State. The results of the other experiments will be considered in further papers. Various plans and experimental designs were used. As a source of mineral elements, the following commercial fertilisers were employed : Chile saltpetre, sulphate of ammonia, superphosphate, degelatinised bone meal, potassium chloride and potasssium

Climate Change and Potassium Effects Under Different N-Fertilization Input on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Yield in a Long Term Field Experiment

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László, Márton, ,, Dr.

2010-05-01

Climate change of Hungary was initiated about of 1850. Nowadays among the natural catastrophes, drought and flooding caused by over-abundant rainfall cause the greatest problems in field crop production. The droughts and the floods were experienced in the early eighties as well as today have drawn renewed attention to the analysis of this problem. The potato is demanding indicator crop of climate factors (temperature, rainfall) and soil nutrient status. Has a particularly high requirement for quantity of precipitation and for supply of soil potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium. This paper reports the results achieved in the period from 1962 to 2001 of a long term small- plot fertilization experiment set up on acidic sandy brown forest soil at Nyírlugos in the Nyírség region in North- Eastern Hungary. Characteristics of the experiment soil were a pH (KCl) 4.5, humus 0.5%, CEC 5-10 mgeq 100g-1 in the ploughed layer. The topsoil was poor in all four macronutrient N, P, K and Mg. The mineral fertilization experiment involved 2 (genotype: Gülbaba and Aranyalma) x 2 (ploughed depth: 20 and 40 cm) x 16 (fertilizations: N, P, K, Mg) = 64 treatments in 8 replications, giving a total of 512 plots. The gross and net plot sizes were 10x5=50 m2 and 35.5 m2. The experimental designe was split-split-plot. The N levels were 0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1 year-1 and the P, K, Mg levels were 48, 150, 30 kg ha-1 year-1 P2O5, K2O, MgO in the form of 25% calcium ammonium nitrate, 18% superphosphate, 40% potassium chloride, and technological powdered magnesium sulphate. The forecrop every second year was rye. The groundwater level was at a depth of 2-3 m. From the 64 treatments, eight replications, altogether 512- experimental plots with 7 treatments and their 16 combinations are summarised of experiment period from 1962 to 1979. The main conclusions were as follows: 1. The experiment years (1962-1963, 1964-1965, 1966-1967, 1968-1969, 1970-1971, 1972-1973, 1974-1975, 1976

Adubação do milho: II - Adubação mineral quantitativa Mineral fertilizers for corn

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G. P. Viégas

1955-01-01

para o que ocorreu nos outros três anos (1948/49, 1949/50 e 1950/51. Em Eng. Hermilo notou-se também, pelo menos em 1947/48, que o "stand" ficou prejudicado, provavelmente pela aplicação de salitre do Chile e cloreto de potássio nos sulcos. Correlacionando a produção de grãos com a de palha, em Campinas, verifica-se que os mais altos níveis são alcançados quando, a par de elevada dose de P2O5 (100 kg/ha, é feita também adubação azotada e potássica, embora pequena (25 kg de N e 45 kg de K2O. O índice de espigas, o rendimento de grãos, a altura das plantas e das espigas, a produção de colmos e a produção por planta foram, em maior ou menor grau, afetados principalmente pela ausência de fósforo.The response of corn to mineral fertilizers was studied in a series of trials conducted for four consecutive years at Campinas and Ipanema, and for five consecutive years at Engenheiro Hermilo. Ten different treatments were compared, and the basic fertilizer treatment (1-1-1 had 25, 25, and 45 kg/ha of N, P2O5, and K2O, applied respectively as ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride. Corn responded best to phosphorus, as it can be seen ir: figures 1 and 2. The average yield increase per hectare in the three localities, due to the application of 75 kg/ha of P2O5, was as follows : Campinas, 620 kg ; Ipanema, 1,380 kg ; and Engenheiro Hermilo, 1,540 kg. Nitrogen increased corn yields only at Campinas and Ipanema. Potash did not induce any response in the three above-mentioned localities. There were indications that the application of the fertilizer in the furrows at planting time, although it was thoroughly mixed with the soil, impaired the stand in dry years.

Liming and Fertilization Effects on Triticale (XTriticosecale W.) Yield Between 1999 and 2006

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László Phd, M., ,, Dr.

2009-04-01

.) indicator crop under fragile agro-ecological circumstances at Nyírlugos for 8 years from 1999 to 2006. The main experiment's soil agrochemical characteristics in the plowed (0-25 cm) layer are presented in Table 1. at the experimental set up in 1962 (Láng, 1973). From 1980 to 2006 the experiment consisted of 32x4=128 plots in randomized block designs. The gross plot size has been having 10x5=50 m2. The experimental treatments and combinations are shown in Table 2. The fertilizers were applied in the form of 25% calcium ammonium nitrate, 18% superphosphate, 40% potassium chloride, calcium carbonate and magnesium sulphate. The groundwater table has had at a depth of 2-3 m below the surface. The plant samples had had taken by manually at the harvest time. Rainfall amounts (deviation in rainfall from the average over many years: dry year -10 - -20%, drought year -20% over, wet year +10 - +20%, year with excess rainfall +20% over) and other related data determined on traditional Hungarian (Harnos, 1993) and Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Márton, 2004) standards, and MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) by SPSS test (SPSS Inc., 2000). Table 1: The main soil agrochemical properties in the plowed (0-25 cm) layer at the experiment set up. (Brown forest soil, acid sand; WRB: Haplic Luvisol, Nyírség region Nyírlugos 1962) Content PH HA* Hy1 Humus Total AL** (H2O) (KCl) nitrogen P2O5 K2O 5.9 4.7 8.4 0.3 % 0.7 mg . kg-1 34 43 60 * Hydrolytic acidity, ** ammoniumlactate (AL) soluble Table 2: Fertilization and liming treatments in the experiments, kg ha-1 year-1 (Brown forest soil, acid sand; WRB: Haplic Luvisol, Nyírség region Nyírlugos) TreatmentLevels Applied kg ha-1 yr-1 N P2O5 K2O CaCO3 MgCO3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50 60 60 250 140 2 100 120 120 500 280 3 150 180 180 1000 - Note: In the form of Ca-ammonium-nitrate, Superphosphate, potassium cloride, powdered limestone and dolomite. Results and Discussion

Climate and N-Mineral Fertilization Changes on Triticale (XTriticosecale W.) Yield

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László, Márton, ,, Dr.

2010-05-01

175 (Ca) and magnesium 40 (Mg) after 1980 in the form of 25 % calcium ammonium nitrate, 18 % superphosphate, 40 % potassium chloride, calcium carbonate and magnesium sulphate. The groundwater table was at a depth of 2 - 3 m. Ecological (rainfall) and experimental data bases were estimated by Hungarian traditional (Harnos, 1993) and RISSAC-HAS (Márton, 2003) standards, MANOVA (SPSS) and regression analysis (SPSS). Results and Discussion Nitrogen results are summarised from 1990 to 2001. 1. On the basis of "general" (Harnos, 1993) and triticale-specific rainfall deficiency values (Márton, 2003) the years could be classified as average (1991, 1995, 2000), dry (1993), droughty (1992, 1994, 1996), wet (1997, 1998, 2001) and over wet (1999). 2. In average years the yield of the control plots became stabilised at the 1.4 t*ha-1 level. In the fertilised treatments the highest yield (4.0 t*ha-1) was more than two times the lowest yield (1.9 t*ha-1). N fertilisation resulted in an increase of around 1.0 t*ha-1 in the main yield compared with the control. The triticale yields could only be enhanced economically by full treatment with NPK (3.3 t*ha-1) or NPKCa-, NPKMg-, NPKCaMg (3.9 t*ha-1). 3. Without fertilisation the yield in the dry and drought years was decreased 14% and 36% to that in the average year. In case of the nitrogen treatmets the yield was decreased 45% and 24%. 4. In the wet years on the unfertilised plots the yield declined 14% and in the case of the nitrogen fertilisation the yield no changed than in the average years. In the over wet year the plots yielded similar than in the average years. 5. The relationships between rainfall during the vegetation period, N, P, K, Ca and Mg fertilisation and yield were characterised by second-degree correlation depending on the level of nutrition (R: 0=0.3455**, N=0.2779+, NP=0.4722***, NK=0.3739***, NPK=0.6311***, NPKCa=0.6673***, NPKMg=0.6734***, NPKCaMg=0.6232***). The maximum yield (5.0-6.0 t*ha-1) was yielded at 550

Environmental Change: Precipitation and N, P, K, mg Fertilization Influences on Crop Yield Under Temperate Climate Conditions

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László Phd, Dd. M.

2009-04-01

. These crops are demanding indicator of soil nutrient status also. Have a particularly high requirement for supply of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. From 1962 to 1990 this paper describes climate-rainfall-change and N, P, K and Mg-mineral fertilisation effects on rye, potato and winter wheat yield on a acidic sandy brown forest soil at long term experiment scale under temperate climate conditions at Hungary. Material and Method: The effect of rainfall quantity and distribution on certain crop fertilisation factors (N, P, K, Mg and yield) were studied in a long-term field experiment on acidic sandy brown forest soil at North-Eastern Hungary set up in 1962 and 2002. Ploughed layer of the experiment soil had a pH(KCl) 4.5, humus 0.5%, CEC 5-10 mgeq 100 g-1. The topsoil was poor in all four macronutrients N, P, K and Mg. Rye, potato and winter wheat experiments involved 2x2x16x8 = 512, 2x2x16x8 = 512 and 2x16x4 = 128 plots. The gross and net plot size was 10x5 = 50 m2 and 35.5 m2. The experimental designe was split-split-plot. Average treatments were rye N:45 kg, P2O5:24, K2O:40, MgO:7.5 kg ha-1 year-1, potato N:75 kg, P2O5:24, K2O:75, MgO:15 kg ha-1 year-1, winter wheat N:45 kg, P2O5:24, K2O:40, MgO:7.5 kg ha-1 year-1 from 1962 to 1980 and N:75 kg, P2O5:90, K2O:90, MgO:140 kg ha-1 year-1 from 1981 to 1990 in the form of 25% calcium ammonium nitrate, 18% superphosphate, 40% potassium chloride, and magnesium sulphate. The groundwater table was at a depth of 2-3 m. Ecological (rainfall) and experimental data bases were estimated by Hungarian traditional [6] and RISSAC-HAS [3] standards and MANOVA (SPSS). Results: Climate-rainfall-change and mineral fertilisation effects on rye yield a. Experimental years were characterised by frequent extremes of precipitation variabilities and changes. One year had an 450 mm average rainfall (1966), one year had a more humid (1970) and three years had a very dry (1964, 1968, 1972) character. b. Weather anomalies as

Effects of Nitrogen and Desferal Treatments on CROTALARIA's (Crotalaria juncea Roth) Biomass Production

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László Phd, M., ,, Dr.

2009-04-01

, Fe 80 mg kg-1) according to soil analysis. The groundwater depth was 2-3 m. Nitrogen x Desferal (Novartis Pharma AG Basie, Switzerland, Suiza 500mg) x Genotype (Brazíl-EMBRAPA/CNPH, Brazilia-DF, India-University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore) x Time experiment involved 4Nx2Dx2Gx3T=48 treatments in 3 replications, giving a total of 144 plots. The N levels were 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 year-1, and desferal levels 0 and 20 kg ha-1 year-1 with a 100 kg ha-1 year-1 P2O5 and 120 kg ha-1 year-1 K2O basic fertilisation (Table 1.) in the form of 34% NH4NO3, 18% superphosphate and 60% potassium chloride. The plot size had an area of 4x2=8 m2 with 920-920 individual plants. Forecrop over 2 years was crotalaria. Plant samples were taken and measured (green and air dry matter weight) during the vegetation grown period at least 3 times (07.07.2001., 23.08.2001. and 20.10.2001.), using 5-5 plants plot-1 randomly. Experimental datas were estimated by MANOVA of SPSS. The main goal of the whole research programme was described earlier by Márton (1999). This paper reports results of Nitrogen x Desferal x Indian genotype experimental combinations at stage the start of flowering of 23.08.2001. Results and Discussion Improving soil fertility in all the world over farming systems has become a major issue of concern on the development plant nutrition and plant production agendas. A number of international initiatives and programmes have been established which aim to address the problem of soil fertility decline, and would imply major investment of soil researches. This research reports on the nitrogen x desferal nutrition and potential use of Crotalaria juncea L. as a nonwood source of animal fodder and green manure under temperate climate conditions to soil fertility maintenance. The most important results can be summarised as follows. As the N supplies improved the root length (cm), plant height (cm), mean scores (1-5), fresh root weight (t ha-1), green straw+leaf weight (t ha

Climate Change: Natural Water and Fertilization Effects on Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) Yield in Monoculture

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László Phd, M., ,, Dr.

2009-04-01

, rainfall distribution changes and N, P, K fertilization effects on rye yield formation on a calcareous sandy soil with a low humus content in an ecologically fragile experimental site at Örbottyán in Hungary from 1961 to 2004 for 44 years. Materials and Methods: The effect of rainfall (quantity and distribution) on crop fertilization factors, such as macronutrients and yield, were studied during a long-term (1961 to 2004) field experiment on a calcareous sandy soil with a low humus content in north Hungary at Örbottyán Experimental Station of RISSAC-HAS. When the experiment was commenced (1959; in LÁNG, 1973) the plowed portion of experimental soil (top soil) had a pH (H2O) 7.5-7.8, pH(KCl) 6.9-7.1, humus content of 0.6-1.0%, clay content about 5%, CaCO3 content 3-7%, AL (ammonium-lactate) soluble P2O5 content 40-60 mg . kg-1 and AL soluble K2O content 50-100 mg . kg-1. The experiment consisted of ten treatments in five replications, giving a total of 50 plots arranged in a Latin square design. The gross plot size was 35 m2. From the 1st to the 25th year the fertilization rates were 0, 50, 100 kg . ha-1 . year-1 nitrogen, 0, 54 kg . ha-1 . year-1 P2O5 and 0, 80 kg . ha-1 . year-1 K2O and their combinations. From the 26th year onwards these rates were 0, 120 kg . ha-1 . year-1 nitrogen, 0, 60, 120 kg . ha-1 . year-1 P2O5 and 0, 60, 120 kg . ha-1 . year-1 K2O and their combinations in the form of 25 % calcium ammonium nitrate, 18 % superphosphate, 40 % potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 2-3 m below the surface. Rainfall amounts, deviation in rainfall from the average over many years (dry year -10 - -20%, drought year -20% over, wet year +10 - +20%, year with excess rainfall +20% over) and other related data were determined based on traditional Hungarian (Harnos, 1993) and Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Márton, 2004) standards, and MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) by

FONTES DE FÓSFORO PARA ADUBAÇÃO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR FORRAGEIRA NO CERRADO PHOSPHORUS SOURCES FOR SUGARCANE FORAGE CULTIVARS FERTILIZATION IN THE BRAZILIAN SAVANNAH

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Cleiton Gredson Sabin Benett

2011-01-01

nutrient that most limits yield, in this ecosystem. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of phosphorus sources over two sugarcane cultivars. The study was carried out in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in a Hapludox soil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 4x2 factorial scheme, being evaluated the effect of P sources (bone flour, Arad phosphate, and triple superphosphate, at a 100 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 dose, a control without nutrient application, and the IAC 86 2480 and SP 79 1011 cultivars, with four replications. Plant height, stem diameter, tiller number, yield (fresh and dry matter, P content efficiency on the plant, P extraction, and economic viability were evaluated for selecting source and ºBrix. Phosphorus fertilization affected plant number and height, P concentration, and fresh and dry matter yield. Concerning the sources studied, similar results were found, but with higher efficiency for bone flour, which increased the P concentration and extraction, as well as economic viability. The IAC 86 2480 cultivar showed higher averages than the SP 79 1011, for all parameters evaluated.

KEY-WORDS: Saccharum officinarum; plant-cane; phosphate fertilization; bone flour.