Sample records for strong familiarity preference
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Happy faces are preferred regardless of familiarity--sad faces are preferred only when familiar.
Liao, Hsin-I; Shimojo, Shinsuke; Yeh, Su-Ling
2013-06-01
Familiarity leads to preference (e.g., the mere exposure effect), yet it remains unknown whether it is objective familiarity, that is, repetitive exposure, or subjective familiarity that contributes to preference. In addition, it is unexplored whether and how different emotions influence familiarity-related preference. The authors investigated whether happy or sad faces are preferred or perceived as more familiar and whether this subjective familiarity judgment correlates with preference for different emotional faces. An emotional face--happy or sad--was paired with a neutral face, and participants rated the relative preference and familiarity of each of the paired faces. For preference judgment, happy faces were preferred and sad faces were less preferred, compared with neutral faces. For familiarity judgment, happy faces did not show any bias, but sad faces were perceived as less familiar than neutral faces. Item-by-item correlational analyses show preference for sad faces--but not happy faces--positively correlate with familiarity. These results suggest a direct link between positive emotion and preference, and argue at least partly against a common cause for familiarity and preference. Instead, facial expression of different emotional valence modulates the link between familiarity and preference.
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What's that smell? An ecological approach to understanding preferences for familiar odors.
Schloss, Karen B; Goldberger, Carolyn S; Palmer, Stephen E; Levitan, Carmel A
2015-01-01
How do odor preferences arise? Following Palmer and Schloss's (2010, PNAS, 107, 8877-8882) ecological valence theory of color preferences, we propose that preference for an odor is determined by preferences for all objects and/or entities associated with that odor. The present results showed that preferences for familiar odors were strongly predicted by average preferences for all things associated with the odors (eg people liked the apple odor which was associated with mostly positive things, such as apples, soap, and candy, but disliked the fish odor, which was associated with mostly negative things, such as dead fish, trash, and vomit). The odor WAVEs (weighted affective valence estimates) performed significantly better than one based on preference for only the namesake object (eg predicting preference for the apple odor based on preference for apples). These results suggest that preferences for familiar odors are based on a summary statistic, coding the valence of previous odor-related experiences. We discuss how this account of odor preferences is consistent with the idea that odor preferences exist to guide organisms to approach beneficial objects and situations and avoid harmful ones.
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Shinskey, Jeanne L.; Munakata, Yuko
2010-01-01
Novelty seeking is viewed as adaptive, and novelty preferences in infancy predict cognitive performance into adulthood. Yet 7-month-olds prefer familiar stimuli to novel ones when searching for hidden objects, in contrast to their strong novelty preferences with visible objects (Shinskey & Munakata, 2005). According to a graded representations…
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Color preference and familiarity in performance on brand logo recall.
Huang, Kuo-Chen; Lin, Chin-Chiuan; Chiang, Shu-Ying
2008-10-01
Two experiments assessed effects of color preference and brand-logo familiarity on recall performance. Exp. 1 explored the color preferences, using a forced-choice technique, of 189 women and 63 men, Taiwanese college students ages 18 to 20 years (M = 19.4, SD = 1.5). The sequence of the three most preferred colors was white, light blue, and black and of the three least preferred colors was light orange, dark violet, and dark brown. Exp. 2 investigated the effects of color preference based on the results of Exp. 1 and brand-logo familiarity on recall. A total of 27 women and 21 men, Taiwanese college students ages 18 to 20 years (M = 19.2, SD = 1.2) participated. They memorized a list of 24 logos (four logos shown in six colors) and then performed sequential recall. Analyses showed color preference significantly affected recall accuracy. Accuracy for high color preference was significantly greater than that for low preferences. Results showed no significant effects of brand-logo familiarity or sex on accuracy. In addition, the interactive effect of color preference and brand-logo familiarity on accuracy was significant. These results have implications for the design of brand logos to create and sustain memory of brand images.
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High, low, or familiar? Nest site preferences of experienced laying hens.
Krause, E T; Schrader, L
2018-05-22
1. The aim of this study was to investigate which nest heights are preferred by laying hens in the absence of familiar nest locations and whether preferred nest heights are more attractive than a familiar location. In two experiments, a total of 108 hens of four different layer breeds, which were at least 50 weeks of age, were studied. 2. In the first experiment, hens were given individual free choice between nests for 1-week at four different heights (0 cm, 39 cm, 78 cm, and 117 cm above ground). Hens of the four breeds differed in their nest height preferences (P = 0.0013). However, hens of three breeds preferred ground level nests (P < 0.007) and the fourth line showed an equal preference for the ground level and level three, the latter level corresponding to the height of the nests in their home compartments. 4. In the second experiment, hens from the four breeds were given a choice between ground level nests and nests at a familiar location, i.e. at the same location as in their home compartment. Hens of all strains preferred the familiar nest location (P = 0.002) and preferences did not differ between strains (P = 0.77). 5. Laying hens seem to prefer nests at ground level in the absence of a familiar nest. However, if possible, experienced 50 week old hens continue to use a familiar nest location instead of a ground nest location. The results are discussed with respect to a potential primary preference that may be modifiable by experience and with respect to possible relevance in commercial housing.
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Novelty vs. familiarity principles in preference decisions: Task-context of past experience matters
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Hsin-I eLiao
2011-03-01
Full Text Available Our preferences are shaped by past experience in many ways, but a systematic understanding of the factors is yet to be achieved. For example, studies of the mere exposure effect show that experience with an item leads to increased liking (familiarity preference, but the exact opposite tendency is found in other studies utilizing dishabituation (novelty preference. Recently, it has been found that image category affects whether familiarity or novelty preference emerges from repeated stimulus exposure (Park, Shimojo, and Shimojo, PNAS 2010. Faces elicited familiarity preference, but natural scenes elicited novelty preference. In their task, preference judgments were made throughout all exposures, raising the question of whether the task-context during exposure was involved. We adapt their paradigm, testing if passive exposure or objective judgment task-contexts lead to different results. Results showed that after passive viewing, familiar faces were preferred, but no preference bias in either direction was found with natural scenes, or with geometric figures (control. After exposure during the objective judgment task, familiar faces were preferred, novel natural scenes were preferred, and no preference bias was found with geometric figures. The overall results replicate the segregation of preference biases across object categories and suggest that the preference for familiar faces and novel natural scenes are modulated by task-context memory at different processing levels or selection involvement. Possible underlying mechanisms of the two types of preferences are discussed.
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Little, Anthony C; DeBruine, Lisa M; Jones, Benedict C
2014-07-01
Familiarity is attractive in many types of stimuli and exposure generally increases feelings of liking. However, men desire a greater number of sexual partners than women, suggesting a preference for novelty. We examined sex differences in preferences for familiarity. In Study 1 (N = 83 women, 63 men), we exposed individuals to faces twice and found that faces were judged as more attractive on the second rating, reflecting attraction to familiar faces, with the exception that men's ratings of female faces decreased on the second rating, demonstrating attraction to novelty. In Studies 2 (N = 42 women, 28 men) and 3 (N = 51 women, 25 men), exposure particularly decreased men's ratings of women's attractiveness for short-term relationships and their sexiness. In Study 4 (N = 64 women, 50 men), women's attraction to faces was positively related to self-rated similarity to their current partner's face, while the effect was significantly weaker for men. Potentially, men's attraction to novelty may reflect an adaptation promoting the acquisition of a high number of sexual partners.
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Future Time Perspective in Occupational Teams: Do Older Workers Prefer More Familiar Teams?
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Laura U. A. Gärtner
2017-09-01
Full Text Available Working in teams is quite popular across different industries and cultures. While some of these teams exist for longer time periods, other teams collaborate only for short periods and members switch into new teams after goals are accomplished. However, workers’ preferences for joining a new team might vary in different ways. Based on Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, we predict that emotionally meaningful teams are prioritized when occupational future time perspective (OFTP is perceived as limited. Building and expanding on studies outside of the work context, we expected that older as compared to younger workers prefer more familiar teams, and that this effect is mediated by workers’ OFTP. Moreover, we assumed that experimentally manipulated OFTP can change such team preferences. The hypotheses were tested in an online scenario study using three experimental conditions (within-person design. Four hundred and fifty-four workers (57% female, age M = 45.98, SD = 11.46 were asked to choose between a familiar and a new team in three consecutive trials: under an unspecified OFTP (baseline, under an expanded OFTP (amendment of retirement age, and under a restricted OFTP (insolvency of the current company. Whereas the baseline condition was always first, the order of the second and third conditions was randomized among participants. In the baseline condition, results showed the expected mediation effect of workers’ OFTP on the relation between workers’ age and preference for a familiar over a new team. Higher age was associated with more limited OFTP, which in turn was associated with higher preference for a familiar over a new team. Moreover, experimentally restricting OFTP increased preference for a familiar team over a new team regardless of workers’ age, providing further evidence for the assumed causal processes and showing interesting avenues for practical interventions in occupational teams.
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Future Time Perspective in Occupational Teams: Do Older Workers Prefer More Familiar Teams?
Gärtner, Laura U. A.; Hertel, Guido
2017-01-01
Working in teams is quite popular across different industries and cultures. While some of these teams exist for longer time periods, other teams collaborate only for short periods and members switch into new teams after goals are accomplished. However, workers’ preferences for joining a new team might vary in different ways. Based on Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, we predict that emotionally meaningful teams are prioritized when occupational future time perspective (OFTP) is perceived as limited. Building and expanding on studies outside of the work context, we expected that older as compared to younger workers prefer more familiar teams, and that this effect is mediated by workers’ OFTP. Moreover, we assumed that experimentally manipulated OFTP can change such team preferences. The hypotheses were tested in an online scenario study using three experimental conditions (within-person design). Four hundred and fifty-four workers (57% female, age M = 45.98, SD = 11.46) were asked to choose between a familiar and a new team in three consecutive trials: under an unspecified OFTP (baseline), under an expanded OFTP (amendment of retirement age), and under a restricted OFTP (insolvency of the current company). Whereas the baseline condition was always first, the order of the second and third conditions was randomized among participants. In the baseline condition, results showed the expected mediation effect of workers’ OFTP on the relation between workers’ age and preference for a familiar over a new team. Higher age was associated with more limited OFTP, which in turn was associated with higher preference for a familiar over a new team. Moreover, experimentally restricting OFTP increased preference for a familiar team over a new team regardless of workers’ age, providing further evidence for the assumed causal processes and showing interesting avenues for practical interventions in occupational teams. PMID:29018376
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Future Time Perspective in Occupational Teams: Do Older Workers Prefer More Familiar Teams?
Gärtner, Laura U A; Hertel, Guido
2017-01-01
Working in teams is quite popular across different industries and cultures. While some of these teams exist for longer time periods, other teams collaborate only for short periods and members switch into new teams after goals are accomplished. However, workers' preferences for joining a new team might vary in different ways. Based on Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, we predict that emotionally meaningful teams are prioritized when occupational future time perspective (OFTP) is perceived as limited. Building and expanding on studies outside of the work context, we expected that older as compared to younger workers prefer more familiar teams, and that this effect is mediated by workers' OFTP. Moreover, we assumed that experimentally manipulated OFTP can change such team preferences. The hypotheses were tested in an online scenario study using three experimental conditions (within-person design). Four hundred and fifty-four workers (57% female, age M = 45.98, SD = 11.46) were asked to choose between a familiar and a new team in three consecutive trials: under an unspecified OFTP (baseline), under an expanded OFTP (amendment of retirement age), and under a restricted OFTP (insolvency of the current company). Whereas the baseline condition was always first, the order of the second and third conditions was randomized among participants. In the baseline condition, results showed the expected mediation effect of workers' OFTP on the relation between workers' age and preference for a familiar over a new team. Higher age was associated with more limited OFTP, which in turn was associated with higher preference for a familiar over a new team. Moreover, experimentally restricting OFTP increased preference for a familiar team over a new team regardless of workers' age, providing further evidence for the assumed causal processes and showing interesting avenues for practical interventions in occupational teams.
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Muleta, Muluken G; Schausberger, Peter
2013-09-01
Group-living animals frequently have to trade off the costs and benefits of leaving an established group and joining another group. Owing to their high fitness relevance, group-joining decisions are commonly nonrandom and may be based on traits of both individual members and the group such as life stage, body size, social status and group density or size, respectively. Many group-living animals are able to recognize and to associate preferentially with familiar individuals, i.e. those encountered before. Hence, after dispersing from established groups, animals commonly have to decide whether to join a new familiar or unfamiliar group. Using binary choice situations we assessed the effects of social familiarity on group-joining behaviour of the plant-inhabiting predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis . Group living in P. persimilis is brought about by the patchy distribution of its spider mite prey and mutual conspecific attraction. In the first experiment, gravid predator females given a choice between spider mite patches occupied by unfamiliar and familiar groups of females strongly preferred to join familiar groups and to deposit their eggs in these patches. Preference for socially familiar groups was robust across biases of spider mite prey densities between choice options. The second experiment revealed that the predatory mite females can smell social familiarity from a distance. Females subjected to odour choice situations in artificial cages were more strongly attracted to the odour of familiar than unfamiliar groups. We argue that P. persimilis females preferentially join socially familiar groups because a familiar social environment relaxes competition and optimizes foraging and reproduction.
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Cecchini, Marco; Iannoni, Maria Elena; Aceto, Paola; Baroni, Eleonora; Di Vito, Cinzia; Lai, Carlo
2017-11-01
Aim of this study was to investigate the preferential looking behaviour, subsequent to a familiarization task (8-min) with a previously responsive or motionless face, before and after a sleep cycle. Moreover, the role of the active sleep in memory consolidation of the responsive or motionless faces was explored. Hypotheses were that the newborns undergoing a motionless familiarization will exhibit a novelty effect (preference for the novel face) whereas the newborns undergoing a responsive familiarization will show a familiarity effect (preference for the known face) before and after the sleep cycle; moreover, the amount of active sleep will be associated with the looking time at the known face after a sleep cycle. Forty-five healthy full-term newborns were randomly assigned to two groups (group 1: motionless-familiarization and group 2: responsive-familiarization); in both groups newborns were video-recorded during four post-familiarization face-preference tasks, two of them performed before and two after a sleep cycle. During the pre-sleep-trials, there was not a significant preference for one face in both groups. During the post-sleep trials, the newborns showed a clear preference for the novel face. This effect was more evident in group 1. Only in group 2 there was a significant positive correlation between the active sleep duration and the looking duration at the known-face during the post-sleep trials (r=0.41; p=0.040). Multiple regression confirmed that only in the group 2 the total duration of the active sleep was associated with the looking duration at the known-face during the post-sleep trials (Adjusted R 2 =0.13; β=0.41; t=2.2; p=0.040). Findings showed that in newborns the face representation can be recalled after a sleep cycle. Moreover, the amount of the active sleep predicted the post-sleep looking toward the known-face only in the newborns who interactively familiarized with the face. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The ugliness-in-averageness effect: Tempering the warm glow of familiarity.
Carr, Evan W; Huber, David E; Pecher, Diane; Zeelenberg, Rene; Halberstadt, Jamin; Winkielman, Piotr
2017-06-01
Mere exposure (i.e., stimulus repetition) and blending (i.e., stimulus averaging) are classic ways to increase social preferences, including facial attractiveness. In both effects, increases in preference involve enhanced familiarity. Prominent memory theories assume that familiarity depends on a match between the target and similar items in memory. These theories predict that when individual items are weakly learned, their blends (morphs) should be relatively familiar, and thus liked-a beauty-in-averageness effect ( BiA ). However, when individual items are strongly learned, they are also more distinguishable. This "differentiation" hypothesis predicts that with strongly encoded items, familiarity (and thus, preference) for the blend will be relatively lower than individual items-an ugliness-in-averageness effect ( UiA ). We tested this novel theoretical prediction in 5 experiments. Experiment 1 showed that with weak learning, facial morphs were more attractive than contributing individuals (BiA effect). Experiments 2A and 2B demonstrated that when participants first strongly learned a subset of individual faces (either in a face-name memory task or perceptual-tracking task), morphs of trained individuals were less attractive than the trained individuals (UiA effect). Experiment 3 showed that changes in familiarity for the trained morph (rather than interstimulus conflict) drove the UiA effect. Using a within-subjects design, Experiment 4 mapped out the transition from BiA to UiA solely as a function of memory training. Finally, computational modeling using a well-known memory framework (REM) illustrated the familiarity transition observed in Experiment 4. Overall, these results highlight how memory processes illuminate classic and modern social preference phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).
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Madularu, Dan; Athanassiou, Maria; Yee, Jason R; Mumby, Dave G
2014-11-01
Oxytocin has been previously associated with social attachment behaviors in various species, however, most studies focused on partner preference in the socially-monogamous prairie vole. In these, oxytocin treatment was shown to promote partner preference, such that females receiving either central or pulsatile peripheral administration would spend more time with a familiar male. This behavioral outcome was blocked by oxytocin receptor antagonist treatment. The aim of the current study was to further explore the preference-inducing properties of oxytocin by examining its effects on object preference on ovariectomized female rats. In other words, we assessed whether these effects would apply to objects and if they would be persistent across species. Eight rats were infused with oxytocin into the left ventricle and object preference was assessed at two delays: 30min and 4h. At the 30min delay, oxytocin-treated animals showed preference for the familiar object, whereas saline-treated controls exhibited preference for the novel object. At the 4h delay, both groups showed novel-object preference. Our findings show that oxytocin modulates object preference in the female rat at a shorter delay, similar to the findings from partner-preference studies in the prairie vole, suggesting that the mechanisms driving object preference might be in part similar to those responsible for partner preference. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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de Vries, Marieke; Holland, Rob W.; Chenier, Troy; Starr, Mark J.; Winkielman, Piotr
2010-01-01
People often prefer familiar stimuli, presumably because familiarity signals safety. This preference can occur with merely repeated “old” stimuli, but it is most robust with “new” but highly familiar prototypes of a known category (beauty-in-averages effect). However, is familiarity always warm? Tuning accounts of mood hold that positive mood signals a safe environment whereas negative mood signals an unsafe environment. Thus, the value of familiarity should depend on mood. We show that compared to a sad mood, a happy mood eliminates the preference for familiar stimuli, as shown in measures of self-reported liking and physiological measures of affect (EMG indicator of spontaneous smiling). The basic effect of exposure on preference and its modulation by mood were most robust on prototypes (category averages). All this occurs even though prototypes might be more familiar in a happy mood. We conclude that mood changes the hedonic implications of familiarity cues. PMID:20424063
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Influence of familiarity with goat meat on liking and preference for capretto and chevon.
Borgogno, Monica; Corazzin, Mirco; Saccà, Elena; Bovolenta, Stefano; Piasentier, Edi
2015-08-01
The research aimed at assessing liking and preference for capretto and chevon as a function of consumer familiarity with goat meat. Five meats were produced: traditional milk capretto (MC), heavy summer capretto (HSC), summering (SCh), fall (FCh) and late fall chevon (LFCh). HSC was the most tender meat, having less cooking losses than both MC and redder chevon types. The instrumental profile corresponded with the appearance and texture attributes perceived by panellists. With aging of kids, meat lost its milk aroma (MC) and sweet taste (HSC) and acquired an increasing intensity of goat flavour and livery notes, partially related to feeding regime and fatty acid profile. A niche market preferred chevon over capretto, while the cluster of consumers who were unfamiliar with chevon showed a decrease in pleasantness when tasting chevon, the familiar group reduced their ratings only for meat from the oldest kids. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Preferring familiar emotions: as you want (and like) it?
Ford, Brett Q; Tamir, Maya
2014-01-01
Do people want to feel emotions that are familiar to them? In two studies, participants rated how much they typically felt various emotions (i.e., familiarity of the emotion) and how much they generally wanted to experience these emotions. We found that, in general, people wanted to feel pleasant emotions more than unpleasant emotions. However, for both pleasant and unpleasant emotions, people more (vs. less) familiar with an emotion also wanted to experience it more. Links between the familiarity of an emotion and wanting to experience that emotion were not explained by the concurrent experience of familiar emotions. Also, we show that although familiar emotions were also liked more, liking did not fully account for wanting familiar emotions. Finally, the familiarity of emotions mediated the links between trait affect and the emotions people wanted to feel. We propose that people are motivated to feel familiar emotions, in part, because of their instrumental value.
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Preferring familiar emotions: As you want (and like) it?
Ford, Brett Q.; Tamir, Maya
2014-01-01
Do people want to feel emotions that are familiar to them? In two studies, participants rated how much they typically felt various emotions (i.e., familiarity of the emotion) and how much they generally wanted to experience these emotions. We found that, in general, people wanted to feel pleasant emotions more than unpleasant emotions. However, for both pleasant and unpleasant emotions, people more (vs. less) familiar with an emotion also wanted to experience it more. Links between the familiarity of an emotion and wanting to experience that emotion were not explained by the concurrent experience of familiar emotions. Also, we show that although familiar emotions were also liked more, liking did not fully account for wanting familiar emotions. Finally, the familiarity of emotions mediated the links between trait affect and the emotions people wanted to feel. We propose that people are motivated to feel familiar emotions, in part, because of their instrumental value. PMID:23962316
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Muleta, Muluken G.; Schausberger, Peter
2013-01-01
Group-living animals frequently have to trade off the costs and benefits of leaving an established group and joining another group. Owing to their high fitness relevance, group-joining decisions are commonly nonrandom and may be based on traits of both individual members and the group such as life stage, body size, social status and group density or size, respectively. Many group-living animals are able to recognize and to associate preferentially with familiar individuals, i.e. those encountered before. Hence, after dispersing from established groups, animals commonly have to decide whether to join a new familiar or unfamiliar group. Using binary choice situations we assessed the effects of social familiarity on group-joining behaviour of the plant-inhabiting predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. Group living in P. persimilis is brought about by the patchy distribution of its spider mite prey and mutual conspecific attraction. In the first experiment, gravid predator females given a choice between spider mite patches occupied by unfamiliar and familiar groups of females strongly preferred to join familiar groups and to deposit their eggs in these patches. Preference for socially familiar groups was robust across biases of spider mite prey densities between choice options. The second experiment revealed that the predatory mite females can smell social familiarity from a distance. Females subjected to odour choice situations in artificial cages were more strongly attracted to the odour of familiar than unfamiliar groups. We argue that P. persimilis females preferentially join socially familiar groups because a familiar social environment relaxes competition and optimizes foraging and reproduction. PMID:24027341
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Teo, Timothy; Hargreaves, David J.; Lee, June
2008-01-01
The authors investigate whether there were significant differences in preferences for, familiarity with, and identification of Chinese, Malay, and Indian music between adolescent students from Singapore (n = 78) and the United Kingdom (n = 53). Also explored are the relationships among these three variables. Students were asked to rate their…
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Dobrota, Snježana; Ercegovac, Ina Reic
2017-01-01
The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between music preference and music education, informal influences (attending classical music concerts and musical theatre productions) and familiarity of music. The research included students of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split (N = 341). The results…
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Zupan, Barbra; Sussman, Joan E
2009-01-01
Experiment 1 examined modality preferences in children and adults with normal hearing to combined auditory-visual stimuli. Experiment 2 compared modality preferences in children using cochlear implants participating in an auditory emphasized therapy approach to the children with normal hearing from Experiment 1. A second objective in both experiments was to evaluate the role of familiarity in these preferences. Participants were exposed to randomized blocks of photographs and sounds of ten familiar and ten unfamiliar animals in auditory-only, visual-only and auditory-visual trials. Results indicated an overall auditory preference in children, regardless of hearing status, and a visual preference in adults. Familiarity only affected modality preferences in adults who showed a strong visual preference to unfamiliar stimuli only. The similar degree of auditory responses in children with hearing loss to those from children with normal hearing is an original finding and lends support to an auditory emphasis for habilitation. Readers will be able to (1) Describe the pattern of modality preferences reported in young children without hearing loss; (2) Recognize that differences in communication mode may affect modality preferences in young children with hearing loss; and (3) Understand the role of familiarity in modality preferences in children with and without hearing loss.
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Making sense of infant familiarity and novelty responses to words at lexical onset
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rory A DePaolis
2016-05-01
Full Text Available This study suggests that familiarity and novelty preferences in infant experimental tasks can in some instances be interpreted together as a single indicator of language advance. We provide evidence to support this idea based on our use of the auditory headturn preference paradigm to record responses to words likely to be either familiar or unfamiliar to infants. Fifty-nine ten-month-old infants were tested. The task elicited mixed preferences: familiarity (longer average looks to the words likely to be familiar to the infants, novelty (longer average looks to the words likely to be unfamiliar and no-preference (similar-length of looks to both type of words. The infants who exhibited either a familiarity or a novelty response were more advanced on independent indices of phonetic advance than the infants who showed no preference. In addition, infants exhibiting novelty responses were more lexically advanced than either the infants who exhibited familiarity or those who showed no-preference. The results provide partial support for Hunter and Ames’ (1988 developmental model of attention in infancy and suggest caution when interpreting studies indexed to chronological age.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anouck Amestoy
2010-09-01
Full Text Available We investigated the developmental aspect of sensitivity to the orientation of familiar faces by asking 38 adults and 72 children from 3 to 12 years old to make a preference choice between standard and mirror images of themselves and of familiar faces, presented side-by-side or successively. When familiar (parental faces were presented simultaneously, 3–5 year-olds showed no preference, but by age 5-7 years an adult-like preference for the standard image emerged. Similarly, the adult-like preference for the mirror image of their own face emerged by 5-7 years of age. When familiar or self faces were presented successively, 3–7 year-olds showed no preference, and adult-like preference for the standard image emerged by age 7-12 years. These results suggest the occurrence of an early developmental process in the perception of familiar face asymmetries which is retained in memory related to knowledge about faces.
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Amestoy, Anouck; Bouvard, Manuel P; Cazalets, Jean-René
2010-01-01
We investigated the developmental aspect of sensitivity to the orientation of familiar faces by asking 38 adults and 72 children from 3 to 12 years old to make a preference choice between standard and mirror images of themselves and of familiar faces, presented side-by-side or successively. When familiar (parental) faces were presented simultaneously, 3- to 5-year-olds showed no preference, but by age 5-7 years an adult-like preference for the standard image emerged. Similarly, the adult-like preference for the mirror image of their own face emerged by 5-7 years of age. When familiar or self faces were presented successively, 3- to 7-year-olds showed no preference, and adult-like preference for the standard image emerged by age 7-12 years. These results suggest the occurrence of a developmental process in the perception of familiar face asymmetries which is retained in memory related to knowledge about faces.
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Problemas Familiares Contemporâneos o Situaciones Familiares Actuales: Invariancia y Novedad
Berenstein,Isidoro
2002-01-01
O autor inicia por perguntar-se sobre a relevância da família na atualidade. Para responder esta questão, examina os vínculos de casal e de relação entre pais e filhos, situando-os historicamente. Sugere que os "problemas familiares" instauram-se a partir do momento em que se institui uma forma de família como oficial, sendo "problemas" as que não seguem esse modelo. Por isto, prefere referir-se a diferentes "situações familiares", que passam a ser pensadas a partir da crítica de dois critéri...
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Children do not exhibit ambiguity aversion despite intact familiarity bias.
Li, Rosa; Brannon, Elizabeth M; Huettel, Scott A
2014-01-01
The phenomenon of ambiguity aversion, in which risky gambles with known probabilities are preferred over ambiguous gambles with unknown probabilities, has been thoroughly documented in adults but never measured in children. Here, we use two distinct tasks to investigate ambiguity preferences of children (8- to 9-year-olds) and a comparison group of adults (19- to 27-year-olds). Across three separate measures, we found evidence for significant ambiguity aversion in adults but not in children and for greater ambiguity aversion in adults compared to children. As ambiguity aversion in adults has been theorized to result from a preference to bet on the known and avoid the unfamiliar, we separately measured familiarity bias and found that children, like adults, are biased towards the familiar. Our findings indicate that ambiguity aversion emerges across the course of development between childhood and adolescence, while a familiarity bias is already present in childhood.
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Dudley, Nikki M; Multhaup, Kristi S
2005-01-01
Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen, 1995, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151-156) predicts that novel social partners are preferred in open-ended situations, whereas familiar social partners are preferred in future-limited situations. The authors attempted to generalize past research to new familiar and novel partner options. Studies 1 (N=144; undergraduates, community-dwelling adults ages 65 to 95) and 2 (N=336 community-dwelling participants ages 11 to 89) indicated that young and older participants in a future-limited situation preferred familiar partners. However, with different social partner options than have been used in previous research, young participants in an open-ended situation also preferred a familiar partner, contrary to the predictions of SST.
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Music and emotions in the brain: familiarity matters.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Carlos Silva Pereira
Full Text Available The importance of music in our daily life has given rise to an increased number of studies addressing the brain regions involved in its appreciation. Some of these studies controlled only for the familiarity of the stimuli, while others relied on pleasantness ratings, and others still on musical preferences. With a listening test and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI experiment, we wished to clarify the role of familiarity in the brain correlates of music appreciation by controlling, in the same study, for both familiarity and musical preferences. First, we conducted a listening test, in which participants rated the familiarity and liking of song excerpts from the pop/rock repertoire, allowing us to select a personalized set of stimuli per subject. Then, we used a passive listening paradigm in fMRI to study music appreciation in a naturalistic condition with increased ecological value. Brain activation data revealed that broad emotion-related limbic and paralimbic regions as well as the reward circuitry were significantly more active for familiar relative to unfamiliar music. Smaller regions in the cingulate cortex and frontal lobe, including the motor cortex and Broca's area, were found to be more active in response to liked music when compared to disliked one. Hence, familiarity seems to be a crucial factor in making the listeners emotionally engaged with music, as revealed by fMRI data.
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Music and emotions in the brain: familiarity matters.
Pereira, Carlos Silva; Teixeira, João; Figueiredo, Patrícia; Xavier, João; Castro, São Luís; Brattico, Elvira
2011-01-01
The importance of music in our daily life has given rise to an increased number of studies addressing the brain regions involved in its appreciation. Some of these studies controlled only for the familiarity of the stimuli, while others relied on pleasantness ratings, and others still on musical preferences. With a listening test and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, we wished to clarify the role of familiarity in the brain correlates of music appreciation by controlling, in the same study, for both familiarity and musical preferences. First, we conducted a listening test, in which participants rated the familiarity and liking of song excerpts from the pop/rock repertoire, allowing us to select a personalized set of stimuli per subject. Then, we used a passive listening paradigm in fMRI to study music appreciation in a naturalistic condition with increased ecological value. Brain activation data revealed that broad emotion-related limbic and paralimbic regions as well as the reward circuitry were significantly more active for familiar relative to unfamiliar music. Smaller regions in the cingulate cortex and frontal lobe, including the motor cortex and Broca's area, were found to be more active in response to liked music when compared to disliked one. Hence, familiarity seems to be a crucial factor in making the listeners emotionally engaged with music, as revealed by fMRI data.
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Music and Emotions in the Brain: Familiarity Matters
Pereira, Carlos Silva; Teixeira, João; Figueiredo, Patrícia; Xavier, João; Castro, São Luís; Brattico, Elvira
2011-01-01
The importance of music in our daily life has given rise to an increased number of studies addressing the brain regions involved in its appreciation. Some of these studies controlled only for the familiarity of the stimuli, while others relied on pleasantness ratings, and others still on musical preferences. With a listening test and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, we wished to clarify the role of familiarity in the brain correlates of music appreciation by controlling, in the same study, for both familiarity and musical preferences. First, we conducted a listening test, in which participants rated the familiarity and liking of song excerpts from the pop/rock repertoire, allowing us to select a personalized set of stimuli per subject. Then, we used a passive listening paradigm in fMRI to study music appreciation in a naturalistic condition with increased ecological value. Brain activation data revealed that broad emotion-related limbic and paralimbic regions as well as the reward circuitry were significantly more active for familiar relative to unfamiliar music. Smaller regions in the cingulate cortex and frontal lobe, including the motor cortex and Broca's area, were found to be more active in response to liked music when compared to disliked one. Hence, familiarity seems to be a crucial factor in making the listeners emotionally engaged with music, as revealed by fMRI data. PMID:22110619
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The familiar versus the unfamiliar: Familiarity bias amongst individual investors
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Annalien De Vries
2017-02-01
Full Text Available Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence of familiarity bias amongst individual investors in the South African stock market. Problem investigated: According to Warren Buffet, one needs to maintain emotional detachment if one wants to be a successful investor. However, recent research indicates that the perceptions of companies’ products and brands may influence individuals’ investment decisions in the stock market. This phenomenon implies that the investment decisions of individual investors are not purely based on firm fundamentals as suggested by traditional finance theories, but might be driven partly by the positive or negative attitude they have towards certain companies’ products and brands. The existence of familiarity bias amongst individual investors was investigated to determine if individuals prefer to invest in companies they are familiar with as opposed to unfamiliar companies. Methodology: A quantitative approach was followed. An online survey was used to show images of familiar and unfamiliar company brands to respondents, whereafter respondents were asked to indicate whether they will invest in the shares of the identified companies. The statistical analysis entailed descriptive statistics as well as one-way analyses of variance to test the stated hypotheses. Main findings: The results of this exploratory study indicate that investors do exhibit familiarity bias when choosing between different companies to invest in. Value of the research: The inclination of individual investors to invest in familiar corporate brands can have implications for the marketing industry, financial markets, the performance of companies as well as the investment performance of individual investors in the sense that it would seem that company brands could have an influence on investment decisions.
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Is There an Own-Race Preference in Attractiveness?
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Darren Burke
2013-10-01
Full Text Available Even in multicultural nations interracial relationships and marriages are quite rare, one reflection of assortative mating. A relatively unexplored factor that could explain part of this effect is that people may find members of their own racial group more attractive than members of other groups. We tested whether there is an own-race preference in attractiveness judgments, and also examined the effect of familiarity by comparing the attractiveness ratings given by participants of different ancestral and geographic origins to faces of European, East Asian and African origin. We did not find a strong own-race bias in attractiveness judgments, but neither were the data consistent with familiarity, suggesting an important role for other factors determining the patterns of assortative mating observed.
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Broughman, James R; Basak, Ramsankar; Nielsen, Matthew E; Reeve, Bryce B; Usinger, Deborah S; Spearman, Kiayni C; Godley, Paul A; Chen, Ronald C
2018-04-01
Men with early-stage prostate cancer have multiple options that have similar oncologic efficacy but vary in terms of their impact on quality of life. In low-risk cancer, active surveillance is the option that best preserves patients' sexual function, but it is unknown if patient preference affects treatment selection. Our objectives were to identify patient characteristics associated with a strong preference to preserve sexual function and to determine whether patient preference and baseline sexual function level are associated with receipt of active surveillance in low-risk cancer. In this population-based cohort of men with localized prostate cancer, baseline patient-reported sexual function was assessed using a validated instrument. Patients were also asked whether preservation of sexual function was very, somewhat, or not important. Prostate cancer disease characteristics and treatments received were abstracted from medical records. A modified Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to compute adjusted risk ratio (aRR) estimates. All statistical tests were two-sided. Among 1194 men, 52.6% indicated a strong preference for preserving sexual function. Older men were less likely to have a strong preference (aRR = 0.98 per year, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97 to 0.99), while men with normal sexual function were more likely (vs poor function, aRR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.39 to 1.82). Among 568 men with low-risk cancer, there was no clear association between baseline sexual function or strong preference to preserve function with receipt of active surveillance. However, strong preference may differnetially impact those with intermediate baseline function vs poor function (Pinteraction = .02). Treatment choice may not always align with patients' preferences. These findings demonstrate opportunities to improve delivery of patient-centered care in early prostate cancer.
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Familiarity increases the number of remembered Pokémon in visual short-term memory.
Xie, Weizhen; Zhang, Weiwei
2017-05-01
Long-term memory (LTM) can influence many aspects of short-term memory (STM), including increased STM span. However, it is unclear whether LTM enhances the quantitative or qualitative aspect of STM. That is, do we retain a larger number of representations or more precise representations in STM for familiar stimuli than unfamiliar stimuli? This study took advantage of participants' prior rich multimedia experience with Pokémon, without investing on laboratory training to examine how prior LTM influenced visual STM. In a Pokémon visual STM change detection task, participants remembered more first-generation Pokémon characters that they were more familiar with than recent-generation Pokémon characters that they were less familiar with. No significant difference in memory quality was found when quantitative and qualitative effects of LTM were isolated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Critically, these effects were absent in participants who were unfamiliar with first-generation Pokémon. Furthermore, several alternative interpretations were ruled out, including general video-gaming experience, subjective Pokémon preference, and verbal encoding. Together, these results demonstrated a strong link between prior stimulus familiarity in LTM and visual STM storage capacity.
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A dynamically minimalist cognitive explanation of musical preference: Is familiarity everything?
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Emery eSchubert
2014-02-01
Full Text Available This paper examines the idea that attraction to music is generated at a cognitive level through the formation and activation of networks of interlinked ‘nodes’. Although the networks involved are vast, the basic mechanism for activating the links is relatively simple. Two comprehensive cognitive-behavioral models of musical engagement are examined with the aim of identifying the underlying cognitive mechanisms and processes involved in musical experience. A ‘dynamical minimalism’ approach (after Nowak, 2004 is applied to re-interpret musical engagement (listening, performing, composing or imagining any of these and to revise the latest version of the reciprocal-feedback model (RFM of music processing. Specifically, a single cognitive mechanism of ‘spreading activation’ through previously associated networks is proposed as a pleasurable outcome of musical engagement. This mechanism underlies the dynamic interaction of the various components of the RFM, and can thereby explain the generation of positive affects in the listener’s musical experience. This includes determinants of that experience stemming from the characteristics of the individual engaging in the musical activity (whether listener, composer, improviser or performer, the situation and contexts (e.g. social factors, and the music (e.g. genre, structural features. The theory calls for new directions for future research, two being (1 further investigation of the components of the RFM to better understand musical experience and (2 more rigorous scrutiny of common findings about the salience of familiarity in musical experience and preference.
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A dynamically minimalist cognitive explanation of musical preference: is familiarity everything?
Schubert, Emery; Hargreaves, David J; North, Adrian C
2014-01-01
This paper examines the idea that attraction to music is generated at a cognitive level through the formation and activation of networks of interlinked "nodes." Although the networks involved are vast, the basic mechanism for activating the links is relatively simple. Two comprehensive cognitive-behavioral models of musical engagement are examined with the aim of identifying the underlying cognitive mechanisms and processes involved in musical experience. A "dynamical minimalism" approach (after Nowak, 2004) is applied to re-interpret musical engagement (listening, performing, composing, or imagining any of these) and to revise the latest version of the reciprocal-feedback model (RFM) of music processing. Specifically, a single cognitive mechanism of "spreading activation" through previously associated networks is proposed as a pleasurable outcome of musical engagement. This mechanism underlies the dynamic interaction of the various components of the RFM, and can thereby explain the generation of positive affects in the listener's musical experience. This includes determinants of that experience stemming from the characteristics of the individual engaging in the musical activity (whether listener, composer, improviser, or performer), the situation and contexts (e.g., social factors), and the music (e.g., genre, structural features). The theory calls for new directions for future research, two being (1) further investigation of the components of the RFM to better understand musical experience and (2) more rigorous scrutiny of common findings about the salience of familiarity in musical experience and preference.
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Implicit preferences: the role(s) of familiarity in the structural mere exposure effect.
Zizak, Diane M; Reber, Arthur S
2004-06-01
In four experiments using an artificial grammar (AG) learning procedure, the authors examined the links between the "classic" mere exposure effect [heightened affect for previously encountered stimulus items (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968)] and the "structural" mere exposure effect [greater hedonic appreciation for novel stimuli that conform to an implicitly acquired underlying rule system (Gordon & Holyoak, 1983)]. After learning, participants: (a) classified stimuli according to whether they conformed to the principles of the grammar and, (b) rated them in terms of how much they liked them. In some experiments unusual and unfamiliar symbols were used to instantiate the AG, in others highly familiar characters were used. In all cases participants showed standard AG learning. However, whether the two exposure effects emerged was dependent on symbol familiarity. Symbols with high a priori familiarity produced a structural mere exposure effect. Moderately familiar symbols produced only the classic, but not the structural, mere exposure effect. Highly unfamiliar symbols produced neither exposure effect. Results are discussed in the context of implicit learning theory and implications for a general theory of aesthetics are presented.
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Strong preference for mint snus flavor among research participants
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Liane M. Schneller
2017-12-01
Full Text Available Introduction: The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 allows the US FDA to regulate tobacco products, including the banning of characterizing flavors, such as fruit and candy, cigarettes. The availability of mint flavored snus may facilitate the use of the product if consumers find it more palatable with respect to taste, odor, pleasantness, and intensity. Methods: This study assessed product evaluation (PES, odor identification, odor intensity, and odor hedonics among 151 smokers enrolled in a clinical trial of snus substitution for cigarettes. Results: Far more participants selected Winterchill (N=110 than Robust (N=41, regardless of their menthol cigarette smoking status. Nicotine dependence was higher among those who selected Winterchill (4 vs 3 on Fagerstrom scale, p=0.017. Those who found Winterchill to be more satisfying, less aversive, and having a more intense, more pleasant odor than Robust were substantially more likely to select Winterchill for their one week trial. Conclusions: Findings indicate that subjective effect measures such as the PES and DEQ are capable of differentiating products in terms of flavor preference, and that smokers express a strong preference for mint flavored snus.
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Warmth of familiarity and chill of error: affective consequences of recognition decisions.
Chetverikov, Andrey
2014-04-01
The present research aimed to assess the effect of recognition decision on subsequent affective evaluations of recognised and non-recognised objects. Consistent with the proposed account of post-decisional preferences, results showed that the effect of recognition on preferences depends upon objective familiarity. If stimuli are recognised, liking ratings are positively associated with exposure frequency; if stimuli are not recognised, this link is either absent (Experiment 1) or negative (Experiments 2 and 3). This interaction between familiarity and recognition exists even when recognition accuracy is at chance level and the "mere exposure" effect is absent. Finally, data obtained from repeated measurements of preferences and using manipulations of task order confirm that recognition decisions have a causal influence on preferences. The findings suggest that affective evaluation can provide fine-grained access to the efficacy of cognitive processing even in simple cognitive tasks.
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orco mutant mosquitoes lose strong preference for humans and are not repelled by volatile DEET.
DeGennaro, Matthew; McBride, Carolyn S; Seeholzer, Laura; Nakagawa, Takao; Dennis, Emily J; Goldman, Chloe; Jasinskiene, Nijole; James, Anthony A; Vosshall, Leslie B
2013-06-27
Female mosquitoes of some species are generalists and will blood-feed on a variety of vertebrate hosts, whereas others display marked host preference. Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti have evolved a strong preference for humans, making them dangerously efficient vectors of malaria and Dengue haemorrhagic fever. Specific host odours probably drive this strong preference because other attractive cues, including body heat and exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2), are common to all warm-blooded hosts. Insects sense odours via several chemosensory receptor families, including the odorant receptors (ORs), membrane proteins that form heteromeric odour-gated ion channels comprising a variable ligand-selective subunit and an obligate co-receptor called Orco (ref. 6). Here we use zinc-finger nucleases to generate targeted mutations in the orco gene of A. aegypti to examine the contribution of Orco and the odorant receptor pathway to mosquito host selection and sensitivity to the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). orco mutant olfactory sensory neurons have greatly reduced spontaneous activity and lack odour-evoked responses. Behaviourally, orco mutant mosquitoes have severely reduced attraction to honey, an odour cue related to floral nectar, and do not respond to human scent in the absence of CO2. However, in the presence of CO2, female orco mutant mosquitoes retain strong attraction to both human and animal hosts, but no longer strongly prefer humans. orco mutant females are attracted to human hosts even in the presence of DEET, but are repelled upon contact, indicating that olfactory- and contact-mediated effects of DEET are mechanistically distinct. We conclude that the odorant receptor pathway is crucial for an anthropophilic vector mosquito to discriminate human from non-human hosts and to be effectively repelled by volatile DEET.
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Cross-Cultural Agreement in Facial Attractiveness Preferences: The Role of Ethnicity and Gender
Coetzee, Vinet; Greeff, Jaco M.; Stephen, Ian D.; Perrett, David I.
2014-01-01
Previous work showed high agreement in facial attractiveness preferences within and across cultures. The aims of the current study were twofold. First, we tested cross-cultural agreement in the attractiveness judgements of White Scottish and Black South African students for own- and other-ethnicity faces. Results showed significant agreement between White Scottish and Black South African observers' attractiveness judgements, providing further evidence of strong cross-cultural agreement in facial attractiveness preferences. Second, we tested whether cross-cultural agreement is influenced by the ethnicity and/or the gender of the target group. White Scottish and Black South African observers showed significantly higher agreement for Scottish than for African faces, presumably because both groups are familiar with White European facial features, but the Scottish group are less familiar with Black African facial features. Further work investigating this discordance in cross-cultural attractiveness preferences for African faces show that Black South African observers rely more heavily on colour cues when judging African female faces for attractiveness, while White Scottish observers rely more heavily on shape cues. Results also show higher cross-cultural agreement for female, compared to male faces, albeit not significantly higher. The findings shed new light on the factors that influence cross-cultural agreement in attractiveness preferences. PMID:24988325
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Cross-cultural agreement in facial attractiveness preferences: the role of ethnicity and gender.
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Vinet Coetzee
Full Text Available Previous work showed high agreement in facial attractiveness preferences within and across cultures. The aims of the current study were twofold. First, we tested cross-cultural agreement in the attractiveness judgements of White Scottish and Black South African students for own- and other-ethnicity faces. Results showed significant agreement between White Scottish and Black South African observers' attractiveness judgements, providing further evidence of strong cross-cultural agreement in facial attractiveness preferences. Second, we tested whether cross-cultural agreement is influenced by the ethnicity and/or the gender of the target group. White Scottish and Black South African observers showed significantly higher agreement for Scottish than for African faces, presumably because both groups are familiar with White European facial features, but the Scottish group are less familiar with Black African facial features. Further work investigating this discordance in cross-cultural attractiveness preferences for African faces show that Black South African observers rely more heavily on colour cues when judging African female faces for attractiveness, while White Scottish observers rely more heavily on shape cues. Results also show higher cross-cultural agreement for female, compared to male faces, albeit not significantly higher. The findings shed new light on the factors that influence cross-cultural agreement in attractiveness preferences.
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Frez-Muñoz, Lucía; Steenbekkers, Bea Lpa; Fogliano, Vincenzo
2016-12-01
Canned whole peeled tomatoes are a premium tomato product; however, no information is available about the key intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes perceived by consumers when buying this product. This research considered consumers differing in the level of familiarity with peeled tomatoes, that is, knowledge, frequency of consumption, and availability of this product, on 3 markets: Chile (low), The Netherlands (medium), and Italy (high). The perceptions and preferences of each group were studied using first focus groups and subsequently conjoint analysis in order to identify the key quality attributes leading their preferences for this product. Focus groups identified 7 intrinsic attributes (color, packing medium, tomato consistency, acidity level, sweetness level, extra ingredients, and intensity of product taste), and 5 extrinsic attributes (packaging material, product type, country of origin, brand, and label design). Significant variations according to the familiarity were found. The conjoint analyses showed that color of tomatoes was the most important intrinsic quality attribute for all groups, while packaging material was the most important extrinsic quality attribute for Chileans and Dutch, being a glass container or a can with easy open the preferred packaging for respective groups. In contrast, country of origin was the most important parameter for Italians. We concluded that intrinsic and extrinsic attributes were strongly influenced by the degree of familiarity with canned whole peeled tomatoes. © 2016 Institute of Food Technologists®.
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Bilingual and Monolingual Children Prefer Native-Accented Speakers
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Andre L. eSouza
2013-12-01
Full Text Available Adults and young children prefer to affiliate with some individuals rather than others. Studies have shown that monolingual children show in-group biases for individuals who speak their native language without a foreign accent (Kinzler, Dupoux, & Spelke, 2007. Some studies have suggested that bilingual children are less influenced than monolinguals by language variety when attributing personality traits to different speakers (Anisfeld & Lambert, 1964, which could indicate that bilinguals have fewer in-group biases and perhaps greater social flexibility. However, no previous studies have compared monolingual and bilingual children’s reactions to speakers with unfamiliar foreign accents. In the present study, we investigated the social preferences of 5-year-old English and French monolinguals and English-French bilinguals. Contrary to our predictions, both monolingual and bilingual preschoolers preferred to be friends with native-accented speakers over speakers who spoke their dominant language with an unfamiliar foreign accent. This result suggests that both monolingual and bilingual children have strong preferences for in-group members who use a familiar language variety, and that bilingualism does not lead to generalized social flexibility.
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Bilingual and monolingual children prefer native-accented speakers.
Souza, André L; Byers-Heinlein, Krista; Poulin-Dubois, Diane
2013-01-01
Adults and young children prefer to affiliate with some individuals rather than others. Studies have shown that monolingual children show in-group biases for individuals who speak their native language without a foreign accent (Kinzler et al., 2007). Some studies have suggested that bilingual children are less influenced than monolinguals by language variety when attributing personality traits to different speakers (Anisfeld and Lambert, 1964), which could indicate that bilinguals have fewer in-group biases and perhaps greater social flexibility. However, no previous studies have compared monolingual and bilingual children's reactions to speakers with unfamiliar foreign accents. In the present study, we investigated the social preferences of 5-year-old English and French monolinguals and English-French bilinguals. Contrary to our predictions, both monolingual and bilingual preschoolers preferred to be friends with native-accented speakers over speakers who spoke their dominant language with an unfamiliar foreign accent. This result suggests that both monolingual and bilingual children have strong preferences for in-group members who use a familiar language variety, and that bilingualism does not lead to generalized social flexibility.
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Cockriel, Irvin W.
1972-01-01
Occupational scales of the Vocational Preference Inventory were correlated with the Basic Interest scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The 285 subjects were women freshmen in a College of Education. The results indicate that the scales are not highly correlated. (Author)
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Bevelander, Kirsten E; Anschütz, Doeschka J; Engels, Rutger C M E
2012-09-28
The present experimental study was the first to investigate the impact of a remote (non-existent) peer on children's food choice of familiar v. unfamiliar low- and high-energy-dense food products. In a computer task, children (n 316; 50·3 % boys; mean age 7·13 (SD 0·75) years) were asked to choose between pictures of familiar and unfamiliar foods in four different choice blocks using the following pairs: (1) familiar v. unfamiliar low-energy-dense foods (fruits and vegetables), (2) familiar v. unfamiliar high-energy-dense foods (high sugar, salt and/or fat content), (3) familiar low-energy-dense v. unfamiliar high-energy-dense foods and (4) unfamiliar low-energy-dense v. familiar high-energy-dense foods. Participants who were not in the control group were exposed to the food choices (either always the familiar or always the unfamiliar food product) of a same-sex and same-age fictitious peer who was supposedly completing the same task at another school. The present study provided insights into children's choices between (un)familiar low- and high-energy-dense foods in an everyday situation. The findings revealed that the use of fictitious peers increased children's willingness to try unfamiliar foods, although children tended to choose high-energy-dense foods over low-energy-dense foods. Intervention programmes that use peer influence to focus on improving children's choice of healthy foods should take into account children's strong aversion to unfamiliar low-energy-dense foods as well as their general preference for familiar and unfamiliar high-energy-dense foods.
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Novelty preference in patients with developmental amnesia.
Munoz, M; Chadwick, M; Perez-Hernandez, E; Vargha-Khadem, F; Mishkin, M
2011-12-01
To re-examine whether or not selective hippocampal damage reduces novelty preference in visual paired comparison (VPC), we presented two different versions of the task to a group of patients with developmental amnesia (DA), each of whom sustained this form of pathology early in life. Compared with normal control participants, the DA group showed a delay-dependent reduction in novelty preference on one version of the task and an overall reduction on both versions combined. Because VPC is widely considered to be a measure of incidental recognition, the results appear to support the view that the hippocampus contributes to recognition memory. A difficulty for this conclusion, however, is that according to one current view the hippocampal contribution to recognition is limited to task conditions that encourage recollection of an item in some associated context, and according to another current view, to recognition of an item with the high confidence judgment that reflects a strong memory. By contrast, VPC, throughout which the participant remains entirely uninstructed other than to view the stimuli, would seem to lack such task conditions and so would likely lead to recognition based on familiarity rather than recollection or, alternatively, weak memories rather than strong. However, before concluding that the VPC impairment therefore contradicts both current views regarding the role of the hippocampus in recognition memory, two possibilities that would resolve this issue need to be investigated. One is that some variable in VPC, such as the extended period of stimulus encoding during familiarization, overrides its incidental nature, and, because this condition promotes either recollection- or strength-based recognition, renders the task hippocampal-dependent. The other possibility is that VPC, rather than providing a measure of incidental recognition, actually assesses an implicit, information-gathering process modulated by habituation, for which the hippocampus is
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Bilingual children's social preferences hinge on accent.
DeJesus, Jasmine M; Hwang, Hyesung G; Dautel, Jocelyn B; Kinzler, Katherine D
2017-12-01
Past research finds that monolingual and bilingual children prefer native speakers to individuals who speak in unfamiliar foreign languages or accents. Do children in bilingual contexts socially distinguish among familiar languages and accents and, if so, how do their social preferences based on language and accent compare? The current experiments tested whether 5- to 7-year-olds in two bilingual contexts in the United States demonstrate social preferences among the languages and accents that are present in their social environments. We compared children's preferences based on language (i.e., English vs. their other native language) and their preferences based on accent (i.e., English with a native accent vs. English with a non-native [yet familiar] accent). In Experiment 1, children attending a French immersion school demonstrated no preference between English and French speakers but preferred American-accented English to French-accented English. In Experiment 2, bilingual Korean American children demonstrated no preference between English and Korean speakers but preferred American-accented English to Korean-accented English. Across studies, bilingual children's preferences based on accent (i.e., American-accented English over French- or Korean-accented English) were not related to their own language dominance. These results suggest that children from diverse linguistic backgrounds demonstrate social preferences for native-accented speakers. Implications for understanding the potential relation between social reasoning and language acquisition are discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Partner Preference and Mating System of the Taiwan Field Vole (Microtus kikuchii
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Chia-Chien Lee
2014-06-01
Full Text Available The mating system of the Taiwan field vole (Microtus kikuchii has been proposed to be monogamous. In monogamous animals, individuals should exhibit monogamy syndromes, such as little sexual dimorphism and strong pair bonding (a strong social preference for a familiar partner versus a strange one. In this study, we examined the effect of cohabitation on the partner preference. In a reciprocal experiment, all test individuals were cohabited with a heterosexual vole for 24 hr prior to the partner preference trials. We collected the feces of voles before and after the trials, and analyzed the concentration of fecal steroid hormones, including testosterone of males, progesterone and estradiol of females, and corticosterone of all voles. The results showed that the behaviors of focal voles were not influenced by the status (partner or stranger of stimulus vole. There was no significant relationship between steroid hormones and partner preference. Furthermore, the degree of sexual dimorphism in the Taiwan field vole was low, and similar to that of the monogamous prairie vole (M. ochrogaster. In light of this study and other recent findings, we propose that the mating system of the Taiwan field vole is not strictly monogamy, but flexible depending on environmental conditions.
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Affect and Cognition in Attitude Formation toward Familiar and Unfamiliar Attitude Objects
van Giesen, Roxanne I.
2015-01-01
At large attitudes are built on earlier experience with the attitude object. If earlier experiences are not available, as is the case for unfamiliar attitude objects such as new technologies, no stored evaluations exist. Yet, people are still somehow able to construct attitudes on the spot. Depending on the familiarity of the attitude object, attitudes may find their basis more in affect or cognition. The current paper investigates differences in reliance on affect or cognition in attitude formation toward familiar and unfamiliar realistic attitude objects. In addition, individual differences in reliance on affect (high faith in intuition) or cognition (high need for cognition) are taken into account. In an experimental survey among Dutch consumers (N = 1870), we show that, for unfamiliar realistic attitude objects, people rely more on affect than cognition. For familiar attitude objects where both affective and cognitive evaluations are available, high need for cognition leads to more reliance on cognition, and high faith in intuition leads to more reliance on affect, reflecting the influence of individually preferred thinking style. For people with high need for cognition, cognition has a higher influence on overall attitude for both familiar and unfamiliar realistic attitude objects. On the other hand, affect is important for people with high faith in intuition for both familiar and unfamiliar attitude objects and for people with low faith in intuition for unfamiliar attitude objects; this shows that preferred thinking style is less influential for unfamiliar objects. By comparing attitude formation for familiar and unfamiliar realistic attitude objects, this research contributes to understanding situations in which affect or cognition is the better predictor of overall attitudes. PMID:26517876
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Affect and Cognition in Attitude Formation toward Familiar and Unfamiliar Attitude Objects.
van Giesen, Roxanne I; Fischer, Arnout R H; van Dijk, Heleen; van Trijp, Hans C M
2015-01-01
At large attitudes are built on earlier experience with the attitude object. If earlier experiences are not available, as is the case for unfamiliar attitude objects such as new technologies, no stored evaluations exist. Yet, people are still somehow able to construct attitudes on the spot. Depending on the familiarity of the attitude object, attitudes may find their basis more in affect or cognition. The current paper investigates differences in reliance on affect or cognition in attitude formation toward familiar and unfamiliar realistic attitude objects. In addition, individual differences in reliance on affect (high faith in intuition) or cognition (high need for cognition) are taken into account. In an experimental survey among Dutch consumers (N = 1870), we show that, for unfamiliar realistic attitude objects, people rely more on affect than cognition. For familiar attitude objects where both affective and cognitive evaluations are available, high need for cognition leads to more reliance on cognition, and high faith in intuition leads to more reliance on affect, reflecting the influence of individually preferred thinking style. For people with high need for cognition, cognition has a higher influence on overall attitude for both familiar and unfamiliar realistic attitude objects. On the other hand, affect is important for people with high faith in intuition for both familiar and unfamiliar attitude objects and for people with low faith in intuition for unfamiliar attitude objects; this shows that preferred thinking style is less influential for unfamiliar objects. By comparing attitude formation for familiar and unfamiliar realistic attitude objects, this research contributes to understanding situations in which affect or cognition is the better predictor of overall attitudes.
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Social learning in nest-building birds: a role for familiarity.
Guillette, Lauren M; Scott, Alice C Y; Healy, Susan D
2016-03-30
It is becoming apparent that birds learn from their own experiences of nest building. What is not clear is whether birds can learn from watching conspecifics build. As social learning allows an animal to gain information without engaging in costly trial-and-error learning, first-time builders should exploit the successful habits of experienced builders. We presented first-time nest-building male zebra finches with either a familiar or an unfamiliar conspecific male building with material of a colour the observer did not like. When given the opportunity to build, males that had watched a familiar male build switched their material preference to that used by the familiar male. Males that observed unfamiliar birds did not. Thus, first-time nest builders use social information and copy the nest material choices when demonstrators are familiar but not when they are strangers. The relationships between individuals therefore influence how nest-building expertise is socially transmitted in zebra finches. © 2016 The Author(s).
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Students' reasons for preferring teleological explanations
Trommler, Friederike; Gresch, Helge; Hammann, Marcus
2018-01-01
The teleological bias, a major learning obstacle, involves explaining biological phenomena in terms of purposes and goals. To probe the teleological bias, researchers have used acceptance judgement tasks and preference judgement tasks. In the present study, such tasks were used with German high school students (N = 353) for 10 phenomena from human biology, that were explained both teleologically and causally. A sub-sample (n = 26) was interviewed about the reasons for their preferences. The results showed that the students favoured teleological explanations over causal explanations. Although the students explained their preference judgements etiologically (i.e. teleologically and causally), they also referred to a wide range of non-etiological criteria (i.e. familiarity, complexity, relevance and five more criteria). When elaborating on their preference for causal explanations, the students often focused not on the causality of the phenomenon, but on mechanisms whose complexity they found attractive. When explaining their preference for teleological explanations, they often focused not teleologically on purposes and goals, but rather on functions, which they found familiar and relevant. Generally, students' preference judgements rarely allowed for making inferences about causal reasoning and teleological reasoning, an issue that is controversial in the literature. Given that students were largely unaware of causality and teleology, their attention must be directed towards distinguishing between etiological and non-etiological reasoning. Implications for educational practice as well as for future research are discussed.
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Courage, Mary L.; Howe, Mark L.
2001-01-01
Examined effect of familiarization on 3.5-month-olds' retention of visual stimuli with varying delay times. Found support for retention models in which direction of attentional preferences (novel, familiar, or null) depends on memory accessibility. Short lookers showed better retention over time than long lookers, indicating that much of the…
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Ability of heifers to discriminate between familiar herdmates and members of an unfamiliar group
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Koba, Yuki; Munksgaard, Lene; Tanida, Hajime
2009-01-01
Using a preference test and operant conditioning in a Y-maze, this experiment examined the ability of heifers to discriminate between their own familiar herdmates and member(s) of an unfamiliar group. Sixteen Danish Friesian heifers, eight older animals (360.6 ± 24.2 days of age) and eight younger...... ones (190.1 ± 14.1 days of age) were used. Each age group was further divided into two experimental groups. Members of each of these groups were housed together in small pens before the experiments began. In experiment 1, each of the 16 animals was allowed to approach either a familiar or an unfamiliar...... unfamiliar heifers. Test animals were rewarded when they chose their own group. In experiment 1, heifers did not show a preference between familiar and unfamiliar individuals. Interestingly the younger stimulus heifers but not the test animals showed an ability to discriminate between unfamiliar animals...
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Herd, Marie S; Bulsara, Max K; Jones, Michael P; Mak, Donna B
2017-02-01
To identify factors influencing whether Australian medical graduates prefer to, or actually, work rurally. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from Medical Schools Outcomes Database (MSOD) using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Twenty Australian medical schools. Australian or New Zealand citizens and Australian permanent residents who completed MSOD questionnaires between 2006 and 2013. Preferred and actual work locations 1 (PGY1) and 3 (PGY3) years postgraduation. Of 20 784 participants, 4028 completed a PGY1 or PGY3 questionnaire. Self-reported preference for rural practice location at medical school commencement was the most consistent independent predictor of whether a graduate would have a rural location preference at PGY1 (odds ratio (OR) 6.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.91-7.51) and PGY3 (OR 7.95, 95% CI 4.93-12.84), and work rurally during PGY1 (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.88) and PGY3 (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.30-2.64). The effect of preferred practice location at medical school commencement is independent of, and enhances the effect of, rural background. Graduates of graduate-entry programs or with dependent children were less likely to have worked rurally during PGY1 and PGY3 respectively. The most consistent factor associated with rural preferences and work location was students' preferred location of practice at medical school commencement; this association is independent of, and enhances the effect of, rural background. Better understanding of what determines rural preference at medical school commencement and its influence on rural workplace outcomes beyond PGY3 is required to inform Australian medical school selection policies and rural health curricula. © 2016 National Rural Health Alliance Inc.
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La leucemia del bambino come causa di disgregazione familiare
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
G. Varchetta
2003-05-01
Full Text Available
<strong>Introduzione>: le patologie del bambino, soprattutto se gravi e durature, possono essere definite come “malattie della famiglia” a causa dell’intensità di assistenza richiesta, delle difficoltà organizzative quotidiane e dello stress causato. Obiettivo: identificare il ruolo di alcuni potenziali fattori di rischio coinvolti nella rottura di famiglie di bambini leucemici.
<strong>Materiali e metodistrong>: mediante l’uso di questionari, sono state studiate, durante l’anno 2002, 150 cartelle cliniche di bambini leucemici dell’ospedale pediatrico “Santobono-Pausillipon”- Dipartimento di Oncologia; 11 casi sono stati esclusi per incompletezza dei dati. Outcome è stata considerata la “separazione familiare.” Sono state analizzate le seguenti variabili: trapianto di midollo osseo, lavoro del padre, della madre e loro età ed educazione, sesso ed età del bambino (CA, numerosità della famiglia, stato socio-economico, probabilità clinica di guarire (CPR, appartenenza ad una associazione. Sono state condotte analisi bivariate e logistiche. Risultati: all’analisi bivariata CA e CPR, entrambi stratificati in tre livelli, sono risultati associati alla separazione. L’Odds Ratio grezzo (OR della separazione familiare con CA di 5/10 anni e bambini di 11 anni o più a confronto con quelli d’età di 0/4 era, rispettivamente, di 8.68 (p=0.02 e di 5.7 (p=0.07. L’OR grezzo della separazione con un CPR medio e un CPR buono confrontato con un CPR basso ha dato rispettivamente 0.35 (p=0.02 e 0.08 (p‹0.001. Un modello logistico che includeva CPR come variabile principale e controllata per CA ha evidenziato che la probabilità di guarigione è media o alta e, dopo aver aggiustato per l’età del bambino, è stato ottenuto un rischio di rottura familiare rispettivamente di 0.29 (p=0.01 e 0.08 (p=0.02.
<strong>Conclusioni>: la rottura dell’unità familiare è evento frequente in caso di grave
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Strong contributions from vertical triads to helix-partner preferences in parallel coiled coils.
Steinkruger, Jay D; Bartlett, Gail J; Woolfson, Derek N; Gellman, Samuel H
2012-09-26
Pairing preferences in heterodimeric coiled coils are determined by complementarities among side chains that pack against one another at the helix-helix interface. However, relationships between dimer stability and interfacial residue identity are not fully understood. In the context of the "knobs-into-holes" (KIH) packing pattern, one can identify two classes of interactions between side chains from different helices: "lateral", in which a line connecting the adjacent side chains is perpendicular to the helix axes, and "vertical", in which the connecting line is parallel to the helix axes. We have previously analyzed vertical interactions in antiparallel coiled coils and found that one type of triad constellation (a'-a-a') exerts a strong effect on pairing preferences, while the other type of triad (d'-d-d') has relatively little impact on pairing tendencies. Here, we ask whether vertical interactions (d'-a-d') influence pairing in parallel coiled-coil dimers. Our results indicate that vertical interactions can exert a substantial impact on pairing specificity, and that the influence of the d'-a-d' triad depends on the lateral a' contact within the local KIH motif. Structure-informed bioinformatic analyses of protein sequences reveal trends consistent with the thermodynamic data derived from our experimental model system in suggesting that heterotriads involving Leu and Ile are preferred over homotriads involving Leu and Ile.
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Infants prefer the musical meter of their own culture: a cross-cultural comparison.
Soley, Gaye; Hannon, Erin E
2010-01-01
Infants prefer native structures such as familiar faces and languages. Music is a universal human activity containing structures that vary cross-culturally. For example, Western music has temporally regular metric structures, whereas music of the Balkans (e.g., Bulgaria, Macedonia, Turkey) can have both regular and irregular structures. We presented 4- to 8-month-old American and Turkish infants with contrasting melodies to determine whether cultural background would influence their preferences for musical meter. In Experiment 1, American infants preferred Western over Balkan meter, whereas Turkish infants, who were familiar with both Western and Balkan meters, exhibited no preference. Experiments 2 and 3 presented infants with either a Western or Balkan meter paired with an arbitrary rhythm with complex ratios not common to any musical culture. Both Turkish and American infants preferred Western and Balkan meter to an arbitrary meter. Infants' musical preferences appear to be driven by culture-specific experience and a culture-general preference for simplicity. Copyright 2009 APA, all rights reserved.
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Familiarity Affects Entrainment of EEG in Music Listening
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yuiko Kumagai
2017-07-01
Full Text Available Music perception involves complex brain functions. The relationship between music and brain such as cortical entrainment to periodic tune, periodic beat, and music have been well investigated. It has also been reported that the cerebral cortex responded more strongly to the periodic rhythm of unfamiliar music than to that of familiar music. However, previous works mainly used simple and artificial auditory stimuli like pure tone or beep. It is still unclear how the brain response is influenced by the familiarity of music. To address this issue, we analyzed electroencelphalogram (EEG to investigate the relationship between cortical response and familiarity of music using melodies produced by piano sounds as simple natural stimuli. The cross-correlation function averaged across trials, channels, and participants showed two pronounced peaks at time lags around 70 and 140 ms. At the two peaks the magnitude of the cross-correlation values were significantly larger when listening to unfamiliar and scrambled music compared to those when listening to familiar music. Our findings suggest that the response to unfamiliar music is stronger than that to familiar music. One potential application of our findings would be the discrimination of listeners' familiarity with music, which provides an important tool for assessment of brain activity.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ricardo E Gürtler
2009-05-01
Full Text Available Understanding the factors that affect the host-feeding preferences of triatomine bugs is crucial for estimating transmission risks and predicting the effects of control tactics targeting domestic animals. We tested whether Triatoma infestans bugs prefer to feed on dogs vs. chickens and on dogs vs. cats and whether vector density modified host choices and other vital rates under natural conditions.Two host choice experiments were conducted in small caged huts with two rooms between which bugs could move freely. Matched pairs of dog-chicken (six and dog-cat (three were assigned randomly to two levels of vector abundance and exposed to starved bugs during three nights. Bloodmeals from 1,160 bugs were tested by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Conditional logistic regression showed that dogs were highly preferred over chickens or cats and that vector density modified host-feeding choices. The relative risk of a bug being blood-engorged increased significantly when it fed only on dog rather than chicken or cat. Bugs achieved higher post-exposure weight at higher vector densities and successive occasions, more so if they fed on a dog rather than on a cat.Our findings strongly refute the hypothesis that T. infestans prefers to blood-feed on chickens rather than dogs. An increase in dog or cat availability or accessibility will increase the rate of bug feeding on them and exert strong non-linear effects on R(0. When combined with between-dog heterogeneities in exposure, infection, and infectiousness, the strong bug preference for dogs can be exploited to target dogs in general, and even the specific individuals that account for most of the risk, with topical lotions or insecticide-impregnated collars to turn them into baited lethal traps or use them as transmission or infestation sentinels based on their immune response to Trypanosoma cruzi or bug salivary antigens.
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Drake, David; Kennedy, Rodney; Wallace, Eric
2018-02-06
Isometric multi-joint tests are considered reliable and have strong relationships with 1RM performance. However, limited evidence is available for the isometric squat in terms of effects of familiarization and reliability. This study aimed to assess, the effect of familiarization, stability reliability, determine the smallest detectible difference, and the correlation of the isometric squat test with 1RM squat performance. Thirty-six strength-trained participants volunteered to take part in this study. Following three familiarization sessions, test-retest reliability was evaluated with a 48-hour window between each time point. Isometric squat peak, net and relative force were assessed. Results showed three familiarizations were required, isometric squat had a high level of stability reliability and smallest detectible difference of 11% for peak and relative force. Isometric strength at a knee angle of ninety degrees had a strong significant relationship with 1RM squat performance. In conclusion, the isometric squat is a valid test to assess multi-joint strength and can discriminate between strong and weak 1RM squat performance. Changes greater than 11% in peak and relative isometric squat performance should be considered as meaningful in participants who are familiar with the test.
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Matsuda, Ken; Kusumi, Takashi; Hosomi, Naohiro; Osa, Atsushi; Miike, Hidetoshi
2014-08-01
This study examined the influence of familiarity and novelty on the mere exposure effect while manipulating the presentation of background information. We selected presentation stimuli that integrated cars and backgrounds based on the results of pilot studies. During the exposure phase, we displayed the stimuli successively for 3 seconds, manipulating the background information (same or different backgrounds with each presentation) and exposure frequency (3, 6, and 9 times). In the judgment phase, 18 participants judged the cars in terms of preference, familiarity, and novelty on a 7-point scale. As the number of stimulus presentations increased, the preference for the cars increased during the different background condition and decreased during the same background condition. This increased preference may be due to the increase in familiarity caused by the higher exposure frequency and novelty resulting from the background changes per exposure session. The rise in preference judgments was not seen when cars and backgrounds were presented independently. Therefore, the addition of novel features to each exposure session facilitated the mere exposure effect.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Daniel Auld
2010-10-01
Full Text Available This study assessed 96 law school students’ preferences for online, hybrid, or traditional learning environments, and their reasons for these preferences, learning strategies, and motivational orientations. A discriminant analysis revealed that non-traditional learning environment familiarity, self-efficacy, and employment status were the strongest predictors of preferences for non-traditional learning environments. Preferences for traditional environments were attributed to students’ familiarity and ability to engage in and foster personal interaction. Preferences for hybrid and online environments were attributed to opportunities for enhanced learning given the convenience and flexible manner in which students with time and familial constraints could access these environments.
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Kortesniemi, Maaria; Rosenvald, Sirli; Laaksonen, Oskar; Vanag, Anita; Ollikka, Tarja; Vene, Kristel; Yang, Baoru
2018-04-25
The sensory-chemical profiles of Finnish honeys (labeled as buckwheat, cloudberry-bog, lingonberry, sweet clover, willowherb and multifloral honeys) were investigated using a multi-analytical approach. The sensory test (untrained panel, n = 62) was based on scaling and check-all-that-apply (CATA) methods accompanied with questions on preference and usage of honey. The results were correlated with corresponding profiles of odor-active compounds, determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O). Botanical origins and chemical compositions including sugars were evaluated using NMR spectroscopy. A total of 73 odor-active compounds were listed based on GC-O. Sweet and mild honeys with familiar sensory properties were preferred by the panelists (PCA, R 2 X(1) = 0.7) while buckwheat and cloudberry-bog honeys with strong odor, flavor and color were regarded as unfamiliar and unpleasant. The data will give the honey industry novel information on honey properties in relation to the botanical origin, and consumer preference. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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How does typeface familiarity affect reading performance and reader preference?
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Beier, Sofie
2013-01-01
the reading speed and preferences of participants. Participants were tested twice with common and uncommon letter shapes, once before and once after spending 20 minutes reading a story with the font. The results indicate that the exposure period has an effect on the speed of reading, but the uncommon letter...... shapes did not. Readers did not like the uncommon letter shapes. This has implications for the selection of type and the design of future typefaces....
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Justin F Shaffer
Full Text Available Prerequisites are embedded in most STEM curricula. However, the assumption that the content presented in these courses will improve learning in later courses has not been verified. Because a direct comparison of performance between students with and without required prerequisites is logistically difficult to arrange in a randomized fashion, we developed a novel familiarity scale, and used this to determine whether concepts introduced in a prerequisite course improved student learning in a later course (in two biology disciplines. Exam questions in the latter courses were classified into three categories, based on the degree to which the tested concept had been taught in the prerequisite course. If content familiarity mattered, it would be expected that exam scores on topics covered in the prerequisite would be higher than scores on novel topics. We found this to be partially true for "Very Familiar" questions (concepts covered in depth in the prerequisite. However, scores for concepts only briefly discussed in the prerequisite ("Familiar" were indistinguishable from performance on topics that were "Not Familiar" (concepts only taught in the later course. These results imply that merely "covering" topics in a prerequisite course does not result in improved future performance, and that some topics may be able to removed from a course thereby freeing up class time. Our results may therefore support the implementation of student-centered teaching methods such as active learning, as the time-intensive nature of active learning has been cited as a barrier to its adoption. In addition, we propose that our familiarity system could be broadly utilized to aid in the assessment of the effectiveness of prerequisites.
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Shaffer, Justin F; Dang, Jennifer V; Lee, Amanda K; Dacanay, Samantha J; Alam, Usman; Wong, Hollie Y; Richards, George J; Kadandale, Pavan; Sato, Brian K
2016-01-01
Prerequisites are embedded in most STEM curricula. However, the assumption that the content presented in these courses will improve learning in later courses has not been verified. Because a direct comparison of performance between students with and without required prerequisites is logistically difficult to arrange in a randomized fashion, we developed a novel familiarity scale, and used this to determine whether concepts introduced in a prerequisite course improved student learning in a later course (in two biology disciplines). Exam questions in the latter courses were classified into three categories, based on the degree to which the tested concept had been taught in the prerequisite course. If content familiarity mattered, it would be expected that exam scores on topics covered in the prerequisite would be higher than scores on novel topics. We found this to be partially true for "Very Familiar" questions (concepts covered in depth in the prerequisite). However, scores for concepts only briefly discussed in the prerequisite ("Familiar") were indistinguishable from performance on topics that were "Not Familiar" (concepts only taught in the later course). These results imply that merely "covering" topics in a prerequisite course does not result in improved future performance, and that some topics may be able to removed from a course thereby freeing up class time. Our results may therefore support the implementation of student-centered teaching methods such as active learning, as the time-intensive nature of active learning has been cited as a barrier to its adoption. In addition, we propose that our familiarity system could be broadly utilized to aid in the assessment of the effectiveness of prerequisites.
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La empresa familiar, el protocolo y la sucesión familiar
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Henry Antonio Arenas Cardona
2014-01-01
Full Text Available En este artículo se abordan las percepciones que tienen las empresas familiares, expertos, entidades y gremios del Valle de Aburrá (Colombia respecto al protocolo y la sucesión familiar. El trabajo corresponde a una investigación de tipo exploratoria que permite evidenciar que las familias empresarias tienen temor a realizar el protocolo familiar, debido principalmente a su desconocimiento acerca del tema. Se pretende entonces sensibilizar a empresarios, estudiantes universitarios, investigadores, y a la sociedad ̃ en general, del importante papel que desempenan las empresas familiares en la actividad económica como generadoras de riqueza y empleo, una herramienta importante para su perdurabilidad, continuidad y formalización es el protocolo familiar © 2013 Universidad ICESI. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados.
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Dogs and their human companions: the effect of familiarity on dog-human interactions.
Kerepesi, Andrea; Dóka, Antal; Miklósi, Ádám
2015-01-01
There are few quantitative examinations of the extent to which dogs discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar persons. In our study we have investigated whether dogs show differential behaviour towards humans of different degrees of familiarity (owner, familiar person, unfamiliar person). Dogs and humans were observed in eight test situations: (1) Three-way strange situation test, (2) Calling in from food, (3) Obedience test, (4) Walking away, (5) Threatening approach, (6) Playful interaction, (7) Food inhibition test and (8) Manipulation of the dog's body. Dogs distinguished between the owner and the two other test partners in those tests which involved separation from the owner (Test 1, 4), were aversive for the dog (Test 5) or involved playing interaction (Test 6). Our results revealed that the owner cannot be replaced by a familiar person in situations provoking elevated anxiety and fear. In contrasts, dogs did not discriminate between the owner and the familiar person in those tests that were based on obedient behaviour or behaviour towards an assertive person (Tests 2, 3, 7 and 8). Dogs' former training experience reduced the difference between their behaviour towards the owner and the familiar person in situations requiring obedience but it did not mask it totally. The dogs' behaviour towards each of the humans participating in the tests was consistent all over the test series. In summary, dogs discriminated between their owner and the unfamiliar person and always preferred the owner to the unfamiliar person. However, the discrimination between the owner and the familiar person is context-specific. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Canine Behavior. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Perceptual and social attributes underlining age-related preferences for faces
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hanni SM Kiiski
2016-08-01
Full Text Available Although aesthetic preferences are known to be important in person perception and can play a significant role in everyday social decisions, the effect of the age of the observer on aesthetic preferences for faces of different ages has not yet been fully investigated. In the present study we investigated whether aesthetic preferences change with ageing, with an age-related bias in favouring faces from one’s own age group. In addition, we examined the role of age on both the perceptual qualities and the social attributes of faces that may influence these aesthetic judgements. Both younger and older adult observers provided ratings to images of younger, middle-aged and older unfamiliar faces. As well as attractiveness, the rating dimensions included other perceptual (distinctiveness, familiarity and social (competence, trustworthiness and dominance factors. The results suggested a consistent aesthetic preference for youthful faces across all ages of the observers but, surprisingly, no evidence for an age-related bias in attractiveness ratings. Older adults tended to provide higher ratings of attractiveness, competence and trustworthiness to the unfamiliar faces, consistent with the positivity effect previously reported. We also tested whether perceptual factors such as face familiarity or distinctiveness affected aesthetic ratings. Only ratings of familiarity, but not distinctiveness, were positively associated with the attractiveness of the faces. Moreover, ratings of familiarity decreased with increasing age of the face. With regard to the social characteristics of the faces, we found that the age of the face negatively correlated with ratings of trustworthiness provided by all observers, but with the competence ratings of older observers only. Interestingly, older adults provided higher ratings of perceived competence and trustworthiness to younger than older faces. However, our results also suggest that higher attractiveness ratings, together
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Perceptual and Social Attributes Underlining Age-Related Preferences for Faces
Kiiski, Hanni S. M.; Cullen, Brendan; Clavin, Sarah L.; Newell, Fiona N.
2016-01-01
Although aesthetic preferences are known to be important in person perception and can play a significant role in everyday social decisions, the effect of the age of the observer on aesthetic preferences for faces of different ages has not yet been fully investigated. In the present study we investigated whether aesthetic preferences change with aging, with an age-related bias in favoring faces from one’s own age group. In addition, we examined the role of age on both the perceptual qualities and the social attributes of faces that may influence these aesthetic judgements. Both younger and older adult observers provided ratings to images of younger, middle-aged and older unfamiliar faces. As well as attractiveness, the rating dimensions included other perceptual (distinctiveness, familiarity) and social (competence, trustworthiness and dominance) factors. The results suggested a consistent aesthetic preference for youthful faces across all ages of the observers but, surprisingly, no evidence for an age-related bias in attractiveness ratings. Older adults tended to provide higher ratings of attractiveness, competence and trustworthiness to the unfamiliar faces, consistent with the positivity effect previously reported. We also tested whether perceptual factors such as face familiarity or distinctiveness affected aesthetic ratings. Only ratings of familiarity, but not distinctiveness, were positively associated with the attractiveness of the faces. Moreover, ratings of familiarity decreased with increasing age of the face. With regard to the social characteristics of the faces, we found that the age of the face negatively correlated with ratings of trustworthiness provided by all observers, but with the competence ratings of older observers only. Interestingly, older adults provided higher ratings of perceived competence and trustworthiness to younger than older faces. However, our results also suggest that higher attractiveness ratings, together with older aged
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Gerencia de las empresas familiares y no familiares: análisis comparativo
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lenix Margarita Omaña Guerrero
2013-07-01
Full Text Available En el ámbito económico existen empresas denominadas familiares cuyas características las identifican cla- ramente. Estas organizaciones coexisten con empresas que no presentan características de familiares. Por ello, el propósito del presente estudio es analizar comparativamente la gerencia en ambos tipos de empre- sas. La investigación se centró en un enfoque cualitativo, de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo, orientado a co- nocer y explicar las diferencias y semejanzas en las empresas familiares en cuanto a los siguientes aspec- tos: sucesión, financiamiento, órganos de gobierno, normas de funcionamiento y profesionalización, así como la investigación tiene un diseño documental y de campo. Los resultados arrojaron que no se encuen- tran evidencias significativas para afirmar que las empresas familiares y no familiares estudiadas difieren en los aspectos estudiados.
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DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Reimann, Martin; Castaño, Raquel; Zaichkowsky, Judith
2012-01-01
Two experiments were conducted to analyze neurophysiological activation, response latency, and actual brand choice concerning novel and familiar brands. The results show that (1) the choice of novel brands (compared to the choice of familiar brands) is preceded by increased activation of both...... the cingulate gyrus and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, as measured by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study; (2) novel brands are associated with longer choice response latency than familiar brands; and (3) positive mood enhances response latency of choosing novel brands compared to familiar...
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The Role of Familiarity for Representations in Norm-Based Face Space.
Faerber, Stella J; Kaufmann, Jürgen M; Leder, Helmut; Martin, Eva Maria; Schweinberger, Stefan R
2016-01-01
According to the norm-based version of the multidimensional face space model (nMDFS, Valentine, 1991), any given face and its corresponding anti-face (which deviates from the norm in exactly opposite direction as the original face) should be equidistant to a hypothetical prototype face (norm), such that by definition face and anti-face should bear the same level of perceived typicality. However, it has been argued that familiarity affects perceived typicality and that representations of familiar faces are qualitatively different (e.g., more robust and image-independent) from those for unfamiliar faces. Here we investigated the role of face familiarity for rated typicality, using two frequently used operationalisations of typicality (deviation-based: DEV), and distinctiveness (face in the crowd: FITC) for faces of celebrities and their corresponding anti-faces. We further assessed attractiveness, likeability and trustworthiness ratings of the stimuli, which are potentially related to typicality. For unfamiliar faces and their corresponding anti-faces, in line with the predictions of the nMDFS, our results demonstrate comparable levels of perceived typicality (DEV). In contrast, familiar faces were perceived much less typical than their anti-faces. Furthermore, familiar faces were rated higher than their anti-faces in distinctiveness, attractiveness, likability and trustworthiness. These findings suggest that familiarity strongly affects the distribution of facial representations in norm-based face space. Overall, our study suggests (1) that familiarity needs to be considered in studies of mental representations of faces, and (2) that familiarity, general distance-to-norm and more specific vector directions in face space make different and interactive contributions to different types of facial evaluations.
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The Role of Familiarity for Representations in Norm-Based Face Space.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Stella J Faerber
Full Text Available According to the norm-based version of the multidimensional face space model (nMDFS, Valentine, 1991, any given face and its corresponding anti-face (which deviates from the norm in exactly opposite direction as the original face should be equidistant to a hypothetical prototype face (norm, such that by definition face and anti-face should bear the same level of perceived typicality. However, it has been argued that familiarity affects perceived typicality and that representations of familiar faces are qualitatively different (e.g., more robust and image-independent from those for unfamiliar faces. Here we investigated the role of face familiarity for rated typicality, using two frequently used operationalisations of typicality (deviation-based: DEV, and distinctiveness (face in the crowd: FITC for faces of celebrities and their corresponding anti-faces. We further assessed attractiveness, likeability and trustworthiness ratings of the stimuli, which are potentially related to typicality. For unfamiliar faces and their corresponding anti-faces, in line with the predictions of the nMDFS, our results demonstrate comparable levels of perceived typicality (DEV. In contrast, familiar faces were perceived much less typical than their anti-faces. Furthermore, familiar faces were rated higher than their anti-faces in distinctiveness, attractiveness, likability and trustworthiness. These findings suggest that familiarity strongly affects the distribution of facial representations in norm-based face space. Overall, our study suggests (1 that familiarity needs to be considered in studies of mental representations of faces, and (2 that familiarity, general distance-to-norm and more specific vector directions in face space make different and interactive contributions to different types of facial evaluations.
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Qin, Xiaoyan Angela; Koutstaal, Wilma; Engel, Stephen A
2014-05-01
Familiar items are found faster than unfamiliar ones in visual search tasks. This effect has important implications for cognitive theory, because it may reveal how mental representations of commonly encountered items are changed by experience to optimize performance. It remains unknown, however, whether everyday items with moderate levels of exposure would show benefits in visual search, and if so, what kind of experience would be required to produce them. Here, we tested whether familiar product logos were searched for faster than unfamiliar ones, and also familiarized subjects with previously unfamiliar logos. Subjects searched for preexperimentally familiar and unfamiliar logos, half of which were familiarized in the laboratory, amongst other, unfamiliar distractor logos. In three experiments, we used an N-back-like familiarization task, and in four others we used a task that asked detailed questions about the perceptual aspects of the logos. The number of familiarization exposures ranged from 30 to 84 per logo across experiments, with two experiments involving across-day familiarization. Preexperimentally familiar target logos were searched for faster than were unfamiliar, nonfamiliarized logos, by 8 % on average. This difference was reliable in all seven experiments. However, familiarization had little or no effect on search speeds; its average effect was to improve search times by 0.7 %, and its effect was significant in only one of the seven experiments. If priming, mere exposure, episodic memory, or relatively modest familiarity were responsible for familiarity's effects on search, then performance should have improved following familiarization. Our results suggest that the search-related advantage of familiar logos does not develop easily or rapidly.
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Gauge unification of basic forces particularly of gravitation with strong interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Salam, A.
1977-01-01
Corresponding to the two known types of gauge theories, Yang-Mills with spin-one mediating particles and Einstein Weyl with spin-two mediating particles, it is speculated that two distinct gauge unifications of the basic forces appear to be taking place. One is the familiar Yang-Mills unification of weak and electromagnetic forces with the strong. The second is the less familiar gauge unification of gravitation with spin-two tensor-dominated aspects of strong interactions. It is proposed that there are strongly interacting spin-two strong gravitons obeying Einstein's equations, and their existence gives a clue to an understanding of the (partial) confinement of quarks, as well as of the concept of hadronic temperature, through the use of Schwarzschild de-Sitter-like partially confining solitonic solutions of the strong gravity Einstein equation
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Antolínez Cáceres, Bertha Rebeca
2010-01-01
En el primer contacto la enfermera puede identificar algunos rasgos de la comunicación familiar, a medida que la intervención progresa podrá examinar y explorar sobre la comunicación familiar y orientar el manejo de conflictos. El análisis de la disfunción familiar inicia entonces por el análisis de la comunicación y dónde falla ésta: En el emisor, transmisor y sus causas. Luego viene la exploración del sistema familiar que aclara las reglas que mantienen y los procesos individuales que instr...
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Isabelle George
Full Text Available Social animals learn to perceive their social environment, and their social skills and preferences are thought to emerge from greater exposure to and hence familiarity with some social signals rather than others. Familiarity appears to be tightly linked to multisensory integration. The ability to differentiate and categorize familiar and unfamiliar individuals and to build a multisensory representation of known individuals emerges from successive social interactions, in particular with adult, experienced models. In different species, adults have been shown to shape the social behavior of young by promoting selective attention to multisensory cues. The question of what representation of known conspecifics adult-deprived animals may build therefore arises. Here we show that starlings raised with no experience with adults fail to develop a multisensory representation of familiar and unfamiliar starlings. Electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity throughout the primary auditory area of these birds, while they were exposed to audio-only or audiovisual familiar and unfamiliar cues, showed that visual stimuli did, as in wild-caught starlings, modulate auditory responses but that, unlike what was observed in wild-caught birds, this modulation was not influenced by familiarity. Thus, adult-deprived starlings seem to fail to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar individuals. This suggests that adults may shape multisensory representation of known individuals in the brain, possibly by focusing the young's attention on relevant, multisensory cues. Multisensory stimulation by experienced, adult models may thus be ubiquitously important for the development of social skills (and of the neural properties underlying such skills in a variety of species.
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Voepel-Lewis, Terri; Zikmund-Fisher, Brian J; Smith, Ellen Lavoie; Zyzanski, Sarah; Tait, Alan R
2015-08-01
Despite parents' stated desire to treat pain in their children, recent studies have critiqued their underuse of prescribed analgesics to treat pain in their children after painful procedures. Parents' analgesic preferences, including their perceived importance of providing pain relief or avoiding adverse drug effects may have important implications for their analgesic decisions, yet no studies have evaluated the influence of preferences on decisions to withhold prescribed opioids for children. We prospectively explored how parents' preferences influenced decisions to withhold prescribed opioids when faced with hypothetical dilemmas and after hospital discharge. Prospective Observational Study Design: Phase 1 included hypothetical analgesic decisions and Phase 2, real analgesic decisions after hospital discharge. Large tertiary care pediatric hospital in the Midwest of the United States. Five-hundred seven parents whose children underwent a painful surgical procedure requiring an opioid prescription were included. At baseline, parents completed surveys assessing their pain relief preference (i.e., their rated importance of pain relief relative to adverse drug event avoidance), preferred treatment thresholds (i.e., pain level at which they would give an opioid), adverse drug event understanding, and hypothetical trade-off decisions (i.e., scenarios presenting variable pain and adverse drug event symptoms in a child). After discharge, parents recorded all analgesics they gave their child as well as pain scores at the time of administration. Higher preference to provide pain relief (over avoid analgesic risk) lessened the likelihood that parents would withhold the prescribed opioid when adverse drug event symptoms were present together with high pain scores in the hypothetical scenarios. Additionally, higher preferred treatment thresholds increased the likelihood of parents withholding opioids during their hypothetical decision-making as well as at home. The strong
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Factors Affecting the Formation of Food Preferences in Preschool Children.
Alles-White, Monica L.; Welch, Patricia
1985-01-01
Identifies and discusses factors that affect the development of food preferences in preschool children, including familiarity, age, parents, peers, teachers, and programs designed to influence food habits. Makes recommendations to preschool and day care programs for creating an atmosphere conducive to trying new foods. (Author/DST)
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Danner, Marion; Vennedey, Vera; Hiligsmann, Mickaël; Fauser, Sascha; Stock, Stephanie
2016-02-01
Patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are rarely actively involved in decision-making, despite facing preference-sensitive treatment decisions. This paper presents a qualitative study to prepare quantitative preference elicitation in AMD patients. The aims of this study were (1) to gain familiarity with and learn about the special requirements of the AMD patient population for quantitative data collection; and (2) to select/refine patient-relevant treatment attributes and levels, and gain insights into preference structures. Semi-structured focus group interviews were performed. An interview guide including preselected categories in the form of seven potentially patient-relevant treatment attributes was followed. To identify the most patient-relevant treatment attributes, a ranking exercise was performed. Deductive content analyses were done by two independent reviewers for each attribute to derive subcategories (potential levels of attributes) and depict preference trends. The focus group interviews included 21 patients. The interviews revealed that quantitative preference surveys in this population will have to be interviewer assisted to make the survey feasible for patients. The five most patient-relevant attributes were the effect on visual function [ranking score (RS): 139], injection frequency (RS: 101), approval status (RS: 83), side effects (RS: 79), and monitoring frequency (RS: 76). Attribute and level refinement was based on patients' statements. Preference trends and dependencies between attributes informed the quantitative instrument design. This study suggests that qualitative research is a very helpful step to prepare the design and administration of quantitative preference elicitation instruments. It especially facilitated familiarization with the target population and its preferences, and it supported attribute/level refinement.
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Food branding and young children's taste preferences: a reassessment.
Elliott, Charlene D; Carruthers Den Hoed, Rebecca; Conlon, Martin J
2013-08-20
This study examines the effects of branding and packaging on young children's taste preferences. Preschool children aged 3 to 5 (n=65) tasted five pairs of identical foods in packaging from McDonald's and in matched packaging that was either plain, Starbucks-branded, or colourful (but unbranded). Children were asked if the foods tasted the same or if one tasted better. Children preferred the taste of foods wrapped in decorative wrappings, relying more on aesthetics than on familiar branding when making their choices. The findings suggest the need to explore questions beyond commercial advertising (and brand promotion) on television and other media platforms. More attention should be directed at the important role of packaging in directing children's food preferences.
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Food habits and food preferences of black South African men in the ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
bution and composition of the meals were the most evident. ... Vetkoek prepared with cake or bread flour and / or maize meal and ...... the majority (> 72%) of the participants were familiar .... pearled wheat a neutral preference item. The in-.
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Training preferences and motivation for rehabilitation in patients with neck pain
Verbrugghe, Jonas; Cuyvers, Bert
2014-01-01
MP2 scientific research "Training preferences and motivation for rehabilitation in patients with neck pain" by Bert Cuyvers & Jonas Verbrugghe Aim: The aim of this investigation is the inventory of training preferences and motives for motor rehabilitation of patients with neck pain. The second aim of this study is to evaluate to which extent patients with neck pain are familiar with the use of technologies. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted based on the Neck Disa...
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Quines empreses han aguantat millor la crisi, les empreses familiars o les no familiars?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jose Luis Gallizo
2014-12-01
Full Text Available Objecte: En aquest estudi és porta a terme un anàlisi comparatiu sobre l’evolució de l’estructura econòmica i financera que presenten les empreses familiars i no familiars de Catalunya en un context d’intensa crisi econòmica. La seva finalitat és poder donar resposta a dos qüestions principals: identificar les característiques diferencials de l’EF respecte a l’EnF i comprovar si aquestes característiques diferencials han permès a les EF aguantar millor la crisi econòmica. Disseny/metodologia: S’ha analitzat una mostra de 750 grans i mitjanes empreses de Catalunya (550 familiars i 200 no familiars durant el període 2008-2012. Les dades s’han obtingut a través de la base de dades SABI, i per a la classificació de les empreses en familiars i no familiars s’ha dut a terme una comprovació individual de cadascuna d’elles per evitar habituals errors de classificació. Posteriorment les empreses s’han classificat en funció de la seva dimensió per dotar d’una major robustes els resultats. També s’ha procurat que la distribució d’empreses per sectors fos similar en les diferents categories per evitar que un efecte sectorial pogués tergiversar els resultats de l’estudi. Aportacions i resultats: L’estudi ha permès constatar les hipòtesis establertes sobre el finançament de les empreses familiars i concloure que aquestes presenten una estructura financera diferent a les Empreses no familiars. Les empreses familiars als seus balanços, presenten un major nivell d’autofinançament gràcies a la seva menor distribució de dividends. A més a més, les EF presenten millors resultats en quant a nivells de cobertura i liquiditat, ja que es troben més capitalitzades i presenten uns nivells d’endeutament inferior que les Empreses no familiars. Aquestes característiques patrimonials i financeres han contribuït a que les empreses familiars aguantin millor els anys de crisi, produint-se durant aquests anys
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Human Novelty Response to Emotional Animal Vocalizations: Effects of Phylogeny and Familiarity
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Marina Scheumann
2017-10-01
Full Text Available Darwin (1872 postulated that emotional expressions contain universals that are retained across species. We recently showed that human rating responses were strongly affected by a listener's familiarity with vocalization types, whereas evidence for universal cross-taxa emotion recognition was limited. To disentangle the impact of evolutionarily retained mechanisms (phylogeny and experience-driven cognitive processes (familiarity, we compared the temporal unfolding of event-related potentials (ERPs in response to agonistic and affiliative vocalizations expressed by humans and three animal species. Using an auditory oddball novelty paradigm, ERPs were recorded in response to task-irrelevant novel sounds, comprising vocalizations varying in their degree of phylogenetic relationship and familiarity to humans. Vocalizations were recorded in affiliative and agonistic contexts. Offline, participants rated the vocalizations for valence, arousal, and familiarity. Correlation analyses revealed a significant correlation between a posteriorly distributed early negativity and arousal ratings. More specifically, a contextual category effect of this negativity was observed for human infant and chimpanzee vocalizations but absent for other species vocalizations. Further, a significant correlation between the later and more posteriorly P3a and P3b responses and familiarity ratings indicates a link between familiarity and attentional processing. A contextual category effect of the P3b was observed for the less familiar chimpanzee and tree shrew vocalizations. Taken together, these findings suggest that early negative ERP responses to agonistic and affiliative vocalizations may be influenced by evolutionary retained mechanisms, whereas the later orienting of attention (positive ERPs may mainly be modulated by the prior experience.
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Courage, Mary L.; Howe, Mark L.
1998-01-01
Two experiments used paired-comparisons to investigate 3-month olds' recognition of dynamic visual events after various retention intervals. Results indicated a changing pattern of attentional preferences over time consistent with models of infant recognition memory in which novelty, familiarity, and null preferences are considered conjointly and…
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Preschoolers prefer to learn causal information
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Aubry eAlvarez
2015-02-01
Full Text Available Young children, in general, appear to have a strong drive to explore the environment in ways that reveal its underlying causal structure. But are they really attuned specifically to casual information in this quest for understanding, or do they show equal interest in other types of non-obvious information about the world? To answer this question, we introduced 20 three-year-old children to two puppets who were anxious to tell the child about a set of novel artifacts and animals. One puppet consistently described causal properties of the items while the other puppet consistently described carefully matched non-causal properties of the same items. After a familiarization period in which children learned which type of information to expect from each informant, children were given the opportunity to choose which they wanted to hear describe each of eight pictured test items. On average, children chose to hear from the informant that provided causal descriptions on 72% of the trials. This preference for causal information has important implications for explaining the role of conceptual information in supporting early learning and may suggest means for maximizing interest and motivation in young children.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Aurely Ameller
2017-09-01
Full Text Available ObjectiveFamiliarity is a subjective sensation that contributes to person recognition. This process is described as an emotion-based memory-trace of previous meetings and could be disrupted in schizophrenia. Consequently, familiarity disorders could be involved in the impaired social interactions observed in patients with schizophrenia. Previous studies have primarily focused on famous people recognition. Our aim was to identify underlying features, such as emotional disturbances, that may contribute to familiarity disorders in schizophrenia. We hypothesize that patients with familiarity disorders will exhibit a lack of familiarity that could be detected by a flattened skin conductance response (SCR.MethodThe SCR was recorded to test the hypothesis that emotional reactivity disturbances occur in patients with schizophrenia during the categorization of specific familiar, famous and unknown faces as male or female. Forty-eight subjects were divided into the following 3 matched groups with 16 subjects per group: control subjects, schizophrenic people with familiarity disorder, and schizophrenic people without familiarity disorders.ResultsEmotional arousal is reflected by the skin conductance measures. The control subjects and the patients without familiarity disorders experienced a differential emotional response to the specific familiar faces compared with that to the unknown faces. Nevertheless, overall, the schizophrenic patients without familiarity disorders showed a weaker response across conditions compared with the control subjects. In contrast, the patients with familiarity disorders did not show any significant differences in their emotional response to the faces, regardless of the condition.ConclusionOnly patients with familiarity disorders fail to exhibit a difference in emotional response between familiar and non-familiar faces. These patients likely emotionally process familiar faces similarly to unknown faces. Hence, the lower
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yoshi-Taka Matsuda
2016-08-01
Full Text Available Highly social animals possess a well-developed ability to distinguish the faces of familiar from novel conspecifics to induce distinct behaviors for maintaining society. However, the behaviors of animals when they encounter ambiguous faces of familiar yet novel conspecifics, e.g., strangers with faces resembling known individuals, have not been well characterised. Using a morphing technique and preferential-looking paradigm, we address this question via the chimpanzee’s facial–recognition abilities. We presented eight subjects with three types of stimuli: (1 familiar faces, (2 novel faces and (3 intermediate morphed faces that were 50% familiar and 50% novel faces of conspecifics. We found that chimpanzees spent more time looking at novel faces and scanned novel faces more extensively than familiar or intermediate faces. Interestingly, chimpanzees looked at intermediate faces in a manner similar to familiar faces with regards to the fixation duration, fixation count, and saccade length for facial scanning, even though the participant was encountering the intermediate faces for the first time. We excluded the possibility that subjects merely detected and avoided traces of morphing in the intermediate faces. These findings suggest a bias for a feeling-of-familiarity that chimpanzees perceive familiarity with an intermediate face by detecting traces of a known individual, as 50% alternation is sufficient to perceive familiarity.
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Bahrick, Lorraine E.; Hernandez-Reif, Maria; Pickens, Jeffrey N.
1997-01-01
Tested hypothesis from Bahrick and Pickens' infant attention model that retrieval cues increase memory accessibility and shift visual preferences toward greater novelty to resemble recent memories. Found that after retention intervals associated with remote or intermediate memory, previous familiarity preferences shifted to null or novelty…
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Zhang, Xiaoyu; Ju, Han; Penney, Trevor B; VanDongen, Antonius M J
2017-01-01
Humans instantly recognize a previously seen face as "familiar." To deepen our understanding of familiarity-novelty detection, we simulated biologically plausible neural network models of generic cortical microcircuits consisting of spiking neurons with random recurrent synaptic connections. NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent synaptic plasticity was implemented to allow for unsupervised learning and bidirectional modifications. Network spiking activity evoked by sensory inputs consisting of face images altered synaptic efficacy, which resulted in the network responding more strongly to a previously seen face than a novel face. Network size determined how many faces could be accurately recognized as familiar. When the simulated model became sufficiently complex in structure, multiple familiarity traces could be retained in the same network by forming partially-overlapping subnetworks that differ slightly from each other, thereby resulting in a high storage capacity. Fisher's discriminant analysis was applied to identify critical neurons whose spiking activity predicted familiar input patterns. Intriguingly, as sensory exposure was prolonged, the selected critical neurons tended to appear at deeper layers of the network model, suggesting recruitment of additional circuits in the network for incremental information storage. We conclude that generic cortical microcircuits with bidirectional synaptic plasticity have an intrinsic ability to detect familiar inputs. This ability does not require a specialized wiring diagram or supervision and can therefore be expected to emerge naturally in developing cortical circuits.
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Cultura financiera en la empresa familiar
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Antonio Duréndez Gómez-Guillamón
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Estudios previos han demostrado que las empresas familiares son muy diferentes a las no familiares, puesto que su carácter familiar y la relación familia-empresa les imprime unos rasgos y una cultura propia que le suponen cualidades diferenciadoras. De igual forma, la identificación de una estructura financiera y una jerarquía financiera única en el caso de las empresas familiares nos conduce a plantear una investigación en torno a la existencia de una cultura financiera propia de las empresas familiares. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de corte transversal mediante una encuesta dirigida a una muestra representativa de 837 empresas. Los resultados confirman que el carácter de la empresa es un factor discriminante de la cultura financiera al presentar las empresas familiares un menor grado de cultura financiera que las empresas no familiares. De forma que las empresas familiares se apoyan en menor medida que las no familiares en la opinión de sus directores financieros para las decisiones gerenciales en el área de financiación, están menos informadas de las fuentes financieras alternativas a las tradicionales y la importancia que le conceden a la formación del departamento de administración y financiero es también menor.
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Conservadorismo contábil nas companhias abertas familiares e não-familiares no mercado brasileiro
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Iana Izadora Souza Lapa de Melo Paulo
2015-05-01
observadas nesta pesquisa apontam que as empresas familiares apresentam maior reversão de perdas contábeis do que as firmas não-familiares, sugerindo que elas têm práticas contábeis mais agressivas. Porém, com base na análise estatística proposta, não se pode confirmar que o conservadorismo contábil é significativamente diferente entre as empresas familiares e não-familiares.
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Colour preferences in nest-building zebra finches.
Muth, Felicity; Steele, Matthew; Healy, Susan D
2013-10-01
Some bird species are selective in the materials they choose for nest building, preferring, for example, materials of one colour to others. However, in many cases the cause of these preferences is not clear. One of those species is the zebra finch, which exhibits strong preferences for particular colours of nest material. In an attempt to determine why these birds strongly prefer one colour of material over another, we compared the preferences of paired male zebra finches for nest material colour with their preferences for food of the same colours. We found that birds did indeed prefer particular colours of nest material (in most cases blue) but that they did not generally prefer food of one colour over the other colours. It appears, then, that a preference for one colour or another of nest material is specific to the nest-building context. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency-preference links.
Willems, Sylvie; Van der Linden, Martial
2006-06-01
In three experiments, picture quality between test items was manipulated to examine whether subjects' expectations about the fluency normally associated with these different stimuli might influence the effects of fluency on preference or familiarity-based recognition responses. The results showed that fluency due to pre-exposure influenced responses less when objects were presented with high picture quality, suggesting that attributions of fluency to preference and familiarity are adjusted according to expectations about the different test pictures. However, this expectations influence depended on subjects' awareness of these different quality levels. Indeed, imperceptible differences seemed not to induce expectations about the test item fluency. In this context, fluency due to both picture quality and pre-exposure influenced direct responses. Conversely, obvious, and noticed, differences in test picture quality did no affect responses, suggesting that expectations moderated attributions of fluency only when fluency normally associated with these different stimuli was perceptible but difficult to assess.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Heather R Coffin
Full Text Available Studies of kin recognition in birds have largely focused on parent-offspring recognition using auditory or visual discrimination. Recent studies indicate that birds use odors during social and familial interactions and possibly for mate choice, suggesting olfactory cues may mediate kin recognition as well. Here, we show that Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti, a natally philopatric species with lifetime monogamy, discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar non-kin odors (using prior association and between unfamiliar kin and non-kin odors (using phenotype matching. Penguins preferred familiar non-kin odors, which may be associated with the recognition of nest mates and colony mates and with locating burrows at night after foraging. In tests of kin recognition, penguins preferred unfamiliar non-kin odors. Penguins may have perceived non-kin odors as novel because they did not match the birds' recognition templates. Phenotype matching is likely the primary mechanism for kin recognition within the colony to avoid inbreeding. To our knowledge this is the first study to provide evidence of odor-based kin discrimination in a bird.
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FEBRES ROSADO, XIMENA ANTONIETA
2014-01-01
DEFINIENDO EMPRESA EMPRESA DESDE DIFERENTES PUNTOS DE VISTA FORMAS DE EMPRESAS CLASIFICACIÓN DE EMPRESAS EMPRESA Y FAMILIA COMO SISTEMAS LA EMPRESA FAMILIAR CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA EMPRESA FAMILIAR VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS DE LA EMPRESA FAMILIAR TIPOS DE EMPRESA FAMILIAR LAS EMPRESAS FAMILIARES EN EL PERÚ LA CULTURA DE LA EMPRESA FAMILIAR DEFINICIÓN DE CULTURA FORMACIÓN Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LA CULTURA TRANSMISIÓN DE LA CULTURA FUNCIONES DE LA CULTURA LA EMPRESA A TRAVÉS DE LAS GENERACIONES DE LA PRIMER...
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Understanding heterogeneity of social preferences for fire prevention management
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Varela, Elsa; Jacobsen, Jette Bredahl; Soliño, Mario
2014-01-01
The forest area burnt annually in the European Mediterranean region has more than doubled since the 1970s. In these forests, the main preventive action consists of forest compartmentalization by fuel break networks, which entail high costs and sometimes significant negative impacts. While many...... studies look at public preferences for fire suppression, this study analyses the heterogeneity of social preferences for fire prevention. The visual characteristics of fire prevention structures are very familiar to respondents, but their management is unfamiliar, which raises specific attention in terms...... for the density of fuel breaks. These results are important for designing fire prevention policies that are efficient and acceptable by the population....
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Constelaciones familiares y discapacidad
Salvachúa Algar, María Jesús
2017-01-01
La constelación familiar es un método de psicoterapia familiar sistémica, una potente herramienta fenomenológica que puede aplicarse de forma individual o en grupo, para conocer los vínculos y dinámicas que se establecen entre los miembros de la familia.
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Shared cultural knowledge: Effects of music on young children's social preferences.
Soley, Gaye; Spelke, Elizabeth S
2016-03-01
Adults use cultural markers to discern the structure of the social landscape. Such markers may also influence the social preferences of young children, who tend to conform to their own group and prefer others who do so. However, the forces that propel these preferences are unknown. Here, we use social preferences based on music to investigate these forces in four- and five-year-old children. First, we establish that children prefer other children whose favorite songs are familiar to them. Then we show that this effect depends on shared knowledge: children both prefer others who know songs they themselves know, and avoid others who know songs they do not know, irrespective of the target children's liking of the songs. These results suggest that young children have a remarkably selective sensitivity to shared cultural knowledge. Shared knowledge may be a powerful determinant of children's social preferences, both because it underpins effective communication and because it is conveyed by others through social interactions and therefore can serve as a marker of social group identity. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Milen Radell
2016-08-01
Full Text Available Recent work has found that personality factors that confer vulnerability to addiction can also affect learning and economic decision making. One personality trait which has been implicated in vulnerability to addiction is intolerance to uncertainty (IU, i.e. a preference for familiar over unknown (possible better options. In animals, the motivation to obtain drugs is often assessed through conditioned place preference (CPP, which compares preference for contexts where drug reward was previously received. It is an open question whether participants with high IU also show heightened preference for previously-rewarded contexts. To address this question, we developed a novel computer-based CPP task for humans in which participants guide an avatar through a paradigm in which one room contains frequent reward and one contains less frequent reward. Following exposure to both contexts, subjects are assessed for preference to enter the previously-rich and previously-poor room. Individuals with low IU showed little bias to enter the previously-rich room first, and instead entered both rooms at about the same rate. By contrast, those with high IU showed a strong bias to enter the previously-rich room first. This suggests an increased tendency to chase reward in the intolerant group, consistent with previously observed behavior in opioid-addicted individuals. Thus, high IU may represent a pre-existing cognitive bias that provides a mechanism to promote decision-making processes that increase vulnerability to addiction.
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La agricultura familiar: su relación con el abastecimiento alimentario a nivel familiar
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Laura Gabriela Boada Molina
2015-04-01
Full Text Available En la sierra Norte, la estrategia familiar alimentaria para acceder a la alimentación se manifiesta a través de una heterogeneidad de factores. Específicamente en las provincias del Carchi e Imbabura, en donde predominan la actividad agrícola como un abastecedor de alimentos para el mercado nacional. Las familias campesinas alcanzan la diversificación en su alimentación a través de la estrategia familiar alimentaria conformada por un conjunto de factores en los que destacan la producción para el autoconsumo y la comercialización de los alimentos, pero sobre todo las redes sociales y familiares (capital social. La agricultura familiar como proveedor central del abastecimiento al mercado nacional, además debe alimentar a la familia que la lleva a cabo.
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What parents prefer and children like
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Søndergaard, Helle Alsted; Edelenbos, Merete
2007-01-01
The inherent challenge of investigating food choice of new products for children is that more than one person is involved in the longterm decision-making. Parents decide in the purchase situation while children pass their verdict when they consume the meal. In this paper we suggest linking family...... fairly well what children like. Sharing the meal experience with their children and having meal variation options are important benefits for parents. Parents are more concerned about health while children prefer products that look familiar. However, after tasting an unfamiliar product children are less...
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Stimulus collative properties and consumers’ flavor preferences
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Giacalone, Davide; Duerlund, Mette; Bøegh-Petersen, Jannie
2014-01-01
properties. The relationship between overall arousal potential and hedonic response takes the shape of an inverted “U”, reaching an optimum at a certain level of arousal potential. In three independent studies, using different sets of novel beers as stimuli, consumers’ reported their hedonic response......The present work investigated consumers’ hedonic response to flavor stimuli in light of Berlyne’s (1967) collative-motivational model of aesthetic preferences. According to this paradigm, sensory preferences are a function of a stimulus’ arousal potential, which is determined by its collative......, whereas mixed results were obtained for familiarity and complexity. Additionally, in two of the studies the moderating role of relevant consumer characteristics – product knowledge, food neophobia and variety seeking tendency – was investigated. A consumer’s degree of product knowledge was found...
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La mujer en la empresa familiar
Rodríguez Zapatero, M.; Rodríguez Jiménez, Magdalena
2011-01-01
El objetivo perseguido por el presente trabajo de investigación es llegar a un mejor entendimiento del papel que juega la mujer en la empresa familiar. Se utilizó un cuestionario contestado por ciento diecinueve mujeres, que recabó junto a información demoscópica datos relativos a quién tomó la decisión de entrar a trabajar en la empresa familiar, ventajas y desventajas de trabajar en la empresa familiar, recomendaciones a las hijas para su unión al negocio familiar y tip...
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Cultura financiera en la empresa familiar
Antonio Duréndez Gómez-Guillamón; Teresa Mariño Garrido
2013-01-01
Estudios previos han demostrado que las empresas familiares son muy diferentes a las no familiares, puesto que su carácter familiar y la relación familia-empresa les imprime unos rasgos y una cultura propia que le suponen cualidades diferenciadoras. De igual forma, la identificación de una estructura financiera y una jerarquía financiera única en el caso de las empresas familiares nos conduce a plantear una investigación en torno a la existencia de una cultura financiera propia de las empresa...
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Infants Prefer the Musical Meter of Their Own Culture: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Soley, Gaye; Hannon, Erin E.
2010-01-01
Infants prefer native structures such as familiar faces and languages. Music is a universal human activity containing structures that vary cross-culturally. For example, Western music has temporally regular metric structures, whereas music of the Balkans (e.g., Bulgaria, Macedonia, Turkey) can have both regular and irregular structures. We…
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Preferred memory color difference between the deuteranomalous and normal color vision
Baek, YeSeul; Kwak, Youngshin; Woo, Sungjoo; Park, Chongwook
2015-01-01
The goal of this study is to evaluate the difference of the preferred hues of familiar objects between the color deficient observer and the normal observer. Thirteen test color images were chosen covering fruit colors, natural scene and human faces. It contained red, yellow, green, blue, purple and skin color. Two color deficient observer (deuteranomal) and two normal observers were participated in this experiment. They controlled the YCC hue of the objects in the images to obtain the most preferred and the most natural image. The selected images were analyzed using CIELAB values of each pixel. Data analysis results showed that in the case of naturalness, both groups selected the similar hues for the most of image, while, in the case of preference, the color deficient observer preferred more reddish or more greenish images. Since the deuteranomalous observer has relatively week perception for red and green region, they may prefer more reddish or greenish color. The color difference between natural hue and preferred hue of deuteranomal observer is bigger than those of normal observer.
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Intento suicida y funcionamiento familiar
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wilfredo Guibert Reyes
2001-10-01
Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio analítico retrospectivo de corte transversal del tipo caso control con el objetivo de caracterizar el funcionamiento familiar diferencial de los individuos que realizaron intentos suicida en un área de salud de la Habana Vieja, durante los meses de enero a mayo de 2000. La muestra estuvo conformada por 62 individuos y sus respectivas familias, 31 del grupo estudio e igual cantidad de controles. Se les aplicó la entrevista familiar semiestructurada circular, la prueba de funcionamiento familiar FF-SIL y se observaron sus interacciones familiares. Se encontró que el funcionamiento familiar (FF en los individuos que realizaron intento suicida es predominantemente disfuncional, que las características diferenciales del funcionamiento familiar en las suicidas fueron la poca adaptabilidad (67,7 %, la baja cohesión (70,9 %, y la desarmonía (87,1 % y que en las familias de los suicidas predominaron significativamente todos los factores familiares de riesgo esenciales que predisponen al suicidioA case-control crosswise retrospective and analytical study was made from January to May, 2000 to characterize the family performance in individual who attempted to commit suicide in a health area located in Habana Vieja municipality. The sample was composed by 62 subjects and their respective families, 31 of them belonged to the study group and the rest to the control group. The circular semi-structured family interview and the family performance test were applied whereas family interactions were observed. It was found that family performance in individuals with attempted suicides was predominantly dysfunctional; the differential characteristics of family performance in suicidal persons were low adaptability(67.7%, low cohesion (70.9% and lack of harmony (87.1% and that all the essential family risk factors that are conductive to suicide were significantly present in the families of the suicides
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Proverb familiarity and the mental status examination.
Haynes, R M; Resnick, P J; Dougherty, K C; Althof, S E
1993-01-01
Asking patients to interpret proverbs is a traditional method of assessing abstract thinking ability. Familiarity with a proverb increases the likelihood of interpreting it correctly. Differences in proverb familiarity among patients could lead clinicians to incorrectly conclude that a patient is thinking concretely, and thus to underestimate the patient's cognitive ability. Clinicians should be aware of this possibility when assessing patients from different racial and gender groups. The authors surveyed 229 Afro-American and 104 Caucasian high school students to determine their familiarity with 25 proverbs. Thirty-seven clinicians were also asked to rate their patients' familiarity with the same proverbs. The authors found no differences in proverb familiarity between the black and white students or the male and female students. Clinicians' beliefs about proverb familiarity in their patients were found to be inaccurate.
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Familiarity mediates the relationship between emotional arousal and pleasure during music listening
van den Bosch, Iris; Salimpoor, Valorie N.; Zatorre, Robert J.
2013-01-01
Emotional arousal appears to be a major contributing factor to the pleasure that listeners experience in response to music. Accordingly, a strong positive correlation between self-reported pleasure and electrodermal activity (EDA), an objective indicator of emotional arousal, has been demonstrated when individuals listen to familiar music. However, it is not yet known to what extent familiarity contributes to this relationship. In particular, as listening to familiar music involves expectations and predictions over time based on veridical knowledge of the piece, it could be that such memory factors plays a major role. Here, we tested such a contribution by using musical stimuli entirely unfamiliar to listeners. In a second experiment we repeated the novel music to experimentally establish a sense of familiarity. We aimed to determine whether (1) pleasure and emotional arousal would continue to correlate when listeners have no explicit knowledge of how the tones will unfold, and (2) whether this could be enhanced by experimentally-induced familiarity. In the first experiment, we presented 33 listeners with 70 unfamiliar musical excerpts in two sessions. There was no relationship between the degree of experienced pleasure and emotional arousal as measured by EDA. In the second experiment, 7 participants listened to 35 unfamiliar excerpts over two sessions separated by 30 min. Repeated exposure significantly increased EDA, even though individuals did not explicitly recall having heard all the pieces before. Furthermore, increases in self-reported familiarity significantly enhanced experienced pleasure and there was a general, though not significant, increase in EDA. These results suggest that some level of expectation and predictability mediated by prior exposure to a given piece of music play an important role in the experience of emotional arousal in response to music. PMID:24046738
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Forsythe, Alex; Street, Nichola; Helmy, Mai
2017-08-01
Differences between norm ratings collected when participants are asked to consider more than one picture characteristic are contrasted with the traditional methodological approaches of collecting ratings separately for image constructs. We present data that suggest that reporting normative data, based on methodological procedures that ask participants to consider multiple image constructs simultaneously, could potentially confounded norm data. We provide data for two new image constructs, beauty and the extent to which participants encountered the stimuli in their everyday lives. Analysis of this data suggests that familiarity and encounter are tapping different image constructs. The extent to which an observer encounters an object predicts human judgments of visual complexity. Encountering an image was also found to be an important predictor of beauty, but familiarity with that image was not. Taken together, these results suggest that continuing to collect complexity measures from human judgments is a pointless exercise. Automated measures are more reliable and valid measures, which are demonstrated here as predicting human preferences.
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Consumer preferences for kitchen cabinets made from red alder: a comparison to other hardwoods.
David L. Nicholls; Geoffrey H. Donovan; Joseph. Roos
2004-01-01
In Alaska, red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) is an abundant but commercially underutilized species despite having properties suitable for higher value products, including furniture and cabinetry. However, it laces the name recognition of mote traditional hardwoods. Our research measured the effect of this lack of familiarity on consumer preferences...
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Kopelman, C A; Roberts, L M; Adab, P
2007-12-01
There remains controversy about the contribution of food advertising targeted at children to the epidemic of childhood obesity in the UK. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between the ability to recognize brand logos featured in promotional campaigns of the food industry and eating behaviours, food knowledge and preferences in children aged 9-11 attending six primary schools in Birmingham, West Midlands. A '20 flashcard' brand logo quiz assessed children's brand logo recognition ability; a self-completed questionnaire collected information on children's socio-demographic characteristics, eating behaviours, food knowledge and preferences (n=476). Children demonstrated both high brand logo recognition abilities with 88.4% (420/476) recognizing at least 16/20 brand logos in the quiz and high levels of poor diet. No strong correlation was found between higher brand logo recognition ability and poorer eating behaviours, food knowledge and preferences. Although many children are familiar with commonly presented logos of food products, brand awareness does not appear to be a major influence on the consumption of a poor diet amongst children. The regulation or restriction of food advertising to children is unlikely to have a significant impact on obesity rates among children unless combined with measures to address other detrimental influences.
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Tempo Preferences of Different Age Music Listeners.
LeBlanc, Albert; And Others
1988-01-01
Measures the effect of four levels of tempo on the self-reported preferences of six different age-groups for traditional jazz music listening examples. Stated that listener age exerted a strong influence on overall preference scores. Reported an analysis of variance showing that there is a significant preference for increasingly faster tempo at…
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The development of rhythmic preferences by Dutch-learning infants
Keij, B.M.; Kager, R.W.J.
2016-01-01
In this chapter the early acquisition of word stress is discussed. This study is aimed at examining rhythmic preferences for either strong-weak or weak-strong stress patterns of Dutch-learning infants between 4 and 8 months of age. It is complementary to previous rhythmic preference studies
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The development of rhythmic preferences by Dutch-learning infants
Keij, B.M.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/374786097; Kager, R.W.J.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/072294124
In this chapter the early acquisition of word stress is discussed. This study is aimed at examining rhythmic preferences for either strong-weak or weak-strong stress patterns of Dutch-learning infants between 4 and 8 months of age. It is complementary to previous rhythmic preference studies
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Idarmis González Benítez
2000-06-01
Full Text Available Con este trabajo nos propusimos actualizar el tema de las crisis familiares. Se pone de manifiesto que tanto los eventos propios del desarrollo, como los accidentales, dan lugar a la aparición de crisis en la familia. Queda esclarecido, que no necesariamente han de tener implicaciones negativas para la familia. Se hace énfasis en la valoración del evento por la familia y su significación. Se destaca el papel de los recursos familiares como protectores y moduladores de las crisis. Por último se señalan algunos pasos a seguir en la intervención familiarWith this paper we intend to update the topic of the family crises. It is shown that the own events of development as well as the accidental ones bring about the appearance of crises in the family. It is made clear that they not always have negative implications for the family. Emphasis is made on the assessment of the event for the family and its significance. The role played by the family resources as protective and modulators of the crisis is stressed. Finally, some of the steps to be taken in family intervention are mentioned
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Predictores familiares de la violencia filio-parental: el papel de la disciplina familiar
Izaskun Ibabe
2015-01-01
La violencia filio-parental es un problema social cualitativamente diferente a otros tipos de violencia familiar, porque los adolescentes dirigen la violencia hacia quienes debieran representar la autoridad y proporcionarles bienestar. El objetivo principal de este estudio era analizar el papel de las relaciones paternofiliales y la disciplina familiar en el desarrollo de conductas violentas y prosociales de los adolescentes hacia sus padres. En el estudio participaron 585 hijos/as (48% varon...
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Plailly , Jane; Bensafi , Moustafa; Pachot-Clouard , Mathilde; Delon-Martin , Chantal; Kareken , David ,; Rouby , Catherine; Segebarth , Christoph; Royet , Jean ,
2005-01-01
International audience; Previous studies have shown activation of right orbitofrontal cortex during judgments of odor familiarity. In the present study, we sought to extend our knowledge about the neural circuits involved in such a task by exploring the involvement of the right prefrontal areas and limbic/primary olfactory structures. Fourteen right-handed male subjects were tested using fMRI with a single functional run of two olfactory conditions (odor detection and familiarity judgments). ...
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Is Familiarity a Moderator of Brand/Country Alliances?
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kristensen, Tore; Gabrielsen, Gorm; Jaffe, Eugene D.
2014-01-01
Product and brand familiarity have an important role in consumer choice behaviour and they have been equated with knowledge and experience Consumers having high and low familiarity utilized brand information (an extrinsic cue) in their evaluations, whereas moderately familiar consumers used...... intrinsic cues (product attributes) in evaluating products. The question of whether familiarity moderates the country-of-origin (COO) effect is a valid one. In this present paper, we attempt to provide additional evidence as to how familiarity with products, brands and countries moderates consumer...... evaluation of brand/country alliances. Specifically, we concentrate on the brand leveraging process identified by Keller (2003) applied to the effect of familiarity on country/brand alliances....
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How Does Familiarity Breed Contempt?
Mann, Kevin; Clandinin, Thomas R
2017-05-18
Classifying sensory experiences as either novel or familiar represents a fundamental challenge to neural processing. In this issue of Cell, Hattori et al. describe a circuit mechanism by which a novel stimulus that initially interests a fruit fly turns into a familiar one. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Word-Form Familiarity Bootstraps Infant Speech Segmentation
Altvater-Mackensen, Nicole; Mani, Nivedita
2013-01-01
At about 7 months of age, infants listen longer to sentences containing familiar words--but not deviant pronunciations of familiar words (Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995). This finding suggests that infants are able to segment familiar words from fluent speech and that they store words in sufficient phonological detail to recognize deviations from a…
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Facelock: familiarity-based graphical authentication.
Jenkins, Rob; McLachlan, Jane L; Renaud, Karen
2014-01-01
Authentication codes such as passwords and PIN numbers are widely used to control access to resources. One major drawback of these codes is that they are difficult to remember. Account holders are often faced with a choice between forgetting a code, which can be inconvenient, or writing it down, which compromises security. In two studies, we test a new knowledge-based authentication method that does not impose memory load on the user. Psychological research on face recognition has revealed an important distinction between familiar and unfamiliar face perception: When a face is familiar to the observer, it can be identified across a wide range of images. However, when the face is unfamiliar, generalisation across images is poor. This contrast can be used as the basis for a personalised 'facelock', in which authentication succeeds or fails based on image-invariant recognition of faces that are familiar to the account holder. In Study 1, account holders authenticated easily by detecting familiar targets among other faces (97.5% success rate), even after a one-year delay (86.1% success rate). Zero-acquaintance attackers were reduced to guessing (authenticate (6.6% success rate). In Study 2, we found that shoulder-surfing attacks by strangers could be defeated by presenting different photos of the same target faces in observed and attacked grids (1.9% success rate). Our findings suggest that the contrast between familiar and unfamiliar face recognition may be useful for developers of graphical authentication systems.
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Miklavec, Krista; Pravst, Igor; Raats, Monique M; Pohar, Jure
2016-12-01
Many nutrition and/or health symbols were introduced in different countries in the past years and Slovenia is no exception. The objective of our study was to examine familiarity with and perception of the Protective Food symbol (PF symbol) in Slovenia and to investigate consumers' associations related to the symbol, and the influence of symbols' appearance on their preferences. The study was conducted through online questionnaire with incorporated word-association tasks and conjoint analysis; GfK consumer panel and social media (Facebook) were used for recruitment of Slovenian adults (n=1050; 534 men, 516 women). The majority (78%) of the participants reported they had previously seen the PF symbol, and 64% declared familiarity with it. Familiarity was verified using a word-association task in which we analysed the nature of the symbol's description, distinguishing the description of symbol's visual appearance or its meaning. In this task, 73% of the participants described the symbol's meaning with reference to health or a healthy lifestyle, confirming their familiarity with it. Women and those responsible for grocery shopping were significantly more familiar with the symbol. The impact of the symbol's appearance on consumers' preferences was investigated using conjoint analysis consisting of two attributes - three different symbols found on foods in Slovenia (PF symbol, Choices Programme symbol and Keyhole symbol), and accompanying worded claims. Although worded claims had less relative importance (29.5%) than the symbols (70.5%), we show that careful choice of the wording can affect consumers' preferences considerably. The lowest part-worth utility was observed without an accompanying claim, and the highest for the claim directly communicating health ("Protects your health"). The fact that most participants are well familiar with the PF symbol indicates the symbol's potential to promote healthier food choices, which could be further improved by an accompanying
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The Effect of Psychological Distance on Children's Reasoning about Future Preferences.
Lee, Wendy S C; Atance, Cristina M
2016-01-01
Young preschool-aged children often have difficulty thinking about the future, but tend to reason better about another person's future than their own. This benefit may reflect psychological distance from one's own emotions, beliefs, and states that may bias thinking. In adults, reasoning for others who are more socially distant (i.e., dissimilar, unfamiliar other) is associated with wiser and more adaptive reasoning. The current studies examined whether this effect of social distance could be demonstrated in young children's future thinking. In a future preferences task, 3- and 4-year-olds were shown 5 pairs of child and adult items and selected which ones they would prefer when grown-up. Children answered for themselves, a socially close peer, or a socially distant peer. Social distance was manipulated by varying similarity in Study 1 and familiarity in Study 2. In Study 1, reasoning for similar and dissimilar peers was significantly more accurate than reasoning for the self, but reasoning for similar and dissimilar peers did not differ. In Study 2, scores showed a step-wise increase from self, familiar peer, to unfamiliar peer, but only reasoning for an unfamiliar peer was significantly better more accurate than reasoning for the self. Reasoning for a familiar peer did not differ from reasoning for the self or for an unfamiliar peer. These results suggest that, like adults, children benefit from psychological distance when reasoning for others, but are less sensitive to degrees of social distance, showing no graded effects on performance in Study 1 and weak effects in Study 2. Stronger adult-like effects may only emerge with increasing age and development of other socio-cognitive skills.
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Facelock: familiarity-based graphical authentication
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rob Jenkins
2014-06-01
Full Text Available Authentication codes such as passwords and PIN numbers are widely used to control access to resources. One major drawback of these codes is that they are difficult to remember. Account holders are often faced with a choice between forgetting a code, which can be inconvenient, or writing it down, which compromises security. In two studies, we test a new knowledge-based authentication method that does not impose memory load on the user. Psychological research on face recognition has revealed an important distinction between familiar and unfamiliar face perception: When a face is familiar to the observer, it can be identified across a wide range of images. However, when the face is unfamiliar, generalisation across images is poor. This contrast can be used as the basis for a personalised ‘facelock’, in which authentication succeeds or fails based on image-invariant recognition of faces that are familiar to the account holder. In Study 1, account holders authenticated easily by detecting familiar targets among other faces (97.5% success rate, even after a one-year delay (86.1% success rate. Zero-acquaintance attackers were reduced to guessing (<1% success rate. Even personal attackers who knew the account holder well were rarely able to authenticate (6.6% success rate. In Study 2, we found that shoulder-surfing attacks by strangers could be defeated by presenting different photos of the same target faces in observed and attacked grids (1.9% success rate. Our findings suggest that the contrast between familiar and unfamiliar face recognition may be useful for developers of graphical authentication systems.
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The role of long-term familiarity and attentional maintenance in short-term memory for timbre.
Siedenburg, Kai; McAdams, Stephen
2017-04-01
We study short-term recognition of timbre using familiar recorded tones from acoustic instruments and unfamiliar transformed tones that do not readily evoke sound-source categories. Participants indicated whether the timbre of a probe sound matched with one of three previously presented sounds (item recognition). In Exp. 1, musicians better recognised familiar acoustic compared to unfamiliar synthetic sounds, and this advantage was particularly large in the medial serial position. There was a strong correlation between correct rejection rate and the mean perceptual dissimilarity of the probe to the tones from the sequence. Exp. 2 compared musicians' and non-musicians' performance with concurrent articulatory suppression, visual interference, and with a silent control condition. Both suppression tasks disrupted performance by a similar margin, regardless of musical training of participants or type of sounds. Our results suggest that familiarity with sound source categories and attention play important roles in short-term memory for timbre, which rules out accounts solely based on sensory persistence.
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The role of long-term and short-term familiarity in visual and haptic face recognition.
Casey, Sarah J; Newell, Fiona N
2005-10-01
Recent studies have suggested that the familiarity of a face leads to more robust recognition, at least within the visual domain. The aim of our study was to investigate whether face familiarity resulted in a representation of faces that was easily shared across the sensory modalities. In Experiment 1, we tested whether haptic recognition of a highly familiar face (one's own face) was as efficient as visual recognition. Our observers were unable to recognise their own face models from tactile memory alone but were able to recognise their faces visually. However, haptic recognition improved when participants were primed by their own live face. In Experiment 2, we found that short-term familiarisation with a set of previously unfamiliar face stimuli improved crossmodal recognition relative to the recognition of unfamiliar faces. Our findings suggest that familiarisation provides a strong representation of faces but that the nature of the information encoded during learning is critical for efficient crossmodal recognition.
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Terapia familiar en los trastornos de personalidad
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Laura Rodríguez Moya
2013-06-01
Full Text Available La enfermedad mental afecta no solo al paciente sino también a su familia, dificulta la comunicación intrafamiliar, puede generar patologías adicionales en los familiares y todo ello empeorar la evolución del trastorno. Las terapias familiares de tipo psicoeducativo mejoran el pronóstico de la enfermedad y además previenen la aparición de otros trastornos en los familiares. Los elementos más importantes de estas intervenciones son la psicoeducación sobre el trastorno, el re-establecimiento de una relación sana entre paciente-familia, el establecimiento de límites, la mejora de la comunicación familiar y el establecimiento de relaciones con la red social extensa, para evitar el aislamiento tanto de la familia como del paciente. Las intervenciones mixtas, individuales y familiares, han demostrado ser muy útiles en el caso de los trastornos de personalidad, en concreto en el Trastorno Límite de Personalidad (TLP.
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46 CFR 15.405 - Familiarity with vessel characteristics.
2010-10-01
... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Familiarity with vessel characteristics. 15.405 Section... MANNING REQUIREMENTS Manning Requirements; All Vessels § 15.405 Familiarity with vessel characteristics. Each credentialed individual must become familiar with the relevant characteristics of the vessel on...
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Huijgen, Josefien; Dellacherie, Delphine; Tillmann, Barbara; Clément, Sylvain; Bigand, Emmanuel; Dupont, Sophie; Samson, Séverine
2015-10-01
Previous research has indicated that the medial temporal lobe (MTL), and more specifically the perirhinal cortex, plays a role in the feeling of familiarity for non-musical stimuli. Here, we examined contribution of the MTL to the feeling of familiarity for music by testing patients with unilateral MTL lesions. We used a gating paradigm: segments of familiar and unfamiliar musical excerpts were played with increasing durations (250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 ms and complete excerpts), and participants provided familiarity judgments for each segment. Based on the hypothesis that patients might need longer segments than healthy controls (HC) to identify excerpts as familiar, we examined the onset of the emergence of familiarity in HC, patients with a right MTL resection (RTR), and patients with a left MTL resection (LTR). In contrast to our hypothesis, we found that the feeling of familiarity was relatively spared in patients with a right or left MTL lesion, even for short excerpts. All participants were able to differentiate familiar from unfamiliar excerpts as early as 500 ms, although the difference between familiar and unfamiliar judgements was greater in HC than in patients. These findings suggest that a unilateral MTL lesion does not impair the emergence of the feeling of familiarity. We also assessed whether the dynamics of the musical excerpt (linked to the type and amount of information contained in the excerpts) modulated the onset of the feeling of familiarity in the three groups. The difference between familiar and unfamiliar judgements was greater for high than for low-dynamic excerpts for HC and RTR patients, but not for LTR patients. This indicates that the LTR group did not benefit in the same way from dynamics. Overall, our results imply that the recognition of previously well-learned musical excerpts does not depend on the integrity of either right or the left MTL structures. Patients with a unilateral MTL resection may compensate for the effects of
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Decision heuristic or preference? Attribute non-attendance in discrete choice problems.
Heidenreich, Sebastian; Watson, Verity; Ryan, Mandy; Phimister, Euan
2018-01-01
This paper investigates if respondents' choice to not consider all characteristics of a multiattribute health service may represent preferences. Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies account for attribute non-attendance (ANA) when using discrete choice experiments to elicit individuals' preferences. Most studies assume such behaviour is a heuristic and therefore uninformative. This assumption may result in misleading welfare estimates if ANA reflects preferences. This is the first paper to assess if ANA is a heuristic or genuine preference without relying on respondents' self-stated motivation and the first study to explore this question within a health context. Based on findings from cognitive psychology, we expect that familiar respondents are less likely to use a decision heuristic to simplify choices than unfamiliar respondents. We employ a latent class model of discrete choice experiment data concerned with National Health Service managers' preferences for support services that assist with performance concerns. We present quantitative and qualitative evidence that in our study ANA mostly represents preferences. We also show that wrong assumptions about ANA result in inadequate welfare measures that can result in suboptimal policy advice. Future research should proceed with caution when assuming that ANA is a heuristic. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Infertilidad como evento paranormativo: Su repercusión familiar
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Malbys Fernández Ríos
2002-04-01
Full Text Available La infertilidad, tema de nuestro estudio, constituye un evento vital que repercute en el sistema familiar, y es considerada como una crisis familiar por desorganización. Nos propusimos realizar un estudio del evento infertilidad, para determinar su repercusión en la salud familiar y las áreas de mayor afectación, relacionándola con la adaptabilidad de la familia y el apoyo social recibido. Encontramos entre los resultados que la infertilidad como evento paranormativo presentó una repercusión en la salud familiar a un nivel leve y con un sentido desfavorable, que la infertilidad primaria tiene mayor nivel de repercusión que la secundaria, pero predomina la significación desfavorable de los 2 tipos. Las áreas de salud familiar con mayor afectación fueron la sociopsicológica y el estado de salud de los miembros con significación desfavorable; el funcionamiento familiar con significación favorable. Se encontró correspondencia entre la capacidad de adaptabilidad familiar, el apoyo social y la repercusión familiar del evento.
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Event-related potentials indicate that fluency can be interpreted as familiarity.
Bruett, Heather; Leynes, P Andrew
2015-11-01
Recent evidence suggests that fluency may be capable of supporting recognition independently of familiarity. This hypothesis was further tested in the present study. 29 participants encoded name-brand and off-brand products in an incidental task. Participants then judged whether the product was old or new during two tests with products from one category (i.e., only name-brand or only off-brand products) and a mixed test (where both name-brand and off-brand products were shown). The ERP data elicited by off-brand products varied as a function of test format. During the mixed test, off-brand products were correlated with a FN400 effect, whereas a fluency ERP (old ERPs were more negative than new at parietal electrodes 225-400ms) was observed during the other test. Importantly, no FN400 was detected during this test. The ERP results suggest that viewing the off-brand products during the mixed test produced a familiarity experience; however, fluency supported recognition when viewing off-brand products on the other test. The results are strong evidence that top-down processing of visual features during recognition interprets the information relative to the context. This process results in either fluency or, in other contexts, it is interpreted as familiarity as the Discrepancy-Attribution Hypothesis (Whittlesea and Williams, 2001a, 2001b) contends. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Referral recommendations for osteoarthritis of the knee incorporating patients' preferences
Musila, Nyokabi; Underwood, Martin; McCaskie, Andrew W; Black, Nick; Clarke, Aileen; van der Meulen, Jan H
2011-01-01
Background. GPs have to respond to conflicting policy developments. As gatekeeper they are supposed to manage the growing demand for specialist services and as patient advocate they should be responsive to patients' preferences. We used an innovative approach to develop a referral guideline for patients with chronic knee pain that explicitly incorporates patients' preferences. Methods. A guideline development group of 12 members including patients, GPs, orthopaedic surgeons and other health care professionals used formal consensus development informed by systematic evidence reviews. They rated the appropriateness of referral for 108 case scenarios describing patients according to symptom severity, age, body mass, co-morbidity and referral preference. Appropriateness was expressed on scale from 1 (‘strongly disagree’) to 9 (‘strongly agree’). Results. Ratings of referral appropriateness were strongly influenced by symptom severity and patients' referral preferences. The influence of other patient characteristics was small. There was consensus that patients with severe knee symptoms who want to be referred should be referred and that patient with moderate or mild symptoms and strong preference against referral should not be referred. Referral preference had a greater impact on the ratings of referral appropriateness when symptoms were moderate or severe than when symptoms were mild. Conclusions. Referral decisions for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee should only be guided by symptom severity and patients' referral preferences. The guideline development group seemed to have given priority to avoiding inefficient resource use in patients with mild symptoms and to respecting patient autonomy in patients with severe symptoms. PMID:20817791
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Koenig, Laura; Wimmer, Marina C; Hollins, Timothy J
2015-03-01
According to dual-process theories, recollection (slow and associated with contextual details) and familiarity (fast and automatic) are two independent processes underlying recognition memory. An adapted version of the process dissociation paradigm was used to measure recognition memory in 5-, 7-, and 11-year-olds and adults. In Experiment 1, it was found that 5-year-olds already recollect details of items (i.e., number). Recollection increased particularly between 5 and 7 years. Familiarity differed between 5 years and adulthood. In Experiment 2, under limited response time during retrieval, recollection was eliminated in 5-year-olds and reduced across all ages, whereas familiarity was left unaffected. Together, these findings are consistent with dual-process theories of recognition memory and provide support for two processes underlying recognition memory from a developmental perspective. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lee, Edmund W. J.; Ho, Shirley S.
2015-01-01
Public level of familiarity with nanotechnology partly determines their acceptance or rejection of the technology. This study examines the differential influence of public attention to science news in the media and reflective integration on perceived familiarity with nanotechnology among people in the higher and lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups in Singapore. Significant three-way interactions among education, science news attention, and reflective integration variables were found. Attention to television science news narrowed the level of perceived familiarity with nanotechnology between the higher and lower SES groups for those who engaged in high elaborative processing. Science newspaper attention, on the other hand, widened the familiarity gap between the higher and lower SES groups among those who engaged in high elaborative processing. Two-way interaction among education and elaborative processing were found—elaborative processing closed the familiarity gap between higher and lower SES groups. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, Edmund W. J., E-mail: leew0124@e.ntu.edu.sg; Ho, Shirley S. [Nanyang Technological University, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information (Singapore)
2015-05-15
Public level of familiarity with nanotechnology partly determines their acceptance or rejection of the technology. This study examines the differential influence of public attention to science news in the media and reflective integration on perceived familiarity with nanotechnology among people in the higher and lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups in Singapore. Significant three-way interactions among education, science news attention, and reflective integration variables were found. Attention to television science news narrowed the level of perceived familiarity with nanotechnology between the higher and lower SES groups for those who engaged in high elaborative processing. Science newspaper attention, on the other hand, widened the familiarity gap between the higher and lower SES groups among those who engaged in high elaborative processing. Two-way interaction among education and elaborative processing were found—elaborative processing closed the familiarity gap between higher and lower SES groups. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
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Lee, Edmund W. J.; Ho, Shirley S.
2015-05-01
Public level of familiarity with nanotechnology partly determines their acceptance or rejection of the technology. This study examines the differential influence of public attention to science news in the media and reflective integration on perceived familiarity with nanotechnology among people in the higher and lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups in Singapore. Significant three-way interactions among education, science news attention, and reflective integration variables were found. Attention to television science news narrowed the level of perceived familiarity with nanotechnology between the higher and lower SES groups for those who engaged in high elaborative processing. Science newspaper attention, on the other hand, widened the familiarity gap between the higher and lower SES groups among those who engaged in high elaborative processing. Two-way interaction among education and elaborative processing were found—elaborative processing closed the familiarity gap between higher and lower SES groups. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Maria Cuba-Fuentes
2014-04-01
Full Text Available Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre el tipo de familia y el ciclo vital familiar con el desarrollo de problemas psicosomáticos en pacientes que acudieron al consultorio de medicina familiar. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal, en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas de un consultorio docente de medicina familiar y se buscó asociación entre el tipo de familia y ciclo vital familiar con el desarrollo de problemas psicosomáticos. Resultados: Se encontró un mayor porcentaje de familias nucleares según el tipo familiar y en plataforma de despegue según el ciclo vital familiar, se encontró en un 41% del total de la muestra con al menos un problema psicosomático en la historia clínica. No se encontró asociación entre el tipo de familia y el ciclo vital familiar con el desarrollo de problemas psicosomáticos. Conclusiones: El desarrollo de problemas psicosomáticos en un consultorio docente de medicina familiar no está asociado con el tipo de familia ni con el ciclo vital familiar.
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Impact of product familiarity on beef quality perception
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Banovic, Marija; Fontes, Magda Aguiar; Barreira, Maria Madalena
2012-01-01
This study examines the use of intrinsic and extrinsic cues in beef quality perception at the point of purchase and upon consumption by consumers with varying levels of familiarity with a particular beef product. High-familiarity consumers tend to use the color of the meat to assess beef quality......, whereas low-familiarity consumers tend to believe that the brand is the most valid cue for assessing beef quality. However, due to the lack of consistency in sensory beef quality, high-familiarity consumers’ ability to form quality expectations that are predictive of their quality experience is no better...
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Predictores familiares de la violencia filio-parental: el papel de la disciplina familiar
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Izaskun Ibabe
2015-05-01
Full Text Available La violencia filio-parental es un problema social cualitativamente diferente a otros tipos de violencia familiar, porque los adolescentes dirigen la violencia hacia quienes debieran representar la autoridad y proporcionarles bienestar. El objetivo principal de este estudio era analizar el papel de las relaciones paternofiliales y la disciplina familiar en el desarrollo de conductas violentas y prosociales de los adolescentes hacia sus padres. En el estudio participaron 585 hijos/as (48% varones entre 12 y 18 años procedentes de 8 centros escolares de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Los resultados indican que las relaciones familiares basadas en el afecto y la comunicación son las que favorecen las conductas prosociales de los hijos, y reducen las conductas violentas de éstos en el hogar. Por el contrario, las estrategias de disciplina parental coercitivas y las estrategias parcialmente coercitivas (supervisión y coste de respuesta se asocian a un mayor nivel de violencia física y psicológica de los hijos adolescentes hacia sus padres. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados en relación a la educación parental.
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Neural representation of face familiarity in an awake chimpanzee
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Hirokata Fukushima
2013-12-01
Full Text Available Evaluating the familiarity of faces is critical for social animals as it is the basis of individual recognition. In the present study, we examined how face familiarity is reflected in neural activities in our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. Skin-surface event-related brain potentials (ERPs were measured while a fully awake chimpanzee observed photographs of familiar and unfamiliar chimpanzee faces (Experiment 1 and human faces (Experiment 2. The ERPs evoked by chimpanzee faces differentiated unfamiliar individuals from familiar ones around midline areas centered on vertex sites at approximately 200 ms after the stimulus onset. In addition, the ERP response to the image of the subject’s own face did not significantly diverge from those evoked by familiar chimpanzees, suggesting that the subject’s brain at a minimum remembered the image of her own face. The ERPs evoked by human faces were not influenced by the familiarity of target individuals. These results indicate that chimpanzee neural representations are more sensitive to the familiarity of conspecific than allospecific faces.
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Coping with divided attention: the advantage of familiarity.
Griffiths, S W; Brockmark, S; Höjesjö, J; Johnsson, J I
2004-04-07
The ability of an animal to perform a task successfully is limited by the amount of attention being simultaneously focused on other activities. One way in which individuals might reduce the cost of divided attention is by preferentially focusing on the most beneficial tasks. In territorial animals where aggression is lower among familiar individuals, the decision to associate preferentially with familiar conspecifics may therefore confer advantages by allowing attention to be switched from aggression to predator vigilance and feeding. Wild juvenile brown trout were used to test the prediction that familiar fishes respond more quickly than unfamiliar fishes to a simulated predator attack. Our results confirm this prediction by demonstrating that familiar trout respond 14% faster than unfamiliar individuals to a predator attack. The results also show that familiar fishes consume a greater number of food items, foraging at more than twice the rate of unfamiliar conspecifics. To the best of our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence that familiarity-biased association confers advantages through the immediate fitness benefits afforded by faster predator-evasion responses and the long-term benefits provided by increased feeding opportunities.
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Relationship between ethanol preference and sensation/novelty seeking.
Manzo, Lidia; Gómez, Ma José; Callejas-Aguilera, José E; Donaire, Rocío; Sabariego, Marta; Fernández-Teruel, Alberto; Cañete, Antoni; Blázquez, Gloria; Papini, Mauricio R; Torres, Carmen
2014-06-22
High- and low-avoidance Roman inbred rat strains (RHA-I, RLA-I) were selected for extreme differences in two-way active avoidance. RHA-I rats also express less anxiety than RLA-I rats. This study compared male Roman rats in ethanol preference and sensation/novelty seeking. Rats were first exposed in counterbalanced order to the hole-board test (forced exposure to novelty) and the Y-maze and emergence tests (free choice between novel and familiar locations). Then, rats were tested in 24-h, two-bottle preference tests with water in one bottle and ethanol (2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% in successive days). Compared to RLA-I rats, RHA-I rats showed (1) higher frequency and time in head dipping, (2) higher activity, and (3) lower frequency of rearing and grooming in the hole-board test, and (4) remained in the novel arm longer in the Y-maze test. No strain differences were observed in the emergence test. RHA-I rats exhibited higher preference for and consumed more ethanol than RLA-I rats at all concentrations. However, both strains preferred ethanol over water for 2-4% concentrations, but water over ethanol for 6-10% concentrations. Factorial analysis with all the rats pooled identified a two-factor solution, one grouping preferred ethanol concentrations (2-4%) with head dipping and grooming in the hole board, and another factor grouping the nonpreferred ethanol concentrations (6-10%) with activity in the hole board and novel-arm time in the Y-maze test. These results show that preference for ethanol is associated with different aspects of behavior measured in sensation/novelty-seeking tests. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Familiar counseling and its effects on childhood stuttering
Oliveira, Cristiane Moço Canhetti de; Yasunaga, Cristiane Naomi; Sebastião, Luciana Tavares; Nascimento, Edinalva Neves
2010-01-01
OBJETIVO: Verificar a contribuição da orientação familiar de curto prazo na fluência da fala de crianças com gagueira. MÉTODOS: Participaram 20 díades de crianças com gagueira e familiares. Os procedimentos foram realizados em três etapas: avaliação da fluência, orientações familiares e reavaliação da fluência. A avaliação inicial da fluência foi realizada para caracterizar a tipologia e a frequência das disfluências antes das orientações. A orientação familiar foi realizada em duas sessões, ...
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Memory color effect induced by familiarity of brand logos.
Kimura, Atsushi; Wada, Yuji; Masuda, Tomohiro; Goto, Sho-Ichi; Tsuzuki, Daisuke; Hibino, Haruo; Cai, Dongsheng; Dan, Ippeita
2013-01-01
When people are asked to adjust the color of familiar objects such as fruits until they appear achromatic, the subjective gray points of the objects are shifted away from the physical gray points in a direction opposite to the memory color (memory color effect). It is still unclear whether the discrepancy between memorized and actual colors of objects is dependent on the familiarity of the objects. Here, we conducted two experiments in order to examine the relationship between the degree of a subject's familiarity with objects and the degree of the memory color effect by using logographs of food and beverage companies. In Experiment 1, we measured the memory color effects of logos which varied in terms of their familiarity (high, middle, or low). Results demonstrate that the memory color effect occurs only in the high-familiarity condition, but not in the middle- and low-familiarity conditions. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between the memory color effect and the actual number of domestic stores of the brand. In Experiment 2, we assessed the semantic association between logos and food/beverage names by using a semantic priming task to elucidate whether the memory color effect of logos relates to consumer brand cognition, and found that the semantic associations between logos and food/beverage names in the high-familiarity brands were stronger than those in the low-familiarity brands only when the logos were colored correctly, but not when they were appropriately or inappropriately colored, or achromatic. The current results provide behavioral evidence of the relationship between the familiarity of objects and the memory color effect and suggest that the memory color effect increases with the familiarity of objects, albeit not constantly.
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Memory Color Effect Induced by Familiarity of Brand Logos
Kimura, Atsushi; Wada, Yuji; Masuda, Tomohiro; Goto, Sho-ichi; Tsuzuki, Daisuke; Hibino, Haruo; Cai, Dongsheng; Dan, Ippeita
2013-01-01
Background When people are asked to adjust the color of familiar objects such as fruits until they appear achromatic, the subjective gray points of the objects are shifted away from the physical gray points in a direction opposite to the memory color (memory color effect). It is still unclear whether the discrepancy between memorized and actual colors of objects is dependent on the familiarity of the objects. Here, we conducted two experiments in order to examine the relationship between the degree of a subject’s familiarity with objects and the degree of the memory color effect by using logographs of food and beverage companies. Methods and Findings In Experiment 1, we measured the memory color effects of logos which varied in terms of their familiarity (high, middle, or low). Results demonstrate that the memory color effect occurs only in the high-familiarity condition, but not in the middle- and low-familiarity conditions. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between the memory color effect and the actual number of domestic stores of the brand. In Experiment 2, we assessed the semantic association between logos and food/beverage names by using a semantic priming task to elucidate whether the memory color effect of logos relates to consumer brand cognition, and found that the semantic associations between logos and food/beverage names in the high-familiarity brands were stronger than those in the low-familiarity brands only when the logos were colored correctly, but not when they were appropriately or inappropriately colored, or achromatic. Conclusion The current results provide behavioral evidence of the relationship between the familiarity of objects and the memory color effect and suggest that the memory color effect increases with the familiarity of objects, albeit not constantly. PMID:23874638
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Memory color effect induced by familiarity of brand logos.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Atsushi Kimura
Full Text Available When people are asked to adjust the color of familiar objects such as fruits until they appear achromatic, the subjective gray points of the objects are shifted away from the physical gray points in a direction opposite to the memory color (memory color effect. It is still unclear whether the discrepancy between memorized and actual colors of objects is dependent on the familiarity of the objects. Here, we conducted two experiments in order to examine the relationship between the degree of a subject's familiarity with objects and the degree of the memory color effect by using logographs of food and beverage companies.In Experiment 1, we measured the memory color effects of logos which varied in terms of their familiarity (high, middle, or low. Results demonstrate that the memory color effect occurs only in the high-familiarity condition, but not in the middle- and low-familiarity conditions. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between the memory color effect and the actual number of domestic stores of the brand. In Experiment 2, we assessed the semantic association between logos and food/beverage names by using a semantic priming task to elucidate whether the memory color effect of logos relates to consumer brand cognition, and found that the semantic associations between logos and food/beverage names in the high-familiarity brands were stronger than those in the low-familiarity brands only when the logos were colored correctly, but not when they were appropriately or inappropriately colored, or achromatic.The current results provide behavioral evidence of the relationship between the familiarity of objects and the memory color effect and suggest that the memory color effect increases with the familiarity of objects, albeit not constantly.
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Ross, Misha; Mason, Georgia J
2017-12-01
Exposure to certain natural stimuli improves people's moods, reduces stress, enhances stress resilience, and promotes mental and physical health. Laboratory studies and real estate prices also reveal that humans prefer environments containing a broad range of natural stimuli. Potential mediators of these outcomes include: 1) therapeutic effects of specific natural products; 2) positive affective responses to stimuli that signalled safety and resources to our evolutionary ancestors; 3) attraction to environments that satisfy innate needs to explore and understand; and 4) ease of sensory processing, due to the stimuli's "evolutionary familiarity" and/or their fractal, self-repeating properties. These processes, and the benefits humans gain from natural stimuli, seem to be largely innate. They thus have strong implications for other species (including laboratory, farm and zoo animals living in environments devoid of natural stimuli), suggesting that they too may have nature-related "sensory needs". By promoting positive affect and stress resilience, preferred natural stimuli (including views, sounds and odours) could therefore potentially provide effective and efficient ways to improve captive animal well-being. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Modality dependency of familiarity ratings of Japanese words.
Amano, S; Kondo, T; Kakehi, K
1995-07-01
Familiarity ratings for a large number of aurally and visually presented Japanese words wer measured for 11 subjects, in order to investigate the modality dependency of familiarity. The correlation coefficient between auditory and visual ratings was .808, which is lower than that observed for English words, suggesting that a substantial portion of the mental lexicon is modality dependent. It was shown that the modality dependency is greater for low-familiarity words than it is for medium- or high-familiarity words. This difference between the low- and the medium- or high-familiarity words has a relationship to orthography. That is, the dependency is larger in words consisting only of kanji, which may have multiple pronunciations and usually represent meaning, than it is in words consisting only of hiragana or katakana, which have a single pronunciation and usually do not represent meaning. These results indicate that the idiosyncratic characteristics of Japanese orthography contribute to the modality dependency.
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The Influence of Familiarity on Affective Responses to Natural Scenes
Sanabria Z., Jorge C.; Cho, Youngil; Yamanaka, Toshimasa
This kansei study explored how familiarity with image-word combinations influences affective states. Stimuli were obtained from Japanese print advertisements (ads), and consisted of images (e.g., natural-scene backgrounds) and their corresponding headlines (advertising copy). Initially, a group of subjects evaluated their level of familiarity with images and headlines independently, and stimuli were filtered based on the results. In the main experiment, a different group of subjects rated their pleasure and arousal to, and familiarity with, image-headline combinations. The Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale was used to evaluate pleasure and arousal, and a bipolar scale was used to evaluate familiarity. The results showed a high correlation between familiarity and pleasure, but low correlation between familiarity and arousal. The characteristics of the stimuli, and their effect on the variables of pleasure, arousal and familiarity, were explored through ANOVA. It is suggested that, in the case of natural-scene ads, familiarity with image-headline combinations may increase the pleasure response to the ads, and that certain components in the images (e.g., water) may increase arousal levels.
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Does Science Also Prefer a Ternary Pattern?
Pogliani, L.; Klein, D. J.; Balaban, A. T.
2006-01-01
Through the importance of the number three in our culture and the strange preference for a ternary pattern of our nature one can perceive how and why number theory degraded to numerology. The strong preference of our minds for simple patterns can be read as the key to understanding not only the development of numerology, but also why scientists…
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Efficient privacy-enhanced familiarity-based recommender system
Jeckmans, Arjan; Peter, Andreas; Hartel, Pieter H.
Recommender systems can help users to find interesting content, often based on similarity with other users. However, studies have shown that in some cases familiarity gives comparable results to similarity. Using familiarity has the added bonus of increasing privacy between users and utilizing a
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Soler Roch, María Teresa
2006-01-01
El trabajo trata la evolución de la tributación familiar en el Derecho tributario español con referencia a la imposición directa (Impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas, Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio e Impuesto sobre Sucesiones y Donaciones). En los Impuestos sobre la Renta y el Patrimonio, se analiza el tratamiento de la unidad familiar desde la perspectiva de los principios constitucionales de capacidad económica e igualdad y las distintas reformas en el tratamiento de l...
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Empresa familiar: mujer y sucesión
Pascual García, Consolación
2013-01-01
La Empresa Familiar desempeña un papel fundamental en las principales economías del mundo. Uno de sus objetivos fundamentales es el traspaso de una generación a otra, lo cual hace que el tema de la sucesión sea especialmente importante. Como consecuencia de todo ello surgió el interés por la Empresa Familiar para realizar este trabajo de investigación, que trata de explicar el proceso de sucesión en la Empresa Familiar, determinando cuáles son los criterios que predominan en la elección del s...
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Consumer preferences for maize products in urban Kenya.
De Groote, Hugo; Kimenju, Simon Chege
2012-06-01
New maize varieties have been biofortified with provitamin A, mainly a-carotene, which renders the grain yellow or orange. Unfortunately, many African consumers prefer white maize. The maize consumption patterns in Africa are, however, not known. To determine which maize products African consumers prefer to purchase and which maize preparations they prefer to eat. A survey of 600 consumers was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, at three types of maize outlets: posho mills (small hammer mills), kiosks, and supermarkets. Clients of posho mills had lower incomes and less education than those of kiosks and supermarkets. The preferred maize product of the posho-mill clients was artisanal maize meal; the preferred product of the others was industrial maize meal. Maize is the preferred staple for lunch and dinner, eaten as a stiff porridge (ugali), followed by boiled maize and beans (githeri), regardless of socioeconomic background. For breakfast, only half the consumers prefer maize, mostly as a soft porridge (uji). This proportion is higher in low-income groups. Consumers show a strong preference for white maize over yellow, mostly for its organoleptic characteristics, and show less interest in biofortified maize. Maize is the major food staple in Nairobi, mostly eaten in a few distinct preparations. For biofortified yellow maize to be accepted, a strong public awareness campaign to inform consumers is needed, based on a sensory evaluation and the mass media, in particular on radio in the local language.
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Semantic memory influences episodic retrieval by increased familiarity.
Wang, Yujuan; Mao, Xinrui; Li, Bingcan; Lu, Baoqing; Guo, Chunyan
2016-07-06
The role of familiarity in associative recognition has been investigated in a number of studies, which have indicated that familiarity can facilitate recognition under certain circumstances. The ability of a pre-experimentally existing common representation to boost the contribution of familiarity has rarely been investigated. In addition, although many studies have investigated the interactions between semantic memory and episodic retrieval, the conditions that influence the presence of specific patterns were unclear. This study aimed to address these two questions. We manipulated the degree of overlap between the two representations using synonym and nonsynonym pairs in an associative recognition task. Results indicated that an increased degree of overlap enhanced recognition performance. The analysis of event-related potentials effects in the test phase showed that synonym pairs elicited both types of old/rearranged effects, whereas nonsynonym pairs elicited a late old/rearranged effect. These results confirmed that a common representation, irrespective of source, was necessary for assuring the presence of familiarity, but a common representation could not distinguish associative recognition depending on familiarity alone. Moreover, our expected double dissociation between familiarity and recollection was absent, which indicated that mode selection may be influenced by the degree of distinctness between old and rearranged pairs rather than the degree of overlap between representations.
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Procesos matrimoniales y mediación familiar
Fernández López, Mercedes
2012-01-01
Presentación de la regulación de los procesos matrimoniales y de las posibilidades de acudir a la mediación familiar como medio para alcanzar acuerdos que eviten el proceso contradictorio. Momentos procesales en los que procede acudir a la mediación familiar.
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Criação de Valor no Desempenho Econômico de Empresas Familiares e Não Familiares Brasileiras
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Micheli Aparecida Lunardi
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a criação de valor no desempenho econômico de empresas familiares e não familiares brasileiras. Para tanto, adotou-se como universo do estudo as ações listadas no IBRX 100 do IBM&FBOVESPA no período de 2011 a 2015. Fundamento: A contabilidade e a finanças são pedras angulares no apoio à gestão baseada na criação de valor. Os dados contábeis são usados para avaliação de desempenho econômico-financeiro das organizações. Não obstante, os gestores ainda carecem de informações que representam a criação de riqueza de uma organização. Nas últimas décadas, as empresas brasileiras seguem uma tendência mundial, que busca aderir ao modelo de gestão baseada na criação de valor de modo a maximizar a riqueza do acionista. Método: O estudo é descritivo, documental com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra é composta por 21 empresas familiares e 42 não familiares. Adotou-se o modelo de Análise por Envelopamento de Dados (Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA no qual as medidas de criação de valor (EVA e MVA são consideradas inputs e os indicadores de desempenho (ROI e ROA apresentam-se como outputs. Resultados: A análise permite concluir que no período de 2011 a 2013 as empresas familiares apresentaram score de eficiência em relação às não familiares. Em 2014, observou-se uma queda na eficiência nos dois grupos de propriedade. No ano subsequente, as empresas não familiares apresentaram uma melhor eficiência na relação entre criação de valor e desempenho econômico. Contribuições: Por fim, o estudo reforça que o desempenho das empresas, no período de 2011 até 2014 apresentou forte redução no número de empresas eficientes, em virtude da crise econômica brasileira, com oscilação acentuada para as empresas não familiares. Com isso, fica evidenciado o perfil mais conservador das empresas familiares em função do desempenho econômico e criação de valor que
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Val-Laillet, David; Meurice, Paul; Clouard, Caroline
2016-01-01
Brain responses to feed flavors with or without a feed additive (FA) were investigated in piglets familiarized or not with this FA. Sixteen piglets were allocated to 2 dietary treatments from weaning until d 37: the naive group (NAI) received a standard control feed and the familiarized group (FAM) received the same feed added with a FA mainly made of orange extracts. Animals were subjected to a feed transition at d 16 post-weaning, and to 2-choice feeding tests at d 16 and d 23. Production traits of the piglets were assessed up to d 28 post-weaning. From d 26 onwards, animals underwent 2 brain imaging sessions (positron emission tomography of 18FDG) under anesthesia to investigate the brain activity triggered by the exposure to the flavors of the feed with (FA) or without (C) the FA. Images were analyzed with SPM8 and a region of interest (ROI)-based small volume correction (p reward, and included the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, fusiform gyrus, limbic system and corpus striatum. The FAM animals showed a moderate preference for the novel post-transition FA feed compared to the C feed on d 16, i.e., day of the feed transition (67% of total feed intake). The presence or absence of the FA in the diet from weaning had no impact on body weight, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of the animals over the whole experimental period (p ≥ 0.10). Familiar feed flavors activated the prefrontal cortex. The amygdala, insular cortex, and prepyriform area were only activated in familiarized animals exposed to the FA feed flavor. The perception of FA feed flavor in the familiarized animals activated the dorsal striatum differently than the perception of the C feed flavor in naive animals. Our data demonstrated that the perception of FA in familiarized individuals induced different brain responses in regions involved in reward anticipation and/or perception processes than the familiar control feed flavor in naive animals. Chronic exposure to the FA might be necessary
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
David Val-Laillet
Full Text Available Brain responses to feed flavors with or without a feed additive (FA were investigated in piglets familiarized or not with this FA. Sixteen piglets were allocated to 2 dietary treatments from weaning until d 37: the naive group (NAI received a standard control feed and the familiarized group (FAM received the same feed added with a FA mainly made of orange extracts. Animals were subjected to a feed transition at d 16 post-weaning, and to 2-choice feeding tests at d 16 and d 23. Production traits of the piglets were assessed up to d 28 post-weaning. From d 26 onwards, animals underwent 2 brain imaging sessions (positron emission tomography of 18FDG under anesthesia to investigate the brain activity triggered by the exposure to the flavors of the feed with (FA or without (C the FA. Images were analyzed with SPM8 and a region of interest (ROI-based small volume correction (p < 0.05, k ≥ 25 voxels per cluster. The brain ROI were selected upon their role in sensory evaluation, cognition and reward, and included the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, fusiform gyrus, limbic system and corpus striatum. The FAM animals showed a moderate preference for the novel post-transition FA feed compared to the C feed on d 16, i.e., day of the feed transition (67% of total feed intake. The presence or absence of the FA in the diet from weaning had no impact on body weight, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of the animals over the whole experimental period (p ≥ 0.10. Familiar feed flavors activated the prefrontal cortex. The amygdala, insular cortex, and prepyriform area were only activated in familiarized animals exposed to the FA feed flavor. The perception of FA feed flavor in the familiarized animals activated the dorsal striatum differently than the perception of the C feed flavor in naive animals. Our data demonstrated that the perception of FA in familiarized individuals induced different brain responses in regions involved in reward anticipation and
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Metro Profile: A Familiar Name with an Economy Facing Familiar Challenges
Fernandez Laris, Georgette A; Gascon, Charles S.
2015-01-01
Springfield, Mo., a city with a common name, has an economy with familiar successes and challenges. The health care sector is booming, and the cost of living is somewhat low, as are wages. But labor productivity seems to be subpar, and the poverty rate is above average.
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Proceso de reconstitución familiar: etapas y tareas
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Ilein Morales Ramos
2014-04-01
Full Text Available Introducción: la formación de nuevas familias con antecedentes de frustración de proyectos de vida familiar es una tendencia en Pinar del Río, que coexiste con la inexistencia de pautas de organización para el logro del proyecto actual. Objetivo: caracterizar el proceso de reconstitución familiar en familias de la ciudad de Pinar del Río que transitan el mismo entre los dos a cinco años de su constitución. Material y métodos: investigación descriptiva de estudio de casos múltiples que respondió a la metodología cualitativa. Se estudiaron trece familias pertenecientes al Policlínico Universitario "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" en el año 2012. Las técnicas aplicadas fueron: entrevistas individual y familiar, curva familiar, mapa familiar, escudo familiar, curva de la vida familiar, dibujo de la familia y escala valorativa. Resultados: predominaron sentimientos de fracaso que influyeron en las expectativas de las personas para conceptualizar la nueva familia y la diferenciación entre la familia tradicional y la nueva familia, en la primera etapa. La segunda etapa se caracterizó por la distribución de tareas familiares por el subsistema parental dirigidas a la reestructuración de roles en detrimento de la resolución de conflictos emocionales. Conclusiones: fueron identificadas dos etapas delimitadas por el tránsito a la convivencia. No se reconoció la necesidad de proyectar acciones en función de los cambios en la familia, por lo que las tareas cumplidas tuvieron un carácter predominantemente espontáneo. Las familias le otorgaron una doble valencia a la reconstitución familiar.
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La Estructura Familiar del Delincuente Juvenil
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Miguel Alberto Ramírez Villaseñor
2001-07-01
Full Text Available En una muestra de 250 familias de menores infractores se analiza la presencia de 12 variables pertenecientes a la estructura familiar observada en el trabajo terapéutico con este tipo de familias. Todas las familias habían sido canalizadas al programa Grupo de Padres de la Clínica de Control de la Conducta por robo y/o fármaco dependencia entre febrero y septiembre de 1988. En dichas familias, el factor inmigración, el valor atribuido al hijo identificado como paciente, la adolescencia de éste, la presencia de miembros de la familia extensa, un hermano muerto cercano en la escala familiar pareciera determinar la aparición de la sintomatología más que otras variables manejadas frecuentemente, tales como estado civil de los padres, separaciones, divorcios, nuevas uniones conyugales, ocupación de la madre. La estructura familiar detectada parecería señalar cómo el P.I. y la madre tenían un vínculo m s estrecho desplazando al padrea la periferia del sistema. Se considera que este tipo de estructuras familiares también presentan madres solteras o hijas promiscuas a manera similar que los síntomas del P.I.
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Oaxaca: Industrias familiares, comercio e inversiones a fines del siglo XIX
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anselmo Arellanes Meixueiro
2017-06-01
Full Text Available This article provides data and analysis of commercial/business relations between foreigners, the social élite and local politician in the Oaxaca in late in the 19th century, with the aim of establishing textile factories, mining and banks. This phenomenon of familiar interrelations was common in the porfirian Mexico, so it is also reference in parallel to other entities where that situation favoured three social actors –foreigners, the élite and the politician-from an enrichment of political-industrial families, which gave them the opportunity to extract their monetary resources outside Oaxaca's State. The central difference of Oaxaca with the rest of the States is that industrialization, mainly in the textile area, occurred very late, as the 19th century Oaxaca was continuing with the model of agricultural production-exportation, with the cochineal, which provoked the late entry of machinery and mechanical polluting infrastructure in the industrial sector, as well as the absence of road infrastructure favouring mining sector. Finally, the absence of strong investment and accumulated capital mass reflected in banks by entrepreneurs, whofrom families ties, preferred to invest the minimum necessary in the State of Oaxaca and most accommodating investments in other States, such Puebla, Veracruz and Mexico City. We infer that this way of pristine investment in resources was linked to two facts: The large investment in cochineal and the concept of worker, mostly indigenous. As in all cases of industrialization andin this particular oaxaquenian case, the majority of the population of Oaxaca's State and its natural resources were not favored directlybecause most important gains were invested and spendedout of Oaxaca.
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Pork Preference for Consumers in China, Japan and South Korea
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
S.-H. Oh
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Competition in global pork markets has increased as trade barriers have opened as a result of free trade agreements. Japanese prefer both loin and Boston butt, while Chinese prefer pork offal. Frozen pork has increased in terms of imports into China. Japanese consumers consider pork meat origin along with pork price when making purchase decisions. While the Chinese prefer a strong tasting pork product, South Korean consumers show very strong preferences to pork that is higher in fat. Therefore, South Korean consumers have a higher demand for pork belly and Boston butt. Consequently, the supply and demand of pork in Korea is hardly met, which means that importation of high fat parts is inevitable. In Korea there is lower preference toward low fat parts such as loin, picnic shoulder, and ham. During the economic depression in South Korea there have been observable changes in consumer preferences. There remains steep competition among the pork exporting countries in terms of gaining share in the international pork market. If specific consumer preferences would be considered carefully, there is the possibility to increase the amount of pork exported to these countries.
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Pork Preference for Consumers in China, Japan and South Korea
Oh, S.-H.; See, M. T.
2012-01-01
Competition in global pork markets has increased as trade barriers have opened as a result of free trade agreements. Japanese prefer both loin and Boston butt, while Chinese prefer pork offal. Frozen pork has increased in terms of imports into China. Japanese consumers consider pork meat origin along with pork price when making purchase decisions. While the Chinese prefer a strong tasting pork product, South Korean consumers show very strong preferences to pork that is higher in fat. Therefore, South Korean consumers have a higher demand for pork belly and Boston butt. Consequently, the supply and demand of pork in Korea is hardly met, which means that importation of high fat parts is inevitable. In Korea there is lower preference toward low fat parts such as loin, picnic shoulder, and ham. During the economic depression in South Korea there have been observable changes in consumer preferences. There remains steep competition among the pork exporting countries in terms of gaining share in the international pork market. If specific consumer preferences would be considered carefully, there is the possibility to increase the amount of pork exported to these countries. PMID:25049488
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The impact of familiarization strategies on the missing-letter effect.
Plamondon, Andréanne; Roy-Charland, Annie; Chamberland, Justin; Quenneville, Joannie; Laforge, Christian
2017-08-01
When reading a text and searching for a target letter, readers make more omissions of the target letter if it is embedded in frequent function words than if it is in rare content words. While word frequency effects are consistently found, few studies have examined the impacts of passage familiarity on the missing-letter effect and studies that have present conflicting evidence. The present study examines the effects of passage familiarity, as well as the impacts of passage familiarization strategy promoting surface or deep encoding, on the missing-letter effect. Participants were familiarized with a passage by retyping a text, replacing all common nouns with synonyms, or generating a text on the same topic as that of the original text, and then completed a letter search task on the familiar passage as well as an unfamiliar passage. In Experiment 1, when both familiar and unfamiliar passages use the same words, results revealed fewer omissions for the retyping and synonyms conditions. However, in Experiment 2, when different words are used in both types of texts, no effect of familiarization strategy was observed. Furthermore, the missing-letter effect is maintained in all conditions, adding support to the robustness of the effect regardless of familiarity with the text.
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Familiarity with music increases walking speed in rhythmic auditory cuing.
Leow, Li-Ann; Rinchon, Cricia; Grahn, Jessica
2015-03-01
Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) is a gait rehabilitation method in which patients synchronize footsteps to a metronome or musical beats. Although RAS with music can ameliorate gait abnormalities, outcomes vary, possibly because music properties, such as groove or familiarity, differ across interventions. To optimize future interventions, we assessed how initially familiar and unfamiliar low-groove and high-groove music affected synchronization accuracy and gait in healthy individuals. We also experimentally increased music familiarity using repeated exposure to initially unfamiliar songs. Overall, familiar music elicited faster stride velocity and less variable strides, as well as better synchronization performance (matching of step tempo to beat tempo). High-groove music, as reported previously, led to faster stride velocity than low-groove music. We propose two mechanisms for familiarity's effects. First, familiarity with the beat structure reduces cognitive demands of synchronizing, leading to better synchronization performance and faster, less variable gait. Second, familiarity might have elicited faster gait by increasing enjoyment of the music, as enjoyment was higher after repeated exposure to initially low-enjoyment songs. Future studies are necessary to dissociate the contribution of these mechanisms to the observed RAS effects of familiar music on gait. © 2015 New York Academy of Sciences.
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Il diritto al ricongiungimento familiare e la sua tutela multilivello
BANA, SOKOL
2013-01-01
L’unità familiare rappresenta, ovviamente, uno dei diritti primari della persona e il ricongiungimento familiare può ascriversi all’insieme di garanzie giuridiche poste a tutela della famiglia, intesa quale nucleo naturale e fondamentale della società. Il diritto a farsi accompagnare o a ricongiungersi ai membri della propria famiglia costituisce il presupposto da cui dipende la possibilità per lo straniero di esercitare il proprio diritto alla vita familiare. Il ricongiungimento familiare è ...
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Olivio Ciprandi
1996-04-01
Full Text Available As perspectivas da pequena produção familiar na agricultura constitui um tema controvertido na sociologia e na economia rural. A modernização da agricultura alterou suas relações com o restante da economia. As mudanças na base técnica e as políticas agrícolas determinaram a necessidade de crescimento das escalas mínimas viáveis do ponto de vista técnico e econômico, promovendo um processo de seleção e exclusão entre os pequenos produtores rurais, sem no entanto implicar na eliminação da pequena produção familiar.The perspective for the small familiar farming is still ect of controversy in rural sociology and economy sciences. The modernization of the agriculture changed the relation ships between the agriculture and the rest of the economy. The new tecniques and the policies for the agriculture determined a need for larger production scales. This fenomenon promoted a farming selection owith exclusion of some od them, but had no eliminated the familiar farming.
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Exploring the Concept of (Un)familiarity
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, D. J.
2013-01-01
the concept of (un)familiarity, an explanatory problem remains concerning people's unarticulated and perhaps deeper reasons for mobility and lack thereof. This leaves a question mark as to why feelings of (un)familiarity occur in the first place as well as the actual degree to which they constitute barriers......In border region studies, the concept of (un)familiarity is applied in empirical studies of consumer culture across borders, illustrating how feelings of unfamiliarity can have an off-putting influence on cross-border interaction (e.g. because of dislike of or lack of attraction to the other side......) at the same time as it can be an incentive for people living at borders to cross them (e.g. to explore the exotic other side). The concepts explanatory scope has, thus, far responded to the normative claim that a borderless Europe encourages and increases mobility. However, in previous studies applying...
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Students Prefer Audience Response System for Lecture Evaluation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Joseph W Turban
2011-12-01
Full Text Available Objectives: Student evaluation of courses is an important component of overall course evaluation. The extent of student participation in the evaluation may be related to the ease of the evaluation process. The standard evaluation format is a paper form. This study examines medical students preference of utilizing Audience Response System compared to a paper method. Methods: Following several medical school lectures, students were queried if they preferred Audience Response System versus a paper method, and if they would prefer using Audience Response System more for future course evaluations. Results: 391 students were queried. Overall response rate was 94%. Using a five point Likert scale, 299 out of 361 (82% responded they agreed, or strongly agreed with the statement “We should use ARS more. . .” When asked which format they preferred to use for evaluation, 299/367 (81% responded Audience Response System, 31 (8% preferred paper, and 37 (10% were not sure, or had no opinion (chi squared = 378.936, df2, p<0.0001. Conclusion: The medical students surveyed showed a strong preference for utilizing Audience Response System as a course evaluation modality, and desired its continued use in medical school. Audience Response System should be pursued as a lecture evaluation modality, and its use in medical school education should be encouraged.
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Culture-specific familiarity equally mediates action representations across cultures.
Umla-Runge, Katja; Fu, Xiaolan; Wang, Lamei; Zimmer, Hubert D
2014-01-01
Previous studies have shown that we need to distinguish between means and end information about actions. It is unclear how these two subtypes of action information relate to each other with theoretical accounts postulating the superiority of end over means information and others linking separate means and end routes of processing to actions of differential meaningfulness. Action meaningfulness or familiarity differs between cultures. In a cross-cultural setting, we investigated how action familiarity influences recognition memory for means and end information. Object directed actions of differential familiarity were presented to Chinese and German participants. Action familiarity modulated the representation of means and end information in both cultures in the same way, although the effects were based on different stimulus sets. Our results suggest that, in the representation of actions in memory, end information is superordinate to means information. This effect is independent of culture whereas action familiarity is not.
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Effect of word familiarity on visually evoked magnetic fields.
Harada, N; Iwaki, S; Nakagawa, S; Yamaguchi, M; Tonoike, M
2004-11-30
This study investigated the effect of word familiarity of visual stimuli on the word recognizing function of the human brain. Word familiarity is an index of the relative ease of word perception, and is characterized by facilitation and accuracy on word recognition. We studied the effect of word familiarity, using "Hiragana" (phonetic characters in Japanese orthography) characters as visual stimuli, on the elicitation of visually evoked magnetic fields with a word-naming task. The words were selected from a database of lexical properties of Japanese. The four "Hiragana" characters used were grouped and presented in 4 classes of degree of familiarity. The three components were observed in averaged waveforms of the root mean square (RMS) value on latencies at about 100 ms, 150 ms and 220 ms. The RMS value of the 220 ms component showed a significant positive correlation (F=(3/36); 5.501; p=0.035) with the value of familiarity. ECDs of the 220 ms component were observed in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Increments in the RMS value of the 220 ms component, which might reflect ideographical word recognition, retrieving "as a whole" were enhanced with increments of the value of familiarity. The interaction of characters, which increased with the value of familiarity, might function "as a large symbol"; and enhance a "pop-out" function with an escaping character inhibiting other characters and enhancing the segmentation of the character (as a figure) from the ground.
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When the reaper becomes a salesman: The influence of terror management on product preferences
Tom van Bommel; Cormac O’Dwyer; Tim W. M. Zuidgeest; Fenna H. Poletiek
2015-01-01
The present research investigates how consumer choice is affected by Terror Management Theory’s proposition of Mortality Salience increasing one’s cultural worldview defense and self-esteem striving. The study builds empirically upon prior theorizing by Arndt, Solomon, Kasser and Sheldon (2004). During an experiment, we manipulated Mortality Salience and measured product preferences for conspicuousness and familiarity. Participants primed with death were more likely to choose conspicuous ...
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DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Muhr, Sara Louise
2012-01-01
Employees working across multiple cultures are exposed to a vast number of different norms and values, and consequentially work is often a struggle to retain a coherent sense of self. However, when international workers travel, they also encounter more bland spaces where familiarity and similarity...... are important. These spaces appear culturally generic to the Western traveler, but are highly Westernized to bring comfort to Western employees traveling in foreign cultures. This paper argues that these spaces are important in cross-cultural identity work in the sense that international workers – professional...... strangers – need these places to belong and relate to familiarity and to regain a sense of identity. Drawing on an illustrative empirical vignette of an international consultant, I demonstrate how culturally generic spaces can be used in identity work of an international relations consultant....
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Pilgrim, Lea K; Murray, Jamie G; Donaldson, David I
2012-08-01
Episodic memory relies on both recollection and familiarity; why these processes are differentially engaged during retrieval remains unclear. Traditionally, recollection has been considered necessary for tasks requiring associative retrieval, whereas familiarity supports recognition of items. Recently, however, familiarity has been shown to contribute to associative recognition if stimuli are "unitized" at encoding (a single representation is created from multiple elements)-the "benefit" of unitization. Here, we ask if there is also a "cost" of unitization; are the elements of unitized representations less accessible via familiarity? We manipulated unitization during encoding and used ERPs to index familiarity and recollection at retrieval. The data revealed a selective reduction in the neural correlate of familiarity for individual words originally encoded in unitized compared with nonunitized word pairs. This finding reveals a measurable cost of unitization, suggesting that the nature of to-be-remembered stimuli is critical in determining whether familiarity contributes to episodic memory.
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Ocio digital y ambiente familiar en estudiantes de Postobligatoria
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2017-01-01
Full Text Available La «Sociedad Red» se identifica con acelerados cambios que se suceden entre el mundo real y el virtual. El progreso de dispositivos digitales ha generado un nuevo modelo de ocio que ha condicionado las interacciones familiares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue valorar la relación entre el funcionamiento familiar percibido por estudiantes españoles de educación secundaria postobligatoria y su práctica de ocio digital. La muestra ascendió a 1.764 estudiantes. El ocio digital se midió a partir de una pregunta abierta en la que debían señalar las tres actividades de ocio más importantes, y el funcionamiento familiar se valoró mediante la versión española del FACES IV (Escala de cohesión y adaptación familiar. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo sobre las actividades de ocio digital de los jóvenes, se determinó el coeficiente del funcionamiento familiar de cada sujeto y mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA de un factor se valoró la relación entre el funcionamiento familiar percibido por los estudiantes y las actividades de ocio digital practicadas por los mismos. Los jóvenes otorgan importancia a las actividades digitales de ocio, destacando la participación en redes sociales, jugar a videojuegos y navegar por Internet. La cohesión, la flexibilidad y el funcionamiento familiar gozan de mejor salud cuando los hijos no apuntan actividades digitales entre sus prácticas preferentes de ocio. Los resultados sugieren nuevas investigaciones que comprueben si esta asociación negativa entre funcionamiento familiar y ocio digital es causal o se debe a otros factores.
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Hiperlipidemia familiar combinada: documento de consenso
Pedro Mata; Rodrigo Alonso; Antonio Ruíz-Garcia; Jose L. Díaz-Díaz; Noemí González; Teresa Gijón-Conde; Ceferino Martínez-Faedo; Ignacio Morón; Ezequiel Arranz; Rocío Aguado; Rosa Argueso; Leopoldo Perez de Isla
2014-01-01
La hiperlipidemia familiar combinada (HFC) es un trastorno muy frecuente asociado a enfermedad coronaria prematura. Se transmite de forma autosómica dominante, aunque no existe un gen único asociado al trastorno. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante criterios clínicos, y son importantes la variabilidad del fenotipo lipídico y la historia familiar de hiperlipidemia. Es frecuente la asociación con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión arterial y obesidad central. Los pacientes con HFC se cons...
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Social preferences influence the short-term exchange of social grooming among male bonobos.
Surbeck, Martin; Hohmann, Gottfried
2015-03-01
The emotional mediation hypothesis proposes a mediating role of social bonds in the exchange of services. This model predicts that the form of short-term exchange of services depends on the relationship between the individuals involved. Here, we test this prediction in the exchange of grooming among males in a wild bonobo community for which close relatedness could be excluded. As bonobo males hardly engage in food sharing or agonistic support, grooming is mainly exchanged for grooming. While overall grooming, both given and received, correlates across dyads and within sessions, the form of grooming exchange within a given session differs according to dyadic association preferences. Individuals with a higher tendency to associate, ergo more familiar individuals, exhibit larger time differences and reduced reciprocation in consecutive grooming bouts than less familiar individuals. These results support the idea that emotional components are involved in the exchange of services between unrelated individuals.
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Black holes a laboratory for testing strong gravity
Bambi, Cosimo
2017-01-01
This textbook introduces the current astrophysical observations of black holes, and discusses the leading techniques to study the strong gravity region around these objects with electromagnetic radiation. More importantly, it provides the basic tools for writing an astrophysical code and testing the Kerr paradigm. Astrophysical black holes are an ideal laboratory for testing strong gravity. According to general relativity, the spacetime geometry around these objects should be well described by the Kerr solution. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the gas in the inner part of the accretion disk can probe the metric of the strong gravity region and test the Kerr black hole hypothesis. With exercises and examples in each chapter, as well as calculations and analytical details in the appendix, the book is especially useful to the beginners or graduate students who are familiar with general relativity while they do not have any background in astronomy or astrophysics.
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Strong quantum scarring by local impurities
Luukko, Perttu J. J.; Drury, Byron; Klales, Anna; Kaplan, Lev; Heller, Eric J.; Räsänen, Esa
2016-11-01
We discover and characterise strong quantum scars, or quantum eigenstates resembling classical periodic orbits, in two-dimensional quantum wells perturbed by local impurities. These scars are not explained by ordinary scar theory, which would require the existence of short, moderately unstable periodic orbits in the perturbed system. Instead, they are supported by classical resonances in the unperturbed system and the resulting quantum near-degeneracy. Even in the case of a large number of randomly scattered impurities, the scars prefer distinct orientations that extremise the overlap with the impurities. We demonstrate that these preferred orientations can be used for highly efficient transport of quantum wave packets across the perturbed potential landscape. Assisted by the scars, wave-packet recurrences are significantly stronger than in the unperturbed system. Together with the controllability of the preferred orientations, this property may be very useful for quantum transport applications.
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Giraldo Arias, Regina; González Jaramillo, María Isabel; Beneroso, Julia; Betino, Lorena; Ceberio, Marcelo R.; De los Santos, Pía; Giovanazzi, Sandro; Hernández González, Eduardo; Inclan, Jaime; Laso, Esteban; Linares Fernández, Juan Luis; Morejón, Judith; Pereira Tercero, Roberto; Ramos, Ricardo; Ruiz López, Josefina
2009-01-01
Este libro reúne los pensamientos, las ideas, las propuestas y las experiencias en torno al tema de la violencia familiar de 20 autores sistémicos de habla hispana, entre ellos, algunos de los más reconocidos y destacados por sus contribuciones al paradigma en la posmodernidad. El contenido del texto, con los aportes de cada uno, ha sido cuidadosamente dispuesto por las editoras académicas, en una estructura que busca proporcionar a la complejidad del tema, un armonioso conjunto de los difere...
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Ramírez-Rodríguez, Rodrigo; Tecamachaltzi-Silvaran, Miriam B; Díaz-Estrada, Victor X; Chena-Becerra, Florencia; Herrera-Covarrubias, Deissy; Paredes-Ramos, Pedro; Manzo, Jorge; Garcia, Luis I; Coria-Avila, Genaro A
2017-03-01
Sexual partner preferences can be strengthened, weakened or even drastically modified via Pavlovian conditioning. For example, conditioned same-sex partner preference develops in sexually-naïve male rats that undergo same-sex cohabitation under the effects of quinpirole (QNP, D2 agonist). Here, we assessed the effect of prior heterosexual experience on the probability to develop a conditioned same-sex preference. Naïve or Sexually-experienced males received either Saline or QNP and cohabited during 24h with a male partner that bore almond scent on the back as conditioned stimulus. This was repeated every 4days for a total of three trials and resulted in four groups (Saline-naïve, Saline-experienced, QNP-naïve, QNP-experienced). Social and sexual preference were assessed four days after the last conditioning trial in a drug-free test in which experimental males chose between the scented familiar male and a novel sexually receptive female. Results showed that Saline-naïve, Saline-experienced and QNP-experienced displayed a clear preference for the female (opposite-sex). By contrast, only QNP-naïve males displayed a same-sex preference. Accordingly, QNP-experienced males were not affected by the conditioning process and continued to prefer females. We discuss the effects of copulation and D2 agonists on the facilitation and/or disruption of conditioned partner preferences. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Epidemic spreading on preferred degree adaptive networks.
Jolad, Shivakumar; Liu, Wenjia; Schmittmann, B; Zia, R K P
2012-01-01
We study the standard SIS model of epidemic spreading on networks where individuals have a fluctuating number of connections around a preferred degree κ. Using very simple rules for forming such preferred degree networks, we find some unusual statistical properties not found in familiar Erdös-Rényi or scale free networks. By letting κ depend on the fraction of infected individuals, we model the behavioral changes in response to how the extent of the epidemic is perceived. In our models, the behavioral adaptations can be either 'blind' or 'selective'--depending on whether a node adapts by cutting or adding links to randomly chosen partners or selectively, based on the state of the partner. For a frozen preferred network, we find that the infection threshold follows the heterogeneous mean field result λ(c)/μ = / and the phase diagram matches the predictions of the annealed adjacency matrix (AAM) approach. With 'blind' adaptations, although the epidemic threshold remains unchanged, the infection level is substantially affected, depending on the details of the adaptation. The 'selective' adaptive SIS models are most interesting. Both the threshold and the level of infection changes, controlled not only by how the adaptations are implemented but also how often the nodes cut/add links (compared to the time scales of the epidemic spreading). A simple mean field theory is presented for the selective adaptations which capture the qualitative and some of the quantitative features of the infection phase diagram.
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Social familiarity modulates group living and foraging behaviour of juvenile predatory mites
Strodl, Markus A.; Schausberger, Peter
2012-04-01
Environmental stressors during early life may have persistent consequences for phenotypic development and fitness. In group-living species, an important stressor during juvenile development is the presence and familiarity status of conspecific individuals. To alleviate intraspecific conflicts during juvenile development, many animals evolved the ability to discriminate familiar and unfamiliar individuals based on prior association and use this ability to preferentially associate with familiar individuals. Assuming that familiar neighbours require less attention than unfamiliar ones, as predicted by limited attention theory, assorting with familiar individuals should increase the efficiency in other tasks. We assessed the influence of social familiarity on within-group association behaviour, development and foraging of juvenile life stages of the group-living, plant-inhabiting predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. The observed groups consisted either of mixed-age familiar and unfamiliar juvenile mites or of age-synchronized familiar or unfamiliar juvenile mites or of pairs of familiar or unfamiliar larvae. Overall, familiar mites preferentially grouped together and foraged more efficiently, i.e. needed less prey at similar developmental speed and body size at maturity, than unfamiliar mites. Preferential association of familiar mites was also apparent in the inter-exuviae distances. Social familiarity was established by imprinting in the larval stage, was not cancelled or overridden by later conspecific contacts and persisted into adulthood. Life stage had an effect on grouping with larvae being closer together than nymphal stages. Ultimately, optimized foraging during the developmental phase may relax within-group competition, enhance current and future food supply needed for optimal development and optimize patch exploitation and leaving under limited food.
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Evaluation of color preference in zebrafish for learning and memory.
Avdesh, Avdesh; Martin-Iverson, Mathew T; Mondal, Alinda; Chen, Mengqi; Askraba, Sreten; Morgan, Newman; Lardelli, Michael; Groth, David M; Verdile, Giuseppe; Martins, Ralph N
2012-01-01
There is growing interest in using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. A zebrafish model of tauopathies has recently been developed and characterized in terms of presence of the pathological hallmarks (i.e., neurofibrillary tangles and cell death). However, it is also necessary to validate these models for function by assessing learning and memory. The majority of tools to assess memory and learning in animal models involve visual stimuli, including color preference. The color preference of zebrafish has received little attention. To validate zebrafish as a model for color-associated-learning and memory, it is necessary to evaluate its natural preferences or any pre-existing biases towards specific colors. In the present study, we have used four different colors (red, yellow, green, and blue) to test natural color preferences of the zebrafish using two procedures: Place preference and T-maze. Results from both experiments indicate a strong aversion toward blue color relative to all other colors (red, yellow, and green) when tested in combinations. No preferences or biases were found among reds, yellows, and greens in the place preference procedure. However, red and green were equally preferred and both were preferred over yellow by zebrafish in the T-maze procedure. The results from the present study show a strong aversion towards blue color compared to red, green, and yellow, with yellow being less preferred relative to red and green. The findings from this study may underpin any further designing of color-based learning and memory paradigms or experiments involving aversion, anxiety, or fear in the zebrafish.
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Preparing for novel versus familiar events: shifts in global and local processing
Förster, J.; Liberman, N.; Shapiro, O.
2009-01-01
Six experiments examined whether novelty versus familiarity influences global versus local processing styles. Novelty and familiarity were manipulated by either framing a task as new versus familiar or by asking participants to reflect upon novel versus familiar events prior to the task (i.e.,
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Familiarity speeds up visual short-term memory consolidation.
Xie, Weizhen; Zhang, Weiwei
2017-06-01
Existing long-term memory (LTM) can boost the number of retained representations over a short delay in visual short-term memory (VSTM). However, it is unclear whether and how prior LTM affects the initial process of transforming fragile sensory inputs into durable VSTM representations (i.e., VSTM consolidation). The consolidation speed hypothesis predicts faster consolidation for familiar relative to unfamiliar stimuli. Alternatively, the perceptual boost hypothesis predicts that the advantage in perceptual processing of familiar stimuli should add a constant boost for familiar stimuli during VSTM consolidation. To test these competing hypotheses, the present study examined how the large variance in participants' prior multimedia experience with Pokémon affected VSTM for Pokémon. In Experiment 1, the amount of time allowed for VSTM consolidation was manipulated by presenting consolidation masks at different intervals after the onset of to-be-remembered Pokémon characters. First-generation Pokémon characters that participants were more familiar with were consolidated faster into VSTM as compared with recent-generation Pokémon characters that participants were less familiar with. These effects were absent in participants who were unfamiliar with both generations of Pokémon. Although familiarity also increased the number of retained Pokémon characters when consolidation was uninterrupted but still incomplete due to insufficient encoding time in Experiment 1, this capacity effect was absent in Experiment 2 when consolidation was allowed to complete with sufficient encoding time. Together, these results support the consolidation speed hypothesis over the perceptual boost hypothesis and highlight the importance of assessing experimental effects on both processing and representation aspects of VSTM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wesley Mendes-da-Silva
2006-03-01
Full Text Available A análise da governança corporativa, incluindo-se a transparência da administração, tem se tornado um fator chave para conhecer as grandes empresas. Ao mesmo tempo, vem sendo apontada como um indicador de confiança dos investidores nas decisões tomadas pela administração das empresas listadas em bolsas de valores. Uma das formas de avaliar as estruturas e práticas de governança corporativa é verificar a sensibilidade do turnover de executivos ao desempenho da firma (VOLPIN, 2002. Neste artigo, objetiva-se verificar a existência de diferenças significativas de desempenho, valor e estruturas de governança corporativa entre empresas familiares e não-familiares; e, ainda, a existência de associações entre performance e turnover de executivos, tendo em vista a atuação da governança corporativa. A análise é conduzida tomando como referência um conjunto de 176 empresas industriais listadas na Bovespa, segmentadas por tipo (familiar ou não-familiar, entre 1997 e 2001. A contribuição do estudo se dá pelas peculiaridades que envolvem as empresas familiares, que não têm sido consideradas em pesquisas brasileiras, e pelo oferecimento de elementos para refletir teoricamente o desempenho das empresas familiares e suas estruturas de governança. Os resultados alcançados revelam a existência de diferenças significativas de desempenho, valor e estruturas de governança corporativa entre empresas familiares e não-familiares. É possível verificar ainda que, nas empresas familiares, quanto maior a rentabilidade, menores são os níveis de turnover.
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Heritability of food preferences in young children.
Breen, Fiona M; Plomin, Robert; Wardle, Jane
2006-07-30
There is persisting interest in the idea that taste preferences are heritable characteristics, but few twin studies have found evidence for a significant genetic component. Small sample sizes and idiosyncratic selection of foods may have contributed to the negative results. We hypothesized that using a larger twin sample and empirical groupings of food types, would give stronger evidence for the heritability of food preferences. We examined the heritability of preferences for four food groups in a sample of young twins. We administered a food preference questionnaire with 95 foods to 214 mothers of same-sex twin pairs (103 monozygotic and 111 dizygotic pairs) aged 4 to 5. 18 foods were excluded because they had been tried by fewer than 25% of the children. Foods were grouped into 'Vegetables', 'Fruits', 'Desserts' and 'Meat and Fish' on the basis of a factor analysis of the preference data. Genetic analyses were carried out on mean liking across these four groups, using model fitting techniques. Over all 77 foods, MZ correlations were higher than DZ correlations for 72 of them, with a higher mean MZ correlation (r = 0.76) than DZ correlation (r = 0.56). Using model fitting techniques with the factor scores, significant heritability estimates were obtained for all four food groups. Heritability was modest for dessert foods (0.20), moderate for vegetables (0.37) and fruits (0.51), and high for liking for protein foods (0.78). Shared environmental effects were strong for desserts, fruits and vegetables, while non-shared environmental influences were low for all four food groups. These results provide strong evidence for modest heritability of food preferences when using empirically-derived groupings of foods.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cristiane Moço Canhetti de Oliveira
2010-01-01
Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Verificar a contribuição da orientação familiar de curto prazo na fluência da fala de crianças com gagueira. MÉTODOS: Participaram 20 díades de crianças com gagueira e familiares. Os procedimentos foram realizados em três etapas: avaliação da fluência, orientações familiares e reavaliação da fluência. A avaliação inicial da fluência foi realizada para caracterizar a tipologia e a frequência das disfluências antes das orientações. A orientação familiar foi realizada em duas sessões, enfatizando os comportamentos verbais e não verbais da família que podem promover a fluência na criança. A reavaliação da fluência ocorreu depois de trinta dias, utilizando-se os mesmos procedimentos da avaliação inicial. Foi aplicado o Teste dos Postos Sinalizados de Wilcoxon, para medir o grau de significância da diferença entre as informações obtidas nas duas fases. RESULTADOS: No que se refere à tipologia, a análise comparativa das duas avaliações mostrou que, dentre os seis tipos de disfluências comuns, quatro diminuíram, e, dentre os seis tipos de disfluências gagas, cinco apresentaram redução. No que se refere à frequência das rupturas, 70% das crianças tiveram uma diminuição na porcentagem de descontinuidade de fala, e 80% no total de rupturas gagas. CONCLUSÃO: A orientação fonoaudiológica realizada com familiares de crianças com gagueira favoreceu a promoção da fluência na fala da criança, mostrando-se relevante na área da fluência infantil.PURPOSE: To determine the contribution of short-term familiar counseling in the speech fluency of children who stutter. METHODS: Participants were 20 dyads of child who stutters and a family member. Procedures were carried out in three stages: assessment of fluency, familiar counseling, and reassessment of fluency. The initial assessment of fluency was performed in order to characterize the type and frequency of disfluencies produced before
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Strong limit theorems in noncommutative L2-spaces
Jajte, Ryszard
1991-01-01
The noncommutative versions of fundamental classical results on the almost sure convergence in L2-spaces are discussed: individual ergodic theorems, strong laws of large numbers, theorems on convergence of orthogonal series, of martingales of powers of contractions etc. The proofs introduce new techniques in von Neumann algebras. The reader is assumed to master the fundamentals of functional analysis and probability. The book is written mainly for mathematicians and physicists familiar with probability theory and interested in applications of operator algebras to quantum statistical mechanics.
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Competitividade da Agricultura Familiar no Rio Grande do SulI
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Eliane Pinheiro de Sousa
2015-04-01
Full Text Available Este estudo objetiva identificar os determinantes da competitividade da agricultura familiar nos municípios gaúchos; mensurar um índice de desempenho competitivo da agricultura familiar (IDAF em tais municípios; e verificar se há diferença significativa na competitividade da agricultura familiar entre as mesorregiões gaúchas. Para tal, utilizaram-se os métodos de estatística multivariada de análise fatorial e os testes paramétricos de Levene e t de Student para dados não pareados. Os resultados indicaram que apenas dois municípios gaúchos apresentaram alto nível de desempenho competitivo da agricultura familiar, considerando os parâmetros estabelecidos. Verificou-se também que há diferenças significativas na competitividade da agricultura familiar entre as mesorregiões gaúchas
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VARIATION OF STRIKE INCENTIVES WITH DAMAGE PREFERENCES; FINAL
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
G. CANAVAN
2001-01-01
For START III level forces, strike allocations and magnitudes vary little with L, but first strike costs vary directly with L, which means that for K reflecting a preference for the survival of high value targets over their destruction and a preference for high value over military targets, the costs of action are far greater than those of inaction for a wide range of values of damage preference L. Thus, if both sides have much greater preferences for the survival of their high value targets than for military targets or destruction, they do not see a net incentive to strike, and crises are terminated by inaction. Recent decades suggest strong preferences for the survival of high value and that this has contributed to the lack of direct conflict during that period
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Effects of visual familiarity for words on interhemispheric cooperation for lexical processing.
Yoshizaki, K
2001-12-01
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of visual familiarity of words on interhemispheric lexical processing. Words and pseudowords were tachistoscopically presented in a left, a right, or bilateral visual fields. Two types of words, Katakana-familiar-type and Hiragana-familiar-type, were used as the word stimuli. The former refers to the words which are more frequently written with Katakana script, and the latter refers to the words which are written predominantly in Hiragana script. Two conditions for the words were set up in terms of visual familiarity for a word. In visually familiar condition, words were presented in familiar script form and in visually unfamiliar condition, words were presented in less familiar script form. The 32 right-handed Japanese students were asked to make a lexical decision. Results showed that a bilateral gain, which indicated that the performance in the bilateral visual fields was superior to that in the unilateral visual field, was obtained only in the visually familiar condition, not in the visually unfamiliar condition. These results suggested that the visual familiarity for a word had an influence on the interhemispheric lexical processing.
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Is Familiarity a Moderator of Brand/Country Alliances? One More Look
Tore Kristensen; Gorm Gabrielsen; Eugene D. Jaffe
2014-01-01
Product and brand familiarity have an important role in consumer choice behaviour and they have been equated with knowledge and experience Consumers having high and low familiarity utilized brand information (an extrinsic cue) in their evaluations, whereas moderately familiar consumers used intrinsic cues (product attributes) in evaluating products. The question of whether familiarity moderates the country-of-origin (COO) effect is a valid one. In this present paper, we attempt to provide add...
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Familiarity, ambivalence, and firm reputation: is corporate fame a double-edged sword?
Brooks, Margaret E; Highhouse, Scott; Russell, Steven S; Mohr, David C
2003-10-01
This research questioned the proposition that corporate familiarity is positively associated with firm reputation. Student images of familiar and unfamiliar Fortune 500 corporations were examined in 4 experiments. The results suggested that, consistent with behavioral decision theory and attitude theory, highly familiar corporations provide information that is more compatible with the tasks of both admiring and condemning than less familiar corporations. Furthermore, the judgment context may determine whether positive or negative judgments are reported about familiar companies. The notion that people can simultaneously hold contradictory images of well-known firms may help to explain the inconsistent findings on the relation between familiarity and reputation.
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From preferred to actual mate characteristics: the case of human body shape.
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Alexandre Courtiol
Full Text Available The way individuals pair to produce reproductive units is a major factor determining evolution. This process is complex because it is determined not only by individual mating preferences, but also by numerous other factors such as competition between mates. Consequently, preferred and actual characteristics of mates obtained should differ, but this has rarely been addressed. We simultaneously measured mating preferences for stature, body mass, and body mass index, and recorded corresponding actual partner's characteristics for 116 human couples from France. Results show that preferred and actual partner's characteristics differ for male judges, but not for females. In addition, while the correlation between all preferred and actual partner's characteristics appeared to be weak for female judges, it was strong for males: while men prefer women slimmer than their actual partner, those who prefer the slimmest women also have partners who are slimmer than average. This study therefore suggests that the influences of preferences on pair formation can be sex-specific. It also illustrates that this process can lead to unexpected results on the real influences of mating preferences: traits considered as highly influencing attractiveness do not necessarily have a strong influence on the actual pairing, the reverse being also possible.
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Implicit Trust in a Data Model
2011-10-01
places familiarity as a sibling under understandability). Sheridan [5] proposed the following analogy to explain it: we are all familiar with people who...using the system agreeable ; essentially it suits their taste. Loving means the user has a strong preference for the system, is partial to using it, and...4] places explication of intention as a sibling under understanding, while others consider them independent. Sheridan [5] made the following
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Clima familiar relacional nas familias adoptivas
Machado, Cláudia Sofia Canteiro
2010-01-01
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde - Núcleo de Psicologia Clínica Sistémica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2010 A presente investigação insere-se no contexto das famílias adoptivas e procura, através de uma abordagem sistémica, compreender o Clima Familiar Relacional, explorando e aprofundando as inter-relações entre o funcionamento familiar, a satisfação conjugal e a parentalidade. O estudo exploratório foi realizado a 10 casais que a...
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"La verdad sobre las empresas familiares"
Chavez Partida, Ma. Guadalupe
2011-01-01
En este trabajo se estudia principalmente, el cuidar el proyecto de la sucesión de la empresa a los familiares más jóvenes y para lo cual también se plantean algunas propuestas utilizando el modelo de los tres círculos. El modelo de los tres círculos ha tenido gran aceptación porque combina una elegancia teórica y una aplicabilidad inmediata. Es una herramienta muy útil para entender la fuente de los conflictos interpersonales, los roles, las prioridades y los límites de las empresas familiar...
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Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces
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Mentus Tatjana
2016-01-01
Full Text Available The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor and familiarity (cognitive factor on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL and right-right (RR versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn’t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033
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Cooperativismo e Agricultura Familiar: um estudo de caso
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Marta Cleia Andrade
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Este trabalho enfoca algumas práticas, vantagens e desafios enfrentados por agricultores familiares da cidade de Rubiataba, estado de Goiás, em direção à busca pelo fortalecimento da atividade produtiva. Portanto, este artigo tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as principais práticas, dificuldades e oportunidades encontradas pelos cooperados de uma cooperativa de agricultores familiares, denominada Cooperativa Mista de Agricultores Familiares de Rubiataba (COOMAFAR. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, e para a coleta de dados utilizaram-se questionários e entrevistas. Como resultado, a pesquisa aponta grande interesse dos produtores em diversificar a produção, agregar maior valor aos produtos, ter maior acesso ao mercado e com isso obter melhor competitividade. Mas esbarram em aspectos como a falta de incentivos do poder público, de recursos financeiros, qualificação técnica e escassez de mão de obra. Com esta pesquisa buscou-se colaborar para uma melhor compreensão da relação entre cooperativismo e agricultura familiar.
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Positron-emission tomography of brain regions activated by recognition of familiar music.
Satoh, M; Takeda, K; Nagata, K; Shimosegawa, E; Kuzuhara, S
2006-05-01
We can easily recognize familiar music by listening to only one or 2 of its opening bars, but the brain regions that participate in this cognitive processing remain undetermined. We used positron-emission tomography (PET) to study changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) that occur during listening to familiar music. We used a PET subtraction technique to elucidate the brain regions associated with the recognition of familiar melodies such as well-known nursery tunes. Nonmusicians performed 2 kinds of musical tasks: judging the familiarity of musical pieces (familiarity task) and detecting deliberately altered notes in the pieces (alteration-detecting task). During the familiarity task, bilateral anterior portions of bilateral temporal lobes, superior temporal regions, and parahippocampal gyri were activated. The alteration-detecting task bilaterally activated regions in the precunei, superior/inferior parietal lobules, and lateral surface of frontal lobes, which seemed to show a correlation with the analysis of music. We hypothesize that during the familiarity task, activated brain regions participate in retrieval from long-term memory and verbal and emotional processing of familiar melodies. Our results reinforced the hypothesis reported in the literature as a result of group and case studies, that temporal lobe regions participate in the recognition of familiar melodies.
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Kaplan, Peter S; Asherin, Ryan M; Vogeli, Jo M; Fekri, Shiva M; Scheyer, Kathryn E; Everhart, Kevin D
2018-01-01
Face preferences for speakers of infant-directed and adult-directed speech (IDS and ADS) were investigated in 4- to 13.5-month-old infants of depressed and non-depressed mothers. Following 1-min of exposure to an ID or AD speaker (order counterbalanced), infants had an immediate paired-comparison test with a still, silent image of the familiarized versus a novel face. In the test phase, ID face preference ratios were significantly lower in infants of depressed than non-depressed mothers. Infants' ID face preference ratios, but not AD face preference ratios, correlated with their percentile scores on the cognitive ( Cog ) scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant & Toddler Development (3 rd Edition; BSID III), assessed concurrently. Regression analyses revealed that infant ID face preferences significantly predicted infant Cog percentiles even after demographic risk factors and maternal depression had been controlled. Infants may use IDS to select social partners who are likely to support and facilitate cognitive development.
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Todrank, Josephine; Busquet, Nicolas; Baudoin, Claude; Heth, Giora
2005-10-07
Evidence from studies with adult rodents indicates that individual recognition enables distinctions between familiar individuals irrespective of relatedness (but including close kin) and a separate mechanism enables discriminations based on genetic relatedness without prior familiarity. For example, adult mice could assess the extent of their genetic relatedness to unfamiliar individuals using perceptual similarities between their individual odours. The ontogeny of this genetic relatedness assessment mechanism, however, had not been investigated. Here, in two-choice tests, newborn mice differentially preferred odours of more genetically similar lactating females (paternal aunts to unrelated conspecific and conspecific to heterospecific) even without prior direct exposure to adults with the tested genotypes. The results provide a direct demonstration of genetic relatedness assessment abilities in newborns and show that experience with parental odours is not necessary for genetic relatedness distinctions. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether exposure to odours of other foetuses in the womb or littermates shortly after birth affects this genetic relatedness assessment process.
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Fei, Minghui; Harvey, Jeffrey A; Yin, Yi; Gols, Rieta
2017-06-01
The effects of temporal variation in the quality of short-lived annual plants on oviposition preference and larval performance of insect herbivores has thus far received little attention. This study examines the effects of plant age on female oviposition preference and offspring performance in the large cabbage white butterfly Pieris brassicae. Adult female butterflies lay variable clusters of eggs on the underside of short-lived annual species in the family Brassicaceae, including the short-lived annuals Brassica nigra and Sinapis arvensis, which are important food plants for P. brassicae in The Netherlands. Here, we compared oviposition preference and larval performance of P. brassicae on three age classes (young, mature, and pre-senescing) of B. nigra and S. arvensis plants. Oviposition preference of P. brassicae declined with plant age in both plant species. Whereas larvae performed similarly on all three age classes in B. nigra, preference and performance were weakly correlated in S. arvensis. Analysis of primary (sugars and amino acids) and secondary (glucosinolates) chemistry in the plant shoots revealed that differences in their quality and quantity were more pronounced with respect to tissue type (leaves vs. flowers) than among different developmental stages of both plant species. Butterflies of P. brassicae may prefer younger and smaller plants for oviposition anticipating that future plant growth and size is optimally synchronized with the final larval instar, which contributes >80% of larval growth before pupation.
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The Lateral Occipital Complex shows no net response to object familiarity.
Margalit, Eshed; Shah, Manan P; Tjan, Bosco S; Biederman, Irving; Keller, Brenton; Brenner, Rorry
2016-09-01
In 1995, Malach et al. discovered an area whose fMRI BOLD response was greater when viewing intact, familiar objects than when viewing their scrambled versions (resembling texture). Since then hundreds of studies have explored this late visual region termed the Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC), which is now known to be critical for shape perception (James, Culham, Humphrey, Milner, & Goodale, 2003). Malach et al. (1995) discounted a role of familiarity by showing that "abstract" Henry Moore sculptures, unfamiliar to the subjects, also activated this region. This characterization of LOC as a region that responds to shape independently of familiarity has been accepted but never tested with control of the same low-level features. We assessed LOC's response to objects that had identical parts in two different arrangements, one familiar and the other novel. Malach was correct: There is no net effect of familiarity in LOC. However, a multivoxel correlation analysis showed that LOC does distinguish familiar from novel objects.
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Familiar shapes attract attention in figure-ground displays.
Nelson, Rolf A; Palmer, Stephen E
2007-04-01
We report five experiments that explore the effect of figure-ground factors on attention. We hypothesized that figural cues, such as familiar shape, would draw attention to the figural side in an attentional cuing task using bipartite figure-ground displays. The first two experiments used faces in profile as the familiar shape and found a perceptual advantage for targets presented on the meaningful side of the central contour in detection speed (Experiment 1) and discrimination accuracy (Experiment 2). The third experiment demonstrated the figural advantage in response time (RT) with nine other familiar shapes (including a sea horse, a guitar, a fir tree, etc.), but only when targets appeared in close proximity to the contour. A fourth experiment obtained a figural advantage in a discrimination task with the larger set of familiar shapes. The final experiment ruled out eye movements as a possible confounding factor by replicating the RT advantage for targets on the figural side of face displays when all trials containing eye movements were eliminated. The results are discussed in terms of ecological influences on attention, and are cast within the framework of Yantis and Jonides's hypothesis that attention is exogenously drawn to the onset of new perceptual objects. We argue that the figural side constitutes an "object" whereas the ground side does not, and that figural cues such as shape familiarity are effective in determining which areas represent objects.
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Musical familiarity in congenital amusia: evidence from a gating paradigm.
Tillmann, Barbara; Albouy, Philippe; Caclin, Anne; Bigand, Emmanuel
2014-10-01
Congenital amusia has been described as a lifelong deficit of music perception and production, notably including amusic individuals' difficulties to recognize a familiar tune without the aid of lyrics. The present study aimed to evaluate whether amusic individuals might have acquired long-term knowledge of familiar music, and to test for the minimal amount of acoustic information necessary to access this knowledge (if any) in amusia. Segments of familiar and unfamiliar instrumental musical pieces were presented with increasing duration (250, 500, 1000 msec etc.), and participants provided familiarity judgments for each segment. Results showed that amusic individuals succeeded in differentiating familiar from unfamiliar excerpts with as little acoustic information as did control participants (i.e., within 500 msec). The findings reveal that amusic individuals have stored musical pieces in long-term memory (LTM), and, together with other recent findings, they suggest that congenital amusia might impair conscious access to music processing rather than music processing per se.
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Taking the Lead : Gender, Social Context and Preference to Lead
Hong, A.P.C.I.; Schaafsma, J.; van der Wijst, P.J.
2014-01-01
Previous research has demonstrated that women tend to emerge as leaders less often than men. In the present study, we examined to what extent women's and men's preference to lead is influenced by social context. It was hypothesized that women have a less strong preference to lead than men in a
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Does the Structure of Female Rhesus Macaque Coo Calls Reflect Relatedness and/or Familiarity?
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Dana Pfefferle
Full Text Available In social animals, kin relations strongly shape the social structure of a group. In female-bonded species, maternal relatedness is likely to be mediated via familiarity, but evidence is accumulating that non-human primates are able to recognize kin that they are not familiar with and adjust their behavior accordingly. In playback experiments, female rhesus macaques showed increased interest in 'coo' calls produced by unfamiliar paternal half-sisters compared to 'coo' calls produced by unfamiliar unrelated females, suggesting that these calls should have some common structural characteristics that facilitate the discrimination of kin from non-kin. Here we analyzed 'coo' calls of 67 adult female rhesus macaques from four groups and seven matrilines living on the island of Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico. We tested whether the call structure of closely maternal and/or paternal related females, as determined from extensive pedigree data, differed from the call structure of unrelated females, while controlling for familiarity (i.e., group-matrilineal membership and age difference of subjects. In contrast to our expectation, kinship did not predict similarities in 'coo' call structure, whereas 'coo' structure was more similar when produced by females of similar age as well as by females with higher familiarity, suggesting that experience is more decisive than genetic background. The high number of individuals in the analysis and the high accuracy of the assignment of calls to individuals render a lack of power as an unlikely explanation. Thus, based on the results of this study, kin recognition in rhesus monkeys does neither appear to be based on the assessment of self-similarity, nor on the comparison among related subjects (i.e., acoustic phenotype matching, but appears to be mediated by different or multiple cues. Furthermore, the results support the notion that frequent social interactions result in increasing acoustic similarity within largely innate
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Early adolescent music preferences and minor delinquency.
Ter Bogt, Tom F M; Keijsers, Loes; Meeus, Wim H J
2013-02-01
To test Music Marker Theory (MMT) positing that early adolescents' preferences for nonmainstream types of popular music indicate concurrent and later minor delinquency. MMT was tested in a 4-year longitudinal study (n = 309). The results showed that early fans of different types of rock (eg, rock, heavy metal, gothic, punk), African American music (rhythm and blues, hip-hop), and electronic dance music (trance, techno/hardhouse) showed elevated minor delinquency concurrently and longitudinally. Preferring conventional pop (chart pop) or highbrow music (classic music, jazz), in contrast, was not related to or was negatively related to minor delinquency. Early music preferences emerged as more powerful indicators of later delinquency rather than early delinquency, indicating that music choice is a strong marker of later problem behavior. The mechanisms through which music preferences are linked to minor delinquency are discussed within the framework of MMT.
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Multimedia category preferences of working engineers
Baukal, Charles E.; Ausburn, Lynna J.
2016-09-01
Many have argued for the importance of continuing engineering education (CEE), but relatively few recommendations were found in the literature for how to use multimedia technologies to deliver it most effectively. The study reported here addressed this gap by investigating the multimedia category preferences of working engineers. Four categories of multimedia, with two types in each category, were studied: verbal (text and narration), static graphics (drawing and photograph), dynamic non-interactive graphics (animation and video), and dynamic interactive graphics (simulated virtual reality (VR) and photo-real VR). The results showed that working engineers strongly preferred text over narration and somewhat preferred drawing over photograph, animation over video, and simulated VR over photo-real VR. These results suggest that a variety of multimedia types should be used in the instructional design of CEE content.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Daniela Meirelles Andrade
2013-09-01
Full Text Available No estudo aqui relatado identificaram-se os fatores que levam à formação do capital social familiar em empresas familiares. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se, como aporte teórico, a teoria do capital social e do capital social familiar. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, do tipo survey, em 120 empreendimentos familiares. Aplicou-se questionário, sob a forma de entrevista, a todos os empresários. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise fatorial. Os resultados foram apresentados em dois blocos: primeiro, a caracterização da amostra em relação ao perfil do respondente e ao perfil do empreendimento, bem como a apresentação da frequência de cada uma das assertivas; na segunda parte, foi feita a análise fatorial, após a qual foram identificados sete fatores relacionados com a formação do capital social familiar. São eles: diálogo colaborativo, rede familiar, infraestrutura moral, confiança, normas éticas, ideias próprias e canais de informação externos. O capital social familiar é solidificado por meio do diálogo colaborativo, a partir do qual é possível enraizar, na família e na empresa, as normas éticas, originando o que se chama de infraestrutura moral, quando a família e a empresa estão em sintonia interna e externa. Em um sentido contraditório, a ausência do diálogo colaborativo gera autoritarismo por parte dos dirigentes e membros da família, prevalecendo ideias próprias, as quais foram identificadas como fator contraditório à formação do capital social familiar.
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Empresas familiares de inmigrantes en Barcelona y Montevideo
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Paola Martínez Pérez
2009-12-01
Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es observar las diferentes dimensiones que adquiere la familia en las empresas familiares de inmigrantes. En este caso, la propuesta metodológica es analizar, de forma comparativa, la realidad empresarial consolidada del colectivo gallego en Montevideo con las empresas familiares de inmigrantes de reciente creación en el área metropolitana en Barcelona.
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Empresas familiares: conceptos, teorías y estructuras
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Raúl Francisco Quejada Pérez
2017-02-01
Full Text Available Este documento presenta aspectos conceptuales, teóricos, históricos y estructurales de las empresas familiares. Se destaca el rol que desempeñan en materia de generación de empleo y riqueza. También se analizan sus sistemas de gobierno corporativo, los cuales desembocan en la temática de continuidad generacional. La continuidad es entendida como una de las principales dificultades de estas organizaciones, debido a que sus directivos y/o propietarios no logran separar el papel del núcleo familiar y las decisiones organizacionales de las compañías. En este sentido, las estrategias de internacionalización y profesionalización representan el camino para garantizar la permanencia de las empresas familiares.
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Rol de género y funcionamiento familiar
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Patricia Herrera Santi
2000-12-01
Full Text Available En este trabajo se realiza un breve bosquejo del surgimiento y significación del rol de género y se relaciona con algunos de los indicadores de funcionamiento familiar, analizando en qué medida puede afectar la expresión favorable del mismo, alterar la dinámica interna de las relaciones familiares y actuar como factor patógeno en la salud familiarA brief sketch of the appearance and significance of the gender role is made in this paper. It is also related to some indicators of family functioning and it is analyzed to what extent this relationship may affect its favorable expression, alter the internal dynamics of the family relations and act as a pathogenic factor in family health
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Nursing students at a university - a study about learning style preferences.
Hallin, Karin
2014-12-01
In most adult education, teachers use methods that assume all students learn in the same way. But knowledge of students' learning style preferences highlights the importance of adequate teaching and learning adaptation. The aim of the study was to describe and compare final year nursing students' learning style preferences in two campuses during three semesters. A further aim was to identify differences between learning style preferences and personal characteristics. A descriptive cross-sectional study using the Productivity Environmental Preference Survey (PEPS) questionnaire was conducted at a Swedish rural university. Three semester groups with 263 nursing students participated in 2012-2013. The majority of the students were 'flexible' in their learning style preferences and had none or few strong preferences. Students with strong preferences preferred high structure (75%) and an authority figure present (40%). About a third were highly auditory, tactile and/or kinesthetic while 8% were highly visual. Few significant differences were revealed between the groups of campuses and the groups of semesters or between learning style preferences and upper secondary school and care experience. There were no significant differences between learning style preferences and age and assistant nurse graduation. More women than men were highly motivated, auditory, tactile and kinesthetic and preferred structure and mobility. The PEPS questionnaire provides nursing students with self-awareness regarding their strengths and shortcomings in learning and teachers with a valuable and practical basis for their selection of adapted individual and group teaching methods. The findings suggest the need for wide variation and interactive teaching approaches, conscious didactic actions between cooperating teachers and conscious learning strategies for nursing students. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Influence of group member familiarity on online collaborative learning
Janssen, J.J.H.M.; Erkens, G.; Kirschner, P.A.; Kanselaar, G.
2009-01-01
This study investigated the effects of group member familiarity during computer-supported collaborative learning. Familiarity may have an impact on online collaboration, because it may help group members to progress more quickly through the stages of group development, and may lead to higher group
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Preference for different relaxation techniques by COPD patients: comparison between six techniques
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Hyl
2016-09-01
Full Text Available Michael E Hyland,1 David MG Halpin,2 Sue Blake,3 Clare Seamark,3 Margaret Pinnuck,3 David Ward,3 Ben Whalley,1 Colin J Greaves,4 Adam L Hawkins,5 Dave Seamark3 1School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, 3Honiton Group Practice, Honiton, 4University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, 5GSK House, Brentford, UK Background: A review of the effectiveness of relaxation techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients has shown inconsistent results, but studies have varied in terms of technique and outcome measures. Aim: To determine patient preference for different relaxation techniques. Methods: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were presented with six techniques via a DVD and asked to rate the techniques in terms of effectiveness, rank in order of likely use, and comment. Results: Patients differed in the technique preferred and reason for that preference, but the most commonly preferred technique both for effectiveness and ease of use was “thinking of a nice place” followed by progressive relaxation and counting. Familiarity and ease of activity were commonly given reasons for preference. Conclusion: Rather than providing patients with a single technique that they might find difficult to implement, these results suggest that it would be better to give a choice. “Thinking of a nice place” is a popular but under-investigated technique. Keywords: COPD exacerbation, anxiety, relaxation techniques
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Proverb preferences across cultures: dialecticality or poeticality?
Friedman, Mike; Chen, Hsin-Chin; Vaid, Jyotsna
2006-04-01
Peng and Nisbett (1999) claimed that members of Asian cultures show a greater preference than Euro-Americans for proverbs expressing paradox (so-called dialectical proverbs; e.g., Too humble is half proud). The present research sought to replicate this claim with the same set of stimuli used in Peng and Nisbett's Experiment 2 and a new set of dialectical and nondialectical proverbs that were screened to be comparably pleasing in phrasing. Whereas the proverbs were rated as more familiar and (in Set 1) more poetic by Chinese than by American participants, no group differences were found in relation to proverb dialecticality. Both the Chinese and Americans in our study rated the dialectical proverbs from Peng and Nisbett's study as more likable, higher in wisdom, and higher in poeticality than the nondialectical proverbs. For Set 2, both groups found the dialectical proverbs to be as likable, wise, and poetic as the nondialectical proverbs. When poeticality was covaried out, dialectical proverbs were liked better than nondialectical proverbs across both stimulus sets by the Chinese and the Americans alike, and when wisdom was covaried out, the effect of dialecticality was reduced in both sets and groups. Our findings indicate that caution should be taken in ascribing differences in proverb preferences solely to cultural differences in reasoning.
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Estructura familiar de usuarios de crack analizada con auxilio del genograma
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Maycon Rogério Seleghim
2013-06-01
Full Text Available Objetivo: analizar la estructura familiar de usuarios de crack con la ayuda del genograma, identificando las relaciones y los antecedentes familiares de uso de drogas. Metodología: Investigación transversal, teniendo como referencial la Teoría General de Sistemas, particularmente el genograma. Participaron 15 familiares de usuarios habituales o dependientes de crack, en tratamiento en una Comunidad Terapéutica de Paraná, Brasil, en el mes de mayo de 2011. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron la entrevista semiestructurada y el cuestionario de clasificación económica. Los genogramas fueron analizados en un proceso semejante al del análisis de contenido. Resultados: El genograma incluyó 378 familiares; nueve familias eran nucleares, y todas presentaron por lo menos una relación armoniosa con un miembro familiar. Catorce familias presentaban antecedentes de uso de drogas. Conclusión: Se evidenció la reproducción multi-generacional de comportamientos asociados al uso de drogas, con la influencia de aspectos culturales y valores familiares.
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Lichen species preference by reindeer
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Holleman, D F; Luick, J R
1977-08-01
The preference by reindeer for five species of lichens commonly found on Central Alaska rangelands was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Results indicate that reindeer are strongly selective species in their lichen grazing habits. The five tested species ranged as follows in order of decreasing acceptibility: Caldonia alpestris, C. rangiferina, Stereocaulon paschale, Cetraria richardsonii, and Peltigera aphthosa.
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EFEKTIVITAS SOCIAL MEDIA ADVERTISING: PERAN BRAND FAMILIARITY DAN KONGRUENSI ENDORSER
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Sony Kusumasondjaja
2014-01-01
Full Text Available This study examined the impact of brand familiarity and endorsers’ congruence with product being advertised on consumer responses to social media advertising in Twitter. Findings suggested that the product with a familiar brand endorsed by celebrity with high image congruence led to greater consumer trust, more positive attitude, and greater purchase intention than any other familiarity-congruence combinations. Interestingly, for unfamiliar brand, there is no significant difference between high and low endorsers’ congruence.
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Musical Preferences are Linked to Cognitive Styles.
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David M Greenberg
Full Text Available Why do we like the music we do? Research has shown that musical preferences and personality are linked, yet little is known about other influences on preferences such as cognitive styles. To address this gap, we investigated how individual differences in musical preferences are explained by the empathizing-systemizing (E-S theory. Study 1 examined the links between empathy and musical preferences across four samples. By reporting their preferential reactions to musical stimuli, samples 1 and 2 (Ns = 2,178 and 891 indicated their preferences for music from 26 different genres, and samples 3 and 4 (Ns = 747 and 320 indicated their preferences for music from only a single genre (rock or jazz. Results across samples showed that empathy levels are linked to preferences even within genres and account for significant proportions of variance in preferences over and above personality traits for various music-preference dimensions. Study 2 (N = 353 replicated and extended these findings by investigating how musical preferences are differentiated by E-S cognitive styles (i.e., 'brain types'. Those who are type E (bias towards empathizing preferred music on the Mellow dimension (R&B/soul, adult contemporary, soft rock genres compared to type S (bias towards systemizing who preferred music on the Intense dimension (punk, heavy metal, and hard rock. Analyses of fine-grained psychological and sonic attributes in the music revealed that type E individuals preferred music that featured low arousal (gentle, warm, and sensual attributes, negative valence (depressing and sad, and emotional depth (poetic, relaxing, and thoughtful, while type S preferred music that featured high arousal (strong, tense, and thrilling, and aspects of positive valence (animated and cerebral depth (complexity. The application of these findings for clinicians, interventions, and those on the autism spectrum (largely type S or extreme type S are discussed.
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Musical Preferences are Linked to Cognitive Styles
Greenberg, David M.; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Stillwell, David J.; Kosinski, Michal; Rentfrow, Peter J.
2015-01-01
Why do we like the music we do? Research has shown that musical preferences and personality are linked, yet little is known about other influences on preferences such as cognitive styles. To address this gap, we investigated how individual differences in musical preferences are explained by the empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Study 1 examined the links between empathy and musical preferences across four samples. By reporting their preferential reactions to musical stimuli, samples 1 and 2 (Ns = 2,178 and 891) indicated their preferences for music from 26 different genres, and samples 3 and 4 (Ns = 747 and 320) indicated their preferences for music from only a single genre (rock or jazz). Results across samples showed that empathy levels are linked to preferences even within genres and account for significant proportions of variance in preferences over and above personality traits for various music-preference dimensions. Study 2 (N = 353) replicated and extended these findings by investigating how musical preferences are differentiated by E-S cognitive styles (i.e., ‘brain types’). Those who are type E (bias towards empathizing) preferred music on the Mellow dimension (R&B/soul, adult contemporary, soft rock genres) compared to type S (bias towards systemizing) who preferred music on the Intense dimension (punk, heavy metal, and hard rock). Analyses of fine-grained psychological and sonic attributes in the music revealed that type E individuals preferred music that featured low arousal (gentle, warm, and sensual attributes), negative valence (depressing and sad), and emotional depth (poetic, relaxing, and thoughtful), while type S preferred music that featured high arousal (strong, tense, and thrilling), and aspects of positive valence (animated) and cerebral depth (complexity). The application of these findings for clinicians, interventions, and those on the autism spectrum (largely type S or extreme type S) are discussed. PMID:26200656
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Musical Preferences are Linked to Cognitive Styles.
Greenberg, David M; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Stillwell, David J; Kosinski, Michal; Rentfrow, Peter J
2015-01-01
Why do we like the music we do? Research has shown that musical preferences and personality are linked, yet little is known about other influences on preferences such as cognitive styles. To address this gap, we investigated how individual differences in musical preferences are explained by the empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Study 1 examined the links between empathy and musical preferences across four samples. By reporting their preferential reactions to musical stimuli, samples 1 and 2 (Ns = 2,178 and 891) indicated their preferences for music from 26 different genres, and samples 3 and 4 (Ns = 747 and 320) indicated their preferences for music from only a single genre (rock or jazz). Results across samples showed that empathy levels are linked to preferences even within genres and account for significant proportions of variance in preferences over and above personality traits for various music-preference dimensions. Study 2 (N = 353) replicated and extended these findings by investigating how musical preferences are differentiated by E-S cognitive styles (i.e., 'brain types'). Those who are type E (bias towards empathizing) preferred music on the Mellow dimension (R&B/soul, adult contemporary, soft rock genres) compared to type S (bias towards systemizing) who preferred music on the Intense dimension (punk, heavy metal, and hard rock). Analyses of fine-grained psychological and sonic attributes in the music revealed that type E individuals preferred music that featured low arousal (gentle, warm, and sensual attributes), negative valence (depressing and sad), and emotional depth (poetic, relaxing, and thoughtful), while type S preferred music that featured high arousal (strong, tense, and thrilling), and aspects of positive valence (animated) and cerebral depth (complexity). The application of these findings for clinicians, interventions, and those on the autism spectrum (largely type S or extreme type S) are discussed.
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Reduced social preferences in autism: evidence from charitable donations.
Lin, Alice; Tsai, Karin; Rangel, Antonio; Adolphs, Ralph
2012-05-17
People with autism have abnormal preferences, ranging from an apparent lack of preference for social stimuli to unusually strong preferences for restricted sets of highly idiosyncratic stimuli. Yet the profile of preferences across social and nonsocial domains has not been mapped out in detail, and the processes responsible remain poorly understood. To assess preferences across a range of stimuli, we measured real monetary donations to 50 charities spanning categories pertaining to people, mental health, animals, or the environment. We compared the donations made by 16 high-functioning adults with autism to those made by neurotypical controls matched on age, gender and education. We additionally collected ratings of how people evaluated the different charities. Compared with controls, high-functioning adults with autism donated less overall and also showed a significantly disproportionate reduction in donations to people charities compared with donations to the other charities. Furthermore, whereas controls discriminated strongly between different people charities, choosing to donate a lot of money to some and very little to others, much less discrimination was seen in the autism group. Ratings that probed how participants constructed their preferences did not differ between groups, except for a difference in the perceived impact of pictures and text information about people charities. Strikingly, there were some charities related to mental health, and autism in particular, to which the autism group donated considerably more than did the controls. People with autism were found to have reduced preference and sensitivity towards charities benefiting other people. The findings provide evidence for a domain-specific impairment in social cognition in autism spectrum disorder, and in particular in linking otherwise intact social knowledge to the construction of value signals on which preferences regarding other people are based.
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Fertility decline and gender preference--an experience of Kerala.
Ramakumar, R; Devi, K S
1989-12-01
Using data from 1980 Fertility Survey from Kerala, India, researchers analyzed responses from 2242 women to ascertain if gender preference existed. Acceptance of contraception differed among the 3 districts from 70.33% in Ernakulam, 68.05% in Alleppey, and 24.45% in Palghat. The acceptance rate was higher among women who had only 1 son than among those who had only 1 daughter. Further, the rate for women in Palghat with only 1 son (13.12) was almost 2 times higher than that of those with only 1 daughter (6.9). The extent of son preference was lowest in Alleppey. Generally, couples who had the preferred number of sons were more likely to choose sterilization as their method of birth control while those who continued to have daughters without the desired number of sons chose nonterminal methods. The differences between the averages of sons and daughters in terms of total family size are not very wide, however, therefore the degree of son preference has not greatly changed either family size or its composition, especially in Alleppey and Ernakulam. Even though son preference is generally strong among Hindus, the Hindus in both Alleppey and Ernakulam do not demonstrate a strong preference for sons index. On the other hand, the Hindus in Palghat are quite conservative and do demonstrate a high son preference index. Mothers who have attended a formal school for at least 5 years show little discrimination against a daughter. Ernakulam has reached the stage in the transition from a noncontracepting society to a contracepting society when the number of children of the same sex outnumber the other, couples decide to have no more children to maintain small size norms. In Alleppey, the deisre for small size families was the primary consideration for contraceptive use and son preference was secondary.
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Reduced social preferences in autism: evidence from charitable donations
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Lin Alice
2012-05-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background People with autism have abnormal preferences, ranging from an apparent lack of preference for social stimuli to unusually strong preferences for restricted sets of highly idiosyncratic stimuli. Yet the profile of preferences across social and nonsocial domains has not been mapped out in detail, and the processes responsible remain poorly understood. Methods To assess preferences across a range of stimuli, we measured real monetary donations to 50 charities spanning categories pertaining to people, mental health, animals, or the environment. We compared the donations made by 16 high-functioning adults with autism to those made by neurotypical controls matched on age, gender and education. We additionally collected ratings of how people evaluated the different charities. Results Compared with controls, high-functioning adults with autism donated less overall and also showed a significantly disproportionate reduction in donations to people charities compared with donations to the other charities. Furthermore, whereas controls discriminated strongly between different people charities, choosing to donate a lot of money to some and very little to others, much less discrimination was seen in the autism group. Ratings that probed how participants constructed their preferences did not differ between groups, except for a difference in the perceived impact of pictures and text information about people charities. Strikingly, there were some charities related to mental health, and autism in particular, to which the autism group donated considerably more than did the controls. Conclusions People with autism were found to have reduced preference and sensitivity towards charities benefiting other people. The findings provide evidence for a domain-specific impairment in social cognition in autism spectrum disorder, and in particular in linking otherwise intact social knowledge to the construction of value signals on which preferences
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Accounting for taste: individual differences in preference for harmony.
Palmer, Stephen E; Griscom, William S
2013-06-01
Although empirical research on aesthetics has had some success in explaining the average preferences of groups of observers, relatively little is known about individual differences in preference, and especially about how such differences might covary across different domains. In this study, we identified a new factor underlying aesthetic response-preference for harmonious stimuli-and examined how it varies over four domains (color, shape, spatial location, and music) across individuals with different levels of training in art and music. We found that individual preferences for harmony are strongly correlated across all four dimensions tested and decrease consistently with training in the relevant aesthetic domains. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that cross-domain preference for harmony is well-represented as a single, unified factor, with effects separate from those of training and of common personality measures.
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Proverb comprehension in youth: the role of concreteness and familiarity.
Nippold, M A; Haq, F S
1996-02-01
This study examined factors that were posited to play an important role in the development of proverb comprehension in school-age children and adolescents, namely, the concreteness and the familiarity of the expressions. Normally achieving students enrolled in Grades 5, 8, and 11 (n = 180) were administered a written forced-choice task that contained eight instances of four different types of proverbs: concrete-familiar ("A rolling stone gathers no moss"); concrete-unfamiliar ("A caged bird longs for the clouds"); abstract-familiar ("Two wrongs don't make a right"); and abstract-unfamiliar ("Of idleness comes no goodness"). Performance on the task steadily improved as a function of increasing grade level and, as predicted, the expressions proved to be differentially challenging: Concrete proverbs were easier to understand than abstract proverbs, and familiar proverbs were easier to understand than unfamiliar proverbs. The results concerning concreteness support the "metasemantic" hypothesis, the view that comprehension develops through active analysis of the words contained in proverbs. The results concerning familiarity support the "language experience" hypothesis, the view that comprehension develops through meaningful exposure to proverbs.
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Soporte social, familiar y autoconcepto: relación entre los constructos
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Makilim Nunes Baptista
2012-01-01
Full Text Available El objetivo del estudio fue verificar las asociaciones entre el soporte social, el soporte familiar y el autoconcepto en un grupo de hombres y mujeres. En el caso de los hombres hubo correlaciones negativas entre el soporte familiar y los factores negligencia, agresividad e indiferencia del instrumento de autoconcepto. En el grupo de mujeres el soporte familiar total fue correlacionado positivamente con sensualidad y responsabilidad, y negativamente con inseguridad, siendo las tres medidas del instrumento de autoconcepto. Al considerar las relaciones entre el soporte familiar y el soporte social, todas fueron positivas, tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres.
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Fei, Minghui; Harvey, Jeffrey A.; Yin, Yi; Gols, Rieta
2017-01-01
The effects of temporal variation in the quality of short-lived annual plants on oviposition preference and larval performance of insect herbivores has thus far received little attention. This study examines the effects of plant age on female oviposition preference and offspring performance in the
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Tuliozi, Beniamino; Fracasso, Gerardo; Hoi, Herbert; Griggio, Matteo
2018-01-01
Exploratory behaviour is one of the best-investigated behavioural traits. However, little is known about how differences in familiarity, i.e. in the knowledge and previous experience with a companion can influence the exploration of a novel environment. However, to our knowledge, such a critical feature of the social environment has never been the target of a study relating it to exploratory behaviour in birds. Here we examined if familiarity with a conspecific could affect behavioural responses of individuals confronted with a novel environment. We recorded the latency to land on the ground, latency to feed, time spent feeding and number of sectors visited of 48 female and 48 male house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) in an indoor aviary in three contexts: alone (individual context), with an unfamiliar and with a familiar same-sex companion. House sparrows landed sooner on the ground when in the familiar context than when in the individual context. Birds in unfamiliar pairs followed each other less than familiar birds, but this difference diminished with time spent exploring. Moreover, males and females differed in their behavioural responses in the unfamiliar context. Females with a familiar companion landed sooner than when they were paired with an unfamiliar conspecific, whereas only the presence of a companion but not familiarity reduced males latency to land on the ground. Finally, when considering the unfamiliar context males had shorter latencies to forage and thus spent more time eating than females. The presence or absence of a companion and its familiarity with the focal individual influenced differently the behavioural responses of male and female house sparrows in a novel environment. As house sparrows are strongly sociable, the influence of the social environment is likely to be of paramount importance to understand the selective pressures acting on them, particularly in recently colonized areas with ephemeral food sources. Our results shed light on
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Revisiting the earliest electrophysiological correlate of familiar face recognition.
Huang, Wanyi; Wu, Xia; Hu, Liping; Wang, Lei; Ding, Yulong; Qu, Zhe
2017-10-01
The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to reinvestigate the earliest face familiarity effect (FFE: ERP differences between familiar and unfamiliar faces) that genuinely reflects cognitive processes underlying recognition of familiar faces in long-term memory. To trigger relatively early FFEs, participants were required to categorize upright and inverted famous faces and unknown faces in a task that placed high demand on face recognition. More importantly, to determine whether an observed FFE was linked to on-line face recognition, systematical investigation about the relationship between the FFE and behavioral performance of face recognition was conducted. The results showed significant FFEs on P1, N170, N250, and P300 waves. The FFEs on occipital P1 and N170 (faces, and were not correlated with any behavioral measure (accuracy, response time) or modulated by learning, indicating that they might merely reflect low-level visual differences between face sets. In contrast, the later FFEs on occipito-temporal N250 (~230ms) and centro-parietal P300 (~350ms) showed consistent polarities for upright and inverted faces. The N250 FFE was individually correlated with recognition speed for upright faces, and could be obtained for inverted faces through learning. The P300 FFE was also related to behavior in many aspects. These findings provide novel evidence supporting that cognitive discrimination of familiar and unfamiliar faces starts no less than 200ms after stimulus onset, and the familiarity effect on N250 may be the first electrophysiological correlate underlying recognition of familiar faces in long-term memory. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Familiarity and Voice Representation: From Acoustic-Based Representation to Voice Averages
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Maureen Fontaine
2017-07-01
Full Text Available The ability to recognize an individual from their voice is a widespread ability with a long evolutionary history. Yet, the perceptual representation of familiar voices is ill-defined. In two experiments, we explored the neuropsychological processes involved in the perception of voice identity. We specifically explored the hypothesis that familiar voices (trained-to-familiar (Experiment 1, and famous voices (Experiment 2 are represented as a whole complex pattern, well approximated by the average of multiple utterances produced by a single speaker. In experiment 1, participants learned three voices over several sessions, and performed a three-alternative forced-choice identification task on original voice samples and several “speaker averages,” created by morphing across varying numbers of different vowels (e.g., [a] and [i] produced by the same speaker. In experiment 2, the same participants performed the same task on voice samples produced by familiar speakers. The two experiments showed that for famous voices, but not for trained-to-familiar voices, identification performance increased and response times decreased as a function of the number of utterances in the averages. This study sheds light on the perceptual representation of familiar voices, and demonstrates the power of average in recognizing familiar voices. The speaker average captures the unique characteristics of a speaker, and thus retains the information essential for recognition; it acts as a prototype of the speaker.
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Familias con Adultos Quirúrgicos: Riesgo y Salud Familiar. 2007-2010
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Luz Amparo Leyva Morales
2013-06-01
Full Text Available Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo que caracterizó familias con adultos quirúrgicos en la Unidad Hospitalaria "Clínica San Pedro Claver", apoyado en la Teoría de Riesgo Familiar Total (1 y Organización Sistémica de Friedman (2 Utilizó los instrumentos: Riesgo Familiar Total RFT: 6-69 y Salud Familiar General ISF: GEN 25, diseñados, validados para población colombiana por Amaya P. con validez y confiabilidad comprobados internacionalmente. La muestra de 202 familias residentes en Bogotá con adultos quirúrgicos institucionalizados, total 928 personas que fueron en 65% adultos. Predominó familia nuclear (43% con promedio cuatro personas por familia en la vivienda. El Riesgo Familiar Total fue riesgo bajo en un 88% y el 12% fue de familias amenazadas: 11% riesgo medio y solo 1% alto. La categoría de mayor riesgo corresponde a Servicios y Prácticas de Salud, en donde riesgo medio y alto suman 46%. Las categorías Condiciones de Vivienda y Vecindario y Condición Socioeconómica el riesgo medio y alto suman respectivamente 7% y 8%. La medición de la salud familiar fue Poco Organizada (49%, aunque Satisfecha (84%. Todas las familias requieren intervención en promoción de la salud, prevención y control del riesgo familiar total y salud familiar.
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Mode of Delivery Preferences in a Diverse Population of Pregnant Women
YEE, Lynn M.; KAIMAL, Anjali J.; HOUSTON, Kathryn A.; WU, Erica; THIET, Mari-Paule; NAKAGAWA, Sanae; CAUGHEY, Aaron B.; FIROUZIAN, Atoosa; KUPPERMANN, Miriam
2014-01-01
OBJECTIVE To assess women’s preferences for vaginal versus cesarean delivery in four contexts: prior cesarean, twins, breech presentation, and absent indication for cesarean. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study of pregnant women at 24-40 weeks gestation. After assessing stated preferences for vaginal or cesarean delivery, we used the standard gamble metric to measure the strength of these preferences and the time tradeoff metric to determine how women value the potential processes and outcomes associated with these two delivery approaches. RESULTS Among the 240 participants, 90.8% had a stated preference for vaginal delivery. Across the four contexts, these women indicated that, on average, they would accept a 59-75% chance of an attempted vaginal birth ending in a cesarean before choosing a planned cesarean, indicating strong preferences for spontaneous, uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Variations in preferences for labor processes emerged. While uncomplicated labor ending in vaginal birth was assigned mean utilities of 0.993 or higher (on a 0-to-1 scale with higher scores indicating more preferred outcomes), the need for oxytocin, antibiotics, or operative vaginal delivery resulted in lower mean scores, comparable to those assigned to uncomplicated cesarean delivery. Substantially lower scores (ranging from 0.432 to 0.598) were obtained for scenarios ending in severe maternal or neonatal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS While most women expressed strong preferences for vaginal delivery, their preferences regarding interventions frequently employed to achieve that goal varied. These data underscore the importance of educating patients about the process of labor and delivery to facilitate incorporation of informed patient preferences in shared decision making regarding delivery approach. PMID:25446662
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The sensorimotor contributions to implicit memory, familiarity, and recollection.
Topolinski, Sascha
2012-05-01
The sensorimotor contributions to memory for prior occurrence were investigated. Previous research has shown that both implicit memory and familiarity draw on gains in stimulus-related processing fluency for old, compared with novel, stimuli, but recollection does not. Recently, it has been demonstrated that processing fluency itself resides in stimulus-specific motor simulations or reenactment (e.g., covert pronouncing simulations for words as stimuli). Combining these lines of evidence, it was predicted that stimulus-specific motor interference preventing simulations should impair both implicit memory and familiarity but leave recollection unaffected. This was tested for words as verbal stimuli associated to pronouncing simulations in the oral muscle system (but also for tunes as vocal stimuli and their associated vocal system, Experiment 2). It was found that oral (e.g., chewing gum), compared with manual (kneading a ball), motor interference prevented mere exposure effects (Experiments 1-2), substantially reduced repetition priming in word fragment completion (Experiment 3), reduced the familiarity estimates in a remember-know task (Experiment 5) and in receiver-operating characteristics (Experiment 6), and completely neutralized familiarity measured by self-reports (Experiment 4) and skin conductance responses (Experiment 7), while leaving recollection and free recall unaffected (across Experiments 1-7). This pattern establishes a rare memory dissociation in healthy participants, that is, explicit without implicit memory or recognizing without feeling familiar. Implications for embodied memory and neuropsychology are discussed.
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Teoria social, agricultura familiar e pluriatividade
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Schneider Sérgio
2003-01-01
Full Text Available Este artigo procura apresentar um referencial de análise que permita entender a pluriatividade como um estratégia de reprodução social e econômica das famílias rurais. O tema central trata a agricultura familiar e a pluriatividade do ponto de vista teórico e conceitual. Situa-se o contexto em que aparece o estudo da agricultura familiar e da pluriatividade no Brasil e discute-se a origem e a evolução do debate sobre a pluriatividade, uma situação eminentemente relacionada à realidade dos países desenvolvidos. Situam-se, ainda, as análises sobre a pluriatividade no contexto das tradições teóricas clássicas dos estudos agrários, mostrando como esse fenômeno já fora objeto de preocupação de outros autores. Analisa-se, em seguida, a pluriatividade no âmbito das principais abordagens analíticas contemporâneas da teoria social e indica-se qual o referencial teórico que parece adequado ao seu estudo. Por fim, é indicada uma perspectiva metodológica para o estudo da pluriatividade em unidades familiares.
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DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica
2017-01-01
, it is unclear which contextual, individual, and product-related factors impact consumer likelihood of choice and thus acceptance of the practice in the long run. The study aimed at exploring the effect of communicating different motives for purchase, the product being organic, familiarity with the practice...... and the interaction with gender is observed for milk in particular. Overall, perceived quality and estimated likelihood of consumption at home majorly determine likelihood of choice. Consumer acceptance of expiration date based pricing of suboptimal food can be increased through furthering consumer familiarity......Consumers have been found to majorly prefer ‘optimal’ food over ‘suboptimal’ when purchasing food. To provide an incentive for consumers to select suboptimal food and thus decrease food waste in the supply chain, expiration date based pricing is suggested and increasingly applied. However...
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The role of oxytocin in familiarization-habituation responses to social novelty
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Mattie eTops
2013-10-01
Full Text Available Stress or arousal responses to novel social contexts ease off when individuals get familiar with the social context. In the present study we investigated whether oxytocin is involved in this process of familiarization-habituation, as oxytocin is known to increase trust and decrease anxiety. Fifty-nine healthy female subjects took part in the same experimental procedure in two sessions separated by four weeks. In the first (novelty session state trust scores were significantly positively correlated with salivary oxytocin levels, while in the second (familiarity session state trust scores were significantly negatively correlated with salivary oxytocin levels. In a path model, oxytocin was associated with increased trust in the novelty session and trust was associated with decreased oxytocin levels in the familiarity session. The results are consistent with the idea that oxytocin decreases stress-to-novelty responses by promoting familiarization to novel social contexts.
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Moriyama, Koichi; Fukui, Ken–ichi; Numao, Masayuki
2015-01-01
Background Non-medical professionals (consumers) are increasingly using the Internet to support their health information needs. However, the cognitive effort required to perform health information searches is affected by the consumer’s familiarity with health topics. Consumers may have different levels of familiarity with individual health topics. This variation in familiarity may cause misunderstandings because the information presented by search engines may not be understood correctly by the consumers. Objective As a first step toward the improvement of the health information search process, we aimed to examine the effects of health topic familiarity on health information search behaviors by identifying the common search activity patterns exhibited by groups of consumers with different levels of familiarity. Methods Each participant completed a health terminology familiarity questionnaire and health information search tasks. The responses to the familiarity questionnaire were used to grade the familiarity of participants with predefined health topics. The search task data were transcribed into a sequence of search activities using a coding scheme. A computational model was constructed from the sequence data using a Markov chain model to identify the common search patterns in each familiarity group. Results Forty participants were classified into L1 (not familiar), L2 (somewhat familiar), and L3 (familiar) groups based on their questionnaire responses. They had different levels of familiarity with four health topics. The video data obtained from all of the participants were transcribed into 4595 search activities (mean 28.7, SD 23.27 per session). The most frequent search activities and transitions in all the familiarity groups were related to evaluations of the relevancy of selected web pages in the retrieval results. However, the next most frequent transitions differed in each group and a chi-squared test confirmed this finding (Pinformation search patterns
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Episodic and Semantic Memory Contribute to Familiar and Novel Episodic Future Thinking.
Wang, Tong; Yue, Tong; Huang, Xi Ting
2016-01-01
Increasing evidence indicates that episodic future thinking (EFT) relies on both episodic and semantic memory; however, event familiarity may importantly affect the extent to which episodic and semantic memory contribute to EFT. To test this possibility, two behavioral experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, we directly compared the proportion of episodic and semantic memory used in an EFT task. The results indicated that more episodic memory was used when imagining familiar future events compared with novel future events. Conversely, significantly more semantic memory was used when imagining novel events compared with familiar events. Experiment 2 aimed to verify the results of Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we found that familiarity moderated the effect of priming the episodic memory system on EFT; particularly, it increased the time required to construct a standard familiar episodic future event, but did not significantly affect novel episodic event reaction time. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that event familiarity importantly moderates episodic and semantic memory's contribution to EFT.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ricardo Alberto Moreno
2009-09-01
Full Text Available El entendimiento de la familia sobre el trastorno bipolar es vital para su participación en el tratamiento. Con la investigación cualitativa de tipo etnográfico se buscó comprender el significado cultural de la convivencia familiar. Esta se realizó en una ciudad del interior del Estado de São Paulo (Brasil. Los datos fueron obtenidos por la observación participante y entrevistas. Fue respetado el rigor investigativo y los aspectos éticos. Participaron 25 personas (portadores y familiares. Las categorías identificadas fueron: convivencia intra-familiar conflictiva, relaciones extra-familiares perjudicadas, rutinas diarias alteradas, repercusiones en el presupuesto familiar, estigma y prejuicio. El tema cultural encontrado fue: "De la angustia inicial al enfrentamiento por una mejor calidad de vida". Las familias perciben que el programa psicoeducativo abierto, asociado al tratamiento farmacológico, constituye una forma rica de aprendizaje sobre la enfermedad y sobre las formas de ayuda necesarias para alcanzar la estabilización del humor.Understanding family life in the presence of bipolar disorder is vital to their participation in the treatment. Through qualitative ethnographic research, carried out in a medium - sized town, in the State of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil, we aimed at better understanding family life in the presence of bipolar disorder. Patients and their families participated in the research, which included 25 individuals. Participant observation and interviews were used for data collection, which was carried out in accordance to ethical principles and scientific rigor. Data analysis identified the following categories: conflictive family life; impaired relationships with people outside the immediate family; disturbed daily routine; impact on family budget; stigma and prejudice. The cultural theme "From Initial Distress to Coping and Achieving a Better Quality of Life" emerged. Families perceived the
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The Neuropsychology of Familiar Person Recognition from Face and Voice
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Guido Gainotti
2014-05-01
Full Text Available Prosopagnosia has been considered for a long period of time as the most important and almost exclusive disorder in the recognition of familiar people. In recent years, however, this conviction has been undermined by the description of patients showing a concomitant defect in the recognition of familiar faces and voices as a consequence of lesions encroaching upon the right anterior temporal lobe (ATL. These new data have obliged researchers to reconsider on one hand the construct of ‘associative prosopagnosia’ and on the other hand current models of people recognition. A systematic review of the patterns of familiar people recognition disorders observed in patients with right and left ATL lesions has shown that in patients with right ATL lesions face familiarity feelings and the retrieval of person-specific semantic information from faces are selectively affected, whereas in patients with left ATL lesions the defect selectively concerns famous people naming. Furthermore, some patients with right ATL lesions and intact face familiarity feelings show a defect in the retrieval of person-specific semantic knowledge greater from face than from name. These data are at variance with current models assuming: (a that familiarity feelings are generated at the level of person identity nodes (PINs where information processed by various sensory modalities converge, and (b that PINs provide a modality-free gateway to a single semantic system, where information about people is stored in an amodal format. They suggest, on the contrary: (a that familiarity feelings are generated at the level of modality-specific recognition units; (b that face and voice recognition units are represented more in the right than in the left ATLs; (c that in the right ATL are mainly stored person-specific information based on a convergence of perceptual information, whereas in the left ATLs are represented verbally-mediated person-specific information.
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A model of ant route navigation driven by scene familiarity.
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Bart Baddeley
2012-01-01
Full Text Available In this paper we propose a model of visually guided route navigation in ants that captures the known properties of real behaviour whilst retaining mechanistic simplicity and thus biological plausibility. For an ant, the coupling of movement and viewing direction means that a familiar view specifies a familiar direction of movement. Since the views experienced along a habitual route will be more familiar, route navigation can be re-cast as a search for familiar views. This search can be performed with a simple scanning routine, a behaviour that ants have been observed to perform. We test this proposed route navigation strategy in simulation, by learning a series of routes through visually cluttered environments consisting of objects that are only distinguishable as silhouettes against the sky. In the first instance we determine view familiarity by exhaustive comparison with the set of views experienced during training. In further experiments we train an artificial neural network to perform familiarity discrimination using the training views. Our results indicate that, not only is the approach successful, but also that the routes that are learnt show many of the characteristics of the routes of desert ants. As such, we believe the model represents the only detailed and complete model of insect route guidance to date. What is more, the model provides a general demonstration that visually guided routes can be produced with parsimonious mechanisms that do not specify when or what to learn, nor separate routes into sequences of waypoints.
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Coping with divided attention: the advantage of familiarity.
Griffiths, S. W.; Brockmark, S.; Höjesjö, J.; Johnsson, J. I.
2004-01-01
The ability of an animal to perform a task successfully is limited by the amount of attention being simultaneously focused on other activities. One way in which individuals might reduce the cost of divided attention is by preferentially focusing on the most beneficial tasks. In territorial animals where aggression is lower among familiar individuals, the decision to associate preferentially with familiar conspecifics may therefore confer advantages by allowing attention to be switched from ag...
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The effects of advertisement location and familiarity on selective attention.
Jessen, Tanja Lund; Rodway, Paul
2010-06-01
This study comprised two experiments to examine the distracting effects of advertisement familiarity, location, and onset on the performance of a selective attention task. In Exp. 1, familiar advertisements presented in peripheral vision disrupted selective attention when the attention task was more demanding, suggesting that the distracting effect of advertisements is a product of task demands and advertisement familiarity and location. In Exp. 2, the onset of the advertisement shortly before, or after, the attention task captured attention and disrupted attentional performance. The onset of the advertisement before the attention task reduced target response time without an increase in errors and therefore facilitated performance. Despite being instructed to ignore the advertisements, the participants were able to recall a substantial proportion of the familiar advertisements. Implications for the presentation of advertisements during human-computer interaction were discussed.
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LAFD: TA-55 General Facility Familiarization Tour, Course #55261
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rutherford, Victor Stephen [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Miller, Joshua [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Mason, Robert Clifford [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
2018-01-10
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) will conduct familiarization tours for personnel of the Los Alamos County Fire Department (LAFD) at the TA-55 General Facility. These familiarization tours are official LANL business; the purpose of these tours is to orient LAFD firefighters to the facility so that they can respond efficiently and quickly to a variety of emergency situations. This orientation includes, among other topics, ingress and egress of the area and buildings, layout and organization of the facility, evacuation procedures and assembly points, and areas of concern within the various buildings at the facility. LAFD firefighters have the skills and abilities to perform firefighting operations and other emergency response tasks that cannot be provided by LANL personnel who have the required clearance level. This handout provides details of the information, along with maps and diagrams, to be presented during the familiarization tours. The handout will be distributed to the trainees at the time of the tour. A corresponding checklist will also be used as guidance during the familiarization tours to ensure that all required information is presented to LAFD personnel.
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LAFD: TA-16 HE Facility Familiarization Tour, OJT 55258
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rutherford, Victor Stephen [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
2017-05-31
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) will conduct familiarization tours for personnel of the Los Alamos County Fire Department (LAFD) at TA-16 high explosives (HE) facilities. These familiarization tours are official LANL business; the purpose of these tours is to orient LAFD firefighters to the facility so that they can respond efficiently and quickly to a variety of emergency situations. This orientation includes, among other topics, ingress and egress of the area and buildings, layout and organization of the facility, evacuation procedures and assembly points, and areas of concern within the various buildings at the facility. LAFD firefighters have the skills and abilities to perform firefighting operations and other emergency response tasks that cannot be provided by LANL personnel who have the required clearance. This handout provides details of the information, along with maps and diagrams, to be presented during the familiarization tours. The handout will be distributed to the trainees at the time of the tour. A corresponding checklist will also be used as guidance during the familiarization tours to ensure that all required information is presented to LAFD personnel.
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On the nature of voters' coalition preferences.
Plescia, Carolina; Aichholzer, Julian
2017-07-03
An expanding literature indicates that in multiparty systems with coalition governments, citizens consider the post-electoral bargaining process among parties when casting their vote. Yet, we know surprisingly little about the nature of voters' coalition preferences. This paper uses data from the Austrian National Election Study to examine the determinants as well as the independence of preferences for coalitions as political object. We find that coalition preferences are strongly informed by spatial considerations; but additional non-ideological factors, such as party and leader preferences, also play a fundamental role. We also find that coalitions enjoy a certain degree of independence from other objects of vote choice and they do not always represent a simple average score on the feeling thermometer of the constituent parties. There are, however, substantial differences among voters, with party identifiers and those with extreme ideology being less likely to consider coalitions as separate entities from their component parties.
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On the nature of voters’ coalition preferences
Plescia, Carolina; Aichholzer, Julian
2017-01-01
ABSTRACT An expanding literature indicates that in multiparty systems with coalition governments, citizens consider the post-electoral bargaining process among parties when casting their vote. Yet, we know surprisingly little about the nature of voters’ coalition preferences. This paper uses data from the Austrian National Election Study to examine the determinants as well as the independence of preferences for coalitions as political object. We find that coalition preferences are strongly informed by spatial considerations; but additional non-ideological factors, such as party and leader preferences, also play a fundamental role. We also find that coalitions enjoy a certain degree of independence from other objects of vote choice and they do not always represent a simple average score on the feeling thermometer of the constituent parties. There are, however, substantial differences among voters, with party identifiers and those with extreme ideology being less likely to consider coalitions as separate entities from their component parties. PMID:28824702
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ana Fátima Carvalho Fernandes
2012-03-01
Full Text Available Objetivou-se compreender o significado do cuidado familiar prestado à mulher mastectomizada. Estudo qualitativo, cujo referencial teórico utilizado foi o Interacionismo Simbólico, e o metodológico, a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Entrevistaram-se 11 familiares entre julho e agosto de 2008. Os resultados evidenciaram os seguintes fenômenos: enfrentamento das dificuldades da família para cuidar, diagnóstico de câncer de mama defrontado pela família e cuidado familiar percebido após a cirurgia. Concluiuse que, apesar de os participantes valorizarem o cuidado familiar, alguns se sentiam despreparados para assumi-lo efetivamente. Considera-se a relação familiar consistente uma estratégia fundamental para a reabilitação da mulher mastectomizada.El objetivo del estudio fue comprender el significado de la atención familiar a las mujeres mastectomizadas. Estudio cualitativo, cuyo marco teórico fue la Interacción Simbólica y Metodológica, la Teoría Fundamentada. Fueron entrevistadas 11 familias entre julio y agosto de 2008. Los resultados señalaron los siguientes fenómenos: hacer frente a las dificultades de la familia en la atención a la mujer mastectomizada, el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama enfrentado por la familia y el cuidado familiar percibido después de la cirugía. Se concluyó que, aunque los participantes valoren la atención familiar, algunos se sentían sin preparo para asumirlo con eficacia. Se considera que la relación familiar consistente una estrategia clave para la rehabilitación de mujeres mastectomizadas.It was aimed to understand the meaning of family care offered to mastectomized women. This is a qualitative study that used as theoretical reference the symbolic and methodological Interactionism and the Grounded Theory. 11 relatives were interviewed between July and August 2008. The results showed the following phenomena: facing family difficulty to take care, facing the diagnosis of breast cancer in the
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Yáskara Arrial Palma
2008-12-01
Full Text Available O presente trabalho, teve como objetivo descrever as vivências pessoais e familiares de homossexuais femininas. Foram entrevistadas seis mulheres, residentes em Caxias do Sul e região, de 22 a 33 anos, cujos familiares conheciam sua orientação sexual. Todas eram solteiras e de nível socioeconômico médio, e exerciam alguma atividade profissional. Uma análise de conteúdo qualitativa das entrevistas gerou diversas categorias e subcategorias temáticas. Em geral, a homossexualidade foi considerada normal/natural, uma situação que trouxe felicidade para as participantes, apesar dos preconceitos enfrentados. Na percepção delas, a reação dos familiares quando da descoberta da sua orientação sexual foi negativa, tendo melhorado ao longo do tempo em alguns casos. Tais achados revelaram uma mudança social na forma de pensar e agir diante da homossexualidade feminina, porém ainda lenta e gradual. Ficou evidenciada a necessidade de atuação da psicologia através de programas de atendimento às famílias e às homossexuais.Ese trabajo objetivó describir las vivencias personales y familiares de homosexuales femeninas. Seis mujeres (22 a 33 años, de Caxias del Sur y región, cuyos familiares conocían su orientación sexual, fueron entrevistadas. Todas eran solteras, de nivel socio-económico medio y ejercían alguna actividad profesional. Análisis de contenido cualitativa de las entrevistas generó diversas categorías y subcategorías temáticas. En general, la homosexualidad fue considerada normal/natural, una condición que trajo felicidad, a pesar de los prejuicios enfrentados. Las participantes consideraron negativa la reacción de los familiares frente a la descubierta de su orientación sexual, lo que ha mejorado a lo largo del tiempo en algunos casos. Tales resultados revelaron un cambio social en la manera de pensar y actuar delante de la homosexualidad femenina, sin embargo aún lenta y gradual. Se quedó evidenciada la
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Hergeth, Sebastian; Lorenz, Lutz; Krems, Josef F
2017-05-01
The objective for this study was to investigate the effects of prior familiarization with takeover requests (TORs) during conditional automated driving on drivers' initial takeover performance and automation trust. System-initiated TORs are one of the biggest concerns for conditional automated driving and have been studied extensively in the past. Most, but not all, of these studies have included training sessions to familiarize participants with TORs. This makes them hard to compare and might obscure first-failure-like effects on takeover performance and automation trust formation. A driving simulator study compared drivers' takeover performance in two takeover situations across four prior familiarization groups (no familiarization, description, experience, description and experience) and automation trust before and after experiencing the system. As hypothesized, prior familiarization with TORs had a more positive effect on takeover performance in the first than in a subsequent takeover situation. In all groups, automation trust increased after participants experienced the system. Participants who were given no prior familiarization with TORs reported highest automation trust both before and after experiencing the system. The current results extend earlier findings suggesting that prior familiarization with TORs during conditional automated driving will be most relevant for takeover performance in the first takeover situation and that it lowers drivers' automation trust. Potential applications of this research include different approaches to familiarize users with automated driving systems, better integration of earlier findings, and sophistication of experimental designs.
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Familias en el trabajo: Estrategias de afrontamiento de grupos microempresarios familiares
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María Amarís
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Las microempresas colombianas ocupan un segmento importante de la economía del país, siendo fundamentalmente de tipo familiar. En estas microempresas se manifiesta una dinámica caracterizada por ser punto de encuentro entre el ámbito laboral y el familiar, lo que permite diferenciarlas de otro tipo de negocios no parentales. Este estudio, de tipo cualitativo, tuvo como propósito comprender cómo se enfrentan las situaciones adversas en el contexto familiar y organizacional de las familias microempresarias. Por esta razón, se analizan las estrategias de afrontamiento de dos grupos microempresarios familiares ubicados en la ciudad de Barranquilla (Caribe colombiano por medio del método de estudio de casos, usando la entrevista abierta y a profundidad como instrumento de recolección de datos. Para analizar la experiencia subjetiva de la persona se empleó el método del análisis de discurso de Giorgi y Giorgi (2003, donde ésta se analiza desde una perspectiva gadameriana (Gadamer, 1960;1989. Como principal resultado se destaca que, ante situaciones adversas en los ámbitos familiar y empresarial, las estrategias de afrontamiento familiares mayormente empleadas por ambas familias microempresarias son el apoyo social y la reestructuración.
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Importancia del apoyo familiar en el control de la glucemia
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RODRÍGUEZ-MORÁN MARTHA
1997-01-01
Full Text Available Objetivo. Determinar la importancia del apoyo familiar en el control de la glucemia en diabéticos no insulino dependientes. Material y métodos. Se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles, considerando como casos a los pacientes con glucemia o = 140 mg/dl. El apoyo familiar se determinó con el cuestionario Environmental Barriers to Adherence Scales, que estima el apoyo otorgado para que el paciente siga las indicaciones terapéuticas. Se incluyeron 32 casos y 50 controles. Resultados. El apoyo familiar que recibe el paciente se asocia significativamente a la presencia de glucemia <140 mg/dl (razón de momios = 3.9; IC95% 1.4-11.1. Las demás variables no mostraron asociación significativa. Conclusiones. El apoyo familiar que reciben los enfermos influye en el control de la glucemia.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ruby Elizabeth Vargas-Toloza
2012-12-01
Full Text Available Objetivo: identificar el riesgo familiar total en salud y grado de salud familiar en las familias de los pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo de la Clínica San José de Cúcuta. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo transversal; en el que se calculó una muestra de 165 familias por muestreo no probabilístico. La recolección de la información se realizo por medio de los instrumentos RFT: 5-33 y ISF GEN-21 donde se clasifico el riesgo familiar total y se percibió el grado de salud familiar. Resultados: se evidencia que las familias están conformes con el modelo habitual de organización familiar en función de cada uno de los integrantes y del grupo como tal. Lo cual nos indica que toda la familia del paciente coronario lo ayuda a sobrellevar el proceso de salud-enfermedad y tiene claro el papel que juega dentro de ella permitiendo así la funcionalidad y la unidad que requiere este tipo de pacientes para su rehabilitación. Conclusiones: los factores de riesgo biológicos, sociales y del medio ambiente que clasifican a la población estudiada dentro de riesgo familiar bajo. Se evidenció un alto grado de organización y satisfacción asegurando en gran medida la adaptación y el éxito de las familias frente al proceso de salud- enfermedad por la que atraviesan algunos de los miembros especialmente si es un paciente coronario.
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The Allometry of Prey Preferences
Kalinkat, Gregor; Rall, Björn Christian; Vucic-Pestic, Olivera; Brose, Ulrich
2011-01-01
The distribution of weak and strong non-linear feeding interactions (i.e., functional responses) across the links of complex food webs is critically important for their stability. While empirical advances have unravelled constraints on single-prey functional responses, their validity in the context of complex food webs where most predators have multiple prey remain uncertain. In this study, we present conceptual evidence for the invalidity of strictly density-dependent consumption as the null model in multi-prey experiments. Instead, we employ two-prey functional responses parameterised with allometric scaling relationships of the functional response parameters that were derived from a previous single-prey functional response study as novel null models. Our experiments included predators of different sizes from two taxonomical groups (wolf spiders and ground beetles) simultaneously preying on one small and one large prey species. We define compliance with the null model predictions (based on two independent single-prey functional responses) as passive preferences or passive switching, and deviations from the null model as active preferences or active switching. Our results indicate active and passive preferences for the larger prey by predators that are at least twice the size of the larger prey. Moreover, our approach revealed that active preferences increased significantly with the predator-prey body-mass ratio. Together with prior allometric scaling relationships of functional response parameters, this preference allometry may allow estimating the distribution of functional response parameters across the myriads of interactions in natural ecosystems. PMID:21998724
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The allometry of prey preferences.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gregor Kalinkat
Full Text Available The distribution of weak and strong non-linear feeding interactions (i.e., functional responses across the links of complex food webs is critically important for their stability. While empirical advances have unravelled constraints on single-prey functional responses, their validity in the context of complex food webs where most predators have multiple prey remain uncertain. In this study, we present conceptual evidence for the invalidity of strictly density-dependent consumption as the null model in multi-prey experiments. Instead, we employ two-prey functional responses parameterised with allometric scaling relationships of the functional response parameters that were derived from a previous single-prey functional response study as novel null models. Our experiments included predators of different sizes from two taxonomical groups (wolf spiders and ground beetles simultaneously preying on one small and one large prey species. We define compliance with the null model predictions (based on two independent single-prey functional responses as passive preferences or passive switching, and deviations from the null model as active preferences or active switching. Our results indicate active and passive preferences for the larger prey by predators that are at least twice the size of the larger prey. Moreover, our approach revealed that active preferences increased significantly with the predator-prey body-mass ratio. Together with prior allometric scaling relationships of functional response parameters, this preference allometry may allow estimating the distribution of functional response parameters across the myriads of interactions in natural ecosystems.
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Cheetham, Marcus; Suter, Pascal; Jancke, Lutz
2014-01-01
The Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (UVH) predicts that greater difficulty perceptually discriminating between categorically ambiguous human and humanlike characters (e.g., highly realistic robot) evokes negatively valenced (i.e., uncanny) affect. An ABX perceptual discrimination task and signal detection analysis was used to examine the profile of perceptual discrimination (PD) difficulty along the UVH' dimension of human likeness (DHL). This was represented using avatar-to-human morph continua. Rejecting the implicitly assumed profile of PD difficulty underlying the UVH' prediction, Experiment 1 showed that PD difficulty was reduced for categorically ambiguous faces but, notably, enhanced for human faces. Rejecting the UVH' predicted relationship between PD difficulty and negative affect (assessed in terms of the UVH' familiarity dimension), Experiment 2 demonstrated that greater PD difficulty correlates with more positively valenced affect. Critically, this effect was strongest for the ambiguous faces, suggesting a correlative relationship between PD difficulty and feelings of familiarity more consistent with the metaphor happy valley. This relationship is also consistent with a fluency amplification instead of the hitherto proposed hedonic fluency account of affect along the DHL. Experiment 3 found no evidence that the asymmetry in the profile of PD along the DHL is attributable to a differential processing bias (cf. other-race effect), i.e., processing avatars at a category level but human faces at an individual level. In conclusion, the present data for static faces show clear effects that, however, strongly challenge the UVH' implicitly assumed profile of PD difficulty along the DHL and the predicted relationship between this and feelings of familiarity.
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Reflexiones acerca de la salud familiar
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Idarmis González Benítez
2000-10-01
Full Text Available Con el presente trabajo nos propusimos hacer una revisión de un conjunto de aspectos relacionados con la salud familiar, considerando ésta como un proceso único e irrepetible, que se caracteriza por no ser la suma de los problemas de salud individual de sus miembros y por tener un origen multicausal donde intervienen factores socioeconómicos, sociopsicológicos, psicosociales, del funcionamiento familiar, de la etapa del ciclo evolutivo, de la estructura y de la propia salud individual de los miembros. La salud familiar no es un estado estático, sino está sometido a un proceso de transformación, donde juegan un papel fundamental las potencialidades con que cuenta la familiaThis paper was aimed at reviewing a set of aspects related to family health, considering it as a unique and irrepeatable process that is not characterized by the sum of the individual health problems of the family members, but by its multicausal origin, where not only the socioeconomic, sociopsychological and psychosocial factors take part, but also factors connected with the family functioning, the stage of the evolutive cycle, the structure and the own individual health of the members. Health family is not a static state. It is subjected to a process of transformation, in which the potentialities of the family play a fundamental role
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The Influence of Kinship on Familiar Natal Migrant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Albers, Monika; Widdig, Anja
2014-01-01
In most primate species, females remain in the natal group with kin while males disperse away from kin around the time of puberty. Philopatric females bias their social behavior toward familiar maternal and paternal kin in several species, but little is known about kin bias in the dispersing sex. Male dispersal is likely to be costly because males encounter an increased risk of predation and death, which might be reduced by dispersing together with kin and/or familiar males (individuals that were born and grew up in same natal group) or into a group containing kin and/or familiar males. Here we studied the influence of kinship on familiar natal migrant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, by combining demographic, behavioral, and genetic data. Our data suggest that kinship influences spatial proximity between recent natal immigrants and males familiar to them. Immigrants were significantly nearer to more closely related familiar males than to more distantly related individuals. Within a familiar subgroup, natal migrants were significantly closer to maternal kin, followed by paternal kin, then non-kin, and finally to males related via both the maternal and paternal line. Spatial proximity between natal immigrants and familiar males did not decrease over time in the new group, suggesting that there is no decline in associations between these individuals within the first months of immigration. Overall, our results might indicate that kinship is important for the dispersing sex, at least during natal dispersal when kin are still available. PMID:24850977
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The role of familiarity in episodic memory and metamemory for music.
Korenman, Lisa M; Peynircioglu, Zehra F
2004-07-01
Participants heard music snippets of varying melodic and instrumental familiarity paired with animal-name titles. They then recalled the target when given either the melody or the title as a cue, or they gave name feeling-of-knowing (FOK) ratings. In general, recall for titles was better than it was for melodies, and recall was enhanced with increasing melodic familiarity of both the cues and the targets. Accuracy of FOK ratings, but not magnitude, also increased with increasing familiarity. Although similar ratings were given after melody and title cues, accuracy was better with title cues. Finally, knowledge of the real titles of the familiar music enhanced recall but had, by and large, no effect on the FOK ratings. Copyright 2004 APA, all rights reserved
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Sound preference test in animal models of addicts and phobias.
Soga, Ryo; Shiramatsu, Tomoyo I; Kanzaki, Ryohei; Takahashi, Hirokazu
2016-08-01
Biased or too strong preference for a particular object is often problematic, resulting in addiction and phobia. In animal models, alternative forced-choice tasks have been routinely used, but such preference test is far from daily situations that addicts or phobic are facing. In the present study, we developed a behavioral assay to evaluate the preference of sounds in rodents. In the assay, several sounds were presented according to the position of free-moving rats, and quantified the sound preference based on the behavior. A particular tone was paired with microstimulation to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which plays central roles in reward processing, to increase sound preference. The behaviors of rats were logged during the classical conditioning for six days. Consequently, some behavioral indices suggest that rats search for the conditioned sound. Thus, our data demonstrated that quantitative evaluation of preference in the behavioral assay is feasible.
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Factores familiares asociados a los Trastornos Alimentarios: una revisión
Ruíz Martínez, Ana Olivia; Vázquez Arévalo, Rosalía; Mancilla Díaz, Juan Manuel; Viladrich i Segués, Carme; Halley Castillo, María Elizabeth
2013-01-01
Desde una perspectiva multifactorial el presente trabajo es una revisión sobre los factores familiares asociados a los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA), considerando las aportaciones teóricas y empíricas propuestas en artículos nacionales e internacionales. Los resultados de la búsqueda sobre TCA y familia, indican que los principales tópicos investigados son: funcionamiento familiar, relaciones hija-padres, experiencias estresantes, psicopatología familiar, actitudes y conductas h...
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Martínez López, Nuria
2017-01-01
Las familias y las mujeres en particular, que trabajan fuera del hogar, necesitan conciliar no solo el trabajo y las responsabilidades familiares, también el área personal o tiempo dedicado a sí mismas. La profesión enfermera, mayoritariamente femenina y con una elevada carga física y emocional, resulta el marco idóneo para estudiar cómo se concilia el área personal, familiar y profesional, así como los aspectos que influyen en la conciliación. Hemos estudiado a las enfermeras/os con cargas ...
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Nordmann, Emily; Cleland, Alexandra A; Bull, Rebecca
2014-06-01
To date, there have been several attempts made to build a database of normative data for English idiomatic expressions (e.g., Libben & Titone, 2008; Titone & Connine, 1994), however, there has been some discussion in the literature as to the validity and reliability of the data obtained, particularly for decomposability ratings. Our work aimed to address these issues by looking at ratings from native and non-native speakers and to extend the deeper investigation and analysis of decomposability to other aspects of idiomatic expressions, namely familiarly, meaning and literality. Poor reliability was observed on all types of ratings, suggesting that rather than decomposability being a special case, individual variability plays a large role in how participants rate idiomatic phrases in general. Ratings from native and non-native speakers were positively correlated and an analysis of covariance found that once familiarity with an idiom was accounted for, most of the differences between native and non-native ratings were not significant. Overall, the results suggest that individual experience with idioms plays an important role in how they are perceived and this should be taken into account when selecting stimuli for experimental studies. Furthermore, the results are suggestive of the inability of speakers to inhibit the figurative meanings for idioms that they are highly familiar with. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Gravidez em mulheres adolescentes: a ótica de familiares
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Fátima Raquel Rosado Morais
2002-08-01
Full Text Available Estudo descritivo, em que se objetivou conhecer a ótica de familiares acerca da situação da gravidez de uma adolescente do grupo. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Mossoró-RN, no Conjunto Liberdade II. Quatorze famílias participaram do estudo e a amostra de familiares de adolescentes grávidas ficou constituida por dezenove pessoas: treze mães, uma avó, duas sogras, um pai. um padrasto e um sogro. Entre os resultados do estudo, verificou-se que a preocupação com a imaturidade física e emocional das adolescentes grávidas e as questões de ordem econômica predominaram nos discursos de grande parte dos familiares; que a crise situacional intrafamiliar parecia resolver-se com o evolver da gestação e ter solução mais rápida quando a adolescente estabelecia uma união consensual com o parceiro afetivo-sexual; e que, mesmo vivendo uma crise, o comportamento de solidariedade dos familiares superou as reações emocionais negativas e os conflitos interpessoais iniciais.
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PREFERRED MODALITY INFLUENCES ON EXERCISE-INDUCED MOOD CHANGES
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Andrew M. Lane
2005-06-01
Full Text Available The present study tested, both retrospectively and prospectively, exercise-induced mood changes among regular exercisers. Specifically, it examined the extent to which preferred exercise modality promoted greater mood benefits. A group of 25 exercise participants (M = 35.5 yr., SD = 10.5 yr. took part in the study. All participants had exercised at least three times a week (M = 3.5, SD = 2.3 during the previous year. Participants completed a 14-item Exercise Preference Questionnaire to provide retrospective evaluations of their most- and least-preferred type of exercise. For the prospective investigation, participants completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS 15 minutes before and immediately after their most- and least-preferred exercise sessions. One week separated completion of each exercise session. Retrospective assessment of exercise-induced mood changes showed strong support for enhanced mood following the preferred mode of exercise. Also, as hypothesized, prospective results showed that mood enhancement was greater following the preferred exercise modality, but significant mood enhancement also occurred following the least-preferred modality among experienced exercisers. In conclusions, findings support the principle that exercise can provide psychological benefits to its participants, in the form of positive affective outcomes, something that appears to be enhanced by preferred exercise modality. Given the important public health implications of exercise adherence, future research should seek to further investigate the mechanisms of exercise-induced mood enhancement
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Impact of familiarity on information complexity in human-computer interfaces
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Bakaev Maxim
2016-01-01
Full Text Available A quantitative measure of information complexity remains very much desirable in HCI field, since it may aid in optimization of user interfaces, especially in human-computer systems for controlling complex objects. Our paper is dedicated to exploration of subjective (subject-depended aspect of the complexity, conceptualized as information familiarity. Although research of familiarity in human cognition and behaviour is done in several fields, the accepted models in HCI, such as Human Processor or Hick-Hyman’s law do not generally consider this issue. In our experimental study the subjects performed search and selection of digits and letters, whose familiarity was conceptualized as frequency of occurrence in numbers and texts. The analysis showed significant effect of information familiarity on selection time and throughput in regression models, although the R2 values were somehow low. Still, we hope that our results might aid in quantification of information complexity and its further application for optimizing interaction in human-machine systems.
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Berns, Gregory S; Brooks, Andrew M; Spivak, Mark
2015-01-01
Understanding dogs' perceptual experience of both conspecifics and humans is important to understand how dogs evolved and the nature of their relationships with humans and other dogs. Olfaction is believed to be dogs' most powerful and perhaps important sense and an obvious place to begin for the study of social cognition of conspecifics and humans. We used fMRI in a cohort of dogs (N=12) that had been trained to remain motionless while unsedated and unrestrained in the MRI. By presenting scents from humans and conspecifics, we aimed to identify the dimensions of dogs' responses to salient biological odors - whether they are based on species (dog or human), familiarity, or a specific combination of factors. We focused our analysis on the dog's caudate nucleus because of its well-known association with positive expectations and because of its clearly defined anatomical location. We hypothesized that if dogs' primary association to reward, whether it is based on food or social bonds, is to humans, then the human scents would activate the caudate more than the conspecific scents. Conversely, if the smell of conspecifics activated the caudate more than the smell of humans, dogs' association to reward would be stronger to their fellow canines. Five scents were presented (self, familiar human, strange human, familiar dog, strange dog). While the olfactory bulb/peduncle was activated to a similar degree by all the scents, the caudate was activated maximally to the familiar human. Importantly, the scent of the familiar human was not the handler, meaning that the caudate response differentiated the scent in the absence of the person being present. The caudate activation suggested that not only did the dogs discriminate that scent from the others, they had a positive association with it. This speaks to the power of the dog's sense of smell, and it provides important clues about the importance of humans in dogs' lives. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Canine
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Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children
Hassett, Janice M.; Siebert, Erin R.; Wallen, Kim
2008-01-01
Socialization processes, parents, or peers encouraging play with gender specific toys are thought to be the primary force shaping sex differences in toy preference. A contrast in view is that toy preferences reflect biologically determined preferences for specific activities facilitated by specific toys. Sex differences in juvenile activities, such as rough and tumble play, peer preferences, and infant interest, share similarities in humans and monkeys. Thus if activity preferences shape toy preferences, male and female monkeys may show toy preferences similar to those seen in boys and girls. We compared the interactions of 34 rhesus monkeys, living within a 135 monkey troop, with human wheeled toys and plush toys. Male monkeys, like boys, showed consistent and strong preferences for wheeled toys, while female monkeys, like girls, showed greater variability in preferences. Thus, the magnitude of preference for wheeled over plush toys differed significantly between males and females. The similarities to human findings demonstrate that such preferences can develop without explicit gendered socialization. We offer the hypothesis that toy preferences reflect hormonally influenced behavioral and cognitive biases which are sculpted by social processes into the sex differences seen in monkeys and humans. PMID:18452921
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Predictive codes of familiarity and context during the perceptual learning of facial identities
Apps, Matthew A. J.; Tsakiris, Manos
2013-11-01
Face recognition is a key component of successful social behaviour. However, the computational processes that underpin perceptual learning and recognition as faces transition from unfamiliar to familiar are poorly understood. In predictive coding, learning occurs through prediction errors that update stimulus familiarity, but recognition is a function of both stimulus and contextual familiarity. Here we show that behavioural responses on a two-option face recognition task can be predicted by the level of contextual and facial familiarity in a computational model derived from predictive-coding principles. Using fMRI, we show that activity in the superior temporal sulcus varies with the contextual familiarity in the model, whereas activity in the fusiform face area covaries with the prediction error parameter that updated facial familiarity. Our results characterize the key computations underpinning the perceptual learning of faces, highlighting that the functional properties of face-processing areas conform to the principles of predictive coding.
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Kaushanskaya, Margarita; Yoo, Jeewon; Van Hecke, Stephanie
2014-01-01
Purpose The goal of this research was to examine whether phonological familiarity exerts different effects on novel word learning for familiar vs. unfamiliar referents, and whether successful word-learning is associated with increased second-language experience. Method Eighty-one adult native English speakers with various levels of Spanish knowledge learned phonologically-familiar novel words (constructed using English sounds) or phonologically-unfamiliar novel words (constructed using non-English and non-Spanish sounds) in association with either familiar or unfamiliar referents. Retention was tested via a forced-choice recognition-task. A median-split procedure identified high-ability and low-ability word-learners in each condition, and the two groups were compared on measures of second-language experience. Results Findings suggest that the ability to accurately match newly-learned novel names to their appropriate referents is facilitated by phonological familiarity only for familiar referents but not for unfamiliar referents. Moreover, more extensive second-language learning experience characterized superior learners primarily in one word-learning condition: Where phonologically-unfamiliar novel words were paired with familiar referents. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that phonological familiarity facilitates novel word learning only for familiar referents, and that experience with learning a second language may have a specific impact on novel vocabulary learning in adults. PMID:22992709
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Revisiting the Novelty Effect: When Familiarity, Not Novelty, Enhances Memory
Poppenk, J.; Kohler, S.; Moscovitch, M.
2010-01-01
Reports of superior memory for novel relative to familiar material have figured prominently in recent theories of memory. However, such "novelty effects" are incongruous with long-standing observations that familiar items are remembered better. In 2 experiments, we explored whether this discrepancy was explained by differences in the…
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Consumo de drogas psicoactivas y factores de riesgo familiar en adolescentes
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Gregoria Francisca Canales Quezada
2012-12-01
Full Text Available Introducción: Los adolescentes constituyen un grupo vulnerable de la población para el uso de drogas, siendo influenciados pór factores de riesgo de naturaleza biológica, psicológica o social, en el contexto individual, familiar y social. Los factores de riesgo familiar para el uso de drogas se relacionan con los estilos parentales de manejo familiar, incluyendo el tipo de comunicación construida, el establecimiento de normas y el manejo de sanciones, el clima emocional familiar y la cultura en torno a las drogas. Objetivo: Describir el consumo de drogas y los factores de riesgo familiar en los adolescentes del Reparto Primero de Mayo de la ciudad de León, Nicaragua. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal con una muestra de 76 adolescentes, elegidos a través del muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Para la obtención de los datos se aplicó un instrumento estructurado con preguntas cerradas. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo familiares presentes en la mayoría de los adolescentes fueran ausencia de los padres 65%, caracterizada por la disfunción familiar, presencia de problemas en el manejo de la familia y relaciones conflictivas. De los 76 adolescentes, 53% consumen alcohol y tabaco y el 47% consumen algún tipo de droga. Discusión y Conclusiones: De acuerdo al estudio son necesarios nuevos estudios en esta temática con mayor análisis que permitan continuar profundizando sobre el fenómeno de las drogas en este grupo vulnerable y el desarrollo de estrategias que contribuyan a la efectiva inserción social de los adolescentes y sus familiares.(Rev Cuid 2012; 3(3:260-9.Palabras clave: Adolescente, Factores de Riesgo, Drogas. (Fuente:DeCS BIREME.
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Interests in School Subjects and Vocational Preference.
Sjoberg, Lennart; Drottz, Britt-Marie
1983-01-01
Reports a study in which Swedish high school students' academic interests were related to perceived effort, ability, and perceived vocational job prospects. Notes that academic interests were based on subjects' logical appeal and practical value. Notes that vocational preferences correlated strongly with individual job prospects but weakly with…
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Funcionamiento familiar en familias víctimas de abuso sexual intrafamiliar-incesto
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Ibeth Villanueva Sarmiento
2011-01-01
Full Text Available Abstract This article of research describes family functioning in victims of domestic sexual abuse (incest in the city of Barranquilla and the following dimension were taken in account: a Familiar adaptation to face up conflict situations, b Level of participation and emotional growth in each one of the members and c Affective relationships and commitments between family members. That is a descriptive study and Familiar APGAR test, which measures the rank of family functionality, proposed by Gabriel Smilkstein (1978, modify for Colombia by Liliana Arias (2006 was used. The sample was ten (10 members of families, victims of domestic sexual abuse (incest that received the clinical intervention en the “Centro de Atención Integral e Investigación para Víctimas de Abuso Sexual” (CAIVAS in the Barranquilla city. The results shows that 20% of the total population presents a severe family dysfunction, a 0% a moderate family dysfunction, a 20% a slight dysfunction and finally a 60% presented a normal familiar functionality. Resumen El presente artículo de investigación describe el funcionamiento familiar en víctimas de abuso sexual intrafamiliar (incesto en la ciudad de Barranquilla, teniendo en cuenta las siguientes dimensiones: a adaptación familiar para afrontar situaciones de conflicto, b nivel de participación y crecimiento emocional de sus miembros y c relaciones afectivas y compromisos existentes entre los miembros de familias. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo mediante la aplicación del test de APGAR Familiar propuesto por Smilkstein (1989, modificado para Colombia por Arias (2006, el cual mide el grado de funcionalidad familiar. Se aplicó a una muestra de diez (10 miembros de familias víctimas de abuso sexual intrafamiliar (incesto que recibían intervención clínica en el Centro de Atención Integral e Investigación para Víctimas de Abuso Sexual (CAIVAS de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar
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Sylvia Chant; Wagner Moreno
2011-01-01
Como en otros países de América Latina y del Caribe, sin mencionar el resto del mundo, la estructura de vida familiar en Costa Rica ha cambiado en décadas recientes. El matrimonio ha decaído, el divorcio y la separación aumentan, se incrementan los nacimientos fuera del matrimonio y en un número creciente de hogares las mujeres son jefas de hogar. Tanto a nivel nacional como internacional estas tendencias han sido consideradas como indicadores de una “desintegración familiar”. Esto a su vez c...
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Criação de Valor no Desempenho Econômico de Empresas Familiares e Não Familiares Brasileiras
Micheli Aparecida Lunardi; Edmery Tavares Barbosa; Moacir Manoel Rodrigues Junior; Tarcísio Pedro da Silva; Wilson Thoshiro Nakamura
2017-01-01
Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a criação de valor no desempenho econômico de empresas familiares e não familiares brasileiras. Para tanto, adotou-se como universo do estudo as ações listadas no IBRX 100 do IBM&FBOVESPA no período de 2011 a 2015. Fundamento: A contabilidade e a finanças são pedras angulares no apoio à gestão baseada na criação de valor. Os dados contábeis são usados para avaliação de desempenho econômico-financeiro das organizações. Não obstante, os gest...
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Recollection and Familiarity in Recognition Memory: Evidence from ROC Curves
Heathcote, Andrew; Raymond, Frances; Dunn, John
2006-01-01
Does recognition memory rely on discrete recollection, continuous evidence, or both? Is continuous evidence sensitive to only the recency and duration of study (familiarity), or is it also sensitive to details of the study episode? Dual process theories assume recognition is based on recollection and familiarity, with only recollection providing…
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Relationship between familiar environment and wandering behaviour among Korean elders with dementia.
Hong, Gwi-Ryung Son; Song, Jun-Ah
2009-05-01
To explore the relationship between wandering behaviour and familiar environment in community-residing persons with dementia in Korea. Numerous non-pharmacological interventions have been developed to decrease behavioural symptoms and to increase the quality of life among persons with dementia. Although the concept of familiarity is very important and environmental interventions using the concept should have been developed for persons with dementia, no study examining even the direct relationship between familiar environment and wandering has yet been published. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. A convenience sample was gathered of 77 non-institutionalised, community-dwelling persons with dementia and their family caregivers in Seoul and Wonju, South Korea. Descriptive statics, Pearson's correlations, t-tests, and multiple regressions were used in the data analysis. The mean age of persons with dementia was 76.9 years (SD 8.0) and their mean cognitive level score using the Mini-Mental State Examination was 13.51 (SD 6.10). Most persons with dementia (71.4%) had been diagnosed with known types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarct dementia, mixed type or Parkinson's disease with dementia. A familiar feeling with the environment was associated with cognitive impairment (r = 0.32, p familiar feeling with the environment (r = -0.56, p Familiarity and physical dependency in activities of daily living were the significant predictors for overall wandering and they explained 45% of the total variance. Cognitive impairment was the only significant predictor on the subscale of spatial disorientation. It was found that a familiar feeling with the environment was an important factor affecting persons with dementia's cognitive and functional abilities as well as specific features of wandering. However, future research using a more reliable method is necessary to confirm the findings obtained in this study. This study suggested that providing
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
María Angustias Díaz Gómez
2011-06-01
Full Text Available El objeto de este trabajo es analizar el Protocolo Familiar, estudiando su concepto, naturaleza jurídica y eficacia, su contenido, publicidad y desarrollo. El protocolo familiar es un instrumento jurídico que pretende organizar la relación entre la familia y la empresa, separando ambas realidades y, especialmente, trata de planificar adecuadamente la sucesión de la empresa familiar. Se trata de reflexionar sobre el Real Decreto español 171/2007, de 9 de febrero, por el que se regula la publicidad de los protocolos familiares en las Sociedades Familiares.The object of this work is to analyze the Family Protocol, studying his concept, juridical nature and effectiveness, his content, advertising and development. The family protocol is a legal instrument that, intends to organize the interaction between a family and their family-owned business, separating both realities and, specially, it tries to plan adequately the succession of the family business. It is a question of thinking about the Spanish Royal decree 171/2007, of February 9rd, by which there is regulated the advertising of the family protocols in the Familiar Companies.
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Neural correlates of cognitive dissonance and choice-induced preference change.
Izuma, Keise; Matsumoto, Madoka; Murayama, Kou; Samejima, Kazuyuki; Sadato, Norihiro; Matsumoto, Kenji
2010-12-21
According to many modern economic theories, actions simply reflect an individual's preferences, whereas a psychological phenomenon called "cognitive dissonance" claims that actions can also create preference. Cognitive dissonance theory states that after making a difficult choice between two equally preferred items, the act of rejecting a favorite item induces an uncomfortable feeling (cognitive dissonance), which in turn motivates individuals to change their preferences to match their prior decision (i.e., reducing preference for rejected items). Recently, however, Chen and Risen [Chen K, Risen J (2010) J Pers Soc Psychol 99:573-594] pointed out a serious methodological problem, which casts a doubt on the very existence of this choice-induced preference change as studied over the past 50 y. Here, using a proper control condition and two measures of preferences (self-report and brain activity), we found that the mere act of making a choice can change self-report preference as well as its neural representation (i.e., striatum activity), thus providing strong evidence for choice-induced preference change. Furthermore, our data indicate that the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tracked the degree of cognitive dissonance on a trial-by-trial basis. Our findings provide important insights into the neural basis of how actions can alter an individual's preferences.
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Chapelain, Amandine S; Blois-Heulin, Catherine
2009-01-01
Brain lateralization has been the matter of extensive research over the last centuries, but it remains an unsolved issue. While hand preferences have been extensively studied, very few studies have investigated laterality of eye use in non-human primates. We examined eye preference in 14 Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus c. campbelli). We assessed eye preference to look at a seed placed inside a tube using monocular vision. Eye use was recorded for 100 independent and non-rewarded trials per individual. All of the 14 monkeys showed very strong preferences in the choice of the eye used to look inside the tube (mean preference: 97.6%). Eight subjects preferred the right eye and six subjects preferred the left eye. The results are discussed in light of previous data on eye preference in primates, and compared to data on hand preference from these subjects. Our findings would support the hypothesis for an early emergence of lateralization for perceptual processes compared to manual motor functions.
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Clima familiar deportivo y autoconcepto físico en la adolescencia
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Lorena Revuelta
2011-06-01
Full Text Available En este estudio se analizan las relaciones entre las actitudes, valores e intereses familiares percibidos sobre la actividad físico-deportiva en general y de los hijos e hijas en particular, la autopercepción física y la actividad físico-deportiva realizada por los adolescentes. Participaron en el estudio 355 adolescentes de entre 12 y 22 años de las comunidades autónomas vasca y cántabra, a quienes se administraron el Cuestionario de Clima Familiar Deportivo y el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico. Los resultados indican que un clima familiar deportivo favorable se relaciona con un autoconcepto físico más elevado y con una mayor frecuencia de actividad físico-deportiva. Así mismo, aparecen diferencias en cuanto al clima familiar deportivo en función del sexo de los participantes. Las chicas percibieron climas menos favorables que los chicos y se advirtieron diferencias a este respecto en función del sexo del resto de hijos e hijas de la unidad familiar. Los hijos de familias en las que sólo había chicos percibieron climas familiares deportivos más positivos que aquellos pertenecientes a familias en las que había chicos y chicas, siendo las percepciones más desfavorables las de las chicas que sólo tenían hermanas o eran hijas únicas
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Strong-Weak CP Hierarchy from Non-Renormalization Theorems
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Hiller, Gudrun
2002-01-28
We point out that the hierarchy between the measured values of the CKM phase and the strong CP phase has a natural origin in supersymmetry with spontaneous CP violation and low energy supersymmetry breaking. The underlying reason is simple and elegant: in supersymmetry the strong CP phase is protected by an exact non-renormalization theorem while the CKM phase is not. We present explicit examples of models which exploit this fact and discuss corrections to the non-renormalization theorem in the presence of supersymmetry breaking. This framework for solving the strong CP problem has generic predictions for the superpartner spectrum, for CP and flavor violation, and predicts a preferred range of values for electric dipole moments.
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Wolfe, Jeremy M.; Boettcher, Sage E. P.; Josephs, Emilie L.; Cunningham, Corbin A.; Drew, Trafton
2015-01-01
In “hybrid” search tasks, observers hold multiple possible targets in memory while searching for those targets amongst distractor items in visual displays. Wolfe (2012) found that, if the target set is held constant over a block of trials, RTs in such tasks were a linear function of the number of items in the visual display and a linear function of the log of the number of items held in memory. However, in such tasks, the targets can become far more familiar than the distractors. Does this “familiarity” – operationalized here as the frequency and recency with which an item has appeared – influence performance in hybrid tasks In Experiment 1, we compared searches where distractors appeared with the same frequency as the targets to searches where all distractors were novel. Distractor familiarity did not have any reliable effect on search. In Experiment 2, most distractors were novel but some critical distractors were as common as the targets while others were 4× more common. Familiar distractors did not produce false alarm errors, though they did slightly increase response times (RTs). In Experiment 3, observers successfully searched for the new, unfamiliar item among distractors that, in many cases, had been seen only once before. We conclude that when the memory set is held constant for many trials, item familiarity alone does not cause observers to mistakenly confuse target with distractors. PMID:26191615
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The growing need for take-over entrepreneurs: how Threshold Theory may direct students’ preferences
Lex van Teeffelen; Lorraine Uhlaner
2013-01-01
There is a strong need for successors in SMEs in Western innovative economies. This research paper investigates qualitatively if students change their entrepreneurial entry preference if they are presented different kinds of entrepreneurial entry options. We propose that students’ preferences are
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Perception of male gender preference among pregnant igbo women.
Ohagwu, Cc; Eze, Cu; Eze, Jc; Odo, Mc; Abu, Po; Ohagwu, Ci
2014-03-01
Male gender preference is a dominant feature of Igbo culture and could be the reason behind women seeking fetal gender at ultrasound. The aim of this study is to investigate the perception of prenatal ultrasound patients of male gender preference in a patriarchal and gender sensitive society. The study was a cross-sectional survey, which targeted pregnant women who presented for prenatal ultrasound at four selected hospitals in Anambra State. A convenience sample size of 790 pregnant women constituted the respondents. The data collection instrument was a 13-item semi-structured self-completion questionnaire designed in line with the purpose of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out with statistical significance being considered at P < 0.05. Most of the women (88.4%, 698/790) were aware that fetal gender can be determined during the prenatal ultrasound while just over half of them (61.0%, 482/790) wanted fetal gender disclosed to them during prenatal ultrasound. More than half (58.6%, 463/790) of the women desired to have male babies in their present pregnancies while 20.1% (159/790) desired female babies and 21.3% (168/790) did not care if the baby was male or female. Some of the women (22.2%, 175/790) wanted to have male babies in their present pregnancies for various reasons predominant of which was protecting their marriages and cementing their places in their husbands' hearts. Male gender preference was strongly perceived. There was considerable anxiety associated with prenatal gender determination and moderate loss of interest in the pregnancy associated with disclosure of undesired fetal gender. Socio-demographic factors had significant influence on perception of male gender preference. Male gender preference is strongly perceived among Igbo women and its perception is significantly influenced by socio-demographic factors. Male gender preference may be responsible for Igbo women seeking fetal gender at ultrasound.
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Mate familiarity and social learning in a monogamous lizard.
Munch, Kirke L; Noble, Daniel W A; Wapstra, Erik; While, Geoffrey M
2018-05-08
Social learning is thought to be advantageous as it allows an animal to gather information quickly without engaging in costly trial-and-error learning. However, animals should be selective about when and whom they learn from. Familiarity is predicted to positively influence an animal's reliance on social learning; yet, few studies have empirically tested this theory. We used a lizard (Liopholis whitii) that forms long-term monogamous pair bonds to examine the effects of partner familiarity on social learning in two novel foraging tasks, an association and a reversal task. We allowed female lizards to observe trained conspecifics that were either familiar (social mate) or unfamiliar execute these tasks and compared these two groups with control females that did not receive social information. Lizards preferentially relied on trial-and-error learning in the association task. In the reversal task, lizards that were demonstrated by familiar partners learnt in fewer trials compared to control lizards and made more correct choices. Our results provide some evidence for context-dependent learning with lizards differentiating between when they utilize social learning, and, to a limited degree, whom they learnt from. Understanding the role of the social context in which learning occurs provides important insights into the benefits of social learning and sociality more generally.
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Automatization and familiarity in repeated checking
Dek, E.C.P.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/313959552; van den Hout, M.A.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/070445354; Giele, C.L.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/318754460; Engelhard, I.M.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/239681533
2015-01-01
Repetitive, compulsive-like checking of an object leads to reductions in memory confidence, vividness, and detail. Experimental research suggests that this is caused by increased familiarity with perceptual characteristics of the stimulus and automatization of the checking procedure (Dek, van den
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The influence of Adh function on ethanol preference and tolerance in adult Drosophila melanogaster.
Ogueta, Maite; Cibik, Osman; Eltrop, Rouven; Schneider, Andrea; Scholz, Henrike
2010-11-01
Preference determines behavioral choices such as choosing among food sources and mates. One preference-affecting chemical is ethanol, which guides insects to fermenting fruits or leaves. Here, we show that adult Drosophila melanogaster prefer food containing up to 5% ethanol over food without ethanol and avoid food with high levels (23%) of ethanol. Although female and male flies behaved differently at ethanol-containing food sources, there was no sexual dimorphism in the preference for food containing modest ethanol levels. We also investigated whether Drosophila preference, sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol was related to the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), the primary ethanol-metabolizing enzyme in D. melanogaster. Impaired Adh function reduced ethanol preference in both D. melanogaster and a related species, D. sechellia. Adh-impaired flies also displayed reduced aversion to high ethanol concentrations, increased sensitivity to the effects of ethanol on postural control, and negative tolerance/sensitization (i.e., a reduction of the increased resistance to ethanol's effects that normally occurs upon repeated exposure). These data strongly indicate a linkage between ethanol-induced behavior and ethanol metabolism in adult fruit flies: Adh deficiency resulted in reduced preference to low ethanol concentrations and reduced aversion to high ones, despite recovery from ethanol being strongly impaired.
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Familiarity and Sex Based Stereotypes on Instant Impressions of Male and Female Faculty
Nadler, Joel T.; Berry, Seth A.; Stockdale, Margaret S.
2013-01-01
To address the stranger-to-stranger critique of stereotyping research, psychology students (n = 139) and law students (n = 58) rated photographs of familiar or unfamiliar male or female professors on competence. Results from Study 1 indicated that familiar male psychology faculty were rated as more competent than were familiar female faculty,…
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Transnacionalización de la subsistencia familiar
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Stéphanie Arsenault
2009-01-01
Full Text Available La familia es el grupo a través del cual se gestiona la mayor parte de los movimientos de dinero entre la provincia de Quebec y Colombia, y por lo común son destinados a la subsistencia familiar cotidiana. Los flujos de dinero entre ambos territorios se producen en el seno de la mayoría de las familias, tienen una frecuencia muy variada y los montos involucrados son modestos. Los testimonios recogidos entre las personas que mandan dinero a sus familiares en Colombia revelan que, para la mayoría de ellas, la frecuencia y los montos que envían se reducen una vez que se han asentado en la provincia de Quebec, en comparación con la situación previa al exilio. Para muchos de ellos, el papel de proveedor económico que desempeñaban dentro de su familia se ha reducido de manera considerable; y para otros inclusive desaparece. De manera general, se puede afirmar que no se producen cambios importantes en lo que se refiere a las intenciones de las personas en colaborar económicamente con sus familiares al salir en exilio. Los cambios se producen en las posibilidades concretas de hacerlo, las cuales disminuyen o desaparecen.
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Familiarity and recollection in heuristic decision making.
Schwikert, Shane R; Curran, Tim
2014-12-01
Heuristics involve the ability to utilize memory to make quick judgments by exploiting fundamental cognitive abilities. In the current study we investigated the memory processes that contribute to the recognition heuristic and the fluency heuristic, which are both presumed to capitalize on the byproducts of memory to make quick decisions. In Experiment 1, we used a city-size comparison task while recording event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the potential contributions of familiarity and recollection to the 2 heuristics. ERPs were markedly different for recognition heuristic-based decisions and fluency heuristic-based decisions, suggesting a role for familiarity in the recognition heuristic and recollection in the fluency heuristic. In Experiment 2, we coupled the same city-size comparison task with measures of subjective preexperimental memory for each stimulus in the task. Although previous literature suggests the fluency heuristic relies on recognition speed alone, our results suggest differential contributions of recognition speed and recollected knowledge to these decisions, whereas the recognition heuristic relies on familiarity. Based on these results, we created a new theoretical framework that explains decisions attributed to both heuristics based on the underlying memory associated with the choice options. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.
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Consumers´ purchasing preferences towards organic food in Slovakia
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zdenka Kádeková
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Submitted paper deals with the consumers´ purchasing preferences towards organic food in Slovakia, pointing at the situation on the organic food market in Slovakia finding the consumers' preferences when buying organic food. The results of the questionnaire survey identified the preferences and opinions of respondents about organic food. Paper analyses the questionnaire survey by 227 respondents concerning the purchasing preferences towards organic food in Slovakia. In order to achieve given aim and to ensure deeper analysis of the results, there had been stated 3 assumptions and 5 hypothesis. As the results of the survey proved, 65% of respondents buy organic food, of which 39% of respondents buy organic food at least once a week. Up to 98% of respondents have already met the concept of organic food and know what it means. 37 % of respondents buy mostly organic fruit and vegetables, 18% of respondents buy the most the meat and meat products in organic quality and 13% of respondents prefer dairy products in organic quality. The most preferred place to buy organic food are specialized stores (36 %,to buy organic food directly from the producer is the most popular way for 29 % of respondents, hypermarket and supermarkets are favorite place to buy organic food for 19% of respondents, and 12% of respondents buy organic food mostly in farmers´ markets. Only 4% of respondents prefer another way to buy organic food. Quality of organic food and not using the pesticides is the most important criteria for buying organic food (36%. Price has also really strong influence on purchasing decision, when 34% of respondents are the most affected by the price when purchasing organic food. Package is considered as the least important criteria when buying organic food by 72% of respondents. On the basis of provided results of our survey and formulated hypothesis which were evaluated by Chi-square goodness of fit test, Chi square test of the square contingency and
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Stevia and Saccharin Preferences in Rats and Mice
Bahrani, Mahsa; Zukerman, Steven; Ackroff, Karen
2010-01-01
Use of natural noncaloric sweeteners in commercial foods and beverages has expanded recently to include compounds from the plant Stevia rebaudiana. Little is known about the responses of rodents, the animal models for many studies of taste systems and food intake, to stevia sweeteners. In the present experiments, preferences of female Sprague–Dawley rats and C57BL/6J mice for different stevia products were compared with those for the artificial sweetener saccharin. The stevia component rebaudioside A has the most sweetness and least off-tastes to human raters. In ascending concentration tests (48-h sweetener vs. water), rats and mice preferred a high-rebaudioside, low-stevioside extract as strongly as saccharin, but the extract stimulated less overdrinking and was much less preferred to saccharin in direct choice tests. Relative to the extract, mice drank more pure rebaudioside A and showed stronger preferences but still less than those for saccharin. Mice also preferred a commercial mixture of rebaudioside A and erythritol (Truvia). Similar tests of sweet receptor T1R3 knockout mice and brief-access licking tests with normal mice suggested that the preferences were based on sweet taste rather than post-oral effects. The preference response of rodents to stevia sweeteners is notable in view of their minimal response to some other noncaloric sweeteners (aspartame and cyclamate). PMID:20413452
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La crisis normativa de la adolescencia y su repercusión familiar
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Patricia María Herrera Santí
2002-10-01
Full Text Available En este estudio se hace un análisis del impacto de la adolescencia como crisis normativa en la salud familiar, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes áreas que la componen, como la socioeconómica, la sociopsicológica, el funcionamiento familiar y la salud individual. También se relaciona el nivel de este impacto y si es favorable o no a la salud familiar con otras variables como la estructura familiar, las características del subsistema parental y fraternal y la presencia de otras crisis familiares. El estudio fue realizado en el período de Marzo del 1999 a Marzo del 2000, con 57 familias, que constituyen el total de las que presentaban al menos un hijo en el período adolescente, todas correspondientes al consultorio 647 del Policlínico Docente "Enrique Betancourt Neninger", en Alamar. Dentro de los resultados encontramos que este evento tuvo un impacto de moderado a elevado, con un sentido favorable para la salud familiar, excepto en el área socioeconómica donde hay un predominio del sentido desfavorable, encontrándose relación significativa entre el sentido del impacto y las consecuencias percibidas por la familia debido al paso por esta etapa.
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Strodl, Markus A; Schausberger, Peter
2013-01-01
In many group-living animals, within-group associations are determined by familiarity, i.e. familiar individuals, independent of genetic relatedness, preferentially associate with each other. The ultimate causes of this behaviour are poorly understood and rigorous documentation of its adaptive significance is scarce. Limited attention theory states that focusing on a given task has interrelated cognitive, behavioural and physiological costs with respect to the attention paid to other tasks. In multiple signal environments attention has thus to be shared among signals. Assuming that familiar neighbours require less attention than unfamiliar ones, associating with familiar individuals should increase the efficiency in other tasks and ultimately increase fitness. We tested this prediction in adult females of the group-living, plant-inhabiting predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. We evaluated the influence of social familiarity on within-group association behaviour, activity, predation and reproduction. In mixed groups (familiar and unfamiliar), familiar predator females preferentially associated with each other. In pure groups (either familiar or unfamiliar), familiar predator females produced more eggs than unfamiliar females at similar predation rates. Higher egg production was correlated with lower activity levels, indicating decreased restlessness. In light of limited attention theory, we argue that the ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar individuals and preferential association with familiar individuals confers a selective advantage because familiar social environments are cognitively and physiologically less taxing than unfamiliar social environments. PMID:24273345
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Raquel Gabrielli Biffi
2010-04-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to know how female and male family members perceive their family dynamics after breast cancer. Barnhill's proposal of a healthy family functional model served as the theoretical framework for this qualitative research. The data was obtained through interviews and submitted to content analysis. The results showed that, in the adaptation process to breast cancer, both genders use clear communication in order to achieve family balance and present interactions characterized by mutual and individual feelings. The responsibility for maintaining the family is attributed to the daughters, whereas the male elements show more disorganization with regard to family functions. The bond between family members of both genders who are affected by breast cancer shows important interactions in the identity process.El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer como familiares del género femenino y masculino perciben la dinámica de sus familias, después del cáncer de mama. Es una investigación de abordaje cualitativo que tomó como marco teórico el modelo de funcionamiento familiar saludable, propuesto por Barnhill. Participaron 23 familiares constituyentes de 10 familias. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas y sometidos al análisis de contenido. Los resultados mostraron que, en el proceso de adaptación al cáncer de mama, ambos géneros utilizan la comunicación clara para la búsqueda del equilibrio familiar y presentan interacciones caracterizadas por sentimientos de mutualidad e individuación. A las hijas es atribuida la responsabilidad por la manutención de la familia y los elementos del género masculino demuestran mayor desorganización en el funcionamiento familiar. El vínculo de los familiares de ambos géneros, que experimentan el cáncer de mama, presenta interacciones importantes en el proceso de identidad.O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer como familiares do gênero feminino e masculino percebem a din
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Effects of Familiarity and Feeding on Newborn Speech-Voice Recognition
Valiante, A. Grace; Barr, Ronald G.; Zelazo, Philip R.; Brant, Rollin; Young, Simon N.
2013-01-01
Newborn infants preferentially orient to familiar over unfamiliar speech sounds. They are also better at remembering unfamiliar speech sounds for short periods of time if learning and retention occur after a feed than before. It is unknown whether short-term memory for speech is enhanced when the sound is familiar (versus unfamiliar) and, if so,…
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You can't drink a word: lexical and individual emotionality affect subjective familiarity judgments.
Westbury, Chris
2014-10-01
For almost 30 years, subjective familiarity has been used in psycholinguistics as an explanatory variable, allegedly able to explain many phenomena that have no other obvious explanation (Gernsbacher in J Exp Psychol General 113:256-281, 1984). In this paper, the hypothesis tested is that the subjective familiarity of words is reflecting personal familiarity with or importance of the referents of words. Using an empirically-grounded model of affective force derived from Wundt (Grundriss der Psychologie [Outlines of Psychology]. Engelmann, Leibzig, 1896) and based in a co-occurrence model of semantics (which involves no human judgment), it is shown that affective force can account for the same variance in a large set of human subjective familiarity judgments as other human subjective familiarity judgments, can predict whether people will rate new words of the same objective frequency as more or less familiar, can predict lexical access as well as human subjective familiarity judgments do, and has a predicted relationship to age of acquisition norms. Individuals who have highly affective reactivity [as measured by Carver and White's (J Pers Soc Psychol 67(2):319-333, 1994) Behavioral Inhibition Scale and Behavioral Activation Scales] rate words as significantly more familiar than individuals who have low affective reactivity.
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Population genetic segmentation of MHC-correlated perfume preferences.
Hämmerli, A; Schweisgut, C; Kaegi, M
2012-04-01
It has become difficult to find a matching perfume. An overwhelming number of 300 new perfumes launch each year, and marketing campaigns target pre-defined groups based on gender, age or income rather than on individual preferences. Recent evidence for a genetic basis of perfume preferences, however, could be the starting point for a novel population genetic approach to better match perfumes with people's preferences. With a total of 116 participants genotyped for alleles of three loci of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the aim of this study was to test whether common MHC alleles could be used as genetic markers to segment a given population into preference types. Significant deviations from random expectations for a set of 10 common perfume ingredients indicate how such segmentation could be achieved. In addition, preference patterns of participants confronted with images that contained a sexual communication context significantly differed in their ratings for some of the scents compared with participants confronted with images of perfume bottles. This strongly supports the assumption that genetically correlated perfume preferences evolved in the context of sexual communication. The results are discussed in the light of perfume customization. © 2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.
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Cortical mechanisms of person representation: recognition of famous and personally familiar names.
Sugiura, Motoaki; Sassa, Yuko; Watanabe, Jobu; Akitsuki, Yuko; Maeda, Yasuhiro; Matsue, Yoshihiko; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Kawashima, Ryuta
2006-06-01
Personally familiar people are likely to be represented more richly in episodic, emotional, and behavioral contexts than famous people, who are usually represented predominantly in semantic context. To reveal cortical mechanisms supporting this differential person representation, we compared cortical activation during name recognition tasks between personally familiar and famous names, using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Normal subjects performed familiar- or unfamiliar-name detection tasks during visual presentation of personally familiar (Personal), famous (Famous), and unfamiliar (Unfamiliar) names. The bilateral temporal poles and anterolateral temporal cortices, as well as the left temporoparietal junction, were activated in the contrasts Personal-Unfamiliar and Famous-Unfamiliar to a similar extent. The bilateral occipitotemporoparietal junctions, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex showed activation in the contrasts Personal-Unfamiliar and Personal-Famous. Together with previous findings, differential activation in the occipitotemporoparietal junction, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex between personally familiar and famous names is considered to reflect differential person representation. The similar extent of activation for personally familiar and famous names in the temporal pole and anterolateral temporal cortex is consistent with the associative role of the anterior temporal cortex in person identification, which has been conceptualized as a person identity node in many models of person identification. The left temporoparietal junction was considered to process familiar written names. The results illustrated the neural correlates of the person representation as a network of discrete regions in the bilateral posterior cortices, with the anterior temporal cortices having a unique associative role.
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[Television publicity and food preferences of school age children of the metropolitan region].
Olivares, S; Albala, C; García, F; Jofré, I
1999-07-01
There is an alarming increase in the prevalence of child obesity in Chile. Lack of exercise and bad feeding habits strongly strongly contribute to the problem. To investigate the influence of television publicity on school age children food preferences. A semi structured interview was applied to a representative sample of 786 school age children aged 6 to 11 years old, living in Metropolitan Santiago. Time watching television during week days and the attitude towards food and beverage commercials was analyzed and related to food preferences. Ninety nine percent of school age children watch television during week days and 20% watches more the three hours daily. Snack commercials such as those about potato chips, chocolates, cookies and ice cream, are preferred by 35% of children. Soda commercials are preferred by 33% and yoghurt commercials by 12%. Eighty five percent of children had money to buy food. Of these, 66% bought snacks, 15% bought sodas and 7% yoghurt. The same tendency was observed in school collations. The high percentage of children, watching television and the influence of commercials in their food preferences, requires an urgent educational strategy to promote healthy feeding habits.
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LAFD: TA-15 DARHT Firefighter Facility Familiarization Tour, OJT 53044, Revision 0.2
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rutherford, Victor Stephen [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Priestley, Terry B. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Maestas, Marvin Manuel [Los Alamos National Laboratory
2016-03-17
The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL or the Lab) will conduct familiarization tours for the Los Alamos County Fire Department (LAFD) at the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility, TA-15-0312. The purpose of these tours is to orient LAFD firefighters to the DARHT facility layout and hazards. This document provides information and figures to supplement the familiarization tours. The document will be distributed to the trainees at the time of the familiarization tour. A checklist (Attachment A) has also been developed to ensure that all required information is consistently presented to LAFD personnel during the familiarization tours.
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Orientación psicológica en Centros de Planificación Familiar.
Margarita Recondo García; Antonio Villasana Cunchillos
1988-01-01
La intención básica de este trabajo es explicar cómo se realizaría la orientación psicológica en Centros de Planificación Familiar. Señalando, primero, los objetivos generales y específicos en Planificación Familiar y luego los objetivos específicos del psicólogo y sus etapas de trabajo en los Centros de Planificación Familiar. Se estudian las necesidades psicológicas de la comunidad, el rol del psicólogo y la organización del trabajo en Planificación Familiar.
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The effects of familiarity and similarity on compliance in social networks
Kaptein, M.C.; Nass, C.; Markopoulos, P.
2014-01-01
Advertisers on social network sites often use recommendations by others in a user's networks to endorse products. While these familiar others are hypothesised to be more effective in influencing users than unfamiliar others, there is a catch: familiarity does not necessarily ensure similarity to the
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DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica
2018-01-01
Consumers have been found to majorly prefer ‘optimal’ food over ‘suboptimal’ when purchasing food. To provide an incentive for consumers to select suboptimal food and thus decrease food waste in the supply chain, expiration date based pricing is suggested and increasingly applied. However......, it is unclear which contextual, individual, and product-related factors impact consumer likelihood of choice and thus acceptance of the practice in the long run. The study aimed at exploring the effect of communicating different motives for purchase, the product being organic, familiarity with the practice......, individual preferences, and product-related factors. An online survey experiment among 842 Danish consumers realistically mimicked the current market context. Findings reveal that neither communicating budget saving or food waste avoidance nor the product being organic has an influence. However...
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Familiar units prevail over statistical cues in word segmentation.
Poulin-Charronnat, Bénédicte; Perruchet, Pierre; Tillmann, Barbara; Peereman, Ronald
2017-09-01
In language acquisition research, the prevailing position is that listeners exploit statistical cues, in particular transitional probabilities between syllables, to discover words of a language. However, other cues are also involved in word discovery. Assessing the weight learners give to these different cues leads to a better understanding of the processes underlying speech segmentation. The present study evaluated whether adult learners preferentially used known units or statistical cues for segmenting continuous speech. Before the exposure phase, participants were familiarized with part-words of a three-word artificial language. This design allowed the dissociation of the influence of statistical cues and familiar units, with statistical cues favoring word segmentation and familiar units favoring (nonoptimal) part-word segmentation. In Experiment 1, performance in a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task between words and part-words revealed part-word segmentation (even though part-words were less cohesive in terms of transitional probabilities and less frequent than words). By contrast, an unfamiliarized group exhibited word segmentation, as usually observed in standard conditions. Experiment 2 used a syllable-detection task to remove the likely contamination of performance by memory and strategy effects in the 2AFC task. Overall, the results suggest that familiar units overrode statistical cues, ultimately questioning the need for computation mechanisms of transitional probabilities (TPs) in natural language speech segmentation.
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Dissociation from beloved unhealthy brands decreases preference for and consumption of vegetables.
Trump, Rebecca K; Connell, Paul M; Finkelstein, Stacey R
2015-09-01
Many people form strong bonds with brands, including those for unhealthy foods. Thus, prompting people to dissociate from beloved but unhealthy food brands is an intuitively appealing means to shift consumption away from unhealthy options and toward healthy options. Contrary to this position, we demonstrate that dissociating from unhealthy but beloved brands diminishes people's interest in consuming vegetables because the dissociation depletes self-regulatory resources. Across three experimental studies, we manipulate dissociation from two beloved brands both implicitly (studies 1-2) and explicitly (study 3) and observe effects on both preference for vegetables (studies 2-3) and actual vegetable consumption (study 1). In study 1, participants consumed fewer vegetables following dissociation from (vs. association with) a beloved candy brand. Study 2 demonstrates that the effect of depletion on preference for vegetables is more pronounced for those who strongly identify with the brand, as these individuals are most depleted by the dissociation attempt. Finally, study 3 illustrates that the difficulty experienced when trying to dissociate from beloved brands drives the observed effects on vegetable preference and consumption for those who strongly (vs. weakly) identify with the brand. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Valoración funcional del adulto mayor relacionado con el abandono familiar.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jenny Fernanda Villarroel Vargas
2017-03-01
Full Text Available Introducción: Se estima que entre el 2000 al 2050 la población mundial envejecida ascenderá del 11% al 22 %, con ello el incremento de las diversas enfermedades o trastornos propios de la edad. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre capacidad funcional del adulto mayor con el abandono familiar en el barrio La Calera Centro, Latacunga, 2015-2016. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasversal, donde previo consentimiento informado participaron 70 adultos mayores, a quienes se les aplicó escalas para valoración de la capacidad funcional, así como la encuesta para valorar abandono familiar y aspectos sociodemográficos de la población. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el test de Chi Cuadrado de Pearson con un nivel de significancia del 0,05. Resultados: Se reportó el abandono en el 75,7% de los adultos mayores y tuvo significancia con respecto a la capacidad funcional y la estructura familiar (p=0,002. Hubo relación entre capacidad funcional y abandono familiar, así como también predominio de los adultos mayores entre los 65 a 74 años, sexo femenino, sin ninguna actividad laboral y analfabetos. Hubo relación significativa entre capacidad funcional, edades geriátricas y ocupación; y de igual manera entre la estructura familiar y el abandono. La capacidad funcional y la estructura familiar fueron factores asociados al abandono. Conclusiones: La dependencia del adulto mayor condicionó a diferentes tipos de maltrato, destacando el abandono familiar.
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Scrob, Mircea-Lucian
2016-06-01
The influence of early formed dietary practices on food choices and preferences during adulthood has often been assumed but rarely adequately demonstrated given the difficulty of studying the subject matter with conventional laboratory or observational research designs. This article examines this assumption by analyzing the information from 31 structured interviews on the respondents' current preferences for combinations of six side dishes with bread or mămăligă (boiled cornmeal mush, similar to polenta). All the respondents had consumed mămăligă in their childhood but in their adulthood had switched to bread following the social and economic upheavals from 1960s Romania. The results show that a) for specific combinations, physiological factors and/or cultural norms that defined bread as a 'prestigious' food have been capable of overriding the effects of early socialization with mămăligă as the accompanying food and b) that consumers continue to prefer certain side dishes with mămăligă even after decades of predominant consumption of bread although confounding factors might account for such preferences. These findings qualify the expectation that an early familiarization with healthy eating habits will promote this desired lifestyle during adulthood by showing that physiological and socio-cultural factors are capable of overriding its effects on hedonic preferences. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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User Preferences in Image Map Using
Vondráková, A.; Vozenilek, V.
2016-06-01
In the process of map making, the attention is given to the resulting image map (to be accurate, readable, and suit the primary purpose) and its user aspects. Current cartography understands the user issues as all matters relating to user perception, map use and also user preferences. Most commercial cartographic production is strongly connected to economic circumstances. Companies are discovering user's interests and market demands. However, is it sufficient to focus just on the user's preferences? Recent research on user aspects at Palacký University Olomouc addresses a much wider scope of user aspects. The user's preferences are very often distorting - the users think that the particular image map is kind, beautiful, and useful and they wants to buy it (or use it - it depends on the form of the map production). But when the same user gets the task to use practically this particular map (such as finding the shortest way), so the user concludes that initially preferred map is useless, and uses a map, that was worse evaluated according to his preferences. It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate not only the correctness of image maps and their aesthetics but also to assess the user perception and other user issues. For the accomplishment of such testing, eye-tracking technology is a useful tool. The research analysed how users read image maps, or if they prefer image maps over traditional maps. The eye tracking experiment on the comparison of the conventional and image map reading was conducted. The map readers were asked to solve few simple tasks with either conventional or image map. The readers' choice of the map to solve the task was one of investigated aspect of user preferences. Results demonstrate that the user preferences and user needs are often quite different issues. The research outcomes show that it is crucial to implement map user testing into the cartographic production process.
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Patients' preferences for doctors' attire in Japan.
Yamada, Yasuhiro; Takahashi, Osamu; Ohde, Sachiko; Deshpande, Gautam A; Fukui, Tsuguya
2010-01-01
Physicians' attire is one important factor to enhance the physician-patient relationship. However, there are few studies that examine patients' preferences for physicians' attire in Japan. We sought to assess patients' preference regarding doctors' attire and to assess the influence of doctors' attire on patients' confidence in their physician. Furthermore, we examined whether patients' preferences would change among various clinical situations. Employing a cross-sectional design, Japanese outpatients chosen over one week in October 2008 from waiting rooms in various outpatient departments at St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, were given a 10-item questionnaire. A 5-point Likert scale was used to estimate patient preference for four types of attire in both male and female physicians, including semi-formal attire, white coat, surgical scrubs, and casual wear. In addition, a 4-point Likert Scale was used to measure the influence of doctors' attire on patient confidence. Japanese outpatients consecutively chosen from waiting rooms at St. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo for one week in October 2008. Of 2,272 outpatients enrolled, 1483 (67.1%) of respondents were women. Mean age of subjects was 53.8 years (SD 16.2 years). Respondents most preferred the white coat (mean rank: 4.18, SD: 0.75) and preferred casual attire the least (mean rank: 2.32, SD: 0.81). For female physicians, 1.4% of respondents ranked the white coat little/least preferred while 64.7% of respondents ranked casual wear little/least preferred. Among respondents who most preferred the white coat for physician attire, perceived hygiene (62.7%) and inspiring confidence (59.3%) were important factors for doctor's attire. Around 70% of all respondents reported that physicians' attire has an influence on their confidence in their physician. This study confirms that Japanese outpatients prefer a white coat. Furthermore, this study strongly suggests that wearing a white coat could favorably
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LAFD: TA-55 RLUOB/CUB Facility Familiarization Tour, OJT #55265
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rutherford, Victor Stephen [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
2017-09-14
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) conducts familiarization tours for personnel of the Los Alamos County Fire Department (LAFD) at the RLUOB/CUB, technical area (TA)-55, 400/440, facility, Radiological Laboratory Utility Office Building (RLUOB)/Central Utility Building (CUB). These familiarization tours are official LANL business; the purpose of these tours is to orient LAFD firefighters to the facility so that they can respond efficiently and quickly to a variety of emergency situations. This orientation includes, among other topics, the ingress and egress of the area and buildings, layout and organization of the facility, evacuation procedures and assembly points, and areas of concern within the various buildings at the facility. LAFD firefighters have the skills and abilities to perform firefighting operations and other emergency response tasks that cannot be provided by other LANL personnel who have the required clearance level. This handout provides details of the information, along with maps and diagrams, to be presented during the familiarization tours. The handout is distributed to the trainees at the time of the tour; a corresponding checklist is also used as guidance during the familiarization tours to ensure that all required information is presented to LAFD personnel.
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On the evolutionary origins of differences in sexual preferences
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Daniil eRyabko
2015-05-01
Full Text Available A novel general explanation of the evolutionary process leading to the appearance of differences insexual preferences is proposed. The explanation is fully general: it is not specific to any particular type of sexual preferences, nor to any species orpopulation. It shows how different sexual preferences can appear in any large group-living population in which sexual selection is sufficiently strong in each sex. The main idea is that the lack of interest towards a member of the opposite sex may be interpreted as a signal of popularity, and thus a sign of reproductive success. It is then boosted by the Fisher runaway process, resulting in a generalized trait~--- lack of interest towards the opposite sex. This trait develops far beyond the point when it gives a reproductive disadvantage, resulting in well-pronounced different sexual preferences. This hypothesis is placed into the context of other works on different sexual preferences in animals; supporting evidence from the literature is reviewed and additional research needed to confirm or refute the hypothesis in any given species is outlined.
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Memory Color Effect Induced by Familiarity of Brand Logos
Kimura, Atsushi; Wada, Yuji; Masuda, Tomohiro; Goto, Sho-ichi; Tsuzuki, Daisuke; Hibino, Haruo; Cai, Dongsheng; Dan, Ippeita
2013-01-01
Background When people are asked to adjust the color of familiar objects such as fruits until they appear achromatic, the subjective gray points of the objects are shifted away from the physical gray points in a direction opposite to the memory color (memory color effect). It is still unclear whether the discrepancy between memorized and actual colors of objects is dependent on the familiarity of the objects. Here, we conducted two experiments in order to examine the relationship between the ...
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Agricultura familiar para el desarrollo rural incluyente
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Laksmi Reddiar Krishnamurthy
2017-04-01
Full Text Available Las comunidades indígenas Mayas de la península de Yucatán han practicado la antigua tradición de agricultura familiar, en particular los huertos caseros, para garantizar su seguridad alimentaria. Con el objetivo de mejorar la práctica tradicional considerando paradigmas de la ciencia moderna, por una parte, se colectaron datos para definir la complejidad estructural y diversidad funcional a partir de 20 huertos familiares en cinco comunidades: X - Maben, X - Pichil, X - Yatil, San José II y Melchor Ocampo; y por otra, se organizaron grupos de discusión para dilucidar la estrategia de gestión practicada por las comunidades nativas. Los resultados mostraron que los huertos son manejados principalmente por las mujeres. También mostraron que el propósito principal del crecimiento y mantenimiento de los huertos familiares es garantizar la producción de alimentos nutritivos durante todo el año. Y, por último que los huertos caseros también sirven para propósitos secundarios tales como la provisión de productos y servicios para la medicina tradicional. El estudio sugiere que se debe de promover e invertir en huertos caseros para mejorar las estrategias de desarrollo incluyente en ambientes socio-culturales y biofísicos similares.
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Ajustamento familiar após o surgimento da esquizofrenia
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bianca Cristina Ciccone Giacon
2013-06-01
Full Text Available Considera-se que, quando ocorre o primeiro episódio da esquizofrenia, a vida familiar é interrompida e a sua trajetória de vida pode ser modificada. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a trajetória de famílias nos primeiros cinco anos de convivência com a doença mental, identificando o seu processo de ajustamento. A pesquisa está fundamentada no Interacionismo Simbólico. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 23 familiares de 21 portadores de esquizofrenia. A análise foi realizada visando à determinação de uma linha do tempo, que permitiu descrever o processo de ajustamento familiar através de três momentos: Percebendo a Mudança, Diagnóstico e Início do Tratamento, e Seguindo em Frente. Conclui-se que todas as fases apresentadas neste projeto são ricas e podem ser mais exploradas.
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The role of spatial organization in preference for color pairs.
Schloss, Karen B; Palmer, Stephen E
2011-01-01
We investigated how spatial organization influences color-pair preference asymmetries: differential preference for one color pair over another when the pairs contain the same colors in opposite spatial configurations. Schloss and Palmer (2011, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 73 55-571) found weak figure ground preference asymmetries for small squares centered on large squares in aesthetic ratings. Here, we found robust preference asymmetries using a more sensitive forced-choice task: participants strongly prefer pairs with yellower, lighter figures on bluer, darker grounds (experiment 1). We also investigated which spatial factors influence these preference asymmetries. Relative area of the two component regions is clearly important, and perceived 3-D area of the 2-D displays (ie after the ground is amodally completed behind the figure) is more influential than 2-D area (experiment 2). Surroundedness is not required, because yellowness blueness effects were comparable for pairs in which the figure was surrounded by the ground, and for mosaic arrangements in which the regions were adjacent and separated by a gap (experiment 3). Lightness darkness effects, however, were opposite for figure ground versus mosaic organizations: people prefer figure-ground organizations in which smaller regions are lighter, but prefer mosaic organizations in which smaller regions are darker. Physiological, phenomenological, and ecological explanations of the reported results are discussed.
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Roberts, John K; Hargett, Charles W; Nagler, Alisa; Jakoi, Emma; Lehrich, Ruediger W
2015-09-01
Medical education reform is underway, but the optimal course for change has yet to be seen. While planning for the redesign of a renal physiology course at the Duke School of Medicine, the authors used a Q-sort survey to assess students' attitudes and learning preferences to inform curricular change. The authors invited first-year medical students at the Duke School of Medicine to take a Q-sort survey on the first day of renal physiology. Students prioritized statements related to their understanding of renal physiology, learning preferences, preferred course characteristics, perceived clinical relevance of renal physiology, and interest in nephrology as a career. By-person factor analysis was performed using the centroid method. Three dominant factors were strongly defined by learning preferences: "readers" prefer using notes, a textbook, and avoid lectures; "social-auditory learners" prefer attending lectures, interactivity, and working with peers; and "visual learners" prefer studying images, diagrams, and viewing materials online. A smaller, fourth factor represented a small group of students with a strong predisposition against renal physiology and nephrology. In conclusion, the Q-sort survey identified and then described in detail the dominant viewpoints of our students. Learning style preferences better classified first-year students rather than any of the other domains. A more individualized curriculum would simultaneously cater to the different types of learners in the classroom. Copyright © 2015 The American Physiological Society.
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Love Schemas, Preferences in Romantic Partners, and Reactions to Commitment
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Guy Bachman
2007-06-01
Full Text Available Researchers have proposed that people possess different love schemas and that these schemas may shape romantic preferences and reactions to impending commitments.In Study 1, we tested two hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Men and women will prefer potential dates who possess an “ideal” love schema (i.e., the secure. Hypothesis 2: If the ideal is unavailable, men and women will prefer potential dates whose love schemas are similar to their own. In order to test these hypotheses, men and women from the University of Hawaii, who varied in love schemas, were asked to indicate their preferences for potential romantic partners who varied in physical attractiveness, body type, and love schemas. It was found that people did indeed prefer the ideal (the secure and (secondarily those who were similar to them in attachment style—be it clingy, skittish, casual, or disinterested.Study 2 was designed to test Hypothesis 3: Participants’ love schemas will shape their cognitions, feelings, and behaviors when they find themselves on the brink of making a serious romantic commitment. In order to test this hypothesis, men and women from the University of Hawaii were surveyed. Again, as predicted, it was found that the more strongly men and women endorsed the secure schema, the more calm and confident (and the less fearful and trapped they felt when confronting pending commitments. The more strongly they endorsed the clingy, skittish, fickle, casual, and uninterested schemas, the less confident and calm and the more fearful and trapped they felt when confronting an impending commitment.
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Zhu, Lin L; Beauchamp, Michael S
2017-03-08
Cortex in and around the human posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is known to be critical for speech perception. The pSTS responds to both the visual modality (especially biological motion) and the auditory modality (especially human voices). Using fMRI in single subjects with no spatial smoothing, we show that visual and auditory selectivity are linked. Regions of the pSTS were identified that preferred visually presented moving mouths (presented in isolation or as part of a whole face) or moving eyes. Mouth-preferring regions responded strongly to voices and showed a significant preference for vocal compared with nonvocal sounds. In contrast, eye-preferring regions did not respond to either vocal or nonvocal sounds. The converse was also true: regions of the pSTS that showed a significant response to speech or preferred vocal to nonvocal sounds responded more strongly to visually presented mouths than eyes. These findings can be explained by environmental statistics. In natural environments, humans see visual mouth movements at the same time as they hear voices, while there is no auditory accompaniment to visual eye movements. The strength of a voxel's preference for visual mouth movements was strongly correlated with the magnitude of its auditory speech response and its preference for vocal sounds, suggesting that visual and auditory speech features are coded together in small populations of neurons within the pSTS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans interacting face to face make use of auditory cues from the talker's voice and visual cues from the talker's mouth to understand speech. The human posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), a brain region known to be important for speech perception, is complex, with some regions responding to specific visual stimuli and others to specific auditory stimuli. Using BOLD fMRI, we show that the natural statistics of human speech, in which voices co-occur with mouth movements, are reflected in the neural architecture of
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Agricultura familiar Algunas reflexiones para un debate necesario
Moyano EStrada, Eduardo
2014-01-01
Mientras que en los países desarrollados la agricultura familiar es vista como algo anacrónico, en los países en vía de desarrollo continúa siendo percibida como un modelo agrícola atractivo y funcional para promover el desarrollo rural y el bienestar de la población local, así como una vía para la seguridad alimentaria. En todo caso, la agricultura familiar es difícil de aprehender sea cual fuere el área geográfica de estudio, al ser un fenómeno complejo y multidimensional. En muchas áreas r...
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La Terapia Familiar en el tratamiento de las adicciones
Marcos Sierra, Juan Antonio; Garrido Fernández, Miguel
2009-01-01
En este trabajo se presenta un breve recorrido histórico sobre el papel de la terapia familiar en el tratamiento de las adicciones. Siguiendo la propuesta de Rolland y Walsh (1996) se analizan con detenimiento los modelos centrados en la resolución de problemas y los modelos intergeneracionales. El objetivo básico del artículo es mostrar las aportaciones de las diferentes perspectivas y contribuir a enfoques más integradores en el tratamiento familiar de las adicciones. En esta...
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Humans and mice express similar olfactory preferences.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nathalie Mandairon
Full Text Available In humans, the pleasantness of odors is a major contributor to social relationships and food intake. Smells evoke attraction and repulsion responses, reflecting the hedonic value of the odorant. While olfactory preferences are known to be strongly modulated by experience and learning, it has been recently suggested that, in humans, the pleasantness of odors may be partly explained by the physicochemical properties of the odorant molecules themselves. If odor hedonic value is indeed predetermined by odorant structure, then it could be hypothesized that other species will show similar odor preferences to humans. Combining behavioral and psychophysical approaches, we here show that odorants rated as pleasant by humans were also those which, behaviorally, mice investigated longer and human subjects sniffed longer, thereby revealing for the first time a component of olfactory hedonic perception conserved across species. Consistent with this, we further show that odor pleasantness rating in humans and investigation time in mice were both correlated with the physicochemical properties of the molecules, suggesting that olfactory preferences are indeed partly engraved in the physicochemical structure of the odorant. That odor preferences are shared between mammal species and are guided by physicochemical features of odorant stimuli strengthens the view that odor preference is partially predetermined. These findings open up new perspectives for the study of the neural mechanisms of hedonic perception.
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Boys or girls? Parents' preferences and sex control.
Williamson, N E
1978-01-01
Recent evidence from the U.S. and from other selected countries is examined on parent sex preferences for their children and how strongly these are held. This involves the significance of these preferences, the social and economic conditions that foster different types of preferences, and how different individuals and societies deal with them. The traditional preference for boys appears to remain nearly universal, which runs contrary to the ideal of "every child a wanted child," and also presents an obstacle to desired declines in fertility in developing countries where sons are still perceived as needed for economic and emotional security. This tendency has been turned around in Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the U.S., where small families are now the ideal. 3 basic approaches to the scientific selection of sex-specific sperm for preselection, the timing of sexual intercourse, the separation of male- and female-bearing sperm followed by artificial insemination, and selective abortion after fetal sex determination indicate that an effective and practical method of sex control is still further off than predicted.
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Desarrollo de la personalidad y virtudes sociales: relaciones en el contexto educativo familiar
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Consuelo Martínez-Priego
2014-12-01
Full Text Available La multiculturalidad ha conducido al replanteamiento de la problemática de la consistencia social; es decir, la cohesión entre los diversos miembros de la sociedad. Para abordar el problema educativo, pueden estudiarse las condiciones psicológicas y pedagógicas ligadas todas ellas al contexto familiar. Son las condiciones familiares -los estilos y dinámicas familiares- las que posibilitan un desarrollo armónico de la personalidad que permita la sociabilidad. Por otro lado, son los vínculos familiares también, la condición para el desarrollo de virtudes que han venido a denominarse "sociales". El objetivo de este trabajo es, precisamente, describir los nexos que vinculan la educación familiar con las dos variables indicadas: el desarrollo de la personalidad y el crecimiento de las virtudes que favorecen la consistencia social. Se hacen también observaciones que apuntan al nexo real existente entre personalidad y desarrollo de las virtudes.
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Dogs do not show pro-social preferences towards humans.
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Mylène Quervel-Chaumette
2016-10-01
Full Text Available Pro-social behaviors are defined as voluntary actions that benefit others. Comparative studies have mostly focused on investigating the presence of pro-sociality across species in an intraspecific context. Taken together, results on both primates and non-primate species indicate that reliance on cooperation may be at work in the selection and maintenance of pro-social sentiments. Dogs appear to be the ideal model when investigating a species’ propensity for pro-sociality in an interspecific context since it has been suggested that as a consequence of domestication, they evolved an underlying temperament encouraging greater propensity to cooperate with human partners. In a recent study, using a food delivery paradigm, dogs were shown to preferentially express pro-social choices towards familiar compared to unfamiliar conspecifics. Using the same set-up and methods in the current study, we investigated dogs’ pro-social preferences towards familiar and unfamiliar human partners. We found that dogs’ pro-social tendencies did not extend to humans and the identity of the human partners did not influence the rate of food delivery. Interestingly, dogs tested with their human partners spent more time gazing at humans, and did so for longer after food consumption had ended than dogs tested with conspecific partners in the initial study. To allow comparability between results from dogs tested with a conspecific and a human partner, the latter were asked not to communicate with dogs in any way. However, this lack of communication from the human may have been aversive to dogs, leading them to cease performing the task earlier compared to the dogs paired with familiar conspecifics in the prior study. This is in line with previous findings suggesting that human communication in such contexts highly affects dogs’ responses. Consequently, we encourage further studies to examine dogs’ pro-social behavior towards humans taking into consideration their
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From specific training to global shift of manual preference in Kung Fu experts.
Maeda, Rodrigo S; Souza, Rosana M; Teixeira, Luis A
2014-02-01
Manual preference and intermanual performance asymmetry have been approached from a multidimensional and dynamic perspective. A point of interest from that approach is the role of lateralized motor experiences on handedness. In this study, intermanual performance asymmetry in sport-specific movements and manual preference in daily living tasks were compared between Kung Fu athletes and novices. Analysis of movement time in the performance of interlaterally symmetric and asymmetric movement patterns showed smaller intermanual performance asymmetry in experts. Analysis of manual preference using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory indicated that experts presented predominantly weak or moderate strength of right hand preference. Novices, conversely, were found to have predominantly strong right hand preference. These results suggest that extensive bimanual training by experts leads to a global shift of manual preference, affecting hand selection in distinct tasks.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Pierre Gagnepain
2017-09-01
Full Text Available The hippocampus has classically been associated with episodic memory, but is sometimes also recruited during semantic memory tasks, especially for the skilled exploration of familiar information. Cognitive control mechanisms guiding semantic memory search may benefit from the set of cognitive processes at stake during musical training. Here, we examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging, whether musical expertise would promote the top–down control of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG over the generation of hippocampally based goal-directed thoughts mediating the familiarity judgment of proverbs and musical items. Analyses of behavioral data confirmed that musical experts more efficiently access familiar melodies than non-musicians although such increased ability did not transfer to verbal semantic memory. At the brain level, musical expertise specifically enhanced the recruitment of the hippocampus during semantic access to melodies, but not proverbs. Additionally, hippocampal activation contributed to speed of access to familiar melodies, but only in musicians. Critically, causal modeling of neural dynamics between LIFG and the hippocampus further showed that top–down excitatory regulation over the hippocampus during familiarity decision specifically increases with musical expertise – an effect that generalized across melodies and proverbs. At the local level, our data show that musical expertise modulates the online recruitment of hippocampal response to serve semantic memory retrieval of familiar melodies. The reconfiguration of memory network dynamics following musical training could constitute a promising framework to understand its ability to preserve brain functions.
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ERP correlates of source memory: unitized source information increases familiarity-based retrieval.
Diana, Rachel A; Van den Boom, Wijnand; Yonelinas, Andrew P; Ranganath, Charan
2011-01-07
Source memory tests typically require subjects to make decisions about the context in which an item was encoded and are thought to depend on recollection of details from the study episode. Although it is generally believed that familiarity does not contribute to source memory, recent behavioral studies have suggested that familiarity may also support source recognition when item and source information are integrated, or "unitized," during study (Diana, Yonelinas, and Ranganath, 2008). However, an alternative explanation of these behavioral findings is that unitization affects the manner in which recollection contributes to performance, rather than increasing familiarity-based source memory. To discriminate between these possibilities, we conducted an event-related potential (ERP) study testing the hypothesis that unitization increases the contribution of familiarity to source recognition. Participants studied associations between words and background colors using tasks that either encouraged or discouraged unitization. ERPs were recorded during a source memory test for background color. The results revealed two distinct neural correlates of source recognition: a frontally distributed positivity that was associated with familiarity-based source memory in the high-unitization condition only and a parietally distributed positivity that was associated with recollection-based source memory in both the high- and low-unitization conditions. The ERP and behavioral findings provide converging evidence for the idea that familiarity can contribute to source recognition, particularly when source information is encoded as an item detail. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Effects on topic familiarity on online search behaviour and use of relevance criteria
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wen, Lei; Ruthven, Ian; Borlund, Pia
2006-01-01
This paper presents an experimental study on the effect of topic familiarity on the assessment behaviour of online searchers. In particular we investigate the effect of topic familiarity on the resources and relevance criteria used by searchers. Our results indicate that searching on an unfamiliar...... topic leads to use of more generic and fewer specialised resources and that searchers employ different relevance criteria when searching on less familiar topics....
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Nóbrega, João Rafael de Farias Furtado
2012-01-01
O tema A sucessão da empresa familiar: importância dos pactos parassociais e outros instrumentos relevantes para a preservação da empresa e da propriedade familiar foi escolhido em decorrência do panorama atual em que se encontram as empresas familiares brasileiras, considerando especialmente sua alta taxa de mortalidade, que é, contraditoriamente, tão elevada quanto sua importância no cenário econômico nacional. Por esse motivo, ao longo do trabalho, serão abordados temas relac...
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Boys Affiliate More than Girls with a Familiar Same-Sex Peer
Benenson, Joyce F.; Quinn, Amanda; Stella, Sandra
2012-01-01
Evidence from ethnographic, observational, and experimental studies with humans converges to suggest that males affiliate more than females with unrelated, familiar same-sex peers, but this has never been examined directly. With this aim, we compared frequency of affiliation with a single, randomly chosen, familiar same-sex peer for the two sexes…
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People learn other people's preferences through inverse decision-making.
Jern, Alan; Lucas, Christopher G; Kemp, Charles
2017-11-01
People are capable of learning other people's preferences by observing the choices they make. We propose that this learning relies on inverse decision-making-inverting a decision-making model to infer the preferences that led to an observed choice. In Experiment 1, participants observed 47 choices made by others and ranked them by how strongly each choice suggested that the decision maker had a preference for a specific item. An inverse decision-making model generated predictions that were in accordance with participants' inferences. Experiment 2 replicated and extended a previous study by Newtson (1974) in which participants observed pairs of choices and made judgments about which choice provided stronger evidence for a preference. Inverse decision-making again predicted the results, including a result that previous accounts could not explain. Experiment 3 used the same method as Experiment 2 and found that participants did not expect decision makers to be perfect utility-maximizers. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Women's preferences for children in Shifang County, Sichuan, China.
Wang, J
1990-01-01
Fertility preference being related to government policy in China, women generally understate their desired family size when questioned directly. A binomial probit model is, therefore, presented to estimate the probability that family-size preferences in Shifang County, Sichuan, China, are understated. The model provides estimates on the percentage of respondent understatement along with the number of children, women of different ages and social characteristics truly desire. Women's preferences for sons versus daughters are also examined. The study found that women desire on average 1/2 more children than that which they state. Understating was in greatest evidence among urban, educated, and younger women more sensitive to the government's 1-child policy. Preference for sons was found to be weaker than expected, yet strong nonetheless in rural areas among women desiring only 1 child. Sons are considered to cause more worry for parents in China due to an aggressive, risk-taking nature. Possible explanations for the decline of son preference include increasing familial costs for sons' betrothment and marriage, changing household structures, and increasing status of and job opportunities for women in Chinese society. In closing, the paper highlights that couples restrict marital fertility out of interest for national prosperity and the welfare of future generations, not personal preference for small families. Were government policy to relax, fertility would rise to preferred levels.
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DESVALIMIENTO PSIQUICO Y VIOLENCIA FAMILIAR EN DOS AREAS DE CORDOBA. ARGENTINA
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Martha Beatriz Melo
2010-01-01
Full Text Available Este trabajo intenta explorar las relaciones entre lo que denominamos «desvalimiento psíquico individual y familiar» y las posibilidades de enfrentar con éxito situaciones de violencia familiar Dicho concepto alude a factores de riesgo que afectan el normal desarrollo de la personalidad, generando un estado de indefensión psíquica que se reproduce, muchas veces, de generación en generación Se establecieron relaciones entre indicadores de vulnerabilidad social: capital humano, material y social. Particularmente este último se relaciona de manera directa con la posibilidad de modificar situaciones adversas tales como la violencia familiar. La investigación fue realizada en el sur de Córdoba Capital en dos zonas altamente vulnerables desde el punto de vista de los escasos recursos materiales y humanos pero con diferentes niveles de capital social. En este contexto y previo analizar los aportes de otras investigaciones realizadas, se pondera el capital social de las zonas analizadas y se lo relaciona con las posibilidades de una comunidad de enfrentar exitosamente problemas de violencia familiar.
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Affective significance enhances covert attention: roles of anxiety and word familiarity.
Calvo, Manuel G; Eysenck, Michael W
2008-11-01
To investigate the processing of emotional words by covert attention, threat-related, positive, and neutral word primes were presented parafoveally (2.2 degrees away from fixation) for 150 ms, under gaze-contingent foveal masking, to prevent eye fixations. The primes were followed by a probe word in a lexical-decision task. In Experiment 1, results showed a parafoveal threat-anxiety superiority: Parafoveal prime threat words facilitated responses to probe threat words for high-anxiety individuals, in comparison with neutral and positive words, and relative to low-anxiety individuals. This reveals an advantage in threat processing by covert attention, without differences in overt attention. However, anxiety was also associated with greater familiarity with threat words, and the parafoveal priming effects were significantly reduced when familiarity was covaried out. To further examine the role of word knowledge, in Experiment 2, vocabulary and word familiarity were equated for low- and high-anxiety groups. In these conditions, the parafoveal threat-anxiety advantage disappeared. This suggests that the enhanced covert-attention effect depends on familiarity with words.
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Exploring Societal Preferences for Energy Sufficiency Measures in Switzerland
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Moser, Corinne; Rösch, Andreas; Stauffacher, Michael
2015-01-01
Many countries are facing a challenging transition toward more sustainable energy systems, which produce more renewables and consume less energy. The latter goal can only be achieved through a combination of efficiency measures and changes in people’s lifestyles and routine behaviors (i.e., sufficiency). While research has shown that acceptance of technical efficiency is relatively high, there is a lack of research on societal preferences for sufficiency measures. However, this is an important prerequisite for designing successful interventions to change behavior. This paper analyses societal preferences for different energy-related behaviors in Switzerland. We use an online choice-based conjoint analysis (N = 150) to examine preferences for behaviors with high technical potentials for energy demand reduction in the following domains: mobility, heating, and food. Each domain comprises different attributes across three levels of sufficiency. Respondents were confronted with trade-off situations evoked through different fictional lifestyles that comprised different combinations of attribute levels. Through a series of trade-off decisions, participants were asked to choose their preferred lifestyle. The results revealed that a vegetarian diet was considered the most critical issue that respondents were unwilling to trade off, followed by distance to workplace and means of transportation. The highest willingness to trade off was found for adjustments in room temperature, holiday travel behaviors, and living space. Participants’ preferences for the most energy-sufficient lifestyles were rather low. However, the study showed that there were lifestyles with substantive energy-saving potentials that were well accepted among respondents. Our study results suggest that the success of energy-sufficiency interventions might depend strongly on the targeted behavior. We speculate that they may face strong resistance (e.g., vegetarian diet). Thus, it seems promising to
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Exploring Societal Preferences for Energy Sufficiency Measures in Switzerland
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Moser, Corinne, E-mail: corinne.moser@zhaw.ch [Institute of Sustainable Development, School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur (Switzerland); Natural and Social Science Interface, Institute for Environmental Decisions, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich (Switzerland); Rösch, Andreas [Natural and Social Science Interface, Institute for Environmental Decisions, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich (Switzerland); Stauffacher, Michael [Natural and Social Science Interface, Institute for Environmental Decisions, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich (Switzerland); Transdisciplinarity Laboratory, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich (Switzerland)
2015-09-16
Many countries are facing a challenging transition toward more sustainable energy systems, which produce more renewables and consume less energy. The latter goal can only be achieved through a combination of efficiency measures and changes in people’s lifestyles and routine behaviors (i.e., sufficiency). While research has shown that acceptance of technical efficiency is relatively high, there is a lack of research on societal preferences for sufficiency measures. However, this is an important prerequisite for designing successful interventions to change behavior. This paper analyses societal preferences for different energy-related behaviors in Switzerland. We use an online choice-based conjoint analysis (N = 150) to examine preferences for behaviors with high technical potentials for energy demand reduction in the following domains: mobility, heating, and food. Each domain comprises different attributes across three levels of sufficiency. Respondents were confronted with trade-off situations evoked through different fictional lifestyles that comprised different combinations of attribute levels. Through a series of trade-off decisions, participants were asked to choose their preferred lifestyle. The results revealed that a vegetarian diet was considered the most critical issue that respondents were unwilling to trade off, followed by distance to workplace and means of transportation. The highest willingness to trade off was found for adjustments in room temperature, holiday travel behaviors, and living space. Participants’ preferences for the most energy-sufficient lifestyles were rather low. However, the study showed that there were lifestyles with substantive energy-saving potentials that were well accepted among respondents. Our study results suggest that the success of energy-sufficiency interventions might depend strongly on the targeted behavior. We speculate that they may face strong resistance (e.g., vegetarian diet). Thus, it seems promising to
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Clewley, Derek; Rhon, Dan; Flynn, Tim; Koppenhaver, Shane; Cook, Chad
2018-02-21
Physical therapists' familiarity, perceptions, and beliefs about health services utilization and health seeking behaviour have not been previously assessed. The purposes of this study were to identify physical therapists' characteristics related to familiarity of health services utilization and health seeking behaviour, and to assess what health seeking behaviour factors providers felt were related to health services utilization. We administered a survey based on the Andersen behavioural model of health services utilization to physical therapists using social media campaigns and email between March and June of 2017. In addition to descriptive statistics, we performed binomial logistic regression analysis. We asked respondents to rate familiarity with health services utilization and health seeking behaviour and collected additional characteristic variables. Physical therapists are more familiar with health services utilization than health seeking behaviour. Those who are familiar with either construct tend to be those who assess for health services utilization, use health services utilization for a prognosis, and believe that health seeking behaviour is measurable. Physical therapists rated need and enabling factors as having more influence on health services utilization than predisposing and health belief factors. Physical therapists are generally familiar with health services utilization and health seeking behaviour; however, there appears to be a disconnect between what is familiar, what is perceived to be important, and what can be assessed for both health services utilization and health seeking behaviour. Copyright © 2018 Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia. All rights reserved.
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Personalized summarization using user preference for m-learning
Lee, Sihyoung; Yang, Seungji; Ro, Yong Man; Kim, Hyoung Joong
2008-02-01
As the Internet and multimedia technology is becoming advanced, the number of digital multimedia contents is also becoming abundant in learning area. In order to facilitate the access of digital knowledge and to meet the need of a lifelong learning, e-learning could be the helpful alternative way to the conventional learning paradigms. E-learning is known as a unifying term to express online, web-based and technology-delivered learning. Mobile-learning (m-learning) is defined as e-learning through mobile devices using wireless transmission. In a survey, more than half of the people remarked that the re-consumption was one of the convenient features in e-learning. However, it is not easy to find user's preferred segmentation from a full version of lengthy e-learning content. Especially in m-learning, a content-summarization method is strongly required because mobile devices are limited to low processing power and battery capacity. In this paper, we propose a new user preference model for re-consumption to construct personalized summarization for re-consumption. The user preference for re-consumption is modeled based on user actions with statistical model. Based on the user preference model for re-consumption with personalized user actions, our method discriminates preferred parts over the entire content. Experimental results demonstrated successful personalized summarization.
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Predicting Intentions of a Familiar Significant Other Beyond the Mirror Neuron System
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Stephanie Cacioppo
2017-08-01
Full Text Available Inferring intentions of others is one of the most intriguing issues in interpersonal interaction. Theories of embodied cognition and simulation suggest that this mechanism takes place through a direct and automatic matching process that occurs between an observed action and past actions. This process occurs via the reactivation of past self-related sensorimotor experiences within the inferior frontoparietal network (including the mirror neuron system, MNS. The working model is that the anticipatory representations of others' behaviors require internal predictive models of actions formed from pre-established, shared representations between the observer and the actor. This model suggests that observers should be better at predicting intentions performed by a familiar actor, rather than a stranger. However, little is known about the modulations of the intention brain network as a function of the familiarity between the observer and the actor. Here, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI with a behavioral intention inference task, in which participants were asked to predict intentions from three types of actors: A familiar actor (their significant other, themselves (another familiar actor, and a non-familiar actor (a stranger. Our results showed that the participants were better at inferring intentions performed by familiar actors than non-familiar actors and that this better performance was associated with greater activation within and beyond the inferior frontoparietal network i.e., in brain areas related to familiarity (e.g., precuneus. In addition, and in line with Hebbian principles of neural modulations, the more the participants reported being cognitively close to their partner, the less the brain areas associated with action self-other comparison (e.g., inferior parietal lobule, attention (e.g., superior parietal lobule, recollection (hippocampus, and pair bond (ventral tegmental area, VTA were recruited, suggesting that the
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Best, Candace; Tanner, Amanda E; Hensel, Devon J; Fortenberry, J Dennis; Zimet, Gregory D
2014-03-01
In time, microbicides may provide women with dual prevention against pregnancy and STDs. Although several microbicide dimensions have been evaluated, little is known about women's preferences for contraceptive microbicides and correlates of these preferences. Acceptability of a hypothetical contraceptive microbicide cream or jelly was examined among a -clinic-based sample of 266 women in Indianapolis from 2004 (when participants were aged 14-22) to 2008. Group conjoint analyses and individual conjoint analyses were used to compare preferences with respect to four microbicide -dimensions: contraceptive ability, efficacy in relation to condoms, timing of use and texture. Pearson's product moment correlations were used to examine the relationship between preferences for a contraceptive microbicide and selected characteristics of the women. Overall, the top-rated microbicide dimensions were efficacy in relation to that of condoms and contraceptive ability (importance scores, 40.0 and 35.4 out of 100.0, respectively). When all dimension levels were compared, contraceptive ability was the most strongly preferred (part-worth utility score, 8.9), and lower efficacy than that of -condoms was the least strongly preferred (-11.9). Preference for contraceptive microbicides was positively -associated with current contraceptive use, sexual agency, partner communication, commitment to avoiding pregnancy and -perceived partner agreement about avoiding pregnancy (coefficients, 0.07-0.18). It was negatively associated with current or past nonuse of contraceptives, seeking pregnancy and perceived partner agreement about seeking -pregnancy (-0.08 to -0.14). Microbicides with dual prevention properties may be attractive to young women. Microbicide development and subsequent clinical trials should incorporate contraceptive microbicides. Copyright © 2013 by the Guttmacher Institute.
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Pouwels, Sjaak; Ingels, Koen; van Heerbeek, Niels; Beurskens, Carien
2014-09-01
There have been several studies in the past depicting asymmetry in 'normal' human faces. Evidence supports the fact that the right hemisphere is superior in the recognition of emotions expressed by the human face and indicates a right hemispheric specialization for processing emotional information. The primary aim of this study is to determine whether there is a difference in cosmetic appreciation of a left peripheral facial palsy compared to a right peripheral facial palsy? Pictures of patients with a facial palsy with House-Brackmann II-VI were reversed as a mirror image and offered as a pair of pictures, together with the true image. Forty-two patients and 24 medical professionals familiar with facial palsy were asked to choose the most attractive photograph. The primary 'end' point was the most attractive side in the pictures chosen by medical professionals and patients. The secondary 'end' points consisted of the preferences for the mirror or true image, and influences of the House-Brackmann score and age. Medical professionals preferred the photographs from patients with a right and left peripheral facial palsy (PFP) in, respectively, a mean of 44 % (41-48 %) and 56 % (52-59 %) of the pictures (p = 0.02). When comparing mirror and true image, patients with a left-sided facial palsy chose their mirror and true image as most attractive in 90 and 10 %, respectively (p 0.05). Subanalysis of patients with a PFP House-Brackmann score V and VI showed that medical professionals did not have a significant preference for a left nor right-sided facial palsy. Patients with a left-sided facial palsy chose their mirror image in all cases and patients with a right-sided palsy chose their mirror and true image in resp. 33 and 67 %. The House-Brackmann score (p = 0.52) and age (p = 0.73) of the patients did not influence preferences. This study, demonstrating that medical professionals find a right-sided facial palsy cosmetically less attractive than a left-sided, has
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Bos, M.; Boerema, A.
1981-01-01
Oviposition-site preferences (O.S.P.) have been investigated in females of six sibling species of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. O.S.P. were determined for standard food components and yeast genotypes. Females of all species showed a strong preference for complete medium and avoidance of pure
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PENGARUH BRAND FAMILIARITY TERHADAP PURCHASE INTENTION MELALUI BRAND FIT PADA HOTEL MULIA JAKARTA
Widiawaty .
2016-01-01
The purpose this paper is to examine the effects of Brand familiarity and Brand Fit on Purchase Intention towards the offerings of co branded hotels. The findings showed that the fit between cobrands mediate the relationship between Brand familiarity and Purchase Intention. In particular, a well-known co-branded hotel a high level of Brand Fit could directly or indirectly affect consumer decision-making processes regarding Purchase Intention towards the co-brand. conversely, a less familiar c...
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Counseling women with early pregnancy failure: utilizing evidence, preserving preference.
Wallace, Robin R; Goodman, Suzan; Freedman, Lori R; Dalton, Vanessa K; Harris, Lisa H
2010-12-01
To apply principles of shared decision-making to EPF management counseling. To present a patient treatment priority checklist developed from review of available literature on patient priorities for EPF management. Review of evidence for patient preferences; personal, emotional, physical and clinical factors that may influence patient priorities for EPF management; and the clinical factors, resources, and provider bias that may influence current practice. Women have strong and diverse preferences for EPF management and report higher satisfaction when treated according to these preferences. However, estimates of actual treatment patterns suggest that current practice does not reflect the evidence for safety and acceptability of all options, or patient preferences. Multiple practice barriers and biases exist that may be influencing provider counseling about options for EPF management. Choosing management for EPF is a preference-sensitive decision. A patient-centered approach to EPF management should incorporate counseling about all treatment options. Providers can integrate a counseling model into EPF management practice that utilizes principles of shared decision-making and an organized method for eliciting patient preferences, priorities, and concerns about treatment options. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The use of cue familiarity during retrieval failure is affected by past versus future orientation.
Cleary, Anne M
2015-01-01
Cue familiarity that is brought on by cue resemblance to memory representations is useful for judging the likelihood of a past occurrence with an item that fails to actually be retrieved from memory. The present study examined the extent to which this type of resemblance-based cue familiarity is used in future-oriented judgments made during retrieval failure. Cue familiarity was manipulated using a previously-established method of creating differing degrees of feature overlap between the cue and studied items in memory, and the primary interest was in how these varying degrees of cue familiarity would influence future-oriented feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments given in instances of cued recall failure. The present results suggest that participants do use increases in resemblance-based cue familiarity to infer an increased likelihood of future recognition of an unretrieved target, but not to the extent that they use it to infer an increased likelihood of past experience with an unretrieved target. During retrieval failure, the increase in future-oriented FOK judgments with increasing cue familiarity was significantly less than the increase in past-oriented recognition judgments with increasing cue familiarity.
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Disorders Of Sexual Preference Among Secondary School Teachers ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: In Nigeria, there is a dearth of data on Disorders of Sexual Preference (DSP), which is due to the unwillingness by most people to volunteer information on such issues. In spite of this, anecdotal evidence suggests strongly that DSP exist in Nigeria. Aims and objectives: This study was aimed at determining the ...
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Empresas familiares frente a las crisis
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María Guadalupe Serna
2012-01-01
Full Text Available En este artículo llevo a cabo una reflexión sobre los efectos de las crisis de 1984-1985 y 1994-1995 en un pequeño grupo de empresas familiares localizadas en la ciudad de Aguascalientes. Exploro el tipo de recursos tangibles e intangibles con los que contaban sus propietarios durante esos periodos, los apoyos que tenían a su disposición, así como las distintas formas en que respondieron y se adaptaron a las condiciones económicas prevalecientes. Analizo las distintas acciones adoptadas por los propietarios para hacer frente a las condiciones económicas prevalecientes, así como la forma en que algunas veces la crisis en puerta impulsó o bien obstaculizó el proyecto empresarial. Para ello empleo el concepto de capital social que resulta de gran utilidad para explicar las diversas condiciones en que surgen y se desarrollan las pequeñas empresas familiares, así como sus distintas posibilidades de éxito en condiciones de crisis.
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Sexual differences in food preferences in the white stork: an experimental study
Kwieciński, Zbigniew; Rosin, Zuzanna M.; Dylewski, Łukasz; Skórka, Piotr
2017-06-01
Sex differences in the foraging ecology of monomorphic species are poorly understood, due to problems with gender identification in field studies. In the current study, we used experimental conditions to investigate the food preferences of the white stork Ciconia ciconia, an opportunistic species in terms of food, but characterised by a low level of sexual dimorphism. During a 10-day experiment, 29 individuals (20 females and 9 males) were studied by means of a `cafeteria test' in which the storks' diet consisted of mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, insects and earthworms. The storks preferred food characterised by high calorific and protein values such as mammals, birds and fish. Sexes differed strongly in their preferences; males preferred mammals, whereas females preferred birds. Moreover, females consumed insects and earthworms less often than males. Interestingly, males spent significantly less time foraging than females. We have demonstrated that the white stork exhibits clear sexual differences in food preferences which are mostly attributable to differences in parental duties, physiology and anatomy.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jayakrishnan H R Nair
2014-04-01
Full Text Available Novelty preference is pervasive in mammalian species, and describes an inherent tendency to preferentially explore novelty. The novel location memory task studied here assesses the ability of animals to form accurate memories of a spatial configuration, consisting of several identical objects placed within an arena. Tree shrews were first familiarized with a particular object configuration during several sessions, and then an object was displaced during a test session. Tree shrews exhibited enhanced exploration when confronted with this novel configuration. The most reliable indicator associated with novelty preference was an enhancement in directed exploration towards the novel object, although we also observed a non-specific overall increase in exploration in one experiment. During the test session, we also observed an exploration of the location, which had previously been occupied by the displaced object, an effect termed empty quadrant. Our behavioral findings suggest multiple stages of spatial memory formation in tree shrews that are associated with various forms of behavioral responses to novelty. Reduced novelty preference has been linked to major depressive disorder in human patients. Given the established social conflict depression model in tree shrews, we anticipate that the study of the neural circuits of novelty preference and their malfunction during depression may have implications for understanding or treating depression in humans.
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DIFICULDADES DE MECANIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA NA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR BRASILEIRA
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Winny Silva Trugilho
2017-05-01
Full Text Available A produtividade do setor agrícola brasileiro e a oferta do produto final ao mercado consumidor estão diretamente relacionadas com a mecanização em todas as etapas do processo produtivo. No entanto, poucos agricultores familiares possuem acesso à mecanização agrícola devido alto custo do investimento inicial. O presente trabalho descreve as principais dificuldades para a implementação de máquinas agrícolas na agricultura familiar e os principais problemas da mecanização. Contudo, pôde-se observar que a mecanização é pouco empregada pelos agricultores familiares, no entanto, as patrulhas agrícolas possibilitam o emprego de máquinas pelos pequenos agricultores.
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Visual laterality in dolphins: importance of the familiarity of stimuli
2012-01-01
Background Many studies of cerebral asymmetries in different species lead, on the one hand, to a better understanding of the functions of each cerebral hemisphere and, on the other hand, to develop an evolutionary history of hemispheric laterality. Our animal model is particularly interesting because of its original evolutionary path, i.e. return to aquatic life after a terrestrial phase. The rare reports concerning visual laterality of marine mammals investigated mainly discrimination processes. As dolphins are migrant species they are confronted to a changing environment. Being able to categorize new versus familiar objects would allow dolphins a rapid adaptation to novel environments. Visual laterality could be a prerequisite to this adaptability. To date, no study, to our knowledge, has analyzed the environmental factors that could influence their visual laterality. Results We investigated visual laterality expressed spontaneously at the water surface by a group of five common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in response to various stimuli. The stimuli presented ranged from very familiar objects (known and manipulated previously) to familiar objects (known but never manipulated) to unfamiliar objects (unknown, never seen previously). At the group level, dolphins used their left eye to observe very familiar objects and their right eye to observe unfamiliar objects. However, eyes are used indifferently to observe familiar objects with intermediate valence. Conclusion Our results suggest different visual cerebral processes based either on the global shape of well-known objects or on local details of unknown objects. Moreover, the manipulation of an object appears necessary for these dolphins to construct a global representation of an object enabling its immediate categorization for subsequent use. Our experimental results pointed out some cognitive capacities of dolphins which might be crucial for their wild life given their fission-fusion social system
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Visual laterality in dolphins: importance of the familiarity of stimuli
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Blois-Heulin Catherine
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Many studies of cerebral asymmetries in different species lead, on the one hand, to a better understanding of the functions of each cerebral hemisphere and, on the other hand, to develop an evolutionary history of hemispheric laterality. Our animal model is particularly interesting because of its original evolutionary path, i.e. return to aquatic life after a terrestrial phase. The rare reports concerning visual laterality of marine mammals investigated mainly discrimination processes. As dolphins are migrant species they are confronted to a changing environment. Being able to categorize new versus familiar objects would allow dolphins a rapid adaptation to novel environments. Visual laterality could be a prerequisite to this adaptability. To date, no study, to our knowledge, has analyzed the environmental factors that could influence their visual laterality. Results We investigated visual laterality expressed spontaneously at the water surface by a group of five common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus in response to various stimuli. The stimuli presented ranged from very familiar objects (known and manipulated previously to familiar objects (known but never manipulated to unfamiliar objects (unknown, never seen previously. At the group level, dolphins used their left eye to observe very familiar objects and their right eye to observe unfamiliar objects. However, eyes are used indifferently to observe familiar objects with intermediate valence. Conclusion Our results suggest different visual cerebral processes based either on the global shape of well-known objects or on local details of unknown objects. Moreover, the manipulation of an object appears necessary for these dolphins to construct a global representation of an object enabling its immediate categorization for subsequent use. Our experimental results pointed out some cognitive capacities of dolphins which might be crucial for their wild life given their
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LIVING WITH THE PSYCHOTIC IN THE FAMILIAR POINT OF VIEW
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Cíntia Nasi
2006-12-01
Full Text Available ABSTRACT: A lot of people live situations of mental sickness, from psychotic character, that can cause suffering both for the sick and his family. We believe that try this situation means to live with limitations and wearings in the familiar everyday, what makes difficult the living with the psychotic person. Considering these aspects, this research has the purpose of knowing the familiar perception about his living with a psychotic bearer person. It is about a qualitative, explorative and descriptive study, developed in a northwest city of Rio Grande do Sul state, called Ijuí. The people of the investigation are composed of five psychotic’s parents, which frequent the socioterapy group in Gloria district. The information collection happened trough open interviews, recorded and wrote out at all. The analysis of the obtained data followed MINAYO’s (2002 methodological proposition. By the contained information in the stud’s social actor’s declarations, emerged three thematic with a similar nucleus of thoughts. On first thematic, we discussed about the difficulties faced by the familiars in the living with the psychotic in the moment he has the acute symptoms. On the second thematic, we talked about the medical question as bring a therapeutic element that helps the mental sick to keep stable., becoming better the familiars life. The third thematic shows the family conception about mental sickness. With this research we concluded that the living with a mental sick person is taxing for the familiar and, sometimes, there are difficulties to understand the symptoms showed by the sick person. Besides that, the family considers the medication one of the most important possibilities of intervention in the psychotic’s therapy, what is reinforced by the health team that leads with these people. KEY WORDS: Family; Mental Illness; Nursing.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wang Yanqing
2016-03-01
Full Text Available A good assignment of code reviewers can effectively utilize the intellectual resources, assure code quality and improve programmers’ skills in software development. However, little research on reviewer assignment of code review has been found. In this study, a code reviewer assignment model is created based on participants’ preference to reviewing assignment. With a constraint of the smallest size of a review group, the model is optimized to maximize review outcomes and avoid the negative impact of “mutual admiration society”. This study shows that the reviewer assignment strategies incorporating either the reviewers’ preferences or the authors’ preferences get much improvement than a random assignment. The strategy incorporating authors’ preference makes higher improvement than that incorporating reviewers’ preference. However, when the reviewers’ and authors’ preference matrixes are merged, the improvement becomes moderate. The study indicates that the majority of the participants have a strong wish to work with reviewers and authors having highest competence. If we want to satisfy the preference of both reviewers and authors at the same time, the overall improvement of learning outcomes may be not the best.
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Abordaje de un grupo familiar con displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica a partir de salud familiar
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Sara Caro de Pallares
2011-01-01
Full Text Available La salud del grupo familiar está sujeta a una complejidad de condiciones socioeconómicas, culturales, ambientales, biológicas, genéticas, psicológicas y relacionales, que configuran los factores condicionantes de la salud. Por lo anterior, la Salud Familiar incide de manera importante en la dinámica poblacional, en el desencadenamiento de la enfermedad, en el cumplimiento de funciones claves en el desarrollo biopsicosocial del ser humano y en las decisiones acerca de la utilización de los servicios de salud. En las familias con enfermedades de origen genético, sus miembros desarrollan temores a morir a una determinada edad. El caso objeto de estudio se presentó en un centro de salud de la ciudad de Barranquilla (Colombia con una escolar que llegó a control de Crecimiento y Desarrollo, quien fue asignada a un estudiante para su seguimiento. Luego de una evaluación médica multidisciplinaria, fue diagnosticada Displasia Ectodérmica Hipohidrotica.
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Miastenia gravis familiar: registro de dois irmãos
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Marcos R. G. de Freitas
1985-03-01
Full Text Available A forma familiar da miastenia gravis é condição relativamente rara, ocorrendo em cerca de 3,4% dos pacientes miastênicos. Os autores registram os casos de dois irmãos não-gêmeos, apresentando miastenia gravis com acometimento predominantemente ocular desde o nascimento. Um terceiro irmão faleceu na infância, provavelmente com a mesma afecção. Os pais eram consanguíneos. Estudo da incidência da forma familiar da miastenia e de seus aspectos clínicos, genéticos e terapêuticos complementa os registros.
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Aguirre Alarcón, Candy Jessica; Aguirre Alarcón, Candy Jessica; Aguirre Alarcón, Candy Jessica
2012-01-01
El presente estudio de investigación tiene por objetivo probar que a través de la intervención con una gestión de resultados del Programa Nacional Contra la Violencia Familiar y Sexual, del Ministerio de la Mujer y Desarrollo Social, se contribuye en la reducción de la prevalencia de la violencia familiar y sexual en el Per˙, en el periodo 2004-2009. Teniendo como fuente de datos la información oficial del Programa Nacional Contra la Violencia Familiar y Sexual, para los periodos 2003 ...
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Miklavec, K; Pravst, I; Raats, Monique; Pohar, J
2016-01-01
Many nutrition and/or health symbols were introduced in different countries in the past years and Slovenia is no exception. The objective of our study was to examine familiarity with and perception of the Protective Food symbol (PF symbol) in Slovenia and to investigate consumers' associations related to the symbol, and the influence of symbols' appearance on their preferences. The study was conducted through online questionnaire with incorporated word-association tasks and conjoint analysis;...
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nadirlene Pereira Gomes
2005-04-01
Full Text Available Este estudo objetiva compreender os elementos presentes na construção da identidade dos homens que violentam suas companheiras. De abordagem qualitativa, tem como referencial teórico as Representações Sociais. Foi realizado na comunidade do Calafate, localizada no bairro de San Martin/Salvador-BA. Os sujeitos foram compreendidos por 07 homens que violentavam suas companheiras. Como técnica de coleta de dados, utilizou-se a entrevista semi-estruturada. Os dados foram organizados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, especificamente a Análise Temática, no tema eixo: Relação familiar. O estudo permitiu identificar elementos que interferem na construção da identidade de homens que violentam suas companheiras. Estes têm origem no relacionamento familiar marcado por diversos fatores, dentre os quais: ausência de diálogo e agressões físicas.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender los elementos presentes en la formación de la identidad de los hombres que emplean la violência contra sus compañeras. El mismo con un enfoque cualitativo, tiene como referencia teórica las Representaciones Sociales. El estudio fue realizado en la comunidad de Calafate, localizada en el bairro San Martin/Salvador-BA. Los sujetos fueron 07 hombres que eran violentos con sus compañeras. Para la obtención de los datos se utilizó la entrevista semi estructurada. Estos datos fueron organizados a partir del Análisis de Contenido de Bardin, especificamente, el Análisis Temático, en el tema central: Relación familiar. El estudio permitió identificar los elementos que intervieren en la formación de la identidad de los hombres violentos con sus compañeras. Estes elementos se originan en la relación familiar marcada por diversos factores, entre los cuales estan la ausencia de dialogo y las agresiones físicas.The aim of this study was to understand which elements are present on the construction of the identity of men who commit violence against
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Abstraction and the (misnamed) language familiarity effect
Johnson, E.K.; Bruggeman, L.L.I.C.; Cutler, A.
2018-01-01
Talkers are recognized more accurately if they are speaking the listeners’ native language rather than an unfamiliar language. This "language familiarity effect" has been shown not to depend upon comprehension and must instead involve language sound patterns. We further examine the level of
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OS IMPACTOS DA GESTÃO FAMILIAR NOS CONFLITOS E CULTURA ORGANIZACIONAL
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Fabio Santarossa Dante
2016-12-01
Full Text Available Frente aos desafios em gestão de pessoas na década presente, os conflitos geracionais alimentam uma discussão sobre quais fatores definem as carreiras e motivam os profissionais. O objetivo central desse artigo é diagnosticar os impactos da gestão familiar nos conflitos e na construção da cultura organizacional em uma prestadora de serviço. Ao final do estudo, tais resultados identificados poderão ser trabalhados como insumos informacionais a empregadores, organizações e profissionais quanto ao entendimento de gestão familiar, conflitos organizacionais e cultura organizacional. Como método de estudo de coleta e análise dos resultados, utilizou-se um questionário desenvolvido para essa própria necessidade divido em 4 etapas, aplicado a 36 pessoas. Os dados foram analisados em forma quantitativa. O resultado é que a empresa é considerada profissional mesmo estando sob uma gestão familiar e que não há conflitos internos dos familiares mas sim conflitos internos organizacionais e que a cultura não é explanada aos funcionários.
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GESTIÓN DE LA COMPLEJIDAD ORGANIZACIONAL EN LAS EMPRESAS FAMILIARES VENEZOLANAS
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Migdlys del Carmen González Marín
2016-04-01
Full Text Available Esta investigación presenta como objetivo analizar la Gestión de la Complejidad Organizacional en las Empresas Familiares Venezolanas, con este propósito se realizó un estudio de tipo documental con un nivel descriptivo, para ello se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica que permitió analizar la gestión de la complejidad organizacional, aspecto relevante en las empresas familiares, a fin de mejorar el desarrollo y productividad organizacional. En este sentido, se destaca la revisión de teorías, tales como, Teoría del Caos (1960, Morín (2006, entre otros. Entre las principales conclusiones destaca que las empresas familiares requieren establecer nuevos conceptos en la gestión empresarial; tales como, aplicación de las Tics, innovación, creatividad; exigiendo una constante reingeniería organizacional mejorando la competitividad y los resultados empresariales. Es así como, desde una visión prospectiva las empresas familiares puedan presentar problemas, asociadas a insuficiencias en los modos de gestión y a la influencia de un entorno complejo
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Martha cecilia Veloza Morales
2012-01-01
Full Text Available La investigación se basó en la teoría de organización sistémica de Marie Louse Friedemann; el objetivo fue describir el grado de salud familiar de familias con adolescente gestante. Estudio Descriptivo transversal comparativo, con abordaje cuantitativo donde se evaluó el grado de salud familiar a 100 familias atendidas en dos instituciones prestadoras de Salud (IPS en Bogotá, Colombia; se organizaron en dos grupos: la mitad de las familias con adolescentes gestantes que presentaron morbilidad en el tercer trimestre del embarazo y la otra mitad que no presentaron morbilidad; para la recolección de la información se utilizó el instrumento ISF GES 19 diseñado, implementado y probado por la doctora Pilar Amaya de Peña. Se obtuvo una visión global acerca de la salud familiar y se comparó el grado de salud familiar de acuerdo con las características halladas en cada uno de los grupos. Se concluye que las familias no sienten o no perciben el riesgo de sufrir o no una patología durante el embarazo, y por tanto, no afecta su grado de salud familiar el cual consideran saludable y satisfecho. Se invita a crear estrategias que conlleven a disminuir los riesgos de salud a que se expone la familia y la madre adolescente.Apesquisa foi baseada na teoria da organização sistémica de Marie Louse Friedemann; o objeto foi descrever o grau de saúde familiar das famílias com adolescentes gestantes. Estu-do descritivo transversal comparativo, com abordagem quan-titativa onde foi avaliado o grau de saúde familiar de 100 famí-lias atendidas em duas instituições fornecedoras de serviços de saúde (IPS em Bogotá, Colômbia. As 100 famílias foram organizadas em dois grupos: a metade das famílias com adolescentes gestantes que apresentaram morbidez no terceiro trimestre de gravidez e a outra metade conformada por aquelas famílias com adolescentes gestantes que não apresentaram morbidez; para a compilação da informação, utilizou-se o
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Diversidad y organizaciones familiares
Delucca, Norma Edith; Rodríguez Durán, Adriana
2009-01-01
Se presentará una síntesis del nuevo proyecto para el período 2010-2014, en el que se propone investigar las Modalidades de la diversidad, en el ejercicio de la parentalidad y la pareja. La búsqueda apuntará a una indagación en dos campos de problemáticas: 1) la diversidad en relación a las múltiples formas que adquieren hoy las configuraciones vinculares familiares y 2) la diversidad en relación a la conformación sexual de la pareja. Como objetivos específicos se plantea: - Investigar dif...
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Os padrões comportamentais que influenciam na longevidade da empresa familiar
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Claudionor Guedes Laimer
2014-01-01
Full Text Available O presente trabalho inserido no âmbito das empresas familiares, tema notadamente preponderante em nossa realidade socioeconômica, tendo como objetivo analisar os padrões comportamentais que influenciam na longevidade da empresa familiar. A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo de casos múltiplos, onde através da coleta de dados com empresas familiares da região norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul com idade superior a 50 anos. Como resultado do estudo foi possível observar a influência direta de padrões comportamentais relacionados à governança, sucessão, regras, acordos e critérios, além de família e valores, como fontes de financiamento externo, consciência da família sobre o seu papel no negócio, mecanismos de proteção patrimonial, reconcentração acionária e distribuição de dividendos na longevidade das empresas familiares. Além disso, foi possível apontar a profissionalização como tendência de padrão comportamental que pode afetar de maneira significativa a perpetuação de tais empresas no futuro. Com base nestas informações, abre-se a possibilidade da realização de um novo estudo visando realmente confirmar se os padrões comportamentais e fatores identificados neste trabalho configuram-se como essenciais para a longevidade das empresas familiares, bem como identificar outras variáveis que possam exercer influência sobre o tema.
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Petit, Laurent; Zago, Laure; Mellet, Emmanuel; Jobard, Gaël; Crivello, Fabrice; Joliot, Marc; Mazoyer, Bernard; Tzourio-Mazoyer, Nathalie
2015-03-01
Hemispheric lateralization for spatial attention and its relationships with manual preference strength and eye preference were studied in a sample of 293 healthy individuals balanced for manual preference. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to map this large sample while performing visually guided saccadic eye movements. This activated a bilateral distributed cortico-subcortical network in which dorsal and ventral attentional/saccadic pathways elicited rightward asymmetrical activation depending on manual preference strength and sighting eye. While the ventral pathway showed a strong rightward asymmetry irrespective of both manual preference strength and eye preference, the dorsal frontoparietal network showed a robust rightward asymmetry in strongly left-handers, even more pronounced in left-handed subjects with a right sighting-eye. Our findings brings support to the hypothesis that the origin of the rightward hemispheric dominance for spatial attention may have a manipulo-spatial origin neither perceptual nor motor per se but rather reflecting a mechanism by which a spatial context is mapped onto the perceptual and motor activities, including the exploration of the spatial environment with eyes and hands. Within this context, strongly left-handers with a right sighting-eye may benefit from the advantage of having the same right hemispheric control of their dominant hand and visuospatial attention processing. We suggest that this phenomenon explains why left-handed right sighting-eye athletes can outperform their competitors in sporting duels and that the prehistoric and historical constancy of the left-handers ratio over the general population may relate in part on the hemispheric specialization of spatial attention. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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The effect of real-world personal familiarity on the speed of face information processing.
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Benjamin Balas
2007-11-01
Full Text Available Previous studies have explored the effects of familiarity on various kinds of visual face judgments, yet the role of familiarity in face processing is not fully understood. Across different face judgments and stimulus sets, the data is equivocal as to whether or not familiarity impacts recognition processes.Here, we examine the effect of real-world personal familiarity in three simple delayed-match-to-sample tasks in which subjects were required to match faces on the basis of orientation (upright v. inverted, gender and identity. We find that subjects had a significant speed advantage with familiar faces in all three tasks, with large effects for the gender and identity matching tasks.Our data indicates that real-world experience with a face exerts a powerful influence on face processing in tasks where identity information is irrelevant, even in tasks that could in principle be solved via low-level cues. These results underscore the importance of experience in shaping visual recognition processes.
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Song, Bo-mi; Faumont, Serge; Lockery, Shawn; Avery, Leon
2013-01-01
Familiarity discrimination has a significant impact on the pattern of food intake across species. However, the mechanism by which the recognition memory controls feeding is unclear. Here, we show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans forms a memory of particular foods after experience and displays behavioral plasticity, increasing the feeding response when they subsequently recognize the familiar food. We found that recognition of familiar food activates the pair of ADF chemosensory neurons, which subsequently increase serotonin release. The released serotonin activates the feeding response mainly by acting humorally and directly activates SER-7, a type 7 serotonin receptor, in MC motor neurons in the feeding organ. Our data suggest that worms sense the taste and/or smell of novel bacteria, which overrides the stimulatory effect of familiar bacteria on feeding by suppressing the activity of ADF or its upstream neurons. Our study provides insight into the mechanism by which familiarity discrimination alters behavior. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00329.001 PMID:23390589
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Restrições de crédito e decisões intra-familiares
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Juliano Junqueira Assunção
2007-06-01
Full Text Available Este trabalho apresenta evidência empírica de que restrições de crédito têm impacto em decisões intra-familiares - dedicação do chefe e do cônjuge à atividade empresarial, educação e trabalho infantil. Falta de crédito é detectada pelo fato dos agentes estarem restritos por sua riqueza em suas escolhas. Utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, observou-se, para diferentes tipos de família, forte relação entre riqueza e decisões intra-familiares. Os resultados sugerem que esta relação parece ser mais intensa para chefes de família e homens solteiros. No caso das crianças, filhos(as de mães solteiras são os mais afetados pela falta de crédito.This paper provides empirical evidence on credit constraints and key intrahousehold decisions in Brazil; namely, occupational choice of heads and spouses, child labor and education. Our empirical strategy is based on the literature about wealth-constrained choices, in which credit constraints determine a relationship between initial wealth and household decisions. Using data from the National Surveys of Households (PNAD, we show a strong connection between wealth and such decisions. Our findings suggest credit constraints are relatively more binding for spouses, couples without children and single mothers. For the case of children, the girls are more affected by the lack of credit.
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A IMPORTÂNCIA DE PROFISSIONALIZAR A GESTÃO DA EMPRESA FAMILIAR PARA SUCESSÃO
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Gregui Becker Luz
2013-01-01
Full Text Available Este artigo acadêmico aborda o tema empresa familiar e a importância de profissionalizar a gestão desse tipo de organização, especialmente quando a finalidade é preparar a empresa para a sucessão familiar. As empresas familiares são muito importantes para a sociedade, pois elas são a base que sustenta a economia de muitos países, o que eleva a necessidade de estudar sua profissionalização. No objetivo geral do estudo, propôs-se destacar a importância de profissionalizar a gestão de uma empresa familiar prestadora de serviços de reforma de móveis e estofados, localizada na cidade de Novo Hamburgo, a fim de prepará-la para a sucessão familiar. A fundamentação teórica pautou-se em algumas categorias, como: gestão da empresa familiar (BORNHOLDT, 2005; CASILLAS, VÁZQUEZ, DÍAZ, 2007; LODI, 1978, profissionalização (LODI, 1993; RICCA, 2005 e sucessão (GRZYBOVSKI, TEDESCO, 2000. No que diz respeito à metodologia utilizada, a pesquisa foi do tipo exploratória com procedimentos baseados na pesquisa bibliográfica e estudo de caso. As técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevista não estruturada e observação sistemática. O resultado da análise aponta que as empresas familiares podem se profissionalizar e realizar o processo de sucessão de maneira harmoniosa, desde que adotem práticas de gestão mais racionais e menos personalizadas. Palavras-chave: Empresa familiar. Gestão. Profissionalização. Sucessão.
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Panico, James; Healey, E Charles
2009-04-01
To determine how text type, topic familiarity, and stuttering frequency influence listener recall, comprehension, and perceived mental effort. Sixty adults listened to familiar and unfamiliar narrative and expository texts produced with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% stuttering. Participants listened to 4 experimental text samples at only 1 stuttering frequency. After hearing the text samples, each listener performed a free recall task, answered cued recall questions, answered story comprehension questions, and rated their perceived mental effort. Free and cued recall as well as story comprehension scores were higher for narrative than for expository texts. Free and cued recall scores were better for familiar than for unfamiliar stories, although topic familiarity did not affect story comprehension scores. Samples with all levels of stuttering resulted in higher mental effort ratings for both text types and topic familiarities. Stuttering has a greater influence on listener recall and comprehension for narrative than for expository texts. Topic familiarity affects free and cued recall but has no influence on story comprehension. Regardless of the amount of stuttering, mental effort was high for both text types and levels of familiarity.
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Waller, J; Macedo, A; von Wagner, C; Simon, A E; Jones, C; Hammersley, V; Weller, D; Wardle, J; Campbell, C
2012-12-04
Informed decision-making approaches to cancer screening emphasise the importance of decisions being determined by individuals' own values and preferences. However, advice from a trusted source may also contribute to autonomous decision-making. This study examined preferences regarding a recommendation from the NHS and information provision in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. In face-to-face interviews, a population-based sample of adults across Britain (n=1964; age 50-80 years) indicated their preference between: (1) a strong recommendation to participate in CRC screening, (2) a recommendation alongside advice to make an individual decision, and (3) no recommendation but advice to make an individual decision. Other measures included trust in the NHS and preferences for information on benefits and risks. Most respondents (84%) preferred a recommendation (47% strong recommendation, 37% recommendation plus individual decision-making advice), but the majority also wanted full information on risks (77%) and benefits (78%). Men were more in favour of a recommendation than women (86% vs 81%). Trust in the NHS was high overall, but the minority who expressed low trust were less likely to want a recommendation. Most British adults want full information on risks and benefits of screening but they also want a recommendation from an authoritative source. An 'expert' view may be an important part of autonomous health decision-making.
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Bullock, Danielle R; Vehe, Richard K; Zhang, Lei; Correll, Colleen K
2017-07-11
The United States pediatric rheumatology workforce is committed to a mission of providing children access to pediatric rheumatology care. With a limited number and distribution of pediatric rheumatologists, telemedicine has been proposed as one way to meet this mission, yet the adoption of this modality has been slower than expected. The purpose of this study was to explore the parent perspective on barriers to accessing pediatric rheumatology care and to explore the acceptability of telemedicine and other alternative care models. Over a period of six weeks, all new and return English-speaking parents/guardians of patients visiting a single center were offered an opportunity to complete a survey which assessed barriers to care and interest in alternative models of care. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Survey response rate was 72% (159/221). Twenty-eight percent (45/159) traveled more than three hours to the pediatric rheumatology clinic, and 43% (65/152) reported travel as inconvenient. An overwhelming majority of respondents (95%, 144/152) reported a preference for in-person visits over the option of telemedicine. This preference was similar regardless of whether respondents reported travel to the clinic as inconvenient vs convenient (inconvenient 92%, 60/65; convenient 97%, 84/87; p = 0.2881) and despite those reporting travel as inconvenient also reporting greater difficulty with several barriers to care. Those familiar with telemedicine were more likely to report a preference for telemedicine over in-person visits (27%, 3/11 vs 3%, 4/140; p = 0.0087). The option of an outreach clinic was acceptable to a majority (63%, 97/154); however, adult rheumatology and shared-care options were less acceptable (22%, 35/156 and 34%, 53/156 respectively). Among survey respondents, in-person visits were preferred over the option of telemedicine, even when travel was noted to be inconvenient. Telemedicine familiarity increased its acceptability
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The Vocational Preference Inventory Scores and Environmental Preferences
Kunce, Joseph T.; Kappes, Bruno Maurice
1976-01-01
This study investigated the relationship between vocational interest measured by the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) and preferences of 175 undergraduates for structured or unstructured environments. Males having clear-cut preferences for structured situations had significantly higher Realistic-Conventional scores than those without…
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A familiar font drives early emotional effects in word recognition.
Kuchinke, Lars; Krause, Beatrix; Fritsch, Nathalie; Briesemeister, Benny B
2014-10-01
The emotional connotation of a word is known to shift the process of word recognition. Using the electroencephalographic event-related potentials (ERPs) approach it has been documented that early attentional processing of high-arousing negative words is shifted at a stage of processing where a presented word cannot have been fully identified. Contextual learning has been discussed to contribute to these effects. The present study shows that a manipulation of the familiarity with a word's shape interferes with these earliest emotional ERP effects. Presenting high-arousing negative and neutral words in a familiar or an unfamiliar font results in very early emotion differences only in case of familiar shapes, whereas later processing stages reveal similar emotional effects in both font conditions. Because these early emotion-related differences predict later behavioral differences, it is suggested that contextual learning of emotional valence comprises more visual features than previously expected to guide early visual-sensory processing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Barriers to community-directed fire restoration
R. Bruce Hull; Bruce E. Goldstein
2006-01-01
Wild fire disasters create novel situations and challenges for natural resource managers, including working with emergent community groups that have a great deal of motivation for change, little familiarity with agency protocol, and strong preferences for the goals and methods of forest fire restoration, some of which may run counter to agency norms. After a fire,...
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Influencia del clima escolar y familiar en adolescentes, víctimas de ciberacoso
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Jessica Ortega Barón
2016-01-01
Full Text Available El ciberacoso es un fenómeno de creciente preocupación social que afecta cada vez más a niños y adolescentes de todos los países desarrollados. A diferencia de la considerable literatura que hay sobre las relaciones entre el acoso escolar y el contexto familiar y escolar, todavía hay pocos trabajos sobre la influencia de estos entornos sociales en el problema del ciberacoso. Mediante una metodología cuantitativa, el objetivo principal del presente estudio fue analizar la influencia del contexto escolar y familiar en víctimas de ciberacoso. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.062 adolescentes (51,5% chicos y 48,5% chicas, de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M=14,5; DT=1,62. Se establecieron tres grupos de contraste: cibervíctimas severas, cibervíctimas moderadas y no víctimas de ciberacoso. Los resultados del análisis de varianza indicaron que las cibervíctimas severas en comparación con las no víctimas puntúan significativamente más alto en conflicto familiar y obtienen puntuaciones más bajas en el resto de variables familiares (autoestima familiar, cohesión y expresividad, y variables escolares (implicación, afiliación y ayuda al profesor, consideradas en el estudio. Los análisis de regresión revelaron que la autoestima académica y familiar y algunas dimensiones del clima familiar y escolar predicen la cibervictimización en la adolescencia. Estos novedosos resultados muestran la importancia de incluir a la familia y a la escuela en los programas de prevención del ciberacoso.
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Riesgo familiar total en familias con personas mayores, municipio de Funza (Cundinamarca, Colombia
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Vilma Florisa Velásquez Gutiérrez
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Objetivo: Caracterizar las familias con personas mayores en el municipio de Funza (Cundinamarca desde el enfoque de Riesgo Familiar Total. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con abordaje cuantitativo. Muestra de 71 familias seleccionadas por conveniencia. Se utilizó el instrumento de Riesgo Familiar Total RFT 7-70 (1. Resultados: Los resultados indican que la mitad de las familias son extensas, distribuidas en extensas modificadas (46.5% y extensas (2.8%, con riesgo familiar total alto (47.9%, influido principalmente por las subcategorías "morbilidad en la familia" y "ambiente socioeconómico". Estos son los coeficientes de correlación entre las subcategorías del instrumento RFT 7-70: estilos de vida familiar con ambiente psicoafectivo (0.566, prácticas de salud con morbilidad familiar (.402, estilos de vida familiar con ambiente físico de vivienda (.388, servicios de salud con ambiente físico de la vivienda (.362 y con la morbilidad (.361. Discusión y conclusiones: En las familias colombianas clasificadas en los estratos socioeconómicos uno a tres, los riesgos familiares son asociados con las características de los miembros, la morbimortalidad, el medio ambiente (socioeconómicos, de la vivienda, psicoafectivo, estilo y prácticas de salud y la accesibilidad, disponibilidad y aceptación de los servicios de salud. Todas las familias del estudio tienen riesgo, por tanto requieren atención en salud en todos los niveles de cuidado. Son prioritarias las familias de alto riesgo producto de las precarias condiciones económicas, sociales, educacionales y de salud. El RFT es útil para delinear aspectos de investigación y la práctica.
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Older but not wiser—Predicting a partner's preferences gets worse with age
Scheibehenne, Benjamin; Todd, Peter M.; Mata, Jutta
2011-01-01
To test the influence of relationship length on ability to predict a partner's preferences, 58 younger (M = 24.1 years) and 20 older (M = 68.7 years) couples made predictions in three domains that varied in daily importance. While prediction accuracy was generally better than chance, longer relationship length correlated with lower prediction accuracy and greater overconfidence. The difference in accuracy between older and younger couples increased for strong preferences and when controlling ...
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The Political Self: How Identity Aligns Preferences With Epistemic Needs.
Federico, Christopher M; Ekstrom, Pierce D
2018-06-01
Numerous studies have indicated that the need for closure predicts political preferences. We examined a potential moderator of this relationship: political-identity centrality, or the extent to which individuals' political preferences are central to their self-concept. We tested three hypotheses. First, we predicted that need for closure would be more strongly related to political identity (symbolic ideology and party identification; Hypothesis 1) and issue positions (operational ideology; Hypothesis 2) among individuals who see their political preferences as more self-central. Then we predicted that the stronger relationship between need for closure and issue positions among individuals high in centrality would be accounted for by stronger relationships between need for closure and political identity and between political identity and issue positions (Hypothesis 3). Data from a nationally representative survey provide evidence for these hypotheses, suggesting that the relationship between epistemic needs and political preferences differs as a function of how self-relevant politics is.
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de Runz, Antoine; Boccara, David; Chaouat, Marc; Locatelli, Katia; Bertheuil, Nicolas; Claudot, Frédérique; Bekara, Farid; Mimoun, Maurice
2016-01-01
The use of a patient's image in plastic surgery is common today. Thus, plastic surgeons should master the use of the image and be aware of the implications of the patients' perception of themselves. The mere-exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon in which a person tends to rate things more positively merely because (s)he is familiar with them. Faces are asymmetric, so faces in photos are different from those observed in mirrors. The main objective of this study was to assess whether patients within a plastic surgery population, particularly those undergoing facial aesthetic surgery, preferred standard photographs or mirror-reversed photographs of themselves. A prospective study was conducted in a plastic surgery department, which included women who were admitted to the hospital the day before their procedures. The patients were separated into the following two groups: Group 1 was composed of patients who were undergoing facial aesthetic surgeries, and Group 2 consisted of other patients who presented to the plastic surgery department for surgery. The patients were required to rate their appreciation of their own faces and to choose between standard and mirror-reversed photos of themselves. A total of 214 patients participated. The median age was 47.9 years (interquartile range (IQR): 36.4-60.6), and the median face appreciation was 5 (IQR: 5-7). The preference for the mirror-reversed photograph was significantly different from chance (p < 0.001, binomial (214, 156, 0.5)); 73% of the patients preferred the mirror-reversed photographs. The proportions of patients who preferred the mirror-reversed photograph differed significantly (p = 0.047) between Groups 1 (84%) and 2 (70%). Plastic surgery patients have a significant preference for mirror-reversed photographs of themselves over standard photographs. This preference is even more pronounced among patients who are undergoing facial aesthetic surgery. III. Copyright © 2015 British Association of Plastic
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Tobias eNeher
2014-12-01
Full Text Available Knowledge of how executive functions relate to preferred hearing aid (HA processing is sparse and seemingly inconsistent with related knowledge for speech recognition outcomes. This study thus aimed to find out if (1 performance on a measure of reading span (RS is related to preferred binaural noise reduction (NR strength, (2 similar relations exist for two different, nonverbal measures of executive function, (3 pure-tone average hearing loss (PTA, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, and microphone directionality (DIR also influence preferred NR strength, and (4 preference and speech recognition outcomes are similar. Sixty elderly HA users took part. Six HA conditions consisting of omnidirectional or cardioid microphones followed by inactive, moderate, or strong binaural NR as well as linear amplification were tested. Outcome was assessed at fixed SNRs using headphone simulations of a frontal target talker in a busy cafeteria. Analyses showed positive effects of active NR and DIR on preference, and negative and positive effects of, respectively, strong NR and DIR on speech recognition. Also, while moderate NR was the most preferred NR setting overall, preference for strong NR increased with SNR. No relation between RS and preference was found. However, larger PTA was related to weaker preference for inactive NR and stronger preference for strong NR for both microphone modes. Equivalent (but weaker relations between worse performance on one nonverbal measure of executive function and the HA conditions without DIR were found. For speech recognition, there were relations between HA condition, PTA, and RS, but their pattern differed from that for preference. Altogether, these results indicate that, while moderate NR works well in general, a notable proportion of HA users prefer stronger NR. Furthermore, PTA and executive functions can account for some of the variability in preference for, and speech recognition with, different binaural NR and DIR settings.
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El Haj, Mohamad; Omigie, Diana; Samson, Séverine
2015-06-01
Familiarity is assumed to exert a beneficial effect on memory in older adults. Our paper investigated this issue specifically for destination memory, that is, memory of the destination of previously relayed information. Young and older adults were told familiar (Experiment 1) and unfamiliar (Experiment 2) proverbs associated with pictures depicting faces of celebrities (e.g., Elvis Presley) or unknown people, with a specific proverb assigned to each face. In a later recognition task, participants were presented with the previously exposed proverb-face pairs and for each pair had to decide whether they had previously relayed the given proverb to the given face. In general, destination performance was found to be higher for familiar than for unfamiliar faces. However while there was no difference between the two groups when the proverbs being relayed were unfamiliar, the advantage of face familiarity on destination memory was present only for older adults when the proverbs being relayed were familiar. Our results show that destination memory in older adults is sensitive to familiarity of both destination and output information.
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Percepción de la mujer ejecutiva sobre su trabajo y vida familiar
Cárdenas Sánchez, Moraima Victoria; Estela Basaldua, Raúl Alfredo; Noriega de la Melena, Danny; Portales Bernal, William Jesús
2016-01-01
La investigación busca identificar la percepción de la mujer ejecutiva sobre su trabajo, vida familiar y la interacción trabajo-vida familiar, con la finalidad de obtener información que pueda ser útil para las empresas y Estado, y que esta información sea referenciada al momento de elaborar planes relacionados a promover el balance entre el trabajo-vida familiar. Para ello, se realizó una investigación cualitativa, se entrevistó a 28 mujeres ejecutivas de Lima, que tienen pers...
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Health-Related Information-Seeking Behaviors and Preferences Among Mexican Patients with Cancer.
Soto-Perez-de-Celis, Enrique; Perez-Montessoro, Viridiana; Rojo-Castillo, Patricia; Chavarri-Guerra, Yanin
2018-06-01
Understanding the preferred sources of health-related information among patients with cancer is essential for designing successful cancer education and prevention strategies. However, little is known about health-related information-seeking practices among patients living in low- and middle-income countries. We studied the preferred sources of health-related information among Mexican patients with cancer and explored which factors influence these choices. The health-related information-seeking practices among patients with cancer treated at a public hospital in Mexico City were evaluated using questions from the Spanish Version of the Health Information National Trends Survey. The characteristics of patients who sought health-related information, and of those who chose the internet as their preferred source of information, were analyzed. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. One hundred forty-eight patients answered the survey (median age 60 years, 70% female), of which 88 (59%) had sought for health-related information. On multivariate analysis, the only characteristic associated with lower odds of seeking health-related information was increasing age (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.90-0.97). Sixty-one respondents (69%) listed the internet as their preferred source of health-related information. On multivariate analysis, only being of the female gender (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.3-18.3) was related with higher odds of preferring other sources of information over the internet. Among Mexican patients with cancer, the Internet is the most widely used information source. Older age was the characteristic most strongly associated with not seeking health-related information, while being female was strongly associated with preferring other sources of information over the Internet.
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Color preferences change after experience with liked/disliked colored objects.
Strauss, Eli D; Schloss, Karen B; Palmer, Stephen E
2013-10-01
How are color preferences formed, and can they be changed by affective experiences with correspondingly colored objects? We examined these questions by testing whether affectively polarized experiences with images of colored objects would cause changes in color preferences. Such changes are implied by the ecological valence theory (EVT), which posits that color preferences are determined by people's average affective responses to correspondingly colored objects (Palmer & Schloss, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 8877-8882, 2010). Seeing images of strongly liked (and disliked) red and green objects, therefore, should lead to increased (and decreased) preferences for correspondingly colored red and green color patches. Experiment 1 showed that this crossover interaction did occur, but only if participants were required to evaluate their preferences for the colored objects when they saw them. Experiment 2 showed that these overall changes decreased substantially over a 24-h delay, but the degree to which the effect lasted for individuals covaried with the magnitude of the effects immediately after object exposure. Experiment 3 demonstrated a similar, but weaker, effect of affectively biased changes in color preferences when participants did not see, but only imagined, the colored objects. The overall pattern of results indicated that color preferences are not fixed, but rather are shaped by affective experiences with colored objects. Possible explanations for the observed changes in color preferences were considered in terms of associative learning through evaluative conditioning and/or priming of prior knowledge in memory.
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Neiman, Melina
2008-01-01
El tema general de investigación de esta Tesis se refiere al proceso de expansión de la condición de remuneración entre los “trabajadores familiares” en las unidades familiares de producción agropecuaria de la región pampeana, de la Argentina. Su estudio es de particular interés para el análisis de los cambios sucedidos en los últimos años en la agricultura familiar pampeana que llevaron al incremento de situaciones de remuneración de los trabajadores familiares como también pa...
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Jones, Benedict C; Hahn, Amanda C; Fisher, Claire I; Wang, Hongyi; Kandrik, Michal; Han, Chengyang; Fasolt, Vanessa; Morrison, Danielle; Lee, Anthony J; Holzleitner, Iris J; O'Shea, Kieran J; Roberts, S Craig; Little, Anthony C; DeBruine, Lisa M
2018-06-01
Although widely cited as strong evidence that sexual selection has shaped human facial-attractiveness judgments, findings suggesting that women's preferences for masculine characteristics in men's faces are related to women's hormonal status are equivocal and controversial. Consequently, we conducted the largest-ever longitudinal study of the hormonal correlates of women's preferences for facial masculinity ( N = 584). Analyses showed no compelling evidence that preferences for facial masculinity were related to changes in women's salivary steroid hormone levels. Furthermore, both within-subjects and between-subjects comparisons showed no evidence that oral contraceptive use decreased masculinity preferences. However, women generally preferred masculinized over feminized versions of men's faces, particularly when assessing men's attractiveness for short-term, rather than long-term, relationships. Our results do not support the hypothesized link between women's preferences for facial masculinity and their hormonal status.
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Kawasaki, Masahiro; Yamaguchi, Yoko
2012-01-01
Subjective preferences affect many processes, including motivation, along with individual differences. Although incentive motivations are proposed to increase our limited visual working memory (VWM) capacity, much less is known about the effects of subjective preferences on VWM-related brain systems, such as the prefrontal and parietal cortices. Here, we investigate the differences in VWM capacities and brain activities during presentation of preferred and non-preferred colors. To this end, we used time-frequency (TF) analyses of electroencephalograph (EEG) data recorded during a delayed-response task. Behavioral results showed that the individual VWM capacities of preferred colors were significantly higher than those of non-preferred colors. The EEG results showed that the frontal theta and beta amplitudes for maintenance of preferred colors were higher than those of non-preferred colors. Interestingly, the frontal beta amplitudes were consistent with recent EEG recordings of the effects of reward on VWM systems, in that they were strongly and individually correlated with increasing VWM capacities from non-preferred to preferred colors. These results suggest that subjective preferences affect VWM systems in a similar manner to reward-incentive motivations.
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Cambio familiar y maltrato conyugal a la mujer
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Meil Landwerlin, Gerardo
2004-04-01
Full Text Available According to family resources theory, the empowerment of women caused by the different dimensions of family change during the last decades (deinstitutionalization of the family, female work, higher education, etc has brought about a greater say in the process of negotiation of gender roles inside the family and the couple life. This impowerment of women should have implied also a lower degree of partner violence against women in “modern” family life settings. Based on a survey on violence against women carried out in 1999 in Spain among 20.000 women, the paper analyses using logistic regressions models if different dimensions of family change (female work, cohabitation, among others are associated with lower risks of partner violence against women. Results from such type of analyses show that there is little support to suppose that family change and the corresponding empowerment of women which it implies will bring about a lower risk of partner violence against women.
Según la teoría de los recursos, la ganancia de recursos de poder por parte de las mujeres derivada de las distintas dimensiones del cambio familiar (desintitucionalización de la familia, incorporación de la mujer al mercado de trabajo, mayor nivel educativo, etc. ha comportado un mayor poder de negociación del contenido de los roles familiares y domésticos. Esta ganancia en recursos de poder debería haberse traducido en una menor violencia conyugal contra las mujeres que viven en uniones “modernas”. A partir de la macroencuesta sobre violencia de género realizada por el Instituto de la Mujer en 1999 se analiza si las distintas dimensiones del cambio familiar están asociadas con un menor riesgo de maltrato. Los resultados obtenidos mediante ajustes de regresión logística indican que el cambio familiar y el correspondiente aumento de poder de negociación de las mujeres no se ha traducido automáticamente en una reducción del riesgo de maltrato. -
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Marialva Tomio Dreher
2004-11-01
, instituições de apoio ao setor e comunidade – percebam esta realidade e direcione seus esforços ou maior parte deles, para o auxílio às empresas familiares turísticas e às pequenas empresas do setor. Palavras-chave: Gestão familiar; Empresas de Serviços Turísticos; Blumenau. ABSTRAT Majority familiar businesses have an organizational culture based on the owner family values. Although it is perfectly in control, the organizational climate become disperse, considering that many times businesses cross the trade frontier and advance to the owners home, confounding family members and businesses attributions and responsibilities. In this way, this study aims to analyze the familiar businesses profile in tourism sector in Blumenau, SC. The methodology procedures used were bibliography researches, followed by a study about the case. To collect information, the interview was the chosen instrument. The interviews were accomplished with 101 familiar businesses from a sample of 134 in the universe of 211 enterprises. Through the research result it's possible to outline the following generic profile to them: a the majority are small or middle enterprises; b these organizations don't plan their management and present a reactive form of decision, they don't antecipate the market changes; c they don't have a formal structure of power and responsibilities; d they present a centralized organizational structure; e they don't control their financial area and when they do, it's normally delegated to the accountant; f they don't find difficulties in human resources administration; g they don't delegate functions and decisions, consequently they don't work in team and; h they prefer a remuneration according to the function - a fixed salary - instead of a merit remuneration - variable salary - of their workers. It's possible to conclude that they are centralizer structures and few undertaker. Therefore, to turn them more competitive it's necessary to review their present management
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Implicación familiar, autoconcepto del adolescente y rendimiento académico
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Ana Álvarez
2015-12-01
Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación específica entre las diferentes formas de implicación familiar, las dimensiones del autoconcepto del estudiante y su rendimiento académico. En el estudio han participado 503 estudiantes de la Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO y el primer curso de Bachillerato. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de dos inventarios (Cuestionario de Implicación Familiar –CIF-, Escala de Evaluación del Autoconcepto -ESEA-2 y las calificaciones académicas. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis multivariados de la varianza y a través de análisis de senderos. Los resultados mostraron relación significativa entre las dimensiones de la implicación familiar percibida y las dimensiones del autoconcepto, excepto el reforzamiento de logro. Por otra parte, la relación entre implicación familiar percibida y rendimiento académico es mediada parcialmente por el autoconcepto académico.
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LA SUCESIÓN EXITOSA EN LAS EMPRESAS FAMILIARES
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María Roselia Aira
2016-04-01
Full Text Available El objetivo general de investigación fue establecer las características requeridas para la sucesión exitosa en empresas familiares del Estado Carabobo. La metodología se sustenta en la indagación exploratoria y descriptiva, apoyada en un esquema de investigación cualitativa empleando la entrevista. Los resultados del estudio consideran que la empresa familiar está en manos de personas que son familia, con capacidad profesional, confianza, tolerancia, lealtad, colaboración y comunicación. Con características de liderazgo, rol de mando, adecuado uso de recursos de la empresa y negociación en condiciones favorables, búsqueda de resultados económicos satisfactorios. Con actitudes concretas que implican compromiso, integración afectiva y proactividad.
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Características familiares asociadas a violencia filio-parental en adolescentes
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Esther Calvete
2014-10-01
Full Text Available La violencia filio-parental (VFP constituye un área de creciente interés. Los estudios previos apuntan a factores familiares dispares como elementos explicativos de la VFP, tales como exposición a la violencia, la negligencia emocional y el estilo permisivo de crianza. Este estudio evaluó la asociación de estos factores con la ocurrencia de VFP física y psicológica severa. Un total de 1698 adolescentes (870 chicos y 828 chicas, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 17 años contestaron medidas de VFP, exposición a la violencia familiar, afecto y comunicación, abandono parental y estilo permisivo de crianza. Los resultados de los análisis de regresión logística indicaron que los bajos niveles de afecto y comunicación se asociaban a todas las formas de VFP. Ser testigo de la violencia familiar se asoció a la VFP física contra padres mientras que la victimización directa familiar lo hizo con la VFP física contra madres y la VFP psicológica contra ambos progenitores. El estilo permisivo se asoció a la VFP psicológica severa pero no a la física.
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El acogimiento familiar de la infancia: modelos de familia y contextos de intervención social
Poyatos García, Ana
2015-01-01
El acogimiento familiar de la infancia: modelos de familia y contextos de intervención social La tesis es un estudio microsocial del acogimiento familiar de la infancia en situación de abandono o desamparo desde la mirada del Trabajo Social. Tiene como objetivo evidenciar las transformaciones acontecidas en el acogimiento familiar y su influencia en el bienestar de los/as menores acogidos en la Comunidad Valenciana; las diferencias y similitudes de los modelos de acogimiento familiar en re...
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Martí Parreño, José; Bermejo Berros, Jesús; Aldás Manzano, Joaquín
2017-01-01
Product placement in video games is gaining momentum as a means to target audiences in an indirect and engaging way. This research uses a 2 (high repetition vs low repetition) x 2 (high brand familiarity vs low brand familiarity) factorial design to test the effects of repetition and brand familiarity on consumers’ memory for brands placed in video games. Results suggest that consumers recall better familiar than unfamiliar brands placed in the video game and repetition increases recall for f...
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Dynamics of dissociation versus ionization in strong laser fields
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
DiMauro, L.F.; Yang, B.
1993-01-01
In this paper, experimental results are presented which clearly demonstrate the effectiveness that an external field has in altering the dissociation dynamics. The experiment examines the strong-field dissociation dynamics of molecular hydrogen ions and its deuterated isotopes. These studies involve multiphoton excitation in the intensity regime of 10 11-14 W/cm 2 with the fundamental and second harmonic of a ND:YAG or ND:YLF laser system. Measurements include energy resolved electron and mass spectroscopy which provide useful probes in elucidating the interaction dynamics predicted by existing models. The example this in this paper, examines the strong-field dissociation of H 2 + , HD + , and D 2 + at green (0.5 μm) and (1μm) frequencies. The diatomic ions are formed via multiphonon ionization of the neutral precursor which is physically separable from the dissociation process. This study provides the first observation of the dynamics associated with the above threshold dissociation (ATD) process and analogies will be made with the more familiar above threshold ionization (ATI) phenomenon
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sandström Patrick
2010-07-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Guidelines on smoking cessation (SC emphasize healthcare cooperation and community pharmacists' involvement. This study explored the familiarity and implementation of the National SC Guideline in Finnish community pharmacies, factors relating to Guideline familiarity, implementation and provision of SC services. Methods A nationwide mail survey was sent to a systematic, sample of community pharmacy owners and staff pharmacists (total n = 2291. Response rate was 54% (n = 1190. Factors related to the SC Guideline familiarity were assessed by bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results Almost half (47% of the respondents (n = 1190 were familiar with the SC Guideline and familiarity enhanced Guideline implementation. The familiarity was associated with the respondents' perceptions of their personal SC skills and knowledge (OR 3.8; of customers' value of counseling on nicotine replacement therapy (NRT (OR 3.3; and regular use of a pocket card supporting SC counseling (OR 3.0. Pharmacists' workplaces' characteristics, such as size and geographical location were not associated with familiarity. In addition to recommending NRT, the pharmacists familiar with the Guideline used more frequently other Guideline-based SC methods, such as recommended non-pharmacological SC aids, compared to unfamiliar respondents. Conclusions SC Guideline familiarity and implementation is crucial for community pharmacists' involvement in SC actions in addition to selling NRT products. Pharmacists can constitute a potential public health resource in SC easily accessible throughout the country.
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Feuerbacher, Erica N; Wynne, Clive D L
2014-05-01
Previous research has indicated both petting (McIntire & Colley, 1967) and food (Feuerbacher & Wynne, 2012) have reinforcing effects on dog behavior and support social behavior towards humans (food: Elliot & King, 1960; social interaction: Brodbeck, 1954). Which type of interaction dogs prefer and which might produce the most social behavior from a dog has not been investigated. In the current study, we assessed how dogs allocated their responding in a concurrent choice between food and petting. Dogs received five 5-min sessions each. In Session 1, both food and petting were continuously delivered contingent on the dog being near the person providing the respective consequence. Across the next three sessions, we thinned the food schedule to a Fixed Interval (FI) 15-s, FI 1-min, and finally extinction. The fifth session reversed back to the original food contingency. We tested owned dogs in familiar (daycare) and unfamiliar (laboratory room) environments, and with their owner or a stranger as the person providing petting. In general, dogs preferred food to petting when food was readily available and all groups showed sensitivity to the thinning food schedule by decreasing their time allocation to food, although there were group and individual differences in the level of sensitivity. How dogs allocated their time with the petting alternative also varied. We found effects of context, familiarity of the person providing petting, and relative deprivation from social interaction on the amount of time dogs allocated to the petting alternative. © Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Flávia Azevedo Gomes
2006-03-01
Full Text Available A mortalidade materna é um dos indicadores do desenvolvimento de saúde e social de um país. É uma tragédia para a família, pois a morte da mãe priva a criança da amamentação e do contato materno, e pelo fato de caber à mulher manter a unidade da família. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender o significado da morte atribuído por familiares das mulheres falecidas por causas maternas. A população foi constituída por dez familiares de sete mulheres que morreram durante o ciclo grávido-puerperal no município de Ribeirão Preto. Realizamos visitas domiciliares e a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista dada pelo familiar da mulher. Para a análise dos dados, utilizamos a análise temática, em que depreendemos três categorias temáticas: significado da morte materna, vivenciando a mortalidade materna na família e vivenciando a mortalidade materna na instituição de saúde. As visitas domiciliares confirmaram que existem fatores coadjuvantes que influenciaram na ocorrência das mortes maternas.La mortalidad materna es uno de los indicadores del desarrollo en salud y social de un país. Es una tragedia para la familia, pues la muerte de la madre priva al niño del amamantamiento y del contacto materno, y por el hecho de que cabe a la mujer mantener la unidad de la familia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el significado de la muerte atribuido por familiares de las mujeres fallecidas por causas maternas. La población estuvo constituida por diez familiares de siete mujeres que murieron durante el ciclo grávido-puerperal en el municipio de Ribeirão Preto. Se efectuaron visitas domiciliarias y la recolección de datos fue realizada por medio de entrevista al familiar de la mujer. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el análisis temático, desprendiéndose tres categorías temáticas: significado de la muerte materna, vivenciando la mortalidad materna en la familia y vivenciando la mortalidad
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Calidad de vida de los cuidadores familiares
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Clara Inés Giraldo Molina
2006-01-01
Full Text Available El objetivo de esta investigación es describir, desde la perspectiva etnográfica, cómo podría estar afectada la calidad de vida de los cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores con dependencia funcional, como consecuencia del desempeño del rol de cuidador, y según su percepción. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo etnográfico, con apoyo en la etnografía enfocada, en 14 cuidadoras familiares de adultos mayores de 65 años, con más de seis meses a su cuidado, en el municipio de Envigado, Colombia, en 2002, y una muestra de quince entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis de las entrevistas identificó siete grandes temas o categorías con las percepciones de las cuidadoras sobre su rol y los efectos de éste en su calidad de vida: significado de calidad de vida, percepción de la cuidadora sobre el rol de cuidadora, consecuencias del rol sobre su salud física y mental, relaciones cuidadora y persona cuidada, conocimientos y aprendizajes sobre el cuidado de las personas, apoyos que recibe la cuidadora para el cuidado, y la invisibilidad del trabajo de las cuidadoras. Las categorías que emergieron coinciden con las de otros estudios; se hace énfasis en la categoría "la invisibilidad del trabajo de la cuidadora familiar", en tanto es la menos documentada en la literatura, y en la importancia del acercamiento a los valores y las tradiciones de grupos para la interpretación de las respuestas de su vida social.
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DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Vind, Karl
1991-01-01
A simple mathematical result characterizing a subset of a product set is proved and used to obtain additive representations of preferences. The additivity consequences of independence assumptions are obtained for preferences which are not total or transitive. This means that most of the economic ...... theory based on additive preferences - expected utility, discounted utility - has been generalized to preferences which are not total or transitive. Other economic applications of the theorem are given...
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RESTABELECIMENTO DO PODER FAMILIAR: reintegração à família natural
Trentin, Fernanda; Unoesc - São Miguel do Oeste; Lamberti Pasini, Vivian Carla; Unoesc - Campus São Miguel do Oeste
2015-01-01
Ante a possibilidade dos pais perderem a o poder familiar de seus filhos, necessária se faz a análise acerca de restabelecimento de tal vínculo. Assim, o presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a possibilidade do restabelecimento do poder familiar nos casos cujos pais consigam comprovar a superação da situação que ensejou o processo judicial de destituição. A ação de destituição do poder familiar somente é aplicada em situações excepcionais, contudo, em alguns casos, a família consegue adqu...
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Radiologists' preferences for just-in-time learning.
Kahn, Charles E; Ehlers, Kevin C; Wood, Beverly P
2006-09-01
Effective learning can occur at the point of care, when opportunities arise to acquire information and apply it to a clinical problem. To assess interest in point-of-care learning, we conducted a survey to explore radiologists' attitudes and preferences regarding the use of just-in-time learning (JITL) in radiology. Following Institutional Review Board approval, we invited 104 current radiology residents and 86 radiologists in practice to participate in a 12-item Internet-based survey to assess their attitudes toward just-in-time learning. Voluntary participation in the survey was solicited by e-mail; respondents completed the survey on a web-based form. Seventy-nine physicians completed the questionnaire, including 47 radiology residents and 32 radiologists in practice; the overall response rate was 42%. Respondents generally expressed a strong interest for JITL: 96% indicated a willingness to try such a system, and 38% indicated that they definitely would use a JITL system. They expressed a preference for learning interventions of 5-10 min in length. Current and recent radiology trainees have expressed a strong interest in just-in-time learning. The information from this survey should be useful in pursuing the design of learning interventions and systems for delivering just-in-time learning to radiologists.
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Dasgupta, Aritra; Lee, Joon-Yong; Wilson, Ryan; Lafrance, Robert A; Cramer, Nick; Cook, Kristin; Payne, Samuel
2017-01-01
Combining interactive visualization with automated analytical methods like statistics and data mining facilitates data-driven discovery. These visual analytic methods are beginning to be instantiated within mixed-initiative systems, where humans and machines collaboratively influence evidence-gathering and decision-making. But an open research question is that, when domain experts analyze their data, can they completely trust the outputs and operations on the machine-side? Visualization potentially leads to a transparent analysis process, but do domain experts always trust what they see? To address these questions, we present results from the design and evaluation of a mixed-initiative, visual analytics system for biologists, focusing on analyzing the relationships between familiarity of an analysis medium and domain experts' trust. We propose a trust-augmented design of the visual analytics system, that explicitly takes into account domain-specific tasks, conventions, and preferences. For evaluating the system, we present the results of a controlled user study with 34 biologists where we compare the variation of the level of trust across conventional and visual analytic mediums and explore the influence of familiarity and task complexity on trust. We find that despite being unfamiliar with a visual analytic medium, scientists seem to have an average level of trust that is comparable with the same in conventional analysis medium. In fact, for complex sense-making tasks, we find that the visual analytic system is able to inspire greater trust than other mediums. We summarize the implications of our findings with directions for future research on trustworthiness of visual analytic systems.
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Sorokowski, Piotr; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Fink, Bernhard; Mberira, Mara
2012-01-01
In Western societies women prefer relatively taller men as potential partners, whereas men prefer women to be slightly shorter than them. Here we report data on relative height preferences in a traditional ethnic group, i.e. the Himba, in which men and women do not show such a strong preference. Thus our data challenges the view of a universal preference for taller men, by suggesting that height preferences may be influenced by environmental and ecological condi...
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Estrategias de manejo en torno al VIH/SIDA a nivel familiar
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ROBERTO CASTRO
1997-01-01
Full Text Available Objetivo. Identificar los puntos críticos en la trayectoria de los familiares de personas VIH positivas y con SIDA, que pueden servir de base para desarrollar intervenciones educativas y de apoyo material y emocional por parte de las instituciones y asociaciones civiles cuya labor se vincula con esta enfermedad. Teoría y métodos. En 1995, se realizó una investigación cualitativa en Ciudad Netzahualcóyotl, Estado de México. Se aplicaron técnicas de diagnóstico rápido para definir el contexto socioeconómico, demográfico y cultural del VIH/SIDA en la comunidad; se realizaron 46 entrevistas a profundidad a enfermos de VIH/SIDA, sus familiares y miembros de su red social. Resultados. Se caracterizan los principales puntos de la respuesta familiar ante el VIH/SIDA, y se demuestra que es posible identificar puntos críticos en la respuesta familiar, así como las reacciones hacia sus miembros enfermos de VIH/SIDA. En Ciudad Netzahualcóyotl, el contexto familiar de pobreza, tradición migratoria y las condicionantes diferenciales de género fundamentan el apoyo y el rechazo en las relaciones familiares de las personas enfermas. El principal descubrimiento revela que las relaciones familiares para con la persona enferma son ambiguas, y pasan del apoyo al rechazo. Este patrón varía de acuerdo con la historia familiar y las condiciones de cada familia. Conclusiones. Se proponen algunas intervenciones específicas en salud necesarias para brindar apoyo a las familias con uno o más miembros infectados por el VIH/SIDA.Objective. To identify the critical points of the trajectories of the families of persons with AIDS which may serve as a basis to develop educational and support programs. Theory and methods. A qualitative investigation was conducted in 1995 in Ciudad Netzahualcóyotl, State of Mexico, Mexico. Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP were applied to determine the social, economic, demographic and cultural context of persons with HIV
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Christman, Stephen D.
2013-01-01
Research shows that strong right-handedness is associated with decreased cognitive flexibility and decreased tendencies to update beliefs, arising from decreased interhemispheric interaction. In the current study, strong right-handedness was associated with decreased overall liking of less popular musical genres (with the specific genres of…
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Caracterización de las relaciones familiares del anciano
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Tamara B Domínguez González
2001-10-01
Full Text Available El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las relaciones familiares del anciano a partir de su percepción, en el área de salud del Policlínico Docente "Reina" del municipio de Centro Habana. Se caracterizaron 144 ancianos que viven en familias multigeneracionales utilizando la prueba de relaciones familiares, la escala de depresión geriátrica de Yesavage, la escala de actividades instrumentadas de la vida diaria y un cuestionario confeccionado al efecto. Se obtuvo como resultado el predominio de las relaciones poco armónicas y disarmónicas, dificultades en la definición de los límites intergeneracionales, rigidez en la estructura jerárquica familiar y actitudes intolerantes hacia las características y comportamiento de los ancianos por parte de su familia. Igualmente se encontró una importante asociación entre el tipo de relaciones familiares percibidas por el anciano y las variables edad, estado emocional y capacidad físicaThe present paper is aimed at characterizing the elderly person’s family relations on the basis of his/her perception and is carried out in the health area of "Reina" teaching polyclinics in Centro Habana municipality. One-hundred and forty-four elderly persons who live in multi-generation families were characterized by using the family relation test, Yesavage´s geriatric depression scale, the daily life instrumented activities scale and a questionnaire. The results were the predominance of little harmonic or non-harmonic relations, difficulties in defining the inter-generation limits, rigid family hierarchical structure and intolerant attitudes toward the characteristics and behaviours of the elderly people on the part of their families. Likewise, there was a substantial linking of the type of family relations perceived by the elderly and the age, emotional condition and physical capability variables
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Familiarity Enhances Visual Working Memory for Faces
Jackson, Margaret C.; Raymond, Jane E.
2008-01-01
Although it is intuitive that familiarity with complex visual objects should aid their preservation in visual working memory (WM), empirical evidence for this is lacking. This study used a conventional change-detection procedure to assess visual WM for unfamiliar and famous faces in healthy adults. Across experiments, faces were upright or…
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Modulation of Brain Activity during Phonological Familiarization
Majerus, S.; Van der Linden, M.; Collette, F.; Laureys, S.; Poncelet, M.; Degueldre, C.; Delfiore, G.; Luxen, A.; Salmon, E.
2005-01-01
We measured brain activity in 12 adults for the repetition of auditorily presented words and nonwords, before and after repeated exposure to their phonological form. The nonword phoneme combinations were either of high (HF) or low (LF) phonotactic frequency. After familiarization, we observed, for both word and nonword conditions, decreased…
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GRUPO OPERATIVO FAMILIAR NA EQUOTERAPIA
Taborda, Cristina; da Costa, Greice Quelle; Monteiro, Mariliane Adriana
2011-01-01
Este trabalho versa sobre atividades terapêuticas no contexto do grupo operativo familiar realizado no Centro Missioneiro de Equoterapia Santo Ângelo Custódio, no período de 2009 a 2010, totalizando 40 sessões com 64 participantes. Apresentamos questões acerca do grupo operativo que tem como finalidade a psicoterapia focal, por meio de textos, brincadeiras, dinâmicas, cujos temas são planejados e sistematizados atendendo as necessidades dos pais e/ou cuidadores. A Equoterapia é um método tera...
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Familiar Music as an Enhancer of Self-Consciousness in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Arroyo-Anlló, Eva M.; Díaz, Juan Poveda; Gil, Roger
2013-01-01
The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of familiar music on self-consciousness (SC) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this purpose, two AD groups of 20 patients matched by age, educational level, gender, illness duration, and cognitive state were assessed using an SC questionnaire before and after music intervention. The SC questionnaire measured several aspects: personal identity, anosognosia, affective state, body representation, prospective memory, introspection and moral judgments. One AD group received familiar music stimulation and another AD group unfamiliar music stimulation over three months. The AD patients who received a familiar music intervention showed a stabilization or improvement in aspects of SC. By contrast, control AD group showed a deterioration of most of the SC aspects after unfamiliar music stimulation, except the SC aspects of body representation and affective state. Familiar music stimulation could be considered as an enhancer of SC in patients with Alzheimer's disease. PMID:24106716
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Long-term memory for odors: influences of familiarity and identification across 64 days.
Cornell Kärnekull, Stina; Jönsson, Fredrik U; Willander, Johan; Sikström, Sverker; Larsson, Maria
2015-05-01
Few studies have investigated long-term odor recognition memory, although some early observations suggested that the forgetting rate of olfactory representations is slower than for other sensory modalities. This study investigated recognition memory across 64 days for high and low familiar odors and faces. Memory was assessed in 83 young participants at 4 occasions; immediate, 4, 16, and 64 days after encoding. The results indicated significant forgetting for odors and faces across the 64 days. The forgetting functions for the 2 modalities were not fundamentally different. Moreover, high familiar odors and faces were better remembered than low familiar ones, indicating an important role of semantic knowledge on recognition proficiency for both modalities. Although odor recognition was significantly better than chance at the 64 days testing, memory for the low familiar odors was relatively poor. Also, the results indicated that odor identification consistency across sessions, irrespective of accuracy, was positively related to successful recognition. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press.
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Familiar music as an enhancer of self-consciousness in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Arroyo-Anlló, Eva M; Díaz, Juan Poveda; Gil, Roger
2013-01-01
The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of familiar music on self-consciousness (SC) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this purpose, two AD groups of 20 patients matched by age, educational level, gender, illness duration, and cognitive state were assessed using an SC questionnaire before and after music intervention. The SC questionnaire measured several aspects: personal identity, anosognosia, affective state, body representation, prospective memory, introspection and moral judgments. One AD group received familiar music stimulation and another AD group unfamiliar music stimulation over three months. The AD patients who received a familiar music intervention showed a stabilization or improvement in aspects of SC. By contrast, control AD group showed a deterioration of most of the SC aspects after unfamiliar music stimulation, except the SC aspects of body representation and affective state. Familiar music stimulation could be considered as an enhancer of SC in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Mujeres: Entre la autonomía y la vida familiar
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
America Tonantzin Becerra Romero
2018-01-01
Full Text Available La capacitación para el trabajo constituye una herramienta importante para las mujeres, ya que les permite estar en mejores condiciones para ingresar o mantenerse en el mundo laboral; sin embargo, ellas viven diversas tensiones al tratar de compaginar la vida familiar con la capacitación. Este texto es resultado de una investigación cualitativa basada en el método biográfico, diseñada para analizar el significado que tiene dicha capacitación en la vida personal, familiar y laboral de las mujeres. Entre los resultados se encontró, que el incremento en su formación no ha modificado sustancialmente la visión tradicional sobre las funciones sociales de las mujeres y los hombres, pero las ayuda a impulsar su autonomía personal y económica, sin renunciar a sus responsabiliades reproductivas y familiares. Las mujeres asignan valor tanto al ámbito doméstico como al público, y los consideran como espacios diferenciados que es necesario concertar.
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The effects of tempo and familiarity on children's affective interpretation of music.
Mote, Jasmine
2011-06-01
When and how does one learn to associate emotion with music? This study attempted to address this issue by examining whether preschool children use tempo as a cue in determining whether a song is happy or sad. Instrumental versions of children's songs were played at different tempos to adults and children ages 3 to 5 years. Familiar and unfamiliar songs were used to examine whether familiarity affected children's identification of emotion in music. The results indicated that adults, 4 year olds and 5 year olds rated fast songs as significantly happier than slow songs. However, 3 year olds failed to rate fast songs differently than slow songs at above-chance levels. Familiarity did not significantly affect children's identification of happiness and sadness in music.
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Using guitar learning to probe the Action Observation Network's response to visuomotor familiarity.
Gardner, Tom; Aglinskas, Aidas; Cross, Emily S
2017-08-01
Watching other people move elicits engagement of a collection of sensorimotor brain regions collectively termed the Action Observation Network (AON). An extensive literature documents more robust AON responses when observing or executing familiar compared to unfamiliar actions, as well as a positive correlation between amplitude of AON response and an observer's familiarity with an observed or executed movement. On the other hand, emerging evidence shows patterns of AON activity counter to these findings, whereby in some circumstances, unfamiliar actions lead to greater AON engagement than familiar actions. In an attempt to reconcile these conflicting findings, some have proposed that the relationship between AON response amplitude and action familiarity is nonlinear in nature. In the present study, we used an elaborate guitar training intervention to probe the relationship between movement familiarity and AON engagement during action execution and action observation tasks. Participants underwent fMRI scanning while executing one set of guitar sequences with a scanner-compatible bass guitar and observing a second set of sequences. Participants then acquired further physical practice or observational experience with half of these stimuli outside the scanner across 3 days. Participants then returned for an identical scanning session, wherein they executed and observed equal numbers of familiar (trained) and unfamiliar (untrained) guitar sequences. Via region of interest analyses, we extracted activity within AON regions engaged during both scanning sessions, and then fit linear, quadratic and cubic regression models to these data. The data best support the cubic regression models, suggesting that the response profile within key sensorimotor brain regions associated with the AON respond to action familiarity in a nonlinear manner. Moreover, by probing the subjective nature of the prediction error signal, we show results consistent with a predictive coding account of
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Four-year-old Children Align their Preferences with those of their Peers
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Laura Hennefield
2017-07-01
Full Text Available Children express preferences for a wide range of options, such as objects, and frequently observe the preferences that others express towards these things. However, little is know about how these initial preferences develop. The present research investigated whether one particular type of social information – other children’s preferences – influences children’s own preferences. Four-year-old children observed, via video, two boys and two girls display the same preference for one of two stickers. Each child (peer expressed liking for one sticker and dislike for the other. Then children completed two rounds of the Dictator Game, a classic resource distribution task. In each round, children distributed either 10 'liked' stickers or 10 'disliked' stickers (counterbalanced between themselves and another child who was not present. If the preferences expressed by their peers influenced children’s own preferences, children should keep more of the 'liked' than 'disliked' stickers for themselves. In line with this prediction, more children kept more liked than disliked stickers, indicating their distribution patterns were influenced by their peers’ preferences. This finding suggests that children extracted informational content about the value of the stickers from their peers and used that information to guide their own preferences. Children might also have aligned their preferences with those of their peers to facilitate social bonding and group membership. This research demonstrates the strong influence of peers on children’s developing preferences, and reveals the effect of peer influence via video – a medium that young children are frequently exposed to but often struggle to learn from in other contexts.
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Food Preferences, Beliefs and Practices of Southeast Asian Refugee Adolescents.
Story, Mary; Harris, Linda J.
1988-01-01
Results from a study of 207 Southeast Asian refugee high school students indicate that these students have maintained strong ties to their native foods and traditional meal patterns. Cambodian, Vietnamese, and Hmong students showed varying degrees of nutritional awareness. Implications of beliefs, preferences, and practices for nutrition education…
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Cambio Social y dinámica familiar
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mercedes Gonzales de la Rocha
1999-10-01
Full Text Available El artículo aborda algunos de los más relevantes cambios en la organización social de las familias urbanas en México y plantea la importancia de analizar los grupos familiares que difieren el modelo tradicional (nuclear, basado en la figura del hombre adulto proveedor.
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Bodystorming: effects of collaboration and familiarity on improvising contemporary dance.
Stevens, Catherine J; Leach, James
2015-09-01
In contemporary dance, cognitive events are not necessarily restricted "to the skin or skull of an individual" (Hutchins in Int Encycl Soc Behav Sci 2068-2072, 2001) but distributed across dancers during collaborative improvisation. There is some experimental evidence of greater output when people perform problem-solving tasks alone. However, when a task is challenging and paired participants are familiar with each other, pairwise and emergent outcomes are more plentiful than solo outcomes. We investigate these factors in the context of dance with the broad hypothesis that innovation is enhanced when dancers improvise together compared with when they improvise alone. Dancers (N = 10) in a professional company improvised for 2 min alone and then with another dancer. Dancer familiarity (familiar, unfamiliar) and task (expressive, non-expressive) were crossed (within-subjects). The improvisations were video-recorded over 2 h in the dancers' usual improvisation space. After each improvisation, the dancers: stated the number of movement ideas expressed and rated task ease, satisfaction, interest, novelty, originality and clarity. In both tasks, there was a tendency for self-report of a greater number of movement ideas expressed in familiar and unfamiliar pairs than alone. Ratings of task ease, satisfaction, interest, clarity, etc. were slightly higher in the unfamiliar pair condition. In the non-expressive task, ratings of the task were higher in pairs (M = 3.02, SD 0.82) than in the solo (M = 2.67, SD 0.96) condition. Distributed creativity, relational cognition and social facilitation are used to interpret the results.
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The Comprehension of Familiar and Novel Metaphoric Meanings in Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
Rapp, Alexander M.; Felsenheimer, Anne K.; Langohr, Karin; Klupp, Magdalena
2018-01-01
Miscomprehension of nonliteral (“figurative”) language like metaphors, proverbs, idioms, and ironic expressions by patients with schizophrenia is a phenomenon mentioned already in historical psychiatric descriptions. However, it was only recently that studies did differentiate between novel and conventional metaphors, a factor that is known to influence the difficulty of comprehension in healthy subjects. Further, familiarity with stimuli is an important factor for comprehension, which was not recommended in utmost previous studies. In this study, 23 patients with DSM IV schizophrenia and 19 healthy control subjects performed a newly-developed German metaphor comprehension test with three types of stimuli: novel metaphors, conventional German metaphors, and meaningless statements. During the test procedure, participants indicated familiarity with the stimulus and then matched the meaning with one out of four given alternatives. Familiarity rankings did not significantly differ between patients and control subjects. However, on descriptive level, there was a tendency for healthy controls to be more familiar with conventional metaphors than schizophrenic patients. Further, comprehension of conventional and novel metaphors differed significantly between the groups, with higher performance in healthy controls. Considering only those metaphors that had been ranked as familiar, patients only revealed significant lower performance opposed to controls regarding novel metaphors, while they did not differ in conventional metaphors. Taken together, the results indicate that patients with schizophrenia might show an altered way of comprehension in novel metaphors, leading to more misunderstandings. However, their previously reported impairments in conventional metaphors might rather be due to a lack of familiarity with the stimuli—making conventional metaphors to novel metaphors in the individual case. PMID:29354082
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The Comprehension of Familiar and Novel Metaphoric Meanings in Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
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Alexander M. Rapp
2018-01-01
Full Text Available Miscomprehension of nonliteral (“figurative” language like metaphors, proverbs, idioms, and ironic expressions by patients with schizophrenia is a phenomenon mentioned already in historical psychiatric descriptions. However, it was only recently that studies did differentiate between novel and conventional metaphors, a factor that is known to influence the difficulty of comprehension in healthy subjects. Further, familiarity with stimuli is an important factor for comprehension, which was not recommended in utmost previous studies. In this study, 23 patients with DSM IV schizophrenia and 19 healthy control subjects performed a newly-developed German metaphor comprehension test with three types of stimuli: novel metaphors, conventional German metaphors, and meaningless statements. During the test procedure, participants indicated familiarity with the stimulus and then matched the meaning with one out of four given alternatives. Familiarity rankings did not significantly differ between patients and control subjects. However, on descriptive level, there was a tendency for healthy controls to be more familiar with conventional metaphors than schizophrenic patients. Further, comprehension of conventional and novel metaphors differed significantly between the groups, with higher performance in healthy controls. Considering only those metaphors that had been ranked as familiar, patients only revealed significant lower performance opposed to controls regarding novel metaphors, while they did not differ in conventional metaphors. Taken together, the results indicate that patients with schizophrenia might show an altered way of comprehension in novel metaphors, leading to more misunderstandings. However, their previously reported impairments in conventional metaphors might rather be due to a lack of familiarity with the stimuli—making conventional metaphors to novel metaphors in the individual case.
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The effect of exercise-induced arousal on chosen tempi for familiar melodies.
Jakubowski, Kelly; Halpern, Andrea R; Grierson, Mick; Stewart, Lauren
2015-04-01
Many previous studies have shown that arousal affects time perception, suggesting a direct influence of arousal on the speed of the pacemaker of the internal clock. However, it is unknown whether arousal influences the mental representation of tempo (speed) for highly familiar and complex stimuli, such as well-known melodies, that have long-term representations in memory. Previous research suggests that mental representations of the tempo of familiar melodies are stable over time; the aim of the present study was to investigate whether these representations can be systematically altered via an increase in physiological arousal. Participants adjusted the tempo of 14 familiar melodies in real time until they found a tempo that matched their internal representation of the appropriate tempo for that piece. The task was carried out before and after a physiologically arousing (exercise) or nonarousing (anagrams) manipulation. Participants completed this task both while hearing the melodies aloud and while imagining them. Chosen tempi increased significantly following exercise-induced arousal, regardless of whether a melody was heard aloud or imagined. These findings suggest that a change in internal clock speed affects temporal judgments even for highly familiar and complex stimuli such as music.
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Masahiro eKawasaki
2012-11-01
Full Text Available Subjective preferences affect many processes, including motivation, along with individual differences. Although incentive motivations are proposed to increase our limited visual working memory (VWM capacity, much less is known about the effects of subjective preferences on VWM-related brain systems, such as the prefrontal and parietal cortices. Here, we investigate the differences in VWM capacities and brain activities during presentation of preferred and non-preferred colors. To this end, we used time-frequency analyses of electroencephalograph (EEG data recorded during a delayed-response task. Behavioral results showed that the individual VWM capacities of preferred colors were significantly higher than those of non-preferred colors. The EEG results showed that the frontal theta and beta amplitudes for maintenance of preferred colors were higher than those of non-preferred colors. Interestingly, the frontal beta amplitudes were consistent with recent EEG recordings of the effects of reward on VWM systems, in that they were strongly and individually correlated with increasing VWM capacities from non-preferred to preferred colors. These results suggest that subjective preferences affect VWM systems in a similar manner to reward-incentive motivations.
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Niños y niñas como cuidadores familiares
María Rosa Estupiñán Aponte
2015-01-01
En el contexto familiar, el cuidado de otra persona por parte de niños y niñas constituye un terreno inexplorado tanto en su significado como en las implicaciones que podrían darse en el proceso. Aunque históricamente se ha asignado el cuidado familiar a las mujeres generando condiciones de inequidad, incrementada con los cambios sociales de los últimos tiempos, es necesario reconocer que en muchos hogares niños y niñas se han visto obligados a desempeñar esta labor sin la preparación ni las ...
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Effect of familiarity on reward anticipation in children with and without autism spectrum disorders.
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Katherine K M Stavropoulos
Full Text Available Previous research on the reward system in autism spectrum disorders (ASD suggests that children with ASD anticipate and process social rewards differently than typically developing (TD children--but has focused on the reward value of unfamiliar face stimuli. Children with ASD process faces differently than their TD peers. Previous research has focused on face processing of unfamiliar faces, but less is known about how children with ASD process familiar faces. The current study investigated how children with ASD anticipate rewards accompanied by familiar versus unfamiliar faces.The stimulus preceding negativity (SPN of the event-related potential (ERP was utilized to measure reward anticipation. Participants were 6- to 10-year-olds with (N = 14 and without (N = 14 ASD. Children were presented with rewards accompanied by incidental face or non-face stimuli that were either familiar (caregivers or unfamiliar. All non-face stimuli were composed of scrambled face elements in the shape of arrows, controlling for visual properties.No significant differences between familiar versus unfamiliar faces were found for either group. When collapsing across familiarity, TD children showed larger reward anticipation to face versus non-face stimuli, whereas children with ASD did not show differential responses to these stimulus types. Magnitude of reward anticipation to faces was significantly correlated with behavioral measures of social impairment in the ASD group.The findings do not provide evidence for differential reward anticipation for familiar versus unfamiliar face stimuli in children with or without ASD. These findings replicate previous work suggesting that TD children anticipate rewards accompanied by social stimuli more than rewards accompanied by non-social stimuli. The results do not support the idea that familiarity normalizes reward anticipation in children with ASD. Our findings also suggest that magnitude of reward anticipation to faces is
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The Price of Fame: The Impact of Stimulus Familiarity on Proactive Interference Resolution
Prabhakaran, Ranjani; Thompson-Schill, Sharon L.
2011-01-01
Interference from previously learned information, known as proactive interference (PI), limits our memory retrieval abilities. Previous studies of PI resolution have focused on the role of short-term familiarity, or recency, in causing PI. In the present study, we investigated the impact of long-term stimulus familiarity on PI resolution…
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Funcionamiento familiar y consumo de sustancias en adolescentes: el rol mediador de la autoestima
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Teresa I. Jiménez
2008-01-01
Full Text Available En el presente estudio ex post facto se analizan las relaciones directas e indirectas entre el funcionamiento familiar, la autoestima considerada desde una perspectiva multidimensional (autoestima familiar, escolar, social y física y el consumo de sustancias en una muestra de 414 adolescentes. Para el análisis de datos se utilizan matrices de correlaciones bivariadas, el cálculo de ecuaciones estructurales y se sigue el procedimiento de análisis de efectos mediadores. Los resultados muestran que las distintas dimensiones de la autoestima median conjuntamente el 82% de la relación entre el funcionamiento familiar y el consumo de sustancias de los adolescentes. Además, se observa, por un lado, un efecto protector de las autoestimas familiar y escolar frente a la implicación en el consumo de sustancias y, por otro, un efecto de riesgo de las autoestimas social y física. Finalmente, se discute el rol de la autoestima como un mediador para determinadas influencias del contexto familiar y como un recurso psicosocial paradójico en relación con el consumo de sustancias en la edad adolescente.
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Expósito-Granados, Mónica; De La Cruz, Carlos; Parejo, Deseada; Valencia, Juliana; Alarcos, Susana; Avilés, Jesús M
2016-10-01
Individuals within animal groups may differ in personality and degree of familiarity raising the question of how this influences their social interactions. In Iberian magpies Cyanopica cooki, a portion of first-year males engage in cooperative behaviours and dispersal, allowing addressing this question. In this study, we first investigate the relationship between colony familiarity (native versus foreign) and reproductive status (breeding versus helping) of males during 21 years. Secondly, we measure the exploratory behaviour and monitor reproductive status of a sample of individuals with different colony familiarity during 2 years. Long-term monitoring revealed that foreign individuals were more likely breeders. The analysis on the subset of individuals in which exploratory behaviour was measured revealed a mediatory effect of exploratory behaviour in the association between colony familiarity and helping behaviour. Specifically, among foreign individuals, higher explorative males were more frequently involved in helping behaviour than lower explorative ones. Conversely, among native males, breeders were more explorative than helpers. Our results suggest that aspects of personality may mediate the value of familiarity in reproductive tasks in social species. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Ideación suicida, funcionalidad familiar y consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de Colombia
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Ingrid Forero
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Estudio no experimental, de tipo descriptivo, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre ideación suicida, funcionalidad familiar y consumo de alcohol en 289 adolescentes (126 hombres y 163 mujeres estudiantes de colegios públicos de Tunja - Colombia, con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 17 años, efectuado mediante el Inventario de Ideación Suicida Positiva y Negativa (Pansi, el cuestionario Apgar familiar, y el cuestionario de identificación de trastornos debidos al consumo de alcohol (Audit. Los resultados indican que el 30% de los individuos participantes refirieron un nivel alto de ideación suicida, el 67% un buen funcionamiento familiar, y el 84% consumo de alcohol de bajo riesgo; así mismo, identificamos una asociación mayor entre ideación suicida y el tipo de funcionalidad familiar grave.
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Son preference in a rural village in North Vietnam.
Bélanger, Danièle
2002-12-01
This article explores the continuing preference for sons in the context of low fertility in Vietnam. Although the total fertility rate for Vietnam declined from 6.0 children per woman of reproductive age in 1979 to 2.2 children in 1998, demographic evidence shows that son preference remains strong and influences contraceptive and fertility behavior. This study examines the underlying factors for son preference in a rural village in North Vietnam. The methodology includes focus-group discussions, an in-depth study of 25 families, and ethnographic observation. Results indicate that sons are highly desired for their social, symbolic, and economic value. In spite of four decades of socialist policies aimed at reducing gender-based inequalities and at weakening the patriarchal kinship system, the desire for sons continues to drive the family-building process. The article also indicates a gap between discourse and social practice with respect to roles assigned to children on the basis of their sex.
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Relationships between food neophobia and food intake and preferences
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jaeger, S. R.; Rasmussen, Morten Arendt; Prescott, J.
2017-01-01
and preference data, in each case the food items were condensed into patterns described in terms of the foods/beverages with highest factor loadings. We then determined the impact of season and participant age, gender, education and income on these factors, as well as the interaction of these variables with FN......Food neophobia (FN) has been shown to be a strong influence on food preferences using primarily small data sets. This has limited the explanatory power of FN and the extent to which it can be related to other factors that influence food choice. To address these limitations, we collected Food...... Neophobia Scale data from 1167 adults from New Zealand over a 45-month period. Participants also completed a 112-item food preference questionnaire and a self-report 24 h, a 145 item food intake recall survey, and the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ). As a way of providing a structure to the food intake...
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Measuring stroke patients’ exercise preferences using a discrete choice experiment
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Wolfgang Geidl
2018-03-01
Full Text Available Physical activity post stroke improves health, yet physical inactivity is highly prevalent. Tailored exercise programs considering physical activity preferences are a promising approach to promote physical activity. Therefore, this study seeks to measure exercise preferences of stroke survivors. Stroke survivors conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE. DCE was presented in a face-to-face interview where patients had to choose eight times between two different exercise programs. Exercise programs differed by characteristics, with the six attributes under consideration being social situation, location, type of exercise, intensity, frequency, and duration. Utilities of the exercise attributes were estimated with a logit choice model. Stroke survivors (n=103, mean age: 67, SD=13.0; 60% male show significant differences in the rated utilities of the exercise attributes (P<0.001. Participants had strong preferences for light and moderate intense physical activity and favored shorter exercise sessions. Stroke survivors have remarkable exercise preferences especially for intensity and duration of exercise. Results contribute to the tailoring of physical activity programs after stroke thereby facilitating maintenance of physical activity.
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Planificación familiar en el climaterio
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Marianela de la C Prendes Labrada
2000-01-01
Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en la consulta de planificación familiar de Santos Suárez en el período de 1 año a partir de abril de 1998. La muestra la conformó el total de mujeres mayores de 35 años que acudieron por primera vez a la consulta de planificación familiar, a las que se les llenó un cuestionario. Los datos se procesaron con el cálculo porcentual. Se concluyó que la asistencia de las mujeres mayores de 35 años a la consulta de planificación familiar fue baja; predominaron las que tienen unión estable (82,6 %, nivel de escolaridad preuniversitario (60,9 % y trabajadoras (69,6 %; la presencia de otros factores de riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional diferentes a la edad fue baja (39,12 % y la mayoría seleccionó los dispositivos intrauterinos y los anticonceptivos hormonales inyectables sólo de progestina.A descriptive study was carried out in the family planning department of Santos Suárez for 1 year, since April 1998. The sample consisted in the total amount of women over 35 years old, who for the first time attended the family planning department and filled out a questionaire. Data were processed by the percentage calculation. It was concluded that the attendance of women over 35 years old to the family planning department was low. There was a predominance of those women with a stable union (82.6 %, pre-universitary educational level (60.9 %, and working women (69.6 %. The existence of other preconception reproductive risk factors different from age was low (39.12 % and the majority chose the intrauterine devices and the injectable contraceptives containing only progrestational hormones.
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Tentativa de suicidio y apgar familiar modificado
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Bárbara de la C Santos Céspedes
1997-08-01
Full Text Available Se estudian 50 pacientes con tentativa de suicidio durante 1993 en el área de salud del Policlínico "Josué País García" del Centro Urbano "Abel Santamaría" de Santiago de Cuba, mediante el Apgar familiar modificado, instrumento que mide el grado de funcionamiento familiar, adaptado después de estudios pilotos en la misma población. Las categorías adaptación, relación, desarrollo, efecto y convivencia, así como el resultado general del Apgar, demostraron que la dinámica familiar de las personas investigadas fue significativamente desfavorable, hallazgos que se validaron por las técnicas estadísticas convencionales. Este trabajo propone la investigación del fenómeno del suicidio con la perspectiva del enfoque sistémico de la familia y el individuo, modelo que se escapa a la tradición médica, el cual se considera importante como instrumento para los médicos de la familia.50 patients who attempted suicide in 1993 at the health area of the "Josué País García" Polyclinic from the "Abel Santamaría" Urban Center, in Santiago de Cuba, were studied by using the modified family Apgar, a tool that measures the family functioning degree, adaptation, relation, development, effect, and living together categories, as well as the Apgar's general result, showed that the family dynamics of the persons investigated was significantly unfavourable. These findings were validated by the conventional statistical techniques. This paper recommends the investigation of the sucide phenomenon with the perspective of the systemic approach of the family and the individual, a model hat escapes as an important tool for family physicians.
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Rhesus monkeys see who they hear: spontaneous cross-modal memory for familiar conspecifics.
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Ikuma Adachi
Full Text Available Rhesus monkeys gather much of their knowledge of the social world through visual input and may preferentially represent this knowledge in the visual modality. Recognition of familiar faces is clearly advantageous, and the flexibility and utility of primate social memory would be greatly enhanced if visual memories could be accessed cross-modally either by visual or auditory stimulation. Such cross-modal access to visual memory would facilitate flexible retrieval of the knowledge necessary for adaptive social behavior. We tested whether rhesus monkeys have cross-modal access to visual memory for familiar conspecifics using a delayed matching-to-sample procedure. Monkeys learned visual matching of video clips of familiar individuals to photographs of those individuals, and generalized performance to novel videos. In crossmodal probe trials, coo-calls were played during the memory interval. The calls were either from the monkey just seen in the sample video clip or from a different familiar monkey. Even though the monkeys were trained exclusively in visual matching, the calls influenced choice by causing an increase in the proportion of errors to the picture of the monkey whose voice was heard on incongruent trials. This result demonstrates spontaneous cross-modal recognition. It also shows that viewing videos of familiar monkeys activates naturally formed memories of real monkeys, validating the use of video stimuli in studies of social cognition in monkeys.
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Rastreo de familiares de una paciente con miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva
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Eliza Kaori Uenishi
2018-01-01
Conclusión: Con el estudio de los familiares de la paciente índice se logró descubrir la afectación de esta enfermedad en 2 familiares de primer grado y en 2 familiares de segundo grado, con predominancia para el sexo masculino (3:1; en la paciente femenina se encontró, además, hipertensión arterial y miocardiopatía hipertrófica asociadas a fibrilación auricular. Ninguno de ellos tuvo historia personal de síncope o resucitación de muerte súbita.
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Zahr, Rola; Sibeko, Lindiwe
2017-03-01
A quasi-experimental study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Project CHEF, a hands-on cooking and tasting program offered in Vancouver public schools, on students' food preferences, cooking skills, and confidence. Grade 4 and 5 students in an intervention group (n = 68) and a comparison group (n = 32) completed a survey at baseline and 2 to 3 weeks later. Students who participated in Project CHEF reported an increased familiarity and preference for the foods introduced through the program. This was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) for broccoli, swiss chard, carrots, and quinoa. A higher percentage of students exposed to Project CHEF reported a statistically significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in: cutting vegetables and fruit (97% vs 81%), measuring ingredients (67% vs 44%), using a knife (94% vs 82%), and making a balanced meal on their own (69% vs 34%). They also reported a statistically significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in confidence making the recipes introduced in the program: fruit salad (85% vs 81%), minestrone soup (25% vs 10%), and vegetable tofu stir fry (39% vs 26%). Involving students in hands-on cooking and tasting programs can increase their preferences for unpopular or unfamiliar foods and provide them with the skills and cooking confidence they need to prepare balanced meals.
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Luecke, Ellen H; Cheng, Helen; Woeber, Kubashni; Nakyanzi, Teopista; Mudekunye-Mahaka, Imelda C; van der Straten, Ariane
2016-01-01
-administration, and degree of familiarity with product. While there was interest in a variety of potential PrEP product formulations, a majority of VOICE-D participants preferred long-acting methods. More research is needed to gain insight into end-users' product formulation preference to inform messaging and market segmentation for different PrEP products and resources to invest in products that target populations are most interested in using. NCT02358616.
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CRIANÇAS DEPENDENTES DE TECNOLOGIA: DESVELANDO A REALIDADE DO CUIDADOR FAMILIAR
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Muriel Fernanda de Lima
2013-01-01
Full Text Available Estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, con objetivo de comprender el proceso de cuidar de niño tecnológicamente dependiente, desde la perspectiva del cuidador familiar preferencial y describir los puntos fuertes y debilidades de la familia en el proceso de atención. Fueron realizadas entrevista semiestructuradas con nueve familiares que viven en Maringá, Paraná, Brasil, en el primer semestre de 2012. Los datos se analizaron basados en el análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Se identificó que la atención se centra en la figura de la madre, que pasa por un proceso continuo de aprendizaje, luchando con sentimientos como miedo e inseguridad en la prestación de cuidados. El proceso de atención impuso cambios en la rutina familiar, destacándose la importancia del apoyo del equipo de salud para orientar y aclarar dudas, así como adopción de otras estrategias de afrontamiento de esta nueva rutina.
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Regenwetter, Michel; Dana, Jason; Davis-Stober, Clintin P.
2011-01-01
Transitivity of preferences is a fundamental principle shared by most major contemporary rational, prescriptive, and descriptive models of decision making. To have transitive preferences, a person, group, or society that prefers choice option "x" to "y" and "y" to "z" must prefer "x" to…
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Leadership Preferences of Adolescent Players in Sport: Influence of Coach Gender.
Cruz, Angelita B; Kim, Hyun-Duck
2017-06-01
The authors investigated the coaching behavior preferences and the relationships of these preferences with variables such as gender, type of sport, playing experience, competitive level, and coach gender among young athletes in the national badminton league. Participants were 167 elementary and high school badminton players (91 girls and 76 boys; age range = 9-18 years; M = 13.5 (SD = 2.22) years) competing in the badminton event of a national league. Players' preferences for coaching behavior were measured using athlete preference version of the LSS to evaluate the five dimensions of leadership behavior in a sporting context. Notably, young athletes strongly preferred training and instruction, followed by positive feedback, democratic behavior, social support, and autocratic behavior. An interaction effect of athlete and coach gender on the leadership dimensions of democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, and social support was found. Male athletes with female coaches preferred more democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, and social support behavior than did those with male coaches. Conversely, female players with male coaches favored more democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, and social support than did those with female coaches. This study provides valuable insight into understanding the dynamics of sport leadership environments among young athletes, and how crucial is the role of coach's gender in the athlete-coach dyad interaction.
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Arranjos familiares de crianças das camadas populares
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Amazonas Maria Cristina Lopes de Almeida
2003-01-01
Full Text Available Esta pesquisa estudou o funcionamento e os arranjos familiares de crianças de uma escola pública da cidade do Recife. A amostra se constituiu de 100 pessoas, sendo 50 adultos (pais ou responsáveis pelas crianças e 50 crianças de 06 a 11 anos. Foram utilizados como instrumento a Entrevista do Genograma e o Desenho da Família com Estória. Os resultados mostram vários tipos de arranjos familiares entre estas crianças, predominando a família nuclear. Quanto ao funcionamento, a maioria dessas famílias se organiza em torno de mulheres, sendo as figuras masculinas fragilizadas pelo desemprego, uso de álcool ou outras drogas.
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Margarita Ramírez-Amaro
2014-05-01
Conclusiones: Se encontró que la disfunción familiar y la familia monoparental fueron los factores familiares que más se asociaron a la presencia de codependencia en las enfermeras de un hospital; por lo tanto, al poder identificar estos factores, nosotros como médicos familiares podremos mejorar su dinámica y funcionalidad a través de nuestro estudio familiar, facilitando una comunicación eficaz con el personal de enfermería y sus familias.
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Guadalupe Fuentes-Lombardo
2011-11-01
Full Text Available Objeto: Determinar cuál es la dotación de recursos intangibles que presentan las empresas del sector vitivinícola español, como fuente de ventaja competitiva en el desarrollo de su estrategia internacional. Estudio exploratorio del impacto que los diferentes recursos intangibles de las bodegas españolas tienen sobre el grado de desarrollo de su estrategia internacional: diferencias en función del carácter familiar o no de las mismas.Diseño/metodología/enfoque: Estudio empírico cuantitativo de carácter básicamente descriptivo a partir del análisis de la información recogida en cuestionarios realizados a directivos de bodegas, familiares y no familiares españolas, representativas del sector en el contexto nacional.Aportaciones y resultados: La dotación de los recursos intangibles que presentan las empresas del sector vitivinícola español, como fuente de la ventaja competitiva en su expansión internacional, varía en relación al tipo de recursos analizados (tecnológicos, humanos, organizativos y relacionales y, en algunos aspectos, en relación al carácter familiar o no de la empresa.Limitaciones: El hecho de haber concentrado todo el estudio en un único sector económico. Un estudio similar en otros sectores industriales podría ofrecer resultados distintos a los obtenidos en este trabajo. Implicaciones prácticas: Se señalan los principales retos a alcanzar por las empresas vitivinícolas españolas, en relación a su dotación de recursos intangibles, para reforzar y fortalecer su posición competitiva en el mercado internacional. Implicaciones sociales: Este estudio señala cómo podrían distintos organismos e instituciones, relacionados con el sector, de carácter público o privado, ayudar a las empresas a alcanzar los retos que se plantean. De igual manera orienta sobre cuáles y en qué medida han de ser aplicadas las políticas sobre recursos intangibles en este sector.Valor añadido: Pese a existir numerosos datos
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Triana-Del Rio, Rodrigo; Tecamachaltzi-Silvarán, Miriam B; Díaz-Estrada, Victor X; Herrera-Covarrubias, Deissy; Corona-Morales, Aleph A; Pfaus, James G; Coria-Avila, Genaro A
2015-04-15
Conditioned same-sex partner preference can develop in male rats that undergo cohabitation under the effects of quinpirole (QNP, D2 agonist). Herein, we assessed the development of conditioned same-sex social/sexual preference in males that received either nothing, saline, QNP, oxytocin (OT), or QNP+OT during cohabitation with another male (+) or single-caged (-). This resulted in the following groups: (1) Intact-, (2) Saline+, (3) QNP-, (4) OT-, (5) QNP+, (6) OT+ and (7) QNP/OT+. Cohabitation occurred during 24h in a clean cage with a male partner that bore almond scent on the back as conditioned stimulus. This was repeated every 4 days for a total of three trials. Social and sexual preference were assessed four days after the last conditioning trial in a drug-free test in which experimental males chose between the scented familiar male and a novel sexually receptive female. Results showed that males from groups Intact-, Saline+, QNP- and OT- displayed a clear preference for the female (opposite-sex), whereas groups QNP+, OT+ and QNP/OT+ displayed socio/sexual preference for the male partner (same-sex). In Experiment 2, the brains were processed for Nissl dye and the area size of two sexually dimorphic nuclei (SDN-POA and SON) was compared between groups. Males from groups OT-, OT+ and QNP/OT+ expressed a smaller SDN-POA and groups QNP+ and QNP/OT+ expressed a larger SON. Accordingly, conditioned same-sex social/sexual partner preference can develop during cohabitation under enhanced D2 or OT activity but such preference does not depend on the area size of those sexually dimorphic nuclei. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Effect of Familiar Olfactory Stimulus on Responses to Blood Sampling Pain in Neonates
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A. Sadathosseini
2011-04-01
Full Text Available Introduction & Objective: Pain in neonates can lead to various risks. So, it seems essential to find a simple, safe, and acceptable method for relieving pain. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of olfactory stimuli (familiar and unfamiliar on physiological and behavioral responses to the pain of arterial blood draws in term neonates. Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, according to the conditions of the study 135 term neonates were chosen by convenience sampling and were assigned to three groups. During the procedure, familiar odor group was presented with the vanilla smell with which they had been familiarized prior to the procedure for 9 hours. Unfamiliar odor group was presented with the vanilla smell to which they had not been previously exposed, and the control group was presented with no odor. The heart rate and O2 saturation levels were measured before, after inserting and after removing the needle. Also, their cry duration was measured from onset until a crying free interval of more than five seconds. Results: The infants exposed to the familiar odor cried significantly less during the procedure compared to the unfamiliar odor and no odor group (P<0.001. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference in the heart rate among the groups after inserting and removing the needle and in the O2 saturation rate after inserting the needle. The O2 saturation rate was significantly higher in the familiar odor group compared with the other groups (p<0.05 after the needle removal. Conclusion: A familiar odor is effective in reducing crying during arterial blood draws in neonates, but does not affect on physiological parameters. (Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2011;18(1:10-19
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Teammate Familiarity, Teamwork, and Risk of Workplace Injury in Emergency Medical Services Teams.
Hughes, Ashley M; Patterson, P Daniel; Weaver, Matthew D; Gregory, Megan E; Sonesh, Shirley C; Landsittel, Douglas P; Krackhardt, David; Hostler, David; Lazzara, Elizabeth H; Wang, Xiao; Vena, John E; Salas, Eduardo; Yealy, Donald M
2017-07-01
Increased teammate familiarity in emergency medical services (EMS) promotes development of positive teamwork and protects against workplace injury. Measures were collected using archival shift records, workplace injury data, and cross-sectional surveys from a nationally representative sample of 14 EMS agencies employing paramedics, prehospital nurses, and other EMS clinicians. One thousand EMS clinicians were selected at random to complete a teamwork survey for each of their recent partnerships and tested the hypothesized role of teamwork as a mediator in the relationship between teammate familiarity and injury with the PROCESS macro. We received 2566 completed surveys from 333 clinicians, of which 297 were retained. Mean participation was 40.5% (standard deviation [SD] = 20.5%) across EMS agencies. Survey respondents were primarily white (93.8%), male (67.3%), and ranged between 21-62 years of age (M = 37.4, SD = 9.7). Seventeen percent were prehospital nurses. Respondents worked a mean of 3 shifts with recent teammates in the 8 weeks preceding the survey (M = 3.06, SD = 4.4). We examined data at the team level, which suggest positive views of teamwork (M = 5.92, SD = 0.69). Our hypothesis that increased teammate familiarity protects against adverse safety outcomes through development of positive teamwork was not supported. Teamwork factor Partner Adaptability and Backup Behavior is a likely mediator (odds ratio = 1.03, P = .05). When dyad familiarity is high and there are high levels of backup behavior, the likelihood of injury is increased. The relationship between teammate familiarity and outcomes is complex. Teammate adaptation and backup behavior is a likely mediator of this relationship in EMS teams with greater familiarity. Copyright © 2017 Emergency Nurses Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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“Trezentas mil implicações”: possibilidades familiares em uma pesquisa sobre conjugalidade
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rafael Reis Luz
2017-01-01
Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1807-1384.2017v14n1p152 Este artigo consiste em um recorte de minha pesquisa de Mestrado, na qual investiguei a experiência da conjugalidade homossexual a partir de entrevistas com quatro casais, tendo como referenciais teóricos os estudos queer. No presente texto, parto de recentes contribuições sobre parentesco de Marilyn Strathern (2005/2015, especialmente suas discussões sobre parentalidade e demais relações familiares, para apresentar as narrativas de um dos casais de mulheres entrevistadas e pensar os (desencontros entre certa ordem familiar instituída e novos arranjos familiares. Dentre as muitas expectativas, planos e dilemas, observamos que, no tocante à geração de filhos, são temidos os questionamentos da família de origem quanto à identificação e inclusão do genitor na rede familiar, à orientação sexual das mães etc. O discurso do casal aponta para uma complexa trama que envolve variadas possibilidades de arranjos parentais e familiares, sexualidades e afetos. Não obstante, o casal de mulheres entrevistadas parece operar sob uma reiteração subversiva: as possibilidades são discutidas e negociadas tendo a família de origem como referência legitimadora, como instituição que se autoriza a indagar seus vínculos, afetos e desejos. Nesse sentido, o casal analisado apropria-se de determinadas referências familiares porque estas dizem respeito às histórias individuais, ao mesmo tempo em que as negociam, reformulam-nas, submetem-nas às reavaliações que fazem em seu projeto de uma vida a dois ‘alternativa’.
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Riesgo familiar total en familias con escolares según rendimiento académico
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
CAROLINA LUCERO ENRÍQUEZ GUERRERO
2009-12-01
Full Text Available Este artículo presenta los resultados del estudio cuyo objetivo fue establecer las diferencias en el riesgo familiar entre dos grupos de familias: con niños escolares de alto rendimiento y niños de bajo rendimiento académico en un centro educativo distrital de Bogotá. Metodología: estudio descriptivo comparativo transversal con un componente analítico y abordaje cuantitativo; la muestra fue de 186 familias, durante abril a julio de 2007. Los resultados muestran predominio de familias nucleares en ambos grupos (65%, relación inversa entre el riesgo familiar total evaluado por el instrumento RFT 7-70 y el rendimiento académico del escolar de la familia, es decir que las familias que registraron riesgo alto (9% y medio (31% en mayor proporción son familias con escolares de bajo rendimiento académico, frente al predominio del riesgo familiar bajo (78% en las familias con niños de alto rendimiento. Se aplicó t de student para diferencia de medias y se encontró asociación (P = 0,02 entre el riesgo familiar total alto y el bajo rendimiento académico del escolar. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren principalmente que se deben priorizar los factores de riesgo que determinan mayor riesgo familiar en familias con escolares de bajo rendimiento académico y dar atención de salud integral con enfoque familiar e intersectorial, y participación activa de la comunidad. Continuar investigando en posibles asociaciones entre salud individual, prácticas de salud, educación, ambiente socioeconómico y psicoafectivo de la familia y el logro educativo de escolares en familias con niños en edad escolar.
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PENGARUH BRAND FAMILIARITY TERHADAP PURCHASE INTENTION MELALUI BRAND FIT PADA HOTEL MULIA JAKARTA
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Widiawaty .
2016-02-01
Full Text Available The purpose this paper is to examine the effects of Brand familiarity and Brand Fit on Purchase Intention towards the offerings of co branded hotels. The findings showed that the fit between cobrands mediate the relationship between Brand familiarity and Purchase Intention. In particular, a well-known co-branded hotel a high level of Brand Fit could directly or indirectly affect consumer decision-making processes regarding Purchase Intention towards the co-brand. conversely, a less familiar co-branded hotel had positive effect on Purchase Intention only if respondents perceived a good fit between allied brands. Brand Fit could be a more important factor than Brand familiarity in influencing the success of hotel co-branding strategis. future research to examinate the co-branding concept in different social and cultural contexts and also from different perspectives, such as owners or manager is recommended. Most hospitality studies focus on co-branding between hotels and restaurant. This study empirically investigated the effects co-branding on consumer behavior in the hotel sector.
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GRAVIDEZ NA ADOLESCÊNCIA: PERCEPÇÕES, COMPORTAMENTOS E EXPERIÊNCIAS DE FAMILIARES
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tereza Alves de Souza
2012-01-01
Full Text Available El embarazo en la adolescencia es un grave problema social y de salud pública, por las consecuencias a la madre y al concepto. Estudio cualitativo, cuyo objetivo fue aprehender el significado del embarazo en la adolescencia para los familiares. Desarrollado con siete familias de adolescentes embarazadas y/o que tuvieron parto en 2010, asistidas en Centro de Salud de la Familia de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil. Las informaciones fueran buscadas en guión de entrevista semiestructurada, en hogares. Los resultados fueron organizados en temáticas y analizados de acuerdo con la literatura. Se detectaron manifestaciones de sentimientos y reacciones ocasionadas por la singularidad de la historia, dinámica familiar, contexto sociocultural y económico vivido por la familia. Diversas causas contribuyeron para el embarazo precoz, haciéndose necesario enfoque amplio de profesionales de salud, familiares, comunidad y gobernantes, como también la inclusión de familiares o de personas significativas en atención holística y humanizada.
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Las empresas familiares en el sector de la construcción
Gómez Brañas, David
2007-01-01
El sector de la construcción cuenta en Cataluña con importantes compañías de carácter familiar. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo caracterizar las particularidades de las empresas familiares y ahondar en el conocimiento de las que pertenecen propiamente al sector de la construcción, tomando como base las empresas catalanas. Los aspectos relacionados con el Control de la Propiedad, el Riesgo y el Crecimiento son los que reportan una mayor significación, estando estos claramente vinculados con la...
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Sex differences in color preferences transcend extreme differences in culture and ecology.
Sorokowski, Piotr; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Witzel, Christoph
2014-10-01
At first glance, color preferences might seem to be the most subjective and context-dependent aspects of color cognition. Yet they are not. The present study compares color preferences of women and men from an industrialized and a remote, nonindustrialized culture. In particular, we investigated preferences in observers from Poland and from the Yali in Papua, respectively. Not surprisingly, we found that color preferences clearly differed between the two communities and also between sexes. However, despite the pronounced cultural differences, the way in which men and women differed from each other was almost the same in both cultures. At the same time, this sexual contrast was not specific to biological components of color vision. Our results reveal a pattern of sexual dimorphism that transcends extreme differences in culture and ecology. They point toward strong cross-cultural constraints beyond the biological predispositions of nature and the cultural particularities of nurture.
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Zawacki, Tina; Norris, Jeanette; Hessler, Danielle M; Morrison, Diane M; Stoner, Susan A; George, William H; Davis, Kelly Cue; Abdallah, Devon A
2009-06-01
This experiment examined the effects of women's relationship motivation, partner familiarity, and alcohol consumption on sexual decision making. Women completed an individual difference measure of relationship motivation and then were randomly assigned to partner familiarity condition (low, high) and to alcohol consumption condition (high dose, low dose, no alcohol, placebo). Then women read and projected themselves into a scenario of a sexual encounter. Relationship motivation and partner familiarity interacted with intoxication to influence primary appraisals of relationship potential. Participants' primary and secondary relationship appraisals mediated the effects of women's relationship motivation, partner familiarity, and intoxication on condom negotiation, sexual decision abdication, and unprotected sex intentions. These findings support a cognitive mediation model of women's sexual decision making and identify how individual and situational factors interact to shape alcohol's influences on cognitive appraisals that lead to risky sexual decisions. This knowledge can inform empirically based risky sex interventions.
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Quantifying preferences for the natural world using monetary and nonmonetary assessments of value
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Dallimer, Martin; Tinch, Dugald; Hanley, Nick
2014-01-01
Given that funds for biodiversity conservation are limited, there is a need to understand people's preferences for its different components. To date, such preferences have largely been measured in monetary terms. However, how people value biodiversity may differ from economic theory, and there is...... in an assessment of environmental preferences, although which approach is preferable depends on why one wishes to measure values for the natural world......., but showed strong associations with self-reported well-being. Both approaches are likely to reflect a combination of the environmental properties of a site and unobserved individual preference heterogeneity for the natural world. Our results suggest that either metric will deliver mutually consistent results...... axes derived from environmental psychology theories (reflection, attachment, continuity with past). The 2 metrics were broadly congruent. Participants with above-median self-reported well-being scores were willing to pay significantly higher amounts for enhancing species richness than those with below...
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LAFD: TA-3 NISC & SCC Facility Familiarization Tour, OJT #53356
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rutherford, Victor Stephen [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Norman, Rich [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Montoya, Gene [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Blumberg, Paul A. [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); McCurdy, Patrick B. [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
2017-10-24
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL, the Laboratory, or the Lab) conducts familiarization tours for Los Alamos County Fire Department (LAFD) personnel at the Strategic Computing Complex (SCC), TA-03-2327, and the Nonproliferation & International Security Complex (NISC), TA-03-2322. These tours are official LANL business; their purpose is to orient the firefighters to the SCC and the NISC so that they can respond efficiently and quickly to a variety of emergency situations. The tour includes ingress and egress of the buildings, layout and organization of the buildings, evacuation procedures, and areas of concern to emergency responders within these buildings. LAFD firefighters have the training, skills, and abilities to perform these emergency responder tasks; other LANL personnel who have the required clearance level cannot perform these tasks. This handout provides details of the information, along with maps and diagrams, to be presented during the familiarization tours. The report will be distributed to the trainees at the time of the tour. A corresponding checklist will also be used as guidance during the familiarization tours to ensure that all required information is presented to the LAFD personnel.
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30 CFR 56.19096 - Familiarity with signal code.
2010-07-01
... 56.19096 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Personnel... signals for cages, skips, and mantrips when persons or materials are being transported shall be familiar...
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30 CFR 57.19096 - Familiarity with signal code.
2010-07-01
... 57.19096 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Personnel... signals for cages, skips, and mantrips when persons or materials are being transported shall be familiar...
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Barsics, Catherine; Brédart, Serge
2010-11-01
Autonoetic consciousness is a fundamental property of human memory, enabling us to experience mental time travel, to recollect past events with a feeling of self-involvement, and to project ourselves in the future. Autonoetic consciousness is a characteristic of episodic memory. By contrast, awareness of the past associated with a mere feeling of familiarity or knowing relies on noetic consciousness, depending on semantic memory integrity. Present research was aimed at evaluating whether conscious recollection of episodic memories is more likely to occur following the recognition of a familiar face than following the recognition of a familiar voice. Recall of semantic information (biographical information) was also assessed. Previous studies that investigated the recall of biographical information following person recognition used faces and voices of famous people as stimuli. In this study, the participants were presented with personally familiar people's voices and faces, thus avoiding the presence of identity cues in the spoken extracts and allowing a stricter control of frequency exposure with both types of stimuli (voices and faces). In the present study, the rate of retrieved episodic memories, associated with autonoetic awareness, was significantly higher from familiar faces than familiar voices even though the level of overall recognition was similar for both these stimuli domains. The same pattern was observed regarding semantic information retrieval. These results and their implications for current Interactive Activation and Competition person recognition models are discussed.
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No Measured Effect of a Familiar Contextual Object on Color Constancy.
Kanematsu, Erika; Brainard, David H
2014-08-01
Some familiar objects have a typical color, such as the yellow of a banana. The presence of such objects in a scene is a potential cue to the scene illumination, since the light reflected from them should on average be consistent with their typical surface reflectance. Although there are many studies on how the identity of an object affects how its color is perceived, little is known about whether the presence of a familiar object in a scene helps the visual system stabilize the color appearance of other objects with respect to changes in illumination. We used a successive color matching procedure in three experiments designed to address this question. Across the experiments we studied a total of 6 subjects (2 in Experiment 1, 3 in Experiment 2, and 4 in Experiment 3) with partial overlap of subjects between experiments. We compared measured color constancy across conditions in which a familiar object cue to the illuminant was available with conditions in which such a cue was not present. Overall, our results do not reveal a reliable improvement in color constancy with the addition of a familiar object to a scene. An analysis of the experimental power of our data suggests that if there is such an effect, it is small: less than approximately a change of 0.09 in a constancy index where an absence of constancy corresponds to an index value of 0 and perfect constancy corresponds to an index value of 1.
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Estrés académico y funcionalidad familiar en estudiantes de odontología
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Shyrley Díaz Cárdenas
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Objetivo: Asociar estrés académico y funcionalidad familiar en estudiantes de odontología. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal en una muestra probabilística de 251 estudiantes de odontología de una universidad pública de Cartagena de Indias (Colombia. Se midieron características sociodemográficas, estrés académico (escala SISCO y funcionalidad familiar (APGAR familiar. Se estimó ocurrencia (prevalencias, asociación entre variables (odd ratios y análisis multivariable (regresión logística nominal. Resultados: El estrés académico se presentó en 87,3 % de los estudiantes; la situación más estresante en el entorno académico fue la evaluación docente; la disfuncionalidad familiar se comportó como un factor asociado para el estrés académico (OR=2,32. En el análisis de regresión logística, el modelo que mejor que explica el estrés académico estuvo conformado por los siguientes factores: la participación familiar, sexo y ciclo académico cursado (p= 0,0001; X2= 22,9. Conclusiones: La disfuncionalidad familiar puede agravar las situaciones de estrés académico en estudiantes de odontología e influir en su rendimiento académico, lo que ameritaría la necesidad de una atención permanente a la relación entre el entorno familiar y la universidad en aras del desarrollo integral de los universitarios.
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O conhecimento dos familiares acerca da problemática do portador de diabetes mellitus
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Pace Ana Emilia
2003-01-01
Full Text Available Considerando a família como fonte de apoio ao doente, realizou-se este estudo visando analisar a problemática do portador de diabetes na visão dos familiares, em Unidade Ambulatorial de um hospital universitário do interior do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados de 24 familiares por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada. Para apresentação e análise dos dados, utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Nos resultados, observou-se que os familiares conhecem as causas do diabetes parcialmente. Quanto às condições de adesão ao tratamento, 70,8% consideraram prioritário dieta adequada que, concomitantemente, foi salientada como problema. Em relação às doenças decorrentes, 23 salientaram problemas nos rins/visão. Quanto aos cuidados com os pés, destacou-se a utilização de meias de algodão e limpas. Referente às experiências dos familiares com pessoas portadoras de problemas nos pés, 83,3% responderam afirmativamente, destacando as amputações/úlceras. Dados apontam necessidade de educação aos familiares, uma vez que proporcionam suporte no controle da doença e na prevenção de complicações.
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Haugan, Grethe; Hanssen, Ingrid
2012-01-01
In this article based on a literary study, the form of knowledge named familiarity knowledge is examined. Although rooted in the philosophical tradition of Wittgenstein and Polanyi, the development of familiarity knowledge is tied in with clinical practice and particular patients and contexts while paying attention to the framework factors influencing the setting as a whole as well as with theoretical knowledge relevant to the situation at hand. Palliative care makes a backdrop for some of the discussion. Familiarity knowledge can never be context free and attends to that which is unique in every nurse-patient relationship. Both assertive and familiarity knowledge are needed to care for dying patients in a competent, sensitive, and truly caring manner. Mentors need to help students synthesize assertive knowledge and familiarity knowledge during their clinical studies to enrich both kinds of knowledge and deepen their understanding. Student nurses expertly mentored and tutored while caring for dying patients living at home become, for instance, less apprehensive about facing dying patients than students not so mentored. Nurses need to understand the complexity of nursing care to be able to see the uniqueness of the situation and approach the individual patient on the bases of experience and insight.
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familiarity with modern health management trends by west african
African Journals Online (AJOL)
2010-09-09
Sep 9, 2010 ... Results: Their familiarity with business and financial concepts was ... ones related to marketing strategies. ... to advertisement of medical services as very appropriate. ..... cases presenting to a Nigerian tertiary health facility:.
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El apgar familiar en ancianos conviventes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Orlando Díaz Tabares
1998-12-01
Full Text Available Con el objetivo de determinar el comportamiento del Apgar familiar en ancianos conviventes, no institucionalizados y sin alteraciones de la esfera cognoscitiva, pertenecientes a dos consultorios médicos de la familia, ubicados en la comunidad rural del policlínico docente de San Cristóbal, durante el año 1995 se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal y descriptivo, mediante la aplicación de un modelo de encuesta a los 70 ancianos que conformaron el universo de estudio. Los resultados fueron procesados estadísticamente utilizando el método Chi cuadrado mediante un sistema computarizado, y se consideró significativo todo valor asociado a una probabilidad menor que 0,05. Resultó estadísticamente notable la percepción de funcionabilidad familiar en los ancianos pertenecientes a familias nucleadas. Existió correspondencia muy significativa entre la evaluación de funcionabilidad que el anciano otorgó a su familia y la detectada por el investigador. No se comprobó relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Apgar familiar y la edad de los ancianos, el vínculo laboral actual y el comportamiento de las funciones asignadas y asumidas por ellosA retrospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted to determine the behavior of family Apgar among noninstitutionalized, living together aged patients who had no alternations of the cognitive sphere and who received medical attention at two family physician’s offices located in the rural community of the Teaching Polyclinic of San Cristóbal, during 1995, 70 elderly patients were surveyed and the results were statistically processed using the Chi square method by a computerized system. Every value associated to a probability under 0.05 was considered as significant. The perception of family functionability in the elderly from nucleated families was statistically remarkable. There was a very important correspondence between the evaluation of functionability granted by
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Impairment of recollection but not familiarity in a case of developmental amnesia.
Brandt, Karen R; Gardiner, John M; Vargha-Khadem, Faraneh; Baddeley, Alan D; Mishkin, Mortimer
2008-01-01
In a re-examination of the recognition memory of Jon, a young adult with developmental amnesia due to perinatal hippocampal damage, we used a test procedure that provides estimates of the separate contributions to recognition of recollection and familiarity. Comparison between Jon and his controls revealed that, whereas he was unimpaired in the familiarity process, he showed abnormally low levels of recollection, supporting the view that the hippocampus mediates the latter process selectively.
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Episodic and Semantic Memory Contribute to Familiar and Novel Episodic Future Thinking
Tong Wang; Tong Yue; Xi ting Huang
2016-01-01
Abstract Increasing evidence indicates that episodic future thinking (EFT) relies on both episodic and semantic memory; however, event familiarity may importantly affect the extent to which episodic and semantic memory contribute to EFT. To test this possibility, two behavioral experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, we directly compared the proportion of episodic and semantic memory used in an EFT task. The results indicated that more episodic memory was used when imagining familiar fut...
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ERP correlates of source memory: Unitized source information increases familiarity-based retrieval
Diana, Rachel A.; Van den Boom, Wijnand; Yonelinas, Andrew P.; Ranganath, Charan
2010-01-01
Source memory tests typically require subjects to make decisions about the context in which an item was encoded and are thought to depend on recollection of details from the study episode. Although it is generally believed that familiarity does not contribute to source memory, recent behavioral studies have suggested that familiarity may also support source recognition when item and source information are integrated, or “unitized”, during study (Diana, Yonelinas, and Ranganath 2008). However,...
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Impairment of recollection but not familiarity in a case of developmental amnesia
Brandt, Karen R.; Gardiner, John M.; Vargha-Khadem, Faraneh; Baddeley, Alan D.; Mishkin, Mortimer
2010-01-01
In a re-examination of the recognition memory of Jon, a young adult with developmental amnesia due to perinatal hippocampal damage, we used a test procedure that provides estimates of the separate contributions to recognition of recollection and familiarity. Comparison between Jon and his controls revealed that, whereas he was unimpaired in the familiarity process, he showed abnormally low levels of recollection, supporting the view that the hippocampus mediates the latter process selectively. PMID:19090415
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Armstrong, Kirk J.; Weidner, Thomas G.
2011-01-01
Context: Our previous research determined the frequency of participation and perceived effect of formal and informal continuing education (CE) activities. However, actual preferences for and barriers to CE must be characterized. Objective: To determine the types of formal and informal CE activities preferred by athletic trainers (ATs) and barriers to their participation in these activities. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Athletic training practice settings. Patients or Other Participants: Of a geographically stratified random sample of 1000 ATs, 427 ATs (42.7%) completed the survey. Main Outcome Measure(s): As part of a larger study, the Survey of Formal and Informal Athletic Training Continuing Education Activities (FIATCEA) was developed and administered electronically. The FIATCEA consists of demographic characteristics and Likert scale items (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) about preferred CE activities and barriers to these activities. Internal consistency of survey items, as determined by Cronbach α, was 0.638 for preferred CE activities and 0.860 for barriers to these activities. Descriptive statistics were computed for all items. Differences between respondent demographic characteristics and preferred CE activities and barriers to these activities were determined via analysis of variance and dependent t tests. The α level was set at .05. Results: Hands-on clinical workshops and professional networking were the preferred formal and informal CE activities, respectively. The most frequently reported barriers to formal CE were the cost of attending and travel distance, whereas the most frequently reported barriers to informal CE were personal and job-specific factors. Differences were noted between both the cost of CE and travel distance to CE and all other barriers to CE participation (F1,411 = 233.54, P formal CE activities. The same barriers (eg, cost, travel distance) to formal CE appeared to be universal to all ATs. Informal CE was
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GESTIÓN DE LA COMPLEJIDAD ORGANIZACIONAL EN LAS EMPRESAS FAMILIARES VENEZOLANAS
Migdlys del Carmen González Marín
2016-01-01
Esta investigación presenta como objetivo analizar la Gestión de la Complejidad Organizacional en las Empresas Familiares Venezolanas, con este propósito se realizó un estudio de tipo documental con un nivel descriptivo, para ello se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica que permitió analizar la gestión de la complejidad organizacional, aspecto relevante en las empresas familiares, a fin de mejorar el desarrollo y productividad organizacional. En este sentido, se destaca la revisión de teor...
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Desempeño de la microempresa familiar en el Perú
Yamada Fukusaki, Gustavo
2009-01-01
Dos de cada tres empleos en el Perú se generan en el trabajo independiente y la microempresa familiar. Este estudio hace uso del módulo especializado de «Ingreso del trabajador independiente» en empresas familiares no agrícolas de las Encuestas Nacionales de Hogares, entre el 2002 y el 2006, y estima un conjunto de modelos empíricos que tratan de explicar las diferencias en los niveles y las tasas de crecimiento real de los ingresos en estos emprendimientos. Se arriba a un conjunto de resulta...
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Desempeño de la microempresa familiar en el Perú
Yamada, Gustavo
2014-01-01
Dos de cada tres empleos en el Perú se generan en el trabajo independiente y la microempresa familiar. Este estudio hace uso del módulo especializado de «Ingreso del trabajador independiente» en empresas familiares no agrícolas de las Encuestas Nacionales de Hogares, entre el 2002 y el 2006, y estima un conjunto de modelos empíricos que tratan de explicar las diferencias en los niveles y las tasas de crecimiento real de los ingresos en estos emprendimientos. Se arriba a un conjunto de resulta...
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DIFICULDADES DE MECANIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA NA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR BRASILEIRA
Winny Silva Trugilho; Bruno Fardim Christo; Gabriel Mancini Antunes da Silva; Fernanda Dassie Rangel; Elaine Cristina Gomes da Silva
2017-01-01
A produtividade do setor agrícola brasileiro e a oferta do produto final ao mercado consumidor estão diretamente relacionadas com a mecanização em todas as etapas do processo produtivo. No entanto, poucos agricultores familiares possuem acesso à mecanização agrícola devido alto custo do investimento inicial. O presente trabalho descreve as principais dificuldades para a implementação de máquinas agrícolas na agricultura familiar e os principais problemas da mecanização. Contudo, pôde-se obser...
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El cuidado cotidiano en la perspectiva de ancianos independientes y sus familiares más cercanos
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Rafaely de Cássia Nogueira Sanches
2018-01-01
Full Text Available Objetivo: identificar cómo el anciano independiente y el familiar más próximo vivencian la relación de cuidado. Metodología: estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, de enfoque cualitativo, realizado en Jandaia do Sul (departamento de Paraná, Brasil, con 15 ancianos independientes y sus respectivos familiares. Los datos fueron recolectados en junio de 2012 por medio de entrevista semi-estructurada y sometidos al análisis de contenido, en la modalidad temática. Resultados: el promedio de edad de los ancianos fue de 70 ± 9 años; el 85 % de los participantes (13 era del sexo femenino. El promedio de edad de los familiares fue de 45 ± 5 años, siendo el 85 % (13 del sexo femenino (9 hijas y 4 nueras; los dos familiares del sexo masculino eran hijos de los ancianos. El análisis de las informaciones posibilitó la identificación de dos categorías: La percepción del anciano independiente sobre el cuidado recibido y La percepción del familiar sobre el cuidado ofrecido. Conclusión: el cuidado ofrecido por el familiar era percibido por los ancianos independientes de modo impositivo y controlador, en desacuerdo con la intención del familiar, que era ofrecer cuidados y atención. Esta disonancia en la percepción de ambos termina por sobrecargar la relación entre ellos.
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Norton, Michael I; Frost, Jeana H; Ariely, Dan
2011-09-01
Reis, Maniaci, Caprariello, Eastwick, and Finkel (see record 2011-04644-001) conducted 2 studies that demonstrate that in certain cases, familiarity can lead to liking--in seeming contrast to the results of our earlier article (see record 2006-23056-008). We believe that Reis et al. (a) utilized paradigms far removed from spontaneous, everyday social interactions that were particularly likely to demonstrate a positive link between familiarity and liking and (b) failed to include and incorporate other sources of data-both academic and real-world-showing that familiarity breeds contempt. We call for further research exploring when and why familiarity is likely to lead to contempt or liking, and we suggest several factors that are likely to inform this debate. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved.
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Vivências de familiares de crianças internadas em um Serviço de Pronto-Socorro
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Ana Maria Ribeiro dos Santos
2011-04-01
Full Text Available A infância apresenta-se como uma fase que exige bastante atenção da família e do serviço de saúde, uma vez que seus integrantes, além de dependerem de familiares, são vulneráveis ao ambiente. Objetivou-se descrever as vivências de familiares de crianças internadas em um serviço de pronto-socorro, discutir como essas vivências influenciam no cotidiano da família e relatar os aspectos que interferem no cuidado de enfermagem. Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em um hospital de urgência da rede privada. Utilizou a técnica de entrevista com dez familiares para produzir os dados. Estes foram submetidos à análise temática, elaborando-se três categorias: vivências do familiar, alterações no cotidiano da família, a fé e a aproximação familiar atuando como agentes facilitadores. Concluiu-se que o ser acompanhante passa por adaptações, ao vivenciar a hospitalização, existindo alterações na rotina familiar. Porém, devido aos conflitos vivenciados pelo familiar, a enfermagem deve compreendê-lo como sujeito do cuidado ampliado.