Study of surface layer on 08Kh15N5D2T steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tyurin, A.G.; Povolotskij, V.D.; Zhivotovskij, Eh.A.; Berg, B.N.

1986-01-01

08Kh15N5D2T steel phase composition is investigated. Its surface layer was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis method. It is shown, that a subscale appears to be the reason for corrosion of products, made of EhP410 steel. Under the existing smelling technology the carbon content in it is ≥ 0.05%. Therefore to avoid the metal surface depletion with chromium, one must provide for titanium relation to carbon of not less than 4.5 and carry out the rolled product thermal treatment in a protective atmosphere; otherwise, the technology must include not only the removal of scale from steel but the metal subscale layer as well

Irradiation and annealing behavior of 15Kh2MFA reactor pressure vessel steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Popp, K.; Bergmann, U.; Bergner, F.; Hampe, E.; Leonhardt, W.D.; Schuetzler, H.P.; Viehrig, H.W.

1992-01-01

This work deals with the mechanical properties of RPV steels used WWER-440. The materials under investigation were a forging (base metal 15Kh2MFA) and the corresponding weld. Charpy V-notch specimens and tensile test specimens were irradiated in the WWER-2 Rheinsberg at about 270 C up to the two neutron fluence levels of 4 x 10 18 and 5 x 10 19 n/cm 2 (E>1MeV). Post-irradiation annealing heat treatments were performed, among others a 475 C/152 h treatment of technical interest. (orig.)

Neutron diffraction study of a nitrogen martensitic steel 0Kh16N4AB under load

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Sumin, V. V.; Papushkin, I.V.; Bannykh, O.A.; Blinov, V.M.; Lukáš, Petr

2008-01-01

Roč. 105, č. 1 (2008), s. 88-91 ISSN 0031-918X Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z10480505 Keywords : steel 0Kh16N4AB * neutron diffraction * FSD Subject RIV: BG - Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics , Colliders Impact factor: 0.412, year: 2008

Theoretical study of [Li(H2O)n]+ and [K(H2O)n]+ (n = 1-4) complexes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wojcik, M.J.; Mains, G.J.; Devlin, J.P.

1995-01-01

The geometries, successive binding energies, vibrational frequencies, and infrared intensities are calculated for the [Li(H 2 O) n ] + and [K(H 2 O) n ] + (n = 1-4) complexes. The basis sets used are 6-31G * and LANL1DZ (Los Alamos ECP+DZ) at the SCF and MP2 levels. There is an agreement for calculated structures and frequencies between the MP2/6-31G * and MP2/LANL1DZ basis sets, which indicates that the latter can be used for calculations of water complexes with heavier ions. Our results are in a reasonable agreement with available experimental data and facilitate experimental study of these complexes. 19 refs., 4 figs., 6 tabs

Heat treatment effect on impact strength of 40Kh steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Golubev, V.K.; Novikov, S.A.; Sobolev, Yu.S.; Yukina, N.A.

1984-01-01

The paper presents results of studies on the effect of heat treatment on strength and pattern of 40Kh steel impact failure. Loading levels corresponding to macroscopic spalling microdamage initiation in the material are determined for three initial states. Metallographic study on the spalling failure pattern for 40Kh steel in different initial states and data on microhardness measurement are presented

Effect of zirconium on the structure and phase composition of steel 03Kh8SYu

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tarzhumanova, V.A.; Ryabchenkov, A.V.; Shatunova, A.V.; Yoganova, S.A.

1986-01-01

Previously, the authors determined the optimum zirconium content providing retention of a fine-grained structure for steel 03Kh8SYu during high-temperature heating. It was suggested that this was caused by separation in the steel of intermetallic phase Fe 3 Zr. This paper presents results of further studies in this direction. X-ray analysis results for the anodic residues of the steels are presented. It can be seen that in steel without zirconium, carbides of the type M 23 C 6 and M 7 C 3 and aluminum nitride are present. On adding 0.05% Zr, zirconium nitride forms in addition to the existing aluminum nitride and carbides of the type M 7 C 3 . The authors also investigated the effect of zirconium on the tendency of the steel toward grain growth at higher temperature; they studied the structure of steel 03Kh8SYu with 0.61% Zr after soaking specimens for 100 h at 950-1100 C. Results are presented

Comparison of low-cycle fatigue data of 2 1/4%CrMo steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sanderson, S.J.; Petrequin, P.; Nieuwland, H.C.D.

Data files have been produced on international strain-controlled fatigue information available for 2 1/4%CrMo steels; data assessment from these files is treated in three categories viz: annealed and isothermally annealed 2 1/4%Cr1%Mo steel; normalised and tempered and quenched and tempered 2 1/4%Cr1%Mo steel; and 2 1/4%CrMo variants. The available data have been considered generally in terms of total strain range vs. cycles to failure (Nsub(f)), tensile stress at Nsub(f)/2 vs. cycles to failure and time to failure vs. cycles to failure. Where possible the continuous cycling data have been statistically analysed in terms of the elastic and plastic strain components and cycles to failure to yield best-fit equations over defined temperature (T) regimes viz: T <= 427 deg. C, 427 deg. C < T <= 550 deg. C. and 550 deg. C < T <= 600 deg. C. The behaviour of the steels within the various classifications is discussed. (author)

Strain ageing of the 15Kh2MFA steel at 500 and 550 deg C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Maksimovich, G.G.; Azbukin, V.G.; Krylova, R.P.; Tretyak, I.Yu.; Bardachevskaya, T.V.

1978-01-01

The effect of ageing at high temperatures and under high stresses on strength and plasticity of the 15Kh2MFA steel has been studied. The steel was kept at 500 and at 550 deg C for 100, 1000 and 2500 hours without stress and under stress of 0.5 and 0.9 of the long-term strength limit (sigmasub(ls)). Ageing at 500 deg C without stress and under 0.5 sigmasub(ls) changed neither strength nor plasticity of the steel; under 0.9 sigmasub(ls) the strength somewhat decreased. Ageing at 550 deg C for 1000 hours resulted in an appreciable stress drop

Effect of Cr, Ni, and Mo additions on the susceptibility of the 0Kh6n7m7c steel to hot cracking

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tolstykh, L.G.; Pryakhin, A.V.; Popov, A.N.; Usynin, V.F.

1977-01-01

The effect of chromium, molybdenum, and nickel on the tendency of surfacing materials to form hot cracks (Vsub(kp) was studied using the mathematical statistics method. The St3 steel and 38KhN3MFA steel were used in the study. A device facilitating the hot cracking tendency test procedure was developed. It was found that, in the concentration range involved, Ni and Mo produce no effect on Vsub(kp), and Cr enhances it. A new powder wire, PP-OKh7N8M6S, capable of increasing surface material resistance by 1.5-2 times, has been developed

Structure, mechanical and corrosion properties of powdered stainless steel Kh13

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radomysel'skij, I.D.; Napara-Volgina, S.G.; Orlova, L.N.; Apininskaya, L.M.

1982-01-01

Structure, mechanical and corrosion properties are studied for compact powdered stainless steel, Grade Kh13, produced from prealloyed powder and a mixture of chromium and iron powders by hot vacuum pressing (HVP) following four schemes: HVP of unsintered billets; HVP of presintered billets; HVP of unsintered billets followed by diffusion annealing; HVP of sintered billets followed by diffusion annealing. Analysis of the structure, mechanical and corrosion properties of Kh13 steel produced according to the four schemes confirmed that production of this steel by the HVP method without presintering of porous billets and diffusion annealing of compact stampings is possible only when prealloyed powder of particular composition is used as a starting material

Welding of high-strength stainless steel 03Kh12N10MT for cryogenic engineering

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pustovit, A.I.

1989-01-01

Consideration is being given to weld resistance to cold and hot cracking at 93 and 77K and to mechanical properties of welded joints of high-strength stainless steel 03Kh12N10MT, produced under the fluxes AN-17M, AN-18, AN-26, AN-45, ANF-5, 48-OF-6, ANK-45 and ANK-49 in combination with various welding wires. It is shown that welds on 03Kh12N10MT steel meet the requirements only when using 48-OF-6 or ANK-49 flux. It is noted that impact strength of welds at 77K is sufficiently affected by the volume fraction of non-metallic inclusions in weld metal

Corrosion of austenitic steels and their components in vanadium-containing chloride melts

Science.gov (United States)

Abramov, A. V.; Polovov, I. B.; Rebrin, O. I.; Lisienko, D. G.

2014-08-01

The corrosion of austenitic 12Kh18N10T, 10Kh17N13M2T, and 03Kh17N14M3 steels and their components (Cr, Fe, Ni, Mo) in NaCl-KCl-VCl2 melts with 5 wt % V at 750°C is studied. The rates and mechanisms of corrosion of the materials under these conditions are determined. The processes that occur during contact of the metals and steels with vanadium-containing chloride electrolytes are investigated.

Effect of KH2PO4 on gene expression, morphological and biochemical characteristics of stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under in vitro conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Kahrizi, D; Ghari, S M; Ghaheri, M; Fallah, F; Ghorbani, T; Beheshti Ale Agha, A; Kazemi, E; Ansarypour, Z

2017-08-15

Stevia rebaudiana is one of the most important biologically sourced and low-calorie sweeteners Bertoni that has a lot of steviol glycosides. Tissue culture is the best for propagation of stevia and micro nutrients can affect both morphological traits and steviol glycosides production. Therefore, the effect of different concentrations of KH2PO4on stevia growth factors and gene expression had been studied by tissue culture methods, RT-PCR and HPLC. According the results, bud numbers had increased significantly in MS + 0.034 mMKH2PO4 media and the highest measured length was seen in plants grown under MS + 0.034 mM KH2PO4 treatment. Also, the highest growth rate (1.396 mm/d) was observed in MS + 0.034 mMKH2PO4.The best concentration of KH2PO4 for expression of UGT74G1 was 0.00425mMand the best one for UGT76G1 expression was 0.017mM. Interestingly, the best media for both stevioside and rebaudioside A accumulation was 0.017mM KH2PO4containing media. There was positive correlation between the best media for gene expression and the best one for steviol glycosides production.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Structure and Properties of Die Steel 70Kh3G2FTR

Science.gov (United States)

Krylova, S. E.; Kletsova, O. A.; Gryzunov, V. I.; Fot, A. P.; Tavtilov, I. Sh.

2018-01-01

The effect of heat treatment parameters on the properties and structural and phase composition of a promising die steel 70Kh3G2FTR for hot deformation is studied. The temperature-and-stress state of a hammer die under a heat treatment is simulated.

Experience manufacturing and properties of the high-strength corrosion-resistant magnetic 03Kh12K12D2 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fel'dgandler, Eh.G.; Moshkevich, E.I.; Bakuma, S.F.; Bulat, S.I.; Tikhonenko, V.D.

1976-01-01

In industrial conditions, steel 03Kh12K12D2 (DI48-VD) was melted in a 7-tinduction furnace with subsequent vacuum arc remelting. Ingots of dia 500 and 630 mm were forged into slabs and forgings. The slabs were rolled into sheets, 40 mm thick, and the forgings were rolled into sectional shapes. To obtain the optimum mechanical, corrosion, and magnetic properties, the metal was annealed at 600 deg C (10 hr) and 650 deg C (5 and 10 hr). The developed melting and remelting process enabled to obtain steel meeting all the requirements as for the chemical composition, workability, and mechanical magnetic properties. On testing in water with high parameters (200 deg C, 16 kgf/cm 2 ) and in synthetic sea water (70-90 deg C) the corrosion rate did not exceed 1 μm per year

Cyclic crack resistance of anticorrosion cladding-15Kh2MFA steel joint

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zvezdin, Yu.I.; Nikiforchin, G.N.; Timofeev, B.T.; Zima, Yu.V.; Andrusiv, B.N.

1985-01-01

Cyclie crack resistance of transition zone in austenitic cladding steel 15Kh2MFA joint is studied, taking into account the geometry of fatigue cracks, fracture micromechanism and crack closure effect. Kinetics of crack development from the cladding to the basic metal and vice versa is considered. Microstructure of transition zone is investigated. The results obtained are considered as applied to WWER. It is emphasized, that the braking of fatigue cracks is observed at low asymmetry of loading cycle. Increased loading asymmetry accelerates sharply the alloy fracture due to the growth of subcladding crack, at that, the direction of crack propagation and the structure of transition zone are not of great importance

Corrosion behavior of austenitic steels and their components in niobium-containing chloride melts

Science.gov (United States)

Abramov, A. V.; Polovov, I. B.; Rebrin, O. I.; Volkovich, V. A.; Lisienko, D. G.

2014-02-01

The mechanism of corrosion of austenitic steels 12Kh18N10T, 10Kh17N13M2T, and 03Kh17N14M3 and metals Cr, Fe, Ni, and Mo in a NaCl-KCl-NbCl n ( n = 3.5, Nb content is 5 ± 0.1 wt %) melt at 750°C is studied. The metal and steel corrosion rates under these conditions are determined. The character of material fracture and the mechanisms of material corrosion are found.

Structural inheritance in cast 30KhGNM-type steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sadovskij, V.D.; Bershtejn, L.I.; Mel'nikova, A.A.; Polyakova, A.M.; Schastlivtsev, V.M.

1980-01-01

Structural inheritance in the cast 30KhGNM-type steel depending on the heating rate and the temperature of preliminary tempering is investigated. When eating the cast steel with a beinite structure at the rate of 1-150 deg/min, the restoration of austenite grain and the following recrystallization due to the phase cold work, are observed. Slow heating from room temperature or preliminary tempering hinder grain restoration during heating. A non-monotonous effect of tempering temperature on the structural inheritance is established which can be connected with the kinetics of decomposition of residual austenite in steel

Wear resistance and structural changes in nitrogen-containing high-chromium martensitic steels under conditions of abrasive wear and sliding friction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Makarov, A.V.; Korshunov, L.G.; Schastlivtsev, V.M.; Chernenko, N.L.

1998-01-01

Martensitic nitrogen-containing steels Kh17N2A0.14, Kh13A0.14, Kh14G4A0.22 as well as steel 20Kh13 were studied for their wear resistance under conditions of friction and abrasion. Metallography, X ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy were used to investigate the structural changes taking place in a thin surface layer on wearing. It is shown that an increase of nitrogen content of 0.14 to 0.22% promotes an enhancement of steel resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear, especially after tempering in the range of 500-550 deg C. Typically, the nitrogen-containing steels exhibit lower resistance to various types of wear in comparison with the steels with high-carbon martensite due to their lower deformability under conditions of friction loading

The Kinetics of Bainitic Transformation of Roll Steel 75Kh3MF

Science.gov (United States)

Kletsova, O. A.; Krylova, S. E.; Priymak, E. Yu.; Gryzunov, V. I.; Kamantsev, S. V.

2018-01-01

The critical points of steel 75Kh3MF and the temperature of the start of martensitic transformation are determined by a dilatometric method. The thermokinetic and isothermal diagrams of decomposition of supercooled austenite are plotted. The microstructure and microhardness of steel specimens cooled at different rates are studied. The kinetics of the occurrence of bainitic transformation in the steel is calculated using the Austin-Ricket equation.

Effects of sodium environment on the mechanical properties of Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chopra, O.K.

Mechanical property data on isothermally annealed, thermally aged, and sodium-exposed Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel are analyzed to evaluate the influence of the sodium environment as well as the effects of the microstructural and compositional changes that occur in the steel during long-term exposure to sodium. Correlations are developed to predict the environmental effects on tensile, creep, fatigue, and creep-fatigue properties of Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel in sodium. The results indicate that at temperatures <823 K (550 deg. C), degradation of mechanical properties is essentially due to thermal aging. Loss of carbon from the steel reduces both the tensile and creep-rupture strength, but has little or no effect on the fatigue properties. The cyclic properties of Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel in sodium are superior to those in air. The creep-fatigue behaviour in sodium is significantly different from that in an air environment. The creep-fatigue data are analyzed using the interactive damage rate equations to predict the time-dependent fatigue bahaviour of isothermally annealed Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel in sodium. (author)

Effects of sodium environment on the mechanical properties of Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chopra, O.K.

1983-09-01

Mechanical property data on isothermally annealed, thermally aged, and sodium-exposed Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel are analyzed to evaluate the influence of the sodium environment as well as the effects of the microstructural and compositional changes that occur in the steel during long-term exposure to sodium. Correlations are developed to predict the environmental effects on tensile, creep, fatigue, and creep-fatigue properties of Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel in sodium. The results indicate that at temperatures 0 C), degradation of mechanical properties is essentially due to thermal aging. Loss of carbon from the steel reduces both the tensile and creep-rupture strength, but has little or no effect on the fatigue properties. The cyclic properties of Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel in sodium are superior to those in air. The creep-fatigue behavior in sodium is significantly different from that in an air environment. The creep-fatigue data are analyzed using the interactive damage rate equations to predict the time-dependent fatigue behavior of isothermally annealed Fe-2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel in sodium. 15 references, 7 figures, 1 table

Simulation of Microdamage and Evaluation of Remaining Life of Steam Conduit Components from New-Generation Refractory Steel 10Kh9MF-Sh

Science.gov (United States)

Gladshtein, V. I.

2018-03-01

The effects of microdamage on the remaining life of high-temperature components of steam conduits from high-chromium steel 10Kh9MF-Sh and low-alloy steel 12Kh1M1F are compared. To simulate the microdamage, specimens with a circular notch and different relative diameters are fabricated. Specimens with a notch simulating the highest degree of microdamage and smooth specimens are tested for long-term strength. The coefficient of the remaining life of a conduit is computed for the range of relative damage presenting practical interest.

Heating temperature effect on ferritic grain size of rotor steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cheremnykh, V.G.; Derevyankin, E.V.; Sakulin, A.A.

1983-01-01

The heating temperature effect on ferritic grain size of two steels 13Kh1M1FA and 25Kh1M1FA is evaluated. It is shown that exposure time increase at heating temperatures below 1000 deg C up to 10h changes but slightly the size of the Cr-Mo-V ferritic grain of rotor steel cooled with 25 deg C/h rate. Heating up to 1000 deg C and above leads to substantial ferritic grain growth. The kinetics of ferritic grain growth is determined by the behaviour of phases controlling the austenitic grain growth, such as carbonitrides VCsub(0.14)Nsub(0.78) in 13Kh1M1FA steel and VCsub(0.18)Nsub(0.72) in 25Kh1M1FA steel. Reduction of carbon and alloying elements content in steel composition observed at the liquation over rotor length leads to a certain decrease of ferritic grain resistance to super heating

Carbon transfer between 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo alloy and austenitic steels (experiments in anisothermal loops)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baque, P.; Besson, M.; Champeix, L.; Donati, J.R.; Oberlin, C.; Saint-Paul, P.

1976-01-01

Studies on carbon transfer between the ferritic steel 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo and the austenitic steels 316L and 321H have shown that there is not any measurable carbon transfer in the operating conditions of the secondary circuit of PHENIX (475 deg C was the maximal temperature of the 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo steel). A significant carbon transfer has been observed between the ferritic steel and the 316L steel when the 321H was replaced by the 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo steel in the same thermohydraulic conditions (the ferritic steel was then used up to 545 deg C). This experiment has demonstrated the importance of the temperature and the initial carbon content of the ferritic steel as parameters in the decarburization process. It appears that decarburization may not be sensitive to the thermohydraulic conditions at least in the range investigated in those experiments. In the other hand the 316L steel is observed to have been carburized, the degree of carburization remaining appreciably constant and independent on the temperature between 400 deg C and 550 deg C [fr

Specific features of precipitation hardening of austenitic steels with various base. 2. Kinetics and mechanism of carbide precipitation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kositsyna, I.I.; Sagaradze, V.V.; Khakimova, O.N.

1997-01-01

Electron microscopic studies were carried out to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of precipitation hardening in Fe-Mn, Fe-Mn-Cr, Fe-Cr-Mn-N, Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Ni base stainless steels (45G20M2F2, 50Kh16G15N6M2F2, 45Kh18N10G10M2F2, 40Kh18Ni18M2F2, 45N26M2F2). The steels were heat treated under various conditions. It is revealed that in manganese steels the particles of vanadium carbide nucleate according to homogeneous mechanism at all aging temperatures (600-750 deg C). The presence of chromium in the matrix promotes the transition to heterogeneous mechanism of carbide nucleation and growth. With nickel content increasing the plasticity of precipitation hardened steels gets better due to more intense diffusion of atoms and vacancies to grain boundaries and, hence, the widening of near-boundary zones free of carbide particles

Superheat effect on bainite steel hardenability

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kubachek, V.V.; Sklyuev, P.V.

1978-01-01

The bainite hardenability of 34KhN1M and 35 KhN1M2Ph steels has been investigated by the end-face hardening technique. It is established that, as the temperature of austenitization rises from 900 to 1280 deg C, the temperature of bainite transformation increases and bainite hardenability of the steels falls off. A repeated slow heating to 900 deg C of previously overheated 34KhN1M steel breaks up grain, lowers the temperature of the bainite transformation and raises the hardenability to values obtained with ordinary hardening from 900 deg C. A similar heating of previously overheated 35KhN1M2Ph steel is accompanied by restoration of initial coarse grains and maintenance of both the elevated bainite transformation temperature and to lower hardenability corresponding to hardening from the temperature of previous overheating

Effect of rolling temperature on 12Kh18N10T steel tube hardening

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yushkevich, P.M.; Stepanovich, V.E.; Manankova, L.V.; Usenko, V.N.; Semenov, I.A.

1984-01-01

Mechanical properties and substructure of tubes at the constant reduction degree k(the ratio of deformation over wall thickness to deformation over diameter), depending on strain degree during cold and hot tube rolling, have been studied. The investigations are carried out using hot-rolled tubes with the dimensions 88x8 mm of 12Kh1hN10T steel. With the decrease of strain over the wall of the tube, produced of 12Kh18N10T steel as to strain over diameter the values of yield strength and ultimate strength increase with simultaneous decrease in ductility during warm rolling and yield strength and ultimate strength decrease with the increase in ductility-during cold rolling. During warm rolling of the tubes at 250 deg C the hardening of 12Kh18N10T steel is higher, than at the rolling temperature 150 deg C. The optimum temperature range of warm rolling is 120-150 deg C. Grain orientation in the metal of the tubes and degree of texture perfection increase with the temperature increase of the tube warm drolling as compared with col rolli

Changes in structure and phase composition of chromium diffusion layer on stainless steels after long annealing

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Knyazev, E.V.; Voshedchenko, B.M.; Voskresenskij, Yu.A.

1985-01-01

A study was made on the effect of elevated temperatures UU and long holdings at heat on structure, phase composition and properties of chromium diffusion layer on austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels 10Kh18N10TVD, 10Kh15N30M4B, 10Kh11N23T3MR, 10Kh21N28V6M3. The following mechanism of processes taking place in diffusion chromium layer is presented. The steady drop of chromium concentrations is observed after diffusion saturation. Chromium redistribution related with system transformation to more equilibrium state and simultaneous decarburization of steel surfaces takes place in diffusion layers of 10Kh15N30M4B and 10Kh21N28V6M3 steels after annealing at different temperatures and holdings at heat. Decarburization of steel surface layers is practically excluded in diffusion layers of 10Kh18N10T-VD and 10Kh11N23T3MR steels. Diffusion chromium-saturated layer stays effective only on 10Kh18N10T-VD and 10Kh11N23T3MR steels on heating up to 1000 deq C with holding up to 250 h

Effect of heat treatment and plastic deformation on the structure and the mechanical properties of nitrogen-bearing 04N9Kh2A steel

Science.gov (United States)

Blinov, V. M.; Bannykh, O. A.; Lukin, E. I.; Kostina, M. V.; Blinov, E. V.

2014-11-01

The effect of the conditions of heat treatment and plastic deformation on the structure and the mechanical properties of low-carbon martensitic nickel steel (9 wt % Ni) with an overequilibrium nitrogen content is studied. The limiting strain to failure of 04N9Kh2A steel is found to be 40% at a rolling temperature of 20°C and 80% at a rolling temperature of 900°C. Significant strengthening of the steel (σ0.2 = 1089 MPa) is obtained after rolling at a reduction of 40% at 20°C. The start and final temperatures of the α → γ transformation on heating and those of the γ → α transformation on cooling are determined by dilatometry. The specific features of the formation of the steel structure have been revealed as functions of the annealing and tempering temperatures. Electron-microscopic studies show that, after quenching from 850°C and tempering at 600°C for 1 h, the structure contains packet martensite with thin interlayers of retained austenite between martensite crystals. The strength of the nitrogen-bearing 04N9Kh2A steel after quenching from 850 and 900°C, cooling in water, and subsequent tempering at 500°C for 1 h is significantly higher than that of carboncontaining 0H9 steel used in cryogenic engineering.

The effect of thermoplastic treatment regimes on the microplastic strain of nitrogen-containing steel Kh21G10N7MBF

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bannykh, O.A.; Blinov, V.M.; Kostina, M.V.; Grachev, S.V.; Mal'tseva, L.A.

2005-01-01

A study is made into the influence of a percentage reduction during cold rolling and subsequent holdings at heat on development of microplastic deformation when bending sheet specimens of stainless austenitic high-nitrogen steel Kh21G10N7MBF. It is revealed that a maximum value of apparent limit of elasticity (∼1800 MPa) is attained due to plastic deformation by rolling at 20 Deg C with a total percentage reduction of 60 % and subsequent aging at 500 Deg C for 1-4 h [ru

Hydrogen effect on mechanical properties and flake formation in the 10KhSND steel rolled plates

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Muradova, R G; Zakharov, V A; Kuzin, A P; Gol' tsov, V A; Podgajskij, M S [Donetskij Politekhnicheskij Inst. (Ukrainian SSR); Donetskij Nauchno-Issledovatel' skij Inst. Chernoj Metallurgii (Ukrainian SSR))

1982-01-01

The effect of hydrogen on mechanical properties of the 10KhSND steel rolled plates during natural aging is studied. Optimum period of metal acceptance tests, which are advisable to conduct after 5-7 day natural aging of finished products, are found out. The technique is worked out and a safe hydrogen content to prevent flake formation in the 10KhSND steel is determined. It is shown that a safe hydrogen content is dependent on the experiment conditions (sample dimensions, conditions of cooling, and prehistory).

Hydrogen effect on mechanical properties and flake formation in the 10KhSND steel rolled plates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Muradova, R.G.; Zakharov, V.A.; Kuzin, A.P.; Gol'tsov, V.A.; Podgajskij, M.S.

1982-01-01

The effect of hydrogen on mechanical properties of the 10KhSND steel rolled plates during natural aging is studied. Optimum period of metal acceptance tests, which are advisable to conduct after 5-7 day natural aging of finished products, are found out. The technique is worked out and a safe hydrogen content to prevent flake formation in the 10KhSND steel is determined. It is shown that a safe hydrogen content is dependent on the experiment conditions (sample dimensions, conditions of cooling, and prehistory)

Protective effect of KhOSP-10 inhibitor during corrosion, hydrogenadsorption and corrosion cracking of a steel in sulfuric acid

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mindyuk, A K; Svist, E I; Savitskaya, O P; Goyan, E B; Gopanenko, A N [AN Ukrainskoj SSR, Lvov. Fiziko-Mekhanicheskij Inst.

1975-01-01

The protective propeties of inhibitor KhOSP-10 in the time of corrosion and corrosive cracking of steel 40Kh are higher then those of inhibitors KPI-1, KI-1, I-I-V etc. Its ability to reduce steel hydrogenation is the same as in the case of KPI-1 inhibitor i.e. below that of KI-1. HCl additives enhance the efficiency of inhibitors KPI-1, KI-1, I-1-V etc. up to the protective ability of KhOSP-10. Kinetics of the electrode processes was estimated from polarization curves.

Corrosion failure of a bolt made of the 25Kh1MF material

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liska, V.; Cechova, D.; Velkoborsky, J.

1989-01-01

M36x4 bolts, of which there are 222 at each nuclear power plant unit, are made of the 25Kh1MF or 38KhN3MFA steel. They are located in an environment with elevated temperature, with damp air and with boric acid. Corrosion of these bolts is due to the rather poor metallurgical quality of the steel. No inadmissible inhomogeneities of the type of lines of inclusions occur in the bolt material produced by cold rolling but defects of the type of laps were found on the threads. It is suggested that if the cold rolling technology were obviated, corrosion failure of the bolts might not occur. (M.D.). 7 figs., 3 refs

SCC growth behavior of cast stainless steels in high-temperature water. Influences of corrosion potential, steel type, thermal aging and cold-work

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yamada, Takuyo; Terachi, Takumi; Miyamoto, Tomoki; Arioka, Koji

2011-01-01

Recent studies on crack growth rate (CGR) measurement in oxygenated high-temperature pure water conditions, such as normal water chemistry (NWC) in BWRs, using compact tension (CT) type specimens have shown that stainless steel weld metal are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). On the other hand, the authors reported that no significant SCC growth was observed on stainless steel weld metals in PWR primary water at temperatures from 250degC to 340degC. Cast austenitic stainless steels are widely used in light water reactors, and there is a similarity between welded and cast stainless steels in terms of the microstructure of the ferrite/austenite duplex structure. However, there are a few reports giving CGR data on cast stainless steels in the BWRs and PWRs. The principal purpose of this study was to examine the SCC growth behavior of cast stainless steels in simulated PWR primary water. A second objective was to examine the effects on SCC growth in hydrogenated and oxygenated water environments at 320degC of: (1) corrosion potential; (2) steels type (Mo in alloy); (3) thermal-aging (up to 400degC x 40 kh); and (4) cold-working (10%). The results were as follows: (1) No significant SCC growth was observed on all types of cast stainless steels: aged (400degC x 40 kh) of SCS14A and SCS13A and 10% cold-working, in hydrogenated (low-potential) water at 320degC. (2) Aging at 400degC x 40 kh SCS14A (10%CW) markedly accelerated the SCC growth of cast material in high-potential water at 320degC, but no significant SCC growth was observed in the hydrogenated water, even after long-term thermal aging (400degC x 40 kh). (3) Thus, cast stainless steels have excellent SCC resistance in PWR primary water. (4) On the other hand, significant SCC growth was observed on all types of cast stainless steels: 10%CW SCS14A and SCS13A, in 8 ppm-oxygenated (high-potential) water at 320degC. (5) No large difference in SCC growth was observed between SCS14A (Mo) and SCS13A. (6) No

Review of time-dependent fatigue behavior and life prediction for 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Booker, M.K.; Majumdar, S.

1982-01-01

Available data on creep-fatigue life and fracture behavior of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel are reviewed. Whereas creep-fatigue interaction is important for Type 304 stainless steel, oxidation effects appear to dominate the time-dependent fatigue behavior of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel. Four of the currently available predictive methods - the Linear Damage Rule, Frequency Separation Equation, Strain Range Partitioning Equation, and Damage Rate Equation - are evaluated for their predictive capability. Variations in the parameters for the various predictive methods with temperature, heat of material, heat treatment, and environment are investigated. Relative trends in the lives predicted by the various methods as functions of test duration, waveshape, etc., are discussed. The predictive methods will need modification in order to account for oxidation and aging effects in the 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel. Future tests that will emphasize the difference between the various predictive methods are proposed

Cooling rate and microstructure of surface layers of 5KhNM steel, machined by electroerosion method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Foteev, N.K.; Ploshkin, V.V.; Lyakishev, V.A.; Shirokov, S.V.

1982-01-01

The cooling rate and microstructure of surface layers of steel 5KhNM machined by electroerosion method have been studied. It is shown that the difference in heating rate of the surface layers with electric discharge over the 5KhNM steel samples depth results in the intensive size reduction of the microstructure. In the surface layer alongside with martensite residual austenite is present, the lattice period of which increases with the increase of pulse duration, carbide phase of complex composition appears, and concentrational heterogeneity in alloying elements (except carbon) is absent

Cooling rate and microstructure of surface layers of 5KhNM steel, machined by electroerosion method

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Foteev, N.K.; Ploshkin, V.V.; Lyakishev, V.A.; Shirokov, S.V.

1982-01-01

The cooling rate and microstructure of surface layers of steel 5KhNM machined by electroerosion method have been studied. It is shown that the difference in heating rate of the surface layers with electric discharge over the 5KhNM steel samples depth results in the intensive size reduction of the microstructure. In the surface layer alongside with martensite residual austenite is present, the lattice period of which increases with the increase of pulse duration, carbide phase of complex composition appears, and concentrational heterogeneity in alloying elements (except carbon) is absent.

Increasing the brittle fracture resistance in manual arc welding and heat treatment of type 12KhM steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tikhonov, V.P.; Bychenkova, G.A.; Gordeev, Y.V.; Ilyuhov, C.V.

1984-01-01

The extensive application of heat-resisting steels is delayed by their poor weldability. Optimum technology has been developed for manual arc welding and heat treatment of structures of type 12KhM steels resulting in high cracking resistance. Trials were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of removing the structural stresses in tempering the structures. On the basis of the experimental results, it may be assumed that the toughness properties of the welded joints produced by manual arc welding can be improved by optimizing the alloying system of the weld metal, with the parent metal treated in the optimum heat treatment conditions. The aim of subsequent investigations was to assess the properties of the weld metal made with vanadium-free electrodes. It was found that the impact toughness increased two to three times; the mean hardness and the maximum hardness were both less than 220. The reduction in hardness and increase of the toughness properties of the metal are caused by the lower degree of hardening of the bulk of the grain and, consequently, by the lower concentration of plastic strain at the grain boundaries

A theory of piezoelectric, elastic, and dielectric properties of the KH2PO4 family crystals under the strain u6. Phase transition and the piezoelectric effect in the KH2PO4 crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Levits'kij, R.R.; Lyisnij, B.M.

2003-01-01

In order to study the dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic properties of ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics of the KH 2 PO 4 family, we consider an extended proton tunneling model that takes into account the shear strain u 6 . In the four-particle cluster approximation for the short-range interactions and the mean field approximation for the long-range interaction we calculate the transverse components of the dielectric susceptibility tensor of the KH 2 PO 4 family ferroelectrics

Water vapor pressure over molten KH_2PO_4 and demonstration of water electrolysis at ∼300 °C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Berg, R.W.; Nikiforov, A.V.; Petrushina, I.M.; Bjerrum, N.J.

2016-01-01

Highlights: • The vapor pressure over molten KH_2PO_4 was measured by Raman spectroscopy to be about 8 bars at ∼300 °C. • Raman spectroscopy shows that molten KH_2PO_4 under its own vapor pressure contains much dissolved water. • It is demonstrated spectroscopically that water electrolysis is possible in KH_2PO_4 electrolyte forming H_2 and O_2 at 300 °C. • Molten KH_2PO_4 is a possible electrolyte for water electrolysis. - Abstract: A new potentially high-efficiency electrolyte for water electrolysis: molten monobasic potassium phosphate, KH_2PO_4 or KDP has been investigated at temperatures ∼275–325 °C. At these temperatures, KH_2PO_4 was found to dissociate into H_2O gas in equilibrium with a melt mixture of KH_2PO_4−K_2H_2P_2O_7−KPO_3−H_2O. The water vapor pressure above the melt, when contained in a closed ampoule, was determined quantitatively vs. temperature by use of Raman spectroscopy with methane or hydrogen gas as an internal calibration standard, using newly established relative ratios of Raman scattering cross sections of water and methane or hydrogen to be 0.40 ± 0.02 or 1.2 ± 0.03. At equilibrium the vapor pressure was much lower than the vapor pressure above liquid water at the same temperature. Electrolysis was realized by passing current through closed ampoules (vacuum sealed quartz glass electrolysis cells with platinum electrodes and the electrolyte melt). The formation of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen gases as well as the water vapor was detected by Raman spectroscopy. In this way it was demonstrated that water is present in the new electrolyte: molten KH_2PO_4 can be split by electrolysis via the reaction 2H_2O → 2H_2 + O_2 at temperatures ∼275–325 °C. At these temperatures, before the start of the electrolysis, the KH_2PO_4 melt gives off H_2O gas that pressurizes the cell according to the following dissociations: 2KH_2PO_4 ↔ K_2H_2P_2O_7 + H_2O ↔ 2KPO_3 + 2H_2O. The spectra show however that the water by

Specific electrical conductivity in molten potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4 - An electrolyte for water electrolysis at ∼300°C

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nikiforov, Aleksey Valerievich; Berg, Rolf W.; Petrushina, Irina

2016-01-01

The conductivity of pure molten KH2PO4 salt and four mixtures with more or less water (KH2PO4-H2O and KH2PO4-KPO3 systems, respectively) were measured at temperatures of 240-320°C and under their own water vapor pressures. Molten KH2PO4 has been proven to be a promising electrolyte for an elevated...

Ultrasound surface treatment of Kh18N10T steel with different structural state. Ul'trazvukovaya poverkhnostnaya obrabotka stali Kh18N10T s razlichnym strukturnym sostoyaniem

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aksenov, V K; Danilov, P A; Mats, A V; Netesov, V M; Yaes, A A [AN Ukrainskoj SSR, Kharkov (Ukrainian SSR). Fiziko-Tekhnicheskij Inst.

1989-09-01

Ultrasound surface treatment (USST) is studied for its effect on the structure and mechanical-and-physical properties of Kh18N10T steel with different prehistory. It is shown that surface treatment may both increase and decrease steel microhardness.

The effect of chromium diffusion redistribution on wear resistance of carburized 3Kh13 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shcherbedinskij, G.V.; Shumakov, A.I.; Zemskij, S.V.; Pereverzev, V.M.

1977-01-01

The redistribution of chromium in steel 3Kh13 on carburization in a high-activity carburizer and the wear-resistance of the steel have been investigated. Surface layers with an increased chromium concentration show the highest wear-resistance. The chromium content in the surface layer increases due to its diffusion from the interior. The distribution of carbon and chromium in the carburized layers has been studied with the aid of the radioactive isotope 14 C by the method of layer-by-layer spectral analysis on a vacuum quantometer, layer-by-layer chemical and X-ray structure analysis. The composition of the carbides has been determined by physicochemical analysis. It has been established that the carburized layer can be divided into four zones with respect to its phase composition: first zone - hematite and spinal with 0.5-2.0% C; second zone - solid carbides (Fe,Cr) 7 C 3 ; up to 5% C; third zone - globular carbides in a troostite matrix (Cr,Fe) 7 C 3 and Cr 23 C 6 ; up to 3.5% C; fourth, transitional, zone - troostite carbide mixture Cr 23 C 6 ; up to 1% C. The chromium diffusion in the carburized layer is faster than in the initial austenite. The chromium counterdiffusion is due to the development of a zone of solid carbides M 7 C 3

Development of plastic deformations in 12Kh18N10T steel under cyclic symmetrical bending of specimens of various length

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pisarenko, G.S.; Leonets, V.A.; Bega, N.D. (AN Ukrainskoj SSR, Kiev. Inst. Problem Prochnosti)

1983-08-01

Effect of specimen length on intensity of plastic deformation development and cyclic strength is studied for annealed 12Kh18N10T steel under cyclic symmetrical bending. The intensity of microplastic deformations and cyclic strength of annealed 12Kh18N10T steel in the considered case is due to self-heating.

Effect of boron control of environment on corrosion and resistance to low-cycle corrosion fatigue in structural steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Babej, Yu.I.; Zhitkov, V.V.; Zvezdin, Yu.I.; Liskevich, I.Yu.; Nazarov, A.A.

1982-01-01

Tests of the specimens on total, contact and crevice corrosion, corrosion cracking and low-cycle fatigue are conducted for determination of corrosion and corrosion-fatigue characteristics in the 15Kh3NMFA, 10N3MFA, 10Kh16N4B, 05Kh13N6M2 structural steels, used in energetics. The environment is subjected to boron control and contacting with atmosphere for simulation of stop and operation modes of the facility. The experiments are carried out in the distilled water with 12g/l H 3 BO 3 and 10 mg/l Cl' at 25, 60, 100 deg C under contacting with atmosphere. It is established, that the pearlitic steels 15Kh3NMFA, 10N3MFA, as well as transition and martensitic 05Kh13N6M2 and 10Kh16N4B steels are highly stable to total, crevice and contact corrosion at the high parameters of aqueous boron-containing medium. Steel resistance to low-cycle fracture decreases slightly under the conditions similar to the operation ones, in the water with 12 g/l H 3 BO 3 . Durability of the pearlitic steels at the simulation of stop conditions decreases more noticeably, crack formation as a rule, initiating from corrosion spots

Investigation of Creep Processes and Microdamages in 10Kh9V2MFBR-Sh High-Chromium Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Grin', E. A.; Pchelintsev, A. V.

2018-01-01

During the modernization and the new construction of power units at TPPs in Russia, high-chromium martensitic steels with higher heat-resistant properties than the traditional perlite steels are increasingly used as structural materials. High-chromium steels have a necessary regulatory support for their use in domestic power engineering. However, up to the present time, the issue of assessing the quality of these steels at the analysis of their state during long-term operation remains open. The article proposed is one of the first attempts to create a system of quality criteria for martensitic steels based on their microdamage parameters. Tests were carried out on the long-term strength and creep of samples from 10Kh9V2MFBR-Sh steel at high temperatures with the construction of creep curves in relative coordinates "deformation related to the deformation of fracture, current time related to time to failure." For some samples, the tests were interrupted and the metal was subjected to metallographic studies consisting of the analysis of microdamage with reference to the accumulated creep strain. It has been shown experimentally that the deformation curve of high-chromium steel differs from the analogous curve of pearlitic steel by a longer and flat section of steady creep and by a sharper transition to the third accelerated creep stage, which has a very short time period (approximately 10% of the total durability). The tendency to the increase in the microdamage of the structure of steel as the accumulated creep strain increases with time was confirmed. The beginning of transition to the final creep phase is characterized by the formation of contours of future pore chains and by the appearance of individual large pores of up to 6 μm in size, the presence of which in the microstructure of the martensitic steel indicates a very significant accumulation of creep strain, and corresponds to the predestruction stage of metal. It is necessary to continue the research to

On the protective effect of KhOSP-10 inhibitor during corrosion, hydrogenadsorption and corrosion cracking of a steel in sulfuric acid

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mindyuk, A.K.; Svist, E.I.; Savitskaya, O.P.; Goyan, E.B.; Gopanenko, A.N.

1975-01-01

The protective propeties of inhibitor KhOSP-10 in the time of corrosion and corrosive cracking of steel 40Kh are higher then those of inhibitors KPI-1, KI-1, I-I-V etc. Its ability to reduce steel hydrogenation is the same as in the case of KPI-1 inhibitor i.e. below that of KI-1. HCl additives enhance the efficiency of inhibitors KPI-1, KI-1, I-1-V etc. up to the protective ability of KhOSP-10. Kinetics of the electrode processes was estimated from polarization curves

Influence of local microplastic strains on stress corrosion of 08Kh18N10T steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Moskvin, L.N.; Efimov, A.A.; Sherman, Ya.I.; Fedorova, T.I.

1987-01-01

Study on specific features of microhomogeneous strain in the process of plastic strain development and their role in stress corrosion of 08Kh18N10T steel sheet specimens subject to preliminary strain by 1, 3, 6, 16 and 23% and subsequent tests of stress corrosion in magnesium chloride solution at 150 deg C 140 MPa has been carried out. Analysis of test results has shown that microplastic strain is distributed over a specimen nonuniformly and is accompanied with the slip bands formation which are sources of corrosion crack origination and development. 08Kh18N10T steel manifests the highest trend to stress corrosion under 1% microplastic strain

Long-term strength and allowable stresses of grade 10Kh9MFB and X10CrMoVNb9-1 (T91/P91) chromium heat-resistant steels

Science.gov (United States)

Skorobogatykh, V. N.; Danyushevskiy, I. A.; Schenkova, I. A.; Prudnikov, D. A.

2015-04-01

Currently, grade X10CrMoVNb9-1 (T91, P91) and 10Kh9MFB (10Kh9MFB-Sh) chromium steels are widely applied in equipment manufacturing for thermal power plants in Russia and abroad. Compilation and comparison of tensile, impact, and long-term strength tests results accumulated for many years of investigations of foreign grade X10CrMoVNb9-1, T91, P91, and domestic grade 10Kh9MFB (10Kh9MFB-Sh) steels is carried out. The property identity of metals investigated is established. High strength and plastic properties of steels, from which pipes and other products are made, for operation under creep conditions are confirmed. Design characteristics of long-term strength on the basis of tests with more than one million of hour-samples are determined ( and at temperatures of 500-650°C). The table of recommended allowable stresses for grade 10Kh9MFB, 10Kh9MFB-SH, X10CrMoVNb9-1, T91, and P91 steels is developed. The long-time properties of pipe welded joints of grade 10Kh9MFB+10Kh9MFB, 10Kh9MFB-Sh+10Kh9MFB-Sh, X10CrMoVNb9-1+X10CrMoVNb9-1, P91+P91, T91+T91, 10Kh9MFB (10Kh9MFB-Sh)+X10CrMoVNb9-1(T/P91) steels is researched. The welded joint reduction factor is experimentally determined.

Susceptibility of 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo steel to liquid metal induced embrittlement by lithium-lead solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eberhard, B.A.; Edwards, G.R.

1984-08-01

An investigation has been conducted on the liquid metal induced embrittlement susceptibility of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel exposed to lithium and 1a/o lead-lithium at temperatures between 190 0 C and 525 0 C. This research was part of an ongoing effort to evaluate the compatibility of liquid lithium solutions with potential fusion reactor containment materials. Of particular interest was the microstructure present in a weld heat-affected zone, a microstructure known to be highly susceptible to corrosive attack by liquid lead-lithium solutions. Embrittlement susceptibility was determined by conducting tension tests on 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel exposed to an inert environment as well as to a lead-lithium liquid and observing the change in tensile behavior. The 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel was also given a base plate heat treatment to observe its embrittlement susceptibility to 1a/o lead-lithium. The base plate microstructure was severely embrittled at temperatures less than 500 0 C. Tempering the base plate was effective in restoring adequate ductility to the steel

2-Butyne-1,4-diol as a novel corrosion inhibitor for API X65 steel pipeline in carbonate/bicarbonate solution

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sadeghi Meresht, E.; Shahrabi Farahani, T.; Neshati, J.

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► Corrosion of API 5L X65 is effectively reduced by the addition of the inhibitor. ► The techniques include weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS and AFM. ► 2-Butyne-1,4-diol acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. ► The adsorption of 2-butyne-1,4-diol obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. - Abstract: The inhibition effects of 2-butyne-1,4-diol on the corrosion susceptibility of grade API 5L X65 steel pipeline in 2 M Na 2 CO 3 /1 M NaHCO 3 solution were studied by electrochemical techniques and weight loss measurements. The results indicated that this inhibitor was a mixed-type inhibitor, with a maximum percentage inhibition efficiency of approximately 92% in the presence of 5 mM inhibitor. Atomic force microscopy revealed that a protective film was formed on the surface of the inhibited sample. The adsorption of the inhibitor was found to conform to the Langmuir isotherm with the standard adsorption free energy of −21.08 kJ mol −1 .

Structural features and properties of the laser-deposited nickel alloy layer on a KhV4F tool steel after heat treatment

Science.gov (United States)

Shcherbakov, V. S.; Dikova, Ts. D.; Stavrev, D. S.

2017-07-01

The study and application of the materials that are stable in the temperature range up to 1000°C are necessary to repair forming dies operating in this range. Nickel-based alloys can be used for this purpose. The structural state of a nickel alloy layer deposited onto a KhV4F tool steel and then heat treated is investigated. KhV4F tool steel (RF GOST) samples are subjected to laser deposition using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. A nickel-based material (0.02C-73.8Ni-2.5Nb-19.5Cr-1.9Fe-2.8Mn) is employed for laser deposition. After laser deposition, the samples are subjected to heat treatment at 400°C for 5 h, 600°C for 1 h, 800°C for 1 h, and 1000°C for 1 h. The microstructure, the phase composition, and the microhardness of the deposited layer are studied. The structure of the initial deposited layer has relatively large grains (20-40 μm in size). The morphology is characterized by a cellular-dendritic structure in the transition zone. The following two structural constituents with a characteristic dendritic structure are revealed: a supersaturated nickel-based γ solid solution and a chromium-based bcc α solid solution. In the initial state and after heat treatment, the hardness of the deposited material (210-240 HV 0.1) is lower than the hardness of the base material (400-440 HV 0.1). Only after heat treatment at 600°C for 1 h, the hardness increases to 240-250 HV0.1. Structure heredity in the form of a dendritic morphology is observed at temperatures of 400, 600, and 800°C. The following sharp change in the structural state is detected upon heat treatment at 1000°C for 1 h: the dendritic morphology changes into a typical α + γ crystalline structure. The hardness of the base material decreases significantly to 160-180 HV 0.1. The low hardness of the deposited layer implies the use of the layer material in limited volume to repair the forming surfaces of dies and molds for die casting. However, the high ductility of the deposited layer of the nickel

[Effect of KH2PO4 on the odonto- and osteogenic differentiation potential of human stem cells from apical papillae].

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Yan-ping; Wu, Jin-tao; Wang, Zi-lu; Zheng, Yang-yu; Zhang, Guang-dong; Yu, Jin-hua

2013-01-01

To determine the effects of KH2PO4 on the odonto- and osteogenic differentiation potential of human stem cells from apical papillae (SCAP) in vitro. SCAP were isolated and cultured respectively in alpha minimum essential medium (α-MEM) or α-MEM containing 1.8 mmol/L KH2PO4. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to examine the odonto and osteogenic potential of SCAP in the two media. SCAP cultured in α-MEM containing 1.8 mmol/L KH2PO4 exhibited a higher ALP activity [(0.370 ± 0.013) Sigma unit×min(-1)×mg(-1)] at day 3 than control group [(0.285 ± 0.008) Sigma unit×min(-1)×mg(-1)] and KH2PO4-treated SCAP formed more calcified nodules at day 5 [(0.539 ± 0.007) µg/g] and day 7 [(1.617 ± 0.042) µg/g] than those in normal medium [(0.138 ± 0.037) µg/g, P odonto- and osteogenic markers were significantly up-regulated after the stimulation of KH2PO4 at day 3 and 7 respectively, as compared with control group. 1.8 mmol/L KH2PO4 can promote the odonto and osteogenic differentiation potential of human SCAP.

Ductile fracture of two-phase welds under 77K. [Steel-EhP810, steel-EhP666, steel-08Kh18N10T, steel-EhP659-VI, steel-chP810

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yushchenko, K.A.; Voronin, S.A.; Pustovit, A.I.; Shavel' , A.V.

The effect of the type of welding and fillers on crack resistance of welded joints high-strength steel EhP810 and its various compounds with steels EhP666, 08Kh18N10T has been studied. For the welding of steel EhP810 with steels EhP810, EhP666, 08Kh18N10T electron-beam, automatic, argon tungsten arc with non-consumable electrode with various fillers, as well as argon metal-arc welding with consumable electrode, were used. It is shown, that for a joint, made by electron-beam welding, parameters sigmasub(u), Ksub(IcJ), KCV are higher than for a joint of a similar phase structure made using filler wire EhP659-VI. It is explained by the fact, that during electron-beam welding joint metal refining takes place, which removes gases. In welded joints of chP810 steel, having joints with austenitic structure, characteristic of crack resistance Ssub(c) increases by more than 0.2 mm in contrast to two-phase joints, which conventional yield strength at 77 K exceeds 1000 MPa. It is worth mentioning, that for other classes of steels formation of two-phase structure of joint increases welded joint resistance to brittle fracture. It is possible to obtain the required structure of joint with assigned level of resistance to brittle fracture by means of the use of different fillers, optimum and welding procedure, regulating the part of the basic metal in joint content.

Effect of the isothermal transformation temperature on the fine structure of steel-12Kh1MF

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mints, I.I.; Berezina, T.G.; Lanskaya, K.A.

1976-01-01

For detailed analysis of bainite and pearlite in steel 12Kh1MF, homogeneous structures were obtained by isothermal annealing at 350, 450, 500, and 650 0 for 1 h. Isothermal transformation of austenite leads to the formation of bainite at 350-500 0 and pearlite at 650 0 . The austenitizing temperature was 980 0 for both types of samples, with holding for 20 min. For comparison, the plates were quenched from 980 0 and 1050 0 in ice-cold brine. The investigation was conducted with use of light and electron microscopes and x-ray analysis. The long-term strength was also determined. Isothermal treatment of steel 12Kh1MF at 350-500 0 C leads to the formation of a structure consisting of upper and lower bainite. At 500 0 the structure consists primarily of upper bainite, and at 350 0 of lower bainite. With tempering of the steel with a structure of upper and lower bainite at 730 0 for 3 h the dislocations undergo redistribution of the polygonization type within ferrite needles, with development of a cellular substructure. The acicular structure of the matrix is retained in this case. The density and evenness of the distribution of carbides is higher in upper bainite than in lower bainite. Steel 12Kh1MF with a structure of upper bainite is more susceptible to recrystallization as compared with a structure of lower bainite, which is responsible for the higher heat resistance of the latter

Development of production technology and investigation of quality for forged-welded turbine rotors of steel 25Kh2NVFA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Borisov, I.A.; Merinov, G.N.; Slezkina, E.V.

1997-01-01

A study was made into mechanical properties and microstructure of turbine rotor components manufactured by forging and heat treated under various conditions. It is revealed that the optimal heat treatment of forgings must include double quenching with subsequent tempering at 630-640 deg C for 10-20 h. Forged and welded rotors should be tempered at 620-630 deg C for 50-100 h. Microscopic examination and mechanical tests showed that low alloy steel 25Kh2NMF can be successfully used for manufacturing rotors of high-, medium-and low-heat turbines

Water vapor pressure over molten KH2PO4 and demonstration of water electrolysis at ∼300ºC

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Berg, Rolf W.; Nikiforov, Aleksey Valerievich; Petrushina, Irina

2016-01-01

A new potentially high-efficiency electrolyte for water electrolysis: molten monobasic potassium phosphate, KH2PO4 or KDP has been investigated at temperatures ∼275–325 °C. At these temperatures, KH2PO4 was found to dissociate into H2O gas in equilibrium with a melt mixture of KH2PO4—K2H2P2O7—KPO3...... of water and methane or hydrogen to be 0.40 ± 0.02 or 1.2 ± 0.03. At equilibrium the vapor pressure was much lower than the vapor pressure above liquid water at the same temperature. Electrolysis was realized by passing current through closed ampoules (vacuum sealed quartz glass electrolysis cells...... with platinum electrodes and the electrolyte melt). The formation of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen gases as well as the water vapor was detected by Raman spectroscopy. In this way it was demonstrated that water is present in the new electrolyte: molten KH2PO4 can be split by electrolysis via the reaction 2H2O...

Mechanical and fracture properties at impact loading of selected steels for nuclear power engineering

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Buchar, J.; Bilek, Z.

1988-01-01

The possibilities are briefly characterized of experimental research of mechanical and fracture properties of steels used in nuclear power engineering. Attention is paid to plastic deformation and the assessment of fracture formation during impact loading. The results are reported for steels 15Kh2MFA and 10GN2MFA. For steel 15Kh2MFA the effect was also studied of neutron radiation at different temperatures. From the theory developed for non-irradiated material 10GN2MFA, a prediction is made within the original model of the fracture stress value for steel 15Kh2MFA in both non-irradiated and irradiated states. The conclusion is arrived at that the existing methods of assessing steel properties at impact load allow obtaining knowledge of all significant effects during actual stress, this using only small specimens of the materials. (Z.M.). 4 figs., 8 refs

2-Butyne-1,4-diol as a novel corrosion inhibitor for API X65 steel pipeline in carbonate/bicarbonate solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sadeghi Meresht, E. [Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, 1411713114, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Shahrabi Farahani, T., E-mail: tshahrabi34@modares.ac.ir [Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, 1411713114, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Neshati, J. [Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, RIPI, 1485733111, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

2012-01-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Corrosion of API 5L X65 is effectively reduced by the addition of the inhibitor. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The techniques include weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS and AFM. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer 2-Butyne-1,4-diol acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The adsorption of 2-butyne-1,4-diol obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. - Abstract: The inhibition effects of 2-butyne-1,4-diol on the corrosion susceptibility of grade API 5L X65 steel pipeline in 2 M Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3}/1 M NaHCO{sub 3} solution were studied by electrochemical techniques and weight loss measurements. The results indicated that this inhibitor was a mixed-type inhibitor, with a maximum percentage inhibition efficiency of approximately 92% in the presence of 5 mM inhibitor. Atomic force microscopy revealed that a protective film was formed on the surface of the inhibited sample. The adsorption of the inhibitor was found to conform to the Langmuir isotherm with the standard adsorption free energy of -21.08 kJ mol{sup -1}.

Defect accumulation in welded joints of 12Kh1MF steel steam pipelines during creep

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anokhov, A.E.; Alekhova, I.A.

1982-01-01

Technique for investigation of micropore accumulation in 12Kh1MF steel welded joints is proposed. The micropore density in different zones of welded joints in non-uniform. It is shown that failure localization in welded joint in the softening zone during the creep takes place due to the micropore priority accumulation in this zone. It is found out that accumulation of residual deformations in different zones of 12Kh1MF welded joints under creep runs more uniformly as the level of working stresses decreases and test duration increases

Improvements in the susceptibility to hydrogen attack and stress-relief cracking of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Imanaka, T.; Sato, S.; Shimomura, J.; Aso, K.

1985-01-01

The influence of sulphur content at extremely low level on the susceptibility to hydrogen attack and stress-relief cracking in 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steels was studied. The reduction of sulphur content and/or the addition of REM (rare earth metal) or Ca in accordance with sulphur content remarkably improve the resistivity against hydrogen attack and stress-relief cracking. Micro-structural examination has showed that there exist Mn-REM-S-Al-O complex particles in the REM-added steels. It is concluded that the effect of REM on hydrogen attack and stress-relief cracking is to reduce ''the free sulphur'' in 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steels

On change of vanadium carbide state during 20Kh3MVF steel heat treatment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gitgarts, M.I.; Maksimenko, V.N.

1975-01-01

The Xray diffraction study of vanadium carbide MC has been made in the steel-20KH3MVF quenched from 970 and 1040 deg and tempered at 660 deg for 210 hrs. It has been found that the constant of the MC crystal lattice regularly varies with the temperature of isothermal hold-up. In the steel tempered after quenching two vanadium carbides of different content could co-exist simultaneously: carbide formed in the quenching process and carbide formed during tempering. The discovered effect of the temperature dependence of the MC content is, evidently, inherent also to other steels containing vanadium

Specific electrical conductivity in molten potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4 - An electrolyte for water electrolysis at ∼300°C

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nikiforov, Aleksey Valerievich; Berg, Rolf W.; Petrushina, Irina

2016-01-01

The conductivity of pure molten KH2PO4 salt and four mixtures with more or less water (KH2PO4-H2O and KH2PO4-KPO3 systems, respectively) were measured at temperatures of 240-320°C and under their own water vapor pressures. Molten KH2PO4 has been proven to be a promising electrolyte for an elevated...... temperature pressurized water electrolyzer demonstrating high conductivity of ∼0.30Scm-1 at 300°C. The conductivity data are given as polynomial functions of temperature and composition. The melting point of the pure salt under its own water vapor pressure was determined to be ∼272°C....

Annealing effect on restoration of irradiation steel properties

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vishkarev, O.M.; Kolesova, T.N.; Myasnikova, K.P.; Pecherin, A.M.; Shamardin, V.K.

1986-01-01

The effect of temperature and annealing time on the restoration of properties of the 15Kh2NMFAA and 15Kh2MFA steels after irradiation at 285 deg with the fluence of 6x10 23 neutr/m 2 (E>0.5 MeV) is studied. Microhardness (H μ ) restoration in the irradiated 15Kh2NMFAA steel is shown to start from 350 deg C annealing temperature. The complete microhardness restoration is observed at the annealing temperature of 500 deg C for 10 hours

Development and industrial mastering hot rolling procedure for low-ductile steels and alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Degterenko, V.K.; Sokolov, V.A.

1980-01-01

The technique for the development of the sheet hot rolling procedure for low-ductile steels and alloys (0Kh17N14M2, 12Kh21N5T, 20Kh25N20C2,40Kh13, 36NKhTYu etc.) is proposed, using plastometer which permits to obtain the data on the deformation resistance in the wide range of temperatures (800-1300 deg C), of deformation degrees (0.1-0.3) and deformation rates (0.001-300 c -1 ). With the help of the plastometric data processed on the computer the calculation of the rolling regimes for the sheet with improved surface quality is carried out at the more uniform loading on the mill stands

Estimation of structural strength of 38KhN3MFA steel, melted using different methods

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kudrya, A.V.; Mochalov, B.V.; Fadeev, Yu.I.

1982-01-01

Quantity of steel melted by different methods using criteria of fracture mechanics is evaluated. Three technological variants of the 38KhN3MFA steel melting: acid Martin steel prepared by the duplex-process (melt 1); the main Martin steel melting with deoxidation and alloying in a ladle by liquid alloy and treatment with synthetic slag with argon purging after production (melt 2) and its electroslag remelt - ESP process (melt 3) are investigated. The analysis of the investigated melts has revealed that crack resistances of the acid Martin steel is higher than that of other melts at practically similar standard mechanical properties with 0.35 probability at 0.05 significance level in the low-tempered state; in the tempered state the best crack resistance is observed in the ESP main Martin steel. Metal of the main Martin melting has lower crack resistance as compared with other meltings at both strength levels. The results of the work point out the necessity of applying the criteria of fracture mechanics for obtaining an objective evaluation of the steel quality

Evaluation of environmental effect on creep-fatigue of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang Beinan; Ishikawa, Akiyoshi; Asada, Yasuhide.

1991-01-01

In the present study, a trial evaluation was made to evaluate the environmental effect of air separately from the behavior of material origin. Data with 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel at 550degC in air were subjected to the evaluation based on data of the steel in high vacuum with a newly developed procedure using the overstress concept. An empirical expression was proposed to describe the environmental effect of air on the creep-fatigue behavior. Following conclusions were obtained in the present study on a separation of the environmental effect of air on a creep-fatigue behavior of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel at 550degC. 1) The environmental effect of air reduces a fatigue life, that is, it increases the time-independent damage component of the creep-fatigue. 2) The environmental effect of air brings on the frequency effect which is mainly dependent upon a strain rate or time in a compression going stroke. Other environmental effect on F-S or compression hold-time cycles depends upon the strain rate in compression. 3) The rate-time dependent damage component, that is, the creep damage is reduced by the environmental effect of air. That means a creep-fatigue life recovers in air environment. (author)

Structural changes in surface layer of steel 08Kh18N10T during machining

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Palenik, J.; Vodarek, V.

1989-01-01

The results are reported of a study of the surface layer of steel 08Kh18N10T affected by machining. Structural changes were studied caused by finish turning and by additional roller burnishing. Multiple deformation bands were observed to occur under the given cutting conditions; they mainly consisted of deformation doublets and only in isolated cases of ε-martensite. The presence of α'-martensite was not shown in the specimen surface layer following finish turning. The deformation shear bands in the roller-burnished specimen consisted of both ε-martensite and of deformation doublets. The amount of ε-martensite in the structure was significantly higher than in the specimen worked by turning. Local presence of α'-martensite formations was observed inside the deformation bands. It thus follows that roller burnishing is unsuitable as part of the manufacture of components from steel 08Kh18N10T. (J.B.). 5 figs., 1 tab., 9 refs

Effect of partial oxygen pressure on physicochemical properties of Kh18N10T steel at isothermal oxidation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alekseev, V.N.; Oshe, E.K.; Fokin, M.N.; Bogdanova, S.V.; Loskutov, A.I.

1990-01-01

Auger-electron spectroscopy, photoelectric polarization, conductometry methods have been used to analyze chemical and defect composition of surface oxide layers, formed on stainless steel Kh18N10T in vacuum (10 -9 - 10 -2 torr) and at temperatures 593-673 K. The boundary conditions of manifestation of extermal behaviour of the dependence of the surface oxide growth rate at isothermal oxidation of this steel are determined. The relation between passivation properties of the surface oxide and the magnitude of the edge angle of the surface wetting with molten tin is revealed

Effect of neutron irradiation on the properties of the repair welds of the 15Kh2MFA steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Morozov, A.M.; Khachaturyants, L.V.

1986-01-01

The authors studied the effect of neutron irradiation on the tendency of the metal belonging to the heat affected zone of the weld toward brittle fracture (an increase in the critical temperature of brittleness). For comparison, the authors studied the radiation embrittlement of the original base metal (steel 15Kh2MFA) subjected to the conventional heat treatment of the reactor frames consisting of hardening and high-temperature tempering. Along with these materials, the radiational embrittlement of the base metal in the rehardened condition without tempering was studied. It was concluded that the presence of the regions repaired according to this technology and located in the frame at the level of the reactor core does not pose the problem of decreased resistance to brittle fracture

Effect of melting technique on grain size and heat resistance of the 12Kh1MF steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lanskaya, K.A.; Kulikova, L.V.; Butneva, N.I.

1978-01-01

Investigated are the 12Kh1MF steel melted in open-hearth and arc furnaces (deoxidation by aluminium in 1.0 kg/t quantity) and then subjected to electroslag melting. The size of an austenitic grain depends on the residual contents of nitrogen and aluminium in steel. The open-hearth metal subjected to electroslag melting and containing a small quantity of nitrogen (0.006%) and aluminium (0.013%) has coarse austenitic grains and higher heat resistance compared to the steel melted in an arc furnace and also sub ected to electroslag melting. The nitride analysis of steel is carried out

Effect of preliminary heat treatment on phase transformations and properties of the Kh15N5D2T (VNS-2) steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Madyanov, S.A.; Voronenko, B.I.; Makhnev, E.S.

1978-01-01

It is shown that preliminary heat treatment has a significant effect on the α→γ transformation kinetics, the quantity of residual austenite, the grain size and mechanical properties of the Kh15N5D2T steel after final heat treatment. The preliminary heat treatment regimes leading to the increase of the quantity of residual austenite and to grain refining increase the work of crack propagation in the finally strengthened state. The optimum properties were obtained after threefold preliminary tempering for 1h at 650 deg C. An approximately constant relation of α- and γ-phases (approximately 50%) is observed at 625 deg C irrespective of the investigated regimes of preliminary heat treatment

Effect of agressive medium movement of local corrosion of the steel - 12Kh18N10T

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Makartsev, V.V.; Pakhomov, V.S.; Abramova, I.M.

1980-01-01

The effect of agressive medium movement on the formation of pitting corrosion of the 12Kh18N10T stainless steel in the acidic chloride-nitrate solution at room temperature is studied. It is established that the agressive medium movement hinders the formation of pitting corrosion at potentials more negative than +0.4 V and practically does not affect it at more positive potentials. The investigations have been carried out on a disc electrode rotating at a speed from 0 to 2000 rot./min

Preliminary tension effect on low-cycle fatigue of 40Kh13 steel in gaseous hydrogen

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Romaniv, A.N.

1984-01-01

Comparative bending tests of specimens deformed by tension at 65, 18 and 30% in hydrogen and vacuum were accomplished to reveal the effect of preliminary tension on low-cycle fatigue strength of 40Kh13 martensitic steel. It was found that small amounts of preliminary strains induced a considerable decrease in low-cycle durability in vacuum and hydrogen which was connected with developing defects arising at the early stages of plastic deformation. A rather high degree of preliminary tension promoted steel homogenization, hydrogen embrittlement decrease and service behaviour improvement

Low-temperature cyclic cracking resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Cr-Mn steels welded joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ostash, O.P.; Zhmur-Klimenko, V.T.; Yarema, S.Ya.; Yushchenko, K.A.; Strok, L.P.; Belotserkovets, V.I.

1983-01-01

Results of further investigations into regularities of development of low-temperature fatigue fracture of welded oints in 07Kh13G20AN4 steel are presented, they are compared with analogous data traditional cryogenic 0Kh18N10T and 03Kh13AG19 steels. Welded joints have been prepared by means of automatic V-like level arc Welding of plates; 0Kh18N10T and 07Kh13G20AN4 steels have been welded by means of sv-04Kh19N9 wire, 03Kh13AG19 steel-by means of sv-07Kh13AG19 wire. Tests at almost zero (asymmetry coefficient R=0.05) cycle of extension at 15-20 Hz frequency have been conducted on 5 mm thick disk samples at 20 deg C and - 160 deg C according to the given methods. It is shown that by cyclic crack resistance of welded joint zones of 0Kh18N10T steel and chromium-manganese steels at normal temperature the 07Kh13G20AN4 steel exceeds 0Kh18N10T steel, at low temperature it yields to 0Kh18N10T only by fracture toughness of heat affected zones HAZ and weld metal (ne). 07Kh13G20AN4 steel and its welded joints as most hardened and cheap may be a good substituent for 0Kh18N10T steel. Optimization of WM alloying for increase of its cyclic fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures is necessary

Creep-fatigue behavior of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel at 5500C in air and vacuum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Asayama, T.; Cheng, S.Z.; Asada, Y.; Mitsuhashi, S.; Tachibana, Y.

1987-01-01

Following studies on creep-fatigue behaviors of 304 steel at 650 0 C (Asada et al (1980) and Morishita et al (1984), (1985), (1987)), 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel was studied on its creep-fatigue behaviors at 550 0 C in air and vacuum of 100 and 0.1 μPa. The present study intends to give a base for an evaluation of the environmental effect through obtaining a pure creep-fatigue behavior of this steel which is free from the environmental effect. In the previous studies on 304 steel, tests were conducted in three kinds of environment of air, 100 and 0.1 μPa vacuum. It seemed to be plausible that the 0.1 μPa vacuum shows the pure creep-fatigue behavior of 304 steel at 650 0 C which is almost completely free from the environment. A creep-fatigue life in 0.1 μPa vacuum is almost one order of magnitude higher than that in air. The 100 μPa vacuum suggested that the environmental effect of air still remains but is so small that a creep-fatigue life in 100 μPa is same to that in 0.1 μPa in some strain wave forms. The present study intends to examine if similar observations are obtained with 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel at 550 0 C. This paper describes the analysis of the overstress and damages, in addition to a creep-fatigue result. (orig.GL)

Investigation into the Cyclic Strength of the Bodies of Steam Shutoff Valves from 10Kh9MFB-Sh Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Skorobogatykh, V. N.; Kunavin, S. A.; Prudnikov, D. A.; Shchenkova, I. A.; Bazhenov, A. M.; Zadoinyi, V. A.; Starkovskii, G. L.

2018-02-01

Steam shutoff valves are operated under complex loading conditions at thermal and nuclear power stations. In addition to exposure to high temperature and stresses resulting in fatigue, these valves are subjected to cyclic loads in heating-up-cooling down, opening-closing, etc. cycles. The number of these cycles to be specified in designing the valves should not exceed the maximum allowable value. Hence, the problem of cyclic failure rate of steam shutoff valve bodies is critical. This paper continues the previous publications about properties of the construction material for steam shutoff valve bodies (grade 10Kh9MFB-Sh steel) produced by electroslag melting and gives the results of investigation into the cyclic strength of this material. Fatigue curves for the steal used for manufacturing steam shutoff valve bodies are presented. The experimental data are compared with the calculated fatigue curves plotted using the procedures outlined in PNAE G-002-986 and RD 10-249-98. It is confirmed that these procedures may be used in designing valve bodies from 10Kh9MFB-Sh steel. The effect of the cyclic damage after preliminary cyclic loading of the specimens according to the prescribed load conditions on the high-temperature strength of the steel is examined. The influence of cyclic failure rate on the long-term strength was investigated using cylindrical specimens with a smooth working section in the as-made conditions and after two regimes of preliminary cyclic loading (training) at a working temperature of 570°C and the number of load cycles exceeding the design value, which was 2 × 103 cycles. The experiments corroborated that the material (10Kh9MFB-Sh steel) of the body manufactured by the method of electroslag melting had high resistance to cyclic failure rate. No effect of cyclic damages in the metal of the investigated specimens on the high-temperature strength has been found.

Polarization mechanism and ferroelectric instability in KH2PO4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Koval, S.; Migoni, R.L.; Kohanoff, J.; Bussmann-Holder, A.

2000-11-01

The polarization mechanism and the origin of ferroelectricity in KH 2 PO 4 (KDP) are studied by first-principles electronic structure calculations. In the low-temperature phase, the collective off-center ordering of the protons is accompanied by an electronic charge delocalization from the near and localization at the far oxygen within the O-H...0 bonds. Electrostatic forces, then, push the K + ions towards off-center positions, and induce a macroscopic polarization. The analysis of the correlation between different geometrical and electronic quantities, in connection with experimental data, supports the idea that the role of tunnelling in isotopic effects is irrelevant. Instead, geometrical quantum effects appear to play a central role. (author)

[Effects of different amounts of phosphate fertilizers on copper, zinc transfer in red soil under the application of KH2PO4].

Science.gov (United States)

Guo, Liang; Li, Zhong-wu; Huang, Bin; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Yan

2014-09-01

In order to study the effects of different phosphate addition amounts on migration and transformation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn) in soil, an indoor leaching experiment using soil columns was carry out to study the leaching behavior of Cu and Zn. The KH2PO4 was chosen as the fertilizer application at the doses of 5 mg.kg-1, 15 mg.kg-1 and 25 mg.kg-1. The results showed that KH2PO4, could reduce the leachate pH, but different phosphate amounts had little effect on leachate pH, pH in leachate kept rising in the whole leaching process. With the application of KH2PO4, Cu migration was mainly in the surface layer while Zn migrated into deeper soil. Concentrations of Cu, Zn in deep soil leachate were low indicating that it was harmless to the shallow groundwater. After leaching, heavy metals mainly existed in the residual form in soil, the proportion of residual form of Cu was around 60% and the proportion of residual form of Zn was around 40%. High concentration of KH2PO4 helps the transformation of Zn from residual organic combination state to exchange state.

Ductility of high chromium stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Peretyat'ko, V.N.; Kazantsev, A.A.

1997-01-01

Aimed to optimize the hot working conditions for high chromium stainless steels the experiments were carried in the temperature range of 800-1300 deg C using hot torsion tests and cylindrical specimens of ferritic and ferritic-martensitic steels 08Kh13, 12Kh13, 20Kh13, 30Kh13 and 40Kh13. Testing results showed that steel plasticity varies in a wide range depending on carbon content. Steels of lesser carbon concentration (08Kh13 and 12Kh13) exhibit a sharp increase in plasticity with a temperature rise, especially in the interval of 1200-1250 deg C. Steels 20Kh13 and 30Kh13 display insignificant plasticity increasing, whereas plastic properties of steel 40Kh13 increase noticeably in the range of 1000-1300 deg C. It is shown that optimal hot working conditions for specific steel must be selected with account of steel phase composition at high temperatures

Radiation embrittlement of WWER 440 pressure vessel steel and of some improved steels by western producers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Koutsky, J.; Vacek, M.; Stoces, B.; Pav, T.; Otruba, J.; Novosad, P.; Brumovsky, M.

1982-01-01

The resistance was studied of Cr-Mo-V type steel 15Kh2MFA to radiation embrittlement at an irradiation temperature of around 288 degC. Studied was the steel used for the manufacture of the pressure vessel of the Paks nuclear reactor in Hungary. The obtained results of radiation embrittlement and hardening of steel 15Kh2MFA were compared with similar values of Mn-Ni-Mo type steels A 533-B and A 508 manufactured by leading western manufacturers within the international research programme coordinated by the IAEA. It was found that the resistance of steel 15Kh2MFA to radiation embrittlement is comparable with steels A 533-B and A 508 by western manufacturers. (author)

Effect of silicon on the structure, tribological behaviour, and mechanical properties of nitrogen-containing chromium-manganese austenitic steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Korshunov, L.G.; Chernenko, N.L.; Gojkhenberg, Yu.N.

2003-01-01

The effect of silicon in quantity of 3.5-4.5 mass. % on tribological behaviour is studied for nitrogen-bearing (0.20-0.52 mass. % of nitrogen) chromium-manganese austenitic steels (10Kh15G23S4A0.20, 10Kh16G17N3S4A0.30, 10Kh19G20NS4A0.50, 12Kh19G19NS2A0.50, 10Kh18G19A0.50, 08Kh16G8N10S4A0.18). Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the steels are determined. Using metallographic, x-ray diffraction and electron microscopical methods a study is made into structural transformations running in the steels considered under friction and static tension. It is shown that additional silicon alloying of nitrogen-bearing chromium-manganese austenitic steels results in an essential increase of adhesion wear resistance of the materials on retention of low friction coefficient (f=0.25-0.33). A strong silicon effect on steel tribological behaviour is related with planar slip activation and with an increase of austenite strength and heat resistance [ru

Synthesis, crystal structure, and nonlinear optical properties of Bi2Cu5B4O14

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pan Shilie; Smit, Jared P.; Marvel, Michael R.; Stampler, Evan S.; Haag, Jacob M.; Baek, Jaewook; Halasyamani, P. Shiv; Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R.

2008-01-01

Bi 2 Cu 5 B 4 O 14 crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric triclinic space group P1 (No. 1) with cell parameters a=10.1381(11) A, b=9.3917(11) A, c=3.4566(4) A, α=105.570(2) o , β=92.275(2) o , γ=107.783(2) o , Z=1 and R 1 =0.0401 and wR 2 =0.0980. It is a layered structure that is built up from sheets of rectangular CuO 4 and trigonal BO 3 groups. The sheets are connected by infinite chains of edge shared BiO 6 polyhedra that intersect the bc plane at an angle slightly greater than 90 o . The second-harmonic generation efficiency of Bi 2 Cu 5 B 4 O 14 , using 1064 nm radiation, is about one half times that of KH 2 PO 4 . - Graphical abstract: The figure shows a layered structure that is built up from sheets of distorted rectangular CuO 4 and trigonal BO 3 groups. The sheets are connected by infinite chains of edge shared BiO 6 polyhedra that intersect the bc plane. These distortions lead to the second-harmonic generation efficiency of Bi 2 Cu 5 B 4 O 14 about one half times that of KH 2 PO 4 Display Omitted

Effect of nickel and MnS inclusions in the metal on the pitting corrosion of low-carbon stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Frejman, L.I.; Nguen, The Dong; Volkov, D.E.; Konnov, Yu.P.

1986-01-01

The resistance to pitting corrosion of steels on the 03Kh17-03Kh18 base containing up to 20 % Ni at different levels of S and Mn impurities contamination is investigated. It is shown that up to 50 % of nickel introduced into ordinary steels with 5-6 % Ni is spent to compensate the resistance decrease caused by MnS inclusions. Full compensation is not attained even in the 10-20 %. Ni range in which nickel practically does not affect the resistance of neither ordinary, nor pure (without MnS) steels. Titanium introduction into ordinary steel on the Kh22N6 base permits to surpass the level of 03Kh17N3 pure steel resistance and attain the level of 03Kh17N6 pure steel almost by all characteristics (including passivated characteristics in sulfuric acid) besides pitting repassivity. In this property pure steels with Ni >or approx. 3 % surpass even the molybdenum containing 03Kh21NbM2T ordinary steel though they by far concede by passivation in sulfuric acid

Praktik Pemikiran Inklusif-Sosial KH M Sholeh Bahruddin Ngalah sebagai Manifestasi Pendidikan Multikultural Pesantren

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M Anang Sholikhudin

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Dalam sejarah hidupnya, praktik pemikiran inklusif-sosial Kiai Sholeh sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal. Pertama, atas perintah ayahanda dengan pesan seperti berikut: “sak temene dek pasar, dek masjid, dek dalan, kabeh iku dulurmu (sesungguhnya baik di pasar, di masjid, maupun di jalanan, di seluruh tempat itu ada saudaramu.” Kedua, penerapan teori Abraham, yakni mencontoh perilaku ayahanda KH M Bahruddin Kalam (almarhum dan juga perilaku kakek KH M Kalam (almarhum. Ketiga, praktik dari rukun Tarekat Naqshabandiyah pada poin kelima dan keenam, yakni “ambugusi kabeh konco, cilik gede, lanang wadon, enom tuo, lan ambagusi kabeh makhluk (bergaul secara baik dengan semua teman, baik kecil maupun besar, laki-laki maupun perempuan, muda maupun tua, dan bergaul secara baik dengan semua makhluk.” Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada praktik pemikiran inklusif-sosial KH M Sholeh Bahruddin dengan model studi kasus, pendekatan yang dipakai adalah expose facto. Data diambil melalui observasi, wawancara serta dokumentasi. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa praktik pemikiran inklusif-sosial KH.. M. Sholeh Bahruddin sebenarnya mempertemukan misi perintah masing-masing agama (Islam, Kristen, Katolik, Budha dan Konghucu untuk membangun perdamaian, keamanan dan memelihara kasih sayang bersama-sama dan meminimalisir terjadinya konflik agama. || In the history of his life, the practice of inclusive social thought by Kiai Sholeh greatly influenced by several things. First, on the orders of his father with the following message: “In the markets, in the mosques, as well as on the streets, all over the places there are your brothers.” Secondly, the application of Abraham’s theory, which was practiced by KH M Bahruddin Kalam, the father (deceased of Kiai Sholeh, as well as KH M Kalam, the grandfather (deceased of Kiai Sholeh. Third, the practice of the Naqshabandi pillars that say: “being good with all friends, both small and great, both men and women, young

Study of cast and thermo-mechanically strengthened chromium-nickel nitrogen-containing steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Prokoshkina, V.G.; Kaputkina, L.M.; Svyazhin, A.G.

2000-01-01

The effect of nitrogen on the structure and strength of corrosion-resistant chromium-nickel steels after thermal and thermomechanical treatment is studied. The 06Kh15N7AD and 07Kh15N7DAMB steels alloying by nitrogen was accomplished through the basic composition steels remelting in the molecular nitrogen atmosphere under the pressure of 0.1-2.5 MPa. The 02Kh15N5DAF and 05Kh15N5DAM steels ingots were obtained through melting in a plasma furnace under the nitrogen pressure of 0.4MPA. The high-temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTMT) was performed by rolling with preliminary blanks heating up to 1050 deg C and the rolling end temperature not below 950 deg C. It is shown, that the HTMT of the nitrogen-containing steels makes it possible to obtain strength characteristics by 1.5 times exceeding the properties of traditionally applicable corrosion-resistant steels, whereby sufficiently high plasticity of the nitrogen-containing steel is retained [ru

Effect of HTGR helium on fatigue and creep properties of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kurumaji, T.; Yamazaki, H.; Kudo, A.

1982-01-01

Low cycle fatigue and creep tests have been carried out on 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel (candidate steel for VHTR reactor pressure vessel) in helium environment containing 200 approx. 300 μatm of H 2 , 100 approx. 150 μatm CO, 7 approx. 10 μatm CH 4 , 7 approx. 10 μatm CO 2 and 1 μatm H 2 O (JAERI B Helium). Fatigue life in helium environment was longer than that in air at 450 0 C. This results can be explained by supposing that oxidation at the crack tip causes the wedge effect to promote crack propagation in air. On the otherhand, creep rupture strength showed no significant difference in both helium and air. Equivalent creep rupture strength in both helium and air may be due to the fact that detrimental internal oxidation and carburization or decarburization hardly occur at 400 approx. 450 0 C

Effect of partial oxygen pressure on physicochemical properties of Kh18N10T steel at isothermal oxidation. Vliyanie partsial'nogo davleniya kisloroda na fiziko-khimicheskie svojstva poverkhnosti stali Kh18N10T pri izotermicheskom okislenii

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alekseev, V N; Oshe, E K; Fokin, M N; Bogdanova, S V; Loskutov, A I [AN SSSR, Moscow (USSR). Inst. Fizicheskoj Khimii

1990-10-01

Auger-electron spectroscopy, photoelectric polarization, conductometry methods have been used to analyze chemical and defect composition of surface oxide layers, formed on stainless steel Kh18N10T in vacuum (10{sup -9} - 10{sup -2} torr) and at temperatures 593-673 K. The boundary conditions of manifestation of extermal behaviour of the dependence of the surface oxide growth rate at isothermal oxidation of this steel are determined. The relation between passivation properties of the surface oxide and the magnitude of the edge angle of the surface wetting with molten tin is revealed.

Effect of nonmetallic inclusions on anisotropy of ductility in 35KhN3MFA steel forgings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shtremel', M.A.; Yavojskij, V.I.; Volkov, V.A.; Chursin, G.M.; Chukhlov, V.I.; Fetisov, G.I.; Mochalin, N.K.; Smol'yaninov, L.V.

1980-01-01

Characteristics of nonmetaltic inclusions and anizotropy of ductility and of impuct strength of forgings of the 35KhN3MFA steel are compared at different variants of melting and outer-furnace treatment. It is shown that method of melting rugulates anisotropy of ductility primarily through deformability of large inclusions during forging. Deformability of inclusions considerably changes due to introduction of silicocalcium in iron mold [ru

Comparison of low-cycle fatigue data of 2 1/4 % CrMo steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sanderson, S.J.; Petrequin, P.; Nieuwland, H.C.D.; Breuer, H.J.

1983-01-01

Data files have been produced on international strain-controlled fatigue information available for 2 1/4 %CrMo steels. The available data have been considered generally in terms of total strain range vs. cycles to failure (Nsub(f)), tensile stress at Nsub(f)/2 vs. cycles to failure and time to failure vs. cycles to failure. Where possible the continuous cycling data been statistically analysed in terms of the elastic and plastic strain components and cycles to failure to yield best-fit equations over defined temperature (T) regime viz: T 0 C, 427 0 C 0 C and 550 0 C 0 C. Increasing test temperatures result in a progressive decrease in continuous cycling fatigue endurance and sustainable stress range

Determination of the onset of ductile crack extension in 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo steel by multi-specimen J integral testing

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Druce, S.G.

1982-02-01

Results obtained at AERE Harwell as part of the first phase of the European Group on Fracture round robin activity into ductile crack initiation detection are presented and discussed. Data are analysed using the current ASTM Jsub(IC) testing procedure and by an alternative procedure. Difficulties in the definition of 'initiation' are highlighted and deficiencies of the ASTM procedure exposed. The ASTM Jsub(IC) value for 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo steel was determined as 0.21 MN/m. The alternative procedure provides a more accurate evaluation of the 'initiation' value of J, that is, at the point of crack advance in excess of that due to crack tip blunting. Using this procedure the 'initiation' value, Jsub(i), was measured as 0.14 MN/m. (author)

The effect of laser treatment on the wear resistance of steel in corrosive media

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Plyatsko, G.V.; Porter, A.I.; Prejs, G.A.; Mojsa, M.I.

1975-01-01

The corrosion mechanical wearing properties of steel 45 treated with a laser beam (H 100 =7800 Mn/sq.m) under friction with nitrated steel 40KhNMA (HV=7000 Mn/sq.m), chrome cast iron Kh15M (hardened and low-temperature tempered, modified), perlite cast iron and bronze are studied. The aqueous buffers with pH=6 and 11 are used as a corrosion active media. In a weakly acid medium the most intensive wearing of steel 40KhNMA is observed at P=8 Mn/sq.m. Its wearing reduces due to increase of pressure to 12 Mn/sq.m. Extent of steel 45 wearing increases with pressure increase from 8 to 12 Mn/sg.m. Friction coefficient of this pair changes by jumps at an increase of normal pressure and its variation range is smaller than that observed in an alkaline medium. The maximum value of friction coefficient is shifted to the higher pressure. The wearing of cast iron Kh15M-steel 45 pair has an alternative pattern. In an alkaline medium the cast iron wearing intensity shows a linear increase with the normal contact pressure but that of the steel changes jumpwise attaining extreme at 8 and 12 Mn/sq.m. In a weak acid medium the intensity of grasping and graphitization at the friction surface of cast iron Kh15M-steel 45 pair is higher than that in the alkaline medium. Experiments demonstrate an effectiveness of the laser beam treatment of steel 45 for its friction in the alkaline medium with nitrated steel 40KhNMA and with hardened low-temperature tempered cast iron 45 under friction contact pressure as high as 8 Mn/sq.m, and in acid medium at 12 and 8 Mn/sq.m respectively. The laser treatment provides high corrosion-mechanical stability of steel 45 and the counterbodies described, as well as the low friction coefficient of these pairs

Paramagnetic defects in KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} crystals with high concentration of embedded TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Grachev, Valentin G., E-mail: grachev@physics.montana.edu; Tse, Romand; Malovichko, Galina I. [Physics Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 (United States); Pritula, Igor M.; Bezkrovnaya, Olga N.; Kosinova, Anna V. [Institute for Single Crystals, NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv (Ukraine)

2016-01-21

Qualitative transformations of spectra of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, EPR, were found in KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} crystals grown from liquor with 10{sup −5}–10{sup −1 }wt. % of anatase TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles in comparison with nominally pure KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}. The nanoparticles have larger segregation coefficient for prismatic parts of the crystals than for pyramidal ones. Significant decrease in resonance absorption, complete disappearance of EPR lines of Fe{sup 3+} and Cr{sup 3+} centers, and appearance of four weak lines of equal intensities together with broad asymmetric lines with g-factors about 2.07–2.5 was observed in pyramidal parts grown with concentration of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles larger than the threshold value 10{sup −2 }wt. %. The four lines were attributed to non-controlled impurity As substituted for P. In the presence of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles, non-paramagnetic AsO{sub 4}{sup 3−} clusters trap electrons becoming AsO{sub 4}{sup 4−}. Disappearance of Fe{sup 3+} and Cr{sup 3+} centers was explained by their recharge to “EPR-silent” states and/or pairing at the surface of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles.

Investigation of 12Kh1MF steel resistance to brittle fractures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bologov, G.A.; Rushchits, T.Yu.

1977-01-01

The metal of hot-rolled steam pipe made of 12Kh1MF steel, which has been subjected to thermal treatment under laboratory conditions, and metal samples from acting steam pipes after different exploitation periods at 510-565 deg C have been investigated. The dependence of impact viscosity and its constituents on conditions of thermal treatment has been established. The energy consumed by the developing crack has been used as an impact viscosity criterion. Appropriate thermal treatment is capable of rehabilitating the impact viscosity of embrittled metal. Cold plastic deformation increases crack propagation rate in the initial metal and promotes embrittlement during exploitation. Ageing of the working metal reduces its capacity of stopping the developing crack and shifts the temperature threshold of brittleness towards positive temperature

Measurement of trace elements in KH2PO4 crystals by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ryon, R.W.; Duewer, T.I.

1981-02-01

A non-destructive method is described for the quantitative measurement of impurities in KDP (KH 2 PO 4 ) crystals. Part per million concentrations of impurities can be determined with good accuracy in about one hour of instrument time. An energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer is used. Both the crystals and the solutions from which they are grown may be analyzed

Evaluation of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel for liquid lithium containment. II. Effects of post-weld heat treatment and niobium content. Annual report, 1979

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anderson, T.L.; Edwards, G.R.

1979-01-01

The lithium corrosion resistance of the regular grade of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel can be vastly improved with a proper postweld heat treatment, but even greater improvements are needed. Results indicate that if weldments were tempered sufficiently long at 760C to remove all Mo/sub 2/C from the microstructure, even greater resistance to attack by low nitrogen lithium could be achieved. Corrosion tests should eventually be performed on regular grade 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel weldments which have been given a long-term (> 25 h) post-weld temper at 760C. Lithium corrosion resistance of regular grade 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel may also be improved by employing a quench and temper heat treatment. Quenched microstructures have more homogenous distribution of carbides than isothermally annealed microstructures, and if properly tempered, should provide excellent lithium corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the toughness of such a lower bainite microstructure should be better than that of the ferrite-bainitic microstructure created by an isothermal anneal. Numerous parameters, all potentially deleterious to the lithium corrosion resistance of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel, remain to be investigated; two such variables are velocity effects and lead content in the lithium.

Evaluation of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel for liquid lithium containment. II. Effects of post-weld heat treatment and niobium content. Annual report, 1979

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anderson, T.L.; Edwards, G.R.

1979-01-01

The lithium corrosion resistance of the regular grade of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel can be vastly improved with a proper postweld heat treatment, but even greater improvements are needed. Results indicate that if weldments were tempered sufficiently long at 760C to remove all Mo 2 C from the microstructure, even greater resistance to attack by low nitrogen lithium could be achieved. Corrosion tests should eventually be performed on regular grade 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel weldments which have been given a long-term (> 25 h) post-weld temper at 760C. Lithium corrosion resistance of regular grade 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel may also be improved by employing a quench and temper heat treatment. Quenched microstructures have more homogenous distribution of carbides than isothermally annealed microstructures, and if properly tempered, should provide excellent lithium corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the toughness of such a lower bainite microstructure should be better than that of the ferrite-bainitic microstructure created by an isothermal anneal. Numerous parameters, all potentially deleterious to the lithium corrosion resistance of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel, remain to be investigated; two such variables are velocity effects and lead content in the lithium

KH 2PO4 as a novel catalyst for regioselective monobromination of aralkyl ketones using N-bromosuccinimide: a green methodology

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

P. Md. Khaja Mohinuddin

2015-08-01

Full Text Available A simple, regioselective and green method has been developed for the preparation of monobrominated ketones from various aralkyl ketones by using N-bromosuccinimide in presence of KH 2PO 4 in EtOH at reflux temperature. The present method is of short reaction time and simple with excellent isolated yields of products. The use of eco-friendly solvent, reuse of organic waste (succinimide and recyclable catalyst used for 4 times without loss of activity are advantageous. This is the first example of the use of KH 2PO 4 as a useful catalyst in organohalogen chemistry and the present method meets reduce-reuse-recycle (RRR principle towards development of green protocol.

Corrosion of chromium, nickel, titanium and steels in solutions of sodium and ammonium thiosulfates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Grebenshchikova, S.V.; Kochergin, V.P.; Doronina, I.V.

1983-01-01

Results of gravimetric determinatiion of average rate of chromium, nickel, titatnium and steels 12Kh18N10T and VSt.3 corrosion rate in solutions 50 mass.% (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 and Na 2 S 2 O 3 in the air and nitrogen atmosphere at 333 K have been generalized. Anodic polarization curves are recorded and stationary potentials of metals and steels under the conditions are measured. It is shown that in (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 solution the rate of metal and steels corrosion is higher than in Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution indepenent of the nature of gaseous medium contacting with solution. In the series Ni → VSt.3 → 12Kh18N10T → VT1 → chromium in (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 and Na 2 S 2 O 3 solutions at 333 K corrosion resistance increases. Chromium, titanium and chromium-nickel steel 12Kh18N10T possess a high corrosion resistance

On the inhibition of mild steel corrosion by 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-1, 2, 4-trizole-3-thiol

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Musa, Ahmed Y.; Kadhum, Abdul Amir H.; Mohamad, Abu Bakar; Takriff, Mohd Sobri; Daud, Abdul Razak; Kamarudin, Siti Kartom

2010-01-01

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in a 2.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution by 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-1, 2, 4-trizole-3-thiol (APTT) was studied at different temperatures, utilising open circuit potential, potentiodynamic and impedance measurements. The results indicate that APTT performed as an excellent mixed-type inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in a 2.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution and that the inhibition efficiencies increased with the inhibitor concentration but decreased proportionally with temperature. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for adsorption of APTT on the mild steel surface were calculated. A chemisorption mechanism of APTT molecules on the mild steel surface was proposed based on the thermodynamic adsorption parameters.

Effect of preliminary neutron irradiation on helium blistering of 0Kh16N15M3B steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chernov, I.I.; Kalin, B.A.; Skorov, D.M.; Shishkin, G.N.; Ivanov, M.V.

1982-01-01

The method of electron microscopy has been applied to investigate the effect of preliminary neutron irradiation on the OKh16N15M3B steel blistering under irradiation by 20 keV helium ions with (1-10)x10 21 ion/m 2 doses at the temperature below 373 K. It is shown that neutron irradiation shifts critical doses of blister formation and intense scaling towards higher doses. But after the incubation period the erosion of steel preliminary neutron irradiated grows with the increase of helium ion dose above 7x10 21 ion/m 2 . Short-term heating of neutron irradiated samples during 15 min at 1173 K does not practically affect the beginning of intense scaling of the surface

Chromium surface alloying of structural steels during laser treatment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kurov, I.E.; Nagornykh, S.N.; Sivukhin, G.A.; Solenov, S.V.

1987-01-01

Results of matrix alloying from the surface layer and creation of considerably increased chromium concentration in the depth which permits to increase the efficiency of laser treatment of steels (12Kh18N10T and 38KhN3M) in the process of their further mechanical polishing, are presented. The treatment was realized by continuous CO 2 -laser at different power densities and scanning rates are presented. A model describing the creation of anomalous distributions of the alloying element in steels is plotted

Nitrogen effect on the tendency of Cr-Ni-MN steels to delayed fracture under stress and hydrogen effects

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Suvorova, S.O.; Fillipov, G.A.

1996-01-01

Austenitic steels types 03Kh17N16G10AM5, 03Kh6N12G10AM5 and 07Kh13AG20 with various nitrogen contents were studied for their tendency to delayed fracture using mechanical tests, fractography and X ray diffraction analysis. The steel type 07Kh13G20 exhibited the highest strength in the initial state but showed an increase tendency to delayed fracture after hydrogenation. It is underlined that nitrogen additions essentially intensify the tendency of cold worked steels to delayed fracture. This fact should be taken into account when using nitrogen-containing Cr-Ni-Mn steels under severe operational conditions. 4 refs., 2 tabs

Metallographical procedure for detecting carburized layer in the 12Kh18N10T steel tubes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Najmark, S.I.; Shmalenyuk, R.P.

1977-01-01

The various causes of the tendency to intercrystalline corrosion of stainless steel tubing were studied. 12Kh18N10T steel tube specimens were metallographically investigated to reveal the presence and depth of the carburized layer. Unlubricated specimens and specimens with the graphite-saltpeter lubrication applied on them were austenized in the temperature range from 950 to 1250 deg C and then exposed to a provoking anneal at 650 deg C for 24 h. All the lubricated specimens showed a carbide network along grain boundaries and intercrystalline cracks. The specimens treated without lubrication had no cracks. The method offered can differentiate poor tube cleaning and the undesirable effect of other processing steps on the tubes

Effect of austenitization conditions on kinetics of isothermal transformation of austenite of structural steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Konopleva, E.V.; Bayazitov, V.M.; Abramov, O.V.; Kozlova, A.G.

1987-01-01

Effect of austenization of kinetics of pearlite and bainite transformations for steels with different carbon content differing by alloying character and degree has been investigated. Austenization temperature increase is shown to leads to retardation of ferrite-pearlite transformation in low- and medium-carbon alloyed steels. Step-like holding in the region of austenite stable state (850, 950 deg) after high-temperature heating (1100 deg C) increases the rate of transformation partially recovering its kinetics and decomposition velocity after low-temperature heating in steels alloyed advantageously with carbide-forming elements (08Kh2G2F, 30Kh3) and does not affect kinetics in the 35Kh, 30KhGSN2A, 45N5 steels. Increase of heating temperature and growth of an austenite grain cause considerable acceleration of bainite transformation, increase of the temperaure of bainite transformation beginning and increase of the transformation amplitude in the 08Kh2G2F, 30Kh3 steels and affect weakly kinetics in steels with mixed alloying (30KhGSN2A) or low-alloy one (35Kh). The bainite transformation rate in the 45N5 steelite does not depend on austenization. The effect of additional acceleration of bainite transformation as a result holding after high-temperature heating in those steels, where activation of transformation occurs with increase of heating temperature

Electroplastic drawing of stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Troitskij, O.A.; Spitsyn, V.I.; Sokolov, N.V.; Ryzhkov, V.G.

1977-01-01

Effect of electroplastic drawing on mechanical, magnetic and electrical properties of wire of 12Kh18N10T and Kh13N13M2 steels was studied. Pulse, direct and alternating currents were used. Direct and alternating current densities were 400 A/mm 2 , mean density of pulse current was 200 A/mm 2 . The investigations have shown that the current density increase results in decreasing the wire strengthening intensity though in increasing plastic properties. As a result of electroplastic drawing the growth of magnetic characteristics of wire occurs

Boron effect on fabrication properties and service behaviour of complex corrosion-resistant steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gol'dshtejn, Ya.E.; Piskunova, A.I.; Shmatko, M.N.

1978-01-01

In order to determine the optimum boron admixtures for the improvement of the technological plasticity without the considerable reduction in the corrosion resistance of the complex alloy Cr-Ni-Mo steels, industrial heats of the 03KH16N15M3, 03KH17N14M3 and other steels, containing 0.0005-0.003% boron, have been researched. The plasticity, corrosion resistance and microstructure of certain steels have been determined. It is shown that small additions of boron enhance the technological plasticity during the ingot rolling. In order to prevent a sharp reduction in the corrosion resistance, the boron content should be confined to 0.0015% and the quenching temperature raised to 1,120-1,150 deg C. The positive effect of the quenching temperature increase is accounted for by the solution of the excess phases and by the reduction of the dislocation density in the near-the-boundary zones

Observation of pH Value in Electrokinetic Remediation using various electrolyte (MgSO4, KH2PO4 and Na(NO3)) for Barren Acidic Soil at Ayer Hitam, Johor, Malaysia

Science.gov (United States)

Norashira, J.; Zaidi, E.; Aziman, M.; Saiful Azhar, A. T.

2016-07-01

Barren acidic soil collected at Ayer Hitam, Johor Malaysia was recorded at pH value of 2.36 with relative humidity of 86%. This pH value is not suitable for the growth of any plants especially for the soil stabilization purposes. Gradation weathering within the range of 4 to 6 indicates an incomplete/partial weathering process. The soil grade in this range is known as a black shale mudstone. Beside, this also influences to a factor of the high surface water runoff at this particular soil species. As the acidic pH become a major problem for soil fertilizing hence an appropriate technique was implemented known as using ‘Electrokinetic Remediation’, EKR. This technique has a great potential in changing the soil pH value from acidic to less acidic and also kept maintain the pH at the saturated rate of electrochemical process. This research study presents the monitoring data of pH value due to the effect of various electrolyte consist of 0.5M of MgSO4, KH2PO4, and Na(NO3). Here, the distilled water (DW) was used as reference solution. The electric field was provided by dipping two pieces of identical rectangular aluminum foil as anode and cathode. The EKR was conducted under a constant voltage gradient of 50 V/m across the sample bulk at 0.14 m length measured between both electrodes. The data collection was conducted during the total period of 7 days surveillance. The variation of pH values at the remediation area between anode and cathode for various type of electrolyte indicates that there are a significant saturated value as it reaches 7 days of treatment. During the analysis, it is found that the highest pH value at the remediation area after 7 days treatment using Na(NO3), KH2PO4 and MgSO4 was 3.93, 3.33 and 3.39 respectively. Hence from the last stage of pH value observation, it can be conclude that the best electrolyte for barren soil treatment is Na(NO3) whereby it contribute to highest pH value and turn the soil to be less acidic.

Structural steels for power generating equipment and heat and chemical heat treatments

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Astaf'ev, A.A.

1979-01-01

Development of structural steels for power generating equipment and for reactor engineering, in particular, is elucidated. Noted is utilization of the 15Kh2NMFA steels for the WWER-1000 reactor vessels, the 10GN2MFA steels for steam generators, pressurizers, vessels of the automatic emergency shut down and safety system; the 00Kh12N3DL steel for cast pump vessels and main locking bars. The recommendations on heat treatment of big forgings, for instance, ensuring the necessary complex of mechanical properties are given. Diffusion chromizing with subsequent nitriding of austenitic steels which increase durability of the components in BN reactors more than 4 times, is practised on a large scale

Parameter optimization for steel quenching by C02-laser irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Moryashchev, S.F.; Kislitsyn, A.A.; Kosyrev, F.K.

1984-01-01

The dependence of average absorption factor on maximal temperature of the article surface during quenching by CO 2 -laser irradiation was determined empirically. The calculations of depth of a hardening zone and process productivity in 40 Kh, 4Kh13 steels and Armco-iron with regard to this dependence were conducted

Electric dipole moment in KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} systematically modified by proton irradiation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jin Kweon, Jung; Lee, Cheol Eui [Department of Physics and Institute for Nano Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713 (Korea, Republic of); Noh, S. J.; Kim, H. S. [Department of Applied Physics, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701 (Korea, Republic of)

2012-01-01

We have carried out an impedance spectroscopy study on a series of proton-irradiated KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} (KDP) systems. A systematic modification was observed in the transverse dipole moment of the proton-irradiated KDP systems, associated with hydrogen-ion displacements, as obtained from dielectric constant measurements by using a mean-field approximation. Besides, intercorrelation of the charge transport with the dielectric properties was revealed, both having closely to do with the hydrogen-bond modification.

Caustic cracking of 2 1/4 CrMo steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cowen, H.C.; Thorley, A.W.

1983-12-01

Stress corrosion cracking tests performed on the 21/4 Cr Mo ferritic steel are described. The principal environments studied were strong, aqueous caustic soda, molten anhydrous caustic soda, and caustic soda with an addition of sodium. Emphasis has been placed on material in the quenched-hardened condition. (author)

Corrosion critique of the 2 1/4 Cr--1 Mo steel for LMFBR steam generation system applications

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zima, G.E.

1977-07-01

The unstabilized ferritic steel of nominal composition, 2 1 / 4 Cr-1Mo, has been proposed for critical structural assignments in LMFBR powerplants, specifically: the tubing, tubesheet and shell of the evaporator and superheater components. The interest in this steel has been based on a presumably favorable general corrosion property spectrum, acceptable mechanical properties and fabricability, and certain economies associated with the low alloy content. This report is an attempt at a general corrosion assessment for the 2 1 / 4 Cr-1Mo steel and an identification of corrosion problem areas potential to this steel from the sodium and water/steam systems of the proposed working environment. There is a considerable area of uncertainty in the sodium-side response of 2 1 / 4 Cr-1Mo steel, centered in the loss and redisposition of carbon during long-term exposure to sodium of various impurity backgrounds. It is submitted that present evidence relating to the water/steam-side corrosion behavior of the 2 1 / 4 Cr-1Mo steel, under nominal and conceivable perturbed environmental conditions, constitutes the principal concern for the proposed LMFBR powerplant applications of this steel. It is suggested that this unfavorable corrosion aspect represents an inherent limitation of the low alloy content of this steel, probably largely independent of melting and processing recourses, and it is a sufficient basis to question the incentive for a continuation of the collateral studies of this steel for the proposed LMFBR steam generation system assignments

Electron beam welding of flanges with tubular shafts of steel 40KhNMA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Leskov, G.I.; Zhivaga, L.I.; Shipitsyn, B.N.; Savichev, R.V.

1975-01-01

The results are presented of elaborating the technological process for the electron beam welding of flanges with a tube of the 40KhNMA steel and of investigation into the quality of the welded joints. A welded piece has been fabricated conforming to the technology suggested observing the parameters worked-out in the following sequence: assembling the piece; pre-welding of the edges in some points; welding; high tempering; welds quality control; removal of the seam reinforcement inside of the tube and the weld root to the depth of 2 mm; quenching; tempering; welds quality control; finishing. The welds quality control consists in visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, magnetic flaw detection, as well as X-ray and metallographic analyses. The mechanical properties are studied on notched samples cut out of the welded joints. The test results have shown that the mechanical properties of the welded joints meet the requirements on the same level with the base metal

Properties of structural steels melted out of high-purity charge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marchenko, V.N.; Sergeeva, T.K.; Kondakova, N.K.; Morozov, V.P.; Madorskij, L.L.

1993-01-01

A comparative evaluation has been made of impurities, mechanical properties and hydrogen embirittlement parameters for steels type 40Kh and 40KhS produced by electrometallurgical method with the use of direct reduced charge (DR-steels) and melted in an open-hearth furnace. Investigation results have shown that 40Kh and 40KhS Dr-steels have more coarse austenitic grains and experience more complete transformation of martensite into ferritic-pearlitic mixture on tempering. Threshold stresses increase 2.5 times due to purity enhancement at the expense of application of direct reduced charge

Features of argon-arc welding of aluminium alloy AD1 to stainless steel 12Kh18N10T

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sadov, I.I.

1982-01-01

Welding of pipes made of the 12Kh18N10T stainless steel and the AD1 aluminium alloy is proposed to perform using one-sided aluminizing. It is recommended to use shields in order to protect internal and external surfaces of pipes, aluminizing of which is impossible. It is shown that developed technological process for welded joints made of aluminium and stainless steel for cryogenic apparatus permits to create light-duty cryostat assembly using aluminium alloys instead of copper alloys, to increase reliability of apparatus (usage of welded joints instead of soldered ones), and to improve labour conditions

Sources of optical distortion in rapidly grown crystals of KH2PO4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

De Yoreo, J.J.; Zaitseva, N.P.; Woods, B.W.; Land, T.A.; Rek, Z.U.

1995-01-01

We report results of x-ray topographic and optical measurements on KH 2 PO 4 crystals grown at rates of 5 to 30mm/day. We show that optical distortion in these crystals is caused primarily by 3 sources: dislocations, differences in composition between adjacent growth sectors of the crystal, and differences in composition between adjacent sectors of vicinal growth hillocks within a single growth sector of the crystal. We find that the compositional heterogeneities cause spatial variations in the refractive index and induced distortion of the transmitted wave front while large groups of dislocations are responsible for strain induced birefringence which leads to beam depolarization

Elevated-temperature tensile properties of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel irradiated in the EBR-II, AD-2 experiment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Klueh, R.L.; Vitek, J.M.

1984-01-01

The effect of irradiated on the tensile properties of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel was determined for specimens irradiation in EBR-II at 390 to 550 0 C. Unirradiated control specimens and specimens aged for 5000 h at the irradiation temperatures were also tested. Irradiation to approximately 9 dpa at 390 0 C increased the strength and decreased the ductility compared with the unirradiated and aged specimens. Softening occurred in samples irradiated and tested at 450, 500, and 550 0 C

Stationary potentials and corrosion of metals and steels in sodium and potassium chloride eutectic melts saturated with hydrogen chloride

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Belov, V.N.; Ershova, T.K.; Kochergin, V.P.

1978-01-01

Stationary potentials have been measured at 850 deg C and corrosion rates found gravimetrically for a number of metals and steels in the eutectic NaCl-KCl melt saturated with HCl. Periodic shifts of the stationary potentials towards positive values have been established in the Ti-V-Cr-Fe-Ni, Cu-Zr-Nb-Mo, Ag-Ta-W-Pt systems, with the corrosion rate of metals decreasing in them. The stationary potentials are shown to shift towards positive values in the series: st.08 KP, st.3, Kh17N2, Kh22N6T, Kh13NChG9, 1Kh18N10T, Kh17N13M2T, OKh17N16M3T, Kh23N18, Kh25N16G7, Kh23N28M3D3T, with corrosive resistance in this series increasing

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on phase transformations in Kh17N8 steel during deformation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eshchenko, R.N.; Teplov, V.A.

1984-01-01

The phase composition and structure of Kh17N8 steel strained to different degrees under atmospheric pressure and 1700 MPa are investigated. It has been found that deformation at 1700 MPa causes α and epsilon-martensite formation, the same deformation under atmospheric pressure - only α-martensite formation. The amount of the formed α-martensite is not changed with application of hydrostatic pressure. Electron-microscopic observations have shown that the dispersion of α-martensite formed under pressure is higher than in the absence of pressure; no interconnection in formation of α and epsilon-martensite in samples strained under pressure has been observed

Long-term behaviour of heat-resistant steels and high-temperature materials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1987-01-01

This book contains 10 lectures with the following subjects: On the effect of thermal pretreatment on the structure and creep behaviour of the alloy 800 H (V. Guttmann, J. Timm); Material properties of heat resistant ferritic and austenitic steels after cold forming (W. Bendick, H. Weber); Investigations for judging the working behaviour of components made of alloy 800 and alloy 617 under creep stress (H.J. Penkalla, F. Schubert); Creep behaviour of gas turbine materials in hot gas (K.H. Kloos et al.); Effect of small cold forming on the creep beahviour of gas turbine blades made of Nimonic 90 (K.H. Keienburg et al.); Investigations on creep fatigue alternating load strength of nickel alloys (G. Raule); Change of structure, creep fatigue behaviour and life of X20 Cr Mo V 12 1 (by G. Eggeler et al.); Investigations on thermal fatigue behaviour (K.H. Mayer et al.); Creep behaviour of similar welds of the steels 13 Cr Mo 4 4, 14 MoV 6 3, 10 Cr Mo 910 and GS-17 Cr Mo V 5 11 (K. Niel et al.); Determining the creep crack behaviour of heat resistant steels with samples of different geometry (K. Maile, R. Tscheuschner). (orig.,/MM) [de

Additional materials for welding of the EP99 heat resisting alloy with the EI868 alloy and 12Kh18N9T steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sorokin, L.I.; Filippova, S.P.; Petrova, L.A.

1978-01-01

Presented are the results of the studies aimed at selecting an additive material for argon-arc welding process involving heat-resistant nickel EP99 alloy to be welded to the EI868 alloy and 12Kh18N9T steel. As the additive material use was made of wire made of nickel-chromium alloys and covered electrodes made of the EP367 alloy with additions of tungsten. It has been established that in order to improve the resistance of metal to hot-crack formation during argon arc welding of the EP99 alloy with the EI868 alloy, it is advisable to use an additive material of the EP533 alloy, and while welding the same alloy with the 12Kh18N9T steel, filler wire of the EP367 alloy is recommended

Corrosion cracking of 03N18K1M3TYu and 02N12Kh5M3 maraging steels in chloride solutions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pavlov, V.N.; Chumalo, G.V.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Melekhov, R.K.

1987-07-01

The authors investigate the electrochemical behavior in 0.5% NaCl solution and 42% MgCl/sub 2/ solution and the tendency toward corrosion cracking was determined in boiling 0.5% chloride solution of the cobalt-containing maraging steels in the title. Weld specimens and specimens of the base metal of 03N18K1M3TYu steel were tested in 3% NaCl solution for resistance to corrosion cracking. Additional investigations were made of specimens of that steel with previously created fatigue cracks of the base metal and the weld specimens in 3% NaCl solutions, since that steel is a promising material for structures operating in sea water and low concentration chloride solutions.

Processing and microstructure characterisation of oxide dispersion strengthened Fe–14Cr–0.4Ti–0.25Y2O3 ferritic steels fabricated by spark plasma sintering

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, Hongtao; Huang, Yina; Ning, Huanpo; Williams, Ceri A.; London, Andrew J.; Dawson, Karl; Hong, Zuliang; Gorley, Michael J.; Grovenor, Chris R.M.; Tatlock, Gordon J.; Roberts, Steve G.; Reece, Michael J.; Yan, Haixue; Grant, Patrick S.

2015-01-01

Highlights: • Nanostructured ODS steels were successfully produced by SPS. • Presence of Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 nanoclusters was confirmed by synchrotron XRD and microscopy. • The chemistry of nanoclusters tested by ATP indicated they are Y–Ti–O oxides. - Abstract: Ferritic steels strengthened with Ti–Y–O nanoclusters are leading candidates for fission and fusion reactor components. A Fe–14Cr–0.4Ti + 0.25Y 2 O 3 (14YT) alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying and subsequently consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The densification of the 14YT alloys significantly improved with an increase in the sintering temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction revealed that 14YT SPS-sintered at 1150 °C under 50 MPa for 5 min had a high density (99.6%), a random grain orientation and a bimodal grain size distribution (<500 nm and 1–20 μm). Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns showed bcc ferrite, Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 , FeO, and chromium carbides, while transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography showed uniformly dispersed Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 nanoclusters of <5 nm diameter and number density of 1.04 × 10 23 m −3 . Due to the very much shorter consolidation times and lower pressures used in SPS compared with the more usual hot isostatic pressing routes, SPS is shown to be a cost-effective technique for oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy manufacturing with microstructural features consistent with the best-performing ODS alloys

Creep-fatigue behavior of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel at 5500C in air and vacuum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Asayama, T.; Cheng, S.Z.; Asada, Y.; Mitsuhashi, S.; Tachibana, Y.

1987-01-01

Creep-fatigue tests were conducted with 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel at 550 0 C under various strain wave forms in air and vacuum of 100 and 0.1 μPa. No indication of environmental effect of air was observed in 0.1 μPa vacuum in which a strain rate effect diminished. However, there observed still a time/rate dependent life reduction in a case of wave forms with a longer tension going time than compression. In addition, there observed an effect of mean stress with this steel. An analysis of stress-strain response showed the response is not affected by the test environment. Internal stresses of back and drag stress were obtained with this steel and an overstress was predicted based on phenomenology. A pure creep-fatigue life reduction was predicted based on a damage model composed of the overstress. The prediction showed a scatter of a factor of two. An effect of air environment was evaluated based on the prediction procedure. The method should be improved to include the effect of mean stress on creep-fatigue behavior of this steel

About Moral Ideals of Turkic Philosopher M.Kh. Dulaty

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Botagoz S.Asankulova

2015-04-01

Full Text Available The ideas of moral upbringing during the period of Kazakh kingdom on the example of M.Kh.Dulaty ҆s work «Tarikh-i-Rashidi» are given in the article. The main idea is historical-pedagogical aspect of investigation of moral upbringing problems. Genesis of progressive ideas in this direction is the basis of historical experience, which allows to define the dynamics of upbringing process contributing to the moral perfection of personality.

Damping capacity of unstable steels on chromium-nickel-manganese base

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kochkin, L.I.; Rudakov, A.A. (Kirovskij Politekhnicheskij Inst. (USSR))

1982-02-01

The paper deals with results of a study on the energy scattering in OKh13N3G8, 20Kh13N3G4 and 30Kh13N3G4 unstable steels. It is shown that the development of microplastic strains most easily occurs in low-carbon steel having a two-phase structure in the initial state. The proceeding of microplastic deformations in carbon unstable steels is limited by the interstitial atom effect on the dislocation movement. It is established that in OKh13N3G8 steel the martensite ..cap alpha --> gamma..- transformation begins under the cyclic stress amplitudes below the yield point of this steel. The steels studied possess a high vibrostrength.

Chemical reduction of rust on 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel surface in sodium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yokota, N.; Shimoyashiki, S.

1986-01-01

Low-alloy Fe-2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo ferritic steel has been favored for the tube material of steam generators in fast breeder reactors (FBRs). However, this material rusts easily due to moisture condensation on its surface when left in air. Therefore, measures to prevent tube materials from rusting have been taken during manufacturing of the steam generators. When rust is present on tube surfaces, its oxygen and iron dissolve into liquid sodium. When the concentration of these impurities in the sodium increases rapidly, the cold traps can become choked locally and lose their removal ability. This work has been done, therefore, to clarify reduction processes of rust in sodium and to select optimum operating temperatures of steam generators in the initial operation

Quality of austenite chrome-nickel steel made by gas-oxygen refining

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fel'dgandler, Eh.G.; Levin, F.L.; Moshkevich, E.A.; Shifrin, Eh.V.; Movshovich, V.S.; Pargamonov, E.A.

1991-01-01

Properties and structure were investigated of austenitic 03Kh18N11 and 08KhN10T steels melted at gas oxygen refining aggregates. It was established that mechanical and corrosion properties of rolling of such steels were in agreement with standard properties of metal of open melting. Sheet 08Kh18N10T steel has the level of strength and plasticity regulated for 12Kh18N10T steel. As steel of 08Kh18N10T holds the complex of high mechanical and corrosion properties, 08Kh18N10T is recommended to be replace by 12Kh18N10T with the aim of decrease of titanium usage and increase of process efficiency

Stainless austenitic steels strengthened due to reversible phase transformations and by ageing

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sagaradze, V.V.; Kositsyna, I.I.; Ozhiganov, A.V.

1981-01-01

The effect of the reversible phase transformations, consisting in the conduction of the direct and reverse martensite transformations and aging, during which the intermetallide γ'-phase of the composition Ni 3 Ti is formed, on the streng-thening of alloys in the Fe-Cr-Ni-Ti system is considered. Stainless austenitic steels Kh12N12T3 and Kh12N14T3, which acquire high mechanical properties: σsub(0.2)=685-785 MPa, σsub(B)=1275 MPa, delta >= 20%, as a result of reversible phase transformations and aging, are suggested. After the reversible phase transformations and ageing the steels possess a high resistance to γ-α-transformation during cold treatment [ru

Effect of heat treatment and rotor steels composition on hydrogen solubility

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ivanov, A.I.; Samojlenko, L.V.; Gorovaya, O.N.; Najdovskij, A.G.; Bilik, I.; Kret, Ya.

1988-01-01

Measurements of equilibrium hydrogen adsorption in samples of 27KhN3MFA and 25Kh2NMFA steels were conducted. Carbide inclusions and doping additions, typical for rotor steels, don't produce noticeable effect on hydrogen solubility in

On choice of tempered steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Govorov, A.A.; Pan'shin, I.F.; Rakhmanov, V.I.

1978-01-01

For the purpose of developing a graphical method for choosing structural steels, a change in the propagation work of a crack and in the critical temperature of brittleness of 40, 40Kh, 40KhN, and 40KhNM steels, was examined depending on the hardness after hardening and tempering. A diagram enabling to choose the grade of steel for making an article of known dimensions according to the preset values of its mechanical properties has been plotted. The developed selection scheme takes into account the hardenability of steels and the influence of the hardness after thermal treatment on the cold-shortness of steel

Indeno-1-one [2,3-b]quinoxaline as an effective inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Obot, I.B.; Obi-Egbedi, N.O.

2010-01-01

Indeno-1-one [2,3-b] quinoxaline (INQUI), synthesized in our laboratory, was tested as inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 using gravimetric method at 30 o C. The inhibitor (INQUI) showed about 81% inhibition efficiency (E (%)) at an optimum concentration of 10 x 10 -6 M. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in inhibitor concentration but decreases with increase in immersion time. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel in the acid solution was found to accord with Temkin's adsorption isotherm. The calculated value of the free energy for the adsorption process, ΔG ads , reveals a strong chemisorbed bond between the inhibitor and mild steel surface and a spontaneous adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel surface. Density functional theory (DFT) proves that INQUI molecule is adsorbed on the mild steel surface by the most negatively charged nitrogen and oxygen atoms.

Damping capacity of unstable steels on chromium-nickel-manganese base

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kochkin, L.I.; Rudakov, A.A.

1982-01-01

The paper deals with results of a study on the energy scattering in OKh13N3G8, 20Kh13N3G4 and 30Kh13N3G4 unstable steels. It is shown that the development of microplastic strains most easily occurs in low-carbon steel having a two-phase structure in the initial state. The proceeding of microplastic deformations in carbon unstable steels is limited by the interstitial atom effect on the dislocation movement. It is established that in OKh13N3G8 steel the martensite α→γ- transformation begins under the cyclic stress amplitudes below the yield point of this steel. The steels studied possess a high vibrostrength [ru

A comparative study of the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid by 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine-2-thione

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Musa, Ahmed Y.; Kadhum, Abdul Amir H.; Mohamad, Abu Bakar; Daud, Abdul Razak; Takriff, Mohd Sobri; Kamarudin, Siti Kartom

2009-01-01

The corrosion protection of mild steel in a 2.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution by 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine-2-thione (DMT) was studied at different temperatures by measuring changes in open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Corrosion current densities calculated from EIS data were comparable to those obtained from polarisation measurements. Results showed that DMT inhibited mild steel corrosion in a 2.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution and indicated that the inhibition efficiencies increased with the concentration of inhibitor, but decreased proportionally with temperature. Polarisation curves showed that DMT is a mixed-type inhibitor. Changes in impedance parameters suggested the adsorption of DMT on the mild steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films. The DMT adsorption on the mild steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for dissolution and adsorption were investigated. Comprehensive adsorption (physisorption and chemisorption) of the inhibitor molecules on the mild steel surface was suggested based on the thermodynamic adsorption parameters.

On the low-cycle fracture of chromium-nickel-molybdenum structural steels in seawater

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Karpenko, G.V.; Kobzaruk, A.V.; Malyshevskij, V.A.; Shul'te, A.Yu.; Rybin, V.V.; Silaev, I.I.

1977-01-01

The processes of low-cycle fracture of the chrome-nickel-molybdenum steels 15KhN5MF, 12KhN4MF and 15KhN3M in air, and in sea water have been investigated by the optical microscopy method, and electron microscopic examination of thin films. Bringing no change in the fracture character, sea water produces a speeding-up effect on the low-cycle fatigue fracture process. During long-time corrosion fatigue testing considerable importance lies with the electrochemical corrosion factor expediting the occurrence of corrosive pits acting as crack-initiation nuclei, fatigue crack attack, accumulation of corrosion products in fatigue cracks, etc

Influence of quantity of non-martensite products of transformation on resistance to fracture of improving structural steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gulyaev, A.P.; Golovanenko, Yu.S.; Zikeev, V.N.

1978-01-01

18KhNMFA, low-carbon, alloyed steel and 42KhMFA medium-carbon, alloyed steel have been examined. For the purpose of obtaining different structures in hardening the steel, different cooling rates, different temperatures and isothermal holding times are applied. The following has been shown: on tempering to the same hardness (HV 300), the presence of non-martensite structures in hardened state does not practically influence the standard mechanical properties of steel (sigmasub(B), sigmasub(0.2), delta, PSI). The resistance of steel to the brittle failure is enhanced by the uniform, fine-disperse distribution of the carbide phase in the structure of lower bainite (up to 80 % bainite in martensite for 42KhMF steel to be improved), as well as strongly fragmented packages of rack martensite-bainite (up to 50 % lower bainite in martensite of 18KhNMFA steel). The formation of the upper bainite in the structure of the hardened steels 18KhNMFA and 42KhMF results on tempering in the formation of coarse, non-uniform, branched carbide inclusions, and this, in its turn, leads to raising the cold-shortness threshold and to lowering the amount of work as required for propagation of a crack. The presence of ferritic-pearlitic structures in the structural steels hardened to martensite and bainite results in reducing the resistance of steel to the brittle failure; the presence of every 10 % ferritic-pearlitic component in martensite of the structural steels 18KhNMFA and 42KhMFA to be thermally improved, raises T 50 by 8 deg and 20 deg C, respectively

Inhibition performance of a gemini surfactant and its co-adsorption effect with halides on mild steel in 0.25 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wang Xiumei [State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016 (China); School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168 (China); Yang Huaiyu, E-mail: hyyang@imr.ac.cn [State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016 (China); Wang Fuhui [State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016 (China)

2012-02-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer 1,4-Bis (1-chlorobenzyl-benzimidazolyl)-butane has good inhibition effect for mild steel in H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The compound acts as a mixed-type inhibitor and obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Halide ions can improve the inhibition property of compound via the co-adsorption effect. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The adsorbed halides play an important intermediate bridge role in co-adsorption process. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The obtained results can supply the bases for the future using of cationic inhibitor. - Abstract: The inhibition performance of a cationic gemini-surfactant (CBB) and its co-adsorption behavior with halides on mild steel in 0.25 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution was studied by weight loss and electrochemical techniques. Results showed that the compound could effectively inhibit the mild steel corrosion and acted as a mixed-type inhibitor by suppressing simultaneously anodic and cathodic reactions. Addition of the halides improve the inhibition efficiency of CBB and the synergistic effect increase in the order of I{sup -} > Br{sup -} > Cl{sup -}, revealing that halides radii and their electronegativity may play significant roles in co-adsorption with the cationic inhibitor.

Determination of constant of chemical reaction rate in the process of steel treatment in the endothermal atmosphere

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gyulikhandanov, E.L.; Kislenkov, V.V.

1978-01-01

The high-temperature method was applied to measuring a relative variation in the electrical resistance of a thin steel foil prepared from the 12KhN3A, 18Kh2N4VA, 20KhGNR, and 20Kh3MVF steels during its carburization and decarburization, and determined was the temperature dependence of the reaction rate of the interaction of the endothermal atmosphere of different compositions with the analloyed γ-Fe. A connection has been established between the reaction rate constant and the thermodynamic activity of carbon in the alloyed austenite at the temperature of about 925 deg C, corresponding to the cementation temperature. This provides the quantitative estimation of the above value for any alloyed steels and with the presence of numerical values of diffusion coefficients; this also enables one to carry out an accurate calculation of the distribution of carbon throughout the depth of a layer when effecting the cementation in the endothermal atmosphere

Methods for protection of high-strength welded stainless steel from corrosion cracking

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lashchevskij, V.B.; Gurvich, L.Ya.; Batrakov, V.P.; Kozheurova, N.S.; Molotova, V.A.; Shvarts, M.M.

1978-01-01

The efficiency of protection from corrosion cracking under a bending stress of 100 kgf/mm 2 in a salt mist and in a sulphur dioxide atmosphere, of welded joints of steel 08Kh15N5D2T with metallizing, galvanic and varnish coatings and lubricants, and of steel 1Kh15N4AM3 with sealing compounds has been investigated. Metallization of welded joints with aluminium and zinc efficiently increases corrosion resistance in a salt mist. Galvanic coatings of Cd, Zn, and Cr increase the time to cracking in a salt mist from 2-3 to 60-80 days. The protective properties of varnishes under the effect of a salt mist decrease in the following sequence: epoxy-polyamide enamel EP-140, acrylic enamel C-38, silicone enamels KO-834, KO-811, and KO-814. In an atmosphere containing SO 2 0.15 vol.% at 100% relative humidity, the varnishes investigated, with the exception of the inhibited coating XC-596, show lower protective properties than in a salt mist. The high efficiency of protection from corrosion cracking in a salt mist of slots of steel 1Kh15N4AM3 when using organic sealing compounds U4-21 and U5-21, and also slushing lubricants and oils PVK, TsIATIM-201, K17, and AMS3 was established

Unit rupture work as a criterion for quantitative estimation of hardenability in steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kramarov, M.A.; Orlov, E.D.; Rybakov, A.B.

1980-01-01

Shown is possible utilization of high sensitivity of resistance to fracture of structural steel to the hardenability degree in the course of hardening to find the quantitative estimation of the latter one. Proposed is a criterion kappa, the ratio of the unit rupture work in the case of incomplete hardenability (asub(Tsub(ih))) under investigation, and the analoguc value obtained in the case of complete hardenability Asub(Tsub(Ch)) at the testing temperature corresponding to the critical temperature Tsub(100(M). Confirmed is high criterion sensitivity of the hardened steel structure on the basis of experimental investigation of the 40Kh, 38KhNM and 38KhNMFA steels after isothermal hold-up at different temperatures, corresponding to production of various products of austenite decomposition

Molecular dynamics and quantum chemical calculation studies on 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide as corrosion inhibitor in 2.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Musa, Ahmed Y., E-mail: ahmed.musa@ymail.com [Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor (Malaysia); Kadhum, Abdul Amir H.; Mohamad, Abu Bakar; Takriff, Mohd Sobri [Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor (Malaysia)

2011-09-15

Highlights: {yields} This work deals with a study of chemical additives for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic conditions. {yields} The effects of the additive 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (DTS) on mild steel were studied by means of electrochemical techniques. {yields} Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamic model were performed to characterize the inhibition mechanism. {yields} The calculations provided information that helps in the analysis/interpretation of the experimental work. - Abstract: The inhibition of mild steel corrosion in a 2.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution by 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (DTS) was studied at 30 deg. C using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Quantum chemical parameters were calculated for DTS using PM3-SCF method. The molecular dynamic method was performed to simulate the adsorption of the DTS molecules on Fe surface. Results showed that DTS performed excellent as inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in a 2.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution and indicated that the inhibition efficiencies increase with the concentration of inhibitor. Theoretical results indicated that DTS could adsorb on the mild steel surface firmly through heteroatoms.

KH in Paraffin - KH(P): A Useful Base for Organic Synthesis

Science.gov (United States)

Taber, Douglass F.; Nelson, Christopher G.

2011-01-01

The preparation of KH as a one:one homogenate with paraffin, termed KH(P), is reported. KH(P), a solid at room temperature, is stable without special handling. On suspension in THF with a phosphonium salt, KH(P) rapidly generates the ylide. Wittig condensation with aromatic, aliphatic and α, β-unsaturated aldehydes proceeds with high Z-selectivity. KH(P) should be a generally useful base for organic synthesis. PMID:17081034

Electrochemical analysis of the corrosion inhibition effect of trypsin complex on the pitting corrosion of 420 martensitic stainless steel in 2M H2SO4 solution.

Science.gov (United States)

Loto, Roland Tolulope

2018-01-01

Inhibition effect of trypsin complex (TC) on the pitting corrosion of martensitic stainless steel (type 420) in 1M H2SO4 solution was studied with potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential measurement and optical microscopy. TC reduced the corrosion rate of the steel with maximum inhibition efficiency of 80.75%. Corrosion potential shifted anodically due to the electrochemical action of TC. The pitting potential increased from 1.088VAg/AgCl (3M) at 0% TC to 1.365VAg/AgCl(3M) at 4% TC. TC shifts the open circuit corrosion potential from -0.270s at 0% TC concentration to -0.255V at 5% TC. The compound completely adsorbed onto the steel according to Langmuir, Frumkin and Temkin isotherms. ATF-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the inhibition mode to be through surface coverage. Thermodynamic calculations showed physisorption molecular interaction. Corrosion pits are present on the uninhibited 420 morphology in comparison to TC inhibited surface which slightly deteriorated.

Strength of low-carbon rotor steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Voropaev, V.I.; Filimonov, O.V.; Borisov, I.A.

1988-01-01

The results of studying the effect of chemical composition and thermal treatment regimes on the structural strength of steels of the 25KhN3MFA type are presented. It is shown that alloying with niobium from 0.01 to 0.08% steels with the increased nickel content (4.2-4.5%) contributes to the increase of structural strength and reduction of semibrittleness temperature. To obtain high values of strength and plastic properties cooling with the rate of 10 3 -10 5 K/hr is recommended

Welding wires for high-tensile steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Laz'ko, V.E.; Starova, L.L.; Koval'chuk, V.G.; Maksimovich, T.L.; Labzina, I.E.; Yadrov, V.M.

1993-01-01

Strength of welded joints in arc welding of high-tensile steels of mean and high thickness by welding wires is equal to approximately 1300 MPa in thermohardened state and approximately 600 MPa without heat treatment. Sv-15Kh2NMTsRA-VI (EhK44-VI) -Sv-30Kh2NMTsRA-VI (EkK47-VI) welding wires are suggested for welding of medium-carbon alloyed steels. These wires provide monotonous growth of ultimate strength of weld metal in 1250-1900 MPa range with increase of C content in heat-treated state

On the adsorption-induced fatigue of structural steels in the presence of alcohols

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Loboiko, V.I.; Karpenko, G.V.; Vasilenko, I.I.

1976-01-01

The purpose of the work was to study he effect of anhydrous alcohols on the cyclic fatigue of steels in the absence of contact of the alcohol with atmospheric moisture during the testing process. A vacuum was created in the operating space and then the vacuum annealing was carried out in a bath with the sample and through metal vacuum connection the bath was filled with anhydrous alcohol. Studies were made on several construction steels (20Kh, 40Kh, 50Kh, and ShKh15); steels 40Kh, 50Kh, and ShKh15 were quenched from 840-860 0 C in oil and then tempered at 200 0 C (2 h), steel 20Kh was studied in the as-received state. It was shown that with increase in the carbon content of steel with a martensite structure, the decrease in strength in the presence of anhydrous alcohol was greater than in dry air. Experiments showed that anhydrous alcohol causes an adsorption decrease in the strength both of samples with preliminarily formed cracks and V-shaped stress concentrators and of smooth samples. The greatest adsorption effect of alcohols in our case, as in static fatigue, was observed in samples with cracks. A dependence was shown between the length of the carbon chain and the fatigue limit. This dependence indicates the monotone nature of the decrease in the fatigue limit with transfer from methyl to butyl and then to octyl alcohol

Fracture of ledeburitic steel during hot plastic deformation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nikitin, V.P.; Borisov, Yu.A.; Bulat, S.I.; Zajtsev, V.V.

1977-01-01

The mechanisms of the high-temperature failure of high-carbon chromium Kh6F1, Kh6T2 and Kh6VF steels and a possibility to avoid their overheating have been investigated. At 1190 deg C and over the failure occurs along boundaries of grains at points of formation of the initial portions of the liquid phase as carbides are dissolved. If after a holding at 1190-1210 deg C the steels are cooled to 1120-1150 deg C and held for a sufficiently long time, secondary carbides are formed in the eutectic areas and, if the steels are deformed, the discontinuities present a rounded shape. Holding of an overheated steel at 1120-1150 deg C ensures its satisfactory workability in rolling. By choosing adequate overheating and subsequent slight cooling conditions, it is possible not only to retain, but even to improve the plasticity of carbide high-carbon steels. The results of laboratory tests have been confirmed under industrial conditions

Synthesis of methyl-2 O-tolyl-3 quinazolone-4 {sup 14}C-2; Synthese de la methyl-2 O-tolyl-3 quinazolone-4 {sup 14}C-2

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herbert, M; Pichat, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1959-07-01

Description of the preparation of methyl-2 O-tolyl-3 quinazolone-4 {sup 14}C-2 (abbreviated to M.T.Q.), using N-acetyl {sup 14}C-1 anthranilic acid. The overall yield reaches 72 per cent with respect to acetyl chloride {sup 14}C-1. By applying the same method to acetyl chloride {sup 14}C-2, M.T.Q. labelled on the methyl group could be obtained. (author) [French] Description de la preparation de la methyl-2 O-tolyl-3 quinazolone-4 {sup 14}C-2 (abregee en M.T.Q.) par l'intermediaire de l'acide N-acetyl {sup 14}C-1 anthranilique. Le rendement global atteint 72 pour cent par rapport au chlorure d'acetyle {sup 14}C-1. La meme methode appliquee au chlorure d'acetyle {sup 14}C-2 permettrait d'obtenir la M.T.Q. marquee sur le groupement methyle. (auteur)

Optimum conditions for aging of stainless maraging steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mironenko, P.A.; Krasnikova, S.I.; Drobot, A.V.

1980-01-01

Aging kinetics of two 0Kh11N10M2T type steels in which 3 % Mo (steel 1), and 3 % Mo and 11 % Co (steel 2) had been additionally introduced instead of titanium were investigated. Electron microscopy and X-ray methods were used. It was ascertained that the process of steel aging proceeded in 3 stages. Steel 2 was hardened more intensively during the aging, had a higher degree of hardness and strength after the aging, weakened more slowly if overaged than steel 1. The intermetallide hcp-phase Fe 2 Mo was the hardening phase on steels extended aging. Optimum combination of impact strength and strength was was achieved using two-stage aging: the first stage - maximum strength aging was achieved, the second stage - aging at minimum temperatures of two-phase α+γ region

Residual stresses in 2 1/4Cr1Mo welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fidler, R.; Jerram, K.

1978-01-01

Two separate investigations, initiated in an attempt to explain the large amount of residual stress scatter previously observed in the weld metal of eighteen nominally identical thick-section 2 1/4Cr1Mo butt welds, are described in this paper. The first examined the detailed surface residual stress distributions in 2 1/4Cr1Mo manual arc circumferential butt welds in 80mm and 100mm thick 1/2Cr1/2Mo1/4V steam pipe. High residual stresses were found in the regions of overlap between adjacent weld beads, with low values in virgin weld metal. The second utilised single pass manual metal arc bead-in-groove welds to investigate the effects of preheat and weld metal composition on weld metal residual stresses. In four weld metals, mild steel, 1/2Cr1/2Mo1/4V, 1Cr1/2Mo, and 2 1/4Cr1Mo, the residual stresses were very similar, becoming less tensile (or more compressive) with increase of preheat, while the residual stresses in the fifth weld metal (12Cr) were significantly different, being compressive and less affected by preheat. In both investigations the effects have been described in terms of the basic metallurgical phenomena occurring in the weld metal. (author)

Structure and phase composition of titanium nitride coating on austenitic steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dubovitskaya, N.V.; Kolenchenko, L.D.; Larikov, L.N.

1989-01-01

Structure and phase composition of titanium nitride coating deposited on 08Kh18N10T steel substrate using ''Bulat'' device are studied. Use of complex investigation methods permitted despite small coating thickness (1μm) to aquire information on hardness, porosity, to study phase composition in all coating thickness. The surface layer (∼0.1 μm) consists of ε-Ti 2 N, TiN 0.6 , TiC 0.35 , that is formed with carbon participation from oil vacuum. In more deeper layers beside ε-Ti 2 N TiC 0.14 N 0.77 is present. Effect of carbon diffusion from substrate to forming coating is stated. Gradient of element concentrations in the substrate-coating interface causes recrystallization of austenite

Vanishing of T sub c and appearance of quantum paraelectricity in KD sub 2 PO sub 4 and KH sub 2 PO sub 4 under high pressure

CERN Document Server

Endo, S; Tokunaga, M

2002-01-01

The temperature dependences of the dielectric constants of the hydrogen-bond ferroelectrics KH sub 2 PO sub 4 (KDP) and KD sub 2 PO sub 4 (DKDP) were measured under high hydrostatic pressure. Their ferroelectric transition temperatures T sub c monotonically decreased with increasing pressure and the ferroelectric state vanished at p sub c : 1.7 GPa for KDP and 6.1 GPa for DKDP. On the other hand, the Curie constant remained finite at p sub c , which indicates that the ferroelectric phase transition at high pressure is of displacive type. At pressures around p sub c , quantum paraelectricity was observed in KDP and DKDP.

Low-temperature nitriding of austenitic steel in a vibrofluidized bed

Science.gov (United States)

Baraz, V. R.; Grachev, S. V.

1999-11-01

The prospects for use of a vibrofluidized bed (VFB) for low-temperature nitrogen saturation of high-strength austenitic steel based on Cr-Ni-Mn (12Kh17N8G2S2MF) are considered. The positive effect of preliminary plastic deformation on the intensity of nitriding is described. The temperature and time parameters of nitriding in a VFB for strain-aging austenitic steel 12Kh17N8G2S2MF are shown to be adequate for the regimes of the final heat-treatment operation of aging. This creates the possibility of combining the operations of surface alloying and strain aging into a single cycle. This combined treatment increases substantially the resistance of the steel to cyclic loads while preserving the strength parameters. It is shown that the presented method of low-temperature nitriding in a VFB is expedient for improving the service characteristics of austenitic steel 12Kh17N8G2S2MF used for production of force springs of automobile brake systems.

LAPTM4b recruits the LAT1-4F2hc Leu transporter to lysosomes and promotes mTORC1 activation.

Science.gov (United States)

Milkereit, Ruth; Persaud, Avinash; Vanoaica, Liviu; Guetg, Adriano; Verrey, Francois; Rotin, Daniela

2015-05-22

Mammalian target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cellular growth, is activated downstream of growth factors, energy signalling and intracellular essential amino acids (EAAs) such as Leu. mTORC1 activation occurs at the lysosomal membrane, and involves V-ATPase stimulation by intra-lysosomal EAA (inside-out activation), leading to activation of the Ragulator, RagA/B-GTP and mTORC1 via Rheb-GTP. How Leu enters the lysosomes is unknown. Here we identified the lysosomal protein LAPTM4b as a binding partner for the Leu transporter, LAT1-4F2hc (SLC7A5-SLAC3A2). We show that LAPTM4b recruits LAT1-4F2hc to lysosomes, leading to uptake of Leu into lysosomes, and is required for mTORC1 activation via V-ATPase following EAA or Leu stimulation. These results demonstrate a functional Leu transporter at the lysosome, and help explain the inside-out lysosomal activation of mTORC1 by Leu/EAA.

Inhibition of mild steel corrosion by 1,4,6-trimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile and synergistic effect of halide ion in 0.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mourya, Punita, E-mail: mouryapunita025@gmail.com [Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005 (India); Singh, Praveen [Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 (India); Rastogi, R.B.; Singh, M.M. [Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005 (India)

2016-09-01

Highlights: • TODPCN is a good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution. • Addition of iodide ion increases the inhibition efficiency of the studied nitrile derivative. • Inhibition efficiency successively increases with concentration. • XPS study has revealed the chemical composition of the protective film. - Abstract: The effect of iodide ions on inhibitive performance of 1,4,6-trimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (TODPCN) on mild steel (MS) corrosion in 0.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} was studied using gravimetric and electrochemical measurements. TODPCN inhibits the corrosion of MS to the extent of 62.3% at its lowest concentration (0.5 mM) and its inhibition efficiency (η) further increases on increasing concentration at 298 K. The adsorption of TODPCN on MS was found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The value of η increased on the addition of 2.0 mM KI. The value of synergism parameter being more than unity indicates that the enhanced η value in the presence of iodide ions is only due to synergism. Thus, a cooperative mechanism of inhibition exists between the iodide anion and TODPCN cations. The increase in surface coverage in the presence of KI indicates that iodide ions enhance the adsorption of TODPCN. The surface morphology of corroded/inhibited MS was studied by atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of inhibited MS surface was carried out to determine the composition of the adsorbed film. Some quantum chemical parameters and the Mulliken charge densities for TODPCN calculated by density functional theory provided further insight into the mechanism of inhibition.

Chemical heat treatment of low alloyed maraging steels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Malinov, L S; Korotich, I K [Zhdanovskij Metallurgicheskij Inst. (Ukrainian SSR)

1979-09-01

The investigation concerned the nitriding, cementation, chromizing, borating of economically alloyed maraging grade 04Kh2N5MFYu steel. The investigated methods of chemothermal treatment were found to considerably increase the hardness of the surface layer of the maraging steel. The high tempering of the grade 04Kh2N5MFYu cemented and hardened steel was found to produce secondary hardening. On chromizing, the diffusion layer is an alloyed ferrite which strengthens because of the dispersion hardening on ageing. The formation of the plastic low-carbon martensite at relatively small cooling rates greatly decreases the tendency of the boride layer to cracking.

Identification of electron and hole traps in KH2PO4 crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garces, N. Y.; Stevens, K. T.; Halliburton, L. E.; Demos, S. G.; Radousky, H. B.; Zaitseva, N. P.

2001-01-01

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been used to characterize a hole trap and several electron traps in single crystals of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 or KDP). The paramagnetic charge states of these centers are produced by ionizing radiation (e.g., x rays or a 266 nm beam from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser) and are stable for days and even weeks at room temperature. One center consists of a hole trapped on an oxygen ion adjacent to a silicon impurity located on a phosphorus site. This defect has a small, but easily observed, hyperfine interaction with the adjacent substitutional proton. The other centers are formed when an electron is trapped at an oxygen vacancy. These latter defects are best described as (PO 3 ) 2- molecular ions, where the primary phosphorus nucleus is responsible for a large hyperfine splitting (500--800 G in magnitude). Five EPR spectra representing variations of these oxygen vacancy centers are observed, with the differences being attributed to the relative position of a nearby cation vacancy, either a missing proton or potassium. An angular study of the EPR spectra, conducted at room temperature, provided principal values and principal directions for the g matrices and hyperfine matrices for the hole center and two of the electron centers

Role of beta 1-4 linked polymers in the biofilm structure of marine Pseudomonas sp. CE-2 on 304 stainless steel coupons.

Science.gov (United States)

Jain, Anand; Bhosle, Narayan B

2008-01-01

Pseudomonas sp CE-2 cells attach and form biofilms on 304-stainless steel (SS) coupons. A series of experiments were carried out in order to understand the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in the formation and maintenance of CE-2 biofilms on SS coupons. The biofilm density and EPS concentration increased over the period of incubation and the highest values for both were recorded after 72 h. Calcofluor and the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) showed a positive interaction with 72-h old biofilms, indicating the presence of beta 1-4 linked polymers, and alpha-d-glucose and alpha-d-mannose in the biofilm matrix of CE-2. When the CE-2 cells were grown in the presence of calcofluor (200 microg ml(-1)), biofilm formation was significantly reduced (approximately 85%). Conversely, the lectins Con A or WGA did not influence the CE-2 biofilms on the SS coupons. Furthermore, treatment with cellulase, an enzyme specific for the degradation of beta 1-4 linked polymers, removed substantial amounts of CE-2 biofilm from SS coupons. These results strongly suggest the involvement of beta 1-4 linked polymers in the formation and maintenance of Pseudomonas sp. CE-2 biofilms on SS coupons.

1/4-BPS M-theory bubbles with SO(3) x SO(4) symmetry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Hyojoong; Kim, Kyung Kiu; Kim, Nakwoo

2007-01-01

In this paper we generalize the work of Lin, Lunin and Maldacena on the classification of 1/2-BPS M-theory solutions to a specific class of 1/4-BPS configurations. We are interested in the solutions of 11 dimensional supergravity with SO(3) x SO(4) symmetry, and it is shown that such solutions are constructed over a one-parameter familiy of 4 dimensional almost Calabi-Yau spaces. Through analytic continuations we can obtain M-theory solutions having AdS 2 x S 3 or AdS 3 x S 2 factors. It is shown that our result is equivalent to the AdS solutions which have been recently reported as the near-horizon geometry of M2 or M5-branes wrapped on 2 or 4-cycles in Calabi-Yau threefolds. We also discuss the hierarchy of M-theory bubbles with different number of supersymmetries

Evolution of secondary-phase precipitates during annealing of the 12Kh18N9T steel irradiated with neutrons to a dose of 5 DPA

Science.gov (United States)

Tsai, K. V.; Maksimkin, O. P.; Turubarova, L. G.

2007-03-01

The formation and evolution of thermally-induced secondary precipitates in an austenitic stainless steel 12Kh18N9T irradiated in the core of a laboratory reactor VVR-K to a dose of 5 dpa and subjected to post-radiation isochronous annealings for 1 h in a temperature range from 450 to 1050°C have been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and microhardness measurements. It has been shown that the formation of stitch (secondary) titanium carbides and M 23C6 carbides at grain and twin boundaries after annealing at 1050°C is preceded by a complex evolution of fineparticles of secondary phases (titanium carbides and nitrides) precipitated at dislocation loops and dislocations during annealing at temperatures above 750°C.

Tehnologii cloud computing aplicate pentru învăţământul virtual al funcţionarilor publici

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Teodora GHERMAN

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Din perspectiva educaţiei, utilizarea e-learning prin tehnologiile de Cloud Computing reprezintă una dintre direcţiile cele mai importante de dezvoltare a softurilor educaţionale, deoarece Cloud Computing sunt într-o dezvoltare vertiginoasă şi se aplică în toate domeniile Societăţii Informaţionale, inclusiv în educaţie. Sistemele pentru învăţământul virtual pe platforme web (e-learning necesită numeroase resurse hardware şi software. Comoditatea învăţării în Internet, crearea unui mediu de învăţare bazat pe web a devenit unul dintre punctele forte în cercetările educaţiei virtuale, inclusiv Cloud Computing technologies applied in virtual education of civil servants. Articolul prezintă tehnologiile Cloud Computing ca o platformă pentru învăţământul virtual pe platforme web, avantajele şi dezavantajele utilizării acestora faţă de alte tehnologii.

Reliability and durability of the 12Kh1MF steel tubes of electroslag remelting and their welded joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lanskaya, K.A.; Kulikova, L.V.; Mazel', R.E.; Khromchenko, F.A.; Strizhenova, V.F.

1978-01-01

Results of investigating the positive effect of electrolag remelting (ESR) on the properties of the base metal and welded joint of the 12Kh1MF steel steam pipes with the aim of increasing their durability up to 20,000 hrs, are presented. To estimate the quality and properties of tube billet metal, microstructure, content and nature of nonmetallic inclusions, content of gases, austenite grain size, austenite transformations during continuous cooling, metal ductility, mechanical properties at different temperatures and heat resisting properties, have been investigated. It is established, that the base metal in tubes of electroslag remelting possess higher heat resistance, while welded joints besides, have high deformability and resistance to brittle fracture

Corrosion resistance of heat exchange equipment in hydrotreating Orenburg Condensate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Teslya, B.M.; Burlov, V.V.; Parputs, I.V.; Parputs, T.P.

1986-01-01

The authors study the corrosion resistance of materials of construction and select appropriate materials for the fabrication of heat exchange equipment that will be serviceable under hydrotreating conditions. This paper discusses the Orenburg condensate hydrotreating unit which has been shut down repeatedly for repair because of corrosion damage to components of heat exchangers in the reactor section: tube bundles (08Kh18N10T steel), corrugated compensators (12Kh18N10T steel), and pins of the floating heads (37Kh13N8G8MFB steel). The authors recommend that the tube bundles and the compensators in heat exchangers in the reaction section should be fabricated of 08Kh21N6M2T or 10Kh17N13M2T steel. The pins have been replaced by new pins made of 10Kh17N13 X M2T steel, increasing the service life from 6-12 months to 2 years

Laser spectroscopy of highly doped NV- centers in diamond

Science.gov (United States)

Subedi, Shova D.; Fedorov, Vladimir V.; Peppers, Jeremy; Martyshkin, Dmitry V.; Mirov, Sergey B.; Shao, Linbo; Loncar, Marko

2018-02-01

In this paper, prospects of using diamond with NV- centers as a gain medium have been studied. Spectroscopic characterization of NV- centers in diamond as well as absorption saturation and pump-probe experiments have been carried out. Absorption and emission cross-sections were estimated to be 2.8 × 10-17 cm2 and 4.3 × 10-17 cm2 at the maximum of absorption and emission bands, respectively. It was observed from emission spectra under pulse excitation that some NV- are photoionized to NV0 centers with ZPL at 575 nm. Room temperature luminescence lifetime of NV- centers was measured to be 12ns, which is close to the previously reported lifetime in bulk diamond ( 13ns). Saturated transmission was only about 11% of calculated values even at energy fluence much higher than the saturation flux. Two excited state absorptions (ESAs) with different relaxation times ("fast-decay" and "slow-decay with relaxation times of 500 ns and several tens of microseconds, respectively) were revealed in transmission decay kinetics at 632 nm. Kinetics of transmission at 670 nm was dominated by "slow-decay" ESA process. Kinetics of dk/k0 in shorter wavelength were strongly dominated by "fast-decay" ESA process. These results definitively indicate that stimulated emission of NV- centers is suppressed by photoionization and ESAs and the possibility of diamond lasers based on NV- centers is low.

Corrosion Inhibition and Adsorption Characteristics of Tarivid on Mild Steel in H2SO4

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

N. O. Eddy

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The corrosion inhibition and adsorption characteristics of (+/--9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl-7-oxo-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid (Tarivid on the corrosion of mild steel has been studied using thermometric and gasometric methods. The study reveals that tarivid inhibits the corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4. The values of inhibition efficiency of tarivid were found to increase as its concentration increased but decreased with increase in temperature. Activation energies of the inhibited corrosion of mild steel ranged from 39.05 to 50.61 kJ/mol. Values of enthalpy change and free energy of adsorption were negative which indicated exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. Physical adsorption mechanism is proposed from the obtained kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model is obeyed from the fit of the experimental data.

N,N'-di-(m-methylphenyi)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboamide (ZGDHu-1) suppresses the proliferation of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells via apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest.

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Su-Feng; Xia, Jun; Lv, Ya-Ping; Liu, Jin-Lin; Li, Wan-Xiang; Yu, Xi-Ping; Hu, Wei-Xiao; Zhou, Yong-Lie

2015-04-01

Pancreatic cancer is one of the human gastrointestinal malignancies with a high mortality and poor prognosis. Approximately eighty percent of patients are diagnosed with unresectable or metastatic disease. Thus, development of novel chemicals in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is imperative. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of N,N'-di-(m-methylphenyi)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboamide (ZGDHu-1), a new tetrazine derivative, on the PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line and clarify the underlying molecular mechanism. Using an MTT assay, we found that ZGDHu-1 significantly suppressed the proliferation of PANC-1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, according to the morphological and flow cytometric analysis, the results indicated that ZGDHu-1 induced PANC-1 cell apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. In the western blot analysis, expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax gene was upregulated while the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene was downregulated following treatment with ZGDHu-1. ZGDHu-1 also activated pro-caspase-3 and PARP and increased the expression of NF-κB inhibitor IκB. Furthermore, the expression levels of G2/M regulatory molecules such as cyclin B1 and cdc2 were decreased while that of Chk1 was increased. These results suggested that ZGDHu-1 suppressed the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, rendering it a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

On the ways of improving mechanical properties of boiler steels subject to hydrogen effect

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tkachev, V.I.; Litvin, A.K.; Zvezdin, Yu.I.

1975-01-01

The effect of oxygen on the strength properties of boiler steels Kh15M2 and 48TS subjected to heat treatment and preliminary plastic deformation has been studied. It is shown that changes in the strength properties of the steel are determined by the heterogeneity of its structure. Treatment which contributes to homogenization of the metal structure increases the resistance of the steel to detrimental effect of hydrogen. Absorption of hydrogen during cathode polarization at various current densities is shown

Nitrogen ion implantation effect on friction coefficient of tool steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Velichko, N.I.; Udovenko, V.F.; Markus, A.M.; Presnyakova, G.N.; Gamulya, G.D.

1988-01-01

Effect of nitrogen molecular ion implantation into KhVSG steel on the friction coefficient in the air and vacuum is investigated. Irradiation is carried out by the N 2 + beam with energy 120 keV and flux density 5 μ/cm 2 at room temperature in vacuum 5x10 -4 Pa. The integral dose of irradiation is 10 17 particle/cm 2 . Nitrogen ion implantation is shown to provide the formation of the modified layer changing friction properties of steel. The friction coefficient can either increase or decrease depending on implantation and test conditions. 4 refs.; 2 figs

Realization of 7-cell hollow-core photonic crystal fibers with low loss in the region between 1.4 μm and 2.3 μm

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lyngsøe, Jens Kristian; Mangan, Brian Joseph; Jakobsen, C.

2009-01-01

Five 7-cell core hollow-core fibers with photonic bandgap spectral positions between 1.4 μm and 2.3 μm were fabricated. The loss follows the ≈ λ-3 dependency previously reported [1] with a minimum measured loss of 9.5 dB/km at 1992 nm.......Five 7-cell core hollow-core fibers with photonic bandgap spectral positions between 1.4 μm and 2.3 μm were fabricated. The loss follows the ≈ λ-3 dependency previously reported [1] with a minimum measured loss of 9.5 dB/km at 1992 nm....

Effect of smelting method on the austenite grain size and properties of heat-resisting pearlitic steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Balakhovskaya, M.B.; Khusainova, N.A.; Davlyatova, L.N.

1975-01-01

Influence of smelting method on austenite grain size and properties of refractory perlite steel were studied. An opportunity was found to increase the steel refractoriness without deteriorating its other properties. The steel 12Kh1MF of electric or common open-hearth smelting was used. The dependence of kinetics of austenite grain growth on the smelting method was studied in the temperature range 950 deg - 1200 deg C with 1 hour exposure. The grain size of austenite in steel is supposedly determined by aluminium nitrides and vanadium carbides. In tests of normalized (kept for 20 minutes at 950-980 deg C) and tempered (kept for 3 hours at 730 deg C) transverse (tangential) pipe cross-section samples the electric steel had higher impact viscosity than the open-hearth metal. At working temperatures (540 deg -580 deg C) the difference in viscosity has its minimum. Viscosity of both steels 12Kh1MF begins to sharply decrease from 20 deg C. However, electric steel has rather high viscosity even at - 40 deg C, while the open-hearth one becomes brittle as early as at - 20 deg C. Long-term strength tests at 580 deg C under stresses 10-14 kG/mm 2 show that the coarse-grain steel is more refractory, i.e. time till fracture of open-hearth steel samples is twice as long as that of electric steel samples

Corrosion inhibition performance of 2,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole for carbon steel in HCl solution: Gravimetric, electrochemical and XPS studies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bouanis, M.; Tourabi, M.; Nyassi, A. [Laboratoire de Catalyse et de Corrosion des Matériaux (LCCM), Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, B.P. 20, M-24000 El Jadida (Morocco); Zarrouk, A. [LCAE-URAC 18, Faculty of Science, First Mohammed University, PO Box 717, M-60 000 Oujda (Morocco); Jama, C. [UMET-ISP, CNRS UMR 8207, ENSCL, Université Lille Nord de France, CS 90108, F-59652 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cedex (France); Bentiss, F., E-mail: fbentiss@gmail.com [Laboratoire de Catalyse et de Corrosion des Matériaux (LCCM), Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, B.P. 20, M-24000 El Jadida (Morocco); UMET-ISP, CNRS UMR 8207, ENSCL, Université Lille Nord de France, CS 90108, F-59652 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cedex (France)

2016-12-15

Highlights: • 2,5-Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole is good corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl. • XPS analysis has provided the composition of adsorbed protective layer on the steel surface. • The adsorption of the investigated 1,3,4-oxadiazole is mainly due to chemisorption. - Abstract: Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in normal hydrochloric acid solution at 30 °C by 2,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DAPO) has been studied by weight loss measurements and electrochemical techniques (polarization and AC impedance). The experimental results showed that DAPO acted as an efficient inhibitor against the carbon steel corrosion in 1 M HCl, and its inhibition efficiency increased with the inhibitor concentration reaching a value up to 93% at 1 mM. Polarization studies showed that the DAPO was a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of this 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative on the carbon steel surface in 1 M HCl solution followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the corresponding value of the standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption (ΔG°{sub ads}) is associated to a chemisorption mechanism. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were carried out to characterize the chemical composition of the inhibitive film formed on the steel surface. The surfaces studies showed that the inhibitive layer is composed of an iron oxide/hydroxide mixture where DAPO molecules are incorporated. The cytotoxicity of DAPO was also determined using cell culture system.

Internal-bore-welding of 2 1/4 Cr--1 Mo steel tube-to-tubesheet joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Moorhead, A.J.; Slaughter, G.M.

1976-01-01

In order to avoid the disadvantages of the conventional face-side tube-to-tubesheet weld, the steam generators for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (a power-producing demonstration LMFBR) will be built using a relatively new technique known as internal-bore-welding (IBW). In IBW the tube does not pass through the tubesheet but rather is welded to a short stub machined on the tube side of the tubesheet. This joint has the important advantages of being inspectable by radiography and eliminating the crevice; however, it is much more difficult to weld than is the face-side design. Because of the close proximity of the tubes, there is not room for an orbiting-arc welding head on the outside of the tube. Consequently, this weld must be made by welding from the inside- or bore-side of the tube. The results are presented of the initial phases of a program undertaken at ORNL to develop improved bore-side welding equipment, to gain further understanding of this technique, and to develop mechanical property data for autogeneous welds in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel tube and tubesheet materials

76 FR 75446 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Mercury, NV

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-02

...-0894; Airspace Docket No. 11-AWP-14] Amendment of Class E Airspace; Mercury, NV AGENCY: Federal... Mercury, Desert Rock Airport, Mercury, NV. Decommissioning of the Mercury Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) at Mercury, Desert Rock Airport has made this action necessary for the safety and management of Instrument...

Influence of isothermal thermomechanical treatment on structure and properties of structural steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Smirnov, M.A.; Kaletin, A.Yu.; Schastlivthev, V.M.; Kaletina, Yu.V.

1997-01-01

A study is made into the structure and mechanical properties of steel 35KhGSA and 37KhN3A after isothermal hardening resulting in bainitic structure formation as well as after low-temperature thermomechanical treatment (LTTMT) combining the plastic deformation at the temperature of bainitic transformation and subsequent isothermal hardening. It is shown that LTTMT permits and essential enhancement of strength properties in steel 35KhGSA, high plasticity and impact strength being reserved. This is associated with bainitic structure refinement. In steel 37KhN3A the process of carbide formation takes place along with bainitic transformation, and LTTMT results in lesser strengthening. LTTMT is fount to not practically affect the tendency of structural steels to bainitic brittleness. This treatment promotes some shift of brittleness manifestation to lower temperatures

Effect of heat treatment regime on structural lamination in ferritic-austenitic steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sizov, R.A.; Zakharova, M.I.; Novikov, I.I.; Bannykh, O.A.

1983-01-01

The effect of preliminary thermal treatment on lamination and viscosity of EhP-53 and KO-3 steels after durable aging at the temperature of 350 is studied. It is shown that preliminary heat treatment considerably affects lamination processes in the result of aging of 0Kh18G8N2T steel. The lowest rate of lamination and higher impact strength after aging at 350 deg C for 4500 hours corresponds to the following heat treatment: 10 hour aging at 650 deg C with cooling in the air, then quenching in water from 950 deg C after aging for 30 min and the following tempering (650 deg C, 5 hours). Unlike the 0Kh18G8N2T steel, lamination parameters of steel 0Kh22N6T practically do not change after the application of heat treatment. Nevertherless, taking into account results of impact strength, it is advisable to have thermal treatment according to the regime: quenching in water at 950 deg C after aging for 30 min

Inhibition by Ginkgo leaves extract of the corrosion of steel in HCl and H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solutions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Deng Shuduan, E-mail: dengshuduan@163.com [Faculty of Materials Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224 (China); Li Xianghong [Faculty of Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224 (China)

2012-02-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ginkgo leaves extract (GLE) acts as a good inhibitor for steel in HCl and H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} media. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The inhibition efficiency follows the order: HCl > H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The adsorption of GLE on steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer GLE behaves as a mixed-type inhibitor in 1.0 M HCl, while cathodic inhibitor in 0.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. - Abstract: The inhibition effect of Ginkgo leaves extract (GLE) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 1.0-5.0 M HCl and 0.5-2.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solutions was investigated for the first time by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The results show that GLE is a good inhibitor, and exhibits more efficient in 1.0 M HCl than 0.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. The adsorption of GLE on CRS surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. GLE acts as a mixed-type inhibitor in 1.0 M HCl, while a cathodic inhibitor in 0.5 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}.

Effect of a high heat flux on the corrosion of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel in superheated steam

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Griess, J.C.; DeVan, J.H.; Maxwell, W.A.

1977-01-01

A series of corrosion tests was conducted to determine the effect of heat flux on the corrosion of 2 1 / 4 Cr-1 Mo steel in superheated steam. The tests were conducted with a constant heat flux of (126 kW/m 2 ) 40,000 Btu hr -1 ft -2 and surface temperatures varying from 950 to 1000 0 F (510 to 541 0 C) on each specimen. Specimens were exposed for varying lengths of time, ranging from 500 to 6000 hr. Essentially all the corrosion product oxide remained on the steel during the first 2000 hr, but after that time, exfoliation of the oxide began. The percentage of corrosion product oxide lost from the specimen increased with exposure time; about 33 percent was missing after 6000 hr. After an initial period of rapid corrosion, the average corrosion rate was constant at 1.8 mils/year (45 μm/year). In contrast, isothermal specimens exposed to superheated steam at 930 0 F (499 0 C) in the same test facility corroded at a decreasing rate throughout the test. Metallographic sections showed that, with heat transfer across the specimen-steam interface, both cracks and porosity developed in the oxide, even on short exposure, a face that was undoubtedly responsible for the early exfoliation of the oxide and the constant corrosion rate

Structural changes IN THE Kh20N45M4B nickel alloys and THE Kh16N15M3B steel due to helium ion bombardment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kalin, B.A.; Chernikov, U.N.; Chernov, I.I.; Kozhevnikov, O.A.; Shishkin, G.N.; Yakushin, V.L.

1986-01-01

Using transmission electron microscopy, x-ray structural analysis, and the thermal desorption techniques, the authors carried out a detailed study of the structural and phase changes, defect formation, and helium accumulation in the He + -bombarded 16-15 austenitic steels and 20-45 nickel alloys. Microstructure of the bombarded specimens was studied using the methods of transmission electron microscopy of thin foils in the EVM-100, and EM-301G electron microscopes. Results of x-ray studies on the bombarded specimens are presented. The conducted studies show that bombardment of structural materials with light ions can lead to significant structural damages and changes in the chemical and phase composition of the surface layer. The possible mechanisms of the changes in the chemical and phase composition include selective sputtering and radiation-induced accelerated diffusion of elements in the field of internal lateral stresses developing during the He + implantation process

Study of radiation damage of steels for light water pressure vessels at UJV

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vacek, N.; Stoces, B.

1980-01-01

Preoperational determination of radiation resistance of pressure vessel steels is performed at accelerated neutron exposure in a test or materials research reactor. The results obtained at accelerated and operating exposure are not fully identical and surveillance bodies are therefore used manufactured from the pressure vessel material. Currently, the following steels are used for the manufacture of light water reactor pressure vessels: Mn-Mo-Ni (ASTM-A533-B, ASTM-A508), Cr-Mo-V (15Kh2M1FA). At UJV Rez, for irradiation Chanca-M probes imported from France are used featuring electric temperature control. Almost identical radiation embrittlement was measured for all three steels after irradiation with a neutron fluence of 3x10 23 n.m -2 at a temperature of 290 degC. (H.S.)

Rupture of the steel-12KH1MF under creep at temperatures close to 0,5 Tsub(melt)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Berezina, T.G.; Ashikhmina, L.A.; Karasev, V.V.

1976-01-01

Optical and transmission microscopy and fractography techniques have been employed in studying the peculiarities of nucleation and growth of micropores in steel 12Kh1MF at creep. The nucleation of micropores occurs at the initial stages of creep at stress concentration points, predominantly following the retarded shear mechanism. Micropores grow by the way of diffusion, as well as following the deslocation mechanism. An important role in the process of micropore growth is played by pore opening through grain-boundary slip. Pores of 1 to 5 microns in size can be formed along grain boundaries both due to the growth of individual micropores and by coalescence of micropores at points of their concentration. Transition of the creep to the critical phase coincides with the process of the pores blending together to

Annealing effect on the microstructure and magnetic properties of 14%Cr-ODS ferritic steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ding, H.L.; Gao, R.; Zhang, T.; Wang, X.P.; Fang, Q.F.; Liu, C.S.

2015-01-01

Graphical abstract: TEM images of microstructure for 14%Cr-ODS ferritic steel annealed for 2 h at different temperatures: (a) 600 °C, (b) 800 °C, (c) 950 °C, and (d) 1150 °C, and the evolution trends of coercivity field (H_C) and Vickers microhardness for samples annealed at above temperatures for 2 h and 50 h. - Highlights: • The thermal stability of annealed 14%Cr-ODS ferritic steel was investigated. • The particle size keeps fairly constant with increasing annealing temperature. • The grain size is still 2–4 μm even after annealing for 50 h at 1150 °C. • The hardness and H_C are almost unchanged after annealing from 800 °C to 1150 °C. - Abstract: The microstructure and magnetic properties of the 14%Cr oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steel fabricated by sol–gel and HIP method were investigated by annealing in vacuum for 2 h (at 300, 600, 800, 950 and 1150 °C) and 50 h (at 600, 800, 950 and 1150 °C). Microstructure analysis shows that as the annealing temperature increases, the size of oxide nanoparticles becomes smaller and their dispersion in matrix becomes more homogeneous. Grain size remains stable when the annealing temperature is below 800 °C, while above 800 °C, grain size grows with the increasing annealing temperature and time. The Vickers microhardness and coercivity (H_C) display almost similar evolution trend with annealing temperature for 2 h and 50 h. No obvious recrystallization appears after 1150 °C annealing, which indicates the high microstructural stability of 14%Cr-ODS ferritic steel. The possible mechanism for above behaviors is discussed in this paper.

Effect of smelting method on the austenite grain size and properties of heat-resisting pearlitic steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Balakhovskaya, M B; Khusainova, N A; Davlyatova, L N [Vsesoyuznyj Nauchno-Issledovatel' skij Teplotekhnicheskij Inst., Moscow (USSR)

1975-12-01

Influence of smelting method on austenite grain size and properties of refractory perlite steel were studied. An opportunity was found to increase the steel refractoriness without deteriorating its other properties. The steel 12Kh1MF of electric or common open-hearth smelting was used. The dependence of kinetics of austenite grain growth on the smelting method was studied in the temperature range 950 deg - 1200 deg C with 1 hour exposure. The grain size of austenite in steel is supposedly determined by aluminium nitrides and vanadium carbides. In tests of normalized (kept for 20 minutes at 950-980 deg C) and tempered (kept for 3 hours at 730 deg C) transverse (tangential) pipe cross-section samples the electric steel had higher impact viscosity than the open-hearth metal. At working temperatures (540 deg -580 deg C) the difference in viscosity has its minimum. Viscosity of both steels 12Kh1MF begins to sharply decrease from 20 deg C. However, electric steel has rather high viscosity even at /sup -/40 deg C, while the open-hearth one becomes brittle as early as at /sup -/20 deg C. Long-term strength tests at 580 deg C under stresses 10-14 kG/mm/sup 2/ show that the coarse-grain steel is more refractory, i.e. time till fracture of open-hearth steel samples is twice as long as that of electric steel samples.

Chloroplastic thioredoxin-f and thioredoxin-m1/4 play important roles in brassinosteroids-induced changes in CO2 assimilation and cellular redox homeostasis in tomato

Science.gov (United States)

Cheng, Fei; Zhou, Yan-Hong; Xia, Xiao-Jian; Shi, Kai; Zhou, Jie; Yu, Jing-Quan

2014-01-01

Chloroplast thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutathione function as redox messengers in the regulation of photosynthesis. In this work, the roles of chloroplast TRXs in brassinosteroids (BRs)-induced changes in cellular redox homeostasis and CO2 assimilation were studied in the leaves of tomato plants. BRs-deficient d ^im plants showed decreased transcripts of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-x, while exogenous BRs significantly induced CO2 assimilation and the expression of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-x. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the chloroplast TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-y genes individually increased membrane lipid peroxidation and accumulation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin dimers, and decreased the activities of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle enzymes and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in the leaves. Furthermore, partial silencing of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-y resulted in decreased expression of genes involved in the Benson–Calvin cycle and decreased activity of the associated enzymes. Importantly, the BRs-induced increase in CO2 assimilation and the increased expression and activities of antioxidant- and photosynthesis-related genes and enzymes were compromised in the partially TRX-f- and TRX-m1/4-silenced plants. All of these results suggest that TRX-f and TRX-m1/4 are involved in the BRs-induced changes in CO2 assimilation and cellular redox homeostasis in tomato. PMID:24847092

Effect of smelt aluminium on mechanical properties of steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ryabov, V.R.; Dykhno, I.S.; Deev, G.F.; Karikh, V.V.

1987-01-01

Effect of smelt aluminium on mechanical properties of armco-iron and 12 Kh18N10T steel is studied. It is stated that in smelt aluminium and aluminium alloy contact with armco-iron the sample ductility is decreased. Corrosion effect of smelt alluminium on (18Kh15N5AM3) steel in the form of reinforced wire in aluminium-steel KAS-1A composite material is investigted. It is stated in experiment that during smelt alluminium-steel contact interaction of heterogeneous phases takes place

76 FR 56127 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Mercury, NV

Science.gov (United States)

2011-09-12

...-0894; Airspace Docket No. 11-AWP-14] Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Mercury, NV AGENCY... action proposes to amend Class E airspace at Mercury, Desert Rock Airport, Mercury, NV. Decommissioning of the Mercury Non- Directional Beacon (NDB) at Mercury, Desert Rock Airport has made this action...

Two new three-dimensional zinc phosphites templated by piperazine: [H2pip][Zn3(HPO3)4(H2O)2] and K[H2pip]0.5[Zn3(HPO3)4

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Xiao; Wang, Guo-Ming; Wang, Zong-Hua; Wang, Ying-Xia; Lin, Jian-Hua

2014-01-01

Two three-dimensional open-framework zinc phosphites with the same organically templated, [H2pip][Zn3(HPO3)4(H2O)2] (1) and K[H2pip]0.5[Zn3(HPO3)4] (2) (pip = piperazine), have been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. Compound 1 consists of ZnO4 tetrahedra, [HPO3] pseudopyramids and [ZnO4(H2O)2] octahedra, which are linked through their vertexes to generate three-dimensional architecture with intersecting 8-membered channels along the [1 0 0], [0 0 1] and [1 0 1] directions. Compound 2 is constructed from strictly alternating ZnO4 tetrahedra and [HPO3] pseudopyramids, and exhibits (3,4)-connected inorganic framework with 8-, and 12-membered channels, in which the K+ and diprotonated H2pip2+ extra-framework cations reside, respectively. The coexistence of inorganic K+ and organic piperazine mixed templates in the structure is unique and, to the best of our knowledge, firstly observed in metal-phosphite materials. In addition, the participation of left-handed and right-handed helical chains in construction of the puckered 4.82 sheet structure in 2 is also noteworthy.

Characterization and formation of NV centers in 3 C , 4 H , and 6 H SiC: An ab initio study

Science.gov (United States)

Csóré, A.; von Bardeleben, H. J.; Cantin, J. L.; Gali, A.

2017-08-01

Fluorescent paramagnetic defects in solids have become attractive systems for quantum information processing in recent years. One of the leading contenders is the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond with visible emission, but an alternative solution in a technologically mature host is an immediate quest for many applications in this field. It has been recently found that various polytypes of silicon carbide (SiC), that are standard semiconductors with wafer scale technology, can host a NV defect that could be an alternative qubit candidate with emission in the near infrared region. However, there is much less known about this defect than its counterpart in diamond. The inequivalent sites within a polytype and the polytype variations offer a family of NV defects. However, there is an insufficient knowledge on the magneto-optical properties of these configurations. Here we carry out density functional theory calculations, in order to characterize the numerous forms of NV defects in the most common polytypes of SiC including 3 C , 4 H , and 6 H , and we also provide new experimental data in 4 H SiC. Our calculations mediate the identification of individual NV qubits in SiC polytypes. In addition, we discuss the formation of NV defects in SiC, providing detailed ionization energies of NV defects in SiC, which reveals the critical optical excitation energies for ionizing these qubits in SiC. Our calculations unravel the challenges to produce NV defects in SiC with a desirable spin bath.

Effect of helium ion bombardment on hydrogen behaviour in stainless steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guseva, M.I.; Stolyarova, V.G.; Gorbatov, E.A.

1987-01-01

The effect of helium ion bombardment on hydrogen behaviour in 12Kh18N10T stainless steel is investigated. Helium and hydrogen ion bombardment was conducted in the ILU-3 ion accelerator; the fluence and energy made up 10 16 -5x10 17 cm -2 , 30 keV and 10 16 -5x10 18 cm -2 , 10 keV respectively. The method of recoil nuclei was used for determination of helium and hydrogen content. Successive implantation of helium and hydrogen ions into 12Kh18N10T stainless steel results in hydrogen capture by defects formed by helium ions

Influence of heating temperature on bainite transformation proceeding in chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kaletin, Yu.M.; Kaletin, A.Yu.

1983-01-01

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effect of heating and cooling from austenization temperature on development of bainite transformation in 37KhN3MFA and 18Kh2N4MA structural alloyed steels. The metallographical analysis of specimens has revealed that first crystals of bainite under slow heating up to 770-790 deg C appear at the temperature of about 500 deg C and at 475 deg C there has been much bainite over the whole cross section of the specimen. It is revealed that an increase of heating temperature and cooling rate replace the starting point of bainite transformation upwards. The strongest displacement of the point Bsub(S) into hogh-temperature range takes place after heating steel with the initial bainite structure in intercritical temperature range

Specific features of the occurrence, development, and re-compaction of spall and shear fractures in spherically-convergent shells made of unalloyed iron and some steels under their spherical explosive loading

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kozlov, E.A.; Brichikov, S.A.; Gorbachev, D.M.; Brodova, I.G.; Yablonskikh, T.I.

2007-01-01

Results of comparative metallographic examination of recovered shells exposed to explosive loading in two modes (with and without a heavy casing confining explosion products scatter) are presented. The shells were made of high-purity and technical-grade unalloyed iron with the initial grain size 250 and 125 μm, steel 30KhGSA in delivery state and quenched up to HR C 35...40, austenitic stainless steel 12Kh18N10T. The heavy casing used in experiments is demonstrated to ensure a rather compact convergence of shells destroyed at high radii. In the described comparative experiments, one managed to compile the 12Kh18N10T steel shell, after it was spalled at high radii and exposed to shear fracture and spallation layer fragmentation at medium radii, into a compact sphere but failed to do the same with the 30KhGSA quenched steel shell after it was fractured according to spall and shear mechanisms at high and medium radii. Polar zones of this steel shell have obvious undercompressed areas due to significant dissipative losses to overcome the shear strength. Occurrence, development, and re-compaction of spall and shear fractures in spherically-convergent shells made of materials, which were already carefully investigated in 1D- and 2D-geometry experiments, were systematically studied in order to verify and validate new physical models of dynamic fractures, as well as up-to-date used in 1D-, 2D- and 3D-numerical algorithms [ru

Heat treatment effect on the properties of the EhP767 maraging steel welded joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Taver, E.I.; Piskarev, M.N.; Yushchenko, K.A.; Pustovit, A.I.; Anisimova, M.S.

1977-01-01

Heat treatment effect on properties of welded joints of maraging 03Kh13N4K13M3T (EhP767) steel with yield strength over 150 kgs/mm 2 has been investigated. It is shown, that change in impact strength of aged joints at - 196 deg C depends on the amount of residual austenite and grain size. To stabilize 20-40 % residual austenite heat treatment regimes have been developed. Recommended are quenching at 1030-1050 deg C, sub-zero treatment and aging at 520 deg C for 16 hrs

Carbides crystalline structure of AISI M2 high-speed steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Serna, M.M.; Galego, E.; Rossi, J.L.

2005-01-01

The aim of this study was to identify the crystallographic structure of the extracted carbides of AISI M2 steel spray formed The structure determination of these carbides. The structure determination of these carbides is a very hard work. Since these structures were formed by atom migration it is not possible to reproduce them by a controlled process with a determined chemical composition. The solution of this problem is to obtain the carbide by chemical extraction from the steel. (Author)

Local corrosion of high alloy steels under biodeposits

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Korovyakova, M.D.; Nikitin, V.M.; Speshneva, N.V.

1999-01-01

Impact of the bacteriozenosis different structural-functional state under biodeposits on corrosion resistance of the 12Kh18N10T and Kh18N10T high-alloy steels in the natural seawater is studied. It is shown that saturation of natural micro communities by separate aerobic and facultative-anaerobic bacterial monocultures increases corrosion resistance of these steels by their overgrow with biodeposits [ru

Mutation and crystallization of the first KH domain of human polycytosine-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) in complex with DNA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yoga, Yano M. K.; Traore, Daouda A. K.; Wilce, Jacqueline A.; Wilce, Matthew C. J.

2011-01-01

The successful preparation of a mutant KH domain representing the first KH domain of PCBP1 and its crystallization in complex with a C-rich DNA are reported. This structure is anticipated to provide high-resolution information that will allow better understanding of the basis of cytosine specificity by PCBPs. Polycytosine-binding proteins (PCBPs) are triple KH-domain proteins that play an important role in the regulation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA. They are also utilized by viral RNA and have been shown to interact with ssDNA. Underlying their function is the specific recognition of C-rich nucleotides by their KH domains. However, the structural basis of this recognition is only partially understood. Here, the preparation of a His-tagged KH domain is described, representing the first domain of PCBP1 that incorporates a C54S mutation as well as the addition of a C-terminal tryptophan. This construct has facilitated the preparation of highly diffracting crystals in complex with C-rich DNA (sequence ACCCCA). Crystals of the KH1–DNA complex were grown using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method in 0.1 M phosphate–citrate pH 4.2, 40%(v/v) PEG 300. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.77 Å resolution and the diffraction was consistent with space group P2 1 , with unit-cell parameters a = 38.59, b = 111.88, c = 43.42 Å, α = γ = 90.0, β = 93.37°. The structure of the KH1–DNA complex will further our insight into the basis of cytosine specificity by PCBPs

Engineering of Fermi level by nin diamond junction for control of charge states of NV centers

Science.gov (United States)

Murai, T.; Makino, T.; Kato, H.; Shimizu, M.; Murooka, T.; Herbschleb, E. D.; Doi, Y.; Morishita, H.; Fujiwara, M.; Hatano, M.; Yamasaki, S.; Mizuochi, N.

2018-03-01

The charge-state control of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is very important toward its applications because the NV centers undergo stochastic charge-state transitions between the negative charge state (NV-) and the neutral charge state (NV0) of the NV center upon illumination. In this letter, engineering of the Fermi level by a nin diamond junction was demonstrated for the control of the charge state of the NV centers in the intrinsic (i) layer region. By changing the size (d) of the i-layer region between the phosphorus-doped n-type layer regions (nin) from 2 μm to 10 μm, we realized the gradual change in the NV- charge-state population in the i-layer region from 60% to 80% under 532 nm excitation, which can be attributed to the band bending in the i-layer region. Also, we quantitatively simulated the changes in the Fermi level in the i-layer region depending on d with various concentrations of impurities in the i-layer region.

1x2M steel performance in the BOR-60 steam generator

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Golovanov, V.N.; Shamardin, V.K.; Kondratiev, V.I.; Kryukov, F.N.; Chernobrovkin, Yu.V.; Bulanova, T.M.; Bai, V.F.

The results from studies of 1x2M steel characteristics are presented. This steel was used as the material for the BOR-60 steam generator that had been in operation under the steam generating mode for 18,000 hs (35,000 hs in sodium). It was revealed that the pit corrosion depth on the water/steam side evaporative tube surfaces was about 0.25 μm and less and the total corrosion rate was less than 0.06 mm/y. The mechanical properties of the material were essentially similar both in the evaporator and superheater and met all the requirements imposed on. Based on the analysis of data on the decarbonizaton depth in sodium and on the corrosion damage in water and steam it was concluded that 1x2M steel can be successfully used as the steam generator material at the operating temperatures up to 470 deg. C and had sufficiently longer service-life as compared to 18,000 hs. (author)

Improved the microstructures and properties of M3:2 high-speed steel by spray forming and niobium alloying

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lu, L. [State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road 30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083 (China); Hou, L.G., E-mail: lghou@skl.ustb.edu.cn [State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road 30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083 (China); Zhang, J.X.; Wang, H.B.; Cui, H.; Huang, J.F. [State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road 30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083 (China); Zhang, Y.A. [State Key Laboratory of Non-Ferrous Metals and Process, General Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals, Beijing 100088 (China); Zhang, J.S. [State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road 30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083 (China)

2016-07-15

The microstructures and properties of spray formed (SF) high-speed steels (HSSs) with or without niobium (Nb) addition were studied. Particular emphasis was placed on the effect of Nb on the solidification microstructures, decomposition of M{sub 2}C carbides, thermal stability and mechanical properties. The results show that spray forming can refine the cell size of eutectic carbides due to the rapid cooling effect during atomization. With Nb addition, further refinement of the eutectic carbides and primary austenite grains are obtained. Moreover, the Nb addition can accelerate the decomposition of M{sub 2}C carbides and increase the thermal stability of high-speed steel, and also can improve the hardness and bending strength with slightly decrease the impact toughness. The high-speed steel made by spray forming and Nb alloying can give a better tool performance compared with powder metallurgy M3:2 and commercial AISI M2 high-speed steels. - Highlights: • Spray forming can effectively refine the microstructure of M3:2 steel. • Niobium accelerates the decomposition of M{sub 2}C carbides. • Niobium increases the hardness and bending strength of spray formed M3:2 steel. • Spray-formed niobium-containing M3:2 steel has the best tool performance.

A KH-Domain RNA-Binding Protein Interacts with FIERY2/CTD Phosphatase-Like 1 and Splicing Factors and Is Important for Pre-mRNA Splicing in Arabidopsis

KAUST Repository

Chen, Tao; Cui, Peng; Chen, Hao; Ali, Shahjahan; Zhang, ShouDong; Xiong, Liming

2013-01-01

Eukaryotic genomes encode hundreds of RNA-binding proteins, yet the functions of most of these proteins are unknown. In a genetic study of stress signal transduction in Arabidopsis, we identified a K homology (KH)-domain RNA-binding protein, HOS5 (High Osmotic Stress Gene Expression 5), as required for stress gene regulation and stress tolerance. HOS5 was found to interact with FIERY2/RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase-like 1 (FRY2/CPL1) both in vitro and in vivo. This interaction is mediated by the first double-stranded RNA-binding domain of FRY2/CPL1 and the KH domains of HOS5. Interestingly, both HOS5 and FRY2/CPL1 also interact with two novel serine-arginine (SR)-rich splicing factors, RS40 and RS41, in nuclear speckles. Importantly, FRY2/CPL1 is required for the recruitment of HOS5. In fry2 mutants, HOS5 failed to be localized in nuclear speckles but was found mainly in the nucleoplasm. hos5 mutants were impaired in mRNA export and accumulated a significant amount of mRNA in the nuclei, particularly under salt stress conditions. Arabidopsis mutants of all these genes exhibit similar stress-sensitive phenotypes. RNA-seq analyses of these mutants detected significant intron retention in many stress-related genes under salt stress but not under normal conditions. Our study not only identified several novel regulators of pre-mRNA processing as important for plant stress response but also suggested that, in addition to RNAP II CTD that is a well-recognized platform for the recruitment of mRNA processing factors, FRY2/CPL1 may also recruit specific factors to regulate the co-transcriptional processing of certain transcripts to deal with environmental challenges. © 2013 Chen et al.

A KH-Domain RNA-Binding Protein Interacts with FIERY2/CTD Phosphatase-Like 1 and Splicing Factors and Is Important for Pre-mRNA Splicing in Arabidopsis

KAUST Repository

Chen, Tao

2013-10-17

Eukaryotic genomes encode hundreds of RNA-binding proteins, yet the functions of most of these proteins are unknown. In a genetic study of stress signal transduction in Arabidopsis, we identified a K homology (KH)-domain RNA-binding protein, HOS5 (High Osmotic Stress Gene Expression 5), as required for stress gene regulation and stress tolerance. HOS5 was found to interact with FIERY2/RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase-like 1 (FRY2/CPL1) both in vitro and in vivo. This interaction is mediated by the first double-stranded RNA-binding domain of FRY2/CPL1 and the KH domains of HOS5. Interestingly, both HOS5 and FRY2/CPL1 also interact with two novel serine-arginine (SR)-rich splicing factors, RS40 and RS41, in nuclear speckles. Importantly, FRY2/CPL1 is required for the recruitment of HOS5. In fry2 mutants, HOS5 failed to be localized in nuclear speckles but was found mainly in the nucleoplasm. hos5 mutants were impaired in mRNA export and accumulated a significant amount of mRNA in the nuclei, particularly under salt stress conditions. Arabidopsis mutants of all these genes exhibit similar stress-sensitive phenotypes. RNA-seq analyses of these mutants detected significant intron retention in many stress-related genes under salt stress but not under normal conditions. Our study not only identified several novel regulators of pre-mRNA processing as important for plant stress response but also suggested that, in addition to RNAP II CTD that is a well-recognized platform for the recruitment of mRNA processing factors, FRY2/CPL1 may also recruit specific factors to regulate the co-transcriptional processing of certain transcripts to deal with environmental challenges. © 2013 Chen et al.

Biotransformation of 2,4-dinitroanisole by a fungal Penicillium sp.

Science.gov (United States)

Schroer, Hunter W; Langenfeld, Kathryn L; Li, Xueshu; Lehmler, Hans-Joachim; Just, Craig L

2017-02-01

Insensitive munitions explosives are new formulations that are less prone to unintended detonation compared to traditional explosives. While these formulations have safety benefits, the individual constituents, such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), have an unknown ecosystem fate with potentially toxic impacts to flora and fauna exposed to DNAN and/or its metabolites. Fungi may be useful in remediation and have been shown to degrade traditional nitroaromatic explosives, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene, that are structurally similar to DNAN. In this study, a fungal Penicillium sp., isolated from willow trees and designated strain KH1, was shown to degrade DNAN in solution within 14 days. Stable-isotope labeled DNAN and an untargeted metabolomics approach were used to discover 13 novel transformation products. Penicillium sp. KH1 produced DNAN metabolites resulting from ortho- and para-nitroreduction, demethylation, acetylation, hydroxylation, malonylation, and sulfation. Incubations with intermediate metabolites such as 2-amino-4-nitroanisole and 4-amino-2-nitroanisole as the primary substrates confirmed putative metabolite isomerism and pathways. No ring-cleavage products were observed, consistent with other reports that mineralization of DNAN is an uncommon metabolic outcome. The production of metabolites with unknown persistence and toxicity suggests further study will be needed to implement remediation with Penicillium sp. KH1. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biotransformation of DNAN by a fungus.

Boron content effect on the high-temperature plasticity of corrosion resistant low-carbon austenite type steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gol'dshtejn, Ya.E.; Shmatko, M.N.; Chuvatina, S.N.

1976-01-01

With the concept that the state of grain and subgrain boundaries influences the hot plasticity of corrosion resistant steel as a starting point, the study was undertaken of the effect of boron microalloying up on the intergranular strength and of the action boron exerts upon the distribution (redistribution) of other phases present in austenitic 03Kh16N14M3 steels. An electron microscope study of the composition of redundant phases and that of the fine structure of steel have shown the effect of small additions of boron upon the hot plasticity of steel to be linked directly to its influence upon austenite disintegration and the precipitation along the boundaries of crystals of redundant phases in the course of hot plastic deformation. The action of boron upon the process plasticity of steel depends on the temperature and the rate of deformation which govern the kinetics of the precipitation of the redundant phases

Optimal control of conditions of deformation during rolling the bar alloy from alloy steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inatovich, Yu.V.; Shilov, V.A.; Shvarts, D.L.; Kudelin, S.P.

2001-01-01

A complex of programs for determining the optimal gaps between rollers during rolling of simple merchant sections of alloy steels of a wide brand assortment (12KhN3A, Kh17N2, Kh18N10T) was elaborated. Experience in calculations made according to the programs suggests advisability of their use in the automated design systems for roller calibration and for adjustment of section mills [ru

Corrosion behaviour of stainless steels by internal friction method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Postnikov, V.S.; Kovalevskij, V.I.

1987-01-01

Corrosion of austenite chromium-nickel stainless steels 12 Kh18N9, 12Kh18N9T, 12Kh18N10 and 12Kh18N10T is investigated. Wire samples 0.7...0.8 mm in diameter before tests were subjected to quenching in water from the temperature of 1050...1100 deg C and part of them - to tempering at 650 deg C for 2 h. Pitting corrosion was brought about by different concentration of iron chloride solutions (C FeCl 3 ). Total corrosion has a slight effect on the character of IF (internal friction) variation that increases without the whole test period up to the moment when mechanical strength of the sample

Investigation of intergranular corrosion resistance of Cr16Ni25NMo6 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kamenev, Yu.B.; Nazarov, A.A.; Kuusk, L.V.; Majdeburova, T.F.

1990-01-01

The effect of 08Kh16N25AM6 steel susceptibility to intergranular corrosion on its intergranular cracking resistance in high-temperature water is investigated. In addition, the performed tests point to the susceptibility of sensibilized Kh16N25AM6 steel to intergranular corrosion in media simulating an agressive environment of power generation equipment; the latter requires a strict control over the resistance of weld joints of the above steel to intergranular corrosion. It is shown that Kh16N25AM6 type steel in sensibilized state is susceptible to intercrystalline corrosion cracking in high-temperature water which correlates with its susceptibility to intergranular corrosion established by AM GOST 6032-84 and potentiodynamic reactivation methods

Residual stress in a M3:2 PM high speed steel; effect of mechanical loading

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Højerslev, Christian; Odén, Magnus; Carstensen, Jesper V.

2001-01-01

X-ray lattice strains were investigated in an AISI M3:2 PM high-speed steel in the as heat treated condition and after exposure to alternating mechanical load. The volume changes during heat treatment were monitored with dilatometry. Hardened and tempered AISI M3:2 steel consists of tempered lath...

"1"4CO_2 processing using an improved and robust molecular sieve cartridge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wotte, Anja; Wordell-Dietrich, Patrick; Wacker, Lukas; Don, Axel; Rethemeyer, Janet

2017-01-01

Radiocarbon ("1"4C) analysis on CO_2 can provide valuable information on the carbon cycle as different carbon pools differ in their "1"4C signature. While fresh, biogenic carbon shows atmospheric "1"4C concentrations, fossil carbon is "1"4C free. As shown in previous studies, CO_2 can be collected for "1"4C analysis using molecular sieve cartridges (MSC). These devices have previously been made of plastic and glass, which can easily be damaged during transport. We thus constructed a robust MSC suitable for field application under tough conditions or in remote areas, which is entirely made of stainless steel. The new MSC should also be tight over several months to allow long sampling campaigns and transport times, which was proven by a one year storage test. The reliability of the "1"4CO_2 results obtained with the MSC was evaluated by detailed tests of different procedures to clean the molecular sieve (zeolite type 13X) and for the adsorption and desorption of CO_2 from the zeolite using a vacuum rig. We show that the "1"4CO_2 results are not affected by any contamination of modern or fossil origin, cross contamination from previous samples, and by carbon isotopic fractionation. In addition, we evaluated the direct CO_2 transfer from the MSC into the automatic graphitization equipment AGE with the subsequent "1"4C AMS analysis as graphite. This semi-automatic approach can be fully automated in the future, which would allow a high sample throughput. We obtained very promising, low blank values between 0.0018 and 0.0028 F"1"4C (equivalent to 50,800 and 47,200 yrs BP), which are within the analytical background and lower than results obtained in previous studies.

Vibrational modes of deuterium in KD2PO4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mizoguchi, Kohji; Agui, Akane; Tominaga, Yasunori; Nakai, Yusuke; Ikeda, Susumu.

1993-01-01

In order to study the deuteration effect in hydrogen-bonded compounds such as KH 2 PO 4 , hydrogen and deuterium modes in KH 2 PO 4 and K(D x H 1-x ) 2 PO 4 (x = 95 %) were investigated by means of inelastic neutron-scattering measurements over a wide energy range. By comparing Raman spectra of KH 2 PO 4 and KD 2 PO 4 with neutron-scattering spectra, the vibrational modes of deuterium and those of PO 4 tetrahedrons in the energy range of 30 < ε < 150 meV have been investigated. At least two deuterium modes have been found at 87 meV and 106 meV. (author)

Structural changes in complex steels with 12 % Cr during welding thermal cycle

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ul'yanova, N.V.; Kurnosova, N.D.

1981-01-01

The structural changes in the heat affected zones of welded steam tubes of the 12Kh11V2MF and 18Kh12VMBFR steels, are investigated. A short-time heating of thin samples up to 1300-900 deg C with the aim of imitating the thermal welding cycle permits to determine temperatures of specific region formation in heat affeced zones of 12% Cr steels. The difference in the amounts and structure of σ-ferrite and γ-phase in these regions is established. A ''tongue'' nature of γ-phase grain growth is found in the temperature range of 1150-1100 deg C, while at 1300-1250 deg C σ-ferrite growth with the formation of saw-shape boundaries is observed. It is shown that tensile properties of imitated heat affected zone of 12Kh12VMBFP steel increase with heating temperature with the insignificant plasticity decrease. Impact strength on longitudinal samples decreases but remains higher than that determined by specifications [ru

High strain rate tensile properties of annealed 2 1/4 Cr--1 Mo steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Klueh, R.L.; Oakes, R.E. Jr.

1975-01-01

The high strain rate tensile properties of annealed 2 1 / 4 Cr-1 Mo steel were determined and the tensile behavior from 25 to 566 0 C and strain rates of 2.67 x 10 -6 to 144/s were described. Above 0.1/s at 25 0 C, both the yield stress and the ultimate tensile strength increased rapidly with increasing strain rate. As the temperature was increased, a dynamic strain aging peak appeared in the ultimate tensile strength-temperature curves. The peak height was a maximum at about 350 0 C and 2.67 x 10 -6 /s. With increasing strain rate, a peak of decreased height occurred at progressively higher temperatures. The major effect of strain rate on ductility occurred at elevated temperatures, where a decrease in strain rate caused an increase in total elongation and reduction in area

Effect of operational conditions of electroerosion machining on the surface microgeometry parameters of steels and alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Foteev, N.K.

1976-01-01

Studies the influence of pulse duration and a series of operating conditions of a ShGI-40-440 spark-machining generator on changes in the basic surface microgeometry characteristics of components of stainless steel 1Kh18N10T, steel St 45 and hard alloy T14K8. The microgeometry characteristics of spark-machined surfaces differ significantly from the corresponding characteristics of surfaces machined by cutting and vibro-rolling

Characterizing and improving the toughness of thick-sectioned 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo electroslag weldments

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Edwards, G.R.; Frost, R.H.

1980-09-01

Efforts to improve the toughness of electroslag weldments consisted of four endeavors: process control, changes caused in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel by electroslag welding and post-weld heat treatment, electrochemical reactions during the electroslag welding, and toughness testing.

Hot working effect on austenite transformations in structural steel in continuous cooling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zajmovskij, V.A.; Kisteh, N.V.; Samedov, O.V.

1979-01-01

Austenite transformations in 40, 40Kh, 40KhN and 40KhNMA steels under hot working at 900 deg C with 20% reduction degree and continuous cooling with 1,7-16 0 /s are investigated. Changing of cooling rate in various ways affects the temperature range of austenite transformation in pearlite and bainite regions. Regulating the cooling rate after hot working one can essentially change the impact strength and steel ductility as a result of high temperature thermomechanical treatment effect

Quaternary (liquid + liquid) equilibria of aqueous two-phase polyethylene glycol, poly-N-vinylcaprolactam, and KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}: Experimental and the generalized Flory-Huggins theory

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Foroutan, Masumeh [Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Enghelab Ave., Tehran 14155-6455 (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], E-mail: foroutan@khayam.ut.ac.ir; Zarrabi, Mona [Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Enghelab Ave., Tehran 14155-6455 (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

2008-06-15

A quaternary (liquid + liquid) equilibrium study was performed to focus attention on the interaction parameters between poly-N-vinylcaprolactam (PVCL) and poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) as well as between other species. At first, the new experimental data of (liquid + liquid) equilibria for aqueous two-phase systems containing PEG, KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}, and PVCL at T = 303.15 K have been determined. Then the Flory-Huggins theory with two electrostatic terms (the Debye-Huckel and the Pitzer-Debye-Huckel equations) has been generalized to correlate the phase behavior of the quaternary system. Good agreement has been found between experimental and calculated data from both models especially from the Pitzer-Debye-Huckel equation. Also an effort was done to compare the effect of temperature as well as addition of PVCL on the binodal curves of PEG, KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}, and water. The effect of the type of salt on the binodals has been also studied, and the salting out power of the salts has been determined.

A study on martensitic structure in Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Won, S.B.

1980-01-01

Morphology, dependence of prior austenite grain size and packet size upon austenitizing temperature, distribution of lath width, and habit plane of martensitic structure in Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel has been studied by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Optical microstructures of martensitic Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel consist of lath martensite and lens martensite. Also the four types of morphology are observed by electron microscopy. The most common morphologies are a regular paralleled martensite and an irregular dovetailed lath martensite, while the remainder of microstructures consists mainly of groups of internally twinned martensite and autotempered laths. 2) Prior austenite grain size and packet size increased with austenizing temperature, and also the numbers of lath contained in a prior austenite grain or a packet are increased with austenizing temperature. 3) The mean width of lath in Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel is about 0.23μm and most of lath widths are below 0.5μm. 4) Martensite habit plane of Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel is nearly [110]α'. (author)

Cooling intensification during quenching of power plant components - the way to increase reliability

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Borisov, I.A.

1989-01-01

To enchance the complex of mechanical properties and to increase operation time of large components of power facilities, regimes of accelerated cooling are developed. Results of heat treatment with accelerated cooling of turbine rotor of steel 26KhN3M2FAA, disks of turbine welded rotor of steel 20KhN2MFAA, components of steel 35KhN3MFA, are given. Special steels with carbon content less than 0.30% for details of power machine-building are developed

Relationships of quenching stresses to structural transformations in steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Loshkarev, V.E.

1985-01-01

Technique for accountancy of the effect of stresses on structural transformations in steel when solving problems of thermoplasticity is suggested. It is revealed on the basis of the conducted calculations that accountancy of interrelation of stressed and structural states of 20Kh2MF steel essentially affects forecasting of results of quenching

Fatigue resistance of Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Naumchenkov, N.E.; Filimonova, O.V.; Borisov, I.A.

1985-01-01

A study was made on the effect of additional alloying (Ni, Ni+Co), stress concentration, surface plastic strain on fatigue resistance of rotor steel of Cr-Ni-Mo-V-composition. It is shown that the steel with decreased carbon content possesses high complex of mechanical properties. Fatigue characteristics are not inferior to similar characteristics of steels of 25KhN3MFA type. Additional alloying of the steel containing 0.11...0.17% C and 4.5...4.7% N:, with niobium separately or niobium and cobalt in combination enabled to improve fatigue resistance of samles up to 25%. Strengthening of stress concentration zones by surface plastic strain is recommended for improving rotor suppporting 'nower under cyclic loading

Synthesis of 1-(4-methylsulfone-phenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-[14C]-1,2,3- triazole and 1-(4-sulfonamide-phenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-[14C]-1,2,3- triazole as novel carbon-14 anticonvulsant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saemian, N.; Shirvani, G.; Matloubi, H.

2006-01-01

Two 1,2,3-triazole anticonvulsants, 1-(4-methylsulfone-phenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-[ 14 C]-1,2,3-triazole and 1-(4-sulfonamide-phenyl)-5-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-5-[ 14 C]-1,2,3-triazole, both labeled with carbon-14 in the 5-position were prepared from para-fluoro-benzonitrile-[cyano- 14 C]. (author)

A Novel Schiff Base of 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-(2Hpyran-2-one and 2,2'-(ethylenedioxydiethylamine as Potential Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Medium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jonnie N. Asegbeloyin

2015-05-01

Full Text Available The corrosion inhibition activity of a newly synthesized Schiff base (SB from 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-(2H-pyran-2-one and 2,2'-(ethylenedioxydiethylamine was investigated on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used to study the chemical interactions between SB and mild steel surface. SB was found to be a relatively good inhibitor of mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration of SB. The inhibition activity of SB was ascribed to its adsorption onto mild steel surface, through physisorption and chemisorption, and described by the Langmuir adsorption model. Quantum chemical calculations indicated the presence of atomic sites with potential nucleophilic and electrophilic characteristics with which SB can establish electronic interactions with the charged mild steel surface.

Topic 1. Steels for light water reactor pressure vessels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brumovsky, M.; Brynda, J.; Kepka, M.; Barackova, L.; Vacek, M.; Havel, S.; Cukr, B.; Protiva, K.; Petrman, I.; Tvrdy, M.; Hyspecka, L.; Mazanec, K.; Kupca, L.; Brezina, M.

1980-01-01

Part 1 of the Proceedings consists of papers on the criteria for the selection and comparison of the properties of steel for pressure vessels and on the metallurgy of the said steels, the selection of suitable material for internal tubing systems, the manufacture of high-alloy steels for WWER components, the mechanical and metallurgical properties of steel 22K for WWER 440 pressure components, and of steel 10MnNi2Mo for the WWER primary coolant circuit, and the metallographic assessment of steel 0Kh18N10T. (J.P.)

Working out microsyntheses for different chlorinated biphenyls and preparation of 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl-14C and 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-14C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Geuenich, H.H.

1972-01-01

The microsyntheses for the preparation of chlorated biphenyls starting with benzene were worked out. 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl- 14 C and 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl- 14 C were prepared. 42 mCi benzene- 14 C were converted into nitrobenzene with nitrating acid, which was reduced to aniline by tin(II) chloride/hydrochloric acid. Following the acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride, it was monochlorated in glacial acetic acid with chloride of lime, and the chlorination mixture was chromatographically separated in columns. 5.8 mCi o'-chloroanaline were diazotized and converted in ammoniacal copper(I) salt solution. 2 μCi 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl were obtained. (orig./LH) [de

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel XC70 in H 2 SO 4 solution by ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

In this work, we studied the efficiency of corrosion inhibition of carbon steel XC70 in H2SO4 0.5 M aqueous solution using ferrocenyl derivatives synthesized in our laboratory, this compound is: 3-(ferrocenylmethylamine)benzonitrile. The inhibitory potential of this compound was determined by electrochemical techniques ...

Inhibitor for the Corrosion of Mild Steel in H 2 SO 4 | Patel | South ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

An extract of Terminalia chebula fruits was investigated as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 by means of conventional mass loss, electrochemical polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mass loss results showed that the extract of Terminalia chebula is ...

Chloroplastic thioredoxin-f and thioredoxin-m1/4 play important roles in brassinosteroids-induced changes in CO2 assimilation and cellular redox homeostasis in tomato

OpenAIRE

Cheng, Fei; Zhou, Yan-Hong; Xia, Xiao-Jian; Shi, Kai; Zhou, Jie; Yu, Jing-Quan

2014-01-01

Chloroplast thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutathione function as redox messengers in the regulation of photosynthesis. In this work, the roles of chloroplast TRXs in brassinosteroids (BRs)-induced changes in cellular redox homeostasis and CO2 assimilation were studied in the leaves of tomato plants. BRs-deficient d ^im plants showed decreased transcripts of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-x, while exogenous BRs significantly induced CO2 assimilation and the expression of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, ...

Report ETSI M2M-14bis JTC March 2011 meeting

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Keesmaat, N.W.

2011-01-01

The ETSI Technical Committee (TC) M2M focuses on the development of a generic M2M architecture and underlying protocols suitable for a wide range of M2M environments. Whereas in the past effort has been put in the development of several use cases, the focus of this M2M 14bis meeting – held in Sophia

Impact properties of 2 1/4 Cr--1 Mo steel after ten years EBR-II service

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shields, J.A.; Server, W.L.; Sheckherd, J.W.; Longua, K.J.

1976-01-01

The material studied in this investigation was obtained from a 2 1 / 4 Cr--1 Mo steel superheated steam line which had been in service for approximately 90,000 hours. Of that 90,000 hours, approximately 40,000 hours were at a temperature of approximately 820 0 F and a pressure of 1250 psi, and 35,000 hours were at a temperature of 500 0 F and 1250 psi. The results of optical metallography and instrumented impact testing performed on the materials are presented

Influence of structure and properties of tubular billets of the 12 Kh 18N10T steel on deformability of tubes at cold-rolling mills

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vil'yams, O.S.; Bol'shova, N.M.; Olejnik, O.V.; Velikotnaya, E.S.

1979-01-01

Metallographic analysis of the defects of the ''oblique cracks'' type on the surface of hot-rolled tubes of the 12Kh18N10T steel has been carried out. Recommended is the complex of mechanical properties and the structure factors (grain size) of conversion hot-rolled tubes, providing the combination of ductility and high rapture strength during rolling at pilger mills. At a grain size not coarser than number 5, a billet must have σsub(T) 5 >=40 %. Hot-rolled coarse-grained billet is not recommended for warm rolng because of high strain hardening

Comparative study of AISI M3:2 high speed steel produced through different techniques of manufacturing

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Araujo Filho, Oscar Olimpio de

2006-01-01

In this work AISI M3:2 high speed steels obtained through different techniques of manufacturing, submitted to the same heat treatment procedure were evaluated by measuring their mechanical properties of transverse rupture strength and hardness. Sinter 23 obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), VWM3C obtained by the conventional route and a M3:2 high speed steel obtained by cold compaction of water atomized powders and vacuum sintered with and without the addition of a small quantity of carbon were evaluated after the same heat treatment procedure. The vacuum sintered M3:2 high speed steel can be an alternative to the more expensive high speed steel produced by hot isostatic pressing and with similar properties presented by the conventional one. The characterization of the vacuum sintered M3:2 high speed steel was performed by measuring the densities of the green compacts and after the sintering cycle. The sintering produced an acceptable microstructure and densities near to the theoretical. The transverse rupture strength was evaluated by means of three point bending tests and the hardness by means of Rockwell C and Vickers tests. The technique of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the microstructure and to establish a relation with the property of transverse rupture strength. The structure was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the retained austenite was detected to all the conditions of heat treatment. The main contribution of this work is to establish a relation between the microstructure and the mechanical property of transverse rupture strength and to evaluate the AISI M3:2 vacuum sintered high speed steel as an alternative to the similar commercial high speed steels. (author)

Isatin derivatives as a non-toxic corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 20% H2SO4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ansari, K.R.; Quraishi, M.A.; Singh, Ambrish

2015-01-01

Highlights: • Mild steel protection in 20% H 2 SO 4 by TZs. • Potentiodynamic polarization curves reveal that the actions of TZs are mixed type but cathodically predominant. • The adsorption of TZs obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. • Examination of surface morphology by SEM and EDX. • Correlation between experimental and quantum chemical results. - Abstract: The corrosion inhibition action of Isatin-β-thiosemicarbzone derivatives namely 1-Benzylidene-5-(2-oxoindoline-3-ylidene) Thiocarbohydrazone (TZ-1) and 1-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-5-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) Thiocarbohydrazone (TZ-2) was studied on mild steel surface in 20% H 2 SO 4 by gravimetric measurements, Electrochemical measurements (EIS and Tafel), SEM, EDX and quantum chemical methods. Potentiodynamic polarization curves reveal that the TZs act as mixed type inhibitors exhibiting predominantly cathodic behavior. The adsorption of TZs obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters (E a , K ads , ΔG° ads ) were also computed and discussed

A nuclear localization of the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus NV protein is necessary for optimal viral growth.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Myeong Kyu Choi

Full Text Available The nonvirion (NV protein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV has been previously reported to be essential for efficient growth and pathogenicity of IHNV. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the NV supports the viral growth. In this study, cellular localization of NV and its role in IHNV growth in host cells was investigated. Through transient transfection in RTG-2 cells of NV fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP, a nuclear localization of NV was demonstrated. Deletion analyses showed that the (32EGDL(35 residues were essential for nuclear localization of NV protein, and fusion of these 4 amino acids to GFP directed its transport to the nucleus. We generated a recombinant IHNV, rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL in which the (32EGDL(35 was deleted from the NV. rIHNVs with wild-type NV (rIHNV-NV or with the NV gene replaced with GFP (rIHNV-ΔNV-GFP were used as controls. RTG-2 cells infected with rIHNV-ΔNV-GFP and rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL yielded 12- and 5-fold less infectious virion, respectively, than wild type rIHNV-infected cells at 48 h post-infection (p.i.. While treatment with poly I∶C at 24 h p.i. did not inhibit replication of wild-type rIHNVs, replication rates of rIHNV-ΔNV-GFP and rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL were inhibited by poly I∶C. In addition, both rIHNV-ΔNV and rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL induced higher levels of expressions of both IFN1 and Mx1 than wild-type rIHNV. These data suggest that the IHNV NV may support the growth of IHNV through inhibition of the INF system and the amino acid residues of (32EGDL(35 responsible for nuclear localization are important for the inhibitory activity of NV.

Plasticity of low carbon stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bulat, S.I.; Fel'dgandler, Eh.G.; Kareva, E.N.

1975-01-01

In the temperature range 800-1200 0 C and with strain rates of from 10 -3 to 3 s -1 , austenitic (000Kh18N12) and austenitic-ferrite (000Kh26N6) very low carbon stainless steels containing 0.02-0.03% C exhibit no higher resilience than corresponding ordinary steels containing 0.10-0.12% C. However, the plasticity of such steels (particularly two-phase steels) at 900-1100 0 C is appreciably inferior owing to the development of intergranular brittle fracture. Pressure treatment preceded by partial cooling of the surface to 850 0 C yields rolled and forged products with acceptable indices but is inconvenient technically. At the Zlatoustovsk and Ashin metallurgical plants successful tests have been performed involving the forging and rolling of such steels heated to 1280-1300 0 C without partial cooling; it was necessary to improve the killing conditions, correct the chemical composition (increasing the proportion of ferrite) and take measures against heat loss. (author)

Choice of corrosion-resistant metal for fluotitanic acid

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reingeverts, M.D.; Lapchenko, E.P.; Semenyuk, E.Y.

1986-01-01

The authors investigate the corrosion and anodic behavior of steels 12Kh18N10T, 08Kh21N6M2T, and 06KhN28MDT, nickel, and molybdenum in 10-40% naturally aerated solutions of H 2 TiF 6 at 20 and 50 degrees C. The authors found that in solutions of fluotitanic acid, as also in tetrafluoroboric and hydrofluoric acids, the most stable alloys are chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy of type 06KhN28MDT and (for acid concentrations above 20%) copper-nickel-alloys of the monel metal type. Steels 12Kh18N10T and 08Kh21N6M2T can be used in acid concentrations of less than 10% and temperatures up to 20 degrees C with anodic protection

Influence of chemical heterogeneity of solid solutions on brittleness in chromium steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Madyanov, S.A.; Sedov, V.K.; Apaev, B.A.

1985-01-01

The role of chemical heterogeneity of solid solutions in formation of mechanical properties of Kh09, Kh15, Kh20, Kh19N2G5T chromium steels has been investigated. It is established that besides the known regioA of chemical heterogeneity in the vicinity of 475 deg C exists a high-temperature region (1000-1050 deg C), where maximum heteroge=- neity of chromium distribution in solid solution, is observed. Both types of chemical heterogeneity cause essential hardening of alloys, which becomes apparent in abrupt change of capability to microplastic deformation The mechanism of occurrence of the given temper brittleness consists in carbon diffusion into microvolunes enriched in carbide-forming elements

The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of KH902 eye drops on corneal neovascularization induced by alkali burn

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yan Wu

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of KH902 eye drops on rabbit corneal neovascularization (CNV induced by alkali burn. Methods: Forty-eight adult rabbits were randomized into four groups after alkali burning: Group A (2.5 mg/ml, Group B (5 mg/ml, and Group C (10 mg/ml by different concentrations of KH902 eye drops and Group D by saline solution as control with three times a day for 2 weeks. At days 7, 14, and 28, the anterior segment photographs, confocal microscopy, and histopathology were performed to evaluate corneal opacity, neovascularization, inflammatory cell density, vessel size, and edema. Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF level. Results: (1 The CNV in the medicine-treated groups showed a reduction without obvious corneal side effects histologically. (2 Compared to the control group, the three medicine-treated groups showed a reduction in the VEGF levels and CNV areas on days 7, 14, and 28 and in the inflammatory cell density on days 14 and 28 (P 0.05. Conclusion: KH902 eye drops in lower concentration showed an obvious reduction of the CNV growing for rabbit corneal alkali burn without side effects.

Natural aquatic insect carriers of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV).

Science.gov (United States)

Sudhakaran, R; Haribabu, P; Kumar, S Rajesh; Sarathi, M; Ahmed, V P Ishaq; Babu, V Sarath; Venkatesan, C; Hameedl, A S Sahul

2008-04-01

Five different species of aquatic insects were collected from nursery ponds containing the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii infected with Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV). The insects were screened as potential natural carriers of MrNV and XSV. RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) analysis gave positive results for MrNV and XSV in Belostoma sp., Aesohna sp., Cybister sp. and Notonecta sp., and negative results for Nepa sp. An Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line (C6/36) was used for infectivity assays, with viral inoculum prepared from the aquatic insects, since C6/36 cells have recently been shown to be susceptible to infection with MrNV and XSV. The C6/36 cells were harvested 4 d post-challenge for examination by electron microscopy. This revealed aggregation of viral particles throughout the cytoplasm for cells challenged with inocula from all the insect species except Nepa sp. Our results indicate that several aquatic insect species may present a risk for MrNV and XSV transmission to M. rosenbergii.

On the simultaneous Pell equations x 2 - (4m 2 - 1)y 2 = y 2 - pz 2 ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Let m be a positive integer, and let p be an odd prime. By using certain properties of Pell and quartic diophantine equations with some elementary number theory methods, we prove that the system of equations x2 - (4m2 - 1)y2 = 1 and y2 - pz2 = 1 has positive integer solutions (x, y, z) if and only if p ≡ 7(mod 8) and m = 1/4 ...

Study of the solidification of M2 high speed steel Laser Cladding coatings

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Candel, J. J.

2013-10-01

Full Text Available High speed steel laser cladding coatings are complex because cracks appear and the hardness is lower than expected. In this paper AISI M2 tool steel coatings on medium carbon AISI 1045 steel substrate have been manufactured and after Laser Cladding (LC processing it has been applied a tempering heat treatment to reduce the amount of retained austenite and to precipitate secondary carbides. The study of metallurgical transformations by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD shows that the microstructure is extremely fine and complex, with eutectic transformations and MC, M2C and M6C precipitation. Therefore, after the laser coating is necessary to use post-weld heat treatments.Los recubrimientos de acero rápido por Laser Cladding (LC son complejos porque aparecen fisuras y la dureza es menor a la esperada. En este trabajo se han fabricado recubrimientos de acero AISI M2 sobre acero al carbono AISI 1045 y tras el procesado por láser, se han revenido para reducir la cantidad de austenita retenida y precipitar carburos secundarios. El estudio de las transformaciones metalúrgicas con Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB y Difracción de Electrones Retrodispersados (EBSD muestra que la microestructura es extremadamente fina y compleja, presenta transformaciones eutécticas y precipitación de carburos MC, M2C y M6C. Por tanto, tras el recubrimiento por láser es necesario recurrir a tratamientos térmicos post-soldeo.

Homoleptic diphosphacyclobutadiene complexes [M(η(4)-P2C2R2)2]x- (M = Fe, Co; x = 0, 1).

Science.gov (United States)

Wolf, Robert; Ehlers, Andreas W; Khusniyarov, Marat M; Hartl, František; de Bruin, Bas; Long, Gary J; Grandjean, Fernande; Schappacher, Falko M; Pöttgen, Rainer; Slootweg, J Chris; Lutz, Martin; Spek, Anthony L; Lammertsma, Koop

2010-12-27

The preparation and comprehensive characterization of a series of homoleptic sandwich complexes containing diphosphacyclobutadiene ligands are reported. Compounds [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][Fe(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] (K1), [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][Co(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] (K2), and [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][Co(η(4)-P(2)C(2)Ad(2))(2)] (K3, Ad = adamantyl) were obtained from reactions of [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][M(η(4)-C(14)H(10))(2)] (M = Fe, Co) with tBuC[triple bond]P (1, 2), or with AdC[triple bond]P (3). Neutral sandwiches [M(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] (4: M = Fe 5: M = Co) were obtained by oxidizing 1 and 2 with [Cp(2)Fe]PF(6). Cyclic voltammetry and spectro-electrochemistry indicate that the two [M(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)](-)/[M(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] moieties can be reversibly interconverted by one electron oxidation and reduction, respectively. Complexes 1-5 were characterized by multinuclear NMR, EPR (1 and 5), UV/Vis, and Mössbauer spectroscopies (1 and 4), mass spectrometry (4 and 5), and microanalysis (1-3). The molecular structures of 1-5 were determined by using X-ray crystallography. Essentially D(2d)-symmetric structures were found for all five complexes, which show the two 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene rings in a staggered orientation. Density functional theory calculations revealed the importance of covalent metal-ligand π bonding in 1-5. Possible oxidation state assignments for the metal ions are discussed.

Phyllanthus muellerianus and C6H15NO3 synergistic effects on 0.5 M H2SO4-immersed steel-reinforced concrete: Implication for clean corrosion-protection of wind energy structures in industrial environment

Science.gov (United States)

Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun; Omotosho, Olugbenga Adeshola; Popoola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu; Loto, Cleophas Akintoye

2016-07-01

This paper investigates Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf-extract and C6H15NO3 (triethanolamine: TEA) synergistic effects on reinforcing-steel corrosion-inhibition and the compressive-strength of steel-reinforced concrete immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4. This is to assess suitability of the synergistic admixture usage for wind-energy steel-reinforced concrete structures designed for industrial environments. Steel-reinforced concrete specimens were admixed with individual and synergistic designs of Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf-extract and C6H15NO3 admixtures and immersed in the 0.5 M H2SO4. Electrochemical monitoring of corrosion potential, as per ASTM C876-91 R99, and corrosion current were obtained and statistically analysed, as per ASTM G16-95 R04, for modelling noise resistance. Post-immersion compressive-strength testing then followed, as per ASTM C39/C39M-03, for detailing the admixture effect on load-bearing strength of the steel-reinforced concrete specimens. Results showed that while individual Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf-extract concentrations exhibited better inhibition-efficiency performance than C6H15NO3, synergistic additions of C6H15NO3 to Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf-extract improved steel-rebar corrosion-inhibition. Thus, 6 g Phyllanthus muellerianus + 2 g C6H15NO3 synergistically improved inhibition-efficiency to η = 84.17%, from η = 55.28% by the optimal chemical or from η = 74.72% by the optimal plant-extract admixtures. The study also established that improved compressive strength of steel-reinforced concrete with acceptable inhibition of the steel-rebar corrosion could be attained through optimal combination of the Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf-extract and C6H15NO3 admixtures.

1,4-Disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Tibbelin, Julius; Wallner, Andreas; Emanuelsson, Rikard

2014-01-01

2,3,5,6-Tetraethyl-1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes with either four chloro (1a), methyl (1b), or trimethylsilyl (TMS) (1c) substituents at the two silicon atoms were examined in an effort to design rigid compounds with strong neutral cross-hyperconjugation between π- and σ-bonded molecular segments......). Furthermore, 1,4-disilacyclohexadiene 1c absorbs strongly at 273 nm (4.55 eV), whereas 1a and 1b have no symmetry allowed excitations above 215 nm (below 5.77 eV). Thus, suitably substituted 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes could represent novel building blocks for the design of larger cross...

Parametrical limits of SCC-susceptibility of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic Cr-Ni steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Starosvetskij, D.I.; Baru, R.L.; Bondarenko, A.I.; Bogoyavlenskij, V.L.; Timonin, V.A.

1990-01-01

Comparative investigations into corrosion cracking (CC) of austenitic (12Kh18N10T) and austenitic-ferritic (08Kh22N6T) chromium-nickel steels are performed for various chloride media in a wide range of chloride concentrations and temperatures. It is shown that the ratio between steels in terms of their CC-susceptibility is not definite and can undergo a reversal depending on parameters of medium, level and conditions of loading. Differences in mechanisms of corrosion cracking of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic steels are established

Role of grain refinement in hardening of structural steels at preliminary thermomechanical treatment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bukhvalov, A.B.; Grigor'eva, E.V.; Davydova, L.S.; Degtyarev, M.V.; Levit, V.I.; Smirnova, N.A.; Smirnov, L.V.

1981-01-01

The hardening mechanism during preliminary thermomechanical treatment with deformation by cold rolling or hydroextrusion is studied on structural 37KhN3M1 and 38KhN3MFA steels. Specimens have been tested on static tension, impact strength and fracture toughness. It is shown that hydroextrusion application instead of rolling does not change the hardening effect of preliminary thermomechanical treatment (PTMT). It is established that the increase of preliminary deformation degree and the use of accelerated short term hardening heating provides a bett er grain refinement and the increase of PTMT hardening effect [ru

Close toleranoe forging of chromium steel blades for powerful steam turbines

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shastin, Eh.G.; Kositskij, Yu.N.; Lyubchits, G.A.

1989-01-01

Work on simulating technological process on die-forging hammer was performed in order to reduce the preparation period bringing technology of close tolerance forging of turbine blades to a commercial level. A special attention was paid to development of accurate forming of forgings of 20Kh13Sh, 12Kh13 and 15Kh11MFSh steels on screw presses with nominal effort equal to 80 and 144 MN

Manufacture of rings of 08Kh18N10T sheet for internal structures of WWER type reactors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fojta, A.; Nitka, B.

1984-01-01

Technology is presented of the manufacture of rings for the jacket, shaft, core catcher and shaft bottom of WWER-440 reactors produced by Vitkovice Steel Works. The rings are manufactured from sheets of austenitic steel 08Kh18N10T. The materials and technology problems are discussed of sheet production, ring welding technology and annealing following welding. The plastic properties are assessed of the welded joints and problems are outlined of ring production for WWER-1000 reactors. (B.S.)

Electrochemical studies of novel corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ahmed A. Al-Amiery

2018-06-01

Full Text Available The electrochemical performance of a novel organic corrosion inhibitor 6-(4-hydroxyphenyl-3-mercapto-7,8-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine [HT3], for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid is evaluated by potentiodynamic curves. The experimental results show that the investigated inhibitor [HT3], which can effectively retard the corrosion process that occurs to mild steel with a hydrochloric acid solution by providing a protective coating for the mild steel that, can be weakened by increasing the temperature. Furthermore, the inhibition efficiency of [HT3] increased with increasing the concentrations of the inhibitors and decreased with increasing temperature. Keywords: Corrosion, Inhibitor, Mild steel, Potentiodynamic polarization, HT3, NMR, FT-IR

Advantages of Stainless Steel Sieves as Support for Catalytic N2O Decomposition over K-doped Co3O4.

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Klyushina, A.; Pacultová, K.; Krejčová, S.; Slowik, G.; Jirátová, Květa; Kovanda, F.; Ryczkowski, J.; Obalová, L.

2015-01-01

Roč. 257, Part 1 (2015), s. 2-10 ISSN 0920-5861. [AWPAC2014 - International Symposium on Air & Water Pollution Abatement Catalysis. Krakow, 01.09.2014-05.09.2014] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA14-13750S Institutional support: RVO:67985858 Keywords : N2O catalytic decomposition * Co3O4 * stainless steel support * potassium promoter * TiO2 support Subject RIV: CI - Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Impact factor: 4.312, year: 2015

Crystallographic isomorphism in the structural type of α-HgI{sub 2} by example of KHgI{sub 3} · H{sub 2}O, β-Ag{sub 2}HgI{sub 4}, and β-Cu{sub 2}HgI{sub 4}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Borisov, S. V., E-mail: borisov@niic.nsc.ru; Magarill, S. A.; Pervukhina, N. V. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch (Russian Federation)

2017-03-15

The structure of KHgI{sub 3} · H{sub 2}O is assigned to the family of crystal structures having the three-layer cubic packing of iodine anions with cations in the tetrahedral voids (the structures of α-HgI{sub 2}, β-Ag{sub 2}HgI{sub 4}, and β-Cu{sub 2}HgI{sub 4} among them). Crystallographic analysis shows that the nodes of the three-layer close packing are populated by iodine anions and K cations in the ratio 3/4: 1/4. Transformation of the structure of α-HgI{sub 2} into the structure of KHgI{sub 3} · H{sub 2}O can be formally represented as the replacement of (HgI){sub n}{sup +} fragments by (KH{sub 2}O){sub n}{sup +} fragments: (Hg{sub 2}I{sub 4})–(HgI){sup +} + (KH{sub 2}O){sub n}{sup +} = KHgI{sub 3} · H{sub 2}O. Perforated layers of vertex-sharing HgI{sub 4} tetrahedra break down into parallel isolated chains. Channels formed in place of I–Hg–I–Hg–fragments are occupied by–H{sub 2}O–K–-H{sub 2}-O-K-H{sub 2}O-chains weakly bound to neighbors.

X-ray spectrum microanalysis of copper and stainless steel surface layer after electroerosion machining

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abdukarimov, Eh.T.; Saidinov, S.Ya.

1989-01-01

The results of experimental investigations of the surface layer of copper and steel 12Kh18N10T after electroerrosion treatment by a rotating tungsten electrode in natural and distilled water are presented. It is established that the quantity of electrode material transferred to the surface of the steel treated grows with the spark discharge energy increase. Tungsten concentration in the surface layer reaches 5-10% with the average depth of penetration 40-50 μm

SCC growth behavior of stainless steel weld metals in high-temperature water. Influence of corrosion potential, weld type, thermal aging, cold-work and temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yamada, Takuyo; Terachi, Takumi; Miyamoto, Tomoki; Arioka, Koji

2009-01-01

Recent studies on crack growth rate measurement in oxygenated high-temperature pure water conditions, such as normal water chemistry in boiling water reactors, using compact tension type specimens have shown that weld stainless steels are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. However, to our knowledge, there is no crack growth data of weld stainless steels in pressurized water reactor primary water. The principal purpose of this study was to examine the SCC growth behavior of stainless steel weld metals in simulated PWR primary water. A second objective was to examine the effect of (1) corrosion potential, (2) thermal-aging, (3) Mo in alloy and (4) cold-working on SCC growth in hydrogenated and oxygenated water environments at 320degC. In addition, the temperature dependence of SCC growth in simulated PWR primary water was also studied. The results were as follows: (1) No significant SCC growth was observed on all types of stainless steel weld metals: as-welded, aged (400degC x 10 kh) 308L and 316L, in 2.7 ppm-hydrogenated (low-potential) water at 320degC. (2) 20% cold-working markedly accelerated the SCC growth of weld metals in high-potential water at 320degC, but no significant SCC growth was observed in the hydrogenated water, even after 20% cold-working. (3) No significant SCC growth was observed on stainless steel weld metals in low-potential water at 250degC and 340degC. Thus, stainless steel weld metals have excellent SCC resistance in PWR primary water. On the other hand, (4) significant SCC growth was observed on all types of stainless steel weld metals: as-weld, aged (400degC x 10 kh) and 20% cold-worked 308L and 316L, in 8 ppm-oxygenated (high-potential) water at 320degC. (5) No large difference in SCC growth was observed between 316L (Mo) and 308L. (6) No large effect on SCC growth was observed between before and after aging up to 400degC for 10 kh. (7) 20% cold-working markedly accelerated the SCC growth of stainless steel weld metals. (author)

Alfinated coating structure on HS6-5-2 (SW7M high speed steel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

T. Szymczak

2010-10-01

Full Text Available The paper presents the results of immersion alfinated coating structure in AlSi5 silumin on HS6-5-2 (SW7M high speed steel. Alfinating bath temperature was 750 ± 5 ° C, time of sample immersion was τ = 180s. Thickness of obtained coating under specified conditions was g = 150μm. Manufactured coating consists of three layers of different construction phase. The first layer from the substrate „g1`” constructed with a AlFe phase consist of alloy additives constituents of HS6-5-2 (SW7M steel: W, Mo, V, Cr and Si. On it crystallizes the second layer „g1``” of AlFeWMoCr intermetallic phases also containing Si and small amount of V. Last, the outer layer „g2” of the coating is composed with silumin including AlFeWMoCrVSi intermetallic phases. Within all layers of the coating occurs carbides. Penetration of carbides to individual coating layers is mainly due to steel surface partial melting and crystallizing layers „g1`” and „g1``” by alfinating liquid and shifting into her of carbides as well as partial carbides rejection by crystallization front of intermetallic phases occurs in coating.

Feasibility study on decontamination of the contaminated stainless steel with HBF4 solution

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dong Ruilin; Zhang Yuan; Qiu Dangui; Huang Yuying; Ren Xianwen

2002-01-01

Decontamination experiments were carried out with HBF 4 solution on the following four kinds of sample: 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel with and without welding line, 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel with oxide layer formed in boiling concentrated nitric acid solution, natural uranium and 230 Th contaminated stainless steel pipe sample from one decommissioning nuclear facility. The results indicated that the oxide layer, the welding line of the 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel and itself can be dissolved in the HBF 4 decontamination solution. The solubility of the 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel in the HBF 4 solution used in the test is more than 5 g/L, which means that the 0.13 m 2 stainless steel could be dissolved up to a thickness of 5 μm in one liter of decontamination solution. The decontamination efficiency is more than 85% in 30 minutes for the 230 Th contaminated sample, and 87% in 2 hours for the natural uranium contaminated sample. Both samples could be decontaminated to the background level after several runs of the decontamination

Functional characterization of a wheat NHX antiporter gene TaNHX2 that encodes a K(+/H(+ exchanger.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yuanyuan Xu

Full Text Available The subcellular localization of a wheat NHX antiporter, TaNHX2, was studied in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and its function was evaluated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a heterologous expression system. Fluorescence patterns of TaNHX2-GFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis cells indicated that TaNHX2 localized at endomembranes. TaNHX2 has significant sequence homology to NHX sodium exchangers from Arabidopsis, is abundant in roots and leaves and is induced by salt or dehydration treatments. Western blot analysis showed that TaNHX2 could be expressed in transgenic yeast cells. Expressed TaNHX2 protein suppressed the salt sensitivity of a yeast mutant strain by increasing its K(+ content when exposed to salt stress. TaNHX2 also increased the tolerance of the strain to potassium stress. However, the expression of TaNHX2 did not affect the sodium concentration in transgenic cells. Western blot analysis for tonoplast proteins indicated that the TaNHX2 protein localized at the tonoplast of transgenic yeast cells. The tonoplast vesicles from transgenic yeast cells displayed enhanced K(+/H(+ exchange activity but very little Na(+/H(+ exchange compared with controls transformed with the empty vector; Na(+/H(+ exchange was not detected with concentrations of less than 37.5 mM Na(+ in the reaction medium. Our data suggest that TaNHX2 is a endomembrane-bound protein and may primarily function as a K(+/H(+ antiporter, which is involved in cellular pH regulation and potassium nutrition under normal conditions. Under saline conditions, the protein mediates resistance to salt stress through the intracellular compartmentalization of potassium to regulate cellular pH and K(+ homeostasis.

Quality of structural steel melted by single-slag process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Levin, A.M.; Andreev, V.I.; Monastyrskij, A.V.; Drozdova, M.F.; Pashchenko, V.E.; Orzhekh, M.B.

1982-01-01

The 40Kh and 12KhN3A steels were used to compare the quality of the metal manufactured according to several variants of a single-slag process with the metal of a conventional melting technology. Investigation results show, that a single-slag process metal has higher sulfides and oxides contents as well as an increased anisotropy of mechanical properties while its tendency to flake formation is weaker due to a less degree of gas saturation. It is marked that anisotropy in the properties and a sulfide content may be decreased by out-of-furnace treatment of steels

Development of 4-shot pellet injector for JET-2M

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Noda, O.; Kuribayashi, S.; Uchikawa, T.; Onozuka, M.; Kasaki, S.; Hasegawa, K.

1987-01-01

A pneumatic 4 pellet injector has been constructed for JFT-2M. The performance tests have proved high performance and reliability of the injector. The maximum pellet velocity obtained in hydrogen pellet tests is 1.4km sec. The device is now in use for JFT-2M in a place of a previous single pellet injector, contributing to plasma studies. In this paper the outline of features and performance of the device is presented

Statistical model and first-principles simulation on concentration of He{sub n}V cluster and He bubble formation in α-Fe and W

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liu, Yue-Lin, E-mail: liuyuelin@ss.buaa.edu.cn; Yu, Yang; Dai, Zhen-Hong

2015-01-15

Using first-principles calculations, we investigate the stabilities of He and He{sub n}-vacancy (He{sub n}V) clusters in α-Fe and W. Vacancy formation energies are 2.08 eV in α-Fe and 3.11 eV in W, respectively. Single He in both α-Fe and W prefers to occupy the tetrahedral interstitial site. We recalculated the He solution energy considering the effect of zero-point energy (ZPE). The ZPEs of He in α-Fe and W at the tetrahedral (octahedral) interstitial site are 0.072 eV (0.031 eV) and 0.078 eV (0.034 eV), respectively. The trapping energies of single He at vacancy in α-Fe and W are −2.39 eV and −4.55 eV, respectively. By sequentially adding He into vacancy, a monovacancy trap up to 10 He atoms distributing in the vacancy vicinity. Based on the above results combined with statistical model, we evaluate the concentrations of all relevant He{sub n}V clusters as a function of He chemical potential. The critical He{sub n}V concentration is found to be ∼10{sup −40} (atomic) at the critical temperature T = 600 K in α-Fe and T = 1600 K in W, respectively. Beyond the critical He{sub n}V concentrations, considerable He{sub n}V aggregate to form He{sub n}V{sub m} clusters. By further growing of He{sub n}V{sub m}, the He{sub n}V{sub m} clusters grow bigger resulting in the larger He bubble formation.

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the antiferroelectric phase transitions in ammonium dihydrogen arsenate NH4H2AsO4 and deuterated analogue

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gesi, Kazuo; Ozawa, Kunio

1984-01-01

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the antiferroelectric phase transitions in NH 4 H 2 AsO 4 and deuterated analogue (deuterium concentration --80%) was studied by dielectric constant measurements at high pressures up to about 0.8GPa. The transition temperature linearly decreases with increasing pressure with the ratios of -19.7K GPa -1 and -14.5K GPa -1 for NH 4 H 2 AsO 4 and the deuterated compound, respectively. The pressure effect is compared with previously reported results of other KH 2 PO 4 -type ferro- and antiferroelectric crystals. (author)

Application of experiment planning during investigation of cementation process in solid carburizers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lisenkov, A.N.; Denisov, V.M.; Prigozhina, E.L.

1981-01-01

A mathematical model of cementation process in solid carburizirs is obtained, the most effective contents of carburizers are chosen. Specimens are produced out of St20, 12KhN3A, 40Kh13, KhVG steels. It is shown that specimens of St20 and 12KhN3A steels have the higher depth of cementated layer, specimens made of 40Kh13 and KhVG steels-the lower depth. It is shown that the quality of cementated layer structure at recommended regimes improved, cementated layer depth for low-carbon steels changed a little and for tool steels increased infficiently: for KhVG steel in 2-3 times for 40Kh13 steel in 1.5-2.5 times

"1"4C ages and calendar years of Japanese swords measured with accelerator mass spectrometry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nagata, Kazuhiro; Matsubara, Akihiro; Kokubu, Yoko; Nakamura, Toshio

2016-01-01

Steel of Japanese swords has been produced with Tatara process from iron sand and charcoal. Carbon dissolved in steel was absorbed from wooden charcoal fuel during the production of the steel. From the decay of "1"4C activity in the steel, the "1"4C age of Japanese sword can be determined. The "1"4C ages of 4 Japanese swords were measured with accelerator mass spectrometry and calibrated to calendar years. Each "1"4C age provided plural calendar year periods with definite probabilities, and one of the periods agreed with the production year of each sword that was determined from the sword master's name cut in the grip of his sword after taking the age range of charcoal used for steel production and usage for several generations of the same names of sword masters into account. (author)

Estimation of the Ultimate Tensile Strength of Steel from Its HB and HV Hardness Numbers and Coercive Force

Science.gov (United States)

Sandomirskii, S. G.

2017-11-01

A formula is derived to accurately describe the tabulated relation between the Brinell ( HB) and Vickers ( HV) hardnesses of steel over the entire range of their possible variation. This formula and the formulas describing the relation between the HB hardness of chromium-molybdenum and chromium-nickel steels and their ultimate tensile strength σu are used to analyze the change in σu of 38KhNM steel upon quenching and tempering. The data that reveal a relation between σu of 38KhNM steel and its coercive force are obtained.

Corrosion polarization behaviour and inhibition of S40977 stainless steel in benzosulfonazole/3 M H2SO4 solution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roland Tolulope Loto

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Benzosulfonazole was evaluated for its corrosion inhibition effect on S40977 stainless steel in 3 M H2SO4 solution through potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential measurement, optical microscopy and IR spectroscopy. Results obtained showed the effective performance of the compound with values of 77.33%–88.32% inhibition efficiency, at 0.25%–1.25% inhibitor concentration from electrochemical analysis. Corrosion potential value decreased from −0.359 V to −0.306 V upon addition of the compound at 0.25% concentration, which decreased progressively to −0.278 at 1.25% concentration. Identified functional groups of alcohols, phenols, amines, amides, carboxylic acids, aliphatic amines, esters and ethers within the compound completely adsorbed onto the steel from analysis of the adsorption spectra while others decreased in intensity due to partial adsorption. Thermodynamic calculations showed the cationic adsorption to be through chemisorption mechanism according to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms. Micro-analytical images showed a severely corroded morphology with corrosion pits in the absence of benzosulfonazole which contrast the images obtained with the inhibitor addition. The compound was determined to be mixed type inhibition. Keywords: Corrosion, Inhibitor, Benzosulfonazole, Sulphuric acid

Tendency of the 18-8 type corrosion-resistant steel to cracking in automatic building-up of copper and copper base alloys in argon

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abramovich, V.R.; Andronik, V.A.

1978-01-01

Studied was the tendency of the 18-8 type corrosion-resistant steel to cracking during automatic building-up of copper and bronze in argon. The investigation was carried out on the 0kh18n10t steel in argon. It had been established, that the degree of copper penetration into the steel inceases with the increase in the time of the 0Kh18n10t steel contact with liquid copper. Liquid copper and copper base alloys have a detrimental effect on mechanical properties of the steel under external tensile load during intercontant. It is shown that in building-up of copper base alloys on the steel-0Kh18n10t, tendency of the steel to cracking decreases with increase in stiffness of a surfaced weld metal plate and with decrease in building-up energy per unit length. The causes of macrocracking in steel at building-up non-ferrous metals are explained. The technological procedures to avoid cracking are suggested

3D ZnIn2S4 nanosheet/TiO2 nanowire arrays and their efficient photocathodic protection for 304 stainless steel

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, Wenxia; Wei, Na; Cui, Hongzhi; Lin, Yuan; Wang, Xinzhen; Tian, Jian; Li, Jian; Wen, Jing

2018-03-01

A well-designed heterostructure engineered ZnIn2S4 nanosheet/TiO2 nanowire arrays photoanode is investigated for photocathodic protection. The ZnIn2S4 nanosheets are distributed uniformly on the surface of the TiO2 nanowire by a hydrothermal method. The stem-and-leaf-like ZnIn2S4 nanosheet/TiO2 nanowire arrays exhibit excellent photoelectrochemical properties, owing to the energy band structure and large surface area. A maximum photocurrent density of 2 mA cm-2 is achieved for the ZnIn2S4 nanosheet/TiO2 nanowire composite film for a 6 h reaction time under white illumination. Moreover, the potential of the 304 stainless steel coupled with the composite film immediately shifts negatively to -1.17 V (vs. SCE), which is significantly lower than the corrosion potential (-0.201 V vs. SCE). Thus, the composite film offers a superior photocathodic protection for stainless steel against corrosion by a NaCl solution. This study provides a promising approach for the design and synthesis of composite films with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance.

MTS-MD of Biomolecules Steered with 3D-RISM-KH Mean Solvation Forces Accelerated with Generalized Solvation Force Extrapolation.

Science.gov (United States)

Omelyan, Igor; Kovalenko, Andriy

2015-04-14

We developed a generalized solvation force extrapolation (GSFE) approach to speed up multiple time step molecular dynamics (MTS-MD) of biomolecules steered with mean solvation forces obtained from the 3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation (three-dimensional reference interaction site model with the Kovalenko-Hirata closure). GSFE is based on a set of techniques including the non-Eckart-like transformation of coordinate space separately for each solute atom, extension of the force-coordinate pair basis set followed by selection of the best subset, balancing the normal equations by modified least-squares minimization of deviations, and incremental increase of outer time step in motion integration. Mean solvation forces acting on the biomolecule atoms in conformations at successive inner time steps are extrapolated using a relatively small number of best (closest) solute atomic coordinates and corresponding mean solvation forces obtained at previous outer time steps by converging the 3D-RISM-KH integral equations. The MTS-MD evolution steered with GSFE of 3D-RISM-KH mean solvation forces is efficiently stabilized with our optimized isokinetic Nosé-Hoover chain (OIN) thermostat. We validated the hybrid MTS-MD/OIN/GSFE/3D-RISM-KH integrator on solvated organic and biomolecules of different stiffness and complexity: asphaltene dimer in toluene solvent, hydrated alanine dipeptide, miniprotein 1L2Y, and protein G. The GSFE accuracy and the OIN efficiency allowed us to enlarge outer time steps up to huge values of 1-4 ps while accurately reproducing conformational properties. Quasidynamics steered with 3D-RISM-KH mean solvation forces achieves time scale compression of conformational changes coupled with solvent exchange, resulting in further significant acceleration of protein conformational sampling with respect to real time dynamics. Overall, this provided a 50- to 1000-fold effective speedup of conformational sampling for these systems, compared to conventional MD

Comparative study of AISI M3:2 high speed steel produced through different techniques of manufacturing; Estudo comparativo de acos rapidos AISI M3:2 produzidos por diferentes processos de fabricacao

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Araujo Filho, Oscar Olimpio de

2006-07-01

In this work AISI M3:2 high speed steels obtained through different techniques of manufacturing, submitted to the same heat treatment procedure were evaluated by measuring their mechanical properties of transverse rupture strength and hardness. Sinter 23 obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), VWM3C obtained by the conventional route and a M3:2 high speed steel obtained by cold compaction of water atomized powders and vacuum sintered with and without the addition of a small quantity of carbon were evaluated after the same heat treatment procedure. The vacuum sintered M3:2 high speed steel can be an alternative to the more expensive high speed steel produced by hot isostatic pressing and with similar properties presented by the conventional one. The characterization of the vacuum sintered M3:2 high speed steel was performed by measuring the densities of the green compacts and after the sintering cycle. The sintering produced an acceptable microstructure and densities near to the theoretical. The transverse rupture strength was evaluated by means of three point bending tests and the hardness by means of Rockwell C and Vickers tests. The technique of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the microstructure and to establish a relation with the property of transverse rupture strength. The structure was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the retained austenite was detected to all the conditions of heat treatment. The main contribution of this work is to establish a relation between the microstructure and the mechanical property of transverse rupture strength and to evaluate the AISI M3:2 vacuum sintered high speed steel as an alternative to the similar commercial high speed steels. (author)

Influence of tannin content in Terminalia catappa leaves extracts resulted from maceration extraction on decreasing corrosion rate for mild steel in 1M H2SO4

Science.gov (United States)

Pramudita, M.; Sukirno; Nasikin, M.

2018-04-01

The ability of natural compounds as corrosion inhibitors is necessary to obtain safe corrosion inhibitors for the environment. The tannin compounds derived from plant extract has the ability to decrease the corrosion rate. The purpose of this research is to find the ability of tannin compounds in Terminalia catappa leaves extracts to decrease corrosion rate on mild steel. Terminalia catappa leaves that have been mashed in ethanol solvent extraction using maceration with the variable time 2.4 and 6 days. Mild steel that has been on the sandpaper and cleaned then soak into the 1 M H2SO4. Terminalia catappa leaves extract concentration used is 0, 250, 500, 500, 750, 1000 ppm, the immersion time is 3.6 and 9 hours. Calculating of corrosion rate is used the weight loss method, the analysis of the tannin concentration using GC-MS. The results indicate that highest tannin content equal to 7.23% in 6 days maceration time. The result showed that the corrosion rate was reduced in the presence of tannin content in Terminalia catappa leaves extract.

Thermodynamic investigation on the formation of inclusions containing MgAl2O4 spinel during 16Cr-14Ni austenitic stainless steel manufacturing processes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Park, J.H.

2008-01-01

The formation mechanism of the inclusions containing the spinel crystals has been developed based on the experimental results for the equilibrium between the Fe-16%Cr-14%Ni stainless steel melts and the inclusions as well as the compositions of the inclusions in the plant samples. In the laboratory experiments, the molar content of alumina in the inclusions linearly increases with increasing content of aluminum according to the theoretical expectation and the composition of the inclusions could be described as a function of the activity of aluminum and silicon. From the analysis of the plant samples, the content of MgO and Al 2 O 3 in the calcium silicate type inclusions continuously increases as the steel melts transfer from AOD converter to LT processes and thus, the spinel phase could be crystallized and grown in the calcium silicate matrix during cooling through tundish to cast slabs. On the other hand, the manganese silicate type inclusions were observed after tapping molten steel to the ladle, and then the MnO and Cr 2 O 3 (and SiO 2 ) in the inclusions were reduced by silicon and aluminum through LT to CC mold. The fraction of the inclusions containing spinel crystals at cast slabs was null at (Al 2 O 3 ) 2 O 3 ) > 20 mass%

Effect of reactor irradiation on long-term strength and creep of 0Kh16N15M3B steel under plane stressed state

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khristov, G.P.; Kosov, B.D.

1982-01-01

The paper deals with analysis of results of experimental studies in creep of the austenitic OKh16n15m3b steel with various size of initial-structure grain under conditions of high-intensity reactor irradiation and control tests. It is suggested to consider the material initial structure effect on intensity of minimum creep rates both under ordinary and intrareactor conditions of loading by means of the function grain size effect on the equivalent stress. It is shown that the criterial expression previously suggested by the authors is invariant to the type of stressed and structural states and relative to intensity of minimal creep rates. It is established that the creep rate of the irradiated steel may be calculated from dependence for nonirradiated steel using as an argument a certain reduced equivalent stress which is a function of the acting stress and irradiation parameter

Mechanical Behavior of Additive Manufactured Layered Materials, Part 2: Stainless Steels

Science.gov (United States)

2015-04-30

materials. Elsevier, Oxford; 2007: 416 -420. [19] Deng, D., Chen, R., Sun, Q. and Li, X. Microstructural study of 17-4PH stainless steel after plasma...1 Mechanical Behavior of Additive Manufactured Layered Materials, Part 2: Stainless Steels * Todd M. Mower † and Michael J. Long M.I.T. Lincoln... stainless steel alloys produced with Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) was measured and is compared to that of similar conventional materials

Synthesis and characterization of a novel organic corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid

Science.gov (United States)

Ahmed, Mohammed H. Othman; Al-Amiery, Ahmed A.; Al-Majedy, Yasmin K.; Kadhum, Abdul Amir H.; Mohamad, Abu Bakar; Gaaz, Tayser Sumer

2018-03-01

The synthesis and characterization of a novel organic corrosion inhibitor (4-(3-mercapto-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazin-6-yl)phenol), for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been successfully reported for the first time. The inhibitor evaluated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M of Hydrochloric acid solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) measurement techniques. Changes in the impedance parameters suggested an adsorption of the inhibitor onto the mild steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films. The results show that the inhibition efficiencies increased with increasing the concentrations of the inhibitors and decreased with increasing temperature. The maximum inhibition efficiency up to 67% at the maximum concentration 0.5 mM. This shows that those inhibitors are effective in helping to reduce and slowing down the corrosion process that occurs to mild steel with a hydrochloric acid solution by providing an organic inhibitor for the mild steel that can be weakened by increasing the temperature. The adsorption process of the synthesized organic inhibitor depends on its electronic characteristics in addition to steric effects and the nature of metal surface, temperature degree and the varying degrees of surface-site activity. The synthesized inhibitor molecules were absorbed by metal surface and follow Langmuir isotherms.

Study of yttrium 4-nitrocinnamate to promote surface interactions with AS1020 steel

Science.gov (United States)

Hien, P. V.; Vu, N. S. H.; Thu, V. T. H.; Somers, A.; Nam, N. D.

2017-08-01

Yttrium 4-nitrocinnamate (Y(4-NO2Cin)3) was added to an aqueous chloride solution and studied as a possible corrosion inhibition system. Electrochemical techniques and surface analysis have been powerful tools to better understand the corrosion and inhibition processes of mild steel in 0.01 M NaCl solution. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Potentiodynamic polarization (PD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and wire beam electrode (WBE) techniques was found to be useful in the characterization of this system. The result indicated that Y(4-NO2Cin)3 is able to effectively inhibit corrosion at a low concentration of 0.45 mM. Surface analysis clearly shows that the surface of steel coupons exposed to Y(4-NO2Cin)3 solution remained uniform and smooth, whereas the surface of steel coupons exposed to solution without inhibitor addition was severely corroded. The results suggest that Y(4-NO2Cin)3 behaves as a mixed inhibitor and mitigates corrosion by promoting random distribution of minor anodes. These are attributed to the formation of metal species bonding to the 4-nitrocinnamate component and hydrolysis of the Y(4-NO2Cin)3 to form oxide/hydroxides as a protective film layer.

The Inhibitive Effect of 2-Phenyl-3-nitroso-imidazo [1, 2-a]pyridine on the Corrosion of Steel in 0.5 M HCl Acid Solution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

K. Bouhrira

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The effect of 2-phenyl-3-nitroso-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (PNIP on the corrosion inhibition of carbon-steel in 0.5 M HCl was studied by weight loss and different electrochemical techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS, potentiodynamic polarization. The obtained results showed that PNIP effectively reduces the corrosion rate of carbon steel. Inhibition efficiency (E% increases with inhibitor concentration to attain 88% at 10-3 M. Adsorption of that PNIP on the carbon steel surface in 0.5 M HCl follows the Langmuir isotherm model. E% values obtained from various methods used are in good agreement. SEM characterization of the steel surface is made.

Safety conditions of using structural steels under high temperature and pressures in hydrogen containing environment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Asviyan, M.B.

1984-01-01

The method for establishing full-strength conditions was suggested on the base of results of creep-rupture test of tube samples under hydrogen pressure and according to permissible stresses in neutral medium. Applicability of the method was considered taking St3 and 12KhM steels as examples. It was shown that the use of suggested dependences and special efficiency factors enables to forecast endurance limit for the given steel grade and assigned partial hydrogen pressure without labour-intensive test conducting

B-52E CCV Flight Test Data Applicable to Parameter Estimation

Science.gov (United States)

1975-12-01

N N 4i N’ 1 4% mf tf mo kh. 1(0 II .40 ( fli N m M N cc 4 In fnN 𔃺 00m1 N M~ m o IONm4 000 00 ?Of? 0N. TOO? 0 0 0. ?TT 0-T ?IT 0-4.404, NN r- toco ...rNLIPAC O.𔃾 *.4- rn 000 000 oa P r 099 mN& O - NV ONf Oli O-e iar o rn Wi 0󈧈 . tO toCO O 0f-rnt CO gt..- t t-Orn CO- rn0~ rnrrn rn-t 0 04’ t- 10

Corrosion resistance of chromium-nickel steel containing rare earths

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Asatiani, G.N.; Mandzhgaladze, S.N.; Tavadze, L.F.; Chuvatina, S.N.; Saginadze, D.I.

1983-01-01

Effect of additional out-of-furnace treatment with complex alloy (foundry alloy) calcite-silicon-magnesium-rare earth metal on corrosion resistance of the 03Kh18N20M3D3C3B steel has been studied. It is shown that introduction of low additions of rare earths improves its corrosion resistance improves its corrosion resistance in agressive media (in 70% - sulfuric acid) in the range of transition from active to passive state. Effect of additional introduction of rare earth metals is not considerable, if potential of steel corrosion is in the range of stable passive state (32% - sulfuric acid). Additional out-of-furnace treatment with complex foundry alloy, containing rare earth metals, provides a possibility to use a steel with a lower content of Cr, Ni, Mo, than in conventional acid-resistant steels in highly agressive media

Cold-rolled sheets production of stainless martensite-ageing steel smelted by vacuum arc and electroslag techniques

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rivkin, A A; Grishkov, A I; Suslin, A P; Nesterenko, A A; Lola, V N [Tsentral' nyj Nauchno-Issledovatel' skij Inst. Chernoj Metallurgii, Moscow (USSR)

1975-05-01

In cooperation with a number of metallurgical works the production of a high strength sheet stainless maraging steel EHP678 (000KH11N10M2T) has been tested by rolling cylindrical ingots of vacuum arc smelting at the blooming (the mass of rough ingots was 5.1 to 6.0 t, that of cleaned ingots - 3.8 to 5.1 t) or rectangular ingots of electroslag smelting (13 t) at the slabbing. The recommended regimes of heating and deformation are much similar to those used for the steel-KH18N10T. The output of valid cold-rolled sheets proved to be rather low (0.24 t/t for the vacuum arc smelting and 0.30 t/t for the electroslag smelting) mainly due to the losses on cleaning and a considerable portion of wrong-size slabs. The data are presented on the steel-EHP678 properties after various heat treatments. For the production of wide cold-rolled sheets of the steel EHP678 it is recommended to use steelmaking procedure with electroslag smelting including open-hearth melting in arc furnaces, rolling of ingots at the slabbing with heating up to 1260-1280 deg C (hold-up of 4.5 to 5 hrs); electroslag smelting for rectangular section slabs, rolling of ingots of electroslag smelting at the slabbing with their heating up to 1250 deg C (hold-up of 5.5 to 6 hrs), rolling at the 1680-type mill with heating up to 1250-1260 deg C (hold-up of 4 to 4.5 hrs ensuring the rolling temperature after a rough group not below 1100 deg C), quenching of hot-rolled sheets heating up to 920-940 deg C (hold-up of 3 to 3.5 min/mm), shot peening of sheets for descaling (provided the respective equipment is available) with a subsequent short-time pickling in an acid solution and cold rolling with a summary deformation of 35 to 45 %. The steelmaking with the electroslag smelting is much more profitable as regards to the fine technology of number of the main procedures, convenient cooperation of the works and a considerably greater output of the final products out of one ton of the steel produced.

Inhibitory action of quaternary ammonium bromide on mild steel and synergistic effect with other halide ions in 0.5 M H2SO4

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. Khamis

2014-11-01

Full Text Available The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution has been investigated using electrochemical methods, X-ray diffraction (XRD and scanning electron microscope (SEM. The adsorption and inhibition action of acid corrosion of mild steel using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr and different halides (NaCl, NaBr and NaI has shown synergetic effect. The results showed that the protection efficiency (P% has high values at considerable high concentration of CTABr. However, in the presence of the different halides, the P increases dramatically at low concentration of CTABr. Physisorption was proposed from the the values of ΔGads0. The synergism parameter (Sθ is found to be greater than unity indicating that the enhanced P% caused by the addition of the halides to the CTABr is due to a co-operative adsorption of both species. Corrosion products phases and surface morphology were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, respectively.

PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER MENURUT KH. WAHID HASYIM

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rangga Sa’adillah S. A. P.

2015-11-01

Full Text Available This library research examined two research questions. They are what thoughts of KH. Wahid Hasyim about the character education are and how the concept of character education by KH. Wahid Hasyim is relevant to the current condition of education in Indonesia. This study reveals two findings through an inductive analysis. The chief finding of this study is that there are eight characteristic values taught by KH.Wahid Hasyim including religious, tolerant, independent, democratic, patriotic, nasionalist, communicative, and keen on reading. Second, this study disclosed that the thought of character education by KH. Wahid Hasyim is in line with the goal of character education. He strove to build a multicultural national life, educate an intelligent civilization, build a noble character, encourage people to contribute to the development of human life, and develop the potential of having kind hearts, positive thoughts and good behavior as well as exemplary models. He also sought to generate enthusiasm of citizens to keep the peace, creativity, independence, and to be able to coexist with other nations in a harmony.

Experimental and quantum chemical simulations on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by 3-((5-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-one

Science.gov (United States)

Al-Azawi, Khalida F.; Mohammed, Iman Mahdi; Al-Baghdadi, Shaimaa B.; Salman, Taghried A.; Issa, Hamsa A.; Al-Amiery, Ahmed A.; Gaaz, Tayser Sumer; Kadhum, Abdul Amir H.

2018-06-01

Iraq has been one of the most extensive oil and natural gas industries in the world. The corrosion of mild steel is costly and insufficiency process. It is responsible for great loss in manufacture and environment. Natural and organic inhibitors have been utilized for a long time to inhibit the corrosion. Selected thiadiazol derivative, namely 3-((5-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-one (TDIO) was investigated for it inhibitive impacts in 1 M HCl medium on corrosion of mild steel using weight loss and scanning electron microscope techniques. The maximum inhibition efficiency up to 90.7% at the maximum inhibitor concentration 0.5 mM. Surface morphology of results demonstrated that TDIO formed adsorbed film on surface of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Give molecular based clarifications to the inhibitive impacts of the studied. The interactions between mild steel surface and the inhibitor molecules have been undertaken to further corroborate the methodological results.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of Ti substituted P2-Na2/3Ni1/4Mn3/4O2 cathode material for sodium ion batteries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhao, Wenwen; Tanaka, Akinobu; Momosaki, Kyoko; Yamamoto, Shinji; Zhang, Fabi; Guo, Qixin; Noguchi, Hideyuki

2015-01-01

Highlights: • Ti substituted P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 cathode was synthesized. • Structural and electrochemical properties of Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Ti x Mn 3/4-x O 2 were studied. • Ti substituted cathodes exhibit enhanced cycleability and rate performance. • Ti substitution has impact on stabilizing the P2 structure during cycling. -- Abstract: Ti substituted P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 cathode material with the composition of Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Ti x Mn 3/4-x O 2 has been synthesized by solid state method. The influence of Ti substitution for Mn on the structure, morphology and electrochemical performances of P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 has been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of Ti substituted sample show that they exhibit same diffraction patterns as those of pristine P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 . Progressive change in the lattice parameters of Ti substituted samples suggests that Mn was successfully substituted by Ti. In contrast to P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 which shows step-type voltage profiles, Ti substituted samples show sloping voltage profiles. Drastic capacity fade occurred for P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 cathode, while Ti substituted cathodes still show high capacity retention over 92% after 25 cycles at the voltage range of 2.0-4.3 V. Even cycled at high upper cut-off voltage of 4.5 V, Ti=0.20 sample can deliver a reversible capacity of 140 mAhg −1 with the capacity retention over 92% after 25 cycles. Furthermore, Ti substituted cathodes exhibit enhanced rate capability over pristine P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 cathode. Comparison of the Ex-situ XRD results of the cycled P2-Na 2/3 Ni 1/4 Mn 3/4 O 2 and its substituted samples provides evidence that the improved electrochemical performance of Ti substituted cathodes would be attributed to the stabilization of the structure with Ti substitution

Toiminnan ja kilpailukyvyn tehostaminen : Case: Kiinteistönvälitys Fair-Play LKV

OpenAIRE

Räsänen, Mikko

2011-01-01

Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli parantaa kiinteistönvälitys Fair-Play LKV:n kilpailukykyä ja toimintaa. Työssä selvitettiin, mihin markkinoinnin ja toiminnan osa-alueisiin kannattaa pk-yrityksenä kiinnittää huomiota, jotta asiakkaat saavutettaisiin mahdollisimman tehokkaasti. Opinnäytetyössä analysoitiin myös tämänhetkistä markkina- ja kilpailutilannetta kiinteistönvälitys Fair-Play LKV:n toiminta-alueella. Opinnäytetyön tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin laadullista eli kvalitatiivista m...

Analytical description of changes in the magnetic states of chromium-nickel steel under uniaxial elastic deformation

Science.gov (United States)

Gorkunov, E. S.; Yakushenko, E. I.; Zadvorkin, S. M.; Mushnikov, A. N.

2017-12-01

Dependences of magnetization and magnetic permeability of the 15KhN4D structural steel on the value of uniaxial stresses and magnetic field strength are obtained. A polynomial approximation fairly accurately describing the observed changes is proposed on the basis of experimental data.

Hydrogen degradation of the 26H2MF alloy steel in H2SO4 and hydrocarbon environments

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zielinski, A.; Swieczko-Zurek, B.; Michaliak, P.

2004-01-01

The Polish 26H2M alloy steel has been subjected to different heat treatment resulting in different microstructure and fracture appearance. The slow strain rate tests have been made on smooth round specimens in diluted sulphuric acid, boiler fuel and used mineral machine oil. The 26H2MF steel has become relatively immune in neutral boiler fuel and mineral oil and been heavily suffered from hydrogen degradation in acidic environment. The results demonstrate that the 26H2MF steel is highly susceptible to hydrogen degradation but in absence of stress raisers the increased hydrogen absorption in hydrocarbons can cause only small loss of its plasticity. (author) >>>

NV FUEL OPTIMIZER

OpenAIRE

Calderón de la Peña, Juan Carlos; Opgenorth, Fadi Steven; Rey, Juan Pablo; Trujillo Stefanow, Pedro José; Varela Olea, Santiago María

2013-01-01

Trabajo Fin de Máster de Administración y Dirección de Empresas (MBA)con un proyecto de inversión NV FUEL OPTIMIZER, un proyecto conservador, ecológico y novedoso para el sector de la automoción, estratégico para la economía española, tanto por su elevado peso en la industria, el empleo y las exportaciones, así como por su efecto sobre el sector servicios. Con el objetivo de ofrecer un producto que ayude a hacer más kilómetros sin necesidad de cambiar de coche y ayude a cuidar el medio ambien...

Synthesis and characterization of a novel organic corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mohammed H. Othman Ahmed

2018-03-01

Full Text Available The synthesis and characterization of a novel organic corrosion inhibitor (4-(3-mercapto-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazin-6-ylphenol, for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl has been successfully reported for the first time. The inhibitor evaluated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M of Hydrochloric acid solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS, and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM measurement techniques. Changes in the impedance parameters suggested an adsorption of the inhibitor onto the mild steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films. The results show that the inhibition efficiencies increased with increasing the concentrations of the inhibitors and decreased with increasing temperature. The maximum inhibition efficiency up to 67% at the maximum concentration 0.5 mM. This shows that those inhibitors are effective in helping to reduce and slowing down the corrosion process that occurs to mild steel with a hydrochloric acid solution by providing an organic inhibitor for the mild steel that can be weakened by increasing the temperature. The adsorption process of the synthesized organic inhibitor depends on its electronic characteristics in addition to steric effects and the nature of metal surface, temperature degree and the varying degrees of surface-site activity. The synthesized inhibitor molecules were absorbed by metal surface and follow Langmuir isotherms. Keywords: Corrosion, Inhibitor, Mild steel, EIS spectroscopy

Innovative Education and Science in Information Technologies: Experience of M.Ye. Zhukovsky National Aerospace University «KhAI»

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kryvtsov, V.S.

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Information technologies are among the most promising and fastest growing sectors in the world and Ukrainian industry. In the paper the authors share the experience of National Aerospace University «KhAI» in personnel education and training for the IT industry and the results of successful cooperation with IT companies. Innovative education programs, scientific and practical researches in information technologies, which are implementing in KhAI are also discussed.

Study on Creep Damage Model of 1Cr1Mo1/4V Steel for Turbine Rotor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Choi, Woo Sung; Song, Gee Wook; Kim, Bum Shin; Chang, Sung Ho; Fleury, Eric

2011-01-01

It is well known that the dominant damage mechanisms in high-temperature steam turbine facilities such as rotor and casing are creep and fatigue damages. Even though coupling of creep and fatigue should be considered while predicting the life of turbine facilities, the remaining life of large steam turbine facilities is generally determined on the basis of creep damage because the turbines must generate stable base-load power and because they are operated at a high temperature and pressure for a long time. Almost every large steam turbine in Korea has been operated for more than 20 years and is made of steel containing various amounts of principal alloying elements nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. In this study, creep damage model of 1Cr1Mo1/4V steel for turbine rotor is proposed and that can assess the high temperature creep life of large steam turbine facilities is proposed

Design of the WWER-440 pressurizer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bednarek, L.

1978-01-01

The main specifications are presented of a pressurizer for the WWER-440 reactor as are factors securing operating reliability and the required life of the equipment. Ferritic-pearlite steel 22K is the basic material for the manufacture of the shell, support and couplings. The internal parts and the heads are manufactured from the 08KH18N10T chromium-nickel austenitic steel, the bolts and nuts of manholes from chromium-molybdenum steels 25KH1MF and 25KH2MFA. Quality testing of basic materials and quality control during the process of manufacture are briefly described. (Z.M.)

Corrosion Study of Mild Steel in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solution Using 4-Methyl-4H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thiol and 2-Mercaptonicotinic Acid—An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Valbonë V. Mehmeti

2017-08-01

Full Text Available The corrosion behavior of mild steel in 0.1 M aqueous sulfuric acid medium has been studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization measurements, quantum chemical calculations, and molecular dynamic simulations in the presence and absence of 4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and 2-mercaptonicotinic acid. Potentiodynamic measurements indicate that these compounds mostly act as mixed inhibitors due to their adsorption on the mild steel surface. The goal of the study was to use theoretical calculations to better understand the inhibition. Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the adsorption behavior of the studied molecules onto Fe (1 1 1 and Fe2O3 (1 1 1 surface. The molecules were also studied with the density functional theory (DFT, using the B3LYP functional in order to determine the relationship between the molecular structure and the corrosion inhibition behavior. More accurate adsorption energies between the studied molecules and iron or iron oxide were calculated by using DFT with periodic boundary conditions. The calculated theoretical parameters gave important assistance into the understanding the corrosion inhibition mechanism expressed by the molecules and are in full agreement with the experimental results.

Evaluation of inelastic constitutive models under plasticity-creep interaction for 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo steel: Results of joint work (A)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inoue, T.; Ohno, N.; Suzuki, A.; Igari, T.

1987-01-01

In order to evaluate the validity of existing inelastic constitutive models under the condition of plasticity-creep interaction, ten kinds of constitutive models were applied to sixteen bench mark problems of four categories, and the calculated results were compared with the experiments of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel at 600 0 C. The present bench mark project provides the following remarks: (1) The strain rate effect on the stress-strain relation can be represented, in some degree, even by a simple superposition model of classical type, and some of unified models describe the saturation of increase in flow stress with higher strain rate. (2) The characteristics of the plasticity-creep interaction were predicted by the modified superposition model as well as by unified ones in the actual calculations for the propounded problems. (3) Although the sophisticated unified constitutive models tend to give qualitatively better results, the complicated procedures in determining material parameters from the data of conventional tests need some improvements. The subcommittee has been reorganized to focus her attention in applying thus developed results under uniaxial stress state to multiaxial one, and the out-put will be expected to report in a couple of years

Corrosion of 316 stainless steel in high temperature molten Li{sub 2}BeF{sub 4} (FLiBe) salt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zheng, Guiqiu, E-mail: guiqiuzheng@gmail.com; Kelleher, Brian; Cao, Guoping; Anderson, Mark; Allen, Todd; Sridharan, Kumar

2015-06-15

In support of structural material development for the fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR), corrosion tests of 316 stainless steel were performed in the potential primary coolant, molten Li{sub 2}BeF{sub 4} (FLiBe) at 700 °C for an exposure duration up to 3000 h. Tests were performed in both 316 stainless steel and graphite capsules. Corrosion in both capsule materials occurred by the dissolution of chromium from the stainless steel into the salt which led to the depletion of chromium predominantly along the grain boundaries of the test samples. The samples tested in graphite capsules showed a factor of two greater depth of corrosion attack as measured in terms of chromium depletion, compared to those tested in 316 stainless steel capsules. The samples tested in graphite capsules showed the formation of Cr{sub 7}C{sub 3} particulate phases throughout the depth of the corrosion layer. Samples tested in both types of capsule materials showed the formation of MoSi{sub 2} phase due to increased activity of Mo and Si as a result of Cr depletion, and furthermore corrosion promoted the formation of a α-ferrite phase in the near-surface regions of the 316 stainless steel. Based on the corrosion tests, the corrosion attack depth in FLiBe salt was predicted as 17.1 μm/year and 31.2 μm/year for 316 stainless steel tested in 316 stainless steel and in graphite capsules respectively. It is in an acceptable range compared to the Hastelloy-N corrosion in the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) fuel salt.

1,4-Di(2-butoxycarbonyl-trans-vinyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

William A. Molano

2015-11-01

Full Text Available The title compound 1,4-di(2-butoxycarbonyl-trans-vinyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene was synthesized in 94% yield through the Heck reaction between 2,5-diiodo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene and n-butyl acrylate, using bis(dibenzylideneacetone palladium(0 as homogeneous catalyst.

Positron annihilation and Moessbauer studies of neutron irradiated reactor pressure vessel steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brauer, G.; Matz, W.; Liszkay, L.; Molnar, B.

1990-11-01

Positron annihilation (lifetime, Doppler broadening) and Moessbauer studies on unirradiated, neutron irradiated and neutron irradiated plus annealed reactor pressure vessel steels (Soviet type 15Kh2NMFA) are presented. The role of microstructural properties and the formation of irradiation-induced precipitates is discussed. (orig.) [de

Studies on the effect of a newly synthesized Schiff base compound from phenazone and vanillin on the corrosion of steel in 2M HCl

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Emreguel, Kaan C.; Hayvali, Mustafa

2006-01-01

The inhibiting action of a Schiff base 4-[(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-benzylidene)-amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2 -dihydro-pyrazol-3-one (phv), derived from 4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one (phz) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde (vn), towards the corrosion behavior of steel in 2M HCl solution has been studied using weight loss, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Although vn and phz were found to retard the corrosion rate of steel, the compound synthesized from vn and phz was seen to retard the corrosion rate even more. At constant temperature, the corrosion rate decreases with increasing inhibitor concentration. However, at any inhibitor concentration the increase in temperature leads to an increase in the corrosion rate of steel. The activations energies, ΔE a , as well as other thermodynamic parameters (ΔG ads 0 , ΔH ads 0 ) for the inhibitor process were calculated. The inhibitor efficiencies calculated from all the applied methods were in agreement and were found to be in the order: phv>phz>vn

Engineering NV centres in Synthetic Diamond

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Matthew Markham

2014-01-01

The quantum properties of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre in diamond has prompted rapid growth in diamond research. This initial growth was driven by the fact the NV centre provides an 'easy' to manipulate quantum system along with opening up the possibility of a new material to deliver a solid state quantum computer. The NV defect is now moving from a quantum curiosity to a commercial development platform for a range of application such as as gyroscopes, timing and magnetometry as well as the more traditional quantum technologies such as quantum encryption and quantum simulation. These technologies are pushing the development needs of the material, and the processing of that material. The paper will describes the advances in CVD diamond synthesis with special attention to getting NV defects close to the surface of the diamond and how to process the material for diamond quantum optical applications. (author)

Investigation of thermal fatigue of chromium-molybdenum steels, used for calcining and agglomeration constructions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sinyavskij, D.P.; Gorkalo, A.P.

1979-01-01

The technique for investigating thermal fatigue of materials is described. The data on sample stress deformed state and current temperature values are taken from the local volume of the material studied. Results of investigating thermal fatigue of the 15KhMl and 20KhMl steels are presented

Special Features of Induction Annealing of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Medium-Alloy Steels

Science.gov (United States)

Priymak, E. Yu.; Stepanchukova, A. V.; Bashirova, E. V.; Fot, A. P.; Firsova, N. V.

2018-01-01

Welded joints of medium-alloy steels XJY750 and 40KhN2MA are studied in the initial condition and after different variants of annealing. Special features of the phase transformations occurring in the welded steels are determined. Optimum modes of annealing are recommended for the studied welded joints of drill pipes, which provide a high level of mechanical properties including the case of impact loading.

Effect of elevated temperature on the composition, structure, and mechanical properties of diffusion chromized steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Osintsev, V.D.

1986-01-01

The author studies the effect of operating temperature for equipment in contact sections of sulfuric acid workshops on the structure and mechanical properties of the chromized coatings and core of chromized articles. The ferrite lattice spacing was determined in a DRON-0.5 diffractometer according to the line in copper K /sub alpha/ radiation exposure was carried out after layer-by-layer anodic etching of the coating in an aqueous solution. It was shown that diffusion chromizing may lead to a reduction in strength properties compared with those of unchromized steel. As a base for chromized articles intended for operation at temperatures up to 475 0 C it is desirable to use steels 09G2 or 09G25, or for operation at temperatures up to 540 0 C, steels 12KhM and 12MKh

Carbon-14 speciation during anoxic corrosion of activated steel in a repository environment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wieland, E.; Cvetkovic, B.Z.; Kunz, D. [Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen (Switzerland). Lab. for Waste Management; Salazar, G.; Szidat, S. [Bern Univ. (Switzerland). Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research

2018-01-15

Radioactive waste contains significant amounts of {sup 14}C which has been identified a key radionuclide in safety assessments. In Switzerland, the {sup 14}C inventory of a cement-based repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (L/ILW) is mainly associated with activated steel (∝85 %). {sup 14}C is produced by {sup 14}N activation in steel parts exposed to thermal neutron flux in light water reactors. Release of {sup 14}C occurs in the near field of a deep geological repository due to anoxic corrosion of activated steel. Although the {sup 14}C inventory of the L/ILW repository and the sources of {sup 14}C are well known, the formation of {sup 14}C species during steel corrosion is only poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify the {sup 14}C-bearing carbon species formed during the anoxic corrosion of iron and steel and further to determine the {sup 14}C speciation in a corrosion experiment with activated steel. All experiments were conducted in conditions similar to those anticipated in the near field of a cement-based repository.

76 FR 66271 - Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium: Notice of Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-26

... production facilities, supplier relationships, management, and customer base of Aperam are substantially... facilities; (3) supplier relationships; and (4) customer base. See, e.g., Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire... Belgium N.V. resulted in little or no change in management, production facility, supplier relationships...

Self-ion Irradiation Damage of F/M and ODS steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kang, Suk Hoon; Chun, Young-Bum; Noh, Sanghoon; Jang, Jinsung; Kim, Tae Kyu

2014-01-01

Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels are potential high-temperature materials that are stabilized by dispersed particles at elevated temperatures. These dispersed particles improve the tensile strength and creep rupture strength, they are expected to increase the operation temperature up to approximately 650 .deg. C and also enhance the energy efficiency of the fusion reactor. Some reports described that the nano-clusters are strongly resistant to coarsening by annealing up to 1000 .deg. C, and nanoclusters do not change after ion irradiation up to 0.7 dpa at 300 .deg. C. ODS steels will be inevitably exposed to neutron irradiation condition; the irradiation damages, creep and swelling are always great concern. The dispersed oxide particles are believed to determine the performance of the steel, even the radiation resistance. In this study, F/M and ODS model alloys of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) were irradiated by Fe 3+ self-ion to emulate the neutron irradiation effect. In this study, Fe 3+ self-ion irradiation is used as means of introducing radiation damage in F/M steel and ODS steel. The ion accelerator named DuET (in Kyoto University, Japan) was used for irradiation of Fe 3+ ion by 6.4 MeV at 300 .deg. C. The maximum damage rate in F/M and ODS steels were estimated roughly 6 dpa. After radiation, point or line defects were dominantly observed in F/M steel, on the other hands, small circular cavities were typically observed in ODS steel. Nanoindentation is a useful tool to determine the irradiationinduced hardness change in the damage layer of ionirradiated iron base alloys

Temperature Effects on Stainless Steel 316L Corrosion in the Environment of Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)

Science.gov (United States)

Ayu Arwati, I. G.; Herianto Majlan, Edy; Daud, Wan Ramli Wan; Shyuan, Loh Kee; Arifin, Khuzaimah Binti; Husaini, Teuku; Alfa, Sagir; Ashidiq, Fakhruddien

2018-03-01

In its application, metal is always in contact with its environment whether air, vapor, water, and other chemicals. During contact, chemical interactions emerge between metals and their respective environments such that the metal surface corrodes. This study aims to determine the corrosion rate of 316L stainless steel sulphuric acid environment (H2SO4) with weight loss and electrochemical methods. The corrosion rate (CR) is value of 316L stainless steel by weight loss method with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with concentration of 0.5 M. The result obtained in conjunction with the increase of temperature the rate of erosion obtained appears to be larger, with a consecutive 3 hour the temperature of 50°C is 0.27 mg/cm2h, temperature 70°C 0.38 mg/cm2h, and temperature 90 °C 0.52 mg/cm2h. With the electrochemical method, the current value increases by using a C350 potentiostal tool. The higher the current, the longer the time the corrosion rate increases, where the current is at 90 °C with a 10-minute treatment time of 0.0014736 A. The 316L stainless steel in surface metal morphology is shown by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Electrochemical boriding and characterization of AISI D2 tool steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sista, V.; Kahvecioglu, O.; Eryilmaz, O.L.; Erdemir, A.; Timur, S.

2011-01-01

D2 is an air-hardening tool steel and due to its high chromium content provides very good protection against wear and oxidation, especially at elevated temperatures. Boriding of D2 steel can further enhance its surface mechanical and tribological properties. Unfortunately, it has been very difficult to achieve a very dense and uniformly thick boride layers on D2 steel using traditional boriding processes. In an attempt to overcome such a deficiency, we explored the suitability and potential usefulness of electrochemical boriding for achieving thick and hard boride layers on this tool steel in a molten borax electrolyte at 850, 900, 950 and 1000 °C for durations ranging from 15 min to 1 h. The microstructural characterization and phase analysis of the resultant boride layers were performed using optical, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. Our studies have confirmed that a single phase Fe 2 B layer or a composite layer consisting of FeB + Fe 2 B is feasible on the surface of D2 steel depending on the length of boriding time. The boride layers formed after shorter durations (i.e., 15 min) mainly consisted of Fe 2 B phase and was about 30 μm thick. The thickness of the layer formed in 60 min was about 60 μm and composed mainly of FeB and Fe 2 B. The cross sectional micro-hardness values of the boride layers varied between 14 and 22 GPa, depending on the phase composition.

Comparative estimation of weld-ability of medium-alloy steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Makarov, Eh.L.; Laz'ko, V.E.

1977-01-01

Weldability of various industrial steels has been investigated as affected by mutual presence of carbon and alloying elements in a wide range of concentrations. Mechanical properties and technological strength of medium alloyed steel welded joints have been compared. Technological strength parameters have been found to sharply decrease with increasing carbon content, the decrease depending on the alloying system. Resistance to hot and cold cracking is somewhat decreased by nickel and increased by molibdenum and tungsten. The best mechanical properties are displayed by steels of the Kh2GSNVM type. Industrial evidence on argon arc welding of different constructions made of steels 1.5-20 mm thick is compared to laboratory results. Accordingly, the high strength steels are divided into three groups, i.e. those manifesting good, satisfactory and poor weldability

Survey of welding processes for field fabrication of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel pressure vessels. [128 references

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Grotke, G.E.

1980-04-01

Any evaluation of fabrication methods for massive pressure vessels must consider several welding processes with potential for heavy-section applications. These include submerged-arc and shielded metal-arc, narrow-joint modifications of inert-gas metal-arc and inert-gas tungsten-arc processes, electroslag, and electron beam. The advantage and disadvantages of each are discussed. Electroslag welding can be dropped from consideration for joining of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel because welds made with this method do not provide the required mechanical properties in the welded and stress relieved condition. The extension of electron-beam welding to sections as thick as 4 or 8 inches (100 or 200 mm) is too recent a development to permit full evaluation. The manual shielded metal-arc and submerged-arc welding processes have both been employed, often together, for field fabrication of large vessels. They have the historical advantage of successful application but present other disadvantages that make them otherwise less attractive. The manual shielded metal-arc process can be used for all-position welding. It is however, a slow and expensive technique for joining heavy sections, requires large amounts of skilled labor that is in critically short supply, and introduces a high incidence of weld repairs. Automatic submerged-arc welding has been employed in many critical applications and for welding in the flat position is free of most of the criticism that can be leveled at the shielded metal-arc process. Specialized techniques have been developed for horizontal and vertical position welding but, used in this manner, the applications are limited and the cost advantage of the process is lost.

14 CFR Sec. 2-4 - Accounting period.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Accounting period. Sec. 2-4 Section 2-4... REGULATIONS UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS AND REPORTS FOR LARGE CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIERS General Accounting Provisions Sec. 2-4 Accounting period. (a) The accounting year of each air carrier subject to this Uniform...

Investigation of fretting corrosion of vacuum-chrome-plated vt3-1 titanium alloy in pair with unprotected vt3-1 alloy and 40khnma steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rojkh, I.L.; Koltunova, L.N.; Vejtsman, M.G.; Birman, Ya.N.; Skosarev, A.V.; Kogan, I.S.

1978-01-01

The character of destruction of contacting surfaces in the process of fretting corrosion of titanium alloy VT3-1 chromized in vacuum in pair with unprotected alloy VT3-1 and steel 40KhNMA has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, electronography, and recording the surface profile. The specific load was 200 kg/cm 2 , vibration amplitude 50 mkm and frequency 500 Hz. It has been established that pairs unprotected with coating are subjected to intensive fretting corrosion especially when they are made of titanium alloy. For the pair chromized alloy VT3-1 - unprotected alloy VT3-1 no destruction of a chromized surface is observed. Vacuum chromium coating in the pair with steel 40KhNMA reveals similar properties as in pair with a titanium alloy. The surface of a steel sample is destroyed because of fretting corrosion, though the intensity of corrosion is lower than in the case of unprotected pairs. Vacuum chromium coating is recommended for protection of titanium alloy VT3-1 from fretting corrosion in pair with steel 40KhNMA or an alloy VT3-1 especially in those cases when various organic coatings are unsuitable

Improving composition of protective coatings for steel casting

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kuz'kina, N.N.; Pegov, V.G.; Bogatenkov, V.F.; Shub, L.G.; Raspopova, N.A.

1983-01-01

A radically new fuel-free slag-forming mixture used as protective coating for steel casting is introduced. The lack of combustible powders precludes explosion and fire Lazard in mixture preparation. Usage of the new mixture in stainless steel casting of Kh18N10T type permitted to improve the ingot surface quality and reduce spoilage from 1.16 to 0.66%

Crystal structures of Th(OH)PO4, U(OH)PO4 and Th2O(PO4)2. Condensation mechanism of M(IV)(OH)PO4 (M= Th, U) into M2O(PO4)2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dacheux, N.; Clavier, N.; Wallez, G.; Quarton, M.

2007-01-01

Three new crystal structures, isotypic with β-Zr 2 O(PO 4 ) 2 , have been resolved by the Rietveld method. All crystallize with an orthorhombic cell (S.G.: Cmca) with a = 7.1393(2) Angstroms, b = 9.2641(2) Angstroms, c 12.5262(4) Angstroms, V = 828.46(4) (Angstroms) 3 and Z = 8 for Th(OH)PO 4 ; a = 7.0100(2) Angstroms, b = 9.1200(2) Angstroms, c = 12.3665(3) Angstroms, V 790.60(4) (Angstroms) 3 and Z = 8 for U(OH)PO 4 ; a 7.1691(3) Angstroms, b 9.2388(4) Angstroms, c = 12.8204(7) Angstroms, V 849.15(7) (Angstroms) 3 and Z = 4 for Th 2 O(PO 4 ) 2 . By heating, the M(OH)PO 4 (M Th, U) compounds condense topotactically into M 2 O(PO 4 ) 2 , with a change of the environment of the tetravalent cation that lowers from 8 to 7 oxygen atoms. The lower stability of Th 2 O(PO 4 ) 2 compared to that of U 2 O(PO 4 ) 2 seems to result from this unusual environment for tetravalent thorium. (authors)

Gallic acid as a corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in chemical decontamination formulation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Keny, S.J.; Kumbhar, A.G.; Thinaharan, C.; Venkateswaran, G.

2008-01-01

Gallic acid (GA) was found to provide corrosion inhibition to carbon steel (CS) at 4.25 mM concentration. Inherent stability to radiation degradation as compared to other reductant and coupled with its anionic nature with respect to removal using ion exchange column makes it suitable for using as both reductant as well as corrosion inhibitor in dilute decontamination formulations operating in the regenerative mode. A formulation containing CA (1.4 mM), EDTA/NTA (1.4 mM), AA (1.0-2.0 mM) and GA (4.25 mM) was found to be more efficient in dissolving hematite and providing 31% corrosion inhibition (passivation) to the CS

A convenient method for 14C-labeling of 2-methylthio-1-[4-N-α-ethoxycarbonylbenzyl)-amino-benzyl] -5-hydroxymethyl-2-[14C]-1H-imidazole and 1-[4-N-α-ethoxy-carbonylbenzyl)-aminobenzyl]-5-hydroxymethyl-2-[14C] -1H-imidazole as potential antihypertensives

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nader Saemian; Gholamhossein Shirvani; Mohsen Javaheri; Sayed Sajad Oliyaee

2012-01-01

The key synthetic intermediate, (2-mercapto-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol-[2- 14 C], has been synthesized by using one pot procedure from potassium[ 14 C]-thiocyanate. It was converted to two nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists, 2-methylthio-1-[4-N-α-ethoxycarbonyl benzyl)-aminobenzyl]-5-hydroxymethyl-1H-imidazole-[2- 14 C] and 1-[4-N-α-ethoxy-carbonylbenzyl)-aminobenzyl] -5-hydroxymethyl-1H-imidazole-[2- 14 C] via a 3-step sequence synthetic pathway. (author)

Response of ferritic steels to nonsteady loading at elevated temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Swindeman, R.W.

1984-01-01

High-temperature operating experience is lacking in pressure vessel materials that have strength levels above 586 MPa. Because of their tendency toward strain softening, we have been concerned about their behavior under nonsteady loading. Testing was undertaken to explore the extent of softening produced by monotonic and cyclic strains. The specific materials included bainitic 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel, a micro-alloyed version of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel, a micro-alloyed version of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel containing vanadium, titanium, and boron, and a martensitic 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel. Tests included tensile, creep, variable stress creep, relaxation, strain cycling, stress cycling, and non-isothermal creep ratchetting experiments. We found that these steels had very low uniform elongation and exhibited small strains to the onset of tertiary creep compared to annealed 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel. Repeated relaxation test data also indicated a limited capacity for strain hardening. Reversal strains produced softening. The degree of softening increased with increased initial strength level. We concluded that the high strength bainitic and martensitic steels should perform well when used under conditions where severe cyclic operation does not occur

INFECCIÓN POR VIRUS DE LA GRIPE A H1N1NV EN ELCOMPLEJO ASISTENCIAL UNIVERSITARIO DE BURGOSDESDE DICIEMBRE DE 2010 A MARZO DE 2011

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Megías Lobón G

2012-01-01

Full Text Available SUMMARY: INFLUENZA A H1N1NV INFECTION IN A BURGOS HOSPITAL FROM DECEMBER 2010 TO MARCH 2011 Introduction: Monitoring and characterization of infection with pandemic (H1N1nv 2009 is an essential part of monitoring the evolution, epidemiology and severity of a pandemic. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of patients admitted to our hospital the 2010-2011 season. Methods: Detection of influenza A H1N1nv virus in 266 respiratory specimens (242 patients with suspected infection and descriptive and comparative analysis of data collected from each patient: age, sex, service, reason for admission, risk factors and treatment with antivirals. Results: The most common reason for admission (52.47% was the presence of clinical respiratory signs. 69.4% of patients had risk factors, with chronic respiratory disease (CRD, the most frequent (20.2%. 14.2% were pediatric patients. The infection of Influenza A H1N1nv was confirmed in 26,4% of patients. The mean age among the infected patients was 36 years versus 44.85 years in non-infected. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.011. 75% of infected patients had risk factors. Of these, 68.7% had CRD only factor being predominant. 6% of patients with infection were vaccinated. Conclusion: The positivity rate was similar to that observed in the previous season. There was a greater involvement among young-adult population. The CRD is the most common risk factor. Vaccine coverage was low.

Evaluation of inelastic constitutive models under plasticity-creep interaction for 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel: Results of joint work (A)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inoue, T.; Ohno, N.; Suzuki, A.; Igari, T.

1987-01-01

The authorization of constitutive models under plasticity-creep condition and life estimation methods in fatigue-creep regime is expected to be achieved from the viewpoint of design purposes of high temperature components of reactor structures. The present Subcommittee has performed the cooperative project consisting of the following two parts: (A) To review and evaluate inelastic constitutive models relevant to the material response under plasticity-creep interaction and (B) to recommend some adequate methods to estimate material life under fatigue-creep interaction by taking account of the effect of plasticity-creep interaction on the stress-strain hysteresis loops. The material treated is normalized and tempered 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo steel at 600 0 C. The part (A) plays a preliminary role for the part (B), since the constitutive models examined in the part (A) were used to describe the stress-strain hysteresis loops necessary to predict analytically the lives under fatigue-creep interaction. In the part (A), thererfore, it is important to check how accurately the constitutive models simulate the stress-strain hysteresis loops especially by taking account of the effect of plasticity-creep interaction. (orig./GL)

Crustal Structure of Khövsgöl, Mongolia

Science.gov (United States)

Scott, A. M.; Meltzer, A.; Stachnik, J.; Russo, R.; Munkhuu, U.; Tsagaan, B.

2017-12-01

Mongolia is part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, an accretionary event that spanned 800 million years from the mid-Proterozoic to mid-Phanerozoic. As a result of the past collisional and rifting events, the modern Khövsgöl rift system of northern Mongolia contains a heterogeneous lithospheric structure. The current rift system has three parallel N-S trending basins that roughly align with terrane boundaries. Structures inherited during the accretionary events may be a factor influencing regional deformation. The forces that drive local deformation are not well understood, but varying processes have been proposed: far-field effects of India-Eurasian plate convergence, westward subduction of the Pacific plate, magmatic underplating at the base of the crust, mantle plume activity, and asthenospheric mantle convection. Determining the nature of crustal features within this poorly understood region may illuminate processes that control rifting within intracontinental settings. A network of 26 broadband seismic stations encompassing 200 square kilometers of the Khövsgöl rift system were deployed from August 2014 to June 2016. More than 2100 events were detected, and most earthquakes were concentrated near rift structures. Events between Busiin-Gol and Darkhad, the westernmost and central basins of the Khövsgöl rift system, are distributed within the crust. An active fault is outlined along the eastern border of the Darkhad basin. Khövsgöl earthquakes bound both sides of the rift. Along the northern border of Lake Khövsgöl, seismic events define a shallow active fault orthogonal to the basin. The largest event recorded within the network was a magnitude ml=5.2 located near the northeastern border of Lake Khövsgöl on 12-05-2014. The focal mechanism of this earthquake is predominantly strike-slip, but also includes an extensional component. This work focuses on earthquake relocation and calculating moment tensors and focal mechanisms of larger regional

Study of yttrium 4-nitrocinnamate to promote surface interactions with AS1020 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hien, P.V. [Department of Chemical Engineering, Bach Khoa University, VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam); Vu, N.S.H.; Thu, V.T.H. [Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam); Somers, A. [Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220 (Australia); Nam, N.D., E-mail: namnd@pvu.edu.vn [PetroVietnam University, 762 Cach Mang Thang Tam Street, Long Toan Ward, Ba Ria City, Ba Ria—Vung Tau Province (Viet Nam)

2017-08-01

Highlights: • Yttrium 4-nitrocinnamate is a new corrosion inhibitor alternative to chromate technologies. • The inhibition performance is increased with increase of the inhibitor concentration. • Yttrium 4-nitrocinnamate mitigates corrosion by promoting random distribution of minor anodes. • Yttrium 4-nitrocinnamate is a good candidate for substitution of chromate inhibitors. - Abstract: Yttrium 4-nitrocinnamate (Y(4-NO{sub 2}Cin){sub 3}) was added to an aqueous chloride solution and studied as a possible corrosion inhibition system. Electrochemical techniques and surface analysis have been powerful tools to better understand the corrosion and inhibition processes of mild steel in 0.01 M NaCl solution. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Potentiodynamic polarization (PD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and wire beam electrode (WBE) techniques was found to be useful in the characterization of this system. The result indicated that Y(4-NO{sub 2}Cin){sub 3} is able to effectively inhibit corrosion at a low concentration of 0.45 mM. Surface analysis clearly shows that the surface of steel coupons exposed to Y(4-NO{sub 2}Cin){sub 3} solution remained uniform and smooth, whereas the surface of steel coupons exposed to solution without inhibitor addition was severely corroded. The results suggest that Y(4-NO{sub 2}Cin){sub 3} behaves as a mixed inhibitor and mitigates corrosion by promoting random distribution of minor anodes. These are attributed to the formation of metal species bonding to the 4-nitrocinnamate component and hydrolysis of the Y(4-NO{sub 2}Cin){sub 3} to form oxide/hydroxides as a protective film layer.

Crystal structures of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ium 4-nitrobenzoate dihydrate and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium bis(4-nitrobenzoate: the influence of solvent upon the stoichiometry of the formed salt

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aina Mardia Akhmad Aznan

2014-07-01

Full Text Available The 1:1 co-crystallization of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO with 4-nitrobenzoic acid in ethanol–water (3/1 gave the salt dihydrate C6H13N2+·C7H4NO4−·2H2O, (1, whereas from methanol, the salt C6H14N22+·2C7H4NO4−, (2, was isolated. In (1, the cation and anion are linked by a strong N—H...O hydrogen bond, and the carboxylate anion is close to planar [dihedral angle between terminal residues = 6.83 (9°]. In (2, a three-ion aggregate is assembled by two N—H...O hydrogen bonds, and the carboxylate anions are again close to planar [dihedral angles between terminal residues = 1.7 (3 and 5.9 (3°]. Through the intervention of solvent water molecules, which self-assemble into helical supramolecular chains along the b axis, the three-dimensional architecture in (1 is stabilized by water–DABCO O—H...N and water–carboxylate O—H...O hydrogen bonds, with additional stability afforded by C—H...O interactions. The global crystal structure comprises alternating layers of water molecules and ion pairs stacked along the c axis. In the crystal of (2, the three-ion aggregates are assembled into a three-dimensional architecture by a large number of methylene–carboxylate/nitro C—H...O interactions as well as π–π contacts between inversion-related benzene rings [inter-centroid distances = 3.5644 (16 and 3.6527 (16 Å]. The cations and anions assemble into alternating layers along the c axis.

Synthesis and solubility measurement in supercritical carbon dioxide of two solid derivatives of 2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione (menadione): 2-(Benzylamino)-3-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione and 3-(phenethylamino)-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zacconi, Flavia C.; Nuñez, Olga N.; Cabrera, Adolfo L.; Valenzuela, Loreto M.

2016-01-01

Highlights: • Two menadione derivatives were synthesized, purified and characterized. • Solubility of menadione derivatives in SC-CO 2 was measured at T < 333 K, p < 28 MPa. • Thermodynamic consistency of solubility data measured was evaluated. • Solubility data was correlated in terms of temperature and CO 2 density. - Abstract: Synthesis of two solid derivatives of vitamin K 3 (2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione or menadione), 2-(benzylamino)-3-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione and 3-(phenethylamino)-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione was completed using a 1,4 Michael addition reaction at 323 K in an inert atmosphere, with reaction yields of 62% mol·mol −1 and 71% mol·mol −1 , respectively, and a purity grade of 98% mol·mol −1 for each component. Isothermal solubility (mole fraction) of each solid derivative in supercritical carbon dioxide was performed using an analytic-recirculation methodology, with direct determination of the molar composition of the carbon dioxide-rich phase by using high performance liquid chromatography, at temperatures of (313, 323 and 333) K and pressures from (8–28) MPa. Results indicated that the range of measured solubilities were from (59 × 10 −6 to 368 × 10 −6 ) mol·mol −1 for solid 2-(benzylamino)-3-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione and from (40 × 10 −6 to 205 × 10 −6 ) mol·mol −1 for solid 3-(phenethylamino)-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione. The experimental solubility was validated using three approaches, estimating the combined expanded uncertainty of measurement for each solubility data point, evaluating the thermodynamic consistency of the data utilizing a test based on the Gibbs–Duhem equation, and verifying the self-consistency by correlating the experimental solubility values with a semi-empirical model as a function of temperature, pressure and pure carbon dioxide density.

Corrosion-electrochemical behavior of metals in alkali solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Levin, V.A.; Levina, E.Eh.

1995-01-01

Results of an investigation into corrosion-electrochemical behaviour of 12Kh18N10T, 10Kh17N13M2T, 08Kh21N6M2T and 15Kh25T steels, 06KhN28MDT and KhN78T alloys as well as NP-2 nickel in sodium, potassium and lithium hydroxide solutions at 95-180 deg C temperatures are considered. It is ascertained, that anode polarization curves of all metals irrespective of hydroxide nature, concentration, temperature, presence of chloride and chlorate additions, are of identic character. The movement of anode polarization curves in the direction of lower current of hydroxide type in NaOH-KOH-LiOH series, temperature and solution concentration reduction at other equal terms. 12 refs.; 6 figs

Effect of hydroxyl group position at imine structure on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5 m NaCl

Science.gov (United States)

Mohd, Yusairie; Dzolin, Syaidah Athirah; Bahron, Hadariah; Halim, Nurul Huda Abdul

2017-12-01

Corrosion is inherent for mild steel and it can be retarded through many approaches including electrodeposition of inert inhibitors in the form of organic molecules. Salicylideneaniline (L1) and 4-hydroxybenzalaniline (L2) were electrodeposited on mild steel using cyclic voltammetry (CV) using 0.1 M inhibitor concentration in 0.3 M NaOH. The scanning potential range for coating via CV was set from 0 - 2 V and back to 0 V for five cycles. A yellow film was observed covering the surface of the mild steel. The corrosion behavior of coated and uncoated mild steel was studied using Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) in 0.5 M NaCl. Both coated mild steel specimens showed better corrosion resistance than the uncoated, with L1 providing a better inhibition protection with the inhibition efficiency of 80.51 %.

Superprotonic KH(PO3H)-SiO2 composite electrolyte for intermediate temperature fuel cells

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bandarenka, A.; Bondarenko, Alexander S.; Zhou, W.; Bouwmeester, Henricus J.M.

2009-01-01

Novel thin film composite electrolyte membranes, prepared by dispersion of nano-sized SiO2 particles in the solid acid compound KH(PO3H), can be operated under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. Long-term stable proton conductivity is observed at not, vert, similar140 °C, i.e., slightly above

Non-flipping 13C spins near an NV center in diamond: hyperfine and spatial characteristics by density functional theory simulation of the C510[NV]H252 cluster

Science.gov (United States)

Nizovtsev, A. P.; Kilin, S. Ya; Pushkarchuk, A. L.; Pushkarchuk, V. A.; Kuten, S. A.; Zhikol, O. A.; Schmitt, S.; Unden, T.; Jelezko, F.

2018-02-01

Single NV centers in diamond coupled by hyperfine interaction (hfi) to neighboring 13C nuclear spins are now widely used in emerging quantum technologies as elements of quantum memory adjusted to a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center electron spin qubit. For nuclear spins with low flip-flop rate, single shot readout was demonstrated under ambient conditions. Here we report on a systematic search for such stable NV-13C systems using density functional theory to simulate the hfi and spatial characteristics of all possible NV-13C complexes in the H-terminated cluster C510[NV]-H252 hosting the NV center. Along with the expected stable ‘NV-axial-13C’ systems wherein the 13C nuclear spin is located on the NV axis, we found for the first time new families of positions for the 13C nuclear spin exhibiting negligible hfi-induced flipping rates due to near-symmetric local spin density distribution. Spatially, these positions are located in the diamond bilayer passing through the vacancy of the NV center and being perpendicular to the NV axis. Analysis of available publications showed that, apparently, some of the predicted non-axial near-stable NV-13C systems have already been observed experimentally. A special experiment performed on one of these systems confirmed the prediction made.

Phase relations in the M2MoO4 - Ag2MoO4 - Hf(MoO4)2 (M=Li, Na) systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bazarova, Zh.G.; Bazarov, B.G.; Balsanova, L.V.

2002-01-01

The M 2 MoO 4 - Ag 2 MoO 4 - Hf(MoO 4 ) 2 (M=Li, Na) systems were studied by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses in the subsolidus area (450 - 500 Deg C) for the first time. The formation of the binary compound with the variable composition Li 4-x Hf 1+0.2x (MoO 4 ) 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) in the Li 2 MoO 4 - Hf(MoO 4 ) 2 system and the ternary molybdates Li 4 Ag 2 Hf(MoO 4 ) 5 (S 1 ) and Na 2 Ag 2 Hf(MoO 4 ) 4 (S 2 ) was established and the thermal characteristics of the prepared compounds were examined. The new binary molybdate Ag 2 Hf(MoO 4 ) 3 was prepared by the reaction between Ag 2 MoO 4 and Hf(MoO 4 ) 2 [ru

Preliminary microstructural characterization by transmission electron microscopy of 14 MeV neutron irradiated type 316 stainless steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Echer, C.J.

1977-01-01

Substantial changes in the mechanical properties of 316 stainless steel were observed after neutron irradiation (phi/sub t/ = 2.3 x 10 21 n/m 2 and E = 14 MeV) at 25 0 C. Comparison of microstructures of the unirradiated and neutron irradiated materials were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Evidence of small defect clusters in the irradiated material was found. These findings are consistent with other investigators also evaluating low dose irradiations

Refining the microstructure of an AISI M2 tool steel by high-energy milling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Postiglioni, R.V.; Alamino, A.E; Vurobi Junior, S.

2009-01-01

Samples of AISI M2 steel were produced by high-energy milling from chips of machining in Spex high energy mill, compaction and sintering of the powder obtained. The powder was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, and then compressed in discs of 8mm in diameter. The specimens have sintering at 1200 deg C for 1 hour under vacuum atmosphere, followed by annealing, quenching and tempering for 1 hour at 315 deg C and 540°C. Along with each disc, a sample of as-received steel was subjected to the same heat treatments to compare the final microstructure. After standard metallographic preparation, samples were etched with Beraha's reagent, characterized by optical microscopy, quantitative metallography, scanning electron microscopy with micro analysis and mapping by EDS, besides Vickers hardness. The steel produced by high-energy milling presented more refined carbide and better distribution in the microstructure. There was also reduction in the size of prior austenitic grains. (author)

Influence of HIP pressure on tensile properties of a 14Cr ODS ferritic steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oksiuta, Z., E-mail: z.oksiuta@pb.edu.pl [Bialystok Technical University, Mechanical Department, Wiejska 45c, 15-351 Bialystok (Poland); Ozieblo, A.; Perkowski, K.; Osuchowski, M. [Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Postępu 9, 02-676 Warsaw (Poland); Lewandowska, M. [Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-504 Warsaw (Poland)

2014-02-15

Highlights: • The HIPping parameters of the 14Cr–2W–0.3Ti–0.3Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} ODS steel powder were investigated. • The density and microstructure of the tested specimens after HIPping were studied. • The mechanical properties, high temperature tensile tests, were performed. • Residual porosity was observed in all tested specimens. • HIPping pressure has negligible influence on the strength of the ODS steel however improves material ductility. - Abstract: An oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steel with a nominal composition of Fe–14Cr–2W–0.3Ti–0.3Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} (in wt.%) was consolidated by hot isostatic pressing at 1150 °C under various pressures in the range of 185–300 MPa for 3 h. The microstructure, microhardness and high temperature tensile properties of the steel were investigated. With increasing compaction pressure the density of specimens also increased, however OM and SEM observations revealed residual porosity in all tested specimens and similar ferritic microstructure with bimodal-like grains and numerous of large oxide particles, located at the grain boundaries. Mechanical testing revealed that compaction pressure has negligible influence on the hardness and tensile strength of the ODS steel, however improves the material ductility.

Influence of HIP pressure on tensile properties of a 14Cr ODS ferritic steel