13 CFR 120.1712 - Seller responsibilities with respect to Seller's Pool Loan.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seller responsibilities with respect to Seller's Pool Loan. 120.1712 Section 120.1712 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504...
A Lightweight Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yongdong Wu
2008-01-01
Full Text Available The buyer-seller watermarking protocol enables a seller to successfully identify a traitor from a pirated copy, while preventing the seller from framing an innocent buyer. Based on finite field theory and the homomorphic property of public key cryptosystems such as RSA, several buyer-seller watermarking protocols (N. Memon and P. W. Wong (2001 and C.-L. Lei et al. (2004 have been proposed previously. However, those protocols require not only large computational power but also substantial network bandwidth. In this paper, we introduce a new buyer-seller protocol that overcomes those weaknesses by managing the watermarks. Compared with the earlier protocols, ours is n times faster in terms of computation, where n is the number of watermark elements, while incurring only O(1/lN times communication overhead given the finite field parameter lN. In addition, the quality of the watermarked image generated with our method is better, using the same watermark strength.
16 CFR 240.3 - Definition of seller.
2010-01-01
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definition of seller. 240.3 Section 240.3 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION GUIDES AND TRADE PRACTICE RULES GUIDES FOR ADVERTISING ALLOWANCES AND OTHER MERCHANDISING PAYMENTS AND SERVICES § 240.3 Definition of seller. Seller includes any...
Losing to Win: Reputation Management of Online Sellers
Mo Xiao; Jiandong Ju; Ying Fan
2013-01-01
Reputation is generally considered an asset, especially in e-commerce markets. Any reputation system, however, elicits strategic responses from the sellers. Using panel data on a large random sample of online sellers from China’s largest e-commerce platform, Taobao.com, we study how reputation affects revenue, prices, transaction volume, and survival likelihood as well as how sellers manage their reputation. We find that seller reputation has a substantial positive impact on established sel...
Non-verbal communication barriers when dealing with Saudi sellers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yosra Missaoui
2015-12-01
Full Text Available Communication has a major impact on how customers perceive sellers and their organizations. Especially, the non-verbal communication such as body language, appearance, facial expressions, gestures, proximity, posture, eye contact that can influence positively or negatively the first impression of customers and their experiences in stores. Salespeople in many countries, especially the developing ones, are just telling about their companies’ products because they are unaware of the real role of sellers and the importance of non-verbal communication. In Saudi Arabia, the seller profession has been exclusively for foreign labor until 2006. It is very recently that Saudi workforce enters to the retailing sector as sellers. The non-verbal communication of those sellers has never been evaluated from consumer’s point of view. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the non-verbal communication barriers that customers are facing when dealing with Saudi sellers. After discussing the non-verbal communication skills that sellers must have in the light of the previous academic research and the depth interviews with seven focus groups of Saudi customers, this study found that the Saudi customers were not totally satisfied with the current non-verbal communication skills of Saudi sellers. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to develop the non-verbal communication skills of Saudi sellers by intensive trainings, to distinguish more the appearance of their sellers, especially the female ones, to focus on the time of intervention as well as the proximity to customers.
26 CFR 1.44-3 - Certificate by seller.
2010-04-01
... of sale. If a seller increases his present offer to include financing or other costs of the seller in... for it by the purchaser. Thus, where a residence was advertised for sale at $40,000, but the seller... offered for sale after February 28, 1975. For purposes of section 44(e)(4) and this section, the term...
Dual watermarking scheme for secure buyer-seller watermarking protocol
Mehra, Neelesh; Shandilya, Madhu
2012-04-01
A buyer-seller watermarking protocol utilize watermarking along with cryptography for copyright and copy protection for the seller and meanwhile it also preserve buyers rights for privacy. It enables a seller to successfully identify a malicious seller from a pirated copy, while preventing the seller from framing an innocent buyer and provide anonymity to buyer. Up to now many buyer-seller watermarking protocols have been proposed which utilize more and more cryptographic scheme to solve many common problems such as customer's rights, unbinding problem, buyer's anonymity problem and buyer's participation in the dispute resolution. But most of them are infeasible since the buyer may not have knowledge of cryptography. Another issue is the number of steps to complete the protocols are large, a buyer needs to interact with different parties many times in these protocols, which is very inconvenient for buyer. To overcome these drawbacks, in this paper we proposed dual watermarking scheme in encrypted domain. Since neither of watermark has been generated by buyer so a general layman buyer can use the protocol.
Stochastic Optimal Control for Online Seller under Reputational Mechanisms
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Milan Bradonjić
2015-12-01
Full Text Available In this work we propose and analyze a model which addresses the pulsing behavior of sellers in an online auction (store. This pulsing behavior is observed when sellers switch between advertising and processing states. We assert that a seller switches her state in order to maximize her profit, and further that this switch can be identified through the seller’s reputation. We show that for each seller there is an optimal reputation, i.e., the reputation at which the seller should switch her state in order to maximize her total profit. We design a stochastic behavioral model for an online seller, which incorporates the dynamics of resource allocation and reputation. The design of the model is optimized by using a stochastic advertising model from [1] and used effectively in the Stochastic Optimal Control of Advertising [2]. This model of reputation is combined with the effect of online reputation on sales price empirically verified in [3]. We derive the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB differential equation, whose solution relates optimal wealth level to a seller’s reputation. We formulate both a full model, as well as a reduced model with fewer parameters, both of which have the same qualitative description of the optimal seller behavior. Coincidentally, the reduced model has a closed form analytical solution that we construct.
Sellers' hedging incentives at EPA's emission trading auction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dijkstra, B.R.; Haan, M
1999-01-01
Cason (1993) argued that the auction the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency in the USA) used in order to start the market for sulfur allowances, is not efficient. The set-up of the auction gives both buyers and sellers an incentive to understate their valuation of an allowance. In this paper, we show that the sellers' incentives are even more perverse than Cason suggested. In particular, we show that sellers have an incentive to set their ask price equal to zero, while simultaneously hedging their bets by submitting a positive bid. It is not possible to derive the Nash equilibrium for this set-up. If such an equilibrium exists, sellers either set only a positive ask price, or an ask price equal to zero, and a positive bid as well. 14 refs
13 CFR 120.1726 - Pool Certificates a Seller cannot purchase.
2010-01-01
... that the Seller, or any of its Program Associates or Affiliates, originated or owned, and, in the event... LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1726 Pool Certificates a Seller cannot purchase. Neither a Seller, nor any of its Program...
Buyer-Seller Interaction Patterns During Ongoing Service Exchange
W. van der Valk (Wendy)
2007-01-01
textabstractThis dissertation focuses on the ongoing interactions that take place between buyers and sellers of business services after the contract has been signed. This ongoing interaction is important since services are produced and consumed simultaneously; therefore, both buyer and seller have
20 CFR 404.1069 - Real estate agents and direct sellers.
2010-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Real estate agents and direct sellers. 404... § 404.1069 Real estate agents and direct sellers. (a) Trade or business. If you perform services after 1982 as a qualified real estate agent or as a direct seller, as defined in section 3508 of the Code...
13 CFR 120.1707 - Seller's retained Loan Interest.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seller's retained Loan Interest. 120.1707 Section 120.1707 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1707 Seller...
13 CFR 120.1714 - Seller's Pool Loan servicing.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seller's Pool Loan servicing. 120.1714 Section 120.1714 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1714 Seller...
13 CFR 120.1715 - Seller's Pool Loan liquidation.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seller's Pool Loan liquidation. 120.1715 Section 120.1715 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1715 Seller...
13 CFR 120.1713 - Seller's Pool Loan origination.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seller's Pool Loan origination. 120.1713 Section 120.1713 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1713 Seller...
13 CFR 120.1717 - Seller's Pool Loan deferments.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seller's Pool Loan deferments. 120.1717 Section 120.1717 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1717 Seller...
A Secure Watermarking Scheme for Buyer-Seller Identification and Copyright Protection
Ahmed, Fawad; Sattar, Farook; Siyal, Mohammed Yakoob; Yu, Dan
2006-12-01
We propose a secure watermarking scheme that integrates watermarking with cryptography for addressing some important issues in copyright protection. We address three copyright protection issues—buyer-seller identification, copyright infringement, and ownership verification. By buyer-seller identification, we mean that a successful watermark extraction at the buyer's end will reveal the identities of the buyer and seller of the watermarked image. For copyright infringement, our proposed scheme enables the seller to identify the specific buyer from whom an illegal copy of the watermarked image has originated, and further prove this fact to a third party. For multiple ownership claims, our scheme enables a legal seller to claim his/her ownership in the court of law. We will show that the combination of cryptography with watermarking not only increases the security of the overall scheme, but it also enables to associate identities of buyer/seller with their respective watermarked images.
Buyer feedback as a filtering mechanism for reputable sellers
Laureti, Paolo; Slanina, František; Yu, Yi-Kuo; Zhang, Yi-Cheng
2002-12-01
We propose a continuum model for the description of buyer and seller dynamics in an Internet market. The relevant variables are the research effort of buyers and the sellers’ reputation building process. We show that, if a commercial website gives consumers the possibility to rate credibly sellers they bargained with, vendors are forced to be more honest. This leads to mutual beneficial symbiosis between buyers and sellers; the overall enhanced volume of transactions contributes ultimately to the website, which facilitates the matchmaking service.
What's in a label? Ecstasy sellers' perceptions of pill brands.
Duterte, Micheline; Jacinto, Camille; Sales, Paloma; Murphy, Sheigla
2009-03-01
This article presents selected findings from a qualitative study of Ecstasy sellers and their sales practices, knowledge of distribution networks, buyer-seller relationships, and self-reported drug use. In-depth interviews were conducted with 80 men and women who had sold five or more hits of Ecstasy five or more times in the six months prior to the interview. Study participants described their perceptions of the various types of Ecstasy they had distributed or used themselves. The participants had experience with a variety of Ecstasy labels, from the popular "Blue Dolphin" tablets to the powdered form called "Molly." We tracked pill brand mentions on Ecstasy-related websites to compare with interviewees' descriptions of Ecstasy brands. This study examines Ecstasy sellers' ideas about the role of brand names in Ecstasy markets and their relationship to their beliefs about different types of Ecstasy's purity and quality. We demonstrate that considering Ecstasy branding increases our understanding of buyer and seller relationships.
Heath risk among pesticide sellers in Bamenda (Cameroon) and peripheral areas.
Sonchieu, Jean; Akono, Edouard Nantia; Ngwamitang, Cheche Tanwi; Ngassoum, Benoït Martin
2018-04-01
In Bamenda and peripheral zones, studies have been focused on the effects of pesticides on farmers (pesticide users) while nothing has been done to assess the exposure of sellers to pesticides. This study aimed at evaluating the exposure of pesticide sellers in the same area. Thirty-two questionnaires were administered to 32 pesticide sellers systematically selected, and chi-square was used for statistical analysis. From each shop, a respondent was chosen among the workers according to its daily time spent in the workplace. The results showed that there is similarity between sellers in Bamenda and peripheral area; one active ingredient (metalaxyl) and one formulation (beauchamp) sold are not registered; throat irritation, headaches, fatigue, skin irritation, eye irritation, and difficulty in breathing with more cases of nose irritation were symptoms observed; pesticides are stored either in the shops or in warehouses; safety measures generally applied are sitting outside the shop, taking medicated charcoal and the use of protective clothing; 56% have less than 5 years experience. Permanent pesticide sellers are then exposed to chronic intoxication in Bamenda and neighboring zones. Employers should make use of protective clothing in their shops when manipulating pesticides in the application of safety measures.
Foreign Language Acquisition Of Souvenir Seller In Bawomataluo Village
Saniago Dakhi; Nur Intan Zagoto
2016-01-01
This research is addresses language functional and lexical acquisition domains of souvenir seller in Bawomataluo village, South Nias, North Sumatera. The reasons of lexical items acquired by souvenir seller is regarded as the function of language acquisition. On the contrary, form and process of lexical items acquired are totally viewed as language lexical domains. To obtain the whole accurate data of these research problems interview and observation were conducted. The research ...
On the equivalence of buyer and seller proposals within canonical matching and pricing environments
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kennes, John; le Maire, Daniel
This paper considers equilibrium proposals by either buyers or sellers in the canonical ‘urnball’ matching market. The proposals can either be posted prices announced by buyers; posted prices announced by sellers; or announcements by sellers (or by buyers) to entertain price proposals, as in auct...
Liu, Yuewen; Wei, Kwok Kee; Chen, Huaping
There are two conflicting streams of research findings on pricing strategy: one is high reputation sellers should charge price premium, while the other is high reputation sellers should charge relatively low price. Motivated by this confliction, this study examines pricing strategy in online retailing marketplace of homogeneous goods. We conduct an empirical study using data collected from a dominant online retailing marketplace in China. Our research results indicate that, in online retailing marketplace of homogeneous goods, high reputation sellers should charge relatively low price, because the consumers of high reputation sellers are more price sensitive than the consumers of low reputation sellers.
Non-conformity of the goods for which the seller is not liable
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fišer-Šobot Sandra
2011-01-01
Full Text Available Seller is liable for the conformity of delivered goods. However, there are cases where the seller's liability is excluded despite the lack of conformity of the goods. First, pursuant to Art. 478(3 of Serbian Law on Obligations an insignificant material defect of the goods should not be taken into account. In other words, minor difference in quantity or quality will not be taken into consideration where it is not material. In international trade, in principle, the seller is liable for minor defects of the goods. However, in practice seller's liability for immaterial lack of conformity will be excluded on the basis of relevant trade usages and previous bussines dealings of the parties. Second, it is commonly accepted in international and domestic trade, as concretization of the principle of good faith, that the seller is not liable for any lack of conformity of goods if at the time of conclusion of a contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity. Seller's liability for the lack of conformity of the goods is excluded when the following requirements are fulfilled. The first requirement is that the buyer had positive knowledge of the defects or that he could not have been unaware of their existence. It is considered that the buyer could not have been unaware of the non-conformity if he acted with gross negligence. Furthermore, buyer's knowledge of the lack of conformity should exist at the time of conclusion of the contract. Finally, the exclusion of seller's liability is not possible when he acts in bad faith.
Unpacking buyer-seller differences in valuation from experience: A cognitive modeling approach.
Pachur, Thorsten; Scheibehenne, Benjamin
2017-12-01
People often indicate a higher price for an object when they own it (i.e., as sellers) than when they do not (i.e., as buyers)-a phenomenon known as the endowment effect. We develop a cognitive modeling approach to formalize, disentangle, and compare alternative psychological accounts (e.g., loss aversion, loss attention, strategic misrepresentation) of such buyer-seller differences in pricing decisions of monetary lotteries. To also be able to test possible buyer-seller differences in memory and learning, we study pricing decisions from experience, obtained with the sampling paradigm, where people learn about a lottery's payoff distribution from sequential sampling. We first formalize different accounts as models within three computational frameworks (reinforcement learning, instance-based learning theory, and cumulative prospect theory), and then fit the models to empirical selling and buying prices. In Study 1 (a reanalysis of published data with hypothetical decisions), models assuming buyer-seller differences in response bias (implementing a strategic-misrepresentation account) performed best; models assuming buyer-seller differences in choice sensitivity or memory (implementing a loss-attention account) generally fared worst. In a new experiment involving incentivized decisions (Study 2), models assuming buyer-seller differences in both outcome sensitivity (as proposed by a loss-aversion account) and response bias performed best. In both Study 1 and 2, the models implemented in cumulative prospect theory performed best. Model recovery studies validated our cognitive modeling approach, showing that the models can be distinguished rather well. In summary, our analysis supports a loss-aversion account of the endowment effect, but also reveals a substantial contribution of simple response bias.
[Informal sellers' health status and working conditions in the Bazurto market in Cartagena].
Gómez-Palencia, Isabel P; Castillo-Ávila, Irma Y; Banquez-Salas, Annia P; Castro-Ortega, Audrey J; Lara-Escalante, Hilda R
2012-06-01
Determining informal sellers' health status and working conditions in the Bazurto market in Cartagena. The target population consisted of informal sellers working in the Bazurto market; sample size consisted of 584 sellers. A check-list was used to describe their working conditions. A "health disorders" test and neurotoxic symptoms scale (Q16) were used to determine health status and the body mass index (BMI) for determining nutritional status. 583 sellers participated in the study, having an average age of 39 years (38-40 95 %CI). 87.8 % (512) of the participants were exposed to constant noise, 84.9 % (495) worked in places having high temperatures, 74.1 % (432) were exposed to dust, and 69.8 % (407) did not use personal protective equipment. They were working 10 hours a day on average. 71 % (414) suffered from physical exhaustion, 72.4 % (422) had headaches, 63.7 % (371) had back pain and 62.7 % (365) suffered from pains in their legs. The target population's physical environment was inadequate, they worked for too many hours and some workplaces were dangerous. The informal sellers' symptoms included back pain, headaches, leg pain, eye strain and physical fatigue.
Savvy Sellers: Dealing Drugs, Doing Gender, and Doing Difference
Ludwick, Micheline D.; Murphy, Sheigla; Sales, Paloma
2016-01-01
We present findings from two exploratory studies of San Francisco Bay Area women involved in illicit drug sales who saw both advantages and disadvantages to being women in traditionally male-dominated drug economies. We interviewed 160 sellers of street drugs and 50 sellers of prescription drugs during 2006-2009. Women perceived gender as a cover and managed their vulnerabilities by performing gendered actions and at times going against traditional gender expectations to protect themselves in harsh drug markets. The intersecting factors of race and type of drug sold played a crucial role, revealing the complex nature of women's social location in their drug-selling worlds. Study limitations are noted. PMID:26086305
Maulidya, Hasana P.
2018-02-01
This research is motivated by the difference of market hygiene condition, where the market hygiene level is influenced by the environment around the market. In general, markets located near densely populated housing tend to be overlooked, while markets near elite housing tend to be clean. This condition is also influenced by marketers' awareness of market hygiene. If the market is near the elite neighbourhood, the level of awareness of sellers on cleanliness will be high. If the market is located in a densely populated area, sellers generally do not pay attention to cleanliness. The purpose of this research is to know the sellers's awareness of environmental cleanliness of Market Bulak, Klender Market and Rawamangun Market. Respondents in this study are sellers and buyers who make transactions in these 3 markets. This type of research is descriptive analysis with the method of observation and interview to 10 sellers in each market. Seller hygiene awareness are poor.
Foreign Language Acquisition Of Souvenir Seller In Bawomataluo Village
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Saniago Dakhi
2016-04-01
Full Text Available This research is addresses language functional and lexical acquisition domains of souvenir seller in Bawomataluo village, South Nias, North Sumatera. The reasons of lexical items acquired by souvenir seller is regarded as the function of language acquisition. On the contrary, form and process of lexical items acquired are totally viewed as language lexical domains. To obtain the whole accurate data of these research problems interview and observation were conducted. The research finding indicates four specified language lexical acquisition reasons: internal motivation, external motivation, access to native speaker and experience. In addition, eight English part of speech are acquired.It is discovered that lexical items acquired are dominated by noun. Verb and adjective posites at the next level of the amount of lexicals acquired. Adverb, conjunction, pronoun are less acquired. Interjection is more easily acquired by souvenir sellers. The processes involved to acquire the lexical consist of social, memory, compensation, and affective process. Finally, the research finding is thoroughly expected to be language teacher’s consideration in employing material selection and determining natural, contextual and situational language teaching model. Language leaners are highly advised to recall the language competence theoretically mastered in naturall setting in attempt to obtain practical competence.
Internet Auction Sellers: Does Size Really Matter?
Halstead, Diane; Becherer, Richard C.
2003-01-01
Examines the Internet auction phenomenon as it relates to the marketing mix of online auction sellers. The data indicate that, while there is great diversity among businesses that utilize online auctions, distinct cost leadership and differentiation marketing strategies are both evident. These two approaches are further distinguished in terms of…
Torpey, Elka
2013-01-01
As online shopping has grown, so too has the number of people who make money selling products online. Online sellers can sell just about anything. Starting an online business can be as simple as having something to sell and access to the Internet. But there are a lot of factors to consider if one is going to have a business that thrives. One is to…
16 CFR 460.16 - What new home sellers must tell new home buyers.
2010-01-01
... LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF HOME INSULATION § 460.16 What new home sellers must tell new home buyers. If you are a new home seller, you must put the following information in every sales contract: The type... exception to this rule. If the buyer signs a sales contract before you know what type of insulation will be...
Duty to notify the seller of defects in title in contracts for the international sale of goods
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fišer-Šobot Sandra S.
2015-01-01
Full Text Available The seller must deliver the goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party. If the seller fails to do so he will be liable for the breach of the contract. However, the buyer loses the right to rely on the provisions regulating seller's liability for defects in title if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the right or claim of the third party. In order to have legal effect, the notice must fulfill conditions regarding content, form and addressee. The buyer must notify the seller in a timely manner i.e. within a reasonable time after he has become aware or, alternatively, ought to have become aware of the right or claim. Breach of the duty to notify the seller of the defects in title is followed by severe consequences for the buyer because he loses the right to rely on the defects. However, in international sales law the buyer can exercise rights arising out of defects in title even when he fails to notify the seller in two specific cases. First, the buyer retains his rights arising out of a breach of Art. 41 and 42 if the seller knew of the right or claim of the third party and the nature of it. And second, pursuant to Art. 44 of the CISG, the buyer may reduce the price in accordance with Art. 50 or claim damages, except for loss of profit, if he has reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required notice.
An in-depth study of patent medicine sellers' perspectives on malaria in a rural Nigerian community
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Okafor Henrietta U
2006-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Malaria remains a major cause of mortality among under five children in Nigeria. Most of the early treatments for fever and malaria occur through self-medication with antimalarial drugs bought from medicine sellers. These have led to increasing calls for interventions to improve treatment obtained in these outlets. However, information about the current practices of these medicine sellers is needed before such interventions. This study aims to determine the medicine sellers' perspectives on malaria and the determinants that underlie their dispensing patterns of antimalarial drugs. Methods The study was conducted in Ugwugo-Nike, a rural community in south-east Nigeria. It involved in-depth interviews with 13 patent medicine sellers. Results A majority of the medicine sellers were not trained health professionals and malaria is recognized as a major health problem by them. There is poor knowledge and poor dispensing behaviour in relation to childhood malaria episodes. Although referral of severe malaria is common, there are those who will not refer. Verbal advice is rarely given to the care-givers. Conclusion More action research and interventions to improve prescription and referral practices and giving verbal advice to care-givers is recommended. Ways to integrate the drug sellers in the health system are also recommended.
Vytelingum, Perukrishnen; Cliff, Dave; Jennings, Nicholas R.
We develop a new model to analyse the strategic behaviour of buyers and sellers in market mechanisms. In particular, we wish to understand how the different strategies they adopt affect their economic efficiency in the market and to understand the impact of these choices on the overall efficiency of the marketplace. To this end, we adopt a two-population evolutionary game theoretic approach, where we consider how the behaviours of both buyers and sellers evolve in marketplaces. In so doing, we address the shortcomings of the previous state-of-the-art analytical model that assumes that buyers and sellers have to adopt the same mixed strategy in the market. Finally, we apply our model in one of the most common market mechanisms, the Continuous Double Auction, and demonstrate how it allows us to provide new insights into the strategic interactions of such trading agents.
Fascioliasis: Prevalence, protein content and attitude of meat sellers ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Rotten smell was considered the only indicator for liver unfit for consumption. The enactment and enforcement of government policies in relation to condemnation of Fasciola infected liver is strongly recommended. Keywords: fascioliasis, liver, meat sellers, protein content, Abeokuta. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol.
76 FR 2744 - Disclosure of Code-Share Service by Air Carriers and Sellers of Air Transportation
2011-01-14
... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Office of the Secretary Disclosure of Code-Share Service by Air Carriers and Sellers of Air Transportation AGENCY: Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation..., their agents, and third party sellers of air transportation in view of recent amendments to 49 U.S.C...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Samson Ayo Deji
2012-10-01
Full Text Available The specific objectives are: i to determine the level of awareness of pesticide residue in locally available food among food sellers in Ile Ife area of Osun state, Nigeria; ii to identify the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of food sellers who use pesticides, natural means in preserving their foodstuff from getting spoilt; iii to determine the level of understanding of food sellers who use pesticides about the likely health implications that could result. The design of the study is cross sectional. Structured open-ended questionnaires were administered to 98 randomly selected food sellers in Ile Ife area Osun state, Nigeria. This includes males and female. The inference from the study shows that majority of the food sellers were between ages 21 and 30 years, suggesting that more of the young people are involved in the selling of foodstuff in the area of study. Most of the food sellers used phostozin, an organophosphate compound as preservatives for cereals. The majority of those that were aware of the health hazards associated with the usage of pesticides as preservative were literate school leavers. Among respondents to the questionnaire, it was expected that many of those food sellers likely to demonstrate caution in the usage of pesticide would be the literate school leavers. This is because they are more aware of the possible associated health hazards than their fellow food sellers who are not literate. The level of awareness of health implications associated with use of pesticides on consumable food items is higher among school certificate holders who are food sellers. Phostozin, an organophosphate, is a common preservative pesticide used on cereals foodstuff (e.g., bean, rice, maize in the area of study, especially among the age group between 21 and 30 years.
Something of Value: How Franchise Sellers Make Training Pay
Berger, Gladys
1975-01-01
Training can be the most important benefit included in the purchase of a franchise. Several of these training programs used by franchise sellers (Castro Convertibles, Roto-Rooter, H and R Block, Dunhill Personnel Systems Inc., Carvel, Holiday Inns, Sheraton Inns Inc., McDonald's) are discussed. (Author/BP)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sauvula-Seppaelae, T.; Ulander, E. (Seinaejoki Univ. of Applied Sciences, Ahtari (Finland), School of Agriculture and Forestry), e-mail: tiina.sauvula-seppala@seamk.fi, e-mail: essi.ulander@seamk.fi
2010-07-01
The focus of this research was to study the profitability of heating entrepreneurships from the viewpoint of heating energy buyer, seller as well as energy wood seller. The average costs of heat production were Eur 44,8 / MWh and incomes Eur 43,4 /MWh. Energy wood purchase, comminution and long distance transportation formed slightly over a half of the heat production costs. Average net income in the group of the largest heating plants (>1000 kW) was Eur 29000 per year and in the group of the smallest (<200 kW) average net income was slightly over Eur 4000 per year. The net income from selling heat represents only a part of the income a heating entrepreneur receives from heat production. Other, significant parts are formed by income from selling energy wood to the plant as well as compensation for supervision and maintenance of the plant. The average net income of a forest owner from selling energy wood to heating entrepreneurs was Eur 18 / m3. Without state subsidies the net income would have been Eur 4 / m3. The price of the heating energy sold by heating entrepreneurs was very competitive. In 2006 it was Eur 30 / MWh cheaper than oil heat, Eur 34 / MWh cheaper than electric heat and Eur 3 / MWh cheaper than district heating. (orig.)
Gaiser, Hilary; Ho, Connie; Janier, Nicole; Wee, Amy; Johnson, Catherine; Watanabe, Ronald
2017-03-01
To describe practitioner experiences regarding ocular complications in patients wearing decorative contact lenses, and to investigate the compliance of unauthorized distributors of decorative contact lenses to current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations. Also, to provide data to support a more targeted public health approach to reducing the incidence of illegal contact lens sales and associated ocular complications. An institutional review board-approved online survey was distributed through mass email to a list of 98 optometrists in the Boston, MA area. Concurrently, an empirical evaluation of independent, online decorative contact lens sellers who were not associated with FDA-approved contact lens manufacturers was performed to determine their adherence to FDA and FTC guidelines. The first 18 noncoincidental websites that resulted from a Google search for "costume contact lens sellers" and "cosmetic contact lens sellers" were examined as to the brands and parameters of lenses being sold, whether or not a valid prescription was required or verified, and if consumer education was provided. Twenty-two optometrists completed the online survey. Seventy-seven percent of respondents reported having patients with complications from decorative contact lenses that were purchased both legally and illegally. The most common age group for complications was 18 to 25 years (61%). One third of complications were seen in first-time lens wearers, half of whom never received proper care instructions or were unaware that care instructions existed. One quarter of the lenses were purchased illegally with unlicensed stores being the most common place of purchase. Of the 18 online sites examined, 72% of sellers failed to adhere to FTC and FDA regulations. A significant number of individuals who obtain contact lenses illegally from unauthorized sources are young adults. Most unauthorized sellers reviewed did not adhere to the proper protocol
Nazlıcan, Ersin; Ötegen, Volkan Recai; Akbaba, Muhsin; İlter, Hüseyin
2018-01-01
Objective:While significant increase in pesticide use in our country, most extensive usesare at Aegean and Mediterranean regions. Adjusting amount of pesticideconsumption is important for both human health and environmental contamination.Our aim is investigating the level of knowledge of sellers of pesticides usedin agricultural struggle about pesticides in Adana, in Mediterranean region.Method: In Adana, survey with 37 questions applied to sellers of pesticidesused in agricultural struggle, ...
Evaluation of the Knowledge of Herb Sellers in the Diagnosis of ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
PROMOTING ACCESS TO AFRICAN RESEARCH ... Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine ... This paper examined the manner in which sickle cell disease is diagnosed among herb sellers in Osun and Oyo states of Nigeria.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zhang, Zhong Xiang
1999-01-01
Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol authorizes emissions trading, but the rules governing emissions trading have been deferred to subsequent conferences. In designing and implementing an international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme, assigning liability has been considered to be one of the most challenging issues. This article discusses a variety of the rules for accountability under international GHG emissions trading. It indicates that a 'buyer beware' liability is effective only to the extent that it puts additional pressure on sellers to comply with their commitments because after all sellers exercise great, if not complete, control over whether or not they comply with their commitments. Because putting such a pressure on sellers to develop effective compliance systems is not without costs to buyers, a 'buyer beware' liability should thus be imposed only in the case where non-compliance of sellers is virtually certain to occur. Moreover, in determining the optimal combination of these not-mutually-exclusive rules for accountability that are discussed in the article, the marginal benefits of adding one rule needs to be weighted against the increased costs of doing so. 12 refs
Sellers to dominate price talks?
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
McLean, A.
2000-01-01
The last decade has been a sad one for coal exporters with only two price increases going the sellers' way, one in 1995 and the other in 1996. True, the financial hardships imposed upon the miners have resulted in improvements in all aspects of the coal chain. Mine productivity as measured in tonnes of output per employee is up, while rail and port charges and even, albeit at more modest levels, government charges, are down. However there is a widespread viewpoint that this will be the year of the price rise and, potentially, a big one. The difference in the forthcoming coal negotiations with the Japanese buyers is that, this time, the tightness of the market, both in coking and thermal coal, is demand driven
13 CFR 120.1718 - SBA's right to assume Seller's responsibilities.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA's right to assume Seller's responsibilities. 120.1718 Section 120.1718 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools...
The Economic Effect of Insurgency on Smoked Fish Sellers in ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
User
Rabiu, M. M.. Department of Agricultural Extension Services, University of Maiduguri, Borno State ... fish sellers in Baga fish marketing Maiduguri metropolis of Borno-. State, Nigeria. ..... unsold products. This is especially the case when fish in its fresh form. .... Poverty reduction strategy in Nigeria– improving productivity and ...
Buyer and seller data from pay what you want and name your own price laboratory markets.
Krämer, Florentin; Schmidt, Klaus M; Spann, Martin; Stich, Lucas
2017-06-01
Pay What You Want (PWYW) and Name Your Own Price (NYOP) are customer-driven pricing mechanisms that give customers (some) pricing power and that have been used in service industries with high fixed costs to price discriminate without setting a reference price. This paper describes buyer and seller data in a series of induced-value laboratory experiments that compare PWYW and NYOP in monopoly and competitive situations. Sellers are in a one-shot interaction with buyers. Sellers using customer-driven pricing mechanisms may exogenously or endogenously receive additional promotional benefits, for instance through word-of-mouth effects. The major findings based on the data presented here are reported in the paper "Delegating Pricing Power to Customers: Pay What You Want or Name Your Own Price?" (Krämer et al., 2017) [3].
Buyer and seller data from pay what you want and name your own price laboratory markets
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Florentin Krämer
2017-06-01
Full Text Available Pay What You Want (PWYW and Name Your Own Price (NYOP are customer-driven pricing mechanisms that give customers (some pricing power and that have been used in service industries with high fixed costs to price discriminate without setting a reference price. This paper describes buyer and seller data in a series of induced-value laboratory experiments that compare PWYW and NYOP in monopoly and competitive situations. Sellers are in a one-shot interaction with buyers. Sellers using customer-driven pricing mechanisms may exogenously or endogenously receive additional promotional benefits, for instance through word-of-mouth effects. The major findings based on the data presented here are reported in the paper "Delegating Pricing Power to Customers: Pay What You Want or Name Your Own Price?" (Krämer et al., 2017 [3].
Forest owners as fuelwood sellers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ripatti, P.
2003-01-01
Background features, goals of forest ownership, and forestry behaviour of forest owners who sell fuelwood are considered. The study is based on a sample of 4819 forest holdings collected by mail-inquiry in the 1999. The fuelwood assortments have not been segmented in the data, but fuelwood rerers to chopped firewood, poles, split firewood and chips sold during the period 1994-98. Also, the data does not bring out whether the forest owner has sold his or hers fuelwood straight to the end-user or to a professional trading merchant. The amount of forest owners who sold fuelwood at least once in the years 1994-98 was 33 000, i.e., 11 per cent of all private forest owners. The average sale quantity of fuelwood was 27 stacked cubic metres. The total amount sold fuelwood was 0.9 million stacked cubic metres or approximately 0.6 million solid cubic metres per year. The average size of forest holdings of forest owners who sell firewood was 59 hectares, so they clearly owned larger holdings than on average. The proportion farmers, men and owners who live in rural areas more often were also greater than on average. In addition, proportions of multiobjective, owners who underline both monetary and amenity benefits of their forest ownership, and self-employed forest owners, owners who underline timber sale revenues and self-employment opportunities in their forests, were greater than on average. As a timber sellers and as a silvicultural actors owners who sold fuelwood can be described as a self-initiating and active group of private forest owners. No less than 90 per cent of them made at least one commercial timber sale, and two-thirds at least one delivery sale in the years 1994-98. In addition, 58 per cent of forest holdings owned by fuelwood sellers carried out tending of young stands, and 60 per cent had harvested energy wood. These proportions were clearly greater than for forest holdings as an average. (orig.)
13 CFR 120.1719 - SBA's right to recover from Seller.
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA's right to recover from Seller. 120.1719 Section 120.1719 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1719 SBA's...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fišer-Šobot Sandra
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Breach of the duty to notify the seller of the lack of conformity of the delivered goods is followed by harsh consequences for the buyer. Namely, he loses the right to rely on the non-conformity of the goods if he does not give the notice to the seller in adequate and timely manner. In international sales law the buyer is entitled to rely on the lack of conformity of the goods even when he fails to notify the seller in two specific cases. First, if the lack of conformity relates to the facts of which the seller knew or could not have been unaware and which he did not disclose to the buyer. And secondly, the buyer retains remedies for the nonconforming delivery if he has a reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required notice.
THE EFFICIENCY AND PROFESSIONALISM OF THE SELLER IN THE CURRENT ECONOMY
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
ROMANESCU MARCEL LAURENȚIU
2015-12-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to highlight the fact that the success of a company depends largely on the ability to attract consumers towards their specific brands through sellers. Thus within the sales process within the company should be studied, and seeing what works, and what doesn't, initiatives or operations that don't work should be adjusted. News theme is the fact that the market economy in times of danger and crisis can not act without the company profitable and stable so that once improve the business environment in Romania, the economic system must know a normal progress both quantitatively but especially in terms of quality. At the beginning of this scientific approach we have undertaken extensive work to inform the specificity sellers activities, sales activities within the company and through to documentation we provided the amount of information that allowed me to highlight the phenomena and processes addressed, into a concrete manner, always maintaining a logical concatenation of ideas exposed.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
José Mauro da Costa Hernandez
2010-04-01
Full Text Available This study proposes and validates a trust measurement model for buyer-seller relationships. Baptized as development-based trust, the model encompasses three dimensions of trust: calculus-based, knowledge-based and identification-based. In addition to recognizing that trust is a multidimensional construct, the model also assumes that trust can evolve to take on a different character depending on the stage of the relationship. In order to test the proposed model and compare it to the characteristic-based trust measurement model, the measure most frequently used in the buyer-seller relationship literature, data were collected from 238 clients of an IT product wholesaler. The results show that the scales are valid and reliable and the proposed development-based trust measurement model is superior to the characteristic-based trust measurement model in terms of its ability to explain certain variables of interest in buyer-seller relationships (long-term relationship orientation, information sharing, behavioral loyalty and future intentions. Implications for practice, limitations and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Dr. Stephen Crabbe
2015-11-01
Full Text Available A two-part study was launched in light of the Japan Translation Federation’s 2012 statement in its guide, 翻訳で失敗しないために翻訳発注の手引き [lit. For not getting it wrong with translation: a guide to ordering translation], that “外国語の文書を母国語に翻訳するのがプロの原則です” [lit. It is a fundamental principle that professional translators work into their native languages] (Japan Translation Federation, 2012, p. 15. The key goal is to gauge the extent to which this 2012 statement is reflected in current practices among the sellers and buyers of translation services between Japanese and English. In this paper, which describes the first part of the study, the focus is on the practices of sellers of translation services between Japanese and English: specifically, professional freelance translators. Twenty-four professional freelance translators completed an online questionnaire. The results of this questionnaire, first, suggest that current practices among sellers of translation services between Japanese and English are consistent with the Japan Translation Federation’s 2012 statement and, second, broadly support secondary literature on L1 translation (translation into the first language and L2 translation (translation into the second language. Whilst this is only a snapshot of current practices among sellers of translation services between Japanese and English, the overall results are informative. In the second, follow-up part of the study the focus will be on the current practices of buyers of translation services between Japanese and English.
16 CFR 240.11 - Wholesaler or third party performance of seller's obligations.
2010-01-01
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Wholesaler or third party performance of seller's obligations. 240.11 Section 240.11 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION GUIDES AND TRADE PRACTICE RULES GUIDES FOR ADVERTISING ALLOWANCES AND OTHER MERCHANDISING PAYMENTS AND SERVICES...
Lou, Kuo-Ren; Wang, Lu
2016-05-01
The seller frequently offers the buyer trade credit to settle the purchase amount. From the seller's prospective, granting trade credit increases not only the opportunity cost (i.e., the interest loss on the buyer's purchase amount during the credit period) but also the default risk (i.e., the rate that the buyer will be unable to pay off his/her debt obligations). On the other hand, granting trade credit increases sales volume and revenue. Consequently, trade credit is an important strategy to increase seller's profitability. In this paper, we assume that the seller uses trade credit and number of shipments in a production run as decision variables to maximise his/her profit, while the buyer determines his/her replenishment cycle time and capital investment as decision variables to reduce his/her ordering cost and achieve his/her maximum profit. We then derive non-cooperative Nash solution and cooperative integrated solution in a just-in-time inventory system, in which granting trade credit increases not only the demand but also the opportunity cost and default risk, and the relationship between the capital investment and the ordering cost reduction is logarithmic. Then, we use a software to solve and compare these two distinct solutions. Finally, we use sensitivity analysis to obtain some managerial insights.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fišer-Šobot Sandra
2013-01-01
Full Text Available Seller's breach of delivery obligation will render him liable and a range of remedies will be available to the buyer pursuant Art. 45 of the CISG. However, the buyer may not rely on a seller's failure to perform delivery to the extent that such a failure was caused by his own act or omission. Art. 80 of the CISG represents the concretisation of the principle of good faith from Art. 7(1 of the CISG. Art. 80 of the CISG has a distinctive sphere of application in comparison to the Art. 79 of the CISG and represents independent legal ground for exemption of the seller for the non-delivery. The provision requires that the failure to deliver the goods has been caused by the buyer's own act or omission. It is applicable not only when the buyer solely causes non-delivery, but also in cases of shared responsibility i.e. when seller's failure to perform is caused by both parties. However, Art. 80 does not provide much guidance for the complex situations where both parties have caused breach of the delivery obligation.
9 CFR 201.100 - Records to be furnished poultry growers and sellers.
2010-01-01
... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Records to be furnished poultry growers and sellers. 201.100 Section 201.100 Animals and Animal Products GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND...) Right to discuss the terms of poultry growing arrangement offer. As a live poultry dealer...
THE SELLER'S OBLIGATION TO DELIVER THE GOODS ACCORDING TO CISG
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Dan VELICU
2017-05-01
Full Text Available This article aims to analyze the seller's obligations under the Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG and in particular the obligation to deliver the goods showing the main issues that arise in an international sale. We also wish to point the major innovations or improvements brought by the CISG in comparison to the European civil codes regulation and to conclude if the CSIG managed to revolutionize the tradition view on this issue.
Correction to white-johnson, ford, and sellers (2010).
2015-01-01
Reports an error in "Parental racial socialization profiles: Association with demographic factors, racial discrimination, childhood socialization, and racial identity" by Rhonda L. White-Johnson, Kahlil R. Ford and Robert M. Sellers (Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2010[Apr], Vol 16[2], 237-247). In the article, there was an error in the Measures subsection. The following citation should have been included in the third paragraph " Mothers' childhood racial socialization experiences. Prior racial socialization messages were assessed using four items adapted from the Comprehensive Race Socialization Inventory (Lesane- Brown, Brown, Caldwell, & Sellers, 2005)." Additionally, the included reference should have been included in the Reference section. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-07475-016.) The authors examined patterns of racial socialization practices in a sample of 212 African American mothers. They investigated the relation between parent profiles of racial socialization messages with child and parent demographic factors and race-related experiences, as well as parent racial identity attitudes. Using latent class analyses, the authors identified 3 patterns of parent-reported racial socialization experiences: multifaceted, low race salience, and unengaged. In general, findings indicate that mothers in the multifaceted profile were more educated, experienced more racial discrimination, and talked about race during their childhood more than mothers in the unengaged profile. The multifaceted profile also differed from the low race salience and unengaged profiles on several racial identity dimensions. Although the patterned approach used in this study lends itself to a more complex study of racial socialization in future research, it also highlights the associations between parent's race-relevant experiences and the messages they communicate to their children about race. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA
Best-seller e games: a iniciação do jovem no universo literário
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jéssica Kurak Ponciano
2014-07-01
Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1807-9288.2014v10n1p102 É facilmente constatável a falta de interesse pela literatura esboçada pelos jovens do Ensino Médio. Também são constantes as queixas dos professores com relação ao gosto cultural dos alunos bem como seu afastamento do universo literário. Ao contrário dessa realidade, o interesse dos adolescentes pelo universo virtual dos games cresce consideravelmente, bem como os produtos que originam-se de suas famosas franquias, como os Best-sellers. O artigo a seguir tem como objetivo refletir sobre a aplicabilidade dos games e dos Best-Sellers como ferramenta de inserção do jovem na literatura. Será abordada brevemente a conceituação e história do surgimento da Literatura de Massa, bem como as diferenças entre a literatura pertencente ao cânone e o Best-Seller. Trataremos das questões de formação de leitores por meio da narratividade dos Jogos Digitais. Em seguida será proposta uma reflexão sobre a aplicabilidade das leituras de massa e dos jogos digitais nas salas de aula, visando aumentar a adesão dos jovens à leitura.
Performance in vegetable supply chains: the role of Guanxi networks and buyer-seller relationships
Lu Hualiang,; Feng, S.; Trienekens, J.H.; Omta, S.W.F.
2008-01-01
Guanxi is the lifeblood of the Chinese society. It also becomes a hot topic for achieving business success in China. The primary goal of this exploratory study is to empirically investigate the effect of guanxi networks on buyer¿seller relationships and market performance for the Chinese vegetable
Sellers on the street : the human infrastructure of the mobile phone network in Kigali, Rwanda
Mann, L.E.; Nzayisenga, E.
2015-01-01
This paper looks in detail at the social and economic background of mobile airtime sellers on the streets of Kigali. While informal networks have proved to be an invaluable resource for large multinational telecommunication companies seeking to penetrate African markets, changing technological
Literatura y mercado: el best seller en España
Gacon, Estelle
2017-01-01
El propósito de esta tesis doctoral es realizar un acercamiento a las relaciones entre literatura y mercado a través del estudio del best seller en España. Para ello se organiza en dos grandes bloques, uno de carácter teórico y un segundo, compuesto de tres capítulos, de carácter analítico, en donde se presenta el caso de tres autores de éxito de ventas. La primera parte se organiza como un panorama teórico que recoge los grandes debates que han atravesado el campo literario, cada vez más ...
Sequential bargaining in a market with one seller and two different buyers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tranæs, Torben; Hendon, Ebbe
1991-01-01
A matching and bargaining model in a market with one seller and two buyers, differing only in their reservation price, is analyzed. No subgame perfect equilibrium exists for stationary strategies. We demonstrate the existence of inefficient equilibria in which the low buyer receives the good with...... with large probability, even as friction becomes negligible. We investigate the relationship between the use of Nash and sequential bargaining. Nash bargaining seems applicable only when the sequential approach yields a unique stationary strategy subgame perfect equilibrium...
Sequential bargaining in a market with one seller and two different buyers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hendon, Ebbe; Tranæs, Torben
1991-01-01
A matching and bargaining model in a market with one seller and two buyers, differing only in their reservation price, is analyzed. No subgame perfect equilibrium exists for stationary strategies. We demonstrate the existence of inefficient equilibria in which the low buyer receives the good with...... with large probability, even as friction becomes negligible. We investigate the relationship between the use of Nash and sequential bargaining. Nash bargaining seems applicable only when the sequential approach yields a unique stationary strategy subgame perfect equilibrium....
Will Commodity Properties Affect Seller's Creditworthy: Evidence in C2C E-commerce Market in China
Peng, Hui; Ling, Min
This paper finds out that the credit rating level shows significant difference among different sub-commodity markets in E-commerce, which provides room for sellers to get higher credit rating by entering businesses with higher average credit level before fraud. In order to study the influence of commodity properties on credit rating, this paper analyzes how commodity properties affect average crediting rating through the degree of information asymmetry, returns and costs of fraud, credibility perception and fraud tolerance. Empirical study shows that Delivery, average trading volume, average price and complaint possibility have decisive impacts on credit performance; brand market share, the degree of standardization and the degree of imitation also have a relatively less significant effect on credit rating. Finally, this paper suggests that important commodity properties should be introduced to modify reputation system, for preventing credit rating arbitrage behavior where sellers move into low-rating commodity after being assigned high credit rating.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Radoslaw Macik
2016-06-01
Full Text Available Paper describes young consumers’ behaviour connected with online product comparison sites usage as an example of online decision shopping aids. Authors’ main goal is to check whether or not such factors as: previous experience in such sites usage, personal innovativeness in domain of information technology – PIIT, and particularly cognitive trust (in several subdimensions, as well as affective trust toward online product comparison site, influence purchase intention via mentioned sites (acting as intermediaries in online sales channel, and anticipated satisfaction from choice made by consumer. Also indirect influence of users’ opinions about product and sellers on mentioned constructs has been researched. Study on effective sample of 456 young consumers with data collected through CAWI questionnaire confirmed reliability and validity of measurement scales. Path model estimated via PLS-SEM confirmed most hypotheses settled, particularly confirming strong positive relationships between cognitive trust (mostly in competence on affective trust, and later on purchase intention and choice satisfaction. Product and sellers reviews were partially mediating some of those relationships.
The seller's liability for material defects of the goods and the buyer's legal remedies in that case
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jovičić Katarina
2014-01-01
Full Text Available When the seller, in the sales contracts, delivers the goods with material deficiencies than the buyer will be entitled to use certain legal remedies against him. No legal system today questions this right of the buyer, but neither are the same legal remedies available to him everywhere, nor are the conditions under which they can be used the same. Substantial differences on this issue are noted between continental laws and common laws, but even the legal systems belonging to the same group do not have identical rules about them. That, to a significant extent, may be explained by the fact that the development path of the seller's responsibility for material defects in comparative law was not the same and for that reason an overview of that issue is given at the beginning of this paper. This is followed by the author's analysis of the buyer's notification on the defects of the goods as a condition for the seller's liability for material defects, and then the differences between systems of legal remedies of the buyer in continental and common laws are given, as well as solutions in several characteristic national laws within each group of laws. Rules of the Vienna Convention on contracts for the international sale of goods are exposed as a separate issue, keeping in mind their importance which is, above all, reflected in their impact on changes in national legislation in this area of law. In the conclusion it is noted that these changes flow toward the harmonization of the laws of the sale of goods, which facilitates trade and promotes economic prosperity.
Lu Hualiang,
2007-01-01
Keywords:Social capital,guanxinetworks, vegetable supply chains, buyer-seller relationships, channel performance,
Tran, Bach Xuan; DO, Hoa Thi; Nguyen, Luong Thanh; Boggiano, Victoria; LE, Huong Thi; LE, Xuan Thanh Thi; Trinh, Ngoc Bao; DO, Khanh Nam; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Thanh Trung; Dang, Anh Kim; Mai, Hue Thi; Nguyen, Long Hoang; Than, Selena; Latkin, Carl A
2018-04-01
Consumption of fast food and street food is increasingly common among Vietnamese, particularly in large cities. The high daily demand for these convenient food services, together with a poor management system, has raised concerns about food hygiene and safety (FHS). This study aimed to examine the FHS knowledge and practices of food processors and sellers in food facilities in Hanoi, Vietnam, and to identify their associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,760 food processors and sellers in restaurants, fast food stores, food stalls, and street vendors in Hanoi in 2015. We assessed each participant's FHS knowledge using a self-report questionnaire and their FHS practices using a checklist. Tobit regression was used to determine potential factors associated with FHS knowledge and practices, including demographics, training experience, and frequency of health examination. Overall, we observed a lack of FHS knowledge among respondents across three domains, including standard requirements for food facilities (18%), food processing procedures (29%), and food poisoning prevention (11%). Only 25.9 and 38.1% of participants used caps and masks, respectively, and 12.8% of food processors reported direct hand contact with food. After adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics, these factors significantly predicted increased FHS knowledge and practice scores: (i) working at restaurants and food stalls, (ii) having FHS training, (iii) having had a physical examination, and (iv) having taken a stool test within the last year. These findings highlight the need of continuous training to improve FHS knowledge and practices among food processors and food sellers. Moreover, regular monitoring of food facilities, combined with medical examination of their staff, should be performed to ensure food safety.
R. Shafei; F. Shafei
2016-01-01
The aim of the article. The purpose of this research is evaluating of the relationship between the consumer rights and buyers-seller communications. The results of the analysis. The results of research indicated that the most important rights of consumers are: manufacturing regulations (pre-purchasing stage), confidence (in-purchasing stage) and packaging (post-purchasing stage). Also, the research findings showed that the mentioned rights affect the relational marketing. Also to respect t...
A Scent of Lemon—Seller Meets Buyer with a Noisy Quality Observation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jörgen W. Weibull
2011-03-01
Full Text Available We consider a market for lemons in which the seller is a monopolistic price setter and the buyer receives a private noisy signal of the product’s quality. We model this as a game and analyze perfect Bayesian equilibrium prices, trading probabilities and gains of trade. In particular, we vary the buyer’s signal precision, from being completely uninformative, as in standard models of lemons markets, to being perfectly informative. We show that high quality units are sold with positive probability even in the limit of uninformative signals, and we identify some discontinuities in the equilibrium predictions at the boundaries of completely uninformative and completely informative signals, respectively.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Narasimha Murty, B.; Prahlad, B.
2012-01-01
Material supply from a supplier to purchaser involve weighing of the material at both the sites. It is always of interest to know whether there is any difference in the weight of the material and more importantly in the weight of the active ingredient supplied and received. This paper describes the derivation of general expression for variance in difference in the contents of active ingredient in raw material as determined at the seller's and purchaser's site. The derived expression for the variance in difference in the content of active ingredient as determined at seller's and purchaser's site is a generic one though its application is demonstrated for two raw materials
Emissions trading and green power : profitability for buyers and sellers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Haites, E.
1998-01-01
Proposed features of the competitive electricity market in Ontario were reviewed. The speaker predicted that demand for renewable energy in Ontario's competitive electricity market will be affected by green power, emissions trading, labelling, and renewables portfolio standard. Under current regulations retailers can charge customers a premium for purchasing electricity generated by 'green' sources. The existing limits on emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides will remain in place, but an emissions cap and trading program for all Ontario-based generation is an option to consider. Ontario's Market Design Committee (MDC) has recommended the implementation of emissions trading for electricity-related air pollutants for all generators located in Ontario. The complex mechanics of emission trading are explained. The MDC recommendation of the use of standard labels to disclose the mix of energy sources used by sellers of electricity and their associated pollution emissions are also summarized
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Eulina Cavalcante de Almeida
2015-12-01
Full Text Available Resumo Entrevista realizada com a jornalista Eulina Cavalcante de Almeida, editora dos suplementos femininos do jornal News Seller (ABC Paulista na década de 1960. Eulina foi responsável por introduzir questões femininas e científicas para as mulheres leitoras do jornal; tinha na ciência uma das bases para sua escrita e trazia informações científicas, principalmente na área da saúde, para as leitoras. Na década de 1960 houve um aumento no Brasil do letramento científico da população, e a atuação de Eulina ia ao encontro desse movimento. O suplemento feminino do News Seller foi de grande importância para a divulgação científica no ABC Paulista.
Patent Medicine Sellers: How Can They Help Control Childhood Malaria?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rosamund M. Akuse
2010-01-01
Full Text Available Roll Back Malaria Initiative encourages participation of private health providers in malaria control because mothers seek care for sick children from them. This study investigated Patent Medicine Sellers (PMS management of presumptive malaria in children in order to identify how they can assist malaria control. A cross-sectional survey of 491 PMS in Kaduna, Nigeria, was done using interviews and observation of shop activities. Most (80% customers bought drugs without prescriptions. Only 29.5% were given instructions about doses. Between 40–100% doses of recommended antimalarials were incorrect. Some (22% PMS did not ask questions about illness for which they were consulted. Most children treated in shops received injections. PMS facilitate homecare but have deficiencies in knowledge and practice. Interventions must focus on training them to accurately determine doses, give advice about drug administration, use oral medication, and ask about illness. Training should be made a prerequisite for registering and reregistering shops.
The Role of Trust in Financial Customer-seller Relationships Before and After the Financial Crisis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Torben
2014-01-01
provider. Hence, as a direct managerial implication, financial service managers should consider investing additional resources in satisfying their customers in the after crisis era. In addition, it is suggested that managers should seek to rebuild the positive relationship between trust and loyalty......This study examines the role of trust in customer-seller relationships before and after the 2008 financial crisis. On the basis of two surveys comprising 1155 and 757 bank customers, respectively, it is shown that trust is less likely to mediate the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty...
Dunlap, Eloise; Johnson, Bruce D.
2009-01-01
Summary This article examines strategies for gaining the cooperation of drug sellers and their families in order to conduct ethnographic research. The strategies were developed during an eight year study of drug dealers in New York City. A key element in gaining the ability to talk with and observe drug dealers and their family members was the availability of funds to compensate respondents for interviews and other expenses associated with building and maintaining rapport. Access to more successful crack sellers and dealers rested upon the right contacts. The “right contact” is a critical element. Locating a trusted “go-between” was adapted from strategies employed by cocaine sellers to arrange transactions involving large quantities of drugs. Such transactions rely upon a trusted associate of a dealer, the “go-between,” who performs various roles and assumes risks the dealer wishes to avoid. The role of the go-between became important when ethnographers attempted to reach drug dealers for research purposes. Favors and trust are central components in the equation of access to the dealer and his family. Favors are a part of drug dealers' interaction patterns: everyone owes someone else a favor. Such reciprocity norms exist independently of the amount of drugs involved and outlast any particular transaction. Reputations and favors are related. This framework of favors, trust, and reciprocity provides a basis for the ethnographer to gain an introduction to dealers and sellers. The “go-between” is critical because he/she explains the ethnographer's role to the dealer and helps arrange an initial meeting between the ethnographer and the seller. Once the go-between has provided an initial introduction, the ethnographer marshals the communication skills necessary to convince the dealer to allow further contact and conversations. This article examines the ritual of initial conversation within its cultural framework. Developing rapport requires showing
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Chowdhury F
2017-03-01
Full Text Available Fahmida Chowdhury,1 Katharine Sturm-Ramirez,1,2 Abdullah Al Mamun,1 A Danielle Iuliano,2 Mejbah Uddin Bhuiyan,1 Mohammod Jobayer Chisti,1 Makhdum Ahmed,1 Sabbir Haider,3 Mahmudur Rahman,3 Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner2 1Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; 3Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh Background: Pharmacies in Bangladesh serve as an important source of health service. A survey in Dhaka reported that 48% of respondents with symptoms of acute respiratory illness (ARI identified local pharmacies as their first point of care. This study explores the factors driving urban customers to seek health care from pharmacies for ARI, their treatment adherence, and outcome.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 selected pharmacies within Dhaka from June to December 2012. Study participants were patients or patients’ relatives aged >18 years seeking care for ARI from pharmacies without prescription. Structured interviews were conducted with customers after they sought health service from drug sellers and again over phone 5 days postinterview to discuss treatment adherence and outcome.Results: We interviewed 302 customers patronizing 76 pharmacies; 186 (62% sought care for themselves and 116 (38% sought care for a sick relative. Most customers (215; 71% were males. The majority (90% of customers sought care from the study pharmacy as their first point of care, while 18 (6% had previously sought care from another pharmacy and 11 (4% from a physician for their illness episodes. The most frequently reported reasons for seeking care from pharmacies were ease of access to pharmacies (86%, lower cost (46%, availability of medicine (33%, knowing the drug seller (20%, and convenient hours of operation (19%. The most commonly recommended drugs were
Durr, Peter A; Graham, Kerryne; van Klinken, Rieks D
2017-01-01
The possibility that outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) might occur via long-distance wind dispersion (LDWD) of their insect vector ( Culicoides spp.) was proposed by R. F. Sellers in a series of papers published between 1977 and 1991. These investigated the role of LDWD by means of visual examination of the wind direction of synoptic weather charts. Based on the hypothesis that simple wind direction analysis, which does not allow for wind speed, might have led to spurious conclusions, we reanalyzed six of the outbreak scenarios described in Sellers' papers. For this reanalysis, we used a custom-built Big Data application (" TAPPAS ") which couples a user-friendly web-interface with an established atmospheric dispersal model (" HYSPLIT "), thus enabling more sophisticated modeling than was possible when Sellers undertook his analyzes. For the two AHS outbreaks, there was strong support from our reanalysis of the role of LDWD for that in Spain (1966), and to a lesser degree, for the outbreak in Cyprus (1960). However, for the BT outbreaks, the reassessments were more complex, and for one of these (western Turkey, 1977) we could discount LDWD as the means of direct introduction of the virus. By contrast, while the outbreak in Cyprus (1977) showed LDWD was a possible means of introduction, there is an apparent inconsistency in that the outbreaks were localized while the dispersion events covered much of the island. For Portugal (1956), LDWD from Morocco on the dates suggested by Sellers is very unlikely to have been the pathway for introduction, and for the detection of serotype 2 in Florida (1982), LDWD from Cuba would require an assumption of a lengthy survival time of the midges in the air column. Except for western Turkey, the BT reanalyses show the limitation of LDWD modeling when used by itself, and indicates the need to integrate susceptible host population distribution (and other covariate) data into the modeling process. A further
Investigating the buyer-seller relationships in the economic recession: A qualitative approach
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Irene Samanta
2016-05-01
Full Text Available The research paper described the in-depth interviews used in investigating the buyer-seller relationships in the e-commerce world during the economic recession in Greece. The data collected from these interviews were analyzed. The qualitative research findings identified how B2B e-commerce has started to change the future of the participating organizations in Greece. Οn the one hand, a number of benefits have occurred from the development of e-business and on the other hand B2B firms need to adopt an innovation culture and redefine their relationships with their partners from the e-marketing point of view in order to survive in the rapidly changing environment. The results of this research are used to assist the author in the future to examine a larger sample of B2B firms in order to validate the intention of companies to move from the traditional environment and to establish e-relationships in an e-business context.
Chowdhury, Fahmida; Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine; Mamun, Abdullah Al; Iuliano, A Danielle; Bhuiyan, Mejbah Uddin; Chisti, Mohammod Jobayer; Ahmed, Makhdum; Haider, Sabbir; Rahman, Mahmudur; Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo
2017-01-01
Pharmacies in Bangladesh serve as an important source of health service. A survey in Dhaka reported that 48% of respondents with symptoms of acute respiratory illness (ARI) identified local pharmacies as their first point of care. This study explores the factors driving urban customers to seek health care from pharmacies for ARI, their treatment adherence, and outcome. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 selected pharmacies within Dhaka from June to December 2012. Study participants were patients or patients' relatives aged >18 years seeking care for ARI from pharmacies without prescription. Structured interviews were conducted with customers after they sought health service from drug sellers and again over phone 5 days postinterview to discuss treatment adherence and outcome. We interviewed 302 customers patronizing 76 pharmacies; 186 (62%) sought care for themselves and 116 (38%) sought care for a sick relative. Most customers (215; 71%) were males. The majority (90%) of customers sought care from the study pharmacy as their first point of care, while 18 (6%) had previously sought care from another pharmacy and 11 (4%) from a physician for their illness episodes. The most frequently reported reasons for seeking care from pharmacies were ease of access to pharmacies (86%), lower cost (46%), availability of medicine (33%), knowing the drug seller (20%), and convenient hours of operation (19%). The most commonly recommended drugs were acetaminophen dispensed in 76% (228) of visits, antihistamine in 69% (208), and antibiotics in 42% (126). On follow-up, most (86%) of the customers had recovered and 12% had sought further treatment. People with ARI preferred to seek care at pharmacies rather than clinics because these pharmacies were more accessible and provided prompt treatment and medicine with no service charge. We recommend raising awareness among drug sellers on proper dispensing practices and enforcement of laws and regulations for drug sales.
Aggression and Violence in Households of Crack Sellers/Abusers
DUNLAP, ELOISE; JOHNSON, BRUCE D.; RATH, JULIA W.
2009-01-01
While the consequences of aggression and violence in family settings have been extensively documented, the intergenerational processes by which such behaviors are modeled, learned, and practiced have not been firmly established. This research was derived from a larger ethnographic study of crack sellers and their family systems and provides a case study of one kin network in Harlem where many adults were actively involved in alcohol and hard drug use and sales. “Illuminating episodes” suggest the various processes by which aggression and violence were directly modeled by adults and observed and learned by children. Aggression and violent behavior were entrenched in the Jones and Smith family, as was drug consumption and sales. Adults often fought over drugs or money and feuded while under the influence of crack and alcohol. They used aggression and violence against family members as retribution or punishment for previous aggressive and violent acts. Aggressive language and excessive profanity were routine adult behaviors and a major means of communication; jokes and insults led to arguments, often followed by fights. Most adults who were abused physically or sexually as children did the same to their own as when one mother was knifed by her daughter. Children rarely obtained special attention and support and had almost no opportunity to learn nonaggressive patterns. Rather, youths learned to model adult behaviors, such that the intergenerational transmission of aggression and violence was well established in this kin network. PMID:19920879
Aggression and Violence in Households of Crack Sellers/Abusers.
Dunlap, Eloise; Johnson, Bruce D; Rath, Julia W
1996-01-01
While the consequences of aggression and violence in family settings have been extensively documented, the intergenerational processes by which such behaviors are modeled, learned, and practiced have not been firmly established. This research was derived from a larger ethnographic study of crack sellers and their family systems and provides a case study of one kin network in Harlem where many adults were actively involved in alcohol and hard drug use and sales. "Illuminating episodes" suggest the various processes by which aggression and violence were directly modeled by adults and observed and learned by children.Aggression and violent behavior were entrenched in the Jones and Smith family, as was drug consumption and sales. Adults often fought over drugs or money and feuded while under the influence of crack and alcohol. They used aggression and violence against family members as retribution or punishment for previous aggressive and violent acts. Aggressive language and excessive profanity were routine adult behaviors and a major means of communication; jokes and insults led to arguments, often followed by fights. Most adults who were abused physically or sexually as children did the same to their own as when one mother was knifed by her daughter. Children rarely obtained special attention and support and had almost no opportunity to learn nonaggressive patterns. Rather, youths learned to model adult behaviors, such that the intergenerational transmission of aggression and violence was well established in this kin network.
The Experience of Drugs: Utopian Imagination and Virtual Community in The Rose Seller
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Lizardo Herrera
2011-03-01
Full Text Available This article explores the hallucinations and the utopian desire in The Rose Seller (1998, a movie by the Colombian director Víctor Gaviria. On the one hand, the film shows the death of the street children of Medellín-Colombia and that the surrounding world of drugs is extremely violent; thus the audience can watch how these children live in very precarious conditions and how they are forced to face death on a daily basis. On the other hand, drugs lead these children to an imaginary space where they experience their affective world intensely. I suggest that this imaginary space constitute their utopian desire, which helps the children to make their world livable again and to remain alive. The importance of the utopian desire lies in how it makes the imagination of a different kind of collective experience possible and generates solidarity with those who live in dangerous and difficult conditions.
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Xuan Thanh Thi Le
2018-01-01
Full Text Available Since 2013, smoke-free signs in public places, including in restaurants and food stores, have been introduced in Vietnam, aiming to prevent passive smoking. Although extensive research has been carried out on second-hand smoking among clients in public places (e.g., hospitals, restaurants in Vietnam, no single study exists which captures the current practice of smoking among street food outlets. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of smoking and identify factors associated with smoking status and cessation motivation amongst food sellers in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study involving 1733 food providers at outlets was conducted in 29 districts in Hanoi capital, Vietnam, in 2015. The prevalence of smoking amongst food sellers was determined to be 8.5% (25% for men and 0.8% for women. The enforcement of the smoke-free policy remains modest, since only 7.9% observed outlets complied with the law, providing a room designated for smokers. Although approximately 80% of the participants were aware of the indoor smoke-free regulations in public places, such as restaurants and food stores, 40.2% of smokers reported no intention of quitting smoking. A percentage of 37.6% of current smokers reported that despite having intentions to quit, they did not receive any form of support for smoking cessation. Being male and having hazardous drinking habits and a poor quality of life were all factors that were significantly associated with smoking status. Additionally, having awareness of smoking’s adverse effects and being frequently supervised by the authority were associated with a greater motivation to quit. This study highlights the importance of an accompanying education and smoking cessation program in addition to the frequent inspection and reinforcement of smoke-free policy in food stores. This research extends on our knowledge of smoking prevalence and its factors related to smoking events and motivation to quit among street food outlets. Overall
Grace, Delia; Olowoye, Janice; Dipeolu, Morenike; Odebode, Stella; Randolph, Thomas
2012-09-01
We describe a study to assess the bacteriological quality and safety of meat in Bodija market in Ibadan and to investigate the influence of gender and group membership on food safety. Mixed methods were used to gather information on meat safety and related socioeconomic factors. These methods included a participatory urban appraisal, focus group discussions with eight butchers' associations, in depth discussions with six key informants, a questionnaire study of 269 meat sellers and a cross-sectional survey of meat quality (200 samples from ten associations). We found that slaughter, processing and sale of beef meat take place under unhygienic conditions. The activities involve both men and women, with some task differentiation by gender. Meat sold by association members is of unacceptable quality. However, some groups have consistently better quality meat and this is positively correlated with the proportion of women members. Women also have significantly better food safety practice than men, though there was no significant difference in their knowledge of and attitude towards food safety. Most meat sellers (85 %) reported being ill in the last 2 weeks and 47 % reported experiencing gastrointestinal illness. Eating beef, eating chicken, eating offal, consuming one's own products and belonging to a group with poor quality of meat were all strong and significant predictors of self-reported gastrointestinal illness. We include that gender and group membership influence meat quality and self-reported gastrointestinal illness and that butchers' associations are promising entry points for interventions to improve food safety.
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Susan Freeman
2003-01-01
Full Text Available This paper will extend the conflict management stream by examining the complexity of conflict in buyer-seller relationships, comparing Western and Asian markets and their "contextual boundaries". Specifically, a model is developed linking different dimensions of cross-cultural business relationships to different dissolution and communication strategies for managing conflict. Multiple in-depth interviews in a single case study provide support for the theoretical development of a model of five key factors important in the selection of appropriate conflict management styles by the focal firm when managing buyer relationships in psychically distant markets.
Três décadas de genes egoístas: Discutindo algumas premissas do best seller de Richard Dawkins
Vieira, Eduardo Paiva de Pontes; Chaves, Silvia Nogueira
2011-01-01
O presente trabalho resgata algumas idéias do biólogo evolucionista Richard Dawkins, apresentadas pela primeira vez em seu best-seller O Gene Egoísta (The Selfish Gene), de 1976. O caráter polêmico de algumas concepções ultradarwinistas e sociobiológicas da obra é campo fértil para o embate de idéias, revelando um universo rico para discussões em diversas frentes, especialmente aquelas que podem se desenvolver na formação crítica de alguns profissionais vinculados á ciências biológicas, socio...
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YOLANDA ROSA MORALES CASTRO
2010-06-01
Full Text Available The document talks about the information related to the socioeconomical research about the permanent sellers from sector one in Barranquilla’s historical downtown. This research comes from a previous study “Knowledge Dialogue: a strengthtening strategy for the people interested in the recovering of the historical downtown”, applied from the family and human development group in Universidad Simon Bolivar. The study variable includes the demography, family, economy, housing, environmental and legal dimmensions, which allows to analyze and identify the socioeconomical profile of the permanent sellers from sector one in Barranquilla’s distrit. In this text is also introduced relevant topics, interesting so they can help to clearly understand the growing development of the informal economy in Colombia, because they mean a challenge and clamis attention from the leaders in charge on the country’s economic way
Buyer-seller conflict and cooperation in marketing channels: port wine distribution
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Crespo de Carvalho J
2013-04-01
Full Text Available José Crespo de Carvalho, Luís Sequeira Lisbon University Institute, Lisboa, Portugal Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to research buyer-seller conflict and cooperation in distribution channels. Based on a multidimensional case study, eight research hypotheses were formulated. Some quantitative research was conducted, based on a questionnaire sent to 101 port wine producers and distribution companies (61 answered properly – 31 producers and 29 distributors – which gave the authors a 60% rate of response, considered to be very good for these types of studies; those 101 port wine producers and distributors initially chosen were the most important in Europe, considering the volume of production and sales, and constituting, for that reason, a convenience sample. A binary probit model was developed to analyze the data. The results of the study demonstrate that when conflict is ongoing and intense it prevents the development of cooperative relationships. A trustworthy company is more likely to solve conflicts. When trust and adaptation capabilities increase, so does potential cooperation. The results also show that the presence of a foreign sales representative in the team does not exert a negative influence on cooperation. Finally, cooperation can be considered as an important means of developing skills and resources, which can then be applied to existing transaction relationships. Keywords: conflict, cooperation, marketing, distribution, multiple channels, port wine
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Ursula F. Ott
2016-01-01
Full Text Available This paper offers a theoretical model which focuses on cultural bargaining behavior. It is based on an intercultural negotiation framework of activity-based cultural types (Ott, 2011. The complexities of international negotiations are analyzed from a multi-active bargaining perspective which considers negotiation-is-an-art model. The results show the multi-active bargaining types from a seller and a buyer perspective. The differences in international negotiation behavior show the problems of cultural collisions. The possibility to circumvent these clashes is at the core of this article. The analysis proves useful as the different time perceptions, cultural activity levels and the resulting strategic behavior are clearly related to the deadlocks, stalemates, break-ups and agreements experienced in real-life scenarios. The application of the model to UK-Malaysian negotiation experiments is an example of the robustness of the theoretical results. This paper offers solutions to negotiations in an intercultural context and opens the black box of the uncertainty about cultural incompatibilities.
Insurance coverage of customers induces dishonesty of sellers in markets for credence goods.
Kerschbamer, Rudolf; Neururer, Daniel; Sutter, Matthias
2016-07-05
Honesty is a fundamental pillar for cooperation in human societies and thus for their economic welfare. However, humans do not always act in an honest way. Here, we examine how insurance coverage affects the degree of honesty in credence goods markets. Such markets are plagued by strong incentives for fraudulent behavior of sellers, resulting in estimated annual costs of billions of dollars to customers and the society as a whole. Prime examples of credence goods are all kinds of repair services, the provision of medical treatments, the sale of software programs, and the provision of taxi rides in unfamiliar cities. We examine in a natural field experiment how computer repair shops take advantage of customers' insurance for repair costs. In a control treatment, the average repair price is about EUR 70, whereas the repair bill increases by more than 80% when the service provider is informed that an insurance would reimburse the bill. Our design allows decomposing the sources of this economically impressive difference, showing that it is mainly due to the overprovision of parts and overcharging of working time. A survey among repair shops shows that the higher bills are mainly ascribed to insured customers being less likely to be concerned about minimizing costs because a third party (the insurer) pays the bill. Overall, our results strongly suggest that insurance coverage greatly increases the extent of dishonesty in important sectors of the economy with potentially huge costs to customers and whole economies.
Osofsky, Joy D
2018-04-01
Violence and abuse in families occurs frequently with significant impact on children of all ages. However, this type of interpersonal violence is often the least disclosed or discussed. Therefore, the Harold and Sellers paper is important to bring attention to the broad range of both behavioral and neuroscience research in this area and the clinical implications for children and adolescents including risk for later psychopathology. The commentary also expands an understanding of the impact and outcomes for very young children exposed to domestic violence. The authors provide a thorough description of the many prevention and intervention programs and approaches to help children exposed to domestic violence. In conclusion, it is essential to recognize that even at times of adversity for children and families, such as when domestic violence occurs, it is important to recognize strengths and support resilience. © 2018 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
Adjei, Andrew A; Winch, Peter; Laar, Amos; Sullivan, David J; Sakyi, Kwame S; Stephens, Judith K; Adjei, George O; Boateng, Isaac A; Aubyn, Vivian N Ama; Kubio, Chrysantus; Tuakli, Julliette; Vanotoo, Linda; Bortei, Bernard B; Amo-Addae, Maame; Sorvor, Felix; Coleman, Nathaniel; Dalglish, Sarah; Owusu, Richmond; Gebreyesus, Tsega; Essuman, Edward; Greene, Rebecca; Ankomah, Ezekiel; Houston, Kiely; Bart-Plange, Constance; Salamat, Samuel; Addison, Ebenezer A; Quakyi, Isabella A
2016-05-10
The Affordable Medicine Facility-malaria (AMFm) was an innovative global financing mechanism for the provision of quality-assured artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) across both the private and public health sectors in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the effectiveness of AMFm subsidies in increasing access to ACT in Ghana and documented malaria management practices at the household and community levels during the implementation of the AMFm. This study, conducted in four regions in Ghana between January, 2011 to December, 2012, employed cross-sectional mixed-methods design that included qualitative and quantitative elements, specifically household surveys, focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews. The study indicated high ACT availability, adequate provider knowledge and reasonably low quality-assured ACT use in the study areas, all of which are a reflection of a high market share of ACT in these hard-to-reach areas of the country. Adequate recognition of childhood malaria symptoms by licensed chemical seller (LCS) attendants was observed. A preference by caregivers for LCS over health facilities for seeking treatment solutions to childhood malaria was found. Artemisinin-based combination therapy with the AMFm logo was accessible and affordable for most people seeking treatment from health facilities and LCS shops in rural areas. Caregivers and LCS were seen to play key roles in the health of the community especially with children under 5 years of age.
Goodman, Sherryl
2014-01-01
While much has been learned about depression in mothers as a risk for the development of psychopathology in offspring, many questions about how the risk is transmitted remain unanswered. Moreover, maternal depression is too often considered to be a unitary construct, ignoring the likely diversity among mothers with depression, which could play essential roles in understanding not only mechanisms of risk but also moderators of risk, i.e. for whom the association between maternal depression and adverse offspring outcomes may be stronger. Sellers et al. address both mechanisms and moderators, thereby contributing to the understanding of risk to offspring of depressed mothers in these two important ways. There is much to learn from this work, on many levels and for different audiences, including both researchers and practitioners. A key take-home message of this study for all readers is that understanding the role of maternal depression in associations with child psychopathology requires a nuanced view of the nature of risk to children from depression in mothers. The often co-occurring disorders and highly correlated additional aspects of the context in which depression occurs play important roles in the development of psychopathology in the offspring of depressed mothers. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. © 2014 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
Abdhipradhana, Adhiguna
2015-01-01
English law most likely is still and will continue to be prominent in the world of shipping. That is why an English court decision, especially one that is related to shipping, may be of significant importance to the world of the shipping industry and possibly having a great impact on the industry. Many times ships encounter multiple transfer of ownership between many parties. The most common ways for people to acquire a ship is by shipbuilding contracts (with shipyard as the seller and custom...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
nd game the Kruger s. Books. Advances in Pediatric Pulmonology. Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Vol. 7. Edited by E ... treating patients with chronic lung diseases will benefit from the chapters ... Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Pp. xi + 116. ... Medicine and the Internet Introducing Online Resources and.
African Journals Online (AJOL)
the nervous system. Most authors are from the UK. The book is the third in a series produced by the Journal of. Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry and meets up to the ... approaches to disorders of balance, peripheral neuropathy, muscle disease ... The first tape deals with cytogenetics, DNA structure: cell division and ...
Rosapep, Lauren; Sanders, Emily; Banke, Kathryn
2017-05-01
In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly revised the recommended treatment for acute paediatric diarrhoea to specify supplementing reduced osmolarity oral rehydration salts (ORS) with zinc. In many countries, however, a significant knowledge-practice gap persists in appropriate diarrhoea management among private healthcare providers. For example, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector (SHOPS) project recently demonstrated that over-the-counter medicine sellers (MS) in Ghana recommended inappropriate diarrhoea treatments, despite their demonstrated knowledge of appropriate treatment protocols. To explore and explain these results, we conducted 26 focus groups with MS and their customers using an indirect elicitation approach, presenting simulated drug shop transaction scenarios for each group to analyze and discuss. Through inductive and deductive data analysis, we found that the pattern of customer-MS interactions within the transactional context plays a critical role in shaping dispensing outcomes, not only in diarrhoea management but in other contexts as well. MS who engaged and negotiated with their customers were better able to introduce and promote the appropriate diarrhoea treatment protocol. Several factors hinder optimal interactions. Although MS in fact serve as frontline medical providers, they lack the perceived status of a clinician. Moreover, the need to maintain their customer base creates a power imbalance that favours accommodating customer requests and discourages educational interaction. Finally, many MS lack a complete understanding of the recommended treatment, limiting their ability to educate and negotiate. These findings have important implications for efforts to position community-level private providers to improve outcomes across a number of health areas; the study recommends three broad approaches
Distributed Online Learning in Social Recommender Systems
Tekin, Cem; Zhang, Simpson; van der Schaar, Mihaela
2014-08-01
In this paper, we consider decentralized sequential decision making in distributed online recommender systems, where items are recommended to users based on their search query as well as their specific background including history of bought items, gender and age, all of which comprise the context information of the user. In contrast to centralized recommender systems, in which there is a single centralized seller who has access to the complete inventory of items as well as the complete record of sales and user information, in decentralized recommender systems each seller/learner only has access to the inventory of items and user information for its own products and not the products and user information of other sellers, but can get commission if it sells an item of another seller. Therefore the sellers must distributedly find out for an incoming user which items to recommend (from the set of own items or items of another seller), in order to maximize the revenue from own sales and commissions. We formulate this problem as a cooperative contextual bandit problem, analytically bound the performance of the sellers compared to the best recommendation strategy given the complete realization of user arrivals and the inventory of items, as well as the context-dependent purchase probabilities of each item, and verify our results via numerical examples on a distributed data set adapted based on Amazon data. We evaluate the dependence of the performance of a seller on the inventory of items the seller has, the number of connections it has with the other sellers, and the commissions which the seller gets by selling items of other sellers to its users.
Vertical Relationships within Platform Marketplaces
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Mark J. Tremblay
2016-07-01
Full Text Available In two-sided markets a platform allows consumers and sellers to interact by creating sub-markets within the platform marketplace. For example, Amazon has sub-markets for all of the different product categories available on its site, and smartphones have sub-markets for different types of applications (gaming apps, weather apps, map apps, ridesharing apps, etc.. The network benefits between consumers and sellers depend on the mode of competition within the sub-markets: more competition between sellers lowers product prices, increases the surplus consumers receive from a sub-market, and makes platform membership more desirable for consumers. However, more competition also lowers profits for a seller which makes platform membership less desirable for a seller and reduces seller entry and the number of sub-markets available on the platform marketplace. This dynamic between seller competition within a sub-market and agents’ network benefits leads to platform pricing strategies, participation decisions by consumers and sellers, and welfare results that depend on the mode of competition. Thus, the sub-market structure is important when investigating platform marketplaces.
Paying for Express Checkout: Competition and Price Discrimination in Multi-Server Queuing Systems
Deck, Cary; Kimbrough, Erik O.; Mongrain, Steeve
2014-01-01
We model competition between two firms selling identical goods to customers who arrive in the market stochastically. Shoppers choose where to purchase based upon both price and the time cost associated with waiting for service. One seller provides two separate queues, each with its own server, while the other seller has a single queue and server. We explore the market impact of the multi-server seller engaging in waiting cost-based-price discrimination by charging a premium for express checkout. Specifically, we analyze this situation computationally and through the use of controlled laboratory experiments. We find that this form of price discrimination is harmful to sellers and beneficial to consumers. When the two-queue seller offers express checkout for impatient customers, the single queue seller focuses on the patient shoppers thereby driving down prices and profits while increasing consumer surplus. PMID:24667809
Paying for express checkout: competition and price discrimination in multi-server queuing systems.
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Cary Deck
Full Text Available We model competition between two firms selling identical goods to customers who arrive in the market stochastically. Shoppers choose where to purchase based upon both price and the time cost associated with waiting for service. One seller provides two separate queues, each with its own server, while the other seller has a single queue and server. We explore the market impact of the multi-server seller engaging in waiting cost-based-price discrimination by charging a premium for express checkout. Specifically, we analyze this situation computationally and through the use of controlled laboratory experiments. We find that this form of price discrimination is harmful to sellers and beneficial to consumers. When the two-queue seller offers express checkout for impatient customers, the single queue seller focuses on the patient shoppers thereby driving down prices and profits while increasing consumer surplus.
Hertweck, Bryan M.
2005-01-01
Electronic commerce markets are becoming increasingly popular forums for commerce. As those markets mature, buyers and sellers will both vigorously seek techniques to improve their performance. The Internet lends itself to the use of agents to work on behalf of buyers and sellers. Through simulation, this research examines different implementations of buyers' agents (shopbots) and sellers' agents (pricebots) so that buyers, sellers, and agent builders can capitalize on the evolution of e-c...
Trade Mechanism Selection in Markets with Frictions
Gabriele Camera; Alain Delacroix
2004-01-01
We endogenize the trade mechanism in a search economy with many homogenous sellers and many heterogeneous buyers of unobservable type. We study how heterogeneity and the traders' continuation values -- which are endogenous -- influence the sellers' choice of trade mechanism. Sellers trade off the probability of an immediate sale against the surplus expected from it, choosing whether to trade with everyone and how quickly. In equilibrium sellers may simply target one buyer type via non-negotia...
2010-01-01
.... Business experience of the business opportunity seller's directors and executive officers. 3. Business experience of the business opportunity seller. 4. Litigation history. 5. Bankruptcy history. 6. Description.... Obligations to purchase. 11. Revenues received by the business opportunity seller in consideration of...
Market research and complementary advertising under asymmetric information
Tsuchihashi, Toshihiro
2008-01-01
We consider whether market research can always increase a seller's sales under bilateral asymmetric information. If a monopoly seller provides a high quality object, market research cannot increase sales even when the cost is sufficiently low. A low quality seller, on the other hand, can likely benefit from market research. However, this research has shown that market research alone does not improve sales and that advertising complements market research. Thus the high quality seller can incre...
van de Ven, Katinka; Koenraadt, Rosa
2017-12-01
Online drug markets are expanding the boundaries of drug supply including the sale and purchase of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs). However, the role of the internet in IPED markets, and in particular the ways in which these substances are supplied via the surface web, has rarely been considered. This article examines the online IPED market in order to inform drug policy and to provide a nuanced understanding of retailers involved, particularly exploring the relationship between buyers and sellers. This paper is based on two extensive research projects conducted in the Netherlands and Belgium. The first project focuses on muscle drugs and is based on 64 IPED dealing cases, semi-structured interviews with authorities (N=32), and dealers (N=15), along with an analysis of 10 steroid-selling websites. The second research project primarily focuses on weight loss drugs and sexual enhancers in the Netherlands, and relies on interviews with authorities (N=38), suppliers (N=30), and consumers (N=10), analysis of 69 criminal case files, and an online analysis. In the literature, the illicit online sale of IPEDs is generally associated with illegal online pharmacies that try to mislead buyers. While confirmed in our research, we also illustrate that there are online suppliers who invest in customer relationships and services, and that users are aware of the illegal nature of their business. These e-vendors incorporate a 'social supply business model' by providing the best possible service to their customers and attempting to minimise risks in order to attract, satisfy and maintain customers. As it is likely that users will continue to make use of the internet to order IPEDs, regardless of closing down selling websites, it is first of all important to counteract these online sources by educating all types of consumers and providing harm reduction services. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Pacific Basin LNG trade: a return to fundamentals
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Baharuddin, H.
1991-01-01
The LNG business in the Pacific Region is unique because there is no other source of energy in which seller and buyer sign contracts for 20-year periods. This long-term relationship is based on mutual buyer/seller cooperation, and mutual buyer/seller recognition of the financial and commercial challenges faced by all links in the LNG Supply Chain. However, there are now concerns that those involved in the LNG business were ignoring the fundamentals of the trade. The buyer expected the seller to absorb higher transportation costs, easing take or pay terms, more flexibility, evergreen options on uncommitted capacity, etc. On the other side, sellers expected larger baseload quantities, equitable sharing of LNG chain risks with consumers. (author)
Market Mechanism Choice and Real Estate Disposition: Negotiated Sale Versus Action
Gau, George W.; Quan, Daniel C.
1992-01-01
In this paper, we propose a model of mechanism choice in the disposition of real estate assets. Specifically, we consider two alernatives: a search or negotiated sale and auction. Within the search framework, we derive an equilibrium whereby buyers incur costly search and sellers must incur holding cost for the period the property is not sold. In the auction alternative, the seller joins an existing pool of other sellers in undertaking a sequntial multiple-object auction. Buyers and sellers f...
Intuitive versus analytical decision making modulates trust in e-commerce
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Paola Iannello
2014-11-01
Full Text Available The hypothesis that intuition and analytical processes affect differently trust in e-commerce was tested. Participants were offered products by a series of sellers via Internet. In the intuitive condition pictures of the sellers were followed by neutral descriptions and participants had less time to decide whether to trust the seller. In the analytical condition participants were given an informative description of the seller and had a longer time to decide. Interactions among condition, price and trust emerged in behavioral and psychophysiological responses. EMG signals increased during analytical processing, suggesting a cognitive effort, whereas higher cardiovascular measures mirrored the emotional involvement when faced to untrustworthy sellers. The study supported the fruitful application of the intuitive vs. analytical approach to e-commerce and of the combination of different sources of information about the buyers while they have to choose to trust the seller in a financial transaction over the Internet.
Influence of individual rationality on continuous double auction markets with networked traders
Zhang, Junhuan
2018-04-01
This paper investigates the influence of individual rationality of buyers and sellers on continuous double auction market outcomes in terms of the proportion of boundedly-rational buyers and sellers. The individual rationality is discussed in a social network artificial stock market model by embedding network formation and information set. Traders automatically select the most profitable trading strategy based on individual and social learning of the profits and trading strategies of themselves and their neighbors, and submit orders to markets. The results show that (i) a higher proportion of boundedly-rational sellers induces a higher market price, higher sellers' profits and a higher market efficiency; (ii) a higher proportion of boundedly-rational sellers induces a lower number of trades and lower buyers' profits; (iii) a higher proportion of boundedly-rational buyers induces a lower market price, a lower number of trades, and lower sellers' profits; (iv) a higher proportion of boundedly-rational buyers induces higher buyers' profits and a higher market efficiency.
João Leão
2008-01-01
This paper examines the use of exclusive dealing agreements to prevent the entry of rival firms. An exclusive dealing agreement is a contract between a buyer and a seller where the buyer commits to buy a good exclusively from the seller. One main concern of the literature is to explain how an incumbent seller is able to persuade the buyers to sign an exclusive dealing agreement that deters the entry of a more efficient rival seller. We propose a new explanation when the buyers are downstream ...
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGGUNAAN BORAKS PADA BAKSO DI KECAMATAN PONDOK GEDE-BEKASI
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bagya Mujianto
2012-09-01
Full Text Available Based on Health Ministry of Republic of Indonesia regulation No722/Menkes/ IX/1988, Borat Acid and its compound is one of food additives that prohibited in food product, because borat acid and its compound is carcinogenic. Although ii is hazardous to human health, its usage as food additive is still remain high, by the community, as preservative, also to enhance texture of meatball and kerupuk to be more elastic and enjoyable to consumer. The objective of this study was to find out the factors related to borax usage behaviour on meatball by seller. This study conducted in Sub District of Pondok Gede, Bekasi in 2003. Population in this cross sectional study was all meatball sellers in housing area in the study area. Inclusion criteria were sellers who make their own beef meatballs. Observed variables were borax usage behaviour, age, education level, knowledge of food additives, attitude to borax usage, selling experience, capital, health education, and monitoring. Respondents observed were 100 sellers. Results of this study showed that proportion of borax usage in stalls sellers was 38% (CI 90%:28.49-45.97. The most dominant factor related to behaviour of borax usage in this study was health education given to all sellers. In stall sellers OR value was 2.433 (CI:90% 1,108-5.342 which mean sellers who never received health education tend to use borax 2,43 times as compared to those who has received education.
Price Formation by Bargaining and Posted Prices
Kultti, K.K.
1997-01-01
We study markets with two types of agents. Sellers have an indivisible good for sale, and their reservation value is zero. Buyers are randomly matched with sellers, and they value the good at unity. Sellers may be matched with any positive number of buyers, and they may choose to determine the price
Intransparent Markets and Intra-Industry Trade
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schmidt, Christian Gormsen
Buyers are typically unaware of the full set of offers when making a purchase. This paper examines how international trade interacts with this problem of market intransparency. Sellers must communicate their offers through costly advertising, but cannot reach all buyers. Consequently, no market...... clearing price exists, and sellers randomize over an equilibrium price distribution. Letting sellers advertise their offers abroad leads to international trade, which would not take place under complete information. Buyers then receive more offers, leading to lower prices and welfare gains. Sellers...... in the model are identical, but appear heterogeneous due to their price randomization. In larger and more open economies, prices and markups will be lower, and exports are primarily realized by sellers who charge low prices. These predictions are similar to those of trade models where firm heterogeneity...
Bloemhof, Barbara Lynn
2005-11-01
The Ontario residential natural gas market underwent a significant institutional change in 1986, after the federal government decontrolled natural gas prices. Currently, consumers may sign up for fixed-cost natural gas from a broker, or they may continue to be served by the regulated distribution company. This thesis examines the economic effects on consumers of the institutional change, and particularly whether or not market power was enhanced by the change. In the thesis, I first present the industrial organization of the residential natural gas sector, and explain the institutional evolution using an institutional economic approach. I then construct a model of the market environment, with sellers acting as middlemen in a well-defined Bertrand oligopoly setting with no production constraints and single-unit consumer demands. In this model, the only Nash equilibrium in the one-period game is the joint profit maximizing price, and its likelihood of obtaining depends on the nature of the cost of signing up new customers. I then take a version of this model into the laboratory with human subject sellers and simulated buyers and run six replications each of a balanced treatment design under a unique information mechanism that parallels individual customer canvassing used by sellers in the naturally-occurring market. Treatment variables are: number of sellers, number of simulated at-cost sellers present, and presence of input cost uncertainty for sellers. I find that adding any seller to the market has about the same impact on market price, irrespective of whether it is a human subject or a simulated at-cost seller. Although increasing the number of sellers does decrease the market price somewhat, it does not bring about the competitive outcome predicted by the benchmark microeconomic model. This research contributes to the literature on policy making and energy market design, as well as to experimental methodology aimed at policy evaluation.
76 FR 1418 - Combined Notice of Filings #1
2011-01-10
... Northeast MBR Sellers submit their Triennial Market Power Analysis. Filed Date: 12/30/2010. Accession Number... MBR Tariff--Seller Category Changes to be effective 3/4/2011. Filed Date: 01/03/2011. Accession Number... 35.13(a)(2)(iii: CalPeak El Cajon--Amendment to MBR Tariff--Seller Category Changes to be effective 3...
How many cents on the dollar? Women and men in product markets.
Kricheli-Katz, Tamar; Regev, Tali
2016-02-01
Gender inequality in contemporary U.S. society is a well-documented, widespread phenomenon. However, little is known about gender disparities in product markets. This study is the first to use actual market data to study the behavior of women and men as sellers and buyers and differences in market outcomes. We analyze a unique and large data set containing all eBay auction transactions of most popular products by private sellers between the years 2009 and 2012. Women sellers received a smaller number of bids and lower final prices than did equally qualified men sellers of the exact same product. On average, women sellers received about 80 cents for every dollar a man received when selling the identical new product and 97 cents when selling the same used product. These findings held even after controlling for the sentiments that appear in the text of the sellers' listings. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that this gap varied by the type of the product being sold. As a policy, eBay does not reveal the gender of users. We attribute the price differences to the ability of buyers to discern the gender of the seller. We present results from an experiment that shows that people accurately identify the gender of sellers on the basis of typical information provided in postings. We supplement the analysis with an additional off-eBay experiment showing that, in a controlled setting, people are willing to pay less for money-value gift cards when they are sold by women rather than men.
Quality of sunglasses available in the Iranian market; a study with emphasis on sellers′ license
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nooshin Bazzazi
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Context: Sunglasses should follow minimum requirements to sufficiently protect eyes. It is not known whether all items obtainable from the market are appropriately designed. Aims: To compare ultraviolet (UV-protective properties of commercially available sunglasses obtained from authorized and unauthorized Iranian sellers. Settings and Study Design: An analytic-descriptive study performed in a metropolitan area (Tehran. Materials and Methods: Using a UV-visible standard spectrophotometer, the percentage transmittance was scanned between 280 and 400 nm in 348 pairs of nonprescription sunglasses (price range: 20-80 US$ obtained anonymously and randomly from authorized (permitted by the Ministry of Health, 189 pairs and unauthorized (159 pairs sellers in the Iranian capital city, Tehran. The Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS and the American National Standards Institute [ANSI] standards were followed. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test, independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. Results UV-protective properties of the sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers complied with AS/NZS and ANSI guidelines in 92.6% and 95.2% of items, respectively. The corresponding rates for sunglasses obtained from unauthorized sellers were 0% and 8.2%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both. The rate of defective polarizing capability of lenses was 27.4% in sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers versus 90.4% in sunglasses obtained from unauthorized sellers (P < 0.001. Neither brand nor price played significant contributions to UV protection/lens polarizing capability of sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers. Conclusions: Sunglasses provided by unauthorized sellers are alarmingly unreliable and could be potentially hazardous for the eye. Brand and price do not guarantee optimal protection against UV radiation or polarizing performance of the lens.
Pricing of Claims in Discrete Time with Partial Information
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rognlien Dahl, Kristina, E-mail: kristrd@math.uio.no [University of Oslo, Department of Mathematics (Norway)
2013-10-15
We consider the pricing problem of a seller with delayed price information. By using Lagrange duality, a dual problem is derived, and it is proved that there is no duality gap. This gives a characterization of the seller's price of a contingent claim. Finally, we analyze the dual problem, and compare the prices offered by two sellers with delayed and full information respectively.
Ullah, Hanif; Zada, Wahid; Khan, Muhammad Sona; Iqbal, Muhammad; Chohan, Osaam; Raza, Naeem; Khawaja, Naeem Raza; Abid, Syed Mobasher Ali; Murtazai, Ghulam
2016-01-01
The main objective of this study was to assess the practice at retail pharmacies in Pakistan and to compare the same in rural and urban areas. The maintenance of pharmacy and drug inspectors' visit was also assessed. This cross sectional study was conducted in Abbottabad, Pakistan during October-November, 2012. A sample of 215 drug sellers or drug stores was selected by employing convenient sampling method. With a response rate of 91.6%, 197 drug sellers participated in this study. All the drug sellers were male. Overall, 35% (n = 197) of the drug sellers did not have any professional qualification. A majority of the drug sellers were involved in various malpractices like selling of medicines without prescription (80.7%), prescribing practice (60.9%), prescription intervention (62.4%) and selling of controlled substances (66%) without a license for selling it. These malpractices were significantly higher in rural area than that in urban area.
Structuring spot, short and long term gas contracts; CD-ROM ed.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gretener, N.M.
1996-05-01
A review of the core clauses of the modern natural gas purchase and sales contracts, was presented. There exists a wide variety of terms which can be used by a seller and a buyer to customize such a contract to suit particular circumstances. On the basis of length of term, gas contracts may classified as spot contracts having a term of 30 days or less, short term contracts having a term of 30 days to one to two years, and long term contracts having terms greater than two years. The three key elements which are applicable to all gas sales contracts are the contract price, the seller`s obligation to deliver, and the buyer`s obligation to accept. Other provisions that may be included in any gas sales contract in addition to the basic three were reviewed, including market pricing, load factor incentive pricing, seasonal pricing, pipeline demand charges, market shares, and the seller`s right to decontract.
Brokers and brokerage in the process of trading in commodity futures markets
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Eremić Milan B.
2003-01-01
Full Text Available This paper mainly deals with the analysis of a very complex process of brokerage in commodity futures markets. Unlike a classical commodity market in which brokers are not a necessity, sales and purchases in commodity futures markets cannot be carried out without brokers. Brokers who act as agents of buyers and sellers of futures are a necessary condition for trading in organized markets, such as commodity futures markets. The structure of brokers in futures trading is multilayer and involves participants in futures trading from floor brokers, immediate futures traders and the members of clearing and the clearing house itself, on the one hand, to numerous other necessary actors whose activities out of the stock exchange and the clearing house contribute to the efficient functioning of futures market. The fact that transactions between buyers and sellers in futures markets are not carried out directly but through brokers means that the obligations of buyers and sellers are formally conveyed to brokers, providing at the same time the guarantee by the broker that the actual buyer and the actual seller will fulfill their contractual obligations. At the very beginning of futures trading, the relationship between the seller and the buyer is transformed into a relationship between two brokers. Since that moment on, the original relationship is conveyed to higher levels of brokerage reaching the level of the clearing house. In the process of transformation of the buyer-seller relationship and transmitting obligations and guaranteeing their fulfillment, the clearing house itself becomes the buyer relative to all sellers and the seller relative to all buyers. In this way, it guarantees that obligations regarding all transactions in futures market will be fulfilled. The whole process is carried out in accordance with the prescribed procedures conducted on the floor of commodity exchange, in its administrative departments and in the clearing house itself.
African Journals Online (AJOL)
support systems, philosophy, politics, placebos, research, spirituality, surrogacy and almost 1 000 other concepts and terms. Included among the many contributors are doctors, lawyers, philosophers, theologians, economists, and anthropologists.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kiliccot, Sila [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
2011-10-25
State of the large customers for demand response integration of solar and wind into electric grid; openADR; CAISO; DR as a pseudo generation; commercial and industrial DR strategies; California regulations
PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIQH ISLAM, HUKUM POSITIF DAN HUKUM SYARIAH
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
tri setiady
2015-11-01
Full Text Available Murabaha financing. Murabaha is an agreement of sale and purchase between the two parties, in which the buyer and seller agree on the sale price; which consists of purchase price plus purchase costs and profits for sellers. Another understanding of Murabaha is an agreement of sale and purchase by declaring the acquisition cost and the benefits agreed upon by the seller and buyer. Murabaha can be made in cash, or also pay in installments. Another understanding of Murabaha is a sale and purchase transactions, which is the bank received a number of advantages. In this case, the bank become a seller and customers into buyers. Keywords: Murabaha Financing, Positive Law and Sharia Law
Electronic Tickets, Smart Cards, and Online Prepayments: When and How to Advance Sell
Jinhong Xie; Steven M. Shugan
2001-01-01
Advance selling occurs when sellers allow buyers to purchase at a time preceding consumption (Shugan and Xie 2000). Electronic tickets, smart cards, online prepayments, and other technological advances make advance selling possible for many, if not all, service providers. These technologies lower the cost of making complex transactions at a greater distance from the seller's site. They also give sellers more control over advance selling by decreasing arbitrage. As technology enhances the capa...
Diesel generator trailer acceptance test procedure
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kostelnik, A.J.
1994-01-01
This Acceptance Test Procedure (ATP) will document compliance with the requirements of WHC-S-0252 Rev. 1 and ECNs 609271, and 609272. The equipment being tested is a 150KW Diesel Generator mounted on a trailer with switchgear. The unit was purchased as a Design and Fabrication procurement activity. The ATP was written by the Seller and will be performed by the Seller with representatives of the Westinghouse Hanford Company witnessing the test at the Seller's location
Breathing air trailer acceptance test report
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kostelnik, A.J.
1996-01-01
This Acceptance Test Report documents compliance with the requirements of specification WHC-S-0251, Rev.0 and ECNs 613530 and 606113. The equipment was tested according to WHC-SD-WM-ATP-104. The equipment tested is a Breathing Air Supply Trailer purchased as a design and fabrication procurement activity. The ATP was written by the Seller and was performed by the Seller with representatives of the Westinghouse Hanford Company witnessing portions of the test at the Seller's location
Trade Credit and Informational Asymmetry.
Smith, Janet Kiholm
1987-01-01
Commonly used trade credit terms implicitly define a high interest rate that operates as an efficient screening device where information about buyer default risk is asymmetrically held. By offering trade credit, a seller can identify prospective defaults more quickl y than if financial institutions were the sole providers of short-ter m financing. The information is valuable in cases where a seller has made nonsalvageable investments in buyers since it enables the seller to take actions to pr...
Zhang, Haibin; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Xiuzhen; Lim, Ee-Peng
2013-01-01
In e-commerce environments, the trustworthiness of a seller is utterly important to potential buyers, especially when the seller is unknown to them. Most existing trust evaluation models compute a single value to reflect the general trust level of a seller without taking any transaction context information into account. In this paper, we first present a trust vector consisting of three values for Contextual Transaction Trust (CTT). In the computation of three CTT values, the identified three ...
21 CFR 1314.30 - Recordkeeping for retail transactions.
2010-04-01
... maintained in a bound record book. (b) The regulated seller must not sell a scheduled listed chemical product... the regulated seller has notified the Administration of the intention to do so. Written notification...
27 CFR 70.231 - Protection for certain interests even though notice filed.
2010-04-01
... seller or seller's agent. (2) Cross reference. For provisions relating to additional circumstances in... sale of goods the owner of which is not in the business of selling such goods. (d) Personal property...
Acceptance test procedure for a portable, self-contained nitrogen supply
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kostelnik, A.J.
1994-01-01
This Acceptance Test Procedure (ATP) will document compliance with the requirements of WHC-S-0249 Rev. 1 and ECN 606112. The equipment being tested is a Portable, Self-Contained Nitrogen Supply. The unit was purchased as a Design and Fabrication procurement activity. The Functional Test was written by the Seller and is contained in Appendix A. The Functional test will be performed by the Seller with representatives of the Westinghouse Hanford Company performing inspection and witnessing the functional test at the Seller's location
24 CFR 203.37a - Sale of property.
2010-04-01
... recorded deed from the seller, or other documentation (such as a copy of a property tax bill, title... that were acquired by the sellers by inheritance; (5) Sales of properties purchased by an employer or...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anak Agung Ketut Ayuningsasi
2012-11-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study is to analyze the income of the sellers on SudhaMerta market at Desa Sidakarya. The data used are primary data, consisted of thesellers income before and after the market revitalization programm. The result ofthis research shows that the sellers income before and after the marketrevitalization programm are significanly different. In order to improve the incomeof the sellers, it is suggested to fix not only the environment of the traditionalmarket, but also the goods’ distribution, market management, and marketingtechnique.
Who sells what? Country specific differences in substance availability on the Agora cryptomarket.
Van Buskirk, Joe; Naicker, Sundresan; Roxburgh, Amanda; Bruno, Raimondo; Burns, Lucinda
2016-09-01
To date monitoring of cryptomarkets operating on the dark net has largely focused on market size and substance availability. Less is known of country specific differences in these indicators and how they may corroborate population prevalence estimates for substance use in different countries. All substance listings from the cryptomarket Agora were recorded over seven time points throughout February and March 2015. Agora was chosen due to its size as the second largest cryptomarket operating and the level of detail of information provided in individual substance listings. Data were collated and the number of unique sellers selling each substance by country of origin was analysed. An average of 14,456.7 substance listings were identified across sampled days from 868.7 unique sellers. The top five countries by number of listings were the USA, United Kingdom, Australia, China and the Netherlands, collectively accounting for 61.8% of all identified listings and 68% of all unique sellers. Australia was over represented in terms of sellers per capita, while China was over represented in new psychoactive substance (NPS) listings. When examined by number of listings per seller, the Netherlands and China stood out as particularly large, likely due to these countries' role in the local production of various illicit and new psychoactive substances. Numbers of sellers by country of origin appear to be influenced by several factors. Australia's overrepresentation in sellers per capita may indicate its relative geographical isolation and the potential for profit margins from selling online, while China's overrepresentation in NPS listings may reflect domestic production of these substances. Continued monitoring will provide enhanced understanding of the increasingly complex and globalised nature of illicit drug markets. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mackey, Tim K
2012-01-01
Background Unprecedented drug shortages announced by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have severely affected therapeutic access, patient safety, and public health. With continued shortages, patients may seek drugs online. Objective To assess the prevalence of online marketing for current FDA shortage drugs and potential patient safety risks. Methods We performed a descriptive study of the prevalence of online marketing for shortage drugs—that is, offers for sale of each drug, including characteristics of online drug sellers and intermediary sites marketing these drugs. Results Of the 72 FDA shortage-listed drugs, 68 (94%) were offered for sale online. We found 291 offers for these drugs, the vast majority (n = 207, 71.1%) by online drug sellers selling direct to consumers. Intermediary sites included data aggregators (n = 22, 8%), forum links (n = 23, 8%), and personal page data links (n = 34, 12%), as well as Flickr social media links (n = 5, 2%), all advertising drugs without a prescription. Of the 91 online drug sellers identified, 31 (34%) had more than 1 shortage drug offered for sale, representing most (n = 148, 71%) of all online drug seller sales offers. The majority of these online drug sellers (n = 21, 68%) were on the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) Not Recommended Sites list. Finally, for shortage drugs with an online drug seller (n = 58, 85%), 53 (91%) had at least one site on the Not Recommended list and 21 (36%) had only sites on the Not Recommended list. Conclusions FDA shortage drugs are widely marketed over the Internet. Suspect online drug sellers and intermediaries dominate these sales offers. As a critical risk management issue, patients, providers, and policymakers should be extremely cautious in procuring shortage drugs through Internet sourcing. PMID:22321731
Trust and Distrust in E-Commerce
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Suk-Joo Lee
2018-03-01
Full Text Available Trust is the key ingredient for sustainable transactions. In the concept of trust, the trustor trusts the trustees. In e-commerce, the trustor is the buyer and the trustees are the intermediaries and the seller. Intermediaries provide the web-based infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to make transactions. Trust is the buyer’s judgment and comprises two distinct concepts; both trust and distrust reside in the trustor. The purpose of this study was to examine the complicated effects of trust and distrust on a buyer’s purchase intentions. Previous studies have provided theoretical frameworks illustrating co-existent trust and distrust, trust transfers from one to another, and trust in buyer-intermediary-seller relationships. Based on these frameworks, this study (i presented a holistic model that contained the judgment of buyers resulting in trust or distrust in the intermediary and the seller; (ii investigated trust and distrust transfer from the intermediary to the seller, and (iii explored the effects of various antecedents that affect trust and distrust. To validate the proposed model, we employed Partial Least Squares (PLS. A summary of key findings are as follows. First, buyer’s trust in an intermediary positively affected his or her trust in the seller, positively influencing purchase intention. In other words, we found the trust transfer from an intermediary to its seller. Second, distrust in an intermediary directly impacted on the buyer’s perceived risk, negatively influencing his or her purchase intentions. Third, structural assurance and perceived website quality of an intermediary gave a positive impact on buyer’s trust in the intermediary. The results of this study shed light on the necessity of managing both trust and distrust to facilitate sales in e-commerce.
Liang, Bryan A; Mackey, Tim K
2012-02-09
Unprecedented drug shortages announced by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have severely affected therapeutic access, patient safety, and public health. With continued shortages, patients may seek drugs online. To assess the prevalence of online marketing for current FDA shortage drugs and potential patient safety risks. We performed a descriptive study of the prevalence of online marketing for shortage drugs-that is, offers for sale of each drug, including characteristics of online drug sellers and intermediary sites marketing these drugs. Of the 72 FDA shortage-listed drugs, 68 (94%) were offered for sale online. We found 291 offers for these drugs, the vast majority (n = 207, 71.1%) by online drug sellers selling direct to consumers. Intermediary sites included data aggregators (n = 22, 8%), forum links (n = 23, 8%), and personal page data links (n = 34, 12%), as well as Flickr social media links (n = 5, 2%), all advertising drugs without a prescription. Of the 91 online drug sellers identified, 31 (34%) had more than 1 shortage drug offered for sale, representing most (n = 148, 71%) of all online drug seller sales offers. The majority of these online drug sellers (n = 21, 68%) were on the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) Not Recommended Sites list. Finally, for shortage drugs with an online drug seller (n = 58, 85%), 53 (91%) had at least one site on the Not Recommended list and 21 (36%) had only sites on the Not Recommended list. FDA shortage drugs are widely marketed over the Internet. Suspect online drug sellers and intermediaries dominate these sales offers. As a critical risk management issue, patients, providers, and policymakers should be extremely cautious in procuring shortage drugs through Internet sourcing.
Forensic analysis of online marketing for electronic nicotine delivery systems.
Cobb, Nathan K; Brookover, Jody; Cobb, Caroline O
2015-03-01
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are growing in awareness and use in the USA. They are currently unregulated as the Food and Drug Administration has yet to assert jurisdiction under its tobacco authority over these products, and a US Court of Appeals held they cannot be regulated as drugs/delivery devices if they are not marketed for a therapeutic purpose. Observation of the current online marketplace suggests ENDS, like some nutraceutical products, are being promoted using affiliate marketing techniques using claims concerning purported health benefits. This study performed a forensic analysis to characterise the relationships between online ENDS affiliate advertisements and ENDS sellers, and evaluated descriptive content on advertisements and websites to inform future policy and regulatory efforts. A purposive sampling strategy was used to identify three forms of ENDS advertising. Web proxy software recorded identifiable objects and their ties to each other. Network analysis of these ties followed, as well as analysis of descriptive content on advertisements and websites identified. The forensic analysis included four ENDS advertisements, two linked affiliate websites, and two linked seller websites, and demonstrated a multilevel relationship between advertisements and sellers with multiple layers of redirection. Descriptive analysis indicated that advertisements and affiliates, but not linked sellers, included smoking cessation claims. Results suggest that ENDS sellers may be trying to distance marketing efforts containing unsubstantiated claims from sales. A separate descriptive analysis of 20 ENDS seller web pages indicated that the use of affiliate marketing by sellers may be widespread. These findings support increased monitoring and regulation of ENDS marketing to prevent deceptive marketing tactics and ensure consumer safety. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please
The current state of the market for corporate acquisitions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Korpach, A.N.
1998-01-01
The main factors which determine when the oil and gas industry is in a seller's market or a buyer's market mode were discussed. In a seller's market, the number of potential buyers for assets exceeds the number of sellers. Therefore, sellers could obtain good prices for their assets. Such was the case from 1995 to 1997. For 1998, the level of merger and acquisition activity was high and is expected to remain strong for 1999, but the market appears to be firmly a buyer's market (more sellers than potential buyers). The reasons for this are as follows: (1) restricted access to capital, (2) declining stock prices/values, (3) significant supply of assets, and (4) acquisition costs now in line with finding and development costs. The question of whether or not acquisitions add value was also discussed. It was noted that share price performance of those companies making acquisitions during the period was comparable to that of the TSE oil and gas producers index. A list of some Canadian and U.S. companies which completed significant acquisitions in 1997 and 1998 was included. 10 figs
PRINSIP KERJASAMA DALAM WACANA JUAL BELI DI PASAR TRADISIONAL PERUMNAS TLOGOSARI SEMARANG
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sri Puji Astuti
2015-06-01
Full Text Available The market is a meeting place for sellers and buyers. Bargaining in traditional markets is an activity that is often made between the seller and the buyer. The interaction between sellers and buyers need a language as a communication tool. How the realization of the principle of cooperation in the discourse of buying and selling in the traditional market of Perumnas Tlogosari Semarang discussed in this paper is. This study was chosen markets located in Suryo Kusumo because this market is the largest market among the three markets are in Perumnas Tlogosari Semarang. Collecting data was conducted by scrutinizing method that was developed with basic tapping technique and Advanced techniques in the form of notes and recording technique. The results showed that in the interaction of sellers and buyers comply with and violate the principle of cooperation. Compliance with the principle of cooperation intended to convey the message clearly, correctly and avoid misunderstandings. While the violation of the cooperation principle was intended to ensure the quality of goods, so merchandise sold, searching for information, the seller and the buyer is familiar, and praised the merchandise.
Incremental Design of Perishable Goods Markets through Multi-Agent Simulations
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kazuo Miyashita
2017-12-01
Full Text Available In current markets of perishable goods such as fish and vegetables, sellers are typically in a weak bargaining position, since perishable products cannot be stored for long without losing their value. To avoid the risk of spoiling products, sellers have few alternatives other than selling their goods at the prices offered by buyers in the markets. The market mechanism needs to be reformed in order to resolve unfairness between sellers and buyers. Double auction markets, which collect bids from both sides of the trades and match them, allow sellers to participate proactively in the price-making process. However, in perishable goods markets, sellers have an incentive to discount their bid gradually for fear of spoiling unsold goods. Buyers can take advantage of sellers’ discounted bids to increase their profit by strategic bidding. To solve the problem, we incrementally improve an online double auction mechanism for perishable goods markets, which promotes buyers’ truthful bidding by penalizing their failed bids without harming their individual rationality. We evaluate traders’ behavior under several market conditions using multi-agent simulations and show that the developed mechanism achieves fair resource allocation among traders.
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Monteiro, Paolo Klinger; Moraga Gonzalez, Jose Luis
-sales before observing them, committing to reveal is the dominant strategy whenever advertising cost is low, buyers are many and their private information is accurate. When seller can postpone advertising decision and gains experience, past-sales revelation occurs partially. In equilibrium, delivery of sales......We model a two period monopoly market with two-sided quality uncertainty. In first period, seller gathers information about consumers´ tastes upon observing its sales. In second period, seller may or may not deliver the information. If monopolist must commit either to reveal or conceal past...
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Huck, Steffen; Ruchala, Gabriele K.; Tyran, Jean-Robert
We study the effects of reputation and competition in a stylized market for experience goods. If interaction is anonymous, such markets perform poorly: sellers are not trustworthy, and buyers do not trust sellers. If sellers are identifiable and can, hence, build a reputation, efficiency quadruples...... but is still at only a third of the first best. Adding more information by granting buyers access to all sellers’ complete history has, somewhat surprisingly, no effect. On the other hand, we find that competition, coupled with some minimal information, eliminates the trust problem almost completely...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
admin
Methods used to assess drug prescribing and dispensing behaviours in the ... methods have been used to collect data from drug sellers and other non ... communities trust drug sellers for several ... no waiting time, they can a fraction of the.
Consumers' Privacy Choices in the Era of Big Data
Prüfer, Jens; Dengler, Sebastian
2018-01-01
Recent progress in information technologies provides sellers with detailed knowledge about consumers' preferences, approaching perfect price discrimination in the limit. We construct a model where consumers with less strategic sophistication than the seller's pricing algorithm face a trade-off when
Mele, van P.; Hai, T.V.; Thas, O.; Huis, van A.
2002-01-01
In 1998-99, about 150 citrus farmers and 120 pesticide sellers were interviewed in Can Tho and Dong Thap province, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Media, pesticide sellers and extension staff had different influences on farmers' pest perception and management practices depending on the region and intensity
Reinforcing Buyer Power : Trade Quotas and Supply Diversification in the EU Natural Gas Market
Ikonnikova, S.; Zwart, G.
2010-01-01
We consider a market with concentrated domestic buyers and concentrated foreign sellers and explore the extent to which domestic regulation helps to increase the buyers' countervailing power against the foreign sellers. We use the Shapley value to describe the distribution of the trade surplus and
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kennes, John; le Maire, Daniel
We generalize McAfee’s (1993) game of competing sellers to the case of heterogeneous sellers. In the generalized McAfee (GM) game, the equilibrium expected job offer distribution of each worker (seller) type evolves over time as a function of stochastic events. We derive a tractable method...... of solving the GM game. We estimate, using non-parametric methods, a close fit between a benchmark GM game and a cross-section of Danish data on productivity and unemployment. The theoretical properties of the GM game, which relate to on-the-job search, assortative matching, aggregate and match specific...
'A Stitch in Time?':Repairs and Rejection in Sale of Goods
Hood, Parker
2008-01-01
Section 35(6)(a) says there is no acceptance of goods (and, hence, no loss of the right to reject) where a defective good is repaired, pursuant to 'an arrangement with the seller'. However, what is the position where the seller, having repaired the goods, does not tell the buyer what the fault was or what was done to rectify it? In such a case, the House of Lords has held the buyer can still reject the goods, even where the seller says they are 'as good as new'. The basis for doing so was an ...
2013-11-08
... foreign sellers who purchase and export subject merchandise to the United States. Entities that currently... foreign sellers that purchase and export subject merchandise to the United States. \\1\\ Such entities... and Bows Co., Ltd Yangzhou Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co., Ltd......... Yu Shin Development Co. Ltd The...
Decentralized trade with bargaining and voluntary matching
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tranæs, Torben; Sloth, Birgitte; Hendon, Ebbe
1994-01-01
Rubinstein and Wolinsky (1990) study a market with one seller, two buyers, and voluntary matching. Both the competitive outcomepc and the bilateral bargaining outcomepb are possible in subgame perfect equilibrium. We consider two variations. First, if there is a cost larger thanpc−pc to the seller...
Analysis of Edible Mushroom Marketing in Three Villages in Central ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
This study examined the marketing of edible mushroom in three villages (Alesi, Ekukunela ... The socio-economic characteristics of sellers, profit margin and marketing ... One hundred and twenty respondents were interviewed at three different markets in three selected ... The concentration of sellers is low while entry is free.
Dufwenberg, M.; Güth, W.
1997-01-01
The two major methods of explaining economic institutions, namely by strategic choices or by (indirect) evolution, are compared for the case of a homogenous quadratic duopoly market. Sellers either can provide incentives for their agents to care for sales (amounts) or evolve as sellers who care for
Essays in competition with product differentiation and bargaining in markets
Bouckaert, J.M.C.
1996-01-01
The fourth essay uses bargaining theory and compares the outcome of a negotiation in two differently organized markets. In the first market, sellers simultaneously offer their good or service for sale. In the second market, sellers queue and offer their good or service sequentially for sale.
Deception and price in a market with asymmetric information
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kimmo Eriksson
2007-02-01
Full Text Available In markets with asymmetric information, only sellers have knowledge about the quality of goods. Sellers may of course make a declaration of the quality, but unless there are sanctions imposed on false declarations or reputations are at stake, such declarations are tantamount to cheap talk. Nonetheless, in an experimental study we find that most people make honest declarations, which is in line with recent findings that lies damaging another party are costly in terms of the liar's utility. Moreover, we find in this experimental market that deceptive sellers offer lower prices than honest sellers, which could possibly be explained by the same wish to limit the damage to the other party. However, when the recipient of the offer is a social tie we find no evidence for lower prices of deceptive offers, which seems to indicate that the rationale for the lower price in deceptive offers to strangers is in fact profit-seeking (by making the deal more attractive rather than moral.
Towards Automated Bargaining in Electronic Markets: A Partially Two-Sided Competition Model
Gatti, Nicola; Lazaric, Alessandro; Restelli, Marcello
This paper focuses on the prominent issue of automating bargaining agents within electronic markets. Models of bargaining in literature deal with settings wherein there are only two agents and no model satisfactorily captures settings in which there is competition among buyers, being they more than one, and analogously among sellers. In this paper, we extend the principal bargaining protocol, i.e. the alternating-offers protocol, to capture bargaining in markets. The model we propose is such that, in presence of a unique buyer and a unique seller, agents' equilibrium strategies are those in the original protocol. Moreover, we game theoretically study the considered game providing the following results: in presence of one-sided competition (more buyers and one seller or vice versa) we provide agents' equilibrium strategies for all the values of the parameters, in presence of two-sided competition (more buyers and more sellers) we provide an algorithm that produce agents' equilibrium strategies for a large set of the parameters and we experimentally evaluate its effectiveness.
76 FR 76162 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request
2011-12-06
... Franchise Rule, and it mirrors the requirements and prohibitions of the original Franchise Rule. The FTC... Franchise Rule. Staff estimates that 250 or so new business opportunity sellers will enter the market each... x 3 hours per seller)). \\3\\ Based upon staff's informal discussions with several franchises in...
16 CFR 240.10 - Availability to all competing customers.
2010-01-01
... are furnished by the seller, or payments by the seller to customers for their advertising or promotion... GUIDES FOR ADVERTISING ALLOWANCES AND OTHER MERCHANDISING PAYMENTS AND SERVICES § 240.10 Availability to... advertising on radio, TV, or in newspapers of general circulation. Because the purchases of some of the...
2010-05-21
... Housing Administration (FHA)--Temporary Exemption From Compliance With FHA's Regulation on Property... by the seller and the seller does not come under any of the exemptions to this 90-day period that are... objective of increasing the availability of affordable homes for first- time and other purchasers and...
2010-06-08
... marketing chain becomes a seller in its own turn and can preserve its own trust assets accordingly. Because... Post-Default Agreements on Trust Protection Eligibility AGENCY: Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA... industry that sellers may lose their status as trust creditors when they agree orally or in writing, after...
Leslie, Edwina E C; Geong, Maria; Abdurrahman, Muktasam; Ward, Michael P; Toribio, Jenny-Ann L M L
2016-03-01
Classical swine fever has been negatively impacting pig production in Nusa Tenggara Timur province in eastern Indonesia since its introduction in the 1990s, with live market trade contributing to disease spread. To understand market trader knowledge and practices regarding pig management, biosecurity, pig movements and pig health (specifically CSF), a repeated survey was conducted with pig sellers and pig buyers at 9 market sites across West Timor and the islands of Flores and Sumba. A total of 292 sellers and 281 buyers were interviewed in 2009 during two periods (rounds), a high-demand month (September) and a low-demand month (November). Information was collected via questionnaire. The majority of traders were male (sellers: 89%; buyers: 87%) with the highest level of completed education being primary school (sellers: 48%; buyers: 41%). The primary occupation of most respondents was farming: 90% of sellers and 87% of buyers were smallholder pig farmers and tended to sell their own home-raised pigs at market (52%). Pigs were sold for monetary gain either for primary (52%) or extra income (44%). Markets tended to be selected based on a good reputation (62%), a location close to residence (62%) and having the desired pig type (59%). Pig sales through markets were reported to be highest from August to October with 31% of sellers trading pigs at two or more markets. Prices at market were significantly higher on Sumba compared to West Timor and cross-bred pigs were significantly more expensive than indigenous pigs. Understanding of CSF and biosecurity was limited: 85% of sellers and 83% of buyers had no prior knowledge of CSF. Fifty-four percent of sellers reported no use of any biosecurity practices at market. Most respondents (88%) were able to recognise at least one clinical sign of a sick pig. Informal pig movements were also identified: 18% of pig buyers purchased pigs directly from other farmers. This study has provided baseline information on market trader
Initial Encounters : The Lived Experiences of Buyers
G. Wright; J.J. Dekker
2012-01-01
The initial encounter between a buyer and a seller has received much attention among practitioners. The first time a buyer interacts with a seller is thought to be highly influential. The premise is that buyers form an opinion during this first encounter, or even the first minutes of this encounter.
A Cross-Cultural Multi-agent Model of Opportunism in Trade
Hofstede, G.J.; Jonker, C.M.; Verwaart, D.
2010-01-01
According to transaction cost economics, contracts are always incomplete and offer opportunities to defect. Some level of trust is a sine qua non for trade. If the seller is better informed about product quality than the buyer, the buyer has to rely on information the seller provides or has to check
Pembuatan Aplikasi “Warung Keluarga” Sebagai Aplikasi E-Commerce Berbasis Web dan Mobile
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Deryan Gelrandy
2016-04-01
Full Text Available In the rapid development of industry, the process of buying and selling has been convenient to do. Recently, consumers who need to buy some goods could easily look for it in online store. Furthermore, seller who perceive that either want to sell their stuff which could not be used anymore or seek additional income may sell their stuff through this online store. The benefit that makes this process much easier is the transaction could exist even though seller and buyer do not interact face-to-face. However as this process is too easy, it poses a shortage that may causes a trickery. In the implementation, buyer will purchase goods in online store web site without aware of the seller. Therefore, it is important to make an e-commerce app where every seller has clear identity. The makings of this app aim to enhance security in sales and purchase transaction since SMA N 3 Semarang alumni only who could be a seller so that buyer will feel secure in doing transaction. This app also could be a platform to collect some information about the alumni because there is detail information that can facilitate in holding an alumni reunion. This app uses C# language programming, ASP.NET, Visual Studio and SQL Server database. The result of this app will be implemented for SMA N 3 Semarang.
ROMANIAN PERSPECTIVE ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY FOR DIRECT SELLING COMPANIES
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Claudia BOBALCA
2014-09-01
Full Text Available The purpose of the research is to investigate Romanian direct sellers’ perceptions on customers’ loyalty. The research objectives are: (1 to identify the direct sellers’ perceptions on the concept of loyalty; (2 to identify the main loyalty techniques that direct sellers use in their work with the clients; (3 to frame the portrait of a loyal customer. As a research method, we used qualitative research based on depth interviews. It is an exploratory and instrumental research, the results being used for building a questionnaire for a future survey. The investigated population is represented by direct selling women, with ages beteeen 19 and 30 years. For direct sellers, loyalty is an attitude and also a behavior, it means buying from the same company, from the same seller and preferring the products of the company. The main loyalty techniques that direct sellers use in their work with the clients are: promotional actions, personalization the relation with the client and offering stimulants. The loyal customer is the one who buys companies’ products every month or at least quarterly, spends a monthly amount of 100 Ron on these products, works with the same seller, pays on time for the order, doesn’t look only after promotions, loves the products, recommends the company to others, doesn’t return the order, wants to buy more products from the company and trusts its products.
Xu, T.; Zhao, J.; Zheng, H.
2016-12-01
As one of the pilot water markets in China, the market in Xiying Irrigation was built in 2008. Based on the historical trading data, it can be concluded that the studied market is growing but facing quite a few challenges. To solve these challenges, the first step we have done is assessment on the market. Some comparable indices were introduced from network science by us. These indices straightforwardly show the status and major problems in the market. One main problem we have found from surveys and our assessment is that there are barriers between distant seller and buyer. This discovery incentives us to develop a new mechanism for matching sellers and buyers to reduce the loss on social welfare. By modelling the trading barriers between a buyer and a seller as an indicator -- tradable or nontradable, the authors propose a mixed-integer linear programming algorithm to optimize the social welfare. According to the theories on competitive equilibrium, the authors are able to extend the programming to compute a reasonable price profile for each pair of tradable seller and buyer. It can be proved that given the price profile, the optimal strategy for each seller or buyer is to follow the optimal assignment. This mechanism significantly reduces the social welfare loss. However, this study shows that removing the trading barriers can brings more social welfare increments.
17 CFR 230.904 - Offshore resales.
2010-04-01
... affiliates (except any officer or director who is an affiliate solely by virtue of holding such position), or... concession, fee or other remuneration in respect of the securities offered or sold: (i) Neither the seller... selling concession, fee or other remuneration in respect of the securities sold, the seller or a person...
Intermediation and Competing Auctions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kennes, John; Schiff, Aaron
this information to some or all buyers. We show that this always raises total welfare, even if it causes the informed buyers not to trade with low quality sellers. However, buyers and some sellers may be made worse off in equilibrium. We also examine the provision of information by a profit maximizing monopoly...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Joko Suwandi
2013-06-01
Full Text Available The particular objective of this research is to describe the orientation shift trend of vendor sellers business in Surakarta city prior, during and post the monetary crisis in order to obtain rectification of Bazaar Economy of Clifford Geertz, and Order Theory and Regulation Theory of Evers. H.D. This qualitative research of case study tried to describe the condition, activity and the development of vendor sellers’ orientation in Surakarta before (<1997, during (1997 to 2004 and after monetary crisis (2004-recently occurred in Indonesia, particularly in Surakarta city. The place of the research is in Surakarta city with the following data source; vendor sellers with all their activities, all the former public officials and officials associated to vendor sellers during and after the monetary crisis. The participants are selected through purposive sampling integrated with snowball sampling using key informant. The data are analyzed using interactive analysis from Miles and Huberman, through three stages activity namely, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The conclusions of this research are as follows; 1 the vendor sellers’ orientation prior and during the monetary crisis comply to the informal sectors characteristics according to Clifford Geertz’s Bazaar Economy and Order Theory and Regulation Theory of Hans-Dieter Evers but the characteristics on post-monetary crisis have altered; 2 The vendor sellers’ characteristics after the monetary crisis can be classified into two namely the static group and dynamic group. The first group is dominated by vendor sellers, who have capital, management limitation and their business as subsistence. The later group is dominated by vendor sellers who have big capital, administered using modern management and have become the business to increase welfare. The inclination of orientation shift of vendor sellers in Surakarta city is developing slowly and developmental.
Dang-Xuan, Sinh; Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Meeyam, Tongkorn; Fries, Reinhard; Nguyen-Thanh, Huong; Pham-Duc, Phuc; Lam, Steven; Grace, Delia; Unger, Fred
2016-09-01
Pork safety is an important public health concern in Vietnam and is a shared responsibility among many actors along the pork value chain. We examined the knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding food safety, disease, and health risk among selected pork value chain actors (slaughterhouse owners and workers, people living around slaughterhouses, pork sellers, consumers, and veterinary and public health staff) in three districts in Hung Yen Province, Vietnam. We randomly selected 52 pork value chain actors to be surveyed through questionnaires, observation checklists, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Most slaughterhouse workers acquired knowledge and experience of food safety through "learning by doing" rather than from training by a veterinary or public health professional. Both slaughterhouse worker and pork seller groups had some accurate perceptions about pig diseases and foodborne diseases; however, misperceptions of risk and, especially, of zoonoses were present. Furthermore, while workers and sellers often use cloths to dry the meat and clean equipment, they did not think this was a risk for meat contamination. Moreover, when sellers wear protective equipment, such as gloves, masks, or hats, consumers perceive that the sellers may have health issues they are trying to conceal and so consumers avoid buying from them. The perceived freshness of pork, along with trust in the seller and in the pork production process, were strong indicators of consumer preference. And yet, pork value chain actors tend to trust their own individual food safety practices more, rather than the practices of other actors along the chain. Veterinary and public health staff emphasized the gap between regulations and food safety practices. Education and training on food safety risks and proper handling are priorities, along with integrated and intensive efforts to improve food safety among pork value chain actors.
Bilateral electric energy contracts: return and risk
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gunn, Laura K.; Silva, Elisa B.; Correia, Paulo B. [State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), SP (Brazil). College of Mechanical Engineering
2009-07-01
In Brazil electricity is traded through three segments: the spot market that balances offer and demand, with prices calculated by a cost-based computational model; the regulated market , where prices are settled in public auctions, and the free market for bilateral contracts. As spot and regulated market prices are public information, a seller is able to calculate his opportunity price to trade a bilateral contract in the free market by using the non-arbitrage principle. Thus, the seller searches the price of a bilateral contract in the free market that balances his/her revenues with the value expected in case it were negotiated in the regulated and the spot market. Besides the expected revenue, the seller may also consider the CVaR to measure the risk of her/his bilateral contract in the free market. So this paper develops a binomial lattice approach to price bilateral contracts in the free market, considering the seller's opportunity of negotiations in both regulated and spot markets, and measuring the contract risk directly. (author)
Hsu, Chia-Ling; Matta, Rafael; Popov, Sergey V; Sogo, Takeharu
2017-01-01
We model a market, such as an online software market, in which an intermediary connects sellers and buyers by displaying sellers' products. With two vertically-differentiated products, an intermediary can place either: (1) one product, not necessarily the better one, on the first page, and the other hidden on the second page; or (2) both products on the first page. We show that it can be optimal for the intermediary to obfuscate a product-possibly the better one-since this weakens price competition and allows the sellers to extract a greater surplus from buyers; however, it is not socially optimal. The choice of which one to obfuscate depends on the distribution of search costs.
32 CFR 552.63 - “Cooling off” period for door-to-door sales.
2010-07-01
... or more, whether under single or multiple contracts, in which the seller or business representative... buyer's agreement or offer to purchase is made at a place other than the place of business of the seller. The purpose of the law is to allow the consumer the right to cancel a transaction at any time prior to...
16 CFR 310.4 - Abusive telemarketing acts or practices.
2010-01-01
... telemarketing call; provided that it shall not be a violation to substitute (for the name and phone number used in, or billed for, making the call) the name of the seller or charitable organization on behalf of... name and telephone number of the seller on whose behalf the call was placed 8 ; and 8 This provision...
Interagency Rebuilding Efforts in Iraq: A Case Study of the Rusafa Political District
2013-02-26
Cart Seller 18-Aug-2010 $950.00 PRIVSEC NON-CON Cart Seller 18-Aug-2010 $500.00 PRIVSEC NON-CON Embroidery 18-Aug-2010 $22,900.00 PRIVSEC NON-CON...Kindergarten 18-Aug-2010 $11,300.00 PRIVSEC 50 NON-CON Embroidery & Sewing Factory 18-Aug-2010 $21,000.00 PRIVSEC NON-CON Book Shop 18-Aug-2010 $3,204.00
Pachur, Thorsten; Scheibehenne, Benjamin
2012-01-01
People often attach a higher value to an object when they own it (i.e., as seller) compared with when they do not own it (i.e., as buyer)--a phenomenon known as the "endowment effect". According to recent cognitive process accounts of the endowment effect, the effect is due to differences between sellers and buyers in information search.…
Pre-Auction Offers in Asymmetric First-Price and Second-Price Auctions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kirkegaard, René; Overgaard, Per Baltzer
We consider “must-sell” auctions with asymmetric buyers. First, we study auctions with two asymmetric buyers, where the distribution of valuations of the strong buyer is “stretched” relative to that of the weak buyer. Then, it is known that ineffcient first-price auctions aremore profitable...... never increase the profitability of second-price auctions, since they introduce the wrong kind of favoritism from the perspective of seller profits....... for the seller than effcient second-price auctions. This is because the former favor the weak buyer. However, we show that the seller can do one better by augmenting the first-price auction by a pre-auction offer made exclusively to the strong buyer. Should thestrong buyer reject the offer, the object is simply...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ladislav Beranek
2014-01-01
Full Text Available This work describes the design of a decision support system for detection of fraudulent behavior of selling stolen goods in online auctions. In this system, each seller is associated with a type of certification, namely “proper seller,” “suspect seller,” and “selling stolen goods.” The certification level is determined on the basis of a seller’s behaviors and especially on the basis of contextual information whose origin is outside online auctions portals. In this paper, we focus on representing knowledge about sellers in online auctions, the influence of additional information available from other Internet source, and reasoning on bidders’ trustworthiness under uncertainties using Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. To demonstrate the practicability of our approach, we performed a case study using real auction data from Czech auction portal Aukro. The analysis results show that our approach can be used to detect selling stolen goods. By applying Dempster-Shafer theory to combine multiple sources of evidence for the detection of this fraudulent behavior, the proposed approach can reduce the number of false positive results in comparison to approaches using a single source of evidence.
Emergence of Cooperative Long-Term Market Loyalty in Double Auction Markets.
Alorić, Aleksandra; Sollich, Peter; McBurney, Peter; Galla, Tobias
2016-01-01
Loyal buyer-seller relationships can arise by design, e.g. when a seller tailors a product to a specific market niche to accomplish the best possible returns, and buyers respond to the dedicated efforts the seller makes to meet their needs. We ask whether it is possible, instead, for loyalty to arise spontaneously, and in particular as a consequence of repeated interaction and co-adaptation among the agents in a market. We devise a stylized model of double auction markets and adaptive traders that incorporates these features. Traders choose where to trade (which market) and how to trade (to buy or to sell) based on their previous experience. We find that when the typical scale of market returns (or, at fixed scale of returns, the intensity of choice) become higher than some threshold, the preferred state of the system is segregated: both buyers and sellers are segmented into subgroups that are persistently loyal to one market over another. We characterize the segregated state analytically in the limit of large markets: it is stabilized by some agents acting cooperatively to enable trade, and provides higher rewards than its unsegregated counterpart both for individual traders and the population as a whole.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Edy Supriyadi
2010-03-01
Full Text Available Perfect competition (PPS is the most ideal market structure because this market system is considered will ensure the realization of activities producing goods and services with very high efficiency compared to other market structures such as monopoly. Due to its benefits for sellers and buyers, economists often wish for the creation of perfect competition. In the pattern of transactions in everyday life, there are many market transactions commonly encountered, such as decentralized systems (DT, and Double Auction (DA. This paper presents the use of experimental methods to study the characteristics of both systems the transaction is in a "perfect competition” (5 sellers and 5 buyers' and market monopoly (with 1 seller and 5 buyers. Responses observed are Contract Price (CP, market efficiency, CP diversity coefficient on the price balance, buyer surplus and seller surplus. From the experimental results can be seen that the average Contract Price (CP during 5 experimental periods that the value of CP at Perfect Competition Market is smaller than the monopoly market. From efficiency levels between transactions type it can be seen that the Double Auction type of transaction is more efficient than with the Decentralization type of transaction.
Kishimoto, Keiko; Takeuchi, Tomoe; Fukushima, Noriko
2017-12-01
In Japan, a pharmacy or drug store license is required for selling pharmaceutical products. However, civilians without a pharmacy or drug store license are displaying pharmaceutical products for sale on a flea market application, which is illegal dealing. This study discussed the modality for implementing countermeasures for the illicit selling of pharmaceutical products. We extracted pharmaceutical products displayed for sale on three flea market applications (Mercari, Rakuma, Fril) on one day. One hundred and eighty-one pharmaceutical products were displayed (49 on Mercari, 86 on Rakuma, and 46 on Fril). There were 6.1% (11/181) domestically prescribed drugs, 69.1% (125/181) domestic OTC drugs, 23.8% (43/181) foreign-made prescribed drugs, and 1.1% (2/181) foreign-made OTC drugs. The seller could display the product for sale without confirming whether it is prohibited. We alerted the service providers of this illicit selling at flea markets at three different instances. The pharmaceutical product displays were deleted by the service providers at a rate of 55.1% (27/49) for Mercari and 51.2% (44/86) for Rakuma. The average number of drugs that were displayed for sale by each seller was 1.4 and the average number of total products that were displayed for sale by each seller was 100. The seller could have unintentionally displayed the pharmaceutical products for sale, without the knowledge that it is illegal. The service providers of flea market applications should create mechanisms to alert the sellers that displaying pharmaceutical products for sale is an illicit act and regulate these violations.
Pricing Strategies for Viral Marketing on Social Networks
Arthur, David
2009-01-01
We study the use of viral marketing strategies on social networks that seek to maximize revenue from the sale of a single product. We propose a model in which the decision of a buyer to buy the product is influenced by friends that own the product and the price at which the product is offered. The influence model we analyze is quite general, naturally extending both the Linear Threshold model and the Independent Cascade model, while also incorporating price information. We consider sales proceeding in a cascading manner through the network, i.e. a buyer is offered the product via recommendations from its neighbors who own the product. In this setting, the seller influences events by offering a cashback to recommenders and by setting prices (via coupons or discounts) for each buyer in the social network. This choice of prices for the buyers is termed as the seller\\'s strategy. Finding a seller strategy which maximizes the expected revenue in this setting turns out to be NP-hard. However, we propose a seller strategy that generates revenue guaranteed to be within a constant factor of the optimal strategy in a wide variety of models. The strategy is based on an influence-and-exploit idea, and it consists of finding the right trade-off at each time step between: generating revenue from the current user versus offering the product for free and using the influence generated from this sale later in the process. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Respiratory symptoms of vendors in an open-air hawker center in brunei darussalam.
Nazurah Bt Abdul Wahid, Nurul Nor; Balalla, N B P; Koh, David
2014-01-01
We studied respiratory problems among vendors exposed to cooking fumes in an open-air hawker center. Exposure to cooking fumes from either the use of fossil fuels or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has been shown to be associated with adverse respiratory health effects. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 67 food vendors exposed to cooking fumes as well as 18 merchandise sellers at an open-air hawker center in Brunei Darussalam. Past medical and smoking history and exposure to cooking fumes were obtained. The validated American Thoracic Society Questionnaire with a translated Malay version was used to ask for respiratory symptoms. Compared to merchandise sellers (n = 18), cooking vendors (n = 67) had a higher self-reported respiratory symptoms (50.7% for those cooking and 33.3% for merchandise sellers). Cough (28.3%) was the main respiratory symptom experienced in cooking vendors and breathlessness (22.2%) among merchandise sellers. Half (50.0%) of cooking vendors who worked for more than 10 years had cough and 27.3% had phlegm. Those cooking with charcoal were two times more likely to have cough than those cooking with LPG. Cooking vendors with a job duration of more than 10 years were thrice more likely to have cough. Cooking vendors in the open-air hawker center exposed to cooking fumes had more respiratory symptoms compared to non-exposed merchandise sellers. The type of fuel used for cooking and duration of work was associated with increased prevalence of cough.
Pricing of Claims in Discrete Time with Partial Information
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Rognlien Dahl, Kristina
2013-01-01
We consider the pricing problem of a seller with delayed price information. By using Lagrange duality, a dual problem is derived, and it is proved that there is no duality gap. This gives a characterization of the seller’s price of a contingent claim. Finally, we analyze the dual problem, and compare the prices offered by two sellers with delayed and full information respectively
Diverging expectations in buyer-seller relationships
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Poul Houman; Christensen, Poul Rind; Damgaard, Torben
2009-01-01
Many firms assume that outsourcing partnerships may allow them to strengthen their overall competitiveness. Lured by its intuitive appeal, several enter into such partnerships, only to realize that they represent a marginal rather than a magical solution to their quest for increasing market...... performance. We explore the proposed impact of diverging relationship norms on relationship expectations using data from an ongoing field study of Danish buyers and Chinese suppliers. We link these diverging expectations to the business practices of Danish buyers and Chinese and their institutional contexts...
Suspect online sellers and contraceptive access.
Liang, Bryan A; Mackey, Tim K; Lovett, Kimberly M
2012-11-01
Issues surrounding contraception access have been a national focus. During this debate, adolescent and adult women may seek these products online. Due to safety concerns, including potential counterfeit forms, we wished to assess whether online "no prescription" contraceptives were available. We assessed online availability of reversible, prescription contraceptive methods resulting in online pharmacy marketing is shifting from direct search engine access to social media (Facebook, Twitter, Slidehare, flickr). Online contraceptive sales represent patient safety risks and a parallel system of high-risk product access absent professional guidance. Providers should educate patients, while policy makers employ legal strategies to address these systemic risks. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Diverging expectations in buyer-seller relationships
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Poul Houman; Christensen, Poul Rind; Damgaard, Torben
2009-01-01
Many firms assume that outsourcing partnerships may allow them to strengthen their overall competitiveness. Lured by its intuitive appeal, several enter into such partnerships, only to realize that they represent a marginal rather than a magical solution to their quest for increasing market...... SMEs. We discuss four relational expectations derived from the B2B literature on relational norms for addressing these divergences: Quality, frequency and scope of communication, role specifications and coordination of work nature of planning horizons, and trustworthiness and link these to relationship...
Electronic Commerce: A Taxing Dilemma
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Steven John Simon
2002-01-01
Full Text Available In the last five years, remote selling-led by online organizations - has surged. The resulting growth has created concern among both traditional and remote sellers as they jockey for improved competitive position and governmental entities, in particular US states, over the erosion of their tax revenues as sales are diverted to remote sellers. This paper explores the issues and potential solutions surrounding the e-commerce tax dilemma. It provides a current assessment of the taxation environment for individuals and organizations impacted by the tax debate. Those individuals and organizations might include online business customers, remote sellers both traditional (mail order and online, tax equity organizations, and governmental bodies. Current tax obligations are explored based on landmark legal decisions. Potential short and long -term solutions are assessed.
Endogenous preemption on both sides of a market
Güth, W.; Müller, W.; Potters, J.J.M.
2006-01-01
We study a market in which both buyers and sellers can decide to preempt and set their quantities before market clearing.Will this lead to preemption on both sides of the market, only one side of the market, or to no preemption at all?We find that preemption tends to be asymmetric in the sense that it is restricted to only one side of the market (buyers or sellers).
Reexamining the Impact of Employee Relocation Assistance on Housing Prices
Marcus T. Allen; Ronald C. Rutherford; Thomas M. Springer
1997-01-01
In this paper, we reexamine the issue of whether corporate relocation assistance programs for transferred employees significantly affect sale prices of single-family homes. We estimate a hedonic price equation that includes physical housing characteristics, location factors, occupancy status, and type of seller for a sample of 2,441 transactions. Seller types include (a) transferred employees who were given direct relocation assistance, (b) transferred employees who were not given direct relo...
Emergence of Cooperative Long-Term Market Loyalty in Double Auction Markets
Alorić, Aleksandra; Sollich, Peter; McBurney, Peter; Galla, Tobias
2016-01-01
Loyal buyer-seller relationships can arise by design, e.g. when a seller tailors a product to a specific market niche to accomplish the best possible returns, and buyers respond to the dedicated efforts the seller makes to meet their needs. We ask whether it is possible, instead, for loyalty to arise spontaneously, and in particular as a consequence of repeated interaction and co-adaptation among the agents in a market. We devise a stylized model of double auction markets and adaptive traders that incorporates these features. Traders choose where to trade (which market) and how to trade (to buy or to sell) based on their previous experience. We find that when the typical scale of market returns (or, at fixed scale of returns, the intensity of choice) become higher than some threshold, the preferred state of the system is segregated: both buyers and sellers are segmented into subgroups that are persistently loyal to one market over another. We characterize the segregated state analytically in the limit of large markets: it is stabilized by some agents acting cooperatively to enable trade, and provides higher rewards than its unsegregated counterpart both for individual traders and the population as a whole. PMID:27120473
Ranyard, R; Charlton, J P; Williamson, J
2001-02-01
Alternative reference prices, either displayed in the environment (external) or recalled from memory (internal) are known to influence consumer judgments and decisions. In one line of previous research, internal reference prices have been defined in terms of general price expectations. However, Thaler (Marketing Science 4 (1985) 199; Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 12 (1999) 183) defined them as fair prices expected from specific types of seller. Using a Beer Pricing Task, he found that seller context had a substantial effect on willingness to pay, and concluded that this was due to specific internal reference prices evoked by specific contexts. In a think aloud study using the same task (N = 48), we found only a marginal effect of seller context. In a second study using the Beer Pricing Task and seven analogous ones (N = 144), general internal reference prices were estimated by asking people what they normally paid for various commodities. Both general internal reference prices and seller context influenced willingness to pay, although the effect of the latter was again rather small. We conclude that general internal reference prices have a greater impact in these scenarios than specific ones, because of the lower cognitive load involved in their storage and retrieval.
Air-cooled steam condensers non-freeze warranties
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Larinoff, M.W.
1995-09-01
What this paper is suggesting is the seller quote a condenser package with a LIMITED NON-FREEZE WARRANTY. Relieve the inexperienced buyer of the responsibility for selecting freeze protection design options. The seller cannot afford to over-design because of the added costs and the need for a competitive price. Yet he cannot under-design and allow the condenser tubes to freeze periodically and then pay the repair bills in accordance with the warranty.
Currency Substitution and The Law of One Price
Gabriele Camera; Johannes Winkler
2000-01-01
We study endogenous currency substitution in a decentralized trade environment. Sellers maximize profits from sales of imperfectly substitutable goods by posting prices in either one of two currencies. A unique symmetric equilibrium exists where goods are priced only in the local currency. This occurs if foreign trade is sporadic, there is sufficient but not excessive liquidity, and discounting is low. Excess or scarcity of liquidity, however, induces sellers to extract all surplus from buyer...
Stores, Prices, and Currency Substitution
Gabriele, Camera; Winkler, Johannes
1999-01-01
We study endogenous currency substitution in a decentralized trade environment. Sellers maximize profits from sales of imperfectly substitutable goods by posting prices in either one of two currencies. A unique symmetric equilibrium exists where goods are priced only in the local currency. This occurs if foreign trade is sporadic, there is sufficient but not excessive liquidity, and discounting is low. Excess or scarcity of liquidity, however, induces sellers to extract all surplus from bu...
Sequential selling and information dissemination in the presence of network effects
Junjie Zhou; Ying-Ju Chen
2014-01-01
In this paper, we examine how a seller sells a product/service with a positive consumption externality, and customers are uncertain about the product's/service's value. Because early adopters learn this value, we consider the customers' intrinsic signaling incentives and positive feedback effects. Anticipating this, the seller commits to provide price discounts to the followers, and charges the leader a high price. Thus, the profit-maximizing pricing features the cream skimming strategy. We a...
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1995-07-01
US utilities are required to report to the Secretary of Energy annually the country of origin and the seller of any uranium or enriched uranium purchased or imported into the US, as well as the country of origin and seller of any enrichment services purchased by the utility. This report compiles these data and also contains a glossary of terms and additional purchase information covering average price and contract duration. 3 tabs
Effects of Host Race Information on Airbnb Listing Prices in San Francisco
Kakar, Venoo; Franco, Julisa; Voelz, Joel; Wu, Julia
2016-01-01
The surge in Peer to Peer e-commerce has increasingly been characterized by changing the online marketplace to a more personalized environment for the buyer and seller. This personalization involves revealing information on buyer reviews, pictures and biographical information on the sellers to reduce the perceived ``purchase risk" or to facilitate trust with the buyers. However, this personalization has generated possibilities for discrimination in the online marketplace. In this paper, we ex...
The Visible Host: Does Race guide Airbnb rental rates in San Francisco?
Kakar, Venoo; Franco, Julisa; Voelz, Joel; Wu, Julia
2016-01-01
The surge in Peer to Peer e-commerce has increasingly been characterized by changing the online marketplace to a more personalized environment for the buyer and seller. This personalization involves revealing information on buyer reviews, pictures and biographical information on the sellers to reduce the perceived ``purchase risk" or to facilitate trust with the buyers. However, this personalization has generated possibilities for discrimination in the online marketplace. In this paper, we ex...
ON PRICE-MAKING CONTRACTS AND ECONOMIC THEORY: RETHINKING BERTRAND AND EDGEWORTH
Robert R. Routledge
2012-01-01
A problematic issue in economic theory is the study of price determination. Two distinct approaches to this difficult topic have been taken: (i) in Bertrand competition it is assumed sellers enter the market with a commitment to supply all demand forthcoming from buyers (ii) in Edgeworth competition sellers quote prices with no commitment to supply more than their competitive supply. Both these types of market contract struggle to provide credible pricemaking foundations for perfect competiti...
Julia Y. Lee
2016-01-01
Internet commerce has transformed the marketing of goods and services. The separation between point of sale and seller, and the presence of geographically dispersed sellers who do not engage in repeated transactions with the same customers challenge traditional mechanisms for building the trust required for commercial exchanges. In this changing environment, legal rules and institutions play a diminished role in building trust. Instead, new systems and methods are emerging to foster trust in ...
Alexander Josiassen; Richard Fletcher
2014-01-01
In international business the country-of-origin and psychological distance concepts play crucial roles. Both have been extensively investigated by researchers. However, the notion that they both deal with country-perceptions as seen from the seller and buyer respectively have mostly been overlooked in the extant literature. In this article, the authors argue that the two concepts are critical to market success and that firms must consider their joint influence on the buyer-seller relationship...
Guarantees in uranium supply contracts: force majeure and embargo provisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Roth, B.; Virole, J.
1982-01-01
The consequences to the buyers and sellers of uranium resulting from government interference, e.g. an embargo, in the uranium market, are discussed. The complexity of force majeure clauses and their effect, and the necessity to adopt clauses laying down the consequences following an embargo are discussed. The possibility of including provisions of a financial nature in embargo clauses to diminish the effects of such embargoes on buyers and sellers is suggested. (U.K.)
Digital Discrimination: The Case of Airbnb.com
Benjamin Edelman; Micahel Luca
2014-01-01
Online marketplaces often contain information not only about products, but also about the people selling the products. In an effort to facilitate trust, many platforms encourage sellers to provide personal profiles and even to post pictures of themselves. However, these features may also facilitate discrimination based on sellers' race, gender, age, or other aspects of appearance. In this paper, we test for racial discrimination against landlords in the online rental marketplace Airbnb.com. U...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ana Lúcia de Oliva Lima
2015-09-01
Full Text Available Esta pesquisa pretendeu verificar se as atitudes dos chefes e clientes afetam a satisfação do vendedor com o trabalho. Para tanto, utilizou-se a Escala INDSALES, de autoria de Childers e Ferrell (1979, para trabalhar com duas dimensões dessa escala, os chefes e os clientes. A partir dessas dimensões, foi construído um questionário, envolvendo três construtos, a satisfação com o trabalho, as atitudes dos chefes e as atitudes dos clientes. Os dados coletados junto a 255 vendedores foram analisados usando estatística descritiva e um modelo de regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que a satisfação do vendedor com o trabalho está associada ao chefe colocar em prática as ideias que os vendedores dão no trabalho; ao vendedor não sofrer injustiças vindas do chefe, à demonstração de confiança e a compreensão do seu trabalho por parte do cliente. Conclui-se, portanto, que esses resultados podem auxiliar os gestores a definirem suas políticas de gestão de vendas considerando as relações entre chefe e vendedor de modo a melhorar a eficácia dessas relações. Palavras-Chave Satisfação com o trabalho; Vendas; INDSALES. THE ASSOCIATION OF THE ATTITUDES OF CHIEFS AND CLIENTS WITH THE SELLER'S SATISFACTION WITH WORK ABSTRACT This research investigates whether the attitudes of chiefs and clients affects the satisfaction of sellers with their job. For this, the INDSALES Scale, written by Childers and Ferrell (1979, was used. Two dimensions were worked on this scale, the chiefs and the clients. From this dimensions, a questionnaire was build, involving three circumscriptions: the satisfaction with work, the attitude of chiefs and the attitudes of clients. Data collected from 255 sellers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a model of multiple linear regression. The results of the study revealed that the satisfaction of the seller with his work is associated whether the chief put in practice
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Anon.
1996-01-01
Historical financial data is provided for the uranium market in graphical and tabular form. Data include uranium spot price range, spot conversion price range, and seperative work units price range. Additional spot market information provided is natural uranium by buyers and sellers. Medium- and long-term data includes average natural uranium prices, and natural uranium market by buyers and sellers. Information on US contracted supply and demand and uranium production in Australia, Canada, and the US is given
A Large-scale Analysis of the Marketplace Characteristics in Fiverr
Maity, Suman Kalyan; Jha, Chandra Bhanu; Kumar, Avinash; Sengupta, Ayan; Modi, Madhur; Mukherjee, Animesh
2016-01-01
Crowdsourcing platforms have become quite popular due to the increasing demand of human computation-based tasks. Though the crowdsourcing systems are primarily demand-driven like MTurk, supply-driven marketplaces are becoming increasingly popular. Fiverr is a fast growing supply-driven marketplace where the sellers post micro-tasks (gigs) and users purchase them for prices as low as $5. In this paper, we study the Fiverr platform as a unique marketplace and characterize the sellers, buyers an...
Elisabeth S S, Theresia
2015-01-01
The research is titled “The effect of franchise towards traditional market (case in Traditional Market “Pajak Sore” Padang Bulan Medan). The objective of this research is knowing the effect of business franchise towards sales volume of traditional seller from its revenue, and knowing marketing mix and others variables effect towards seller sales volume in Traditional Market “Pajak Sore” Padang Bulan Medan. This is a quantitative research. Variable analyzed by univariat and bivariat analys...
Setting Fair Prices – Fundamental Principle Of Sustainable Marketing
Cătoiu, Iacob; Vrânceanu, Diana Maria; Filip, Alina
2010-01-01
In commercial area, the price has a major importance, being frequently considered among the main criteria used in buying decision process. Price fairness derives from equity theory and it is focused on assuring in a transaction a reasonable report between the customer’s sacrifice and the value offered by the seller. In three marketing experiments we have evaluated customers’ fairness perceptions of differential prices, this tactic being frequently used by sellers. One important finding was th...
A JOINT EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF INVESTOR BEHAVIOR IN IPO PRICING METHODS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vinicio de Souza e Almeida
2015-01-01
Full Text Available This article jointly examines the differences of laboratory versions of the Dutch clock open auction, a sealed-bid auction to represent book building, and a two-stage sealed bid auction to proxy for the “competitive IPO”, a recent innovation used in a few European equity initial public offerings. We investigate pricing, seller allocation, and buyer welfare allocation efficiency and conclude that the book building emulation seems to be as price efficient as the Dutch auction, even after investor learning, whereas the competitive IPO is not price efficient, regardless of learning. The competitive IPO is the most seller allocative efficient method because it maximizes offer proceeds. The Dutch auction emerges as the most buyer welfare allocative efficient method. Underwriters are probably seeking pricing efficiency rather than seller or buyer welfare allocative efficiency and their discretionary pricing and allocation must be important since book building is prominent worldwide.
Encouraging information sharing to boost the name-your-own-price auction
Chen, Yahong; Li, Jinlin; Huang, He; Ran, Lun; Hu, Yusheng
2017-08-01
During a name-your-own-price (NYOP) auction, buyers can learn a lot of knowledge from their socially connected peers. Such social learning process makes them become more active to attend the auction and also helps them make decisions on what price to submit. Combining an information diffusion model and a belief decision model, we explore three effects of bidders' information sharing on the buyers' behaviors and the seller profit. The results indicate that information sharing significantly increases the NYOP popularity and the seller profit. When enlarging the quality or quantity of information sharing, or increasing the spreading efficiency of the network topology, the number of attenders and the seller profit are increased significantly. However, the spread of information may make bidders be more likely to bid higher and consequently lose surplus. In addition, the different but interdependent influence of the successful information and failure information are discussed in this work.
Sexual economics: sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions.
Baumeister, Roy F; Vohs, Kathleen D
2004-01-01
A heterosexual community can be analyzed as a marketplace in which men seek to acquire sex from women by offering other resources in exchange. Societies will therefore define gender roles as if women are sellers and men buyers of sex. Societies will endow female sexuality, but not male sexuality, with value (as in virginity, fidelity, chastity). The sexual activities of different couples are loosely interrelated by a marketplace, instead of being fully separate or private, and each couple's decisions may be influenced by market conditions. Economic principles suggest that the price of sex will depend on supply and demand, competition among sellers, variations in product, collusion among sellers, and other factors. Research findings show gender asymmetries (reflecting the complementary economic roles) in prostitution, courtship, infidelity and divorce, female competition, the sexual revolution and changing norms, unequal status between partners, cultural suppression of female sexuality, abusive relationships, rape, and sexual attitudes.
Norbutas, Lukas
2018-06-01
Cryptomarkets, or illegal anonymizing online platforms that facilitate drug trade, have been analyzed in a rapidly growing body of research. Previous research has found that, despite increased risks, cryptomarket sellers are often willing to ship illegal drugs internationally. There is little to no information, however, about the extent to which uncertainty and risk related to geographic constraints shapes buyers' behavior and, in turn, the structure of the global online drug trade network. In this paper, we analyze the structure of a complete cryptomarket trade network with a focus on the role of geographic clustering of buyers and sellers. We use publicly available crawls of the cryptomarket Abraxas, encompassing market transactions between 463 sellers and 3542 buyers of drugs in 2015. We use descriptive social network analysis and Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM) to analyze the structure of the trade network. The structure of the online drug trade network is primarily shaped by geographical boundaries. Buyers are more likely to buy from multiple sellers within a single country, and avoid buying from sellers in different countries, which leads to strong geographic clustering. The effect is especially strong between continents and weaker for countries within Europe. A small fraction of buyers (10%) account for more than a half of all drug purchases, while most buyers only buy once. Online drug trade networks might still be heavily shaped by offline (geographic) constraints, despite their ability to provide access for end-users to large international supply. Cryptomarkets might be more "localized" and less international than thought before. We discuss potential explanations for such geographical clustering and implications of the findings. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Gupta, Sunil; Mela, Carl F
2008-11-01
Free customers who are subsidized by paying customers are essential to a vast array of businesses, such as media companies, employment services, and even IT providers. But because they generate revenue only indirectly, figuring out the true value of those customers--and how much attention to devote them--has always been a challenge. Traditional customer-valuation models don't help; they focus exclusively on paying customers and largely ignore network effects, or how customers help draw other customers to a business. Now a new model, devised by professors Gupta, of Harvard Business School, and Mela, of Fuqua School of Business, takes into account not only direct network effects (where buyers attract more buyers or sellers more sellers) but also indirect network effects (where buyers attract more sellers or vice versa) . The model calculates the precise long-term impact of each additional free customer on a company's profits, factoring in the degree to which he or she brings in other customers--whether free or paying--and the ripple effect of those customers. The model helped an online auction house make several critical decisions. The business made its money on fees charged to sellers but recognized that its free customers--its buyers--were valuable, too. As competition heated up, the company worried that it wasn't wooing enough buyers. Using the model, the business discovered that the network effects of buyers were indeed large and that those customers were worth over $1,000 each--much more than had been assumed. Armed with that information, the firm increased its research on buyers, invested more in targeting them with ads, and improved their experience. The model also helped the company identify the effects of various pricing strategies on sellers, showing that they became less price-sensitive over time. As a result, the company raised the fees it charged them as well.
Tobacco Metabolites and Caffeine in Human Milk Purchased via the Internet.
Geraghty, Sheela R; McNamara, Kelly; Kwiek, Jesse J; Rogers, Lynette; Klebanoff, Mark A; Augustine, Molly; Keim, Sarah A
2015-11-01
Chemicals inhaled or ingested by mothers can be present in their milk. Our objective was to determine levels of nicotine, cotinine, and caffeine in human milk purchased via the Internet. We purchased human milk (n=102) via the Internet and abstracted seller advertisements for information volunteered about tobacco and caffeine use. Nicotine, cotinine, and caffeine levels in the milk were quantified by mass spectrometry according to published protocols. No sellers indicated smoking in their advertisement. Many of the milk samples (58%) had detectable nicotine or cotinine; four (4%) of the samples had nicotine or cotinine levels high enough to indicate active smoking. Twelve (12%) sellers said in their advertisements that they specifically limit (4%) or avoid (8%) caffeine entirely. Five (5%) of the samples had caffeine levels consistent with consuming at least 1 cup of coffee 2 hours prior to milk expression. Detectable amounts of caffeine were found in almost all of the samples (97%). In 102 milk samples, we detected evidence of active smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, and almost ubiquitous caffeine consumption. Buyers of human milk on the Internet should be aware that advertisements do not always include accurate information as to what substances may be present. Sellers may misrepresent their health behaviors or be unaware of lifestyle factors that can lead to exposure to nicotine and caffeine.
Local Buyer Market Power and Horizontally Differentiated Manufacturers
Wang, Shinn-Shyr; Rojas, Christian; Lavoie, Nathalie
2010-01-01
In this paper we study a farmer-processor relationship, where market power is bidirectional: processors have buyer as well as seller market power. Farmers supply a homogeneous raw input to the processors, which, in turn, process it into a horizontally differentiated product. The analysis shows that the spread between prices that both parties receive can be decomposed into two components: one due to buyer market power in the agricultural input market and one due to seller market power in the d...
Does It Matter Whom an Agent Serves? Evidence from Recent Changes in Real Estate Agency Law.
Curran, Christopher; Schrag, Joel
2000-01-01
Recent changes in real estate law hastened the shift from a seller's agency regime, in which real estate agents serve the interests of sellers, to a buyer's agency regime, in which agents serve the interests of buyers. Using data from the Atlanta real estate market, we show that the shift to buyer's agency led to a significant decline in real estate prices in the market for relatively expensive houses, while real estate prices did not significantly change in the market for relatively inexpens...
Is Dual Agency in Housing Transactions Ethically Acceptable?: A Japan-U.S. Comparison
Okoshi, Toshiyuki
2017-01-01
This paper focuses on the problem of real estate agentsʼ disloyalty to their clients (buyers or sellers of houses) caused by asymmetric information, and compares several previous studies in the US to this research on the effects of dual agency deals in Japan. Dual agency means that the same real estate agent represents both seller and buyer in a housing transaction. Furthermore, this paper considers whether dual agency can be ethically accepted in housing transactions. The important point is ...
Could Bad Certifiers Certify Best?
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bizotto, Jacopo; Rudiger, Jesper; Vigier, Adrien
2017-01-01
We study product certification in settings where the certifier maximizes social welfare and bases his decisions on a mixture of information, some of which is voluntarily disclosed by the sellers, and some of which he acquires first hand by testing products. We show that unless the certifier is able...... to pre-commit to a testing strategy, then having better access to information may lead to worse certification quality, by crowding out information disclosed by the sellers. Policy implications are discussed....
Mantik, Tirza
2013-01-01
Brand is the name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's product distinct from those of other sellers. To introduce a product to the public, company should make a strong brand to increase the consumers' attitude of sportswear. In order to support an ad in providing information and attract the attention of the public, a company will use brand awareness and brand trust. Research objectives are to analyse the effect of brand awareness and brand trust on consumer...
Armstrong, Mark
2016-01-01
The paper discusses situations in which consumers search through their options in a deliberate order, in contrast to more familiar models with random search. Topics include: network effects (consumers may be better off following the same search order as other consumers); the use of price and non-price advertising to direct search; the impact of consumers starting a new search with their previous supplier; the incentive sellers have to merge or co-locate with other sellers; and the incentive a...
International Space Station Systems Engineering. Case Study
2010-01-01
negotiators to move beyond an impasse.108 Don’t be so ready to chase revolutionary designs over evolutionary designs. A key lesson from Russian...112 2002 Oct. 7 2002 Oct. 18 9A S1 truss delivery Jeffrey S. Ashby, Pamela A. Melroy, David A. Wolf, Piers J. Sellers, Sandra H. Magnus , Fyodor...2002 Oct. 18 9A S1 truss delivery Jeffrey S. Ashby, Pamela A. Melroy, David A. Wolf, Piers J. Sellers, Sandra H. Magnus , Fyodor N. Yurchikhin
Structuring spot, short and long term gas contracts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gretener, N.M.
1996-01-01
A review of the core clauses of the modern natural gas purchase and sales contracts, was presented. There exists a wide variety of terms which can be used by a seller and a buyer to customize such a contract to suit particular circumstances. On the basis of length of term, gas contracts may classified as spot contracts having a term of 30 days or less, short term contracts having a term of 30 days to one to two years, and long term contracts having terms greater than two years. The three key elements which are applicable to all gas sales contracts are the contract price, the seller's obligation to deliver, and the buyer's obligation to accept. Other provisions that may be included in any gas sales contract in addition to the basic three were reviewed, including market pricing, load factor incentive pricing, seasonal pricing, pipeline demand charges, market shares, and the seller's right to decontract
Pricing Model for Dual Sales Channel with Promotion Effect Consideration
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chuiri Zhou
2016-01-01
Full Text Available We focus on the pricing strategy of a dual sales channel member when his/her online retailer faces an upcoming overloaded express delivery service due to the sales peak of online shopping, especially referring to the occurring affairs in China. We characterize the pricing problem of the dual selling channel system as a two-period game. When the price discount is only provided by the online seller, we find that the prices of the traditional channel and the online channel in the two periods are higher while the overloaded degree of express delivery is lower and the overloaded delivery services can decrease the profits of both channels. When the price discounts are provided by both traditional and online sellers, we find that the derived Nash price equilibrium of both channels includes five possible combinations of prices. Both traditional and online sellers will choose their price strategies, respectively, according to their cost advantages which are affected by the overloaded degree of express delivery.
Electricity market risk management using forward contracts with bilateral options
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chung, T.S.; Yu, C.W.; Wong, K.P.; Zhang, S.H.
2003-01-01
Extreme short-term price volatility in competitive electricity markets creates the need for risk management arrangements. A new electricity forward contract with bilateral financial options is introduced, which allows both seller and buyer to take advantage of flexibility in generation and consumption to obtain monetary benefits while simultaneously removing the risk of market price fluctuations. The option theory is incorporated to formulate the contract price. The strike prices of options are derived from solving an equilibrium model in which both the buyer and the seller aim to maximise their own profit. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed optional forward contract presents a more equitable and reasonable payoff structure that allows the buyer and seller to earn a larger overall expected benefit, and the contractual arrangement supports efficiency in economic dispatch of electricity production and consumption. The insights obtained from these results will be helpful to participants in the contractual decision-making process. (Author)
A Cross-Cultural Multi-agent Model of Opportunism in Trade
Hofstede, Gert Jan; Jonker, Catholijn M.; Verwaart, Tim
According to transaction cost economics, contracts are always incomplete and offer opportunities to defect. Some level of trust is a sine qua non for trade. If the seller is better informed about product quality than the buyer, the buyer has to rely on information the seller provides or has to check the information by testing the product or tracing the supply chain processes, thus incurring extra transaction cost. An opportunistic seller who assumes the buyer to trust, may deliver a lower quality product than agreed upon. In human decisions to deceive and to show trust or distrust, issues like mutual expectations, shame, self-esteem, personality, and reputation are involved. These factors depend in part on traders' cultural background. This paper proposes an agent model of deceit and trust and describes a multi-agent simulation where trading agents are differentiated according to Hofstede's dimensions of national culture. Simulations of USA and Dutch trading situations are compared.
What’s in a Label? Ecstasy Sellers’ Perceptions of Pill Brands†
Duterte, Micheline; Jacinto, Camille; Sales, Paloma; Murphy, Sheigla
2009-01-01
This article presents selected findings from a qualitative study of Ecstasy sellers and their sales practices, knowledge of distribution networks, buyer-seller relationships, and self-reported drug use. In-depth interviews were conducted with 80 men and women who had sold five or more hits of Ecstasy five or more times in the six months prior to the interview. Study participants described their perceptions of the various types of Ecstasy they had distributed or used themselves. The participants had experience with a variety of Ecstasy labels, from the popular “Blue Dolphin” tablets to the powdered form called “Molly.” We tracked pill brand mentions on Ecstasy-related websites to compare with interviewees’ descriptions of Ecstasy brands. This study examines Ecstasy sellers’ ideas about the role of brand names in Ecstasy markets and their relationship to their beliefs about different types of Ecstasy’s purity and quality. We demonstrate that considering Ecstasy branding increases our understanding of buyer and seller relationships. PMID:19455907
Applications of Classifying Bidding Strategies for the CAT Tournament
Gruman, Mark L.; Narayana, Manjunath
In the CAT Tournament, specialists facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers with the intention of maximizing profit from commission and other fees. Each specialist must find a well-balanced strategy that allows it to entice buyers and sellers to trade in its market while also retaining the buyers and sellers that are currently subscribed to it. Classification techniques can be used to determine the distribution of bidding strategies used by all traders subscribed to a particular specialist. Our experiments showed that Hidden Markov Model classification yielded the best results. The distribution of strategies, along with other competition-related factors, can be used to determine the optimal action in any given game state. Experimental data shows that the GD and ZIP bidding strategies are more volatile than the RE and ZIC strategies. An MDP framework for determining optimal actions given an accurate distribution of bidding strategies is proposed as a motivator for future work.
Optimal strategy for selling on group-buying website
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Xuan Jiang
2014-09-01
Full Text Available Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to help business marketers with offline channels to make decisions on whether to sell through Group-buying (GB websites and how to set online price with the coordination of maximum deal size on GB websites. Design/methodology/approach: Considering the deal structure of GB websites especially for the service fee and minimum deal size limit required by GB websites, advertising effect of selling on GB websites, and interaction between online and offline markets, an analytical model is built to derive optimal online price and maximum deal size for sellers selling through GB website. This paper aims to answer four research questions: (1 How to make a decision on maximum deal size with coordination of the deal price? (2 Will selling on GB websites always be better than staying with offline channel only? (3 What kind of products is more appropriate to sell on GB website? (4How could GB website operator induce sellers to offer deep discount in GB deals? Findings and Originality/value: This paper obtains optimal strategies for sellers selling on GB website and finds that: Even if a seller has sufficient capacity, he/she may still set a maximum deal size on the GB deal to take advantage of Advertisement with Limited Availability (ALA effect; Selling through GB website may not bring a higher profit than selling only through offline channel when a GB site only has a small consumer base and/or if there is a big overlap between the online and offline markets; Low margin products are more suitable for being sold online with ALA strategies (LP-ALA or HP-ALA than high margin ones; A GB site operator could set a small minimum deal size to induce deep discounts from the sellers selling through GB deals. Research limitations/implications: The present study assumed that the demand function is determinate and linear. It will be interesting to study how stochastic demand and a more general demand function affect the optimal
The Mortensen Rule and Efficient Coordination Unemployment
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kennes, John; King, Ian; Julien, Benoit
2006-01-01
We apply the efficiency axioms of [Mortensen, D. (1982). Efficiency of mating, racing and related games. American Economic Review, 72 968–979.] to a set of matching games involving coordination frictions between buyers. These games include markets with finite numbers of buyers and sellers...... and markets with infinite numbers of heterogeneous buyers and homogenous sellers. We show that the Mortensen rule, but not the Hosios rule, gives constrained efficient allocations. We also show that the Mortensen rule is implemented by a simple auction...
Perilaku Konsumen dalam Membeli Tas Wanita di Toko Online Zalora
Suyatin, Lusia Huring, Robin Jonathan
2016-01-01
Online shopping is a process where the consumers directly buy item or services from sellers in real-time, without intermediary service. This system can enable customers to transact, but contained some risks, such as the quality of the item does not comply with description on the website, and susceptible to fraud cases because buyers and sellers are not met in person. It has an impact on consumer buying decisions. Consumers who already have a sense of not believing in quality of the product wo...
Selling money on eBay: A field study of surplus division
Gizatulina, Alia; Gorelkina, Olga
2016-01-01
We study the division of trade surplus in a competitive market environment by conducting a natural field experiment on German eBay. Acting as a seller, we offer Amazon gift cards with face values of up to 500 Euro. Randomly arriving buyers, the subjects of our experiment, make price offers according to eBay rules. Using a novel decomposition method, we infer offered shares of trade surplus and find that the average share proposed to the seller amounts to 29%. Additionally, we document: (i) in...
Finite Optimal Stopping Problems: The Seller's Perspective
Hemmati, Mehdi; Smith, J. Cole
2011-01-01
We consider a version of an optimal stopping problem, in which a customer is presented with a finite set of items, one by one. The customer is aware of the number of items in the finite set and the minimum and maximum possible value of each item, and must purchase exactly one item. When an item is presented to the customer, she or he observes its…
Auctions with competing sellers and behavioral bidders
Delnoij, J.M.J.
2016-01-01
With the rise of the Internet, the use of auctions has become increasingly prevalent. Nowadays, consumers can buy a myriad of goods by means of online auctions – cars, holidays, clothing, sports items, electronics and even lab equipment are auctioned on the Internet. Economists have studied auctions
Rationally inattentive seller: sales and discrete pricing
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Matějka, Filip
2016-01-01
Roč. 83, č. 3 (2016), s. 1125-1155 ISSN 0034-6527 Institutional support: PRVOUK-P23 Keywords : rational inattention * nominal rigidity * sticky prices Subject RIV: AH - Economics Impact factor: 4.030, year: 2016
Rationally inattentive seller: sales and discrete pricing
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Matějka, Filip
2016-01-01
Roč. 83, č. 3 (2016), s. 1125-1155 ISSN 0034-6527 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GPP402/11/P236 Institutional support: RVO:67985998 Keywords : rational inattention * nominal rigidity * sticky prices Subject RIV: AH - Economics Impact factor: 4.030, year: 2016
6 CFR 25.5 - Obligations of seller.
2010-01-01
... liability insurance required, the Under Secretary may consider any factor, including, but not limited to... liability insurance offered on the world market; (vi) Data and history regarding mass casualty losses; (vii... price of the product, and the possible consequences thereof for development, production, or deployment...
HUBUNGAN HIGIENE PEDAGANG DAN SANITASI DENGAN KONTAMINASI SALMONELLA PADA DAGING AYAM POTONG
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Asmorowati Nugroho Aerita
2014-10-01
Full Text Available Daging ayam rentan terhadap bahaya biologi yang merupakan benda hidup. Salah satu mikroba yang mengontaminasi daging ayam yaitu Salmonella. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan higiene pedagang dan sanitasi dengan kontaminasi Salmonella pada daging ayam potong di Pasar Banjaran dan Pasar Trayeman Kabupaten Tegal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah seluruh pedagang daging ayam potong di Pasar Banjaran dan Pasar Trayeman Kabupaten Tegal. Sampel berjumlah 30 pedagang. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu kuesioner, lembar observasi dan pemeriksaan laboratorium. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat (fisher. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ada hubungan higiene pedagang dengan kontaminasi Salmonella pada daging ayam potong (p value=0,045 dan CC=0,386; ada hubungan sanitasi dengan kontaminasi Salmonella pada daging ayam potong (p value=0,022 dan CC=0,461. Saran untuk pedagang adalah berusaha menyediakan air bersih untuk proses kegiatan berdagang, serta menerapkan praktik pencucian tangan dengan sabun minimal sebelum maupun setelah melakukan kegiatan berdagang. Untuk Dinas Kesehatan sebaiknya mengadakan program penyuluhan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan higiene dan sanitasi serta melakukan pengawasan dan pembinaan terhadap pedagang untuk meningkatkan kualitas keamanan pangan. Fresh chicken is very sensitive of biologic danger. One of microbes which contaminate chicken is Salmonella. The aims of this research are to find out the correlation between the seller’s hygiene and sanitation with Salmonella contamination on fresh chicken in Banjaran and Trayeman traditional market at Tegal regency. This research used cross sectional approach. Population taken in this research is all of the chicken seller in Banjaran and Trayeman traditional market, while the sample are 30 sellers. The instruments used are questionnaire, check list and laboratory experiment. Univariate and bivariate
A typology of drug selling among young adults in the United States.
Vaughn, Michael G; Salas-Wright, Christopher P; DeLisi, Matt; Shook, Jeffrey J; Terzis, Lauren
2015-02-01
Although studies have found that young adults who sell drugs are more likely to be involved in risky behaviors than those who do not sell drugs, there has been relatively little research that has explored heterogeneity among young adults who sell drugs. Using a pooled sample of 18 to 25 year olds from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2006-2010) who report past-year drug selling (N = 5,373), this study employs latent profile analysis to specify latent groups and assess the correlates of group membership. Findings indicate substantial differences among young adults who sell drugs. In particular, the analysis found four groups of drug sellers: normative (49.6%), club drug users (23.6%), polysubstance users (16.0%), and criminal offenders (10.8%). Club drug users were characterized by high levels of ecstasy and hallucinogen use, polysubstance users were more likely to be depressed and anxious, White and female than the other groups. Criminal offenders were overwhelmingly male and more likely to be comprised of African-Americans and Hispanics. RESULTS indicate that drug selling in early adulthood varies substantially. Contrary to media and popular notions most drug sellers are not involved in crime and polysubstance using drug sellers are in clear need of mental health services. Further, most drug sellers in this age range are White. Findings suggest that policy efforts that operate under the assumption of homogeneity of drug selling may be misguided.
Intransparent Markets and Intra-Industry Trade
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schmidt, Christian Gormsen
Buyers are typically unaware of the full set of offers when making a purchase. This paper examines how international trade interacts with this problem of market intransparency. Sellers must communicate their offers through costly advertising, but cannot reach all buyers. Consequently, no market...... in the model are identical, but appear heterogeneous due to their price randomization. In larger and more open economies, prices and markups will be lower, and exports are primarily realized by sellers who charge low prices. These predictions are similar to those of trade models where firm heterogeneity...
The future of Middle East gas in Japan
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Aoki, Yuzuru [Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc., Sendai (Japan)
1997-06-01
Middle East LNG will be a strong candidate to serve as a source of supply to Japan in the long term. The decisive factor in ensuring that LNG trade with Japan is brought about, however, will be the terms the sellers can offer with regard to three key points: economic efficiency, supply security, and supply/demand matching. In the future, it will be essential to ensure mutual understanding between the LNG sellers and buyers as well as to continue to set up mutual efforts to reduce costs.(Author). 3 tabs.
PENGARUH KEBUDAYAAN KONTEMPORER DALAM PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR MAL
Freddy H. Istanto
2000-01-01
Market is traditionally known as the place where the seller and the buyers meet. In its development, it grows to be big shopping centers and even malls. Along with it, the concept of market has also changed within this building. It is not only the place where the transaction between the sellers and the buyers happen but also it expands to be the one where each person has turned to be the "player" in the nowadays "cultural-theatre". Being the designers, the architect is challenged to respond t...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kantnerová Liběna
2016-09-01
Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to analyze the use of payment cards in retail in the Czech Republic from the side of clients (buyers and the side of sellers. Questionnaires for clients examine satisfaction with cards and the service connected with them. Sellers’ satisfaction with the profit and function of cards is analyzed. The data indicated that 92% of the 352 respondents in South Bohemia had a payment card and more than 35% had more than one card. In retail, 70% of sellers had a payment terminal.
Licensing of radioactive materials and facilities in the Philippines
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mateo, A.J.
1976-12-01
The importation, acquisition, possession, use, sale and/ or transfer of radioactive materials need to be regulated and controlled in order to safeguard the importer, possessor, user or seller and the general public as well. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission pursuant to Republic Act No. 2067, as amended and Republic Act No. 5207, has been charged by the government to control, regulate and license all the radioactive materials and facilities in the Philippines. Licensing and control is accomplished through a system of rules and regulations applicable to all importers, possessors, users or sellers of radioactive materials
Treating the merger as a taxable versus tax-free combination.
Finkler, S A; Karlinsky, S S
1985-04-01
A key issue in any business combination is whether the transaction is to be a taxable acquisition or a tax-free reorganization. Neither structure's benefits clearly dominate. Taxable acquisitions result in greater inventory cost and depreciation tax benefits to the buyer and more tax to the seller. Tax-free reorganizations allow the seller to avoid current payment of at least some taxes but result in less favorable tax benefits to the buyer. Each merger must therefore be tailored to fit the specific needs and wishes of the parties involved.
The future of Middle East gas in Japan
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yuzuru Aoki
1997-01-01
Middle East LNG will be a strong candidate to serve as a source of supply to Japan in the long term. The decisive factor in ensuring that LNG trade with Japan is brought about, however, will be the terms the sellers can offer with regard to three key points: economic efficiency, supply security, and supply/demand matching. In the future, it will be essential to ensure mutual understanding between the LNG sellers and buyers as well as to continue to set up mutual efforts to reduce costs.(Author). 3 tabs
How (not) to sell nuclear weapons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jehiel, P.; Moldovanu, B.; Stacchetti, E.
1994-01-01
We study the problem of a seller who wants to maximize her revenue in situations where the outcome of the sale affects the nature of the future interaction between agents. We model those situations by assuming that an agent that does not acquire the object for sale incurs an externality that may depend both on the identity of the sufferer and on the identity of the final purchaser. We describe an optimal auction that has a unique Nash equilibrium in strictly dominant strategies. We show that: 1) Outside options are endogenously determined in equilibrium. Participation constraints and the ''threats'' in case of non-participation play an important role. 2) An optimizing seller can extract surplus also from buyers that do not obtain the auctioned object. 3) The seller is better off by not selling at all (while obtaining some payments) if externalities are large when compared to the pure profits that buyers achieve if they acquire the object. 4) The revenue-maximizing equilibrium is coalition-proof if buyers cannot organize side payments among themselves. (orig.)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
NONE
1991-05-03
This solicitation is for the U.S. Department of Energy under Prime Contract No. DE-AC04-88-DP43495 with EG&G Mound Applied Technologies. Ohio Sales or Use taxes are not to be included in the proposal price. Applicable taxes due or owing to the State of Ohio will be paid by the buyer under Direct Payment Permit No. 98-002230. Refer to Form ML-2487, General Provisions, Article 24, {open_quotes}Federal, State & Local Taxes{close_quotes}. Sellers are advised that purchases of building and construction materials for incorporation into a structure or improvement to a real property which is accepted for ownership by the United States or one of its agencies are exempt from Ohio Sales and Use taxes. Unnecessarily elaborate brochures or other presentations beyond those sufficient to present a complete and effective response to this solicitation are not desired and may be construed as an indication of the seller`s lack of cost consciousness. Elaborate art work, expensive paper and binding, and expensive visual and other presentation aids are neither necessary nor wanted.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zohreh Molamohamadi
2014-01-01
Full Text Available In the traditional inventory system, it was implicitly assumed that the buyer pays to the seller as soon as he receives the items. In today’s competitive industry, however, the seller usually offers the buyer a delay period to settle the account of the goods. Not only the seller but also the buyer may apply trade credit as a strategic tool to stimulate his customers’ demands. This paper investigates the effects of the latter policy, two-level trade credit, on a retailer’s optimal ordering decisions within the economic order quantity framework and allowable shortages. Unlike most of the previous studies, the demand function of the customers is considered to increase with time. The objective of the retailer’s inventory model is to maximize the profit. The replenishment decisions optimally are obtained using genetic algorithm. Two special cases of the proposed model are discussed and the impacts of parameters on the decision variables are finally investigated. Numerical examples demonstrate the profitability of the developed two-level supply chain with backorder.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Finon, D.
2006-01-01
The purpose of this paper is to review the interdependence relation-ship between Russia and the European Union in the area of gas, by distinguishing the Russian seller's power risk from the issue of short term security, which are often mistaken one for the other The goal is to measure the economic risk associated with the seller's dominant position in the European market to appreciate the relevance of responses that can be made by European countries or the European Union. Firstly, the basically different nature of Russia and of the European Union is described, as well as the role played by its energy resources in the assertion of Russia's political power Secondly there is an analysis of the Russian seller's elements of dependence on the European market, before reviewing, thirdly, the risk of exercising Gazprom's market power in Europe. In closing is a review of the relevance of possible actions by the European Union and member countries to reduce that risk by facilitating the densification of the Pan-european Network, the establishment of entry points and market integration. (author)
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hongqi Liu
2015-06-01
Full Text Available This paper studies short sellers’ trading strategies and their effects on the financial market by examining their accusations of fraud against Chinese reverse merger firms (CRMs in the US. We find that short sellers rely on firms’ fundamental information, especially relative financial indicators, to locate their “prey.” Specifically, they compare a target firm’s financial indicators (e.g., growth and receivables with both the industry average and the firm’s history. We find no evidence that short sellers accuse CRMs simply because of their reverse merger label. Additionally, we test the accuracy of short sellers’ accusations in the long run and find that accused firms are more likely to delist and less likely to recover from price plunges. Our results also indicate that CRMs’ high exposure to short sellers’ accusations stem from adverse selection problems: firms with high litigation risk are more likely to choose reverse mergers to access the US capital market. Overall, our results support the view that short sellers are sophisticated investors and shed some light on their decision processes.
TRENDS OF THE FACTORING TURNOVER IN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Éva DARABOS
2017-05-01
Full Text Available The factoring scheme was developed by the competition between the market operators and the need for the most favourable conditions of sale. The seller is constrained to provide loans on a broad scale therefore the seller may have liquidity problems. In cases of this kind, the seller can apply to a factoring company in order to access sources, instead of a bank loan. The factoring service has a price. Decision of the financial managers can largely contribute to choosing the appropriate funding form to retain the continuous liquidity situation of an enterprise. Aim of the article is to present the main tendencies of the factoring turnover in international comparisons, highlighting the characteristics of the financial service by its direction, sectorial distribution and customer size in Hungary. It has been estimated that the factoring financing approaches 10% of the short-term loan stocks of SMEs required from banks which indicates that the factoring is now far beyond the marginal financial service but it is an essential element of the short-term financing toolkit.
Factors influencing consumer behaviour in market vegetables in Yemen
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tarish H. Al-Gahaifi
2011-01-01
Full Text Available The purpose of the research is to understand factors influencing consumer behaviour when buying vegetables in Republic of Yemen. Data collection was done by structured questionnaire administered through schools, universities, government offices, and markets from 13 provinces in 5 governorates. Random convenience sampling technique was used. Total sample comprised of 463 completed questionnaires which were used for analysis. The respondents were classified into five categories on the base of their monthly income, age, education, gender, and type of settlement. Authors present the factors that can influence significantly this behaviour, e.g. price, quality, the location of seller, habit, personal relationship between consumer and seller, occasions, discount, sorting, word-mouth, time of purchase, the way of products display, and recommendation of friends and families. From the obtained results, it is obvious that there was high influence on the behaviour of Yemeni consumer when buying vegetables for factors price, occasions, discontent, and time of purchase, while factors habit, display, sorting, and the location of seller suggests medium influence, and the influence was low for word-mouth.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sri Ratna Astuti
2015-12-01
Full Text Available ABSTRACT Background : The increasing number of motor vehicle in Central Java has seriously brought the health effects to community because of the increasing pollution of the Lead (Pb in the air. The objectives of this research is to find the relationship between the content of the Lead (Pb in the air, the content of the Lead (Pb in urine with the outcome of maternal and neonatus of the sellers in the bus terminal Tirtonadi Surakarta, 2002. Method : This was an explanatory research using cross sectional approach. The population of this research was all women who worked as sellers at the age of 20 - 40 years old. Thirty-one samples (total population were taken. The measuring of the Lead (Pb content in the air and urine were analyzed using AAS method. The interviewing of the respondents collected the outcome data of maternal and neonatus. The result analysis used the multiple-correlation test with significance level on 0,05 and used prevalence ratio. Result : Based on statistical analysis, it is known that the content of the Lead (Pb in the air has significant relationship with the outcome of neonatus (p value 1 and the Lead (Pb in urine is predicted as the risk factor for neonatus outcome (RP > 1. Conclusion : There is a significant relationship between the content of the Lead (Pb in the air with the outcome of neonatus of the sellers in the bus terminal Tirtonadi in Surakarta, 2002. Key words : Lead in the air, urine, maternal and neonatus outcome, sellers, bus station.
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Henschel, Rene Franz; Lookofsky, Joseph
2004-01-01
CISG Articles 66-70 regulate the passing of risk. Article 69 provides the gap-filling rules for "non-carriage" cases, and this includes cases where the goods are delivered by transportation and personnel under the seller's control. If the buyer is bound to take over the goods at the seller's plac...... of business, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods are placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery, cf. Article 69(1)....
Stoppage in transit and right of control : 'Conflict of rules' ?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Časlav Pejović
2009-08-01
Full Text Available Stoppage in transit is a common law mechanism of protection of unpaid seller aimed at protecting the seller against the risk of non payment of the price. This seller’s right has been adopted in a modified form by the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG. On the other hand, under the rules of maritime law, there is the right of control over the goods performed by the holder of all originals of the negotiable transport document. The stoppage in transit, as defined by the CISG contravenes the right of control under the maritime law rules, particularly in civil law jurisdictions, where the seller does not have the right to stop the goods in transit, unless he is in possession of all originals of a transport document. This ‘conflict of rules’ became apparent after the UNCITRAL draft of the Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea was adopted in July 2008. Differently from all previous conventions regulating carriage of goods by sea, this UNCITRAL Draft expressly regulates the issue of right of control during the carriage. Under those provisions, the right of control is in the hands of the holder of all originals of a transport document. Hence, under the UNCITRAL Draft the seller does not have the right to stop the goods in transit, unless he is the holder of all originals of a transport document, which is in conflict with the CISG provision on the stoppage in transit. This paper analyzes this ‘conflict of rules’ of these two conventions which were, interestingly, adopted by the same international organization.
Testing neoclassical competitive market theory in the field.
List, John A
2002-11-26
This study presents results from a pilot field experiment that tests predictions of competitive market theory. A major advantage of this particular field experimental design is that my laboratory is the marketplace: subjects are engaged in buying, selling, and trading activities whether I run an exchange experiment or am a passive observer. In this sense, I am gathering data in a natural environment while still maintaining the necessary control to execute a clean comparison between treatments. The main results of the study fall into two categories. First, the competitive model predicts reasonably well in some market treatments: the expected price and quantity levels are approximated in many market rounds. Second, the data suggest that market composition is important: buyer and seller experience levels impact not only the distribution of rents but also the overall level of rents captured. An unexpected result in this regard is that average market efficiency is lowest in markets that match experienced buyers and experienced sellers and highest when experienced buyers engage in bargaining with inexperienced sellers. Together, these results suggest that both market experience and market composition play an important role in the equilibrium discovery process.
Marketing of meat sheep with intensive finishing in southern state of Mexico.
Mondragón-Ancelmo, Jaime; Hernández-Martínez, Juvencio; Rebollar-Rebollar, Samuel; Salem, Abdelfattah Zeidan Mohamed; Rojo-Rubio, Rolando; Domínguez-Vara, Ignacio Arturo; García-Martínez, Anastacio
2014-12-01
The objective of the present study was to quantify the marketing margins of cold sheep carcass and barbacoa meat in the southern state of Mexico. Data were obtained from the production chain links (production, industrialization, and marketing) where the marketing margins were calculated along with the benefit/cost (B/C) ratio. In the absolute marketing margin of the final consumer price per kilogram of carcass meat, the producer obtained US$2.7/kg (47 %) of the utilities, while the intermediaries obtained US$3.1/kg (53 %). Considering the final cooked product in barbacoa (typical dish), the margin was US$6.3/kg (29 %) for the producer and US$15.2/kg (71 %) for the intermediaries. The B/C ratio was 1.0, 1.1, 2, and 1.3 for the producer, stocker, butcher, and barbacoa seller, respectively. It is concluded that the best marketing channel for the producer was the producer-stocker-processor (butcher and barbacoa seller). The highest marketing margin was for the intermediaries followed by the producer. The order of importance of the B/C kilogram ratio of meat was for the butcher first, then barbacoa seller, and lastly stocker and producer.
Correct fair market value calculation needed to avoid regulatory challenges.
Dietrich, M O
1997-09-01
In valuing a physician practice for acquisition, it is important for buyers and sellers to distinguish between fair market value and strategic value. Although many buyers would willingly pay for the strategic value of a practice, tax-exempt buyers are required by law to consider only the fair market value in setting a bid price. Valuators must adjust group earnings to exclude items that do not apply to any willing seller and include items that do apply to any willing seller to arrive at the fair market value of the practice. In addition, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which becomes the discount rate in the valuation model, is critical to the measure of value of the practice. Small medical practices are assumed to have few hard assets and little long-term debt, and the WACC is calculated on the basis of those assumptions. When a small practice has considerable debt, however, this calculated WACC may be inappropriate for valuing the practice. In every case, evidence that shows that a transaction has been negotiated "at arm's length" should stave off any regulatory challenge.
A framework for determining optimal petroleum leasing
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Robinson, D.R.
1991-01-01
The techniques of auction theory and option theory are combined to allow valuation under both geologic and oil price uncertainty. The primary motivation for developing this framework is to understand the prevalence of leasing in transferring ownership of oil properties. Under a standard oil lease, the landowner sells an oil company the right to explore and develop a tract of land for a fixed period of time. If oil is found, a fraction of the revenues is reserved for the landowner. Compared to the outright sale of the minerals, leasing has the disadvantages of: (1) lowering total oil field value through alteration of investment incentives; (2) providing the seller with a more risk cash flow; and (3) increasing legal and administrative costs. It is demonstrated here that in lease sales as compared to full mineral interest sales, the relative disadvantages are offset by more effective value transfer to the seller. For the base-case parameters, the optimal lease in a bonus auction gives the seller 28% more value than the sale of the full mineral interest. There is a loss in the leasing process from distortion of development timing incentives
Optimal Hedge Tracking Portfolios in a Limit Order Book
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Ellersgaard, Simon; Tegner, Martin
2017-01-01
-optimizing option seller, who hedges his position using a combination of limit and market orders, while facing certain constraints as to how far he can deviate from a targeted (Bachelierian) delta strategy. By translating the control problem into a three-dimensional Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman quasi......-variational inequality (HJB QVI) and solving numerically, we are able to deduce optimal limit order quotes alongside the regions surrounding the targeted delta surface in which the option seller must place limit orders vis-à-vis the more aggressive market orders. Our scheme is shown to be monotone, stable......, and consistent and thence, modulo a comparison principle, convergent in the viscosity sense....
Van Kerkhove, Maria D; Vong, Sirenda; Guitian, Javier; Holl, Davun; Mangtani, Punam; San, Sorn; Ghani, Azra C
2009-10-23
Movement of poultry through markets is potentially important in the circulation and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza. However little is understood about poultry market chains in Cambodia. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 715 rural villagers, 123 rural, peri-urban and urban market sellers and 139 middlemen from six provinces and Phnom Penh, to evaluate live poultry movement and trading practices. Direct trade links with Thailand and Vietnam were identified via middlemen and market sellers. Most poultry movement occurs via middlemen into Phnom Penh making live bird wet markets in Phnom Penh a potential hub for the spread of H5N1 and ideal for surveillance and control.
Buyer-seller interaction patterns during ongoing service exchange
Valk, van der, W.
2007-01-01
POINTS OF DEPARTURE Services constitute the main part of economic activity in developed countries around the world, where the service sector accounts for some 70% of aggregate production and employment in OECD50 economies. More specifically, finance, insurance and business services account for about 20 to 30 percent of value added in the total economy51. Consequently, the purchase of business services has become a substantial element in firms’ total acquisition of external resources. This par...
A STUDY OF TUMOURS OF THE SELLER REGION
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rame
2016-03-01
Full Text Available BACKGROUND The tumours of the sellar region that are encountered according to literature are Craniopharyngioma [WHO grade I], Granular cell tumour of the neurohypophysis [WHO grade I], Pituicytoma [WHO grade I], Spindle cells oncocytoma of the adenohypophysis [WHO grade I]. The aim of the study is to study the tumours that are encountered in the Sellar Region. The incidence of the sellar region is very less in this region of Karnataka. METHOD The sample size included 100 cases of intra-cranial neoplasms that turned in the Department of Medicine in KVJ Medical College, Sullia and different local private hospitals of Sullia and Mangalore. RESULTS Only one case of craniopharyngioma was encountered in this study. It accounts for 1(1% of all intracranial tumours studied in this series. Tumour was located in the suprasellar region. This case was reported in a 52-year-old female patient. Presenting complaint was bilateral visual loss and loss of memory. Microscopically-Stratified squamous epithelium was seen lining a cyst and solid ameloblastomatous tissue, calcification ossification and inflammatory reaction were common features. CONCLUSION The incidence of the sellar region is very less in this region of Karnataka.
influence of socio-economic characteristics of yam sellers
African Journals Online (AJOL)
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Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension,. Faculty of .... economic characteristics of the yam wholesalers and their influence(s) on the marketing margin of on yam trade. ..... Essentials of Agricultural Economics. University of. Ibadan ...
Buyer-seller interaction patterns during ongoing service exchange
Valk, van der W.
2007-01-01
POINTS OF DEPARTURE Services constitute the main part of economic activity in developed countries around the world, where the service sector accounts for some 70% of aggregate production and employment in OECD50 economies. More specifically, finance, insurance and business services account for about
77 FR 15757 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request
2012-03-16
... require sellers of consumer commodities to keep records that substantiate ``cents off,'' ``introductory... competitively sensitive information such as costs, sales statistics, inventories, formulas, patterns devices...
Yuvan, Steven; Bier, Martin
2018-02-01
Two decades ago Bak et al. (1997) [3] proposed a reaction-diffusion model to describe market fluctuations. In the model buyers and sellers diffuse from opposite ends of a 1D interval that represents a price range. Trades occur when buyers and sellers meet. We show analytically and numerically that the model well reproduces the square-root relation between traded volumes and price changes that is observed in real-life markets. The result is remarkable as this relation has commonly been explained in terms of more elaborate trader strategies. We furthermore explain why the square-root relation is robust under model modifications and we show how real-life bond market data exhibit the square-root relation.
Greenhouse gas and clean energy markets: two sides of the same environmental coin
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Drummond, S.
2002-01-01
This article focuses on emission trading provided by the Flexibility Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol which are aimed at encouraging the development of renewable energy generation and are used to help lower the cost of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. The economic concept of emissions trading, international emissions trading, the Joint Implementation, and the Clean Development mechanism are examined. The categorization of the market activity for trading carbon dioxide equivalent into the pre-compliance, retail, and regulated markets are discussed along with market characteristics and opportunities for buyers and sellers. The role of the broker and market preparation are considered. A forward market spreadsheet is presented, and trade cycles for buyers and sellers are illustrated
Models of Trust and Reputation in eCommerce
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Florentina Loredana Dragomir
2016-12-01
Full Text Available In eCommerce it is offered to online clients three types of evaluation: the evaluation of the buyer, the evaluation of the seller or the evaluation of both of them. For most of the cases, the partners of transaction can evaluate each other. In general, evaluations show how satisfied or unsatisfied is a buyer or a seller about the online transaction or his partner after the ending of the process. A small number of models offers a solution for developing an initial set of advisors which can be used for determination of levels of reputation and there are a few models that take into consideration as many social criteria as possible for determination of trust.
Cultural aspects of decision-making in online purchases
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Natalija Guseva
2013-06-01
Full Text Available Empirical studies and e-commerce practice have shown that even in the context of globalization customers still need to feel associated by culture with the seller or the service provider. The aim of this paper is to identify and bring together the main cultural and psychological aspects that influence decision-making in e-purchases. Cultural adaptation has a great potential for improving the efficiency of communication with customers; thus, localization of the e-offer has a positive impact on the customer-seller dialogue. The results of the conducted research show the main cultural aspects, which have to be considered when adapting e-offers to Baltic (Latvia, Lithuania and Russian markets.
What is the Outcome of Selling in Business Relationships?
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Ritter, Thomas; Geersbro, Jens
2013-01-01
In a B2B context, interactions between buyers and sellers typically involve more than the transaction as firms develop business relationships of different kinds before, during and beyond the transactions. Beyond loosely coupled firms and weak ties, firms often take a relational approach to their ......In a B2B context, interactions between buyers and sellers typically involve more than the transaction as firms develop business relationships of different kinds before, during and beyond the transactions. Beyond loosely coupled firms and weak ties, firms often take a relational approach....... In this conceptual paper, we isolate “selling” from “relating” and discuss theoretical and managerial implications of these two different but highly connected processes....
Option's value - Greek measures fluctuations and their consequences
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Izabela Pruchnicka-Grabias
2004-01-01
Full Text Available Options are financial instruments that can be applied in many situations. Options buyers sell risk which is bought by their sellers who are obliged to reduce it as much as possible. It can be done by using hedging strategies based on Greek letters and options values analysis. The author proves that Greek letters are not constant during the time of option’s life. The paper shows to what extent they are influenced by such factors as risk free interest rate, volatility, underlying asset price and time to maturity. The conclusion is that options sellers must play an active role, i.e. follow fluctuations of all these parameters and modify their hedging portfolios regularly.
Communication and Procedural Models of the E-Commerce Systems
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Petr SUCHÁNEK
2009-06-01
Full Text Available E-commerce systems became a standard interface between sellers (or suppliers and customers. One of basic condition of an e-commerce system to be efficient is correct definitions and describes of the all internal and external processes. All is targeted the customers´ needs and requirements. The optimal and most exact way how to obtain and find optimal solution of e-commerce system and its processes structure in companies is the modeling and simulation. In this article author shows basic model of communication between customers and sellers in connection with the customer feedback and procedural models of e-commerce systems in terms of e-shops. Procedural model was made with the aid of definition of SOA.
On the Cultural Basis of Gender Differences in Negotiation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Steffen; Ertac, Seda; Gneezy, Uri
2017-01-01
We study how culture and social structure influence bargaining behavior across gender, by exploring the negotiation culture in matrilineal and patriarchal societies using data from a laboratory experiment and a natural field experiment. One interesting result is that in both the actual marketplace...... and in the laboratory bargaining game, women in the matrilineal society earn more than men, at odds with years of evidence observed in the western world. We find that this result is critically driven by which side of the market the person is occupying: female (male) sellers in the matrilineal (patriarchal) society...... extract more of the bargaining surplus than male (female) sellers. In the buyer role, however, we observe no significant differences across societies....
30 CFR 206.104 - What publications are acceptable to MMS?
2010-07-01
... buyers and sellers frequently use; (2) Publications frequently mentioned in purchase or sales contracts; (3) Publications that use adequate survey techniques, including development of estimates based on...
Transmission access raises unresolved economic issues
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Happ, H.H.
1994-01-01
The electric utility industry is in the process of gradual change from a fully regulated industry to one of partial deregulation. Instead of relying on regulation to achieve a fair and equitable price to the consumer for electric energy, the reliance is placed more and more on market forces, through competition, to provide wholesale energy at the best market price. Clearly, open transmission access is required to create a viable competitive wholesale market for new generation resources. This article describes four unresolved, or at least partially unresolved, issues associated with transmission access for wholesale wheeling. Wheeling has been defined as the use of a utility's transmission facilities to transmit power for other buyers and sellers. At least three parties are involved in a wheeling transaction: a seller, a buyer, and one or more wheeling utilities that transmit the power from the seller to the buyer. This article considers wholesale or bulk wheeling only, and does not consider retail wheeling. The four unresolved economic issues described in this article pertain to transmission access: Actual cost of providing transmission services, Methodology or methodologies used in evaluating the cost of wheeling, Contract path versus the actual power flows of the wheel, Issues associated with the formation of transmission regions
Remy, Lysa S; Buttram, Mance E; Kurtz, Steven P; Surratt, Hilary L; Pechansky, Flavio
2017-01-01
This article describes data on the motivations for selling ecstasy among young adults in the electronic dance music (EDM) club culture in Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted with 20 individuals recruited for their involvement in the EDM club scene. Eligible participants were aged 18-39 and reported ecstasy and/or LSD use one or more times in the past 90 days. Exclusion criteria included current treatment for drug/alcohol problems and cognitive impairment or clinically evident psychiatric disorder. Mean age was 22.92 (SD 2.77), 60% were male, 45% reported 12 or more years of education, 50% did not have a primary partner, 50% were living alone, and all had friends who also used ecstasy. Three main themes emerged: (1) "easy" transition from ecstasy user to seller; (2) desire to achieve popularity and fame; and (3) need to sell ecstasy to maintain the high cost of EDM club scene participation. This is one of the first studies of ecstasy sellers in Brazil. The results demonstrate the ease with which the participants transition from ecstasy user to seller. Given the potential health and social dangers associated with ecstasy use, public health campaigns to prevent ecstasy use and policy initiatives to limit the ecstasy supply are warranted.
Online Sellers’ Website Quality Influencing Online Buyers’ Purchase Intention
Shea Lee, Tan; Ariff, Mohd Shoki Md; Zakuan, Norhayati; Sulaiman, Zuraidah; Zameri Mat Saman, Muhamad
2016-05-01
The increase adoption of Internet among young users in Malaysia provides high prospect for online seller. Young users aged between 18 and 25 years old are important to online sellers because they are actively involved in online purchasing and this group of online buyers is expected to dominate future online market. Therefore, examining online sellers’ website quality and online buyers’ purchase intention is crucial. Based on the Theory of planned behavior (TPB), a conceptual model of online sellers’ website quality and purchase intention of online buyers was developed. E-tailQ instrument was adapted in this study which composed of website design, reliability/fulfillment, security, privacy & trust, and customer service. Using online questionnaire and convenience sampling procedure, primary data were obtained from 240 online buyers aged between 18 to 25 years old. It was discovered that website design, website reliability/fulfillment, website security, privacy & trust, and website customer service positively and significantly influence intention of online buyers to continuously purchase via online channels. This study concludes that online sellers’ website quality is important in predicting online buyers’ purchase intention. Recommendation and implication of this study were discussed focusing on how online sellers should improve their website quality to stay competitive in online business.
Enquête sur la consommation, la répartition et l'élevage des escargots géants au Togo
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kuevi-Akue, K.
2002-01-01
Full Text Available Investigations on Consumption, Distribution and Breeding of Giants Snails in Togo. A subcontracting convention has been signed between the "Programme National Petit Elevage" and the "Institut National Zootechnique et Vétérinaire " which permitted us to investigate African giant snail consumption, distribution and breeding in Togo. Investigations have lasted six months and were realised in "Régions maritime et des plateaux" both in South Togo. A questionnaire was used to obtain data. Hundred fifty questionnaires were given to sellers during market days, but only fourteen to breeders. The methodology used was based on rapid rural appraisal and direct interrogation. From this investigation we distinguish four species of giant snails (Archachatina archachatina, Archachatina degneri, Achatina achatina, Achatina fulica. For the consumtion about 80% of the samples (sellers and breeders confirmed that there is no difference in taste between species. Our estimation of giant snails gathered per year is about 30 tons and 80% of the sellers said that they got profit from this activity. For the constraints of giant snails breeding we notice lack of extension, high level of mortalities of young snails, red ant problem and lack of training and information. Giant snail breeding in Togo will be developed if solutions are found to the constraints.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Desak Putu Eka Nilakusmawati
2012-11-01
Full Text Available In a difficult economics condition, many woman have to take a part in to overcomeeconomic problems which they face. One of its alternative is involved into labour market,and trade is one of its choice. Because of the existence of opportunity in Denpasar City,many women overcome their economic problems and try to give contribution to theirhousehold income by selling canang.The aims of this research were: 1 to study about economics activity of woman ascanang sellers in Denpasar City; and 2 to analyse how far woman’s contribution ascanang sellers in improving their household economics resilience.Approach which is utilized in this research is survey method and depth interviewmethod. Research area elected by using purposeive method, that is in Denpasar City.While responder in this research is woman as canang sellers, and total responder to betaken 150 person. Datas collected by observation and interview to responder by usinginterview technique used questionnaire according to wanted of data. Data collected in fieldrepresent research variables: 1 Economic Activity of Responder; and 2 Contribution inEconomics of Household. Data analyse technique used descriptive qualitative to obtaineddata from result of interview and observation, while quantitative data analysis usedanalysis of statistics, that is descriptive statistics and inferential.Result of the research showed that mean of work duration of responder is 11,5 year,there are 17,3% responder representing new comer, because duration their involvement asnew canang seller just one until two year. Most responder have work duration ? 10 year,that is equal to 51,3%. Mean of work hours per week is 70 hour. Responder withoutassisted by family labour, predominated by 51,3%, constructively one person labour fromfamily, there are counted 39,3%. From 77 responder without family labour, there are 62person do by themselves without existence of family labour. Omzet per day from sellingcanang relatively high, that
Before the ban--an exploratory study of a local khat market in East London, U.K.
Kassim, Saba; Dalsania, Asha; Nordgren, Johan; Klein, Axel; Hulbert, Josh
2015-06-12
Khat is a green leaf with amphetamine-like effects. It is primarily used among people in Africa, the Middle East and in the diaspora communities from these countries. Prior to the prohibition of khat in the UK on 24 June 2014, there was almost no information available on key aspects of the local khat market. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 using snowball sampling, Privileged Access Interviewing and area mapping in order to identify khat sale establishments. Data was collected via face-to-face interviews using mixed methods for data collection. This included information about the establishments selling khat, khat pricing and its use among different ethnic minority groups, in addition to the potential sale of khat to children and risk assessment (e.g., use of pesticides on khat). Five out of seven sellers identified agreed to participate. Sellers described their khat sale establishments as 'community centres' which included, for example, a restaurant basement. The sellers' history of selling khat ranged between 1-15 years and khat's sale took place between 2pm-10pm. Miraa (e.g., Lara) from Kenya was the most popularly used khat variety, sold in pre-wrapped bundles of approximately 250 g costing £3 each and delivered four days a week. Harari (e.g., Owdi) from Ethiopia was sold in 200 g, 400 g and 1 kg bundles, priced between £5 and £20 and delivered two days a week. The primary benefit of khat use was reported to be social interaction. The customers were predominantly adult males of Somali origin. Most sellers claimed a self-imposed ban on sales to children under 18 years old. Khat bundles had no labelling describing variety or weight and sellers had no knowledge of the use of pesticides on khat and did not advertise the risks associated with khat use. Khat selling establishments were businesses that did not adhere to trade standards regulations (e.g., labelling khat bundles). They claimed to provide a community service (facilitating social
Exploring Cultural Diversity with Business Students
Koponen, Jonna; Julkunen, Saara
2017-01-01
Courses: Business Communication, Intercultural Communication. Objectives: Students will demonstrate understanding of some of the effects of culture on business communication. Students will explore cultural diversity in customer-seller relationships.
26 CFR 1.6050P-0 - Table of contents.
2010-04-01
...) Statute of limitations. (iii) Decision to discontinue collection activity; creditor's defined policy. (iv... year. (c) Seller financing. (d) Gross income from lending of money. (e) Acquisition of an indebtedness...
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cason, T.N.
2003-01-01
This paper reports a preliminary laboratory experiment in which traders make investments to increase the reliability of tradable instruments that represent greenhouse gas emissions allowances. In one half of the sessions these investments are unobservable, while in the other half traders can invite costless and accurate inspections that make reliability investments public. We implement a buyer liability rule, so that if emissions reductions are unreliable (i.e., sellers default), the buyer of the allowances cannot redeem them to cover emissions. We find that allowing inspections significantly increases the reliability investment rate and overall efficiency. Prices of uninspected allowances usually trade at a substantial discount due to the buyer liability rule, which provides a strong market incentive for sellers to invest in reliability
Conveyancing implications of radon in homes in England and Wales
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Adams, J.
1992-01-01
In general the principle of caveat emptor (buyer beware) applies to house purchase. There are exceptions to this rule, but it seems unlikely that they will apply to radon unless the seller has been made a statement about radon, either voluntarily or in answer to questions. If the seller makes a false statement, the buyer has remedies in law. In future it may be that solicitors will be held to be negligent if they do not ask questions about radon in high-risk areas, but we have not reached that situation yet. A change of policy by mortgage lenders could change matters. Once lenders are seen to be alert to the problems, buyers' solicitors will not be able to afford to keep quiet about them either. (Author)
18 CFR 250.16 - Format of compliance plan for transportation services and affiliate transactions.
2010-04-01
... affiliate's role in the transportation transaction (i.e., shipper, marketer, supplier, seller); the duration... distribution company, an interstate pipeline, an intrastate pipeline, an end-user, a producer, a marketer, or a...
12 CFR 201.104 - Eligibility of consumer loans and finance company paper.
2010-01-01
... are acquired by a finance company from a dealer-seller of such homes. (e) The principles stated above..., marketing, and carrying of agricultural products or the breeding, raising, fattening, or marketing of...
75 FR 27248 - Gap in Termination Provisions; Inquiry
2010-05-14
... were critically acclaimed, it was released with an updated cover last year and is now a best seller... these achieved immediate popular success and have been economically viable ever since. The original...
Comparative assessment of seller's staining test (SST) and direct ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
the only standard method. Objective: This study was designed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the SST in relation to the 'gold standard' dFAT in diagnosis of rabies in Nigeria. Methods: A total of 88 animal specimens submitted to the Rabies National Reference Laboratory, Nigeria were routinely tested for rabies by ...
Buyer feedback as a filtering mechanism for reputable sellers
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Laureti, P.; Slanina, František; Yu, Y.K.; Zhang, Y.
2002-01-01
Roč. 316, - (2002), s. 413-429 ISSN 0378-4371 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA202/01/1091 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z1010914 Keywords : asymetric information * internet commerce * Game theory * self-organization * symbiosis Subject RIV: BE - Theoretical Physics Impact factor: 1.369, year: 2002
Employee assistance programs: a primer for buyer and seller.
Dixon, K
1988-06-01
A growing number of firms in private industry now sponsor or contract with groups of mental health professionals to provide employee assistance programs (EAPs). Factors that have influenced the increasing demand for EAPs include corporations' humanitarian concern for employees with mental health problems, a desire to contain rising health costs and reduce corporate losses, and the need for effective supervisory systems for managing troubled employees. To assist corporate consumers in judging the quality of EAP services and to guide mental health practitioners who wish to enter the EAP field, criteria are provided for evaluating the following aspects of EAP programs: policy development, employee orientation, supervisor training, availability during nonbusiness hours, assessment and diagnostic services, crisis counseling, referral, quality assurance, program evaluation, and cost.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Endang Heriyani
2015-08-01
Full Text Available The study on legal protection for Seller in Purchase Agreement of Agro Commodity in Auction Market in Special Territory of Yogyakarta was a normative and sociological legal research. This study aimed at knowing how the purchase agreement of agro commodity in forward auction market was applied, and how the legal protection for seller in purchase agreement of agro commodity in forward auction market was. The data used were secondary and primary data. The result of the study showed that the purchase of agro commodity in forward auction market. Legal protection for seller in purchase agreement of agro commodity in forward auction market was acquired from 3 (three things: (a The legal protection given by government, it was given through the legislation by the issue of the Decree of Ministry of Industry and Trade of Republic of Indonesia Number 650/MPP/Kep/10/2004 on terms of Operation of Auction Market with Forward Transfer of Agro Commodity. (b The legal protection from the purchase agreement of agro commodity, the agreement made by the parties applied as the law for all parties; and (c The legal protection in dispute, the problem was solved by a discussion. If the discussion made no result, arbitration would be done. Key Words: legal protection, purchase of agro commodity, forward auction market.
Status Quo, Problems and Countermeasures for Fruit Segmentation%鲜果网络市场细分状况及对策
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
田娴
2015-01-01
The fruit has characteristics of region, variety, blind supply, and hard storage. Fresh fruit online sales are known. The article analyses sellers in Taobao.com&Tmall.com, and finds out online fruit sellers had no reasonable market segments or positioning, causing commodity and market homogeneity, and thus the same marketing strategy. Based on the analysis of factor and cluster, this article divides consumers into three categories, and suggests online sellers should make reasonable market segment and accurate positioning, cultivating brand, and pay attention to the mobile Internet consumers.%鲜果有区域性、种类繁多、供给盲目、储运难的特点。鲜果网上销售已众所周知。分析淘宝网及天猫商城,网店鲜果销售并未进行合理市场细分或定位,存在商品和市场同质化,导致营销策略趋于一致。利用因子分析和聚类分析将消费者分成三类,建议网店应合理细分市场并准确定位,培育品牌,重视移动互联网消费者。
Rosoboroneksport: Arms Sales and the Structure of Russian Defense Industry
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Blank, Stephen J
2007-01-01
In August 2006, the U.S. Government imposed sanctions on Russian arms sellers and producers, Rosoboroneksport, Russia's main arms-selling agency, and Sukhoi, which manufactures aircraft, because of their arms sales to Iran...
Virtual Supply Chain Re-Intermediation Through Multi-Agent Systems
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Nissen, Mark
2002-01-01
... inflexibility associated with EDI applications. Viewing respective procurement and order fulfillment processes of buyer and seller as an integrated whole along the supply chain, we identify opportunities for virtual supply chain re-intermediation...
Economic Analysis Of Yam Marketing In Obubra Local Government ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Economic Analysis Of Yam Marketing In Obubra Local Government Area Of Cross River State, Nigeria. ... Characteristics of the sellers, marketing channels, marketing margin and efficiency were also ... EMAIL FULL TEXT EMAIL FULL TEXT
Mergers & Acquisitions – a Simulation Model Used in the Negotiation Process
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Florin Grosu
2009-07-01
Full Text Available Today, more than ever, an essential element of any corporate growth strategy is growth through mergers and acquisitions. A survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers reveals the fact that mergers and acquisitions are seen not only as instruments to avoid the global economic crisis, but also as an opportunity for firms to either buy their way into new technologies and expand, or to merge and bulk up. Not since the beginning of the 20th century has the economy seen such a massive restructuring. Whole industries are consolidating at a rate and a scale that is off the chart of historical experience.In this article we will discuss the MAC, MAE and information disclosure clauses, used in designing an M&A contract agreement. They can represent very important tools in a negotiation and the most beautiful part is that they are equally valuable to the buyer as well as to seller. An interesting analysis could be to look deeper into a cooperative surplus if both the seller ant the buyer will be fully aware of these tools and will use them in a cooperative game strategy, but in this paper we will limit our analysis to investigating them and simulating broad acquisition scenario in which these tools can be used by the buyer to reduce the risks associated with the transaction.In the next section we will analyze each clause as a separate tool to be used in negotiating a successful acquisition and then we will put them to work. For this, we will construct a reality based scenario for a real life acquisition, which took place in United States, to test the utility of these tools. The case we will analyze ended up in court and created losses for both the buyer and the seller. The purpose of our simulation is to create the incentives for a different outcome, this time a productive efficient one.We believe that these tools have the great advantage of allocating the endogenous risk to the seller leaving the buyer only with the exogenous risk.
平台收费对网上交易市场价格离散的影响%Effects of platform charges on price dispersion in online markets
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
王强; 陈宏民
2013-01-01
基于搜寻理论,探讨了网上交易平台向卖家和买家收费,对均衡价格水平和离散程度的影响,建立了单期博弈模型.运用最优化理论分别求得了仅向卖家收费和向卖家与买家都收费情况下的买家最优搜寻活动、均衡价格以及价格离散程度.研究表明:交易平台收费将导致买家减少搜寻活动;当交易平台仅向卖家收费时,两类卖家均提高定价,而随着收费金额的提高,网上交易市场中价格离散程度降低;当交易平台向卖家和买家同时收费时,高声誉卖家的定价降低,低声誉卖家的定价提高,市场均衡时,价格离散程度进一步降低,乃至消失.%Based on the searching theory, the paper constructs one period game model to examine the effects of platform charges on the equilibrium price and price dispersion in online markets where the sellers have observable and heterogeneous reputations. We obtain the optimal searching activity, equilibrium price and the degree of price dispersion with optimal theory. The results show that the rise of platform charges from sellers in online markets reduces customers' searching activity, but raises the products' prices. In addition, the price dispersion degree reduces or even disappears at the time the platform charged from the sellers and customers since the directions of price changing are generally different for sellers with different reputations.
75 FR 68559 - Disclosure Requirements and Prohibitions Concerning Business Opportunities
2010-11-08
... business opportunity and the seller.\\1\\ The Business Opportunity Rule, modeled on the original Franchise... proposed revised Rule, it will publish in a future Federal Register notice the final text of the Rule, a...
Precious Coral Sales Report Data Set
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This is a federally mandated sales log which collects information on sales of raw coral, including weight and revenue. Also includes seller and buyer information....
Marketing de relacionamento entre fabricantes e vendedores do varejo
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Edson Crescitelli
2007-12-01
A influência dos vendedores de varejo no processo de decisão de compra do consumidor afeta diretamente as vendas. Por essa razão, manter bom relacionamento com esse público é essencial para os fabricantes de produtos, especialmente no varejo multimarca. O objetivo neste artigo é analisar como as ações de relacionamento são aplicadas pelos fabricantes e percebidas pelos vendedores varejistas da perspectiva do marketing de relacionamento. Para isso, foi feita pesquisa bibliográfica, além de pesquisa de campo envolvendo entrevistas em profundidade com fabricantes e vendedores de redes varejistas do setor de eletrodomésticos. Muito embora sejam rotuladas de ações de relacionamento, a maior parte das ações praticadas pelos fabricantes junto aos vendedores do varejo consiste em campanhas promocionais de vendas. Essas ações apresentam efeito efêmero e são aplicadas para resolução de problemas pontuais de vendas pontuais, o que não contribui para a formação de relacionamento mais consistente entre fabricantes e vendedores. Os resultados a que se chegou neste estudo indicaram que o relacionamento entre fabricantes e vendedores não é ruim, mas está distante do conceito de marketing de relacionamento. Na conclusão são apresentadas possibilidades para se estabelecer um programa de relacionamento junto aos vendedores varejistas. Palavras-chave: Marketing de relacionamento, varejo e venda pessoal Abstract Sales are directly affected by the influence of retailing sellers in the process of consumer purchase decision. For this reason, a good relationship with them is essential to manufacturers mainly in the retailing. The objective of this work is to analyze how relationship activities are developed by manufacturers and how they are perceived by sellers from the perspective of relationship marketing. Therefore, a bibliographic research was made complemented by a field research where in depth interviews were taken with electronic appliances
Markets and Networks in International Trade
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Håkanson, Lars; Dow, Douglas
2012-01-01
is associated with a shift in the composition of trade towards goods requiring more extensive information exchange and personal interaction between buyers and sellers. An alternative explanation—‘the market view’—contends that improved availability of information and increasing transparency of markets have...... facilitated the matching of geographically more proximate buyers and sellers, and that the observed decline in average transportation distances is a reflection of increasingly efficient markets. This paper examines empirically the merits of these two arguments based on a longitudinal analysis of bilateral...... in support of the ‘market-view’, showing that the sensitivity of trade to psychic distance has declined dramatically for all categories of goods. The impact of geographic distance has increased markedly for homogenous goods, whereas for more differentiated goods it has decreased mildly....
SALES DOCUMENTS IN PURCHASE AND SALE TRANSACTIONS OF STEAM COAL IN POLAND
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anna Galik
2015-06-01
Full Text Available This article describes sales documents in purchase and sale transactions of steam coal in Poland. In relation to introducing the excise tax on steam coal at the beginning in 2012, additional requirements appeared in documents during the sale of goods. Now the seller is obliged to issue various documents depending on the type of the buyer and the destination of goods. The article presents the coal sales documents for households, companies with no tax payment and companies with tax payment. The purpose of this article is to present complicated and time-consuming procedures during the sale of goods, as a result of the current excise tax on steam coal. In conclusion the author identify new solutions that are beneficial for the seller and the buyer.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Syaifullah MS
2014-12-01
Full Text Available Buying and selling is a means of mankind to meet the needs of each individual.On the one hand, the seller can be a buyer, and on the other hand, the buyer may be a seller,till he or she meets the latest buyer who acts as a consumer. Thus, buying and selling can be very susceptible to manipulation to something desired by one party in order to gain benefit even beyond rational matter. Therefore, buying and selling in Islam cannot be separated from ethics. The ethics must be held by all parties in order to maintain public interest for all people. The purpose to eastablish a safe, peaceful, and honest market system in order to avoid wrong-doing system that can be detrimental to all parties
Pricing, renegotiation and gross inequities
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kirkham, J.S. (Van Cott, Bagley, Cornwall McCarthy, Salt Lake City, UT (USA))
1990-01-01
Reviews pricing, renegotiation and gross inequity provisions of coal supply agreements in order to provide practical assistance to an attorney called upon to draft in written form the intent of buyer and seller. 26 refs.
A new perspective on the infrared brightness temperature ...
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
CEAWMT), ... temperatures clearly discriminates the cloud pixels of deep convective and ... utilized in the modelling of the histogram of infrared brightness temperature of deep convective and ..... Henderson-Sellers A 1978 Surface type and its effect.
13 CFR 120.1720 - SBA's right to review Pool Loan documents.
2010-01-01
... may constitute a material failure to comply with the Program Rules and Regulations and may lead to an... Program and may restrict further sales under the Program until SBA determines that the Seller has provided...
Facts about real antimatter collide with fiction
Siegfried, Tom
2004-01-01
When science collides with fiction, sometimes a best seller emerges from the debris. Take Dan Brown's Angels & Demons, for instance, a murder mystery based on science at CERN, the European nuclear research laboratory outside Geneva
2010-01-01
... this part, the following definitions apply: (a) Interests in leases means ownership interests in any... means a sale of a lease or an interest in a lease in which the seller: (1) Retains some risk of loss...
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Patterson, J.A.
1975-01-01
Results are summarized from the 1974 ERDA annual survey of buyers and sellers and from a survey of uranium price data which provided information on additional domestic buying activity during the first half of 1975 through 1982
75 FR 57866 - Farm Loan Programs Loan Making Activities
2010-09-23
... specified in 7 CFR 766.351(c). Negligence and Negligent Servicing FSA may deny a loss claim in whole or in part due to seller negligence and negligent servicing that contributed to the loss claim. This also...
Coronado, J.J.A.; Bijman, J.; Omta, S.W.F.; Oude Lansink, A.G.J.M.
2010-01-01
Abstract Inter-organisational relations research has shown that relationship characteristics can influence performance in seller-buyer transactions. Using a transaction cost economics approach, this research shows that relational elements such as expectation of continuity reduce the transaction
african indigenous and traditional vegetables in tanzania
African Journals Online (AJOL)
ACSS
A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in four regions of Tanzania with a total of 160 sellers ... washing; and (iii) marketing: retail markup, price variation by season, year and region, ..... and endosulfan and metalaxyl/mencozeb mix as.
Mathematical evaluation of the relationships between some ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
... of the relationships between some objective measurements and prices of breeding ... the prices of goats to the advantage of the farmers, sellers and consumers of ... this information to determine selection index and policy makers for decision ...
Study of Effective Land Registration Usage in State-Subsidised ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
MichaelB
houses have changed hands off-register, which creates costly long-term land tenure ..... Most buyers identified a seller by word of mouth or cell phone ... social networks, or in an advertisement in the local newspaper (6 Interviews).
Consumer networks and firm reputation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tyran, Jean-Robert; Huck, Steffen; Lünser, Gabriele K.
2010-01-01
We examine the role of consumer networks in markets that suffer from moral hazard. Consumers exchange information with neighbors about past experiences with different sellers. Networks foster incentives for reputation building and enhance trust and efficiency in markets....
2357-IJBCS-Article-Prof Karou D Simplice
African Journals Online (AJOL)
hp
Hygienic quality of ready-to-eat salads sold in the street and a modern restaurant in Lomé ... Sixty salad samples from modern restaurant (Domino), seventy from street sellers ..... training restaurant managers and other staff, inspectors of food.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Gary F.Alexander
2004-01-01
@@ "The international market for used equipment is evolving very rapidly. Unfortunately, most buyers and sellers of used equipment have not made the effort to understand and keep pace with the global ramifications of the business they are in."
Trust Creation in the Informal Economy: The Case of Plastic Bag ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
The article presents an embedded account of the social status and economic ... presenting a tough challenge for maintaining networks of trust within their own ... in order to make a sale ignites participation and cooperation with goods sellers, ...
Analisis 7CFramework untuk Memprediksi Kinerja Pemasaran
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vincent Vincent
2013-09-01
Full Text Available One of the growing trends in recent decades that support the development of market share artwork is the mutation of a change in a means of artworks business. Market structure has changed along with the evolution of the Internet. Hall auction of artwork has implemented mobile auction as a form of Internet and mobile technology application. The purpose of this study is to identify the needs of mobile auction features suit to collectors of buyer and seller. The identification was based on the 7C framework on auction business process and PT Larasati Auctioneers’s marketing website. The survey was conducted on the collectors of buyer and seller; and analyzed using factor analysis. The final result describes the needs of mobile auction features and a prediction of marketing performance if mobile auction application is developped.
The economy of smiles: affect, labour and the contemporary deserving poor.
Gerrard, Jessica
2018-02-14
This paper examines the affective dimensions of new forms of informal entrepreneurial work carried out in spaces of unemployment. Situating the analysis within contemporary scholarship on deservingness and on affect and labour, I shed light on the forms of entrepreneurial labour that rely upon affect-driven economies of exchange underpinned by moral judgements of deservingness, value and worth. In particular, this paper draws on a multi-city (Melbourne, London, San Francisco) study of homeless street press sellers (The Big Issue and Street Sheet) to explore the ways in which contemporary practices of charity and care are carried out through individualized market-place exchanges. Sellers' accounts of their work reveal how smiling and being (or looking) happy is a performative expectation that must be managed in the face of poverty and precarity. © London School of Economics and Political Science 2018.
'It puts life in us and we feel big'
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hutchinson, Eleanor; Chandler, Clare; Clarke, Siân
2015-01-01
This paper is an analysis of the social interaction between drug sellers, their clients and local health care workers within a medical trial that introduced rapid diagnostic tests for malaria into private sector drug shops in Mukono District, Uganda. It locates the introduction of a new technology...... three key aspects of the trial central to local interpretation: openly testing blood, supervisory visits to drug shops and a new referral form. Each had the potential to shift drug shop vendors from outsider to insider of the formal health service. The responses of the different groups of participants...... vendors welcomed the authorization to openly test blood, enabling the demonstration of a new skill and newfound legitimacy as a health worker rather than simple drug seller. Formal sector health workers were less enthusiastic about the trial, raising concerns about professional hierarchies...
CSIR Research Space (South Africa)
Smith-Godfrey, S
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Oceans are increasingly gaining in importance in terms of enabling international trade via linking sellers and buyers. The behaviour patterns of such linking enablers on the oceans are receiving more attention from a regulatory and economic...
Ou, C.X.J.; Chan, K.C.C.
Much recent effort has been put into developing effective electronic markets. However, the research has mainly focused on institutional trust-building mechanisms. Practically, sellers lack guidelines in shaping competitive edges in electronic markets where institutional mechanisms have been applied
13 CFR 107.750 - Conditions for financing a change of ownership of a Small Business.
2010-01-01
... (corporation), contributed capital (partnership), or membership interests (limited liability company). ..., including contingent liabilities, but excluding accounts payable, operating leases, letters of credit, subordinated notes payable to the seller, any other liabilities approved for exclusion by SBA and short-term...
AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF
African Journals Online (AJOL)
ETIWISTIC
2013-04-29
Apr 29, 2013 ... related to physical appearance, character and clothing of the individual. Consequently textile art ... Ofi, the hand-woven prestige cloth and pattern-dyed cloth, Adire. Traditional dyeing with ... Second is the fact that the seller is ...
Groundnut Market Participation in the Upper West Region of Ghana
African Journals Online (AJOL)
age of the household head, gender of household head, marital status of the household .... that, households with access to credit need to raise enough funds to pay .... equal to zero), and net seller (households whose net sales are positive) as ...
Quality of SME Business Transfers Matching Platforms: Research Outcomes of 12 European Countries
Oriol Alba; Edwin Weesie; Marie Depelssemaker; Lex van Teeffelen; Nicolas Pirotte
2016-01-01
From the preface : The European Commission supports Member States by providing them with recommendations, guidelines, information and good practices. For years, the European Commission has stimulated Member States to develop matching platforms to efficiently support sellers and buyers of SMEs in
7 CFR 3550.70 - Conditional commitments.
2010-01-01
..., dealer-contractor, or seller must: (1) Have an adequate ownership interest in the property, as defined in... approval of an affirmative marketing plan. (b) Limitations. Conditional commitments for new or... as bad weather, materials shortages, or marketing difficulties. Conditional commitments may be...
2010-10-01
... that will enhance the protection of the nation; and (2) Provide risk management and litigation management protections for sellers of QATTs and others in the supply and distribution chain. (b) The SAFETY....203 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT...
2012-10-02
... enhance the protection of the nation and provides risk management and litigation management protections for sellers of Qualified Anti-Terrorism Technology (QATT) and others in the supply and distribution chain. The Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate (DHS S&T) currently has...
The role of swift relationship and institutional structures in uncertainty reduction
Huang, Q.; Ou, Carol; Davison, R.M.
2016-01-01
Uncertainty has been regarded as the most prominent barrier in ecommerce. However, how communication between buyers and seller contributes to a reduction in uncertainty is under-investigated. Integrating uncertainty reduction theory and relational contract theory, we develop a model that explain how
Socially Responsible Organizational Buying: How Can Stakeholders Dictate Purchasing Policies?
Maignan, I.S.J.; MacAlister, D.
2003-01-01
This article investigates socially responsible buying (SRB), a subject that has received little attention in past marketing literature on buyer-seller relationships. On the basis of a brief review of the literature on corporate social responsibility, the article proposes a conceptualization of SRB
Eesti Ekspressi lemmikreklaamid 1999
2000-01-01
Eesti Ekspressi toimetus valis 1999. a. lemmikreklaamiks Q GSMi (reklaamibüroo ZOOM) "90 % kaetud!". Ära märgiti Milla piima reklaamikampaania (Brand Sellers DDB), TV1 reklaam, mis kutsub ORT kanalile reklaami panema, Villa Italia pastareklaamid (Tank, foto Sergei Didõk).
Quality uncertainty and informative advertising
Moraga-González, José Luis
We present a price signalling model with informative advertising. A costly advertisement informs of the good's quality directly and therefore the seller determines the fraction of informed buyers endogenously. We show that informative advertising only occurs in pooling equilibria. For an advertising
Coupon advertising under imperfect price information
Moraga-Gonzälez, José Luis; Petrakis, Emmanuel
1999-01-01
This paper studies sales promotions through coupons in an oligopoly under imperfect price information. Sellers can distribute either ordinary coupons, or coupon (price) advertising, or both types of coupons, at distant locations to attract consumers from their rivals' markets. A unique symmetric
Impediments, opportunities and strategies to enhance trade of wild ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Prof. Jacob Agea
gatherers and sellers to organise themselves to form viable supply and market .... sharpening research problems and ranking them according to ..... logistics and of course promotional activities. .... Baseline marketing surveys and supply chain studies ... cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: Global.
Financial Position and House Price Determination : An Empirical Study of Income and Wealth Effects
Steegmans, J.W.A.M.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/377458708; Hassink, W.H.J.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/090437411
This paper examines the effect of the relative financial position of buyers and sellers on house prices, distinguishing between income and wealth effects. Using administrative data from the Netherlands (2006–2010) that combine transaction data, house characteristics, and household characteristics of
2010-01-01
... operating officer, financial, business opportunity marketing, training and service officers). With regard to... the management of the business opportunity seller, a statement disclosing: (i) The nature and extent... CONCERNING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES § 437.1 The Rule. In connection with the advertising, offering, licensing...
Multi-attribute bilateral bargaining in a one-to-many setting
E.H. Gerding (Enrico); D.J.A. Somefun (Koye); J.A. La Poutré (Han)
2005-01-01
htmlabstractNegotiations are an important way of reaching agreements between selfish autonomous agents. In this paper we focus on one-to-many bargaining within the context of agent-mediated electronic commerce. We consider an approach where a seller negotiates over multiple interdependent attributes
The intricacies of the persuasive seller: the power of mitigation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
M. de los Milagros del Saz Rubio
2011-04-01
Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Tomando como punto de partida el modelo de cortesía desarrollado por Brown y Levinson (1978, 1987 y las diversas teorías lingüísticas de los actos de habla (Austin 1962, Searle 1976, pretendo llevar a cabo una aproximación a la noción de mitigación dentro de un corpus de anuncios publicitarios americanos en televisión. Mi hipótesis de partida consiste en considerar que la necesaria descripción del producto y de sus cualidades debe realizarse de fom1a tentativa y nunca categórica. Éste parece ser el principal motivo de la puesta en marcha de algunas estrategias . La cortesía negativa o mitigación que permiten presentar el producto y mantener las necesaria atención al" imagen del interlocutor, la cual se amenazada con la mera emisión del anuncio publicitario: así como la atención a la Imagen del propio hablante como responsable de producto presentado, De esta manera. se atiende también al aspecto interpersonal de la interacción.
Informality and employment vulnerability: application in sellers with subsistence work
Garzón-Duque, María Osley; Cardona-Arango, María Doris; Rodríguez-Ospina, Fabio León; Segura-Cardona, Angela María
2017-01-01
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in workers who subsist on street sales. METHODS We have carried out an analysis of the literature in database in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by country. This is a review of the gray literature of government reports, articles, and documents from Latin America and the Caribbean. We have analyzed information on the informal economy, social-employment vulnerability, and subsistence workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The concept of informal economy is dispersed and suggested as synonymous with employment vulnerability. As a polysemic term, it generates confusion and difficulty in identifying defined profiles of employment vulnerability in informal subsistence workers, who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities. The lack of a clear concept and profile of employment vulnerability for this type of workers generates a restriction on defined actions to reduce employment vulnerability. The profiles could facilitate access to the acquisition of assets that support their structure of opportunities, facilitating and mediating in the passage from vulnerability to social mobility with opportunities. We propose as a concept of employment vulnerability for subsistence workers in the informal sector, the condition of those who must work by day to eat at night, who have little or no ownership of assets, and who have a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that occur daily, putting at risk their subsistence and that of the persons who are their responsibility, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability. PMID:29020122
Diesel fuel takes over from gasoline as the rop seller
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Nupponen, J.
2001-01-01
Sales of diesel fuel in Finland continued to increase during 2000, and exceeded gasoline sales in terms of tonnes sold for the first time since the early 1960s. Sales of gasoline and the other main petroleum products fell slightly compared to 1999. Sales of natural gas increased. Otherwise, the year was a relatively uneventful one on the Finnish oil market
Informality and employment vulnerability: application in sellers with subsistence work
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
María Osley Garzón-Duque
2017-10-01
Full Text Available ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in workers who subsist on street sales. METHODS We have carried out an analysis of the literature in database in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by country. This is a review of the gray literature of government reports, articles, and documents from Latin America and the Caribbean. We have analyzed information on the informal economy, social-employment vulnerability, and subsistence workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The concept of informal economy is dispersed and suggested as synonymous with employment vulnerability. As a polysemic term, it generates confusion and difficulty in identifying defined profiles of employment vulnerability in informal subsistence workers, who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities. The lack of a clear concept and profile of employment vulnerability for this type of workers generates a restriction on defined actions to reduce employment vulnerability. The profiles could facilitate access to the acquisition of assets that support their structure of opportunities, facilitating and mediating in the passage from vulnerability to social mobility with opportunities. We propose as a concept of employment vulnerability for subsistence workers in the informal sector, the condition of those who must work by day to eat at night, who have little or no ownership of assets, and who have a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that occur daily, putting at risk their subsistence and that of the persons who are their responsibility, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability.
Informality and employment vulnerability: application in sellers with subsistence work.
Garzón-Duque, María Osley; Cardona-Arango, María Doris; Rodríguez-Ospina, Fabio León; Segura-Cardona, Angela María
2017-10-05
To describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in workers who subsist on street sales. We have carried out an analysis of the literature in database in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by country. This is a review of the gray literature of government reports, articles, and documents from Latin America and the Caribbean. We have analyzed information on the informal economy, social-employment vulnerability, and subsistence workers. The concept of informal economy is dispersed and suggested as synonymous with employment vulnerability. As a polysemic term, it generates confusion and difficulty in identifying defined profiles of employment vulnerability in informal subsistence workers, who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities. The lack of a clear concept and profile of employment vulnerability for this type of workers generates a restriction on defined actions to reduce employment vulnerability. The profiles could facilitate access to the acquisition of assets that support their structure of opportunities, facilitating and mediating in the passage from vulnerability to social mobility with opportunities. We propose as a concept of employment vulnerability for subsistence workers in the informal sector, the condition of those who must work by day to eat at night, who have little or no ownership of assets, and who have a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that occur daily, putting at risk their subsistence and that of the persons who are their responsibility, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability.
Electricity deregulation - impact on gas users and markets
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Koeppel, H.
1995-01-01
Various scenarios for the natural gas market as a function a electricity deregulation were predicted. One scenario was the formation of an integrated market where sellers would offer a broad spectrum of energy products. This diversification would expand into the retail sector across North America. The second effect of electricity deregulation was energy cost reduction. The consumers have already been experiencing this benefit of deregulation. Cost reduction has also stimulated competition among energy suppliers, and improved suppliers' response to consumers'demands. The eventual shake-out of energy suppliers was predicted. Smaller companies that could not survive the competition would give up the market to larger companies that understood and met the customers' needs. It was concluded that deregulation of the electricity industry would have an enormous impact on the natural gas industry and that there would be opportunities for gain among buyers and sellers
Using Priced Options to Solve the Exposure Problem in Sequential Auctions
Mous, Lonneke; Robu, Valentin; La Poutré, Han
This paper studies the benefits of using priced options for solving the exposure problem that bidders with valuation synergies face when participating in multiple, sequential auctions. We consider a model in which complementary-valued items are auctioned sequentially by different sellers, who have the choice of either selling their good directly or through a priced option, after fixing its exercise price. We analyze this model from a decision-theoretic perspective and we show, for a setting where the competition is formed by local bidders, that using options can increase the expected profit for both buyers and sellers. Furthermore, we derive the equations that provide minimum and maximum bounds between which a synergy buyer's bids should fall in order for both sides to have an incentive to use the options mechanism. Next, we perform an experimental analysis of a market in which multiple synergy bidders are active simultaneously.
Kidney Sales and Market Regulation: A Reply to Semrau.
Koplin, Julian J
2017-11-15
Luke Semrau argues that the documented harms of existing organ markets do not undermine the case for establishing regulated systems of paid kidney donation. He offers two arguments in support of this conclusion. First, Semrau argues that the harms of kidney selling are straightforwardly amenable to regulatory solution. Second, Semrau argues that even in existing black markets, sellers would likely have experienced greater harm if the option of selling a kidney were not available. This commentary challenges both of Semrau's claims. I argue that there is no reason to believe that kidney sellers benefit from the current black market trade in organs, and highlight a number of potential issues regarding the effectiveness and feasibility of Semrau's proposed market regulations. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Rule Versus the Causality Rule in Insurance Law
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lando, Henrik
When the Buyer of insurance has negligently kept silent or misrepresented a (material) fact to the Seller, one of two rules will determine the extent to which cover will consequently be reduced. The pro-rata rule lowers cover in proportion to how much the Seller would have increased the premium had...... he been correctly informed; the causality rule provides either zero cover if the omitted fact has caused the insurance event, or full cover if the event would have occurred regardless of the fact. This article explores which rule is more efficient. Using the framework proposed by Picard and Dixit...... it subjects the risk averse Buyer of insurance to less variance. This implies that the pro rata rule should apply when there is significant risk for a Buyer of unintentional misrepresentation, and when the incentive to intentionally misrepresent can be curtailed through frequent verification of the Buyer...
Hunting, Sale, and Consumption of Bushmeat Killed by Lead-Based Ammunition in Benin
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Shukrullah Ahmadi
2018-06-01
Full Text Available Human consumption of animal meat killed by lead ammunition has been reported as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels. However, little is known about how meat killed by lead ammunition is hunted, prepared, sold, and consumed. We explored the process from hunting to consumption within communities in Benin from the perspective of preventive measures. We conducted 38 semi-structured interviews with hunters (n = 9 and sellers (n = 8 of bushmeat and families (n = 21 as consumers of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition. Data were transcribed, translated, and coded for analysis. We conducted content analysis to identify and describe key themes and processes from hunting to consumption. Many hunters (n = 7/9 used lead-based ammunition. After the meat is hunted, market sellers often buy it directly from the hunters. Amongst the hunters and sellers, few (n = 4/17 acknowledged removing the meat impacted by lead shot prior to sale. Many families (n = 15/21 mentioned consumption of the hunted bushmeat. The meat is cooked before sharing with children. Many families (n = 19/21 mentioned they look for the remains of the lead shot or remove the meat impacted by the shot. The finding suggests that hunting, sale, and consumption of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition are well-known practices in Allada, Benin. The bushmeat often hunted illegally with lead shot is sold in the markets and eventually consumed by families who attempt to clean the meat impacted by the lead shot before cooking it.
Fitts, Michelle S; Robertson, Jan; Towle, Simon; Doran, Chris M; McDermott, Robyn; Miller, Adrian; Margolis, Stephen; Ypinazar, Valmae; Clough, Alan R
2017-08-01
Indigenous communities in Queensland (Australia) have been subject to Alcohol Management Plans since 2002/03, with significant penalties for breaching restrictions. 'Sly grog' and 'homebrew' provide access to alcohol despite restrictions. This paper describes how this alcohol is made available and the risks and impacts involved. In affected towns and communities across a large area of rural and remote Queensland, interviews and focus groups documented experiences and views of 255 long-standing community members and service providers. Using an inductive framework, transcribed interviews were analysed to identify supply mechanisms, community and service provider responses and impacts experienced. 'Homebrew' was reportedly manufactured in just a few localities, in locally-specific forms bringing locally-specific harms. However, 'sly grog' sourced from licensed premises located long distances from communities, is a widespread concern across the region. 'Sly grog' sellers circumvent retailers' takeaway liquor license conditions, stockpile alcohol outside restricted areas, send hoax messages to divert enforcement and take extraordinary risks to avoid apprehension. Police face significant challenges to enforce restrictions. On-selling of 'sly grog' appears more common in remote communities with total prohibition. Despite different motives for involvement in an illicit trade 'sly grog' consumers and sellers receive similar penalties. There is a need for: (a) a more sophisticated regional approach to managing takeaway alcohol sales from licensed suppliers, (b) targeted penalties for 'sly grog' sellers that reflect its significant community impact, (c) strategies to reduce the demand for alcohol and (d) research to assess the effects of these strategies in reducing harms.
Successful e-marketplaces: An institutional perspective
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
R. Narasimhan (Krishtel eMaging) 1461 1996 Oct 15 13:05:22
the internet infrastructure to provide buyer–seller matching within a specific industry ( ... cessful e-marketplaces exploit unique customer and competitor relationships. .... in a better position to emerge as successful marketplaces since they are ... outputs, product and service innovations are concerned with developing new ...
Information Sensitive Consumers and Market Information.
Price, Linda L.; And Others
1987-01-01
Past research on consumer information has emphasized the effects of informed consumers of the provision of goods by sellers. This paper examines the effects of informed consumers on other consumers' product choices. These are demand-side effects. Directions for research are outlined. Author/CH)
2013-02-01
... technologies that will enhance the protection of the nation and provides risk management and litigation management protections for sellers of Qualified Anti-Terrorism Technology (QATT) and others in the supply and distribution chain. The Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate (DHS S&T) currently...
2010-07-22
... purchase, sale, transfer, and finance of residential and commercial real estate. Fidelity provides title insurance to residential and commercial property buyers and sellers, real estate agents and brokers... character of the real estate markets in which the title information services are used, geographic markets...
76 FR 64049 - Bank Secrecy Act Regulations: Definition of “Monetary Instrument”
2011-10-17
..., and anti-money laundering program requirements on providers and sellers of prepaid access. While the..., stated: \\13\\ See Money Laundering Using New Payment Methods, Financial Action Task Force, October 2010... Money Laundering Strategy stated that prepaid access is ``* * * an emerging cash alternative for both...
Show me the goods: The warranting effect of user-generated photographs in online auctions
Johnson, B.K.; Vang, M.H.; van der Heide, B.
2015-01-01
Consumers using online auction websites face the challenge of appraising products at a distance. Sellers and buyers in online auctions navigate this challenge by displaying and evaluating various cues, a critical one being use of photographs. Warranting theory predicts that cues less subject to
76 FR 69739 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request
2011-11-09
... 460. OMB Control Number: 3084-0109. Type of Review: Extension of a currently approved collection..., new home sellers and retailers. (a) Installation manufacturers. Testing by installation manufacturers...) Retailers. Disclosures by retailers - [25,000 retailers x 1 hour each (fact sheets) + 25,000 retailers x 1...
Information Asymmetries as Trade Barriers: ISO 9000 Increases International Commerce
Potoski, Matthew; Prakash, Aseem
2009-01-01
Spatial, cultural, and linguistic barriers create information asymmetries between buyers and sellers that impede international trade. The International Organization for Standardization's ISO 9000 program is designed to reduce these information asymmetries by providing assurance about the product quality of firms that receive its certification.…
Bröring, S.; Cloutier, D.
2008-01-01
Abstract: Purpose ¿ This paper seeks to shed some light on value-creation in new product development (NPD) projects within the context of industry convergence and to explore alternative types of projects characterised by different buyer-seller relationships. Design/methodology/approach ¿ There has
Customer directed advertising and product quality
Esteban, Lola; Hernandez, Jose M.; Moraga-Gonzalez, Jose Luis
2006-01-01
This paper studies the relationship between three key elements of the marketing mix, namely, price, product, and promotion, in a model where a seller employs informative advertising to launch a new product. We propose a fairly general advertising technology for the study of three promotional
Starter model; Einsteiger-Modell
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wilms, Jan
2013-07-15
With the all-electric Zoe Renault could land a best seller. However, the small car can not be charged at any normal household socket. [German] Mit dem vollektrischen Zoe koennte Renault einen Verkaufsschlager landen. Allerdings laesst sich der Kleinwagen nicht an der Haushaltssteckdose laden.
China’s Defense Industry on the Path of Reform
2009-10-01
the fields of electronics and information systems integration. The company conducts some business as a franchise seller of electronics products...airbus_in_china.html. 86 Joe McDonald , “Chinese Aircraft Maker to Recruit Foreign Managers,” Associated Press, February 25, 2009, available at: http
Population pressure and health risks in urban market environment: a ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Population pressure and health risks in urban market environment: a study of Bodija market, Ibadan, Nigeria. ... International Journal of Development and Management Review ... This study was directed at permanent sellers in Bodija Market, (men and women) and people who frequent the market to make purchases.
Silence is Golden: The Lack of Direction on Compensation for ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad ... Abstract. The government set the target for redistribution of land to 30% by 2014. They have adopted the "willing-buyer-willing-seller" model that relies on a voluntary transaction between farmers and government to acquire such land.
Bromberg, Murray
2018-01-01
A Barron's best-seller for more than four decades! This brand-new edition has been expanded and updated with word lists and definitions, analogy exercises, words-in-context exercises, idiom indexes, a pronunciation guide, and more. It's the ideal way to strengthen word power!.
Premium Auctions and Risk Preferences
Hu, A.; Offerman, T.J.S.; Zou, L.
2010-01-01
In a premium auction, the seller offers some "pay back", called premium, to the highest bidders. This paper investigates how the performance of such premium tactic is related to the participant's risk preferences. By developing an English premium auction model with symmetric interdependent values,
158 | P a g e THE CONTRACT OF SALE AND THE CONSUMER OF ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Fr. Ikenga
between the buyer and the seller of a petroleum product at an outlet: whether it is a full-fledged ... Any time a good is placed for sale in a market overt and there is a purchase, ..... production and distribution for the quality of petroleum products.
Understanding Contract Audits: An Experimental Approach
Bertrand, R.M.M.; Schram, A.J.H.C.; Vaassen, E.H.J.
2013-01-01
A contract audit is a buyer-initiated audit of prices and other conditions, which aims to decrease the information asymmetry between a buyer and a seller. Contract audits are frequently used in monopolistic or oligopolistic markets, as in government procurement. We draw upon three distinct
Understanding contract audits : An experimental approach
Bertrand, R.M.M.; Schram, A.J.H.C.; Vaassen, E.H.J.
2013-01-01
A contract audit is a buyer-initiated audit of prices and other conditions, which aims to decrease the information asymmetry between a buyer and a seller. Contract audits are frequently used in monopolistic or oligopolistic markets as in government procurement. We draw upon three distinct
7 CFR 27.97 - Ascertaining the accuracy of price quotations.
2010-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Ascertaining the accuracy of price quotations. 27.97... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSIFICATION UNDER COTTON FUTURES LEGISLATION Regulations Price Quotations and Differences § 27.97 Ascertaining the accuracy of price quotations. The buyers and sellers of...
Jugenheimer, Donald W.
1996-01-01
States that although many advertisers have intentions of utilizing the Internet for advertising, which can provide specific audience targeting and buyer/seller interactivity, few have been successful. Explains advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet for advertising purposes. Cites special problems with Internet advertising and successes…
24 CFR 1715.4 - Contract requirements and revocation.
2010-04-01
... breach of contract. (b) For the purposes of this section: Damages incurred by the seller or lessor means... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Contract requirements and..., SALES PRACTICES AND STANDARDS Purchasers' Revocation Rights § 1715.4 Contract requirements and...
2011-04-13
... regulated sellers--i.e., retail stores and mobile retail vendors--of scheduled listed chemical products. To... scheduled listed chemical products at retail. Sales at retail are those sales intended for personal use... available for public inspection online at http://www.regulations.gov and in the Drug Enforcement...
12 CFR 741.8 - Purchase of assets and assumption of liabilities.
2010-01-01
... by the NCUSIF; (2) Any other financial-type institution (including depository institutions, mortgage banks, consumer finance companies, insurance companies, loan brokers, and other loan sellers or... secured loans to facilitate the packaging of a pool of loans to be sold or pledged on the secondary market...
75 FR 4805 - Electricity Market Transparency Provisions of Section 220 of the Federal Power Act
2010-01-29
... Commission's jurisdiction for other purposes. \\1\\ At present, all public utilities, including power marketers... role.\\21\\ Because numerous market participants that are excluded from the Commission's section 205 jurisdiction do not file EQRs, a jurisdictional seller's market presence (i.e., its role in price formation) is...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
MLR
Although one can say little about tax liens under the Ethiopian tax law ... 7th edition, p. 933. .... disregards the second limb of the prescription.24 This seems to support ... (Art 3042 of the Civil Code), 'legal mortgage for a seller of a business and ...
Lord, C.M.
2009-01-01
Darren Aronofsky's feature film The Fountain (2006), William Gibson's celebrated novel The Neuromancer (1984)and Joan Slonczewski'ls best-seller Brain Plague (2000), all have in common a preoccupation with the neuroscientific secrets of the brain. But more than this, all these works that explore the
Perceptions of the use of indigenous leaves as packaging materials ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Although alternative food packaging materials are available, Ghanaians still use leaves to package some ready-to-eat cornmeal products. This study examines the perceptions of a representative community sample of 70 producers, 40 sellers and 120 consumers of ready-to-eat leaves-packaged cornmeal products in ...
13 CFR 120.923 - Policies on subordination.
2010-01-01
... Section 120.923 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Third Party Loans § 120.923 Policies on subordination. (a) Financing provided by the seller of Project Property must be subordinate to the 504 loan. SBA may waive the...
Role Effects in Negotiation : The One-Down Phenomenon
Donohue, William A.; Taylor, Paul J.
Role is a concept that underlies most studies of human behavior in negotiation as subjects take on the roles of buyers and sellers or labor and management contract bargainers, for example Naturalistic studies also focus on such roles as teacher and administrator contract bargainers, hostage takers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Møller, Kim; Munksgaard, Rasmus; Demant, Jakob Johan
2017-01-01
opportunities for stealing and fraud. The sites themselves fall prey to theft and hacking attempts, administrators abscond with users’ funds, and malicious sellers regularly cheat buyers. In this study, we explore the types of theft and fraud that occur on cryptomarkets using multiple data sources: formalized...
Derivative pricing with liquidity risk : Theory and evidence from the credit default swap market
Bongaerts, D.; de Jong, F.C.J.M.; Driessen, J.J.A.G.
2011-01-01
We derive an equilibrium asset pricing model incorporating liquidity risk, derivatives, and short-selling due to hedging of nontraded risk. We show that illiquid assets can have lower expected returns if the short-sellers have more wealth, lower risk aversion, or shorter horizon. The pricing of
Influence of the areas of specialization of Traditional Medicine ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs) make use of plants in alleviation of many illnesses including memory loss. Their specialization categories could include traditional healers, herbalists, herb sellers, etc. Most of them learnt the trade as apprentices from their trainers or their parents. This study was designed to ...
Breaking and entering’ of contracts as a matter of bargaining power and exclusivity clauses
Rosenkranz, S.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/157222241; Weitzel, G.U.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/276323394
2011-01-01
We analyze the effect of liquidated damage rules in exclusive contracts that are negotiated in a sequential bargaining process between one seller and two buyers with endogenous outside options. We show that assumptions on the distribution of bargaining power influence the size of the payment of
1983-02-01
OOMINIC. Quantity Item 4 Sellers Injector Corp. Liquid Jet Cleaners with Lance and Discharge Hose 2 Gelman Air Sampler with Dry Test Meter 2 289 Tritium...Veterans Administration - RO Fort Harrison, MT San Juan , Puerto Rico ATTN: Director ATTN: Director p. Veterans Administration - RO Veterans Administration
irrigated agriculture and poverty reduction in kassena nankana
African Journals Online (AJOL)
User
2010-09-08
Sep 8, 2010 ... a considerable extent, created a platform for employment and high agricultural output. How- ever, the high agricultural output has not ..... District Agriculture Extension Office, and food crop sellers in the Navrongo Central .... pled project farmers were dissatisfied with their household economic situation and ...
Customer Directed Advertising and Product Quality
L. Esteban; J.M. Hernandez; J.L. Moraga-Gonzalez (José Luis)
2001-01-01
textabstractWe consider a market where a single seller must employ informative advertising to launch a new product of observable quality. The monopolist may use mass, targeted or customer directed advertising. We show that the choice of advertising strategy depends on the economic properties of the
Domain Models of "The Market" - In Preparation for E-Commerce
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bjørner, Dines
2003-01-01
An analysis is presented, in the form both of an informal narrative and a formal model of "The Market" of buyers and sellers, agents, brokers and traders - who inquire about products and services, issue quotations, orders, delivers, receives, accepts, invoices, pays, rejects, returns and gets ref...
78 FR 56625 - Housing Counseling Program: New Certification Requirements
2013-09-13
... of, and responses to, rental and mortgage delinquency and avoidance of eviction and mortgage default... (including potential economic, environmental, public health, and safety effects, distributive impacts, and.../vol14num3/Cityscape_Nov2012_impact_lim_sellers.pdf , at page 219.) Specific Request for Comment: HUD...
A note on partial vertical integration
G.W.J. Hendrikse (George); H.J.M. Peters (Hans)
1989-01-01
textabstractA simple model is constructed to show how partial vertical integration may emerge as an equilibrium market structure in a world characterized by rationing, differences in the reservation prices of buyers, and in the risk attitudes of buyers and sellers. The buyers with the high
16 CFR 240.14 - Meeting competition.
2010-01-01
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Meeting competition. 240.14 Section 240.14 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION GUIDES AND TRADE PRACTICE RULES GUIDES FOR ADVERTISING ALLOWANCES AND OTHER MERCHANDISING PAYMENTS AND SERVICES § 240.14 Meeting competition. A seller charged with...
Spatial competition with intermediated matching
van Raalte, C.L.J.P.; Webers, H.M.
1995-01-01
This paper analyzes the spatial competition in commission fees between two match makers. These match makers serve as middlemen between buyers and sellers who are located uniformly on a circle. The profits of the match makers are determined by their respective market sizes. A limited willingness to
75 FR 62858 - United States, et al.
2010-10-13
...' Merchant Restraints substantially reduce price and non-price competition for merchant use of network... to foster competition on price and terms among sellers of network services: --promoting a less... maintain high prices for years without threat of price competition by new entry or expansion in the market...
Human – environment relations in Zimbabwe: the case of land – pre ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
At the Lancaster House Constitutional Conference of 1979, Britain agreed to fund Zimbabwe's resettlement program on a 'willing-seller willing buyer' basis to ... 'fast track' program to speed land acquisition by making amendments to the Constitution to obligate Britain, to pay compensation to farmers with designated land.
Disaggregated Imaging Spacecraft Constellation Optimization with a Genetic Algorithm
2014-03-27
Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree...distinct mod- ules which, once ‘assembled’ on orbit, deliver the capability of the original monolithic system [5].” Jerry Sellers includes a comic in
Customer relationship management and performance in the paint ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
A paradigm shift from sellers' market to buyers' market has necessitated the need for the organizations to entrench customer relationship management in meeting the demands of the changing business environment. The need for effective retention of hard-core customers driven by product quality and relationship assets ...
75 FR 69871 - Homeowners Assistance Program-Application Processing
2010-11-16
... Engineers district office. 2. Eligibility comments: There were 50 comments relating to eligibility criteria....5 Benefit elections. 239.6 Eligibility. 239.7 Responsibilities. 239.8 Funding. 239.9 Application... there are any; attorney's fees where applicable; and other fees set by local custom. HAP pays sellers...
Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
None
2013-09-17
This document serves as a guide for blenders, distributors, sellers, and users of E85 and other ethanol blends above E10. It provides basic information on the proper and safe use of E85 and other ethanol blends and includes supporting technical and policy references.
Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends (Book)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Moriarty, K.
2013-09-01
This document serves as a guide for blenders, distributors, sellers, and users of E85 and other ethanol blends above E10. It provides basic information on the proper and safe use of E85 and other ethanol blends and includes supporting technical and policy references.
2012-07-19
... and sellers of large orders on the Floor more efficiently than through verbal communications. However... submitted by off-Floor participants (off-Floor participants may submit non-displayable interest that is... of Non-Display Reserve e-Quotes, unless the floor broker elects to exclude that reserve quantity from...
The evolution of credence goods: A transaction approach to product specification and quality control
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Esben Sloth
1994-01-01
the credibility of these claims. The credibility depends on the seller's credentials, ie, an undisputed record of honesty, competence and determinedness wit respect to the quality of supply. 3. There are three major types of credence characteristics. The first type of credence characteristics covers the 'hidden...
Making money on eBay by relieving risk
van Noort, G.
2010-01-01
More and more consumers buy their products online. Consumers do not only conduct their online purchases on typical business-to-consumer websites, online auction websites are becoming a successful phenomenon as well. One of the largest auction sites is eBay, where sellers register their products for
Firm-size distribution and price-cost margins in Dutch manufacturing
Y.M. Prince (Yvonne); A.R. Thurik (Roy)
1993-01-01
textabstractIndustrial economists surmise a relation between the size distribution of firms and performance. Usually, attention is focused on the high end of the size distribution. The widely used 4-firm seller concentration, C4, ignores what happens at the low end of the size distribution. An
Pay-What-You-Want pricing: An integrative review of the empirical research literature
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Torsten J.
2017-01-01
Full Text Available In a Pay What You Want (PWYW setting companies empower their customers to fix the prices buyers voluntarily pay for a delivered product or service. The seller agrees to any price (includ-ing zero customers are paying. For about ten years researchers empirically investigate customer reactions to and economic outcomes of this pricing method. The present paper distinguishes PWYW from other voluntary payment mechanisms and reviews 72 English- or German-speaking PWYW publications, which appeared between January 2006 and September 2016 and contain 97 independent empirical data sets. Prior PWYW research is structured with the help of a conceptual framework which incorporates payment procedure design, buyer, seller, focal sales object and market context characteristics as factors potentially influencing customer perceptions of the PWYW scheme and their behavioral reactions to PWYW offers. The review discusses both consistent key findings as well as contradictory results and derives recommendations for future empirical PWYW research efforts.
A review of the empirical literature on Pay-What-You-Want price setting
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gerpott Torsten J.
2016-12-01
Full Text Available In a Pay What You Want (PWYW setting companies empower their customers to fix the prices buyers voluntarily pay for a delivered product or service. The seller agrees to any price (including zero customers are paying. For about ten years researchers empirically investigate customer reactions to and economic outcomes of this pricing method. The present paper distinguishes PWYW from other voluntary payment mechanisms and reviews 72 English- or German-speaking PWYW publications, which appeared between January 2006 and September 2016 and contain 97 independent empirical data sets. Prior PWYW research is structured with the help of a conceptual framework which incorporates payment procedure design, buyer, seller, focal sales object and market context characteristics as factors potentially influencing customer perceptions of the PWYW scheme and their behavioral reactions to PWYW offers. The review discusses both consistent key findings as well as contradictory results and derives recommendations for future empirical PWYW research efforts.
Day-to-Day Market Power and Efficiency in Tradable Mobility Credits
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ye Tian
2015-09-01
Full Text Available An active transportation and demand management framework focusing on tradable mobility credits (TMC is integrated into an agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS platform. In this framework, it is conceived that an auction market within which mobility credits can be transferred between buyers and sellers is constructed in general. The idea of ABMS is extensively incorporated to mimic system users’ daily route choices as well as market-related micro-economical decision making process under TMC circumstance. Users are able to form individual propensities towards available bid/ask choices by reinforcement learning principles. The integrated platform offers a brand new insight view of microscopic aspect of the daily operations of credit transfer market, which has hardly been obtained by prior analytical models. Day-to-day traffic dynamics and market dynamics can be captured. Besides, market MOEs, including convergence, stability, efficiency and relative market powers of buyers and sellers under different market policies are investigated.
Features of the Organization of Accounting and Tax Accounting and Auditing at Warranty Repairs
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mardus Nataliia Yu.
2016-08-01
Full Text Available The aim of the article is to study features of the normative and legal support of accounting and tax accounting at providing operations with warranty repairs comprising the secured in legislation right of consumers to obtain from the companies-producers (sellers products (goods and services of proper quality and cases of occurrence of warranty obligations to customers. To achieve the goal, the following tasks have been solved: the regulatory framework for the organization of warranty service (repair from the point of view of the company-seller and reflection of operations associated with warranty repairs in accounting and tax accounting was studied. The article describes the features of the organization of accounting and tax accounting at warranty repairs based on the legislative and normative documents regulating relations that arise in the organization and implementation of economic activity between business entities and between the entities and other participants of relations in the sphere of economic activity.
Seydi, M; Ndiaye, M
1993-01-01
The present study is carried out to appreciate the acidity, and survey the microbiological quality of reconstituted curdled milk (R.C.M.) obtained on small scale. For his, a total of 100 samples collected from Dakar's sellers were examined. The results show that: pH of R.C.M. is low and very variable: 4.17 +/- 0.30, titrable acidity is high: 152.6 +/- 26.5 degrees D, 5% of samples are contaminated by fecal coliforms and yielded counts of 20 germs/g, 19% of samples are polluted by Staphylococcus aureus to level equal to 10(2) germs/g or higher, yeasts and moulds are present in all samples, salmonella were absent. Saphylococcus aureus survival in curdled milk despite a dysgenesic acidity may be the result of very unhygienic conditions of preparation. Sellers and consumers must be encouraged to respect hygienic rules of preparation. It is the only way to prevent food poisoning.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Haites, E.; Missfeldt, F.
2002-07-01
Emission trading allows a country with an emission limitation commitment, an Annex B Party, to sell parts of its assigned amount (AAUs) to other Annex B Parties. If the seller subsequently does not have sufficient AAUs to cover its actual emissions it will be subject to the penalties for non-compliance. The revenue from the sale of AAUs may exceed the sanctions for non-compliance if these penalties are weak or difficult to enforce. Under these circumstances emission trading enables a country to benefit financially through non-compliance. Liability proposals seek to ensure that non-compliance is not rewarded, by limiting sales of AAUs to amounts surplus to the seller's compliance needs. This study develops and applies a model to assess the performance of different liability proposals. A simple model based on the Emissions Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is used for the analysis. (BA)
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ali Darijani
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Adequate conducting studies on site selection will have economic impact on performance of industrial firm; besides the effects of social, environmental, cultural and economic in their area. Also, the regional characteristics as key factors in determining where to locate the problem is that it creates incentives for public, private and cooperative sectors for investing on that place. Determining the effective indices in furniture industry to set sellers' view is the aim of this study that conducted in North Khorasan province, Iran in 2010. After reviewing literatures and interviews, the effecting factors were identified and classified into five main groups; "materials and products", "infrastructure", "mortal", "economic" and "rules and regulations". Value of weighted indices determined by getting comments from experienced furniture sellers as well as using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP applied and flexible technique by Expert Choice software. The results showed that materials, distance to market, existing invertors indices with value-weighted 0.126, 0.114 and 0.099, respectively had highest priority.
Specialized due diligence called for on Medicare/Medicaid issues in health care acquisitions.
Vernaglia, Lawrence W; Herman, Dimitry S; Ziegler, Rachel Schneller
2005-01-01
A careful and comprehensive due diligence process is mission-critical to the success of any complex business acquisition. In heavily regulated industries such as health care, a buyer's greatest risks can arise from practices relating to Medicare, Medicaid, and other governmental payors. In particular, the rules of "successor liability" for the seller's sins are fundamentally different in a health care transaction than in other traditional corporate acquisitions. These liabilities may attach not only for expected business debts, but also for unexpected and draconian penalties available as remedies under the False Claims Act, Civil Money Penalties Law, and a number of other enforcement authorities. In addition, because critical cash flow depends on accepting certain liabilities of the seller, in the health care context these risks may be voluntarily assumed. Thus, here, due diligence is not just about finding "deal breakers," it is about helping the provider's management team understand the financial and risk-management components of the transaction at hand.
A Study of The Best Selling Smartphone in The Two Biggest Marketplace in Indonesia
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Alfian Budi Primanto
2018-03-01
Full Text Available The number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia has increased significantly in the past decade. Many entrepreneurs expand their business into digital by using marketplace platform. Although, there are a lot of entrepreneur use digital landscape to scale up their business, many online business ended in failure. This research aims to answer the following questions; what is the success factor of smartphone campaign in the Indonesia marketplace platform? Is there any difference success factor between each marketplace platform? The researcher uses secondary data, simple random sampling, and binary logistic regression modeling for the purpose to answer research questions. Interestingly, this research shows that there are no relationship between seller reputation and sales acquirement. Also, there is no difference behaviour between each marketplace platform. Therefore, to be succeed in marketplace competition, each seller should pay attention to their price competitiveness while at the same time find the best option to increases their number of store page views.
A robust internet-based auction to procure electricity forwards
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Woo, C.K.; Lloyd, D.; Borden, M.; Warrington, R.; Baskette, C.
2004-01-01
Securing forward contracts to manage procurement-cost risk is an intuitively appealing and economically reasonable strategy for a load-serving local distribution company (LDC) in today's volatile electricity marketplace. However, knowing what to buy does not guarantee least-cost implementation. The forward-contract price quoted by a prospective seller may not be the 'best deal' that an LDC could have obtained, especially when the forward contract desired by the LDC is not actively traded. This paper reports the results from five internet-based auctions for electricity forward contracts with non-firm delivery and varying hourly quantities held monthly by a Florida municipal utility (MU) from September 2002 to January 2003. The results confirm that a multi-round auction design is robust in realizing competitive price offers made by credit-worthy sellers, time-efficient contracting, and consistent cost savings to the MU. Thus, the Anglo-Dutch auction described herein is a reasonable substitute for generation ownership by an LDC. (author)
The CDS and the Government Bonds Markets During the Last Financial Crisis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Križanič France
2015-11-01
Full Text Available Financial market had developed a special instrument to insure the buyers of bonds. This instrument is so called Credit Default Swap (CDS. The CDS price is a kind of insurance premium that the buyer of CDS pays to the seller of CDS in exchange for compensation of possible loss in operation. Paper analyses causality between CDS price and dynamics of bond yields and influence of macroeconomic factors on it in four selected countries during the last financial crisis. Analysis results show that there is no important macroeconomic variable included in the analysis that preceded the CDS prices connected with German government bonds. Sellers of CDS were apparently aware of the systemic nature of the financial crisis in the euro area. In the case of the United Kingdom, Russia and Slovenia we can observe the unemployment rate as the most important macroeconomic variable that preceded the CDS prices for government bonds.
Consumer Decision-Making Styles Extension to Trust-Based Product Comparison Site Usage Model
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Radoslaw Macik
2016-09-01
Full Text Available The paper describes an implementation of extended consumer decision-making styles concept in explaining consumer choices made in product comparison site environment in the context of trust-based information technology acceptance model. Previous research proved that trust-based acceptance model is useful in explaining purchase intention and anticipated satisfaction in product comparison site environment, as an example of online decision shopping aids. Trust to such aids is important in explaining their usage by consumers. The connections between consumer decision-making styles, product and sellers opinions usage, cognitive and affective trust toward online product comparison site, as well as choice outcomes (purchase intention and brand choice are explored trough structural equation models using PLS-SEM approach, using a sample of 461 young consumers. Research confirmed the validity of research model in explaining product comparison usage, and some consumer decision-making styles influenced consumers’ choices and purchase intention. Product and sellers reviews usage were partially mediating mentioned relationships.
Ivanitskaya, Lana; Brookins-Fisher, Jodi; O Boyle, Irene; Vibbert, Danielle; Erofeev, Dmitry; Fulton, Lawrence
2010-04-26
Websites of many rogue sellers of medications are accessible through links in email spam messages or via web search engines. This study examined how well students enrolled in a U.S. higher education institution could identify clearly unsafe pharmacies. The aim is to estimate these health consumers vulnerability to fraud by illegitimate Internet pharmacies. Two Internet pharmacy websites, created specifically for this study, displayed multiple untrustworthy features modeled after five actual Internet drug sellers which the authors considered to be potentially dangerous to consumers. The websites had none of the safe pharmacy signs and nearly all of the danger signs specified in the Food and Drug Administration s (FDA s) guide to consumers. Participants were told that a neighborhood pharmacy charged US$165 for a one-month supply of Beozine, a bogus drug to ensure no pre-existing knowledge. After checking its price at two Internet pharmacies-$37.99 in pharmacy A and $57.60 in pharmacy B-the respondents were asked to indicate if each seller was a good place to buy the drug. Responses came from 1,914 undergraduate students who completed an online eHealth literacy assessment in 2005-2008. Participation rate was 78%. In response to "On a scale from 0-10, how good is this pharmacy as a place for buying Beozine?" many respondents gave favorable ratings. Specifically, 50% of students who reviewed pharmacy A and 37% of students who reviewed pharmacy B chose a rating above the scale midpoint. When explaining a low drug cost, these raters related it to low operation costs, ad revenue, pressure to lower costs due to comparison shopping, and/or high sales volume. Those who said that pharmacy A or B was "a very bad place" for purchasing the drug (25%), as defined by a score of 1 or less, related low drug cost to lack of regulation, low drug quality, and/or customer information sales. About 16% of students thought that people should be advised to buy cheaper drugs at pharmacies
Detection of Rabies antigen in brains of suspected Rabid dogs ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Objective: To detect the presence of rabies antigen in brains of suspected rabid dogs. Materials and Methods: Ninety six (96) brain specimens from suspected rabid dogs were examined for the presence of rabies antigen using Seller's staining technique and enzyme immunoassay. Results: The two techniques were both ...
Private benefits in corporate control transactions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Poulsen, Thomas
This paper presents an analytical framework from which it can be inferred whether sellers or buyers in corporate control transactions value private benefits highest. I am thus able to suggest an answer to the question: Are blocks of shares traded because the buyer is a more efficient monitor...
JPRS Report, Science & Technology: Europe, Economic Competitiveness.
1991-06-27
Americans and Japa- nese already announced the information society, in Ger- many Wilhelm Fucks’s book was still a best seller. Fucks believed that...cannot kid ourselves; this is not for tomorrow. Among others things, there are many technical problems, and maybe even more regulatory ones, which
The Virtual Counseling Center: Its Niche, Resources, and Ongoing Research and Development Activity
Horan, John J.
2010-01-01
Thomas Friedman's best sellers have raised awareness of our nation's need to remain competitive in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines. However, advances in these fields cannot occur without the proper cultivation of human potential. The usual costs of career assessment and planning systems preclude their scalability to…
Consumer Cost Differences for Traditional and Internet Markets.
Shaw, Michael J.; Strader, Troy J.
1999-01-01
Addresses research issues related to the economics of electronic, Internet-based markets. Discusses consumer cost-based differences for traditional and electronic markets; revenue implications for sellers and transaction intermediaries; and results of an empirical, survey-based study of an electronic market in the sports trading-card industry.…
1991-09-01
issuance or denial of arms export licenses. (19:21,31:19) COUNTERTRADE - Purchase of goods and services from the buyer country as a condition of the offset...Seller i will increasingly be required to provide creative financing; 6. Barter, countertrade , and buyback deals will become commonplace; 21 7
Latest condition of the steam coal market and outlook for supply cost
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Murase, A.
1988-11-01
The following factors affecting coal prices are identified: rises in the prices of fuels which compete with coal, especially petroleum; the supply cost of coal; coal supply and demand; the balance of power between sellers and buyers; and foreign exchange rates. Coal supply costs are discussed. 5 figs.
2010-01-01
... for securities transactions in which you act as agent for the buyer and seller (crossing of buy and... personal securities trading reports described at § 551.150, if the officer or employee: (1) Makes investment recommendations or decisions for the accounts of customers; (2) Participates in the determination...
Factors promoting tourism services and their development
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Simona Cristina Martin
2013-10-01
Because the fact that tourism services are intangible, sales through self-service are impossible, which makes indispensable the presence of the seller or counselor at the point of sale. Unable to clearly differentiate against competitors, tourist trips wholesalers will practice a more limited range of methods of sales promotion.
2013-12-30
..., London School of Economics, and Yuval Millo, Professor of Social Studies of Finance, University of... Daniel Buenza, Lecturer in Management, London School of Economics, and Yuval Millo, Professor of Social... and sellers,\\24\\ which could promote just and equitable principles of trade and would be in the public...
Asymmetric information and list-price reductions in the housing market
de Wit, E.; van der Klaauw, B.
2013-01-01
In housing markets with asymmetric information list prices may signal unobserved properties of the house or the seller. Asymmetric information is the starting point for many models for the housing market. In this paper, we estimate the causal effect of list-price reductions on the time houses remain
Final Report-Rail Sensor Testbed Program: Active Agents in Containers for Transport Chain Security
2011-03-21
information. These trust approaches have been applied to a variety of regimes, including virtual communities [14], email [15] and ecommerce [16...2004(http://www .arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0402143). 16. Melnik, M., Aim, J., Does a seller’s eCommerce reputation matter? evidence from eBay auctions
Market Structure and Hospital-Insurer Bargaining in the Netherlands
Halbersma, R.S.; Mikkers, M.C.; Motchenkova, E.; Seinen, I.
2007-01-01
In 2005, competition was introduced in part of the hospital market in the Netherlands. Using a unique dataset of transaction and list prices between hospitals and insurers in the years 2005 and 2006, we estimate the influence of buyer and seller concentration on the negotiated prices in the first
The Causal Pattern of Mobile Phone Ownership and Implications for ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
This paper examined a number of predictors of mobile phone ownership amongst fish and vegetable sellers in Yola Metropolis, Nigeria. Using regression path analysis, it identified the causal pattern of mobile phone ownership for Male and Female in the study area. Although there were few significant differences between ...
Dynamic pricing and learning with finite inventories
den Boer, A.V.; Zwart, Bert
2013-01-01
We study a dynamic pricing problem with finite inventory and parametric uncertainty on the demand distribution. Products are sold during selling seasons of finite length, and inventory that is unsold at the end of a selling season, perishes. The goal of the seller is to determine a pricing strategy
Dynamic pricing and learning with finite inventories
den Boer, A.V.; Zwart, Bert
We study a dynamic pricing problem with finite inventory and parametric uncertainty on the demand distribution. Products are sold during selling seasons of finite length, and inventory that is unsold at the end of a selling season perishes. The goal of the seller is to determine a pricing strategy
Dynamic Pricing and Learning with Finite Inventories
A.P. Zwart (Bert); A.V. den Boer (Arnoud)
2015-01-01
htmlabstractWe study a dynamic pricing problem with finite inventory and parametric uncertainty on the demand distribution. Products are sold during selling seasons of finite length, and inventory that is unsold at the end of a selling season perishes. The goal of the seller is to determine a
The economic order decision with continuous dynamic pricing and batch supply
van den Berg, A.H.J.; Herings, P.J.J.; Peters, H.J.M.
2014-01-01
We study an infinite horizon model, where a seller orders his product in batches of fixed size. A sales strategy determines both the order moments and the sales path between these moments. Under some natural conditions on the seller’s revenue function, the strategy that maximizes the seller’s
Dynamic pricing and learning with finite inventories
Boer, den A.V.; Zwart, B.
2015-01-01
We study a dynamic pricing problem with finite inventory and parametric uncertainty on the demand distribution. Products are sold during selling seasons of finite length, and inventory that is unsold at the end of a selling season perishes. The goal of the seller is to determine a pricing strategy
Economics of Swine Marketing in Kafanchan (Katsit)Market, Jama'a ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
The Gini coefficient was also high (0.53), indicating gross inequality in size distribution and seller concentration, hence oligopoly. Analyses also showed that the market is vertically integrated. Cost of transportation (N100 / animal) was the highest of the marketing services, representing 50.4%. Total cost of marketing ...
76 FR 24541 - HighMark Capital Management, Inc., et al.,
2011-05-02
... networks among buyers and sellers, which generally precludes being able to obtain a single market price for... Adviser is responsible for making investment decisions and for the placement of portfolio transactions...-making process for or otherwise seek to influence the Advisers other than in the normal course of sales...
Exploring the Barriers to Globalization
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schmidt, Christian Gormsen
in the model are identical, but appear heterogeneous due to their price randomization. In larger and more open economies, prices and markups will be lower, and exports are primarily realized by sellers who charge low prices. These predictions are similar to those of trade models where firm heterogeneity...
Intransparent Markets and Intra-Industry Trade
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schmidt, Christian Gormsen
in the model are identical, but appear heterogeneous due to their price randomization. In larger and more open economies, prices and markups will be lower, and exports are primarily realized by sellers who charge low prices. These predictions are similar to those of trade models where firm heterogeneity...
Equilibrium Selection with Risk Dominance in a Multiple-unit Unit Uniform Price Auction
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Boom, Anette
This paper uses an adapted version of the linear tracing procedure, suggested by Harsanyi and Selten (1988), in order to discriminate between two types of multiple Nash equilibria. Equilibria of the same type are pay-off equivalent in the analysed multiple-unit unit price auction where two seller...
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kennes, John; le Maire, Christian Daniel
The model of competing sellers McAfee (1993) is applied to a labor market environment with heterogeneous workers, who differ by outside option and skill type, and heterogeneous firms, who differ by the amount of output produced when matched to each possible worker tyoe. We derive both a static...
Joint Profit Maximization, Negotiation, and the Determinacy of Price in Bilateral Monopoly.
Truett, Dale B.; Truett, Lila J.
1993-01-01
Examines the case of bilateral monopoly in the context of joint profit-maximizing solutions. Asserts that, although bilateral monopoly is sometimes viewed as a theoretical model with few real-world applications, the elements of negotiations it contains form the basis for contracts between input sellers and input buyers. (CFR)
Integrating Strategic Planning Concepts into the Negotiating Process.
Winer, Toby R.; Winer, Russell S.
1987-01-01
The purchase of a new telecommunications system at Vanderbilt University is described. By understanding conditions in which buyers generally obtain leverage over sellers in industries, it was possible to improve negotiating power. Strategic-planning concepts developed by Michael Porter in his book "Competitive Strategy" were used as a…
76 FR 64937 - Combined Notice of Filings #1
2011-10-19
.... Description: Lockhart Power Company submits tariff filing per 35: Revisions to Lockhart MBR Tariff to be... Inc. Description: Alcoa Power Generating Inc. submits tariff filing per 35: APGI Revisions to MBR...: APM Revisions to MBR Tariff--Seller Category to be effective 10/12/ 2011. Filed Date: 10/11/2011...
Assessment of the sweetpotato market structure in Nasarawa state ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Product differentiation existed and there were little or no barriers to entry into the sweetpotato market. The Gini Coefficient values of 0.5457 (wholesalers) and 0.6001 (retailers) were recorded, indicating an existence of some degree of sellers' concentration. This implies that sweetpotato market is an imperfect competitive ...
2010-04-01
... which may be depreciated for income tax purposes. Depreciated replacement costs. The present replacement... depreciated for income tax purposes, which is maintained in inventory or expensed for tax purposes. Fund. The... seller willing to sell and buyer willing to buy. Other direct charge. Any levy which is imposed in...
Marketing and utilization survey of some forest plant tubers sold in ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
A marketing and utilization survey of some forest plants tubers sold in Abeokuta markets was conducted. Four markets were chosen namely, Itoku, Kuto, Adatan and Iberekodo with ,35, 25, 20, and 20 herb sellers respectively. Hundred percent enumerations of questionnaire were administered in the Markets. The number of ...
75 FR 13702 - Implementation of the Methamphetamine Production Prevention Act of 2008
2010-03-23
..., research, and industrial purposes and to deter the diversion of controlled substances to illegal purposes... customer, whether by a regulated seller (e.g., grocery store, general merchandise store, drug store) (21 U... many stores use for credit card purchases, can be employed to capture the signature for electronic logs...
Effective buyer-supplier interaction patterns in ongoing service exchange
Valk, van der W.; Wynstra, J.Y.F.; Axelsson, B.
2009-01-01
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop theory on effective buyer-seller interaction for different types of business services. A classification of business services which identifies four service types based on how they are used by the buying company is used. Design/methodology/approach –
76 FR 48943 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request
2011-08-09
... association may obtain a satisfactory written assurance from a seller or lessor that, within a reasonable time... purchaser or lessee. The bank or savings association must retain a record of the written assurance from the... loan. Compliance monitoring and auditing to ensure compliance requires 20 minutes per loan. Training...
Serrano, Elena
2012-01-01
This paper analyzes the Spanish appropriation of one of the great French eighteenth-century best-sellers, the "Spectacle de la Nature" (1732-1750) by the "abbe" Antoine Noel Pluche. In eight volumes, the "abbe" discussed current issues in natural philosophy, such as Newtonianism, the origin of fossils, artisan…
Improvement of Tsukiji free fish market in Tokyo ("Kaizen" of work environment).
Kishida, K; Ikegami, T; Maehara, N; Watanabe, A
1996-06-01
"TSUKIJI" is one of the biggest and most famous Free Fish Markets in the world, but there are many problems on the working condition because it was built about 60 years ago. Our investigation was held 1991 to 1993 to give some improvements regarding layout of buildings, working time, heat condition at refrigerator, working posture, and so on. We used a questionnaire on daily life and health care of workers, time study with measurement of heartbeats, and checklist (using Checklist for Improvement of Safety-Health and Working Conditions,' made by ILO). The main occupations in TSUKIJI were seller, buyer, delivery worker, and refrigerator maintenance worker. Their starting time was early in the morning, usually between 2:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., but the hardest one was delivery workers starting at 9:00 p.m. They used auto cargo car for carrying to shops from refrigerator or from auction places many times. Sellers had two different types of work. First, the seller set up the auction, numbering the fish (or cases of seafood), arranging them in order, and so on. The rest of the work was transaction of invoices, sometimes using VDU with almost sitting. These works did not look well balanced. Buyer of tuna cut if like lumber by electric saws did not have guard for protection and there were more than 200 machines. Overlooking the market by checklist, some problems were clarified, and suggestions for improvement include restructuring the whole layout of the market or reforming buildings, standardization of the cases, adjustment of health facilities, safety protection on tools and machines, management of working system, working posture, health care, and so on.
Screening Kandungan Plastik pada Minyak Goreng yang Terdapat pada Gorengan di Jati Padang
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ayu Ratna Sari
2014-09-01
Full Text Available AbstrakPlastik ditambahkan ke dalam gorengan dengan cara dimasukkan ke dalam minyak goreng panas oleh penjual gorengan agar gorengannya tetap gurih dalam waktu yang lama. Praktik penggunaan plastik pada minyak goreng ini telah ditemukan pada beberapa tempat di Indonesia. Daerah Jati Padang telah dilakukan identifikasi awal kepada penjual gorengan dan diperkirakan minyak gorengnya mengandung plastik, untuk itu diperlukan screening kandungan plastik pada minyak goreng yang terdapat pada gorengan di Jati Padang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat kandungan plastik pada minyak goreng yang digunakan oleh penjual gorengan di Jati Padang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 10 dari penjual gorengan dengan masing-masing sebanyak 100 ml minyak goreng. Semua sampel dilakukan uji kualitatif dengan GC-MS QP2010 jenis kolom RT-5MS (Crossbond 5% Diphenyl- 95% Dimethypoly silicone. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 9 dari 10 sampel minyak goreng mengandung senyawa isopropyl dari plastik polyethylene dan polypropylene. Sampel yang mengandung senyawa plastik dengan persentasenya adalah sampel 1(18.57%, 2(19.19%, 3(18.54%, 4(23.11%, 6(8.52%, 7(7.80%, 8(11.49%, 9(11.57%, dan 10(19.69%.Kata kunci: screening, plastik, minyak goreng, GC-MS, isopropylAbstractPlastics is added into frieds by entering into hot cooking oil by the seller in order fried savory fried fixed in a long time. The added of plastics in cooking oil has been found in several places in Indonesia. The fried seller in Jati Padang has made as initial identification to estimated oil-containing plastic. It is necessary for screening of plastic content in cooking oil found in fried in Jati Padang. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was any plastics content in coocking oil by the fried seller in Jati Padang. This research was a descriptive qualitative. Samples were taken from10 of fried sellers about 100 ml of
Confucianism on the Comeback: Current Trends in Culture, Values, Politics, and Economy
Angle, Stephen C.
2010-01-01
There is ample evidence that Confucianism is undergoing a multi-faceted revival in contemporary China. This can be seen in government slogans, in a runaway best seller on the "Analects" (the compendium of Confucius's teachings), in educational experiments, and in academic activities. The twentieth century was a bad century for…
Private Benefits in Corporate Control Transactions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Poulsen, Thomas
2011-01-01
This paper presents an analytical framework from which it can be inferred whether sellers or buyers in block transactions value private benefits highest. I am thus able to suggest an answer to the question: Are blocks of shares traded because the buyer has high security benefits, or because the b...
26 CFR 20.6018-3 - Returns; contents of returns.
2010-04-01
... maturity, amount of principal, amount of principal unpaid, rate of interest and whether simple or compound, date to which interest has been paid and amount of unpaid interest. A description of the seller's..., name of obligor, date of maturity, rate of interest, date or dates on which interest is payable, series...
1993-04-01
Dfinition . A door-to-door sale is a sale, lease, or rental of consumer goods or services with a purchase price of $25 or more in which the seller personally...and encourage other military personnel to exercise their franchise , provided such promotion does not constitute an attempt to influence or interfere
Fields, Joyce I.
1993-01-01
Ascertained seven- and eight-year-olds' understanding of advertising, the role of the buyer and seller, and the role of real estate agents. Interviewed an experimental group of students who had been exposed, and a control group of students who had not been exposed, to classroom presentations concerning these topics. (MDM)
7 CFR 1927.58 - Closing the transaction.
2010-01-01
... REGULATIONS TITLE CLEARANCE AND LOAN CLOSING Real Estate Title Clearance and Loan Closing § 1927.58 Closing the transaction. The closing agent will cooperate with the approval official, borrower, seller, and... when a loan is being made to a borrower who already owns the real estate to be mortgaged. This...
16 CFR 436.9 - Additional prohibitions.
2010-01-01
... practice in violation of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act for any franchise seller covered by... a franchise from the franchisor or operated a franchise of the type offered by the franchisor. (2) Can provide an independent and reliable report about the franchise or the experiences of any current...
2010-03-12
... Letter 1''); from Michael N. Sohn and Donna E. Patterson, Arnold & Porter, LLP, dated December 23, 2009... that, in fact, Nasdaq has offered ``up to five years of free or heavily discounted wire distribution...]llegal tying is the `seller's exploitation of its control over the tying product * * * to force the buyer...
77 FR 34263 - 2012-2014 Enterprise Housing Goals
2012-06-11
... Enterprises. \\20\\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, News Release: The Employment Situation--April (May 4, 2012). \\21... Association of Realtors (NAR) survey of homebuyers and sellers, the median age for first-time homebuyers was... home, up from $152,000 in the 2010 survey. Fifty-four percent of entry-level buyers financed their...
16 CFR 240.5 - Definition of competing customers.
2010-01-01
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definition of competing customers. 240.5... ADVERTISING ALLOWANCES AND OTHER MERCHANDISING PAYMENTS AND SERVICES § 240.5 Definition of competing customers. Competing customers are all businesses that compete in the resale of the seller's products of like grade and...
2011-01-25
... values (i.e., money tolerance amounts) as more fully described below. Prior to the rule change, Procedure... Rule Change To Amend Procedure II of the NSCC Rules & Procedures To Modify the Money Tolerance... matches in all required aspects except for trade value, NSCC uses the seller's money (referred to as...
Rail Sensor Testbed Program: Active Agents in Containers for Transport Chain Security
2011-01-01
applied to a variety of regimes, including virtual communities [14], email [15] and ecommerce [16] and [17], and sensor networks [18]. These approaches...effective anti- spam tool. 2004(http://www.arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0402143). 16. Melnik, M., Alm, J., Does a seller’s eCommerce reputation matter
2012-07-30
... long-line catcher processors harvesting non-pollock groundfish were required to pay and forward a fee... reports (4 hours), and tendering fish buyer/fish seller reports when a person fails either to pay or to... discrepancy in the name appearing on LLP Licenses and other documents was material). (2) [Reserved] (e...
17 CFR 240.6h-1 - Settlement and regulatory halt requirements for security futures products.
2010-04-01
... investors and the public interest, taking into account such factors as fairness to buyers and sellers of the affected security futures product, the maintenance of a fair and orderly market in such security futures... with the protection of investors. An exemption granted pursuant to this paragraph shall not operate as...
The Traders' Cross: Identifying Traders' Surpluses in the Traditional Edgeworth Exchange Diagram
Beaulier, Scott A.; Prychitko, David L.
2010-01-01
The Edgeworth exchange diagram is a traditional tool of undergraduate microeconomic theory that depicts the mutually beneficial gains from voluntary trade. The authors take the analysis one step further. They identify the buyer's and seller's surpluses that accrue to both trading parties in the Edgeworth diagram. This is a straightforward exercise…
2010-07-12
... provide the proof of fail obligation and ``buying-in'' the seller only for the securities contract amount... state that the securities may be closed out ``unless delivery is effected at or before a certain... shall reject delivery of a security that cannot be deemed a safekeeping position against a fail contract...
2010-04-01
... are designed to control the use of the lot and to preserve or enhance the environment and the... arrangement for consideration to purchase or lease a lot directly or indirectly. The terms “sale” or “seller... by diligent action to complete the facility. [61 FR 13597, Mar. 27, 1996] ...
CONTRATS DE VENTE COMPORTANT UNE CLAUSE DE RESERVE DE PROPRIETE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
BENGESCU RALUCA
2009-05-01
Full Text Available The present paper starts from the classic rule of the Fiscal Code, according to which the delivery operation is the transferring of the right to dispose as a real proprietor. In fact, the transmission of the goods from the seller to the buyer has as a dir
21 CFR 1314.35 - Training of sales personnel.
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Training of sales personnel. 1314.35 Section 1314.35 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RETAIL SALE OF SCHEDULED LISTED CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Sales by Regulated Sellers § 1314.35 Training of sales personnel. Each regulated...
21 CFR 1314.20 - Restrictions on sales quantity.
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Restrictions on sales quantity. 1314.20 Section 1314.20 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RETAIL SALE OF SCHEDULED LISTED CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Sales by Regulated Sellers § 1314.20 Restrictions on sales quantity. (a) Without...
12 CFR 614.4325 - Purchase and sale of interests in loans.
2010-01-01
... of credit or similar financial assistance of the type authorized under the Act, such as guarantees... that service to the territory is not impeded; (5) Provision for the identification and reporting of... institution; (3) The agent must be independent of the seller or intermediate broker in the transaction; and (4...
Effects of State-Level Firearm Seller Accountability Policies on Firearm Trafficking
Webster, Daniel W.; Vernick, Jon S.; Bulzacchelli, Maria T.
2009-01-01
Criminals illegally obtaining firearms represent a great risk to many urban residents. This cross-sectional study of 54 US cities uses data on state laws governing gun sales, a survey of law enforcement agencies’ practices to promote compliance with gun sales laws, and crime gun trace data to examine associations between these policies and practices with gun trafficking indicators. Higher levels of local gun ownership were linked with greater intrastate gun trafficking. Regression models esti...
Effects of state-level firearm seller accountability policies on firearm trafficking.
Webster, Daniel W; Vernick, Jon S; Bulzacchelli, Maria T
2009-07-01
Criminals illegally obtaining firearms represent a great risk to many urban residents. This cross-sectional study of 54 US cities uses data on state laws governing gun sales, a survey of law enforcement agencies' practices to promote compliance with gun sales laws, and crime gun trace data to examine associations between these policies and practices with gun trafficking indicators. Higher levels of local gun ownership were linked with greater intrastate gun trafficking. Regression models estimate that comprehensive regulation and oversight of gun dealers and state regulation of private sales of handguns were each associated with significantly lower levels of intrastate gun trafficking. Discretionary permit-to-purchase licensing laws' negative association with intrastate trafficking disappeared when local gun ownership is controlled. The effects of these relatively restrictive gun purchase laws on trafficking may be mediated by the laws' lowering of gun ownership. Relatively low prevalence of gun ownership may also be a prerequisite for passage of discretionary purchase. We observed no effect on intrastate trafficking of laws limiting handgun sales to a maximum of one per person per month.
Best seller: Harry Potter e a mídia do livro
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ada Cristina Machado da Silveira
2012-12-01
Full Text Available O artigo analisa a construção das narrativas da saga Harry Potter. Utilizamos, para isso, o esquema estabelecido por Umberto Eco, o qual se propõe a ver a narrativa como um jogo. Focamos na contribuição feminina para formação do personagem principal, analisando o percurso gerativo de sentido obtido através do mapa semiótico.
Trade and ethnicity: Street and beach sellers from Raas on Bali
Jonge, H.M.C. de
2000-01-01
Balinese tourism provides employment not only for Balinese but also for job-seekers from all over Indonesia. Quite a number of branches in the tourist industry are controlled by people who know or trust each other, such as individuals from the same place or members of the same ethnic group. This
The Moderating Influence of Broad-Scope Trust on Customer-Seller Relationships
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Torben
2012-01-01
, respectively, this study investigates the moderating influence of BST on relationships between satisfaction, narrow-scope trust, and loyalty and also examines the direct influence of BST on these variables. The results indicate that whereas BST negatively moderates relationships between satisfaction and narrow......-scope trust and between narrow-scope trust and loyalty, BST positively moderates the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, it is demonstrated that BST positively influences customer satisfaction and narrow-scope trust...
Revision Cycles for Economics Textbooks: An Application of the Theory of Durable Goods Monopoly
Li, Xin
2011-01-01
In this dissertation, I study economics textbook markets as an example of durable goods monopoly. Textbooks are protected by copyrights, and from a student's point of view, different textbooks are not good substitutes because students wish to use the textbook adopted by their instructors. Therefore sellers have market power. Textbooks can be…
Cao, Xun; Prakash, Aseem
2011-01-01
Trade policy is an important topic in global public policy. It is recognized that trade is hampered when buyers have incomplete information about the offered products, a problem accentuated in the international markets by the physical and cultural distances between buyers and sellers. Buyers look for proxies to assess product quality, and…
26 CFR 25.6019-4 - Description of property listed on return.
2010-04-01
..., amount of principal unpaid, rate of interest and whether simple or compound, and date to which interest..., rate of interest, date or dates on which interest is payable, series number where there is more than... amount of such accrued income shall be separately set forth. Description of the seller's interest in land...
2010-10-01
... for wildlife by sex, size, band number, or other mark, or for plants by size or other identifying... facility: (A) Number of wildlife (by sex and age- or size-class) or plants at the facility. (B) How long... seller. (G) Marking system, if applicable. (H) Photographs or video of facility, including for wildlife...
Notes on abattoir operations at Afor Ajala Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Afor Ajala abattoir in Imo State is an important economic centre in Nigeria. It is funded by Afor Ajala Meat Butchers Association (AMBA) and serves meat sellers and consumers within and outside Imo State. The safety and health of these consumers could be endangered if the meat processed in the abattoir is unwholesome.
Ethics and quality assessment of cowpea grains sold in southern ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
The study examined the supply side of cowpea markets in two states of Nigeria. Specifically, quality status; grades of cowpea grains sold and effect of ethics on sales, quality and price were determined. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select four hundred cowpea grain sellers in the study areas. Questionnaire ...
76 FR 60765 - Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule
2011-09-30
..., gift card, or other universally accepted method of payment.'' Nwokeji at 3-4. For these exceptions, he.... The MTOR covers post-purchase events, such as actions that a seller must take when it learns it cannot... pre-purchase practices, such as disclosures made before a customer consents to pay. The MTOR covers...
41 CFR 302-11.200 - What residence transaction expenses will my agency pay?
2010-07-01
... seller of a residence at the old official station or by the purchaser of a residence at the new official... generally charged in the locality of your old official station; (b) The customary cost for an appraisal; (c) The costs of newspaper, bulletin board, multiple-listing services, and other advertising for sale of...
Stackelberg equilibria and horizontal differentiation
Lambertini, Luca
1993-01-01
This paper proposes a taxonomy of the Stackelberg equilibria emerging from a standard game of horizontal differentiation à la Hotelling in which the strategy set of the sellers in the location stage is the real axis. Repeated leadership appears the most advantageous position. Furthermore, this endogenously yields vertical differentiation between products at equilibrium.
Determinants of Residential Property Value in Nigeria – A Neural ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
impact on market values (prices) and to that extent influence the sales and purchase decisions of sellers and buyers in Nigeria. The results of the study should enable Real Estate Professionals to make fair estimates of the market values of residential real estate properties given the features/characteristics of such housing ...
Automated negotiation and bundling of information goods
Somefun, D.J.A.; Gerding, E.H.; Bohté, S.M.; Poutré, la J.A.; Faratin, P.; Parkes, D.; Rodriquez-Aguilar, J.
2004-01-01
In this paper, we present a novel system for selling bundles of news items. Through the system, customers bargain with the seller over the price and quality of the delivered goods. The advantage of the developed system is that it allows for a high degree of flexibility in the price, quality, and