Pollution and pollution tolerance in the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); Belastung durch Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Renger, M.; Mekiffer, B. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Oekologie-Bodenkunde

1997-12-31

The purpose of the present follow-up project was to examine the contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of different anthropogenic urban soils including clay soils containing demolition waste, household waste, ash, and residues from a coking plant. A further task was to analyse, or infer from other part-projects, standard soil parameters such as organic carbon content, pH, and anion levels in order to clarify any relationships between PAH contamination and the more easily determinable soil characteristics. Furthermore, the sorption behaviour for PAH of selected anthropogenic urban soils was to be characterised by means of batch experiments. [Deutsch] Im Rahmen des Anschlussvorhabens sollte die Kontamination von anthropogenen Stadtboeden- darunter Truemmerschutt-, Hausmuell-, Asche- sowie Kokereilehmboden- durch polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) untersucht werden. Zusaetzlich sollten die bodenkundlichen Standardparameter Corg, pH-Wert, Anionengehalte und KAKpot analysiert bzw. von den anderen Teilvorhaben uebernommen werden, um Zusammenhaenge zwischen der PAK-Kontamination und relativ leicht zu bestimmenden bodenkundlichen Kennwerten klaeren zu koennen. Das Sorptionsverhalten ausgewaehlter anthropogener Stadtboeden fuer PAK sollte durch Batchversuche charakterisiert werden. (orig./SR)

THESEUS - achieving maximum possible road transport tanker safety by means of experimental accident simulation; THESEUS - Tankfahrzeuge mit hoechsterreichbarer Sicherheit durch experimentelle Unfallsimulation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rompe, K.; Heuser, G.

1996-03-01

In spring 1990, the Federal German Minister for Education, Science, Research and Technology (BMBF) commissioned the team from the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), DEKRA, Daimler-Benz, the Federal Road Research Institute (BASt) with the University of Cologne, Ellinghaus and TUeV Rheinland (project leader) to perform the research project `THESEUS` (the acronym THESEUS comes from the German `Tankfahrzeuge mit hoechst erreichbarer Sicherheit durch experimentelle Unfallsimulation`, which translates as `achieving maximum possible road transport tanker safety by means of experimental accident simulation`). Arting from an analysis of road transport tanker accidents, crash tests and overturn tests were performed and supplemented by investigations of road transport tanker components and accompanying complex calculations of the failure processes. Parallel to this, the static side-tilt stability of road transport tankers was determined on a tilting test platform. The causes of and constructive possibilities for avoiding overturning, which is the most common cause of accidents in which hazardous materials escape, wewre analysed in dynamic driving tests with supplementary computer simulation. Various measures for improving the safety of road transport tankers were determined and subjected to a cost-benefit analysis. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Bundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie hat seit 1990 das Forschungsproject `THESEUS` (Tankfahrzeuge mit hoechst erreichbarer Sicherheit durch experimentelle Unfallsimulation) der Arbeitsgemeinschaft aus TUeV Rheinland (Federfuehrung), Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), DEKRA, Daimler Benz, Bundesanstalt fuer Strassenwesen (BASt), Universitaet Koeln und Ellinghaus gefoerdert. Ausgehend von der detaillierten Analyse von 231 Tankfahrzeugunfaellen wurden Tankfahrzeug-Crashversuche und Tankfahrzeug-Umsturzversuche durchgefuehrt. Diese Messungen an kompletten Fahrzeugen

Microbiological studies in enhanced sewage sludge degradation through cell membrane break-up; Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zum verbesserten Klaerschlammabbau durch Zellaufschluss. Mechanische und thermische Behandlung von Schlaemmen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Battenberg, S.; Naeveke, R. [Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Braunschweig (Germany). Bereich Mikrobiologie

1999-07-01

Mechanical disintegration breaks up the flake structure of excess sludge and solubilizes organic constituents. Bacterial cells are rendered soluble. Thermal conditioning of excess sludge, too, can release sludge constituents. This makes for enhanced and accelerated hydrolysis of polymeric sludge constituents in subsequent anaerobic processing. The yield of useful biogas is increased. (orig.) [German] Durch die mechanische Desintegration von Ueberschussschlamm wird die Flockenstruktur zerschlagen und organische Inhaltsstoffe werden in Loesung gebracht. Bakterienzellen werden aufgeschlossen. Auch durch eine thermische Behandlung von Ueberschussschlamm koennen Schlamminhaltsstoffe freigesetzt werden. Dadurch wird bei einer anschliessenden anaeroben Behandlung die Hydrolyse der polymeren Schlamminhaltsstoffe gefoerdert und beschleunigt. Die Ausbeute an verwertbarem Biogas wird gesteigert. (orig.)

[Peter von Brackel. Christlich Gesprech von der grawsamen Zerstörung in Lifland durch den Muscowiter vom 58. Jar her geschehenn...] / Stefan Donecker

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Donecker, Stefan, 1977-

2015-01-01

Arvustus: Christlich Gesprech von der grawsamen Zerstörung in Lifland durch den Muscowiter vom 58. Jar her geschehenn: auch ihren Ursachen mit einer kurtzen Predig und Vermanung, wie beid, Gotlosenn unnd Frommen, diese schreckliche Mutation fruchtbarlich behertzigen und ihnen zu Nutz machen sollen: durch Timannum Brakel Livoniensem, der Gemeine Christi vonn der Augsburgischen Confession Prediger zu Anttorf einfeltig gestellet unnd inn Druck verfertiget = Darstellung der Geschichte Livlands vor und während des "Livländischen Krieges" bis 1578 in gereimter Dialogform und Prosa von dem Prediger und Geschichtsschreiber Timann Brakel : Originaltext und Übersetzung ins Hochdeutsche mit Kommentaren, Ergänzungen, Bildern und dem Lebenslauf des Timann Brakel. (Beiträge zur baltischen Geschichte, 19). Verlag Harro von Hirschheydt. Wedemark 2012

Effects of landfills on the limnology of associated running waters; Gefaehrdung von Oberflaechengewaessern durch Altablagerungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baier, B. [Hohenheim Univ., Stuttgart (Germany). Inst. fuer Zoologie; Kappus, B. [Hohenheim Univ., Stuttgart (Germany). Inst. fuer Zoologie; Boehmer, J. [Hohenheim Univ., Stuttgart (Germany). Inst. fuer Zoologie; Nill, A. [Hohenheim Univ., Stuttgart (Germany). Inst. fuer Zoologie; Rahmann, H. [Hohenheim Univ., Stuttgart (Germany). Inst. fuer Zoologie

1997-10-01

Five small brooks influenced by runoff from landfills were surveyed from May 1993 to March 1994 using chemical and biological methods. Results showed clear impacts on the macroinvertebrate fauna as a result of pollutants in three of the five brooks studied. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Einflussbereich von Altdeponien wurden fuenf kleine Fliessgewaesser von Mai 1993 bis Maerz 1994 wasserchemisch und biologisch untersucht. Anhand der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurde eine Gefaehrdungsabschaetzung der Oberflaechengewaesser durch die Altablagerungen vorgenommen. Danach waren bei drei der fuenf untersuchten Deponien aufgrund von Schadstoffeintraegen Auswirkungen auf die Makrobenthosfauna der angrenzenden Fliessgewaesser erkennbar. (orig.)

Decontamination of contaminated soils by microwave heating; Dekontaminierung verseuchter Boeden durch Mikrowellenheizung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pauli, Mario

2011-07-01

The paper describes a system for the thermal decontamination of contaminated soils by microwaves. In addition to the determination of the dielectric material parameters of different soils, a focus is on antennas for the efficient coupling of the microwaves into the ground. The developed simulation model takes into account the electromagnetic-thermal interaction and makes it possible to predict optimal plant configuration, duration and costs of a sanitation measure in advance. [German] Die Arbeit beschreibt ein System zur thermischen Dekontaminierung verseuchter Boeden durch Mikrowellen. Neben der Bestimmung der dielektrischen Materialparameter verschiedener Boeden liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf Antennen zur effizienten Einkopplung der Mikrowellen in den Boden. Das entwickelte Simulationsmodell beruecksichtigt die elektromagnetisch-thermische Wechselwirkung und ermoeglicht es, bereits im Vorfeld optimale Anlagenkonfiguration, Dauer und Kosten einer Sanierungsmassnahme vorherzusagen.

Untersuchungen der Narbenqualität nach unterschiedlichen Verfahren des Wundverschlusses und der Wundbehandlung durch autologe Hauttransplantation

OpenAIRE

Zeplin, Philip Helge

2005-01-01

Die qualitative und quantitative Narbenqualitätsmessungen im Verlauf der Wundheilung ist von großer Bedeutung, da durch sie Einflussgrößen, die mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit zu pathologischen Narbenformationen führen, frühzeitig erkannt werden könnten und Rückschlüsse auf die jeweils angewandten Techniken und Materialien zulassen würden. Dass für die Analyse der Heilung von Schnitt- und Defektwunden objektive Messungen unabdingbar sind, sollte am Beispiel des Göttinger Miniaturschweins gezeigt...

Regenerierung fester Katalysatoren für die Isobutan-Buten-Alkylierung durch hydrierende Behandlung in flüssiger Phase

OpenAIRE

Klingmann, Raoul

2005-01-01

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Regenerierung fester Katalysatoren für die Isobutan/Buten-Alkylierung durch hydrierende Behandlung in flüssiger Phase untersucht. Als Katalysatoren dienten edelmetallhaltige Zeolithe des Typs La-X (FAU). Die Alkylierungs- und Regenerierungsexperimente wurden in einer Apparatur mit kontinuierlich betriebenem Rührkesselreaktor und Analytikeinheit mit On-line-Probenahmevorrichtung durchgeführt. Zunächst wurde der Aufbau der Koksdeposite in Abhängigkeit von...

Israelische Public Diplomacy und ihre Wahrnehmung durch deutsche Journalisten

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Florian Fleischer

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Public Diplomacy stellt insbesondere für Staaten in internationalen Konflikten wie Israel ein wichtiges Kommunikationsinstrument dar, um ausländische Bevölkerungen zu erreichen. Der Artikel zeigt die Ergebnisse einer Studie, in der untersucht wurde, wie die israelische Public Diplomacy von deutschen Journalisten aufgenommen und verarbeitet wird. Journalisten kommt dabei eine Schlüsselrolle als Mittler zwischen dem israelischen Staat und der deutschen Bevölkerung zu. In Anlehnung an den Katalog der Public Diplomacy-Maßnahmen von Gilboa (2006 wurde die Relevanz einzelner Maßnahmen für Journalisten erfragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass persönliche Kontakte für Journalisten nach wie vor eine wichtige Quelle darstellen und nicht von Cyber-Public Diplomacy ersetzt werden können. Staatliche Public Diplomacy wird zwar wahrgenommen, jedoch wird ihre Objektivität bezweifelt, während NGOs und Stiftungen als vertrauenswürdiger eingestuft werden. Des Weiteren wird Israel in der Öffentlichkeit nach wie vor dominierend mit dem Nahostkonflikt identifiziert, was sich nach Meinung der befragten Journalisten auch in Zukunft nicht durch gezielte Öffentlichkeitsarbeit verhindern lässt.

Effects of sorption agents on heavy metal release form incinerator slag; Laesst sich die Freisetzung von Schwermetallen aus MVA-Schlacken durch Zugabe von Sorbenten veraendern?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heiser, U. [Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Mainz (Germany); Kersten, M. [Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Mainz (Germany). Inst. fuer Geowissenschaften

2003-11-01

It was investigated inhowfar additions of sorption agents will influence the solution of heavy metals in incinerator slag. [German] Es wurde untersucht, ob nicht durch Zugabe bestimmter Stoffe zur Muellschlacke die Loesung von Schwermetallen beschleunigt werden kann. (orig.)

Detection of partial discharges in oil transformers with the aid of acoustic emission analysis; Detektion von Teilentladungen in Oeltransformatoren durch die Schallemissionsanalyse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Loehr, M. [Physical Acoustics BV - Deutschland, Hamburg (Germany)

2007-07-01

Since the early eighties, acoustic emission analysis has been used for functional testing of transformers. Partial discharges of 150 pC and above are detected reliably. Transformers with oil/paper insulation as a rule are inspected during operation by analysis of the transformer oil at regular intervals or continuously. This integral method provides no information on the operating conditions causing partial discharge and no information on their location. This information gap may be closed by acoustic emission analysis, which will provide the key information required for selective planning of preventive measures. Physical Acoustics (PAC) tested several hundreds of transformers successfully for their operating performance (see also EPRI Project I.D. No. 051481). As a result, e.g., transformers can now be operated for a longer period of time below critical load. [German] Die Schallemissionsanalyse wird seit den fruehen 80-iger Jahren letzten Jahrhunderts von Transformator-Herstellern bei der Funktionspruefung eingesetzt. Hierbei werden Teilentladungen von 150 pC und mehr zuverlaessig detektiert. Oel-papierisolierte Transformatoren werden in der Regel waehrend des Betriebs durch eine Analyse des Transformator-Oels inspeziert. Die Oelanalyse kann in regelmaessigen Abstaenden oder dauerhaft erfolgen. Als integrales Verfahren bietet diese Methode keine Information zu den Betriebsbedingungen unter den Teilentladungen auftreten und gibt auch keine Information zum Ort deren Auftretens. Diese Informationsluecke kann durch den Einsatz einer Schallemissionspruefung (AT) geschlossen werden. Mit dem Messen der Schallemission durch am Trafokessel angebrachte Sensoren kann der Ort und der Zeitpunkt von Stoerungen festgestellt werden. Mit diesen Schluesselinformationen wird es moeglich, die weiteren notwendigen Massnahmen gezielt zu planen. Physical Acoustics (PAC) hat mehrere hunderte von Transformatoren erfolgreich auf ihr Betriebsverhalten untersucht (siehe auch EPRI-Projekt I

Properties of polymer-silver nanocomposites fabricated by co-sputtering; Eigenschaften von Polymer-Silber-Nanokompositen hergestellt durch Co-Sputtern

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schuermann, Ulrich

2006-07-01

In this thesis polymer-metal nanocomposites were fabricated by simultaneous sputtering of silver and polymers from two independent magnetron sputtering sources. By the netted structure and the dielectric properties PTFE is suited for the use as matrix material. The metal content of the composite films was determined via the measurement of EDX intensities. The size of the nanoparticles was determined by means of TEM and XRD and lies in the range of 10 nm. The composite materials show at the percolation limit a sudden transition of the properties from polymer- to metal-like behaviour. The specific resistance decreases in a range between 35 and 40 % silver content by at least nine orders of magnitude. The optical properties change with the metal content. The absorption caused by plasmon resonance, which has at small filling degrees its maximum at about 000 nm and has an intense yellow colour of the composite material as consequence shifts with increasing silver content to longer wavelengths. The difference in the optical.behaviour of the nanocomposites and the pure polymers can be used for the fabrication of Bragg reflectors. Small changes in the metal content can in the polymer-silver nanocomposites in the range of the percolation threshold effect a drastic change in ther properties, by which applications as sensors are thinkable. [German] In dieser Arbeit wurden Polymer-Metall-Nanokomposite durch gleichzeitiges Sputtern von Silber und Polymeren aus zwei unabhaengigen Magnetron-Sputterquellen hergestellt. Durch die vernetzte Struktur und die dielektrischen Eigenschaften eignet sich PTFE zur Verwendung als Matrixmaterial. Der Metallgehalt der Kompositfilme wurde ueber die Messung von EDX-Intensitaeten ermittelt. Die Groesse der Nanopartikel wurde mit Hilfe von TEM und XRD bestimmt und liegt im Bereich von 10 nm. Die Kompositmaterialien zeigen an der Perkolationsgrenze einen schlagartigen Uebergang der Eigenschaften vom polymer- zum metallaehnlichen Verhalten. Der

Transport of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Mucor hiemalis f. irnsingii spores through water-saturated quartz sands; Transport von Phanerochaete chrysosporium- und Mucor hiemalis f. irnsingii-Sporen durch wassergesaettigten Quarzsand

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hoque, E.; Klotz, D.; Teichmann, G.; Lang, H.; Wolf, M. [GSF - Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Neuherberg (Germany). Inst. fuer Hydrologie; Beisker, W. [GSF, Inst. fuer Pathologie (Germany)

2001-11-01

Just as bacteria so can aquatic fungi contribute effectively to pollutant elimination, at least in superficial groundwaters. However, very little is known about this. Nor is it known whether fungal spores are capable of being transported through sedimentary cavities. At least fungal spores are for some part of similar size as bacteria. We here report for the first time on a demonstration of the migration through quartz sand of spores of the two fungal species Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Mucor hiemalis f. irnsingii. [German] Neben Bakterien koennen auch aquatische Pilze, zumindest im oberflaechennahen Grundwasser, effiziente Beitraege zur Schadstoffentgiftung leisten. Darueber ist aber sehr wenig bekannt. Es ist auch nicht bekannt, ob ueberhaupt Pilzsporen durch Sedimenthohlraeume transportiert werden koennen, obwohl die Pilzsporen z.T. aehnliche Abmessungen wie Bakterien haben. Hier berichten wir erstmalig ueber den Nachweis der Migration von Sporen der beiden Pilzarten Phanerochaete chrysosporium und Mucor hiemalis f. irnsingii durch Quarzsand. (orig.)

Verbesserung der Lebensqualität bei Kinderwunsch-Behandlung durch den Gebrauch patientenfreundlicher Follitropin-Fertigpens

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bitzer J

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Zur Behandlung des unerfüllten Kinderwunsches unterziehen sich viele Frauen einer assistierten Reproduktionstherapie mit ovarieller Stimulation. Dazu erfolgen tägliche subkutane Injektionen mit Gonadotropinen, welche die Patientinnen eigenständig durchführen können. Häufig haben Patientinnen dabei Angst vor Spritzen und injektionsbedingten Schmerzen. Die vorliegende Beobachtungsstudie zum Einfluss der Anwendung des Follitropin alfa-Fertigpens (Gonal-f®-Pen auf die Lebensqualität der Patientinnen zeigt die Ergebnisse einer Befragung von 170 Frauen zu Angst und Zufriedenheit mit diesem Applikationssystem. Die Erfahrungen wurden vor und nach den Behandlungszyklen auf numerischen Analogskalen quantifiziert und nachfolgend verglichen. Die Studie ergab, dass durch die Verwendung des Gonal-f®-Pens die Angst vor der Injektion und vor Schmerzen signifikant abnahm. Zudem waren die Patientinnen mit dem Applikationssystem äußerst zufrieden.

Material modifications in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate crystals by ion irradiation; Materialmodifikationen in Lithiumniobat- und Lithiumtantalat-Kristallen durch Ionenbestrahlung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raeth, Niels Lennart

2017-02-17

''. An explanation for the different behavior of the refractive index changes after irradiation of LiNbO{sub 3} and LiTaO{sub 3} is provided by the following model: The refractive index changes caused by effects such as volume increase, change in polar polarizabilities, and decrease of spontaneous polarization partially cancel each other out, so that the change of ordinary and extraordinary refractive index in LiNbO{sub 3} just coincidentally the same amount fails. In LiTaO{sub 3}, the compensating fraction is normally insufficient to cause a positive change in the extraordinary refractive index. [German] Die kuenstlich hergestellten Kristalle Lithiumniobat (LiNbO{sub 3}) und das eng verwandte Lithiumtantalat (LiTaO{sub 3}) sind bewaehrte Ausgangsmaterialien zur Herstellung aktiver und passiver Bauelemente, die Licht fuehren, verstaerken, schalten und verarbeiten koennen. Hierfuer ist es oft notwendig, den Brechungsindex des Substrats gezielt beeinflussen zu koennen, was neben anderer Methoden auch durch Bestrahlung der Materialien mit schnellen leichten Ionen moeglich ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Lithiumniobat- und Lithiumtantalat-Kristalle mit Alphateilchen, {sup 3}He-Ionen, Deuteronen und Protonen bei Projektilenergien von bis zu 14 MeV/Nukleon bestrahlt. Energie und Kristalldicke sind dabei so gewaehlt, dass die Projektile die gesamte Probe durchdringen und nicht implantiert werden. Alle fuer die unerwuenschte, durch die Bestrahlung entstehende, nukleare Aktivierung der Kristalle verantwortlichen Isotope sind relativ kurzlebig und insgesamt nimmt die Aktivierung schnell genug ab, um nach einer Lagerfrist von einigen Tagen bis wenigen Wochen den gefahrlosen Umgang mit den bestrahlten Proben zu ermoeglichen. Die in Lithiumniobat und Lithiumtantalat durch die Bestrahlung mit den verschiedenen Projektilen erzeugten Brechungsindexaenderungen werden interferometrisch bestimmt und koennen durch geeignete Wahl der Probengeometrie auch in Abhaengigkeit von der

Heating power stations - influencing costs by organisational measures; Heizkraftwerke - Kostenbeeinflussung durch organisatorische Massnahmen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Riedlinger, R.A.

1993-12-31

The products of district heating and, in the foreseeable future also electrical power, must compete in the market with low prices. Low prices, which still provide a profit, are only possible based on low costs. Low costs are achieved by cost control. The basis for cost control is transparency of costs. Mainly organisational measures were proposed and described. From the individual stages of the organisation, the organisational build-up is obtained, the important feature of which is the allocation of competence to make decisions. (orig./KO) [Deutsch] Die Produkte Fernwaerme und in absehbarer Zeit auch elektrische Energie, muessen sich im Markt mit niedrigen Preisen behaupten. Niedrige Preise, die trotzdem einen Gewinn erbringen sollen, sind nur auf der Basis niedriger Kosten moeglich. Niedrige Kosten erreicht man durch Kostensteuerung, Controlling. Grundlage der Kostensteuerung ist Kostentransparenz. Es wurden im wesentlichen ablauforganisatorische Massnahmen vorgeschlagen und beschrieben. Aus den einzelnen Stationen der Ablauforganisation ergibt sich letztendlich die Aufbauorganisation, deren wesentliches Merkmal die Zuordnung von Entscheidungskompetenz ist. (orig./KO)

Mobilization of PAH by synthetic gastrointestinal juice from contaminated soil of a former landfill area; Mobilisierung von PAK durch synthetische Verdauungssaefte aus dem kontaminierten Bodenmaterial einer Altlastenflaeche

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hack, A.; Selenka, F.; Wilhelm, M. [Bochum Univ. (Germany). Abt. fuer Hygiene, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin

1998-10-01

In the present study, the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in contaminated soil material, which may be available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, is estimated by means of evaluating the PAH mobilization by synthetic gastric and intestinal juice in an in vitro test system. Five contaminated soil materials from a former landfill site are analysed in this gastrointestinal model for the PAH of the U.S.EPA-standard. For quantification, an HPLC method with reversed-phase chromatography and on line fluorescence detection is used. The PAH concentration of the contaminated soil materials ranged from 37 {mu}g/g up to 196 {mu}g/g in total. The mobilization of the PAH in the gastrointestinal model ranged from 0.3% up to 1.3% when gastrointestinal juice was used alone. In the presence of whole milk powder, however, the mobilization was enhanced to values from 10.8% up to 14.5%. Since the soil material was taken from different parts of the contaminated area, and since the mobilization of the PAH from the different materials shows only minor differences, the mobilization data evaluated may be considered as representative for the whole contaminated area. Compared to other contaminated soil materials, especially those from gas work areas or coke plants, the mobilization rate of PAH by the gastrointestinal model from the soil materials used in this study is low. The health risk caused, by ingestion of this soil material, as far as PAH are concerned, is actually smaller than the risk calculated from the total content of PAH of the contaminated soil. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im allgemeinen wird nur ein Teil der Schadstoffe aus oral aufgenommenem kontaminiertem Bodenmaterial im Gastrointestinaltrakt resorbiert. In der vorliegenden Studie wird der resorptionsverfuegbare Anteil der PAK aus dem real kontaminierten Bodenmaterial einer ehemaligen Deponie aus dem sueddeutschen Raum anhand der Mobilisierbarkeit der PAK durch die Verdauungssaefte des oberen

Low-cost development of the Algyoefield in Hungary by means of horizontal re-entry boreholes; Die kostenguenstige Entwicklung des Algyoe-West-Feldes in Ungarn durch horizontale Re-Entry-Bohrungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kinzel, H. [Weatherford Oil Tool GmbH, Langenhagen (Germany); Osz, A. [Magyar Olaj (MOL), Budapest (Hungary); Kerk, T. [Becfield Drilling Services, Edemissen-Berkhoepen (Germany)

1998-12-31

Planning and implementation of a typical re-entry borehole in southern Hungary are described. The cost is about half that of a new borehole, and the available infrastructure can be used. The production index of a typical Algyoehorizontal borehole is higher by a factor of 12 than for a vertical borehole in the same field. (orig.) [Deutsch] Anhand einer Beispielbohrung (Algyoe488) wird die Planung und Durchfuehrung einer typischen Re-Entry Bohrung in Suedungarn beschrieben. Durch die weitgehende Verwendung von standardisierten Komponenten und Verfahren sowie durch die enge Zusammenarbeit zweier deutscher Service Unternehmen mit dem Auftraggeber wurde bei insgesamt 35 Horizontalbohrungen in Ungarn der Effekt der Lernkurve zur optimierten Erstellung der Bohrung und damit zur Kostensenkung effektiv eingesetzt. Die so aufgearbeiteten Bohrungen werden im Vergleich zu einer neuen Bohrung fuer etwa die Haelfte der Kosten erstellt. Die vorhandene Infrastruktur des Feldes kann weiter verwendet werden. Der Produktionsindex einer typischen AlgyoeHorizontalbohrung liegt um den Faktor 12 hoeher als eine Vertikalbohrung im gleichen Feld. (orig.)

Wir überwachen uns. Wie die Sicherheit durch die Digitalisierung immer tiefer in den Alltag eingreift und warum uns das nicht interessiert

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Martin Schinagl

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Der Bereich der Überwachung und Sicherheit unterliegt einer neoliberalen Neuausrichtung. Mit der Entstehung unheiliger Allianzen zwischen Staat und Wirtschaft, gezielter Privatisierung und einer neuen Warenförmigkeit von Sicherheit entgrenzen sich zunehmend auch deren Produktionsprozesse. Das Subjekt wird durch eine Digitalisierung der Alltagswelten zunehmend in die Sicherheitsarbeit mit eingebunden und übernimmt zentrale Aufgaben. Der Mensch, ohne dessen Zutun das digitale Überwachungssystem nicht so gut funktionieren würde, erscheint außerstande und unwillig, sich dieser Entwicklung zu entziehen.

Auto-ignition generated combustion. Pt. 2. Thermodynamic fundamentals; Verbrennungssteuerung durch Selbstzuendung. T. 2. Experimentelle Analyse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guibert, P. [Paris-6 Univ. (France). Lab. de Mecanique Physique; Morin, C. [Paris-6 Univ. (France); Mokhtari, S.

2004-02-01

The combustion initiation by auto-ignition demonstrates benefits in NO{sub x} reduction and in process stability for both spark-ignited and compression ignited engines. Based on the better thermodynamic particularities of the auto-ignition, which have been presented in the first part, the characteristics of this process are demonstrated in the second part by experimental analysis. For comparison with similar studies, the analyses have been carried out in base of a two stroke loop scavenged spark-ignition single cylinder engine. (orig.) [German] Die Steuerung der Verbrennung durch Selbstzuendung zeigt Vorteile bezueglich Senkung der NO{sub x}-Emission und Prozessstabilitaet, sowohl bei Otto- als auch bei Dieselmotoren. Auf Grundlage der thermodynamischen Besonderheiten der Selbstzuendvorgaenge, die im ersten Teil praesentiert wurden, erfolgt im zweiten Teil eine experimentelle Betrachtung der Prozesscharakteristika. Zur Vergleichbarkeit mit aehnlichen Untersuchungen wird die experimentelle Analyse auf Basis eines Zweitakt-Einzylinder-Ottomotors mit Umkehrspuelung durchgefuehrt. (orig.)

Contrast generation in the nuclear-spin tomography by pulsed ultrasound; Kontrasterzeugung in der Kernspintomographie durch gepulsten Ultraschall

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oehms, Ole Benjamin

2009-07-10

In the framework of this thesis a combined method of ultrasound and nuclear-spin tomography is presented. Via ultrasound pulses by the sound-radiation force in liquids and tissue phantoms motions are generated, which depend on ther viscoelastic properties. This motions are made visible by a motion-sensitive tomograph sequence in the phase image of the tomograph in form of a phase change. The first measurements on simple phantoms and liquids are presented. [German] Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine kombinierte Methode aus Ultraschall und Kernspintomographie vorgestellt. Ueber Ultraschallpulse werden durch die Schallstrahlungskraft in Fluessigkeiten und Gewebephantomen Bewegungen erzeugt, die von den viskoelastischen Eigenschaften abhaengen. Diese Bewegungen werden mit einer bewegungssensitiven Tomographensequenz im Phasenbild des Tomographen in Form einer Phasenaenderung sichtbar gemacht. Die ersten Messungen an einfachen Phantomen und Fluessigkeiten werden praesentiert. (orig.)

Aktive Steuerung des Transmissionsverhaltens stochastischer Störquellen durch flächige Leichtbaustrukturen [Active feedforward control of the transmission of stochastic disturbances through lightweight panel structures

OpenAIRE

Misol, Malte

2014-01-01

Leichtbaustrukturen weisen eine geringe Schalldämmung bei tiefen Frequenzen auf. Ihr Einsatz bei Gebäuden, Fahr- oder Flugzeugen ist daher mit negativen Auswirkungen auf die Innenraumakustik verbunden. Adaptronische Maßnahmen, wie die aktive Struktur-Akustik-Regelung (ASAC), können passive Maßnahmen der Schalldämmung flankieren oder ersetzen. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Beeinflussung der Transmission stochastischer Störquellen durch ein- und doppelwandige Leichtbaustruktursysteme mithilf...

Die Rolle der microRNAs und Dicer in Entzündungszellen von Atemwegserkrankungen

OpenAIRE

Thiele, Stefanie

2010-01-01

Atemwegserkrankungen stellen ein weltweites Gesundheitsproblem dar und sind durch die Infiltration der Atemwege durch Immunzellen und die daraus resultierende Entzündung charakterisiert. Antientzündliche Therapieansätze sind daher am wichtigsten und effektivsten. Speziell für die Behandlung von Atemwegserkrankungen am Patienten ist eine effiziente topische Verabreichung von Therapeutika über die Atemwege wünschenswert. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) können Gene posttranskriptionell reguliere...

Reducing available amounts of heavy metals in contaminated soils by adding iron oxides. Final report; Verringerung der Bioverfuegbarkeit von Schwermetallen in kontaminierten Boeden durch Zugabe von Eisenoxiden. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pluquet, E; Mueller, I

1998-02-01

This project was part of a German-French research co-operation and investigated the practicability to immobilize heavy metals by adding iron oxides to contaminated soils (harbour sediment, bracky marsh contaminated by emission of a zinc/lead smelter, alluvial Gley soil contaminated by mining activity). Pot and field trials were carried out using three different soils. Five iron bearing materials were added to the soil (1% pure Fe in soil dry matter): Red mud from Al-industry, Fe-precipitation sludge from drinking water treatment, bog iron ore, unused steel shot and steel shot waste from surface treatment of rolled steel plates. When mixed with the soil NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} and DTPA extractable amounts of heavy metals and uptake by plants was markedly reduced. It was demonstrated that precipitated Fe-bearing sludge from drinking water treatment was a very effective material reducing the NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} soluble amounts by 40-50% (DTPA 30-40%) in the pot tests while the uptake by plants was reduced by 40% and more. Heavy metals were strongly bound in a fixed order Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu and stayed immobilized until the end of project. Heavy metals were immobilized to a certain extent in field trials, but less effect was observed on concentration in plants and soil extracts compared with the pot tests. In practice the treatment should exceed the 1% pure Fe tested and the application should more homogeneously affect the soil layer where the plant roots mainly grow. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen eines deutsch-franzoesischen Projektverbundes wurde die Moeglichkeit der Immobilisierung von Schwermetallen in kontaminierten Boeden durch gezielte Zufuhr von Eisenoxiden untersucht. Die praxisorientierten Untersuchungen wurden in Gefaess- und Feldversuchen mit drei unterschiedlichen Boeden (Spuelfeldboden aus Hafenschlick, immissionsbelastete Brackmarsch, durch Bergbau belasteter Auenboden) ausgefuehrt. Dazu wurden fuenf eisen(oxid)haltige Materialien (Rotschlamm aus der Al

Energy conservation by technical means: the control systems matter.; Energiesparen durch technische Hilfsmittel: auf die Regelkreise kommt es an.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Benecke, J. [Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI), Muenchen (Germany)

2000-07-01

The new German regulation on energy conservation in buildings (draft) offers certain flexibility for choosing the quality of the building envelope (thermal resistance and air tightness) and of the HV equipment (AC not considered) in order to balance and minimize the yearly heating-energy demand. Up to now, there was little consideration given to control systems which are able to assist the inhabitants in using heating and ventilation efficiently. The performance of such systems is being discussed. (orig.) [German] In Deutschland betraegt der Anteil der Raumheizenergie am Endenergieverbrauch rund 35%; ihr Anteil am Endenergieverbrauch der Haushalte und Kleinverbraucher betraegt rund 76%. Die Vorgaben der bisherigen Waermeschutzverordnungen und der geplanten Energieeinsparverordnung veranschaulichen das Energieeinsparpotential, das durch effizientere Energienutzung im Gebaeudebereich erschlossen werden kann. (orig.)

Processing of maize plants by rotary kiln pyrolysis; Veredlung von Maispflanzen durch Pyrolyse im Drehrohrreaktor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klose, W; Wiest, W [Kassel Univ. (Gesamthochschule) (Germany). Inst. fuer Thermische Energietechnik

1997-12-31

The fuel quality of maize plants is to be characterized by short, elementary and thermonalysis. The plants will be pyrolyzed in order to facilitate transport and storage. The formal kinetic parameters of three parallel reactions describing solid matter decomposition are defined by means of TG-DSC, and the reaction enthalpy is measured. Pyrolysis experiments in a rotary kiln converter in the kg range show a strong dependence of the product spectrum on process temperature. In particular, the pyrolysis gas yield increases with temperature at the expense of pyrolysis oil and water. (orig) [Deutsch] Zur energetischen Nutzung von Kulturpflanzen wird die brennstofftechnische Charakterisierung von Maispflanzen durch Kurz-, Elementar- und Thermoanalyse durchgefuehrt. Zur Reduzierung des Aufwands fuer Transport und Lagerung sollen die Pflanzen pyrolysiert weren. Mit Hilfe der TG-DSC werden formalkinetische Parameter von drei Parallelreaktionen zur Beschreibung der Feststoffzersetzung bestimmt und die Reaktionsenthalpie gemessen. Pyrolyseversuche in einem Drehrohrreaktor im Kilogramm-Massstab ergeben eine starke Abhaengigkeit des Produktspektrums von der Prozesstemperatur. Insbesondere steigt die Pyrolysegasausbeute auf Kosten der Bildung von Pyrolyseoel und Wasser mit der Temperatur stark an. (orig)

Processing of maize plants by rotary kiln pyrolysis; Veredlung von Maispflanzen durch Pyrolyse im Drehrohrreaktor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klose, W.; Wiest, W. [Kassel Univ. (Gesamthochschule) (Germany). Inst. fuer Thermische Energietechnik

1996-12-31

The fuel quality of maize plants is to be characterized by short, elementary and thermonalysis. The plants will be pyrolyzed in order to facilitate transport and storage. The formal kinetic parameters of three parallel reactions describing solid matter decomposition are defined by means of TG-DSC, and the reaction enthalpy is measured. Pyrolysis experiments in a rotary kiln converter in the kg range show a strong dependence of the product spectrum on process temperature. In particular, the pyrolysis gas yield increases with temperature at the expense of pyrolysis oil and water. (orig) [Deutsch] Zur energetischen Nutzung von Kulturpflanzen wird die brennstofftechnische Charakterisierung von Maispflanzen durch Kurz-, Elementar- und Thermoanalyse durchgefuehrt. Zur Reduzierung des Aufwands fuer Transport und Lagerung sollen die Pflanzen pyrolysiert weren. Mit Hilfe der TG-DSC werden formalkinetische Parameter von drei Parallelreaktionen zur Beschreibung der Feststoffzersetzung bestimmt und die Reaktionsenthalpie gemessen. Pyrolyseversuche in einem Drehrohrreaktor im Kilogramm-Massstab ergeben eine starke Abhaengigkeit des Produktspektrums von der Prozesstemperatur. Insbesondere steigt die Pyrolysegasausbeute auf Kosten der Bildung von Pyrolyseoel und Wasser mit der Temperatur stark an. (orig)

Radiation exposure to the patient caused by single-photon transmission measurement for 3D whole-body PET; Die Strahlenexposition des Patienten durch die Einzelphotonen-Transmissionsmessung bei der PET

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schaefer, A.; Donsch, P.; Kirsch, C.M. [Universitaet des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar (Germany). Abt. fuer Nuklearmedizin; Seifert, H. [Universitaet des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar (Germany). Abt. Strahlentherapie der Radiologischen Klinik

2000-11-01

Patienten durch die Transmissionsmessung mittels Einzelphotonenquellen bei der PET. Material und Methode: Zwei Cs-137-Punktquellen (E{gamma}=662 keV, A=614 MBq) werden zur Transmissionsmessung im Einzelphotonenmodus an einem 3D-Scanner (ECAT ART) eingesetzt. Bei der Simulation einer Ganzkoerper-Transmission (axiale Laenge: 75 cm, 6 ueberlappende Bettpositionen), werden Dosismessungen mit Thermolumineszenzdosimetern unter Verwendung eines Thorax- und eines Abdomenphantoms durchgefuehrt. Aus den Messwerten wurde in Anlehnung an den Report Nr. 60 der ICRP die effektive Dosis fuer die Transmissionsmessung abgeschaetzt. Ergebnisse: Bei einer Gesamtaufnahmedauer von 360 min (60 min pro Bettposition) ergaben sich folgende Energiedosen: Oberflaeche (Xyphoid) 189 {mu}Gy, Herz 196 {mu}Gy, Lunge 234 {mu}Gy, BWS 240 {mu}Gy, Niere 207 {mu}Gy, Leber 204 {mu}Gy, Gonaden 205 {mu}Gy, Schilddruese 249 {mu}Gy und Blase 185 {mu}Gy, aus denen sich ein Konversionsfaktor von 1,7*10{sup -4} mSv/(h*MBq) errechnete. Die Abschaetzung der effektiven Dosis fuer den Patienten aufgrund einer Transmissionsmessung (Akquisitionszeit von 3,2 min pro Bettposition) ergab einen Wert von 11 {mu}Sv. Die Abschaetzung des Verhaeltnisses der Konversionsfaktoren durch Transmissionsmessung im Einzelphotonen- und im Koinzidenzmodus (zwei Ge-68/Ga-68-Linienquellen mit jeweils 40 MBq) ergab einen Wert von 0,18. Der Vergleich zwischen den effektiven Dosen durch die Transmission im Einzelphotonen-Modus und die Emission (bei Injektion von 250 MBq FDG) ergab ein Verhaeltnis von 2,3*10{sup -3}. Schlussfolgerung: Die Strahlenexposition der Patienten durch die Transmissionsmessung in der 3D-PET ist vernachlaessigbar gering. Sie wird durch die Verwendung der Einzelphotonenmethode mit kollimierten Punktquellen relativ hoher Aktivitaet im Vergleich zur Koinzidenzmethode mit nicht-kollimierten Linienquellen relativ niedriger Aktivitaet weiter reduziert. (orig.)

Attenuation corrections through energy spectra analysis of whole body and partial body measurements applying gamma spectroscopy; Schwaechungskorrektur bei gammaspektroskopischen Ganz- und Teilkoerpermessungen durch Analyse der Energiespektren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schelper, L.F.; Lassmann, M.; Haenscheid, H.; Reiners, C. [Wuerzburg Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin

1997-12-01

The study was carried out within the framework of activities for testing means of direct determination of radioactivity levels in the human body due to incorporated, inhomogenously distributed radionuclides. A major task was to derive the average depth of activity distributions, particularly from photon radiation at energies below 500 keV, for the purpose of making suitable attenuation corrections. The paper presents two applicable methods which yield information on the mean depths of activity distributions, obtained through additional analyses of the energy spectra. The analyses are based on measuring the dependence of intensity of the Compton radiation on the length of pathways of the photons penetrating the soft tissue, or on measuring the energy-dependent absorption effects with photons. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen der direkten Aktivitaetsbestimmung bei inhomogener Radionukliddeposition im menschlichen Koerper mittels Ganz- oder Teilkoerpermessanlagen im klinischen Bereich oder im Strahlenschutz sollte besonders bei Photonenstrahlung mit Energien von weniger als 500 keV eine Ermittlung der mittleren Tiefe der Aktivitaetsverteilung zur Schwaechungskorrektur erfolgen. Im klinischen Umfeld ist es haeufig moeglich, zur Tiefenkorrektur die mittlere Organtiefe und damit die schwaechende Gewebsschicht mittels Ultraschall zu bestimmen. Ergaenzend hierzu werden im Folgenden zwei Methoden vorgestellt, welche Aussagen ueber die mittlere Tiefe von Aktivitaetsverteilungen durch Gewinnung von Zusatzinformationen aus dem Energiespektrum im Rahmen von gamma-spektroskopischen Personenmessungen ermoeglichen. Dazu werden einerseits die Abhaengigkeit der Intensitaet der Comptonstrahlung von der Laenge der Wegstrecke von Photonen durch Weichgewebe und andererseits energieabhaengige Absorptionseffekte bei Photonen als Grundlage herangezogen. (orig.)

Minimisation of loads on the azimuthal drive by control of the slip brake momentum; Minimierung der Azimutantriebsbelastungen durch Steuerung des Schleifbremsen-Momentes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boehmeke, G. [PVO Engineering OY, Helsinki (Finland)

2000-07-01

The influence of the slip brake momentum on the load acting on the azimuthal drives is investigated and is minimised by a variable, optimised braking momentum. An option for automatic control is proposed. Measures to improve the availability of wind power systems in cold climates were developed in the context of a development study, including closer investigations of the azimuthal region. [German] Der Einfluss des Schleifbremsenmomentes auf die Belastung der Azimut-Verstellantriebe wird untersucht und durch variables stets optimales Bremsmoment minimiert. Eine Option zur automatisierten Steuerung wird vorgeschlagen. Im Rahmen einer Entwicklungsstudie wurden Massnahmen zur Erhoehung der Betriebssicherheit von Windkraftanlagen in kaltem Klima ausgearbeitet, und unter anderem auch der Azimutbereich naeher untersucht. (orig.)

Fetal lung development on MRI. Normal course and impairment due to premature rupture of membranes; Fetale Lungenentwicklung in der MRT. Normaler Verlauf und Beeintraechtigung durch vorzeitigen Blasensprung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kasprian, G. [Medizinische Universitaet Wien (Austria). Klinik fuer Radiodiagnostik; Zentrum fuer Anatomie und Zellbiologie der Medizinischen Universitaet Wien (Austria). Arbeitsgruppe Integrative Morphologie; Brugger, P.C. [Zentrum fuer Anatomie und Zellbiologie der Medizinischen Universitaet Wien (Austria). Arbeitsgruppe Integrative Morphologie; Helmer, H.; Langer, M. [Medizinische Universitaet Wien (Austria). Klinik fuer Frauenheilkunde; Balassy, C.; Prayer, D. [Medizinische Universitaet Wien (Austria). Klinik fuer Radiodiagnostik

2006-02-15

A well-organized interplay between many molecular factors as well as mechanical forces influence fetal lung development. At the end of this complex process a sufficiently sized and structurally mature organ should ensure the postnatal survival of the newborn. Besides prenatal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can now be used to investigate normal and pathological human lung growth in utero. Oligohydramnios, due to premature rupture of membranes (PROM), is an important risk factor for compromised fetal lung growth. In these situations MR volumetry can be used to measure the size of the fetal lung quite accurately. Together with the evaluation of lung signal intensities on T2-weighted sequences, fetuses with pulmonary hypoplasia can be readily detected. (orig.) [German] Die fetale Lungenentwicklung wird einerseits durch eine Vielzahl molekularer Faktoren und andererseits durch mechanisch-physiologische Kraefte beeinflusst. Ein geordnetes Zusammenspiel dieser Mechanismen fuehrt zu einem ausreichend grossen und strukturell reifen Organ, das sofort nach der Geburt das Ueberleben des Neugeborenen sicherstellt. Neben der praenatalen Ultraschalluntersuchung bietet nun auch die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) die Moeglichkeit, die normale und pathologische fetale Lungenentwicklung zu untersuchen. Ein wesentlicher Risikofaktor fuer eine Beeintraechtigung der Lungenentwicklung ist die verminderte Fruchtwassermenge nach vorzeitigem Blasensprung. In diesen Faellen kann die MR-Volumetrie dazu eingesetzt werden, die Groesse der fetalen Lungen relativ genau zu bestimmen. Gemeinsam mit der Beurteilung der MR-Signalintensitaeten des Lungengewebes auf T2-gewichteten Sequenzen koennen Feten mit hypoplastischen Lungen mit zunehmender Sicherheit bereits praenatal identifiziert werden. (orig.)

Reuse of filter backwash water with a submerged microfiltration membrane system; Wiederverwendung von Filterspuelwaessern durch Mikrofiltration mit getauchten Membranen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koetzle, T.; Merkl, G.; Wilderer, P. [Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching (Germany). Lehrstuhl und Lab. fuer Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft; Backhaus, J. [Erlanger Stadtwerke AG, Erlangen (Germany); Hagen, K. [VA TECH WABAG GmbH Kulmbach, Kulmbach (Germany)

2000-12-01

During the treatment of groundwater by filtration for drinking water purposes, approximately 3% of the treated water volume has to be used as filter backwash water. Until now this backwash water charged with the accumulated filtrate is then redirected into sewers or receiving waters, either directly or after a sedimentation step. With sufficient separation of the filtered substances from backwash water this could again be used for drinking water purposes. This conserves natural groundwater resources and significantly reduces the volume of wastewater discharged. Especially in the face of the increasing shortage of useable groundwater resources in many countries, this will become increasingly important in the future. In our project, supported by 'EU-Life', the Technical University of Munich will examine on a large-scale plant according to the WABAG-SMS-Process, how far cross-flow microfiltration is capable of purifying the backwash waters for drinking water purposes again. The pilot-plant consists of two treatment parts, one charged with backwash water from the iron-, manganese- and arsenic-elimination, the other charged with backwash water from the deacidification. The membrane modules are submerged in closed storage basins for backwash water. Air is supplied under the modules to generate a defined cross-flow. This article discusses the results after one year of operation of the plant. (orig.) [German] Bei der Aufbereitung von Grundwasser durch Filtration in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung muessen etwa 3% der aufbereiteten Wassermenge zur Rueckspuelung der Filter verwendet werden. Bisher werden die hierbei anfallenden und mit den zuvor abfiltrierten Stoffen belasteten Filterspuelwaesser je nach den oertlichen Gegebenheiten unmittelbar oder nach einer Sedimentationsstufe in Vorfluter oder die oeffentliche Sammelkanalisation abgeschlagen. Durch eine hinreichende Trennung der abfiltrierten Stoffe vom Filterspuelwasser koennte dieses wieder der

Energy conservation in refrigerating machines by combining of thermo-static expansion valve and interior heat transfer material; Energieeinsparung in Kaelteanlagen durch Kombination von thermostatischem Expansionsventil und innerem Waermeuebertrager

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tambovtsev, Alexander

2007-12-15

bekannten Komponenten TEV und IWUeals inkompatibel miteinander, weil die einfache Aneinanderreihung zu einem instabilen Regelverhalten fuehrt. Nach detaillierter Analyse der Ursachen dieser Instabilitaet wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass durch eine absichtliche ''Verschlechterung'' des IWUeein stabiler Arbeitsbereich gefunden werden kann. Bei dieser ''Verschlechterung'' kann es sich z. B. um den Bypass eines Teils des Hochdruckstromes oder um eine Gleichstromanordnung der Stroeme im Waermeuebertrager handeln. Diese Hypothese wurde primaer durch Experimente, aber zusaetzlich auch durch Simulationsrechnungen bestaetigt. Dafuer wurde ein Versuchsstand aufgebaut, mit welchem verschiedene Konfigurationen und Regelstrategien getestet wurden. Es wurde eine deutliche Verringerung des Energieverbrauchs gegenueber herkoemmlichen Anordnungen erreicht. (orig.)

Mechatronics in the car: success through efficient methodological development; Mechatronik im Kraftfahrzeug: Erfolg durch effiziente Entwicklungsmethodik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dieterle, W.; Dilger, E. [Bosch (R.) GmbH, Gerlingen (Germany). Zentralbereich Forschung und Vorausentwicklung; Buerger, K.G. [Bosch (R.) GmbH (Germany)

2001-04-01

The ever increasing requirements with respect to fuel consumption, emissions as well as safety and comfort necessitate ever increasing complex functionalities in the car. They are realized, as a rule, by a combination of mechanics, hydraulics, electrics/electronics and, more and more, software. In the past, the development of the various electric/electronic, mechanical or hydraulic components tended to happen at separate levels, nowadays the focus is more on a comprehensive approach to the overall system. In this context, the integrated development of 'mechatronic' components, including the respective software, leads to a targeted solution. (orig.) [German] Staendig steigende Anforderungen hinsichtlich Kraftstoffverbrauch, Emissionen sowie Sicherheit und Komfort bedingen immer komplexere Funktionalitaeten im Kraftfahrzeug. Sie werden in der Regel durch eine Kombination von Mechanik, Hydraulik, Elektrik/Elektronik und zunehmend auch Software realisiert. Nachdem in der Vergangenheit die Entwicklung meist noch auf getrennten Ebenen verlief, steht heute ein uebergreifender, das Gesamtsystem umfassender Ansatz im Vordergrund. Dieser Beitrag der Robert Bosch GmbH berichtet ueber aktuelle Mechatronik-Entwicklungen. Dabei sorgt die integrierte Entwicklung der 'mechatronischen' Komponenten unter Einbezug der zugehoerigen Software fuer eine zielgerichtete Loesung. (orig.)

Integrated power-heat-cold-coupling by switchable Stirling-Vuilleumier-Hybrid-Machines; Integrierte Kraft-Waerme-Kaelte-Kopplung durch umschaltbare Stirling-Vuilleumier-Hybrid-Maschinen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuehl, Hans-Detlev [Technische Univ. Dortmund (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Thermodynamik

2017-07-01

experimental effort, a similarity-theoretical scaling was carried out while keeping all dimensionless parameters relevant to the internal gas circulation process constant. Although the experimental results presented in this article therefore require a correction due to some external, not correctly scalable friction and insulation losses, they nevertheless prove that the realization of such switchable systems for decentralized, demand-oriented energy supply of buildings in a practical size and performance class is possible. In coordinated operation of a larger number of such systems - e.g. via ripple control or network load-dependent power consumption tariffs and power feed-in tariffs - can respond by appropriate switching between the operating conditions on load fluctuations in the public grid and so valuable, short-term retrievable control energy can be provided. Furthermore, applications in the field of drive-independent air conditioning, heating and power supply of vehicles are conceivable. [German] Ein Stirlingmotor besteht in seiner sogenannten Gamma-Bauart zum einen aus einem thermischen Verdichter, in dem ein doppelseitig wirkender Verdraengerkolben das Arbeitsgas zwischen einem heissen'' und einem ''warmen'' (d. h. auf dem Waermenutzungstemperaturniveau der KWK-Anwendung befindlichen) Zylinderraum isochor ueber einen Regenerator periodisch hin- und herschiebt. Zum anderen besitzt er ein hiervon raeumlich getrenntes, einseitig wirkendes Arbeitskolben-Zylinder-System, das mit der ''warmen'' Seite des thermischen Verdichters durch einen Ueberstroemkanal verbunden ist und sich somit auf aehnlichem Temperaturniveau befindet. Fuegt man in diesen Ueberstroemkanal einen zusaetzlichen Regenerator ein, so kommt es zu einer Trennung der Temperaturniveaus, da die Waermeabgabe des Prozesses primaer ueber den warmen Zylinderraum des Verdraengersystems erfolgt, waehrend der Zylinderraum des Arbeitskolbens eine Waermesenke darstellt

Remediation of heavy-metal contaminated sediments by means of bioleaching. Study: project results - economic efficiency - market assessment. Final report; Reinigung schwermetallbelasteter Sedimente durch Bioleaching. Studie: Projektergebnisse - Wirtschaftlichkeit - Marktbewertung. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Loeser, C; Zehnsdorf, A; Hoffmann, P; Seidel, H; Schmerold, R

2002-07-01

Sedimente mit Sauerstoff in Kontakt, gehen die Schwermetalle durch mikrobielle Oxidations- und Versauerungsprozesse teilweise in Loesung. Dieses natuerliche Bioleaching, welches unkontrolliert ein Gefahrenpotential fuer die Umwelt darstellt, soll durch Aktivierung der autochthonen schwefeloxidierenden Bakterien (z.B. Thiobacilli) beschleunigt und zur Reinigung der Sedimente genutzt werden. Ziel ist es, ein naturnahes Verfahren zur Sedimentdekontamination unter Nutzung des natuerlichen biologischen Solubilisierungspotentials bereitzustellen. Die gereinigten Sedimente sollen in den Stoffkreislauf als Bodensubstrat zurueckgefuehrt werden. Die Verfahrensentwicklung erfolgte am Beispiel von hochbelasteten Sedimenten der Weissen Elster aus dem Suedraum Leipzig. Aus oekonomischen Gruenden soll das Bioleaching der Schwermetalle durch Festbettlaugung nach dem Perkolationsprinzip erfolgen. Das Verfahren erfordert mehrere Prozessstufen. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen im Labor- und Technikumsmassstab lag auf der Erarbeitung und technischen Umsetzung von Massnahmen zur Beschleunigung der Metallsolubilisierung. (orig.)

Mathematical modelling of transport of gaseous and liquid substances induced by pyrite oxidation in spoil banks of lignite mines; Mathematische Modellierung der durch Pyritoxidation induzierten Stofftransporte in Braunkohleabraumkippen in gasfoermiger und fluessiger Phase

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ludwig, R.

2001-07-01

Pyrite (FeS{sub 2}) oxidation due to open-pit lignite mining activities may result in acid mine drainage and dissolved metals in the soil and ground water of the overburden spoil piles. The pyrite oxidation takes place firstly during the mining process and at the temporary surfaces of the mine, secondly in deep zones of the overburden spoil pile as a result of gas transport through the unsaturated zone. The second process continues after mine closure possibly over several decades and therefore contaminates the environment for a long time. Whereas some studies deal with a minimisation by geochemical means, this research focuses on a minimisation by impacting the physical boundary conditions. Special attention is given to the transport of oxygen from the soil surface to the pyrite oxidation zone. Soil column experiments with columns of 2.90 m height yield experimental data concerning the pyrite oxidation and the related transport processes in the unsaturated zone. Experimental data are compared to simulation results obtained with the model MUSIC; it calculates coupled reaction and transport processes in a one-dimensional soil profile using the finite volume method. Pyrite oxidation is described by means of a first order kinetics, the gas transport takes place by diffusion as well as convection. The transport of solutes in the soil water is described by the convection-dispersion equation (Cl{sup -}, Fe{sup 2+} and SO{sub 4}{sup 2-}). The simulations are able to reproduce the measured time series of oxygen concentrations in the soil profile. (orig.) [German] Die durch Braunkohlegewinnung im Tagebau hervorgerufene Pyritoxidation (Pyrit: FeS{sub 2}) kann zu Versauerung, Schwermetallfreisetzung und Aufmineralisierung des Boden- und Grundwassers in den Abraumkippen fuehren. Die Pyritoxidation findet zum einen waehrend des Abbaubetriebs und an den temporaeren Oberflaechen des Tagebaus statt, zum anderen in tieferen Bereichen der Abraumkippe durch Gastransport durch die

Neue Möglichkeiten in der archäologischen arbeit durch den Einsatz digitales Bildauswertung und photogrammetrischer Messtechniken

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jan Wesbuer

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Die digitale Bildbearbeitung und die digitale Photogrammetrie haben in den letzten Jahren, neben vielen anderen Gebieten, die Dokumentation von Ausgrabungsstätten beeinflusst. Die Photogrammetrie hat ihren Ursprung in der Vermessungskunde. Sie wird heutzutage in vielen Bereichen der Ingenieurwissenschaften eingesetzt und hat somit viele Schnittbereiche zu angrenzenden wissenschaftlichen Gebieten. In der Archäologie hat sie daher die Möglichkeit, in vielen Bereichen die herkömmliche Geodäsie zu erweitern bzw. neue Möglichkeiten der Visualisierung zu schaffen oder bei der Bildauswertung zu helfen.Durch die Bildbearbeitung ist es heutzutage möglich, schnell und vor Ort die Dokumentation vorzunehmen. Mit ihrer Hilfe können z.B. nicht orthogonale Aufnahmen perspektivisch entzerrt werden, so dass in ihnen wieder gemessen werden kann.Der Artikel unterteilt sich in 3 Bereiche:• als erstes werden die Möglichkeiten der digitalen Bildbearbeitung bzw. Auswertung von Photos dargestellt.• danach wird auf die photogrammetrische Auswertung und Vermessung von Ausgrabungsstätten eingegangen. • und zuletzt werden einige Visualisierungsmöglichkeiten gezeigt, die mit Hilfe der photogrammetrischen Auswertung und 3DModellerstellung realisiert werden können.

BioCrack {sup registered}. Enhanced gas yield by electrokinetic disintegration; BioCrack {sup registered}. Steigerung der Gasausbeute durch elektrokinetische Desintegration

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liebich, Markus [Hugo Vogelsang Maschinenbau GmbH (Germany)

2011-07-01

In the electrokinetic disintegration process, the fluid flows through a pipeline system to which a HV field is applied. The electric forces of the HV field deform and destabilise the cell membrane. Once the deformation exceeds the elastic resistance of the cell membrane, the cell membrane will become permeable, and the cell content will be released and can be used for gas production. The advantages of theprocess are the low investment cost, simple retrofitting, high availability, and low energy cost (35 W per module). [German] Bei der elektrokinetischen Desintegration durchfliesst das Medium ein Rohrleitungssystem in dem ein Hochspannungsfeld anliegt. Durch die auftretenden elektrischen Kraefte im Hochspannungsfeld wird die Zellmembran verformt und destabilisiert. Uebersteigt die Verformung die elastische Widerstandkraft der Zellmembran, so wird diese durchlaessig. Dadurch werden die Zellinhaltsstoffe freigesetzt und koennen zur Gaserzeugung genutzt werden. Die Vorteile dieses Verfahrens liegen in den geringen Investitionskosten gegenueber anderen Desintegrationsverfahren, der einfachen Nachruestbarkeit, der hoher Anlagenverfuegbarkeit sowie in den geringen Energiekosten (35 W pro Modul).

Optimization of sewage treatment plants through adjustment of the acid capacity; Optimierung von Klaeranlagen durch Saeurekapazitaetseinstellung

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Herbst, B.; Soelter, K. [Bundesverband der Deutschen Kalkindustrie e.V., Koeln (Germany)

1999-07-01

In many areas with soft water (low water hardness), variations of degradation behaviour are noted in the biological cleaning of municipal and industrial waste water. The use of acidic precipitation agents and processes of biological ammonium oxidation (nitrification) reduce the acid capacity of water. Addition of lime in different forms can prevent this drop in acid capacity. As a new development in this field, lime hydrate can be added in dry form. This form of application dispenses with some of the elements normally installed at sewage treatment plants. Several examples demonstrate the advantages offered by this technique, especially the need for less metal salts to eliminate phosphate. (orig.) [German] In vielen Weichwassergebieten (geringer Wasserhaerte) treten bei der biologischen Reinigung von kommunalen und industriellen Abwaessern Schwankungen des Abbauverhaltens auf. Der Einsatz von sauren Faellmitteln und die Prozesse der biologischen Ammoniumoxidation (Nitrifikation) senken die Saeurekapazitaet des Wassers ab. Durch die Zugabe von Kalk in verschiedenen Dosierformen kann die Saeurekapazitaetsabsenkung verhindert werden. Eine neue Entwicklung auf diesem Gebiet ist die Trockendosierung von Kalkhydrat. Wesentliche Teile der sonst installierten Anlagentechnik sind bei dieser Art der Dosierung nicht mehr notwendig. Anhand von mehreren Beispielen wird erlaeutert, welche Vorteile dieses Verfahren bieten kann, insbesondere bei der Einsparung von Metallsalzen zur Phosphatentfernung. (orig.)

Optimizing biological waste water cleaning by means of modern control systems (fuzzy logic); Optimierung der biologischen Abwasserreinigung durch moderne Regelsysteme (Fuzzy-Logik)

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Lohse, M.; Boening, T.; Hegemann, G. [Fachhochschule Muenster (Germany). Inst. fuer Abfall- und Abwasserwirtschaft e.V.

1999-07-01

Within the framework of a project sponsored by EUREGIO, test series with the biological activation stages of a German and a Dutch sewage treatment plant each are carried out using different process concepts for the control of oxygen supply by fuzzy logic. As the currently available results demonstrate, the developed fuzzy-logic fields of characteristic curves permit establishing a stable and, thus, little energy-consuming process with optimum oxygen supply in comparison with conventional control. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen eines von der EUREGIO gefoerderten Forschungsprojektes werden Versuchsreihen im Bereich der biologischen Belebungsstufen einer deutschen und einer niederlaendischen Abwasserreinigungsanlage (ARA) mit unterschiedlichen Verfahrenskonzepten hinsichtlich der Regelung der Sauerstoffzufuhr mit Hilfe der Fuzzy-Logik Technik durchgefuehrt. Die bisherigen Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass - im Vergleich zur konventionellen Regelung - durch die entwickelten Fuzzy-Logik Kennfelder ein stabiler und damit energiearmer Prozess mit optimaler Sauerstoffzufuhr erzeugt wird. (orig.)

Increase of the efficiency of heat pumps by partial defrosting of evaporator during the heating operation; Effizienzsteigerung von Waermepumpen durch partielle Verdampferabtauung waehrend des Heizbetriebs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mader, Gunda; Thybo, Claus [Danfoss A/S, Nordborg (Denmark)

2011-07-01

eine regelmaessige Abtauung des Verdampfers vorgenommen werden. Eine weitverbreitete Methode dazu ist die Umkehrung des Kaeltemittelstroms, bei der heisses Gas aus dem Verdichter in den Verdampfer eingeleitet wird. Neben deutlichen Effizienzverlusten entstehen dabei Probleme der Materialbelastung und bei manchen Anlagentypen Komforteinbussen. Die Methode der partiellen Abtauung zielt darauf ab, die Haeufigkeit der Kreislaufumkehr zu reduzieren oder ganz zu vermeiden. Das Prinzip beruht darauf, einzelne Straenge des Verdampfers abwechselnd zu deaktivieren um dort eine energiesparende Abtauung durch die ueberstroemende Luft zu ermoeglichen. In den uebrigen Bereichen des Verdampfers wird weiterhin Waerme von der Aussenluft auf das Kaeltemittel uebertragen, so dass der Betrieb der Anlage kontinuierlich aufrecht erhalten werden kann. Ermoeglicht wird dies durch ein spezielles Ventil, welches Expansion und Verteilung kombiniert und damit erlaubt, die Kaeltemittelmassenstroeme in den einzelnen Verdampferstraengen gezielt einzustellen. Anhand eines mathematischen Modells werden Details der Methode vorgestellt und diskutiert. Durch experimentelle Untersuchungen an Luft-Luft-Waermepumpen wird gezeigt, dass unter Standard-Betriebsbedingungen mit Lufttemperaturen ueber dem Gefrierpunkt waehrend der Deaktivierungsphase der gesamte Reif abgetaut werden kann und somit keine Kreislaufumkehr erforderlich ist.

Biosorption of heavy metals by immobilized microalgae; Biosorption von Schwermetallen durch immobilisierte Mikroalgen

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Wilke, A.; Bunke, G.; Goetz, P.; Buchholz, R. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Fachgebiet Bioverfahrenstechnik

1999-07-01

. Durch geeignete Versuche muessen die verschiedenen Stofftransportwiderstaende (Filmwiderstand, Diffusionswiderstand im Innern der Partikel) voneinander entkoppelt werden, damit eine Bestimmung derselben ermoeglicht wird. (orig.)

Study on the planning of a demonstration plant for hydrogen fuel production by electrolysis using caching in salt caverns under pressure; Studie ueber die Planung einer Demonstrationsanlage zur Wasserstoff-Kraftstoffgewinnung durch Elektrolyse mit Zwischenspeicherung in Salzkavernen unter Druck

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2015-02-05

In a two year research project the long-term storage of hydrogen as energy carrier has been assessed in detail for large renewable electricity quantities in underground storage caverns in Germany. Next to a regions analysis for potential storage sites, the benchmarking against other large scale storage concepts, a comparative and perspective analysis of alkaline and PEM-electrolysers also potential business cases for Power-to-Hydrogen in the mobility sector as well as for the chemical, electricity and natural gas industry have been analysed. [German] Durch den geplanten Ausbau der Stromerzeugung aus fluktuierenden, erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland ruecken Speichertechnologien fuer elektrische Energie immer staerker in den Fokus des industriellen und politischen Interesses. Eine vielversprechende Moeglichkeit fuer eine Langzeitspeicherung bei hohen Anteilen von Wind- und Photovoltaikanlagen sind Speichertechnologien wie die Wasserstoffspeicherung mit Hilfe von Wasserelektrolyseuren. Diese koennen erneuerbaren Strom in grossen Mengen und bei entsprechender Steuerung selektiv in Zeiten mit hohem Dargebot z.B. an Windstrom chemisch speichern. Der gespeicherte Wasserstoff kann dann entweder zu einem spaeteren Zeitpunkt wieder rueckverstromt oder direkt stofflich verwertet werden, z.B. als Kraftstoff fuer den Verkehrssektor, als chemischer Rohstoff oder fuer den Hausenergiebereich durch Einspeisung in das Erdgastransportnetz. Thema der vorliegenden Studie sind Analysen und Planungen fuer die Erprobung des Gesamtsystems ''Wasserstoff-Elektrolyse-Speicherung'' in energiewirtschaftlich relevanten Dimensionen. Dazu werden mit einem neuen Ansatz techno-oekonomische Entwicklungspfade fuer Wasserstoff-Systeme unterschiedlicher Groesse und Technologien charakterisiert und technologische Risiken bei der Realisierung dieser Systeme identifiziert und bewertet. Diese Arbeiten werden ergaenzt durch Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Salzkavernenspeicherung in Form

Advantages of variable-speed operation of hydraulic turbo-engines; Vorteile durch den drehzahlvariablen Betrieb von hydraulischen Stroemungsmaschinen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Harbort, T. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Stroemungsmechanik und Hydraulische Stroemungsmaschinen

1997-12-31

The performance of current hydraulic turbo-engines in the variable speed sector is monitored and judged. The study covers radial and axial engines as well as Pelton turbines. Variable-speed operation of hydraulic turbo-engines can be realized by means of different combinations of electrical rotating machines and frequency converters. The operating range of the frequency converter plays an important role in the optimization of performance and is taken into account. The smoothness of run of reaction turbines and their cavitation performance can be enhanced by speed regulation. But above all, efficiency is more or less substantially enhanced during partial load or in the case of greatly varying heights of drop. The latter holds true also of Pelton turbines. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Betriebsverhalten der gaengigen hydraulischen Stroemungsmaschinen wird in Hinblick auf den drehzahlvariablen Betrieb erfasst und beurteilt. Die Untersuchung erfolgt fuer Radialmaschinen, Axialmaschinen und Peltonturbinen. Der drehzahlvariable Betrieb hydraulischer Stroemungsmaschinen kann mit verschiedenen Kombinationen von elektrischen Maschinen und Frequenzumrichtern realisiert werden. Der Arbeitsbereich des Frequenzumrichters spielt eine wichtige Rolle fuer die Optimierung des Betriebsverhaltens und wird beruecksichtigt. Bei Ueberdruckturbinen kann man durch Drehzahlregelung eine groessere Laufruhe sowie ein guenstigeres Kavitationsverhalten erreichen. Vor allem aber sind im Teillastbereich oder bei stark schwankenden Fallhoehen mehr oder weniger grosse Wirkungsgradgewinne erzielbar. Das letztere gilt auch fuer Peltonturbinen. (orig.)

THERMOSELECT. Continuous environment-friendly treatment of residues by gasification and direct melting; THERMOSELECT. Unterbrechungslose umweltgerechte Restabfallbehandlung durch Vergasung und Direkteinschmelzung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gaeng, P; Klein, K; Stahlberg, R; Weisenburger, P [Thermoselect Suedwest GmbH, Karlsruhe (Germany)

1997-12-31

The Thermoselect process comprises waste compaction, degassing, gasification with pure oxygen, and melting of inorganic components in a continuous closed cycle process. The high-quality products can be recycled almost completely: The synthesis gas can be used as feedstock or combusted, also in high-efficiency power generation processes. The other products, e.g. the high-grade mineral and metal granulates, can be utilized without restrictions. The residual fraction which must be dumped is very small. (orig) [Deutsch] Mit Thermoselect ist eine neue Technik auf dem Markt, die durch die konsequente Umsetzung der Verfahrensschritte Abfallverdichtung, Entgasung, Vergasung mit reinem Sauerstoff und Einschmelzung der anorganischen Muellbestandteile in einem unterbrechungslosen geschlossenen Prozess hochwertige Produkte aus Abfaellen erzeugt, die nahezu vollstaendig verwertet werden koennen. Das erzeugte Synthesegas kann sowohl stofflich als auch thermisch genutzt werden, wobei der Einsatz von stromerzeugungsverfahren mit hohen Wirkungsgraden moeglich ist. Die ubrigen Produkte, z.B. das mineralische und das metallische Granulat, erreichen eine Qualitaet, die eine uneingeschraenkte Nutzung zulaesst. Die Anteile der z.Zt. noch zu entsorgenden Reststoffe ist gering, wobei derzeit meist wirtschafatliche Gruende deren Entsorgung nahelegen. (orig)

THERMOSELECT. Continuous environment-friendly treatment of residues by gasification and direct melting; THERMOSELECT. Unterbrechungslose umweltgerechte Restabfallbehandlung durch Vergasung und Direkteinschmelzung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gaeng, P.; Klein, K.; Stahlberg, R.; Weisenburger, P. [Thermoselect Suedwest GmbH, Karlsruhe (Germany)

1996-12-31

The Thermoselect process comprises waste compaction, degassing, gasification with pure oxygen, and melting of inorganic components in a continuous closed cycle process. The high-quality products can be recycled almost completely: The synthesis gas can be used as feedstock or combusted, also in high-efficiency power generation processes. The other products, e.g. the high-grade mineral and metal granulates, can be utilized without restrictions. The residual fraction which must be dumped is very small. (orig) [Deutsch] Mit Thermoselect ist eine neue Technik auf dem Markt, die durch die konsequente Umsetzung der Verfahrensschritte Abfallverdichtung, Entgasung, Vergasung mit reinem Sauerstoff und Einschmelzung der anorganischen Muellbestandteile in einem unterbrechungslosen geschlossenen Prozess hochwertige Produkte aus Abfaellen erzeugt, die nahezu vollstaendig verwertet werden koennen. Das erzeugte Synthesegas kann sowohl stofflich als auch thermisch genutzt werden, wobei der Einsatz von stromerzeugungsverfahren mit hohen Wirkungsgraden moeglich ist. Die ubrigen Produkte, z.B. das mineralische und das metallische Granulat, erreichen eine Qualitaet, die eine uneingeschraenkte Nutzung zulaesst. Die Anteile der z.Zt. noch zu entsorgenden Reststoffe ist gering, wobei derzeit meist wirtschafatliche Gruende deren Entsorgung nahelegen. (orig)

Parameters for characterisation of the ecochemical soil status and the potential hazards of acidification and nitrogen saturation in level II forest sites; Kennwerte zur Charakterisierung des oekochemischen Bodenzustandes und des Gefaehrdungspotentials durch Bodenversauerung und Stickstoffsaettigung an Level II-Waldoekosystem-Dauerbeobachtungsflaechen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-07-01

The ad hoc working group on soil acidification and nitrogen saturation of the Federal Government/Laender Working Group level II primarily aimed at drafting a manual for the interpretation of soil data (soil solid phase, soil solution) acquired on Level II plots. The manual contains parameters and proposals for evaluating the acid/base-status of forest soils, the nutrient supply and nitrogen status as well as for assessing the risks caused by aluminium, acid and heavy metal stress. Further parameters and proposals for evaluation concern the risks for spring and ground water quality through acidification and elevated nitrate concentrations. All parameters are described in detail, their informative value is discussed and examples are given for their use. A distinction is made between indicators to show the current ecochemical situation and to describe future risks, e.g. through progressive soil acidification, nutrient depletion and increasing nitrogen saturation. The manual thus fits in right with the overall objectives of the Level II Programme to reveal cause-effect relations in the forest damage situation and to give advice on timely counteraction via forecasts of the future development. (orig.) [German] Das vorrangige Ziel des Arbeitskreises 'Bodenversauerung und Stickstoffsaettigung' der Bundes-Laender-Arbeitsgruppe Level II war die Erarbeitung eines Auswerteleitfadens fuer die Bodendaten (Bodenfestphase, Sickerwasser) der Level II-Flaechen. Der Leitfaden enthaelt Kennwerte und Bewertungsvorschlaege zum Saeure-Base-Zustand des Waldbodens, zur Naehrstoffbereitstellung, zum Stickstoffstatus, zur Abschaetzung von Risiken durch Aluminium-, Saeure- und Schwermetallstress und zur Gefaehrdung des Quell- und Grundwassers durch Versauerung und steigende Nitratgehalte. Alle Kennwerte werden eingehend beschrieben, ihre Aussagekraft diskutiert und ihre Anwendung an Beispielen dargestellt. Unterschieden wird zwischen Indikatoren zur Darstellung der aktuellen

Revolution by way of technical transfer in the development of locomotive brake systems; Revolutionierung in der Entwicklung von Bremssystemen bei Lokomotiven durch Technologietransfer

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wright, E.C. [New York Air Brake (United States). Bereich Engineering; Sinn, R. [New York Air Brake (United States). Bereich Elektronik und Software

1997-12-31

With the use of components from other sectors and orientation on the technologies of other fields it has been possible to enhance the standard of electronic braking systems. The reliability of the CCBII is ten times greater than with conventional systems. The physical volume could be reduced by 40 percent and the weight by 30 percent. The CCBII has functional redundancy and the Locotrol Distributed Power System is already integrated. A diagnostics system allows repair times to be reduced to 20 minutes. Production is now commencing and it is planned to make the first deliveries starting from January 1998. (orig.) [Deutsch] Durch das Einbinden von Entwurfsverfahren aus der Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie sowie der Verwendung von Komponenten aus dem Automobilsektor, hochentwickelter Werkstoffe und Techniken ist es moeglich, neue Wege bei Bremssystemen zu gehen. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung einer neuen Generation von computergesteuerten Bremssystemen fuer Lokomotiven. (orig.)

Attempted treatment of meningeosis leucaemica by intrathecal application of 90-silicate and 90Y-citrate colloid in a case of chronic myleoic leukaemia; Behandlungsversuch einer Meningeosis leucaemica durch intrathekale Applikation von {sup 90}Y-Silikat- und {sup 90}Y-Zitrat-Kolloid bei chronisch-myleoischer Leukaemie

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Kittner, C.; Schuemichen, C. [Rostock Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin; Steiner, B.; Kahl, C.; Wolff, D.; Freund, M. [Rostock Univ. (Germany). Klinik fuer Innere Medizin, Abt. fuer Haematologie; Putzar, H.; Roesler, K.; Hauenstein, K.H. [Rostock Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Diagnostische und Interventionalle Radiologie

2003-12-01

A 41-year-old man with chronic myeoloic leukaemia was treated for Meningeosis leucaemica by intrathecal application of yttrium-90-citrate colloide as palliative therapy. (orig.) [German] Wir berichten ueber einen 41-jaehrigen Mann mit chronisch-myeloischer Leukaemie bei dem eine Meningeosis leucaemica durch eine intrathekale Applikation von Yttrium-90-Zitrat-Kolloid palliativ therapiert wurde. (orig.)

Dexamethasone-induced radioresistance occurring independent of human papilloma virus gene expression in cervical carcinoma cells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rutz, H.P.; Mariotta, M.; Mirimanoff, R.O. [Lab. de Radiobiologie, Service de Radio-Oncologie, CHUV, Lausanne (Switzerland); Knebel Doeberitz, M. von [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg (Germany). Inst. fuer Virusforschung

1998-02-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HPV 18 E6 and E7 gene products with respect to radiosensitivity of two cervical carcinoma cell lines. The two cervical carcinoma lines C4-1 and SW 756 were used in which treatment with dexamethasone allows to modulate expression levels of HPV 18 E6 and E7 genes: Upregulation in C4-1, down-regulation in SW 756. Effects of treatment with dexamethasone on plating efficiency and radiosensitivity were assessed using a clonogenic assay. Treatment with dexamethasone increased plating efficiency of the C4-1 cells, but did not affect plating efficiency of SW 756 cells. Treatment with dexamethasone induced enhanced radioresistance in both cell lines. Thus, in C4-1 cells the observed changes in radioresistance correlate to the enhancement in expression of HPV 18 genes E6/E7, whereas in SW 756, a reduced expression correlates negatively with the enhanced radioresistance. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] Das Ziel dieser Studie lag darin, die Rolle der HPV-18-Gene E6 und E7 in bezug auf die Strahlenempfindlichkeit von menschlichen Zervixkarzinomzellen zu untersuchen. Wir verwendeten zwei menschliche Zervixkarzinomzellinien, C4-1 und SW 756, in welchen die Expression der viralen Gene HPV 18 E6 und E7 mit Dexamethason moduliert werden kann: In C4-1 bewirkt die Behandlung mit Dexamethason eine Erhoehung der Expression dieser Gene, in SW 756 eine Verminderung. Die Wirkung auf die Wachstumsfaehigkeit der Zellen und auf die Wachstumshemmung durch die Bestrahlung wurde unter Verwendung eines klonogenen Assays bestimmt. Dexamethason bewirkte eine erhoehte Wachstumsfaehigkeit der C4-1 Zellen, ohne die Wachstumsfaehigkeit der SW-756-Zellen zu beeinflussen, wie schon frueher beschrieben. Die Resistenz beider Zellinien gegenueber Bestrahlung wurde erhoeht. Somit besteht in den C4-1-Zellen eine Korrelation der Expression der viralen Gene mit der Zunahme der Strahlenresistenz, wogegen in den SW-756-Zellen die Abnahme der Expression im Gegensatz zu

A practical example of how companies can cut down their costs by means of an environmental management system; Moeglichkeit der Kostensenkung in Betrieben durch Umweltmanagement am praktischen Beispiel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Grooterhorst, A. [SIG Consult GmbH, Essen (Germany)

1997-01-01

Regular acquisition of environmentally relevant data permits systematic monitoring of the environmental impact of industrial operations. This, together with a systematic documentation and the efficient organization of operations, creates the basis for an environmental management system. When designing an environmental protection concept or introducing an environmental management system, it may be convenient to make use of the services of consultancies. (orig./ABI) [Deutsch] Durch regelmaessige Erfassung umweltrelevanter Daten wird eine systematische Kontrolle betrieblicher Umweltauswirkungen moeglich. Zusammen mit einer systematischen Dokumentation und einer nachweislichen Regelung zur Aufbau- und Ablauforganisation ist damit die Grundlage fuer ein Umweltmanagementsystem geschaffen. Bei der Erarbeitung eines Umweltschutzkonzeptes und der Einfuehrung eines Umweltmanagementsystems kann es sinnvoll sein einen externen Berater einzuschalten. (orig./ABI)

Continuous high-temperature recycling of waste by the Thermoselect process; Unterbrechungsloses Hochtemperaturrecycling - Abfallveredelung durch Thermoselect

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stahlberg, R [Thermoselect Engineering S.r.l., Verbania (Italy)

1998-09-01

Based on the experience with the Thermoselect plant at Fondotoce, Italy (100 Mg/d), which was commissioned in 1992, a 225,000 Mg/a plant with three units (720 Mg/d) is being constructed at Karlsruhe, Germany. The plant is scheduled for commissioning in 1998. The contribution presents the product balance, the approved emission levels, and the energy uses envisaged for the Karlsruhe project. Final product quality data and energy yields illustrate the differences from conventional thermal processes. An ecobalance comparing the Thermoselect process with grate furnaces shows that water, soil and air pollution is much reduced by the new Termoselect process. Apart from high product quality, the plant also has the advantage of reduced dumping cost and no long-term ecological hazards. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Auf Basis der grosstechnischen Erfahrung mit einer seit 1992 in Fondotoce (Italien) betriebenen THERMOSELECT-Anlage (Kapazitaet 100 Mg/d), Restmuell umweltgerecht zu behandeln, wird 1998 der Aufbau einer 225.000 Mg/a-Anlage mit 3 Linien (720 Mg/d) in Karlsruhe (Deutschland) abgeschlossen. Die Produktebilanz und die genehmigten Emissionswerte sind in dem Artikel belegt. Gezeigt wird die fuer das Projekt Karlsruhe vorgesehene Energienutzung. Die Endprodduktqualitaeten und die Energieausbeute verdeutlichen die Unterschiede zu bisherigen konventionellen thermischen Verfahren. Eine erarbeitete Oekobilanz mit einem Vergleich von THERMOSELECT und Rostfeuerung zeigt die deutlich geringe Belastung der Umweltkompartimente Wasser, Boden und Luft durch das neue THERMOSELECT-Verfahren. Neben hohen Produktqualitaeten wird - verglichen mit traditionellen Techniken - ein deutlich verringerter Entsorgungspreis erreicht, wobei gleichzeitig oekologische Belastungen auszuschliessen sind. (orig./SR)

Efficient turbine control. Advantages through controlling internal turbine power in place of turbo generator output; Effektive Turbinenregelung. Vorteile durch die Regelung der inneren Turbinenleistung anstelle der Turbogeneratorleistung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sindelar, R.

1999-07-01

Hitherto, the electrical output of turbo generators has generally been controlled by means of power output controllers. Load changes caused, for example, by changeovers to isolated unit operation where the load requirements are unknown at first, often resulted in `wrong way control` effects that sometimes even caused entire turbine generator sets to fail. Controlling the internal turbine power makes it possible to avoid such consequences. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die elektrische Leistung eines Turbogenerators wurde bislang durch Leistungsregler geregelt. Im Falle einer Lastaenderung, wie sie beispielsweise beim Uebergang in den Betrieb auf ein Teilnetz (Insel-) mit vorher unbekannter Last vorkommt, trat ein Falschregeleffekt auf. Auf diesen wurden bereits Turbosatzausfaelle zurueckgefuehrt. Wird anstelle der elektrischen Leistung allerdings die innere Turbinenleistung geregelt, so tritt der Falschregeleffekt nicht ein. (orig.)

Energy saving by enhanced temperature measurement of stock materials of heat- and heat treatment process. Final report; Energieeinsparung durch verbesserte Nutzguttemperaturbestimmung bei Waerm- und Waermebehandlungsprozessen. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ley, I.; Klima, R.

1999-06-01

Thermoelementes, welches moeglichst gut im Strahlungsaustausch mit dem Nutzgut steht, gemessen. Somit kann die Oberflaechentemperatur weitgehend unabhaengig vom Emissionsgrad des Nutzgutes gemessen werden. Die Vorteile der Thermoelementsonde konnten durch eine Installation an einem Waermeofen und einer Waermebehandlungsanlage deutlich aufgezeigt werden. Durch die dauerhafte betriebliche Installation konnten umfangreiche Verbesserungsmassnahmen zur Energieeinsparung und zur Qualitaetsverbesserung an den Oefen realisiert werden. Die Thermoelementsonde ermoeglicht eine strenge Optimierung mittels modellgestuetzter Steuerung und damit deutliche Produktverbesserungen und Energieeinsparungen. (orig.)

Control-technical optimization of topped denitrification through fuzzy control; Regelungstechnische Optimierung der vorgeschalteten Denitrifikation durch Anwendung von Fuzzy-Control

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meyer, U. [Hydroplan Ingenieurgesellschaft, Worms (Germany); Poepel, H.J. [Technische Univ. Darmstadt (Germany). Inst. WAR - Wasserversorgung, Abwassertechnik, Abfalltechnik, Umwelt- und Raumplanung

1999-07-01

The present paper describes complex fuzzy systems for controlling nitrogen elimination at plants with topped denitrification. For the design and testing of the fuzzy systems, dynamic simulation calculations and experimental tests were carried out in a semi-technical pilot plant. The controlling fuzzy systems indicate the supposed oxygen values for individual tank areas and the most appropriate partitioning of the activated sludge tank (anoxic/aerobic zone) as a function of the input quantities used. It is established that, with the more flexible control behaviour, a more stable nitrogen elimination and, at the same time, a cut in the amount of air transferred to the system can be attained in comparison with a conventional control. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden komplexe Fuzzy-Systeme zur Regelung der Stickstoffelimination in Anlagen mit vorgeschalteter Denitrifikation vorgestellt. Zum Entwurf und zur Erprobung der Fuzzy-Systeme wurden dynamische Simulationsrechnungen und experimentelle Untersuchungen an einer halbtechnischen Versuchsanlage durchgefuehrt. Die uebergeordneten Fuzzy-Systeme geben in Abhaengigkeit der verwendeten Eingangsgroessen Sauerstoffsollwerte fuer die einzelnen Beckenbereiche und die jeweils guenstigste Aufteilung des Belebungsbeckens (anoxische/aerobe Zone) vor. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch das flexible Reglerverhalten eine stabilere Stickstoffelimination und gleichzeitig eine Einsparung an eingetragener Luftmenge im Vergleich zu einem konventionellen Regelsystem erreicht werden kann. (orig.)

Optimizing customer contact management to bolster loyalty and profitability. Optimizing specifically quality of service and cost; Loyalitaet und Profitabilitaet von Privat- und Gewerbekunden durch optimiertes Kundenkontaktmanagement steigern. Servicequalitaet und Kosten zielgerichtet optimieren

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Hillebrand, S.; Fratzke-Weiss, B.; Handschuh, M.; Muench, U.; Kreuz, W. [A.T. Kearney Management Consultants, Frankfurt/Main (Germany)

2003-09-08

Building on the sales strategy, the customer care center's processes, systems, and organization can be optimized in a focused way. Based on the set of success factors described by the authors private and commercial customers' value can be increased significantly. (orig.) [German] Eine klar definierte Vertriebsstrategie ist von elementarer Bedeutung, um das Kundenkontaktmanagement so auszurichten, dass es maximalen Wert fuer das Unternehmen generiert. Ausgehend von der Vertriebsstrategie koennen die Prozesse, die Systeme und die Organisation von Customer Care Centern zielgerichtet optimiert werden. Durch die Beruecksichtigung der von den Verfassern beschriebenen Erfolgsfaktoren kann der Wert von Privat- und Gewerbekunden dabei signifikant gesteigert werden. (orig.)

On-line analysis of water contamination by organic compounds; On-line-Analytik der Wasserverschmutzung durch organische Substanzen

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Wagt, R. van der; Vos, F. de [Skalar Analytical (Netherlands); Babichenko, S.; Poryvkina, L. [Institute of Ecology, Tallinn (Estonia)

1999-08-01

In many environmental applications decomposing the mixture of substances in the water into its various chemical ingredients, for subsequent analysis, is a very complicated task. The most productive approach to on-line diagnosis is to treat the object as an integral spectroscopic sample, characterized by certain specific Spectral Fluorescent Signatures (SFS). The SFS are recorded as a matrix of fluorescent intensity of organic compounds in water, in co-ordinates of excitation and emission spectra, providing a three-dimensional spectrum. Spectral windows of SFS are defined by fluorescent characteristics of basic groups of organic substances in the water sample. The novel Skalar Fluo Imager, based on this principle, is intended for the analysis of organic compounds in natural, domestic, and technological waters in an on-line mode. (orig.) [German] In vielen Umweltschutzanwendungen stellt die Auftrennung eines Substanzgemisches zum Zweck der Analyse eine sehr komplizierte Aufgabe dar. Ein erfolgversprechender Ansatz fuer eine on-line-Diagnostik besteht darin, das Objekt als integrale Spektroskopieprobe zu betrachten, die durch bestimmte spezifische Spektral-Fluoreszenz-Signaturen (SFS) charakterisiert wird. Diese werden als Fluoreszenz-Intensitaets-Matrix organischer Verbindungen in Wasser dargestellt, mit Anregungs- und Emissionsspektren als weiteren Koordinaten, wodurch ein dreidimensionales Spektrum entsteht. Spektrale Fenster der SFS sind definiert als Fluoreszenzcharakteristika von Funktionsgruppen organischer Substanzen in der Wasserprobe. Der auf diesem Prinzip basierende Skalar Fluo Imager ist fuer die on-line-Analyse organischer Bestandteile in natuerlichen, Haus- und technischen Waessern gedacht. (orig.)

Racism, Ethnicity and the Media in Africa: Reflections Inspired by Studies of Xenophobia in Cameroon and South Africa Rassismus, Ethnizität und die Medien in Afrika: Reflektionen angeregt durch Studien zu Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Kamerun und Südafrika

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Francis B. Nyamnjoh

2010-01-01

Full Text Available This paper demonstrates the extent to which the media and belonging in Africa are torn between competing and often conflicting claims of bounded and flexible ideas of culture and identity. It draws on studies of xenophobia in Cameroon and South Africa, inspired by the resilience of the politicization of culture and identity, to discuss the hierarchies and inequalities that underpin political, economic and social citizenship in Africa and the world over, and the role of the media in the production, enforcement and contestation of these hierarchies and inequalities. In any country with liberal democratic aspirations or pretensions, the media are expected to promote national citizenship and its emphasis on large-scale, assimilationist and territorially bounded belonging, while turning a blind eye to those who fall through the cracks as a result of racism and/or ethnicity. Little wonder that such an exclusionary articulation of citizenship is facing formidable challenges from its inherent contradictions and closures, and from an upsurge in the politics of recognition and representation by small-scale communities claiming autochthony at a historical juncture where the rhetoric espouses flexible mobility, postmodern flux and discontinuity. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt auf, inwieweit die Medien und gesellschaftliche Bindungen in Afrika zwischen konfligierenden Ansprüchen abgegrenzter und sich wandelnder kultureller Identitäten zerrissen sind. Angeregt durch die Erfahrung der kontinuierlichen Politisierung kultureller und sozialer Identitäten zieht der Autor Studien zu Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Kamerun und Südafrika heran, um die Hierarchien und Ungleichheiten zu diskutieren, auf denen politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Staatsbürgerschaft in Afrika und darüber hinaus basiert, sowie die Rolle der Medien bei der Entstehung, Verstärkung und im Wettstreit dieser Hierarchien und Ungleichheiten. In jedem liberal-demokratisch ausgerichteten Staat

Climate protection by reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases in households and the tertiary sector through climate-conscious behaviour. Vol. 1; Klimaschutz durch Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen im Bereich Haushalte und Kleinverbrauch durch klimagerechtes Verhalten. Bd. 1. Private Haushalte

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Brohmann, B; Cames, M

2000-06-01

The aim of the project was to identify areas in households and the tertiary sector in which changes in behaviour could result in energy conservation and thus a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and to quantify the potentials for 1995, 2005 and 2020. A second focus was on the analysis and evaluation of programmes and instruments to realise the potentials. With literature evaluation, expert interviews, and a household servey potentials and further technical development have been identified. In sum, behavioural measures can contribute to the CO2 reduction by 64 million tons in 1995 in households and 27 in the commercial sector in which the potential decreases to 18 million tons in 2020 due to the autonomous technical development. Adequate promotion programmes can help to realise 20-30% of the potential by 2020. (orig.) [German] Ziel des Vorhabens war, im Sektor private Haushalte und Kleinverbrauch Bereiche zu identifizieren, in denen Verhaltensaenderungen zur Energieeinsparung fuehren koennen, und diese Potenziale fuer 1995, 2005 und 2020 zu quantifizieren. Darauf aufbauend waren Programme und Instrumente zur Umsetzung aufzuzeigen und zu bewerten. Gestuetzt auf Literaturrecherchen und Expertengespraeche wurden Einzelpotenziale, Rahmenbedingungen, Entwicklungstrends in der Technik und im Ausstattungsgrad ermittelt. Insgesamt koennten Verhaltensmassnahmen im Haushaltssektor die CO2-Emissionen im Basisjahr 1995 um 64 Mio, im Kleinverbrauch um 27 Mio t vermindern. Bis 2020 bleibt dieses Potenzial im Haushaltssektor in etwa gleich. Im Kleinverbrauch sinkt es infolge der autonomen Technikentwicklung auf 18 Mio t ab. Durch geeignete Programme koennen bis 2020 etwa 20-30% des Potenzials erreicht werden. (orig.)

Reduction of {sup 137}caesium contamination in wild boars by supplementing offered food with ammonium-iron-hexa-cyanoferrate; Reduktion der {sup 137}Caesium-Aktivitaet in Wildschweinen durch Zusatz von Ammonium-Eisen-Hexacyanoferrat (''Berliner Blau'') zum Kirrfutter

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Morfeld, P. [Evonik Industries AG, Essen (Germany). Inst. fuer Epidemiologie und Risikobewertung in der Arbeitswelt (IERA); Koeln Univ. (Germany). Inst. und Poliklinik fuer Arbeitsmedizin, Umweltmedizin und Praeventionsforschung; Reddemann, J.; Schungel, P. [Landesjagdverband Bayern e.V., Feldkirchen (Germany); Kienzle, E. [Muenchen Univ., Oberschleissheim (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Tierernaehrung und Diaetetik

2014-06-15

This replication study investigated whether the {sup 137}caesium ({sup 137}Cs) contamination of wild boars could be relevantly reduced under field conditions by adding ammonium-iron-hexa-cyanoferrate (AFCF; Prussian blue) to the food. In 285 wild boars that had been shot in six Bavarian hunting territories during the season (November until May) between 01 November 2010 and 10 December 2011 {sup 137}Cs contamination was analysed. Thirty-five animals originated from two hunting territories in which offered food had been supplemented with 1250 mg AFCF per kilogram food. The control animals showed a mean {sup 137}Cs contamination of 522 Bq/kg lean skeletal muscle meat. Direct (univariable) comparisons of the two experimental territories with the four control territories yielded a mean reduction in {sup 137}Cs contamination due to Prussian bluefeeding by -211 Bq/kg (p < 0.001). Multivariable mo dels that took potential confounders into account (age, weight, sex, hunting date, territory) estimated the effect to be -344 Bq/kg (p < 0.05). This replication study confirmed the finding of Kienzle et al. (12) who described a statistically significant reduction in {sup 137}Cs contamination by -380 Bq/kg due to the feeding of Prussian blue in other territories. [German] Gegenstand und Ziel: Diese Replikationsstudie pruefte, ob unter Feldbedingungen die Kontamination von Wildschweinen mit {sup 137}Caesium ({sup 137}Cs) durch Zugabe vn Ammonium-Eisen-Hexacyanoferrat (AFCF, ''Berliner Blau'') zum ausgelegten Futter relevant verringert werden kann. Material und Methoden: Bei 285 Wildschweinen, die zwischen dem 01.11.2010 und dem 10.12.2011 waehrend der Jagdsaison (November bis Mai) in sechs bayerischen Jagdrevieren erlegt worden waren, erfolgte eine Analyse der {sup 137}Cs-Aktivitaet. Von diesen Tieren stammten 35 aus zwei Revieren, in denen das ausgelegte Futter mit 1250 mg AFCF/kg Futter supplementiert worden war. Ergebnisse: Die Kontrolltiere wiesen eine

Measurements of size distributions of radon progeny for improved quantification of the lung cancer risk emanating from exposure to radon decay products; Messungen der Groessenverteilungen von Radon-Folgeprodukten zur Verbesserung der Quantifizierung des durch Radonexposition verursachten Lungenkrebsrisikos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haninger, T

1998-12-31

A major issue in radiation protection is to protect the population from the harmful effects of exposure to radon and radon progeny. Quantification of the lung cancer risk emanating from exposure to radon decay products in residential and working environments poses problems, as epidemiologic studies yield information deviating from the results obtained by the indirect method of assessment based on dosimetric respiratory tract models. One important task of the publication here was to characterize the various exposure conditions and to quantify uncertainties that may result from application of the ``dose conversion convention``. A special aerosol spectrometer was therefore designed and built in order to measure the size distributions of the short-lived radon decay products in the range between 0.5 nm and 10 000 nm. The aerosol spectrometer consists of a three-step diffusion battery with wire nets, an 11-step BERNER impactor, and a detector system with twelve large-surface proportional detectors. From the measured size distributions, dose conversion coefficients, E/P{sup eq}, were calculated using the PC software RADEP; the RADEP program was developed by BIRCHALL and JAMES and is based on the respiratory tract model of the ICRP. The E/P{sup eq} coefficients indicate the effective dose E per unit exposure P{sup eq} to radon decay products. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Eines der groessten Probleme des Strahlenschutzes ist der Schutz der Bevoelkerung vor einer Strahlenexposition durch Radon und seine Folgeprodukte. Die Quantifizierung des Lungenkrebsrisikos, das durch Radonexpositionen in Wohnungen und an Arbeitsplaetzen verursacht wird, ist ein grosses Problem, weil epidemiologische Studien ein anderes Ergebnis liefern, als die indirekte Methode der Abschaetzung mit dosimetrischen Atemtrakt-Modellen. Eine wichtige Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, unterschiedliche Expositionsbedingungen zu charakterisieren und die Unsicherheiten zu quantifizieren, die sich aus der

Measurements of size distributions of radon progeny for improved quantification of the lung cancer risk emanating from exposure to radon decay products; Messungen der Groessenverteilungen von Radon-Folgeprodukten zur Verbesserung der Quantifizierung des durch Radonexposition verursachten Lungenkrebsrisikos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haninger, T.

1997-12-31

A major issue in radiation protection is to protect the population from the harmful effects of exposure to radon and radon progeny. Quantification of the lung cancer risk emanating from exposure to radon decay products in residential and working environments poses problems, as epidemiologic studies yield information deviating from the results obtained by the indirect method of assessment based on dosimetric respiratory tract models. One important task of the publication here was to characterize the various exposure conditions and to quantify uncertainties that may result from application of the ``dose conversion convention``. A special aerosol spectrometer was therefore designed and built in order to measure the size distributions of the short-lived radon decay products in the range between 0.5 nm and 10 000 nm. The aerosol spectrometer consists of a three-step diffusion battery with wire nets, an 11-step BERNER impactor, and a detector system with twelve large-surface proportional detectors. From the measured size distributions, dose conversion coefficients, E/P{sup eq}, were calculated using the PC software RADEP; the RADEP program was developed by BIRCHALL and JAMES and is based on the respiratory tract model of the ICRP. The E/P{sup eq} coefficients indicate the effective dose E per unit exposure P{sup eq} to radon decay products. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Eines der groessten Probleme des Strahlenschutzes ist der Schutz der Bevoelkerung vor einer Strahlenexposition durch Radon und seine Folgeprodukte. Die Quantifizierung des Lungenkrebsrisikos, das durch Radonexpositionen in Wohnungen und an Arbeitsplaetzen verursacht wird, ist ein grosses Problem, weil epidemiologische Studien ein anderes Ergebnis liefern, als die indirekte Methode der Abschaetzung mit dosimetrischen Atemtrakt-Modellen. Eine wichtige Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, unterschiedliche Expositionsbedingungen zu charakterisieren und die Unsicherheiten zu quantifizieren, die sich aus der

Self-management by firm, non-elastic adjustable compression wrap device [Translation of Druckmessungen unter Klettverschluss-Kompression - Selbstbehandlung durch feste, unelastische Beinwickelung

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Giovanni Mosti

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Severe forms of chronic venous insufficiency and lymphedema require strong compression-pressure, which exceeds the pressure exerted by medical compression stockings (>40 mmHg. The aim was to investigate if patients are able to apply a Velcro-band compression device (Circaid Juxta Lite™ themselves with sufficient pressure. Thirty-one patients (CEAP C6=23, C5=5, C3=2, mixed ulcer=1 applied Juxta Lite™ on their own legs after a short instruction and were asked to readjust the pressure by their subjective feeling. Sub- bandage pressure was measured after application and 24 h later. In 30 patients without arterial occlusive disease the median sub- bandage pressure values on day 1 and day 2 were 44,5 mmHg (IQR 42-48, and 46 mmHg (IQR 44-48,25 respectively. One patient with an arterialvenous leg ulcer showed pressures of 34 and 36 mmHg. All measured pressure values corresponded to the pursued target range, demonstrating that adequate self application of Velcro bands is feasible and that patents can maintain this pressure by re-adjustment. Source: this paper is an abridged translation of Mosti G, Partsch H. Druckmessungen unter Klettverschluss-Kompression - Selbstbehandlung durch feste, unelastische Beinwickelung. Vasomed 2017;5:212-6.

Climate protection by reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases in households and the tertiary sector through climate-conscious behaviour. Vol. 2; Klimaschutz durch Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen im Bereich Haushalte und Kleinverbrauch durch klimagerechtes Verhalten. Bd. 2. Gewerbe, Handel und Dienstleistung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boede, U; Gruber, E [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung (ISI), Karlsruhe (Germany); Deutscher, P; Elsberger, M; Rouvel, L [Technische Univ., Muenchen (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Energiewirtschaft und Innovationsforschung; Brakhage, A; Jaekel, M [Abacus, Trier (Germany); Renner, G [Innovative Energieberatung, Koeln (Germany); Brohmann, B; Cames, M; Herold, A

2000-08-01

The aim of the project was to identify areas in households and the tertiary sector in which changes in behaviour could result in energy conservation and thus a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and to quantify the potentials for 1995, 2005 and 2020. A second focus was on the analysis and evaluation of programmes and instruments to realise the potentials. With literature evaluation, expert interviews, and a household servey potentials and further technical development have been identified. In sum, behavioural measures can contribute to the CO2 reduction by 64 million tons in 1995 in households and 27 in the commercial sector in which the potential decreases to 18 million tons in 2020 due to the autonomous technical development. Adequate promotion programmes can help to realise 20-30% of the potential by 2020. (orig.) [German] Ziel des Vorhabens war, im Sektor private Haushalte und Kleinverbrauch Bereiche zu identifizieren, in denen Verhaltensaenderungen zur Energieeinsparung fuehren koennen, und diese Potenziale fuer 1995, 2005 und 2020 zu quantifizieren. Darauf aufbauend waren Programme und Instrumente zur Umsetzung aufzuzeigen und zu bewerten. Gestuetzt auf Literaturrecherchen und Expertengespraeche wurden Einzelpotenziale, Rahmenbedingungen, Entwicklungstrends in der Technik und im Ausstattungsgrad ermittelt. Insgesamt koennten Verhaltensmassnahmen im Haushaltssektor die CO2-Emissionen im Basisjahr 1995 um 64 Mio, im Kleinverbrauch um 27 Mio t vermindern. Bis 2020 bleibt dieses Potenzial im Haushaltssektor in etwa gleich. Im Kleinverbrauch sinkt es infolge der autonomen Technikentwicklung auf 18 Mio t ab. Durch geeignete Programme koennen bis 2020 etwa 20-30% des Potenzials erreicht werden. (orig.)

Altitude dependence of trace substance deposition from clouds to forests. Final report; Hoehenabhaengigkeit der Spurenstoffdeposition durch Wolken auf Waelder. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pahl, S.; Winkler, P.

1995-12-31

Novel forest decline is particularly pronounced in the area of the ridges of medium-range mountains. Whereas acid precipitation was viewed as its sole cause early on in the discussions, it turned out later that the impact of trace gases, too, contributes to the damaging of forests. This report wants to point out the importance of fog interception, which equally plays a part in the pollutant receipts of forests. The deposition of fog water to a forest stand depends very much on altitude, so that trace substance deposition, too, is to be expected to be dependent on altitude. By attempting to quantify this effect, the report helps to pinpoint areas of relevance of this deposition pathway (orig./KW) [Deutsch] Die neuartigen Waldschaeden sind in den Kammlagen der Mittelgebirge besonders ausgepraegt. Waehrend in der anfaenglichen Diskussion die sauren Niederschlaege als alleinige Ursache angesehen wurden, zeigte sich spaeter, dass auch Einwirkungen von Spurengasen zur Schaedigung des Waldes beitragen. Dieser Bericht soll auf die Bedeutung der Nebelinterzeption aufmerksam machen, die ebenfalls zum Schadstoffeintrag in den Wald beitraegt. Die Deposition von Wolkenwasser auf einen Waldbestand ist stark abhaengig von der Hoehenlage, in der sich der Waldbestand befindet, so dass auch eine Hoehenabhaengigkeit des Spurenstoffeintrages zu erwarten ist. Durch den Versuch der Quantifizierung traegt dieser Bericht dazu bei, Gebiete zu erkennen, in denen dieser Eintragspfad eine Rolle spielt. (orig./KW)

Higher efficiency of steam flooding projects with horizontal production wells; Verbesserung der Effizienz von Dampfflutprojekten durch horizontale Foerderbohrungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leonhardt, B. [Wintershall AG Erdoelwerke, Barnstorf (Germany)

2001-07-01

For 50 years, the Emlichheim oil field has had a production level of about 150,000 t.p.a. of crude oil. Reinjection of deposit water was started in 1952 already in order to maintain the required pressure. Until 1997, all wells were sunk vertically as the loose sandstone was considered unstable. The Emlichheim 300 well was constructed in 1999; it was the first horizontal well that proved that horizontal drilling is possible in this bedrock material. The contribution describes the history of this field and the projecting and implementation of a steam flooding project involving horizontal production wells. [German] Das Erdoelfeld Emlichheim weist seit nunmehr 50 Jahren ein Foerderplateau von rund 150.000 Jahrestonnen Reinoel auf. Nach der Produktionsaufnahme in 1944 wurde dieses Niveau erstmals 1950 erreicht. Bereits 1952 musste zur Druckerhaltung mit der Reinjektion von Lagerstaettenwasser begonnen werden. Bis 1997 wurden alle Bohrungen im Erdoelfeld Emlichheim vertikal abgeteuft. Als groesstes Problem fuer Horizontalbohrungen wurde die Bohrlochstabilitaet in der Bohr- und Komplettierungsphase erachtet, da der Bentheimer Sandstein unverfestigt ist. Mit dem Abteufen der Emlichheim 300 im Jahre 1999 wurde der Nachweis erbracht, dass das Bohren und Komplettieren einer ca. 280 m langen Horizontalstrecke in diesem Traeger erfolgreich moeglich ist. Vorliegende Publikation gibt einen kurzen Einblick in die Geschichte des Feldes, die Planung und Realisierung eines laufenden Dampfflutprojektes unter Einbindung von horizontalen Foerderbohrungen und vergleicht deren Performance mit frueheren Projekten. Zusaetzlich wird auf gewonnene Erkenntnisse durch das Abteufen von Horizontalbohrungen im nicht verfestigten Sandstein eingegangen. Abschliessend soll ein Ausblick auf die weitere Feldentwicklung gegeben werden. (orig.)

Osteoporose und Genetik des Knochenstoffwechsels

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Obermayer-Pietsch B

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Osteoporose ist in hohem Maß genetisch determiniert. Neue Wege der molekularbiologischen Forschung haben sich in den letzten Jahren auf diesem Gebiet etabliert. "Gene mapping" mit polymorphen genetischen Markern auf der Suche nach Phänotyp-assoziierten Genen ist ein aufwendiges, aber vielversprechendes Verfahren und wird durch die Erkenntnisse des Human Genome Projects beschleunigt. So wurde jüngst u. a. das Low-density Lipoprotein 5-Gen als wichtig für den Knochenstoffwechsel identifiziert. Kandidaten-gene wie Hormonrezeptor-, Cytokin- oder Kollagen-Gene werden hinsichtlich ihrer Gen-Gen- und Gen-Umwelt- Interaktionen untersucht und erlauben neue funktionelle Einsichten in Erkrankungen des Knochenstoffwechsels. Mutationen der Kollagen-Gene sind bei einigen seltenen Erkrankungen, wie dem Osteoporose-Pseudogliom-Syndrom oder der Osteogenesis imperfecta gefunden worden, könnten aber auch für häufige Varianten von Bindegewebsstörungen wie der congenitalen Hüftdysplasie verantwortlich sein, die etwa 10 % der weiblichen kaukasischen Bevölkerung in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß betrifft. Osteoporose am Schenkelhals und erhöhte Gelenkslaxizität sowie andere generalisierte Veränderungen des Knochen- und Kollagenstoffwechsels können hier möglicherweise ebenfalls durch Störungen des Kollagen I alpha 1-Gens erklärt werden. In Summe können wir zahlreiche neue Einsichten in die Pathophysiologie des Skelettsystems erwarten, die uns auch neue Zugangswege für Diagnostik und Therapie unserer Patienten ermöglichen werden.

Rezension von: Ulf Gebken, Söhnke Vosgerau (Hg.: Fußball ohne Abseits. Ergebnisse und Perspektiven des Projekts ‚Soziale Integration von Mädchen durch Fußball‘. Wiesbaden: Springer VS 2014.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Robert Claus

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Seit 2006 wurden im Rahmen des vom Deutschen Fußball-Bund durchgeführten Modellprojektes „Soziale Integration von Mädchen durch Fußball“ an über 200 Standorten Schul-AGs in sogenannten Brennpunktbezirken aufgebaut. Im vorliegenden Sammelband beleuchten die Autor/-innen ausführlich die Funktion von Sport für die pädagogische Kompetenzvermittlung. Zudem erbringen sie einen umfassenden Projektbericht und leisten ein Plädoyer für die Modernisierung des Verhältnisses zwischen Schule und Vereinen, Lehrplan und Ehrenamt. Somit stellt das Buch, wie auch das Projekt, einen enorm wichtigen Beitrag zur Geschlechtergerechtigkeit im Sport dar. Gleichzeitig jedoch liest sich eine Reihe an Texten etwas zu sperrig für den Bericht einer Praxisforschung, und Begriffe im Feld der ‚Integration’ bleiben schwammig.

Formation of formaldehyde in biogas-engines and methods for reducing these emissions by exhaust-gas after-treatment; Entstehung von Formaldehydemissionen in Biogasmotoren und deren Verminderung durch inner- und nachmotorische Massnahmen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bauer, Markus; Wachtmeister, Georg; Prager, Maximilian [TU Muenchen (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Verbrennungskraftmaschinen

2011-07-01

(BMU) following a resolution by the German Federal Parliament and attended by a Working Group of the Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen e.V (FVV, Research Association for Combustion Engines). (orig.) [German] In der Vergangenheit wurden an Biogasmotoren immer wieder Grenzwertueberschreitungen der in der Technischen Anweisung zur Reinhaltung der Luft (TA Luft) limitierten Formaldehydemissionen festgestellt. Fuer die zukuenftige Einhaltung dieses Grenzwertes an bestehenden und neuen Anlagen wurden am Lehrstuhl fuer Verbrennungskraftmaschinen der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen im Rahmen des FVV-Forschungsvorhabens 918 die Ursachen und die Moeglichkeiten zur innermotorischen Verminderung dieser Emissionen untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Formaldehydemissionen nur sehr eingeschraenkt durch innermotorische Massnahmen verringert werden koennen, ohne Wirkungsgrad und Stickoxidemissionen negativ zu beeinflussen. Dies und eine zusaetzliche Verschaerfung der Grenzwerte im Januar 2009 durch LAI-Beschluss machen den Einsatz von Abgasnachbehandlungstechniken notwendig. Wegen der fehlenden Datenbasis ueber das Langzeitverhalten solcher Systeme im Biogasbetrieb wurden deshalb in einem weiteren Vorhaben zwei Modellanlagen mit unterschiedlichen Technologien zur Abgasnachbehandlung ueber sechs Monate hinweg hinsichtlich ihrer Formaldehydemissionen ueberwacht. Im Hinblick auf die aktuelle Klimadebatte und die Klimawirksamkeit von Methan, die eine zukuenftige Begrenzung dieser Emissionen erwarten laesst, wurden darueber hinaus auch die Methanemissionen dieser Anlagen untersucht. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass beide betrachteten Abgasnachbehandlungstechnologien, Regenerative Thermische Oxidation (RTO) und Oxidationskatalysator (Oxi-Kat) grundsaetzlich geeignet sind, die geltenden Formaldehydgrenzwerte sicher zu unterschreiten. Es wurde jedoch auch klar, dass weiterer Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich der Dauerhaltbarkeit des Oxi-Kats und dem Instationaerbetrieb des RTO

Water pollution potential of mineral oils with high content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (heavy fuel oil and neutral oil extracts); Untersuchungen zur Wassergefaehrdung durch Mineraloele mit hohen Gehalten an polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (Heizoel Schwer und Extrakte)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Albers, G. [Mobil Schmierstoff GmbH, Hamburg (Germany)

1999-01-01

A data base on highly aromatic mineral oils has been compiled to classify mineral oil products according to their water-pollution potential (water hazard class or Wassergefaehrdungsklasse, WGK). This activity has been undertaken through the Commission for Water Hazardous Materials (Kommission Bewertung Wassergefaehrdender Stoffe, KBwS). In this special case, highly aromatic mineral oils containing a high concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Polyaromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, PAK) were evaluated. A test method for measuring the elution potential of PAK into water was developed on petroleum products with high viscosity and high freeze point. This method was applied to determine the solubility of 23 PAK (including 16 PAK according to EPA 610 and 6 PAK according to the German drinking water regulation (Trinkwasserverordnung, TVO)) from heavy fuel oil and neutral oil extract in the aqueous phase. For the 6 PAK, according to TVO, a sum limit of 0,2 {mu}g/l in drinking water is permitted by German legislation. This limit was not exceeded in any of the water phases examined. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer die Einstufung von Mineraloelprodukten in die Wassergefaehrdungsklassen (WGK) durch die Kommission Bewertung Wassergefaehrdender Stoffe ist es notwendig, Basisdaten zur Verfuegung zu stellen. Im speziellen Fall handelt es sich um die Bewertung von Mineraloelen, die sich durch einen hohen Gehalt an polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) auszeichnen. Zur Eluierbarkeit von PAK`s aus Produkten mit hoher Viskosiaet bzw. mit hohem Stockpunkt wurde eine Pruefmethode entwickelt. Diese Methode wurde zur Bestimmung der Loeslichkeit von 23 PAK`s (16 PAK`s nach EPA-Liste incl. 6 PAK`s der TVO) aus den Mineraloelen Heizoel Schwer und Neutralextrakt in der Wasserphase eingesetzt. Fuer die PAK der TVO ist in der TVO ein Summengrenzwert von 0,2 {mu}g/l Trinkwasser angegeben. Dieser Grenzwert wurde in keiner der untersuchten Wasserphasen ueberschritten. (orig.)

Bubble-free ozone addition through ceramic membranes for wet-oxidative waste water treatment; Blasenfreier Ozoneintrag durch keramische Membranen zur nassoxidativen Abwasserbehandlung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Janknecht, P.; Wilderer, P.A. [Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching (Germany). Lehrstuhl und Pruefamt fuer Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft

1999-07-01

A prerequisite for successful wet oxidation is very accurately tuned and carefully monitored process control. In the alternative, a decline in water quality is actually possible. In particular, earlier studies in the ozonification of landfill leachate encountered problems in reducing levels of AOX in the presence of halogenated hydrocarbons. Serious problems in process control may arise when ozone is conventionally added and forms bubbles in the presence of surface-active substances; this foam accumulates and is so persistent as to evade mechanical control. Since the formation of foam is directly due to gas bubbles carried in, bubble-free addition of ozone through a membrane may be a viable approach. (orig.) [German] Voraussetzung fuer den Erfolg einer Nassoxidation ist eine sehr genau eingestellte und sorgfaeltig ueberwachte Prozessfuehrung, da anderenfalls auch eine Verschlechterung der Wasserqualitaet eintreten kann; insbesondere haben sich hier bei frueheren Untersuchungen zur Ozonung von Deponiesickerwaessern Schwierigkeiten bei der Reduzierung des AOX-Wertes in Anwesenheit von halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen ergeben. Gravierende Schwierigkeiten in der Prozessfuehrung kann Schaum bereiten, der sich bei konventionellem Blaseneintrag des Ozons in Anwesenheit von oberflaechenaktiven Substanzen bildet, sich in der Anlage ansammelt und dabei so bestaendig ist, dass er auf mechanische Weise nicht zu kontrollieren ist. Da die Schaumbildung direkt auf die eingetragenen Gasblasen zurueckzufuehren ist, stellt der blasenfreie Eintrag von Ozon durch eine Membran einen moeglichen Loesungsansatz dar. (orig.)

Pilzinfektionen des Zentralnervensystems bei immunkompetentem Wirt

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Tintelnot, K.; de Hoog, G.S.; Haase, G.

2014-01-01

Die Mehrzahl von Pilzinfektionen, die zu mykotischen Tumoren führen und bei Patienten ohne jegliche prädisponierende Vorerkrankung auftreten, wird durch Cryptococcus gattii bzw. C. neoformans oder durch Schwärzepilze, insbesondere durch Cladophialophora bantiana, Ramichloridium mackenziei, Exophiala

Retrospektive Analyse von Zufallsbefunden, die bei Patienten mit kutanem malignen Malignom durch (18) F-Fluordeoxyglucose-PET/CT erhoben wurden.

Science.gov (United States)

Conrad, Franziska; Winkens, Thomas; Kaatz, Martin; Goetze, Steven; Freesmeyer, Martin

2016-08-01

Bei der (18) F-Fluordeoxyglucose-Positronenemissionstomographie/Computertomographie (FDG-PET/CT) ergeben sich häufig Zufallsbefunde. In der vorliegenden Studie konzentrierten wir uns auf mittels FDG-PET/CT erhaltene Zufallsbefunde bei Patienten mit kutanem Melanom und überprüften deren Relevanz hinsichtlich weiterer diagnostischer Maßnahmen und Interventionen. Die Krankenakten von 181 konsekutiven Melanom-Patienten wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet, um das Management von Zufallsbefunden zu dokumentieren. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf den histologischen Befunden. Bei 33 von 181 (18 %) Patienten lagen 39 relevante Zufallsbefunde vor, und zwar im Kolorektalbereich (n = 15 Patienten), in der Schilddrüse (n = 8), der Prostata (n = 2), dem Bewegungsapparat (n = 2), in Lymphknoten (n = 2), der Parotis (n = 1), den Mandeln (n = 1), den Nieren (n = 1) und der Gallenblase (n = 1). Bei 25 Patienten schlossen sich weitere diagnostische Verfahren an, wobei in 21 Fällen ein klinisches Korrelat nachgewiesen wurde. Bei 16 von 21 Patienten ergab sich eine Neoplasie, darunter fünf maligne Läsionen (vier Kolonkarzinome und ein Prostatakarzinom). Die Malignome wurden frühzeitig diagnostiziert und in der Mehrzahl der Fälle erfolgreich entfernt. Der Einsatz der FDG-PET/CT als Routine-Diagnostik wird in den Leitlinien empfohlen und ist indiziert bei malignem Melanom ab Stadium IIC. In dieser Studie wurden auf effektive Weise ansonsten nicht erkannte Krebserkrankungen, insbesondere Kolonkarzinome, detektiert. In den meisten Fällen war eine frühe Intervention möglich. Zufallsbefunde durch FDG-PET/CT sollten, unter Berücksichtigung des Zustands und der Wünsche des Patienten, mit den geeigneten diagnostischen Maßnahmen abgeklärt werden. © 2016 Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (DDG). Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Purification of industrial effluents with a high load of organic pollutants by a combined anaerobic/aerobic process; Reinigung organisch hochbelasteter Industriebwaesser durch eine anaerob/aerobe Verfahrenskombination

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reidl, H.H. [AEW ESMIL GmbH fuer Wasser- und Abwassersyteme, Ratingen (Germany)

1994-12-31

Organically polluted sewage water can be economically cleaned in an aerobic biological sewage treatment plant with upstream anaerobic as this saves activation volume and ventilation energy. This was demonstrated in the sewage treatment plant of the PWA in Redenfelden, where an anaerobic stage was installed which uses the BIOTHANE{sup R} process. The CARROUSEL-system of the anaerobic stage has proved a istself both in the PWA ans in municipal plants between 5000 to 100000 EW. It is a robust system with uncomplicated control which guarantees observance of maximum values and allows elimation of P and N. (orig.) [Deutsch] Organisch hochbelastete Abwaesser werden oekonomisch durch eine aerobe biologische Klaeranlage mit vorgeschalteter Anaerobie gereinigt, weil dadurch Belebungsvolumen und Belueftungsenergie eingespart werden. Dies wurde am Beispiel der Abwasserreinigungsanlage der PWA Redenfelden gezeigt, bie der eine Anaerobstufe nach den BIOTHANE{sup R}-Verfahren installiert ist. Das dort eingesetzte CARROUSEL-System fuer die Aerobstufe hat sich sowohl bei der PWA als auch im kommunalen Bereich bei Anlagen zwischen 5000 und 100000 EW, als robustes System mit unkomplizierter Steuerung bewaehrt, das eine sichere Einhaltung der Grenzwerte garantiert und die Moeglichkeit zur P- und N-Elimination bietet. (orig.)

Toxicological and industrial-medical aspects of exposure to dichloromethane and other aliphatic halocarbons; Toxikologische und arbeitsmedizinische Aspekte der Exposition gegenueber Dichlormethan und anderen aliphatischen Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pankow, D. [ed.] [Halle-Wittenberg Univ., Halle (Germany). Inst. fuer Pharmakologie und Toxikologie; Verkoyen, C. [ed.] [Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Bonn (Germany). Projekttraegerschaften fuer Arbeit, Umwelt und Gesundheit; Wolna, P. [ed.] [Halle-Wittenberg Univ., Halle (Germany). Inst. fuer Pharmakologie und Toxikologie; Wuenscher, U. [ed.] [Halle-Wittenberg Univ., Halle (Germany). Inst. fuer Pharmakologie und Toxikologie

1993-12-31

The present volume is based on contributions to the workshop on ``Toxicological and industrial-medical aspects of exposure to dichloromethane and other aliphatic halocarbons`` which took place in Halle (Saale) on 25 November 1993. The purpose of the master project was to examine by animal experiment the effects of certain noxions factors on moderate CO hypoxia and the cardiovascular system as a whole following DCM intoxication, in particular the additional uptake of solvents and drings. Another part of the project consisted in specific examinations of gene toxicity. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] Der vorliegende Berichtsband entstand aus Beitraegen eines am 25. November 1993 in Halle (Saale) stattgefundenen Workshops ``Toxikologische und arbeitsmedizinische Aspekte der Exposition gegenueber Dichlormethan und anderen aliphatischen Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen``. Das Ziel des Vorhabens bestand darin, tierexperimentell die Beeinflussung der moderaten CO-Hypoxie nach DCM-Aufnahme durch verschiedene Faktoren, insbesondere durch zusaetzliche Aufnahme von Loesungs- und Arzneimitteln zu untersuchen sowie Wirkungen auf das Herz-Kreislauf-System zu erfassen. Weiterhin erfolgten gezielte Untersuchungen zur Gentoxizitaet. (orig./MG)

Efficient sorting of waste by means of dry stabilisation and separation of inert materials; Effiziente Sortierung von Restabfall durch Trockenstabilisierung und Inertstoffabscheidung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heering, B.M. [Herhof-Umwelt GmbH, Solms-Niederbiel (Germany); Heil, J. [Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Kokereiwesen, Brikettierung und Thermische Abfallbehandlung, Aachen (Germany)

1999-07-01

Sorting of waste takes place in two stages: First, the waste is dried to a moisture of 15 % by weight, making use of its microbial activities. After this, the stabilised residue is sorted according to grain size, density, magnetic susceiptibility, electric conductivity, and comminution characteristics. This way, recyclable materials are recovered almost completely (e.g. metals, stone, ceramics, glass). The refuse-derived fuel fraction has significantly lower heavy metal concentrations because the metals were sorted out, and its calorific value and homogemeity are optimised as well. The fuel fraction can be combusted at once or stored for further use. [German] Die stoffliche Trennung des Restabfalls kann in zwei aufeinander folgende Schritte unterteilt werden. Den ersten Schritt stellt eine Trocknung unter Ausnutzung der mikrobiellen Aktivitaeten des Materials dar. Durch diese Massnahme wird ein trockenes Material mit einer Restfeuchte von unter 15 Gew.-% erzeugt. Den zweiten Verfahrensschritt stellt die Sortierung des stabilisierten Restabfall dar. Als Sortierkriterium werden die Eigenschaften Korngroesse, Dichte, magnetische Suszeptibilitaet, elektrische Leitfaehigkeit und Zerkleinerungsverhalten angewandt. Hierdruch ist eine nahezu vollstaendige und sortenreine Rueckgewinnung der im Abfall enthaltenen Wertstoffe wie Eisen-/Nichteisenmetalle, Steine/Keramik und Glas sichergestellt. Weiterhin erhaelt man als Brennstofffraktion das Trockenstabilat {sup circledR}. Aufgrund der Abtrennung der hauptsaechlichen Schwermetalltraeger, Eisen- und Nichteisenmetalle, besitzt dieser Sekundaerbrennstoff gegenueber dem unbehandeltem Restabfall deutlich verminderte Schwermetallkonzentrationen. Zudem sind seine verbrennungstechnisch relevanten Eigenschaften Heizwert und Homogenitaet deutlich optimiert. Das Trockenstabilat {sup circledR} wird sofort oder zeitversetzt der energetischen Verwertung zugefuehrt. (orig.)

Improved patient repositioning accuracy by integrating an additional jaw fixation into a high precision face mask system in stereotactic radiotherapy of the head; Verbesserte lagerungsreproduzierbarkeit eines nichtinvasiven hochpraezisionsmaskensystems in der stereotaktischen Radiotherapie durch eine integrierte kieferfixierung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lopatta, E.; Liesenfeld, S.M.; Bank, P.; Guenther, R.; Wiezorek, T.; Wendt, T.G. [Klinik fuer Radiologie, Abt. fuer Strahlentherapie, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena (Germany); Wurm, R. [Campus Charite Mitte, Klinik fuer Strahlentherapie, Berlin (Germany)

2003-08-01

Strahlentherapie. Material und Methoden: 29 Patienten wurden unter stereotaktischen Bedingungen fraktioniert bestrahlt. Jeder Patient erhielt das individuell angepasste Zwei-Halbschalen-Maskensystem (BrainLab trademark). Bei 18 dieser Patienten kam eine zusaetzliche Kieferfixierung entweder als Oberkieferfixierung (OKF) oder als zusaetzliche Unterkieferfixierung (UKF) zum Einsatz. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Lagerung wurde durch Ausmessung von Verschiebungen anatomischer Strukturen auf Filmebene in 0 und 90 bestimmt. Vor den Aufnahmen in Gantryposition 0 und 90 erfolgte die Feinjustierung des Simulators ueber ein optisches Ringsystem. Insgesamt wurden waehrend der 2- bis 7-woechigen Therapie 844 Messungen an einem digitalen Bildverarbeitungssystem erhoben. Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich der Standardabweichungen der Messergebnisse ergibt sich unter Verwendung einer zusaetzlichen Kieferfixierung eine signifikante Verbesserung der Lagerungsreproduzierbarkeit in den drei Freiheitsgraden: Lateralverschiebung 0,6 mm mit Kieferfixierung vs. 0,7 mm ohne Fixierung (p < 0,001); Longitudinalverschiebung in 0 Aufnahme gemessen 0,5 vs. 1,3 mm (p < 0,001), Longitudinalverschiebung in 90 -Aufnahme gemessen 0,5 mm vs. 1,5 mm (p < 0,001), Vertikalverschiebung 0,6 vs. 0,9 mm (p = 0,001). Kein signifikanter Unterschied der Abweichungen ergibt sich im Vergleich zwischen OKF und UKF. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Untersuchung konnte eine signifikante Verbesserung der Lagerungspraezision durch die Verwendung einer zusaetzlichen, individuell geformten Kieferfixierung mit dem BrainLab trademark -Maskensystem nachweisen. Die Lagerungsvariabilitaet betraegt in allen Richtungen weniger als 2 mm. Somit kann der Sicherheitssaum um das klinische Zielvolumen insbesondere bei benignen Tumoren durch verbesserte Fixierung entscheidend verkleinert werden. (orig.)

Umfassende molekulargenetische Diagnostik für angeborene Hörstörungen auf Basis neuer Sequenziertechniken

OpenAIRE

Bolz, HJ; Neuhaus, C; Bergmann, C; Eisenberger, T

2011-01-01

Hintergrund: Etwa 2/3 der angeborenen Hörstörungen (im Folgenden synonym "Taubheit") sind genetisch bedingt. Aufgrund der genetischen Heterogenität (>50 bekannte Gene) war eine umfassende molekulare Diagnostik bislang finanziell und zeitlich nicht leistbar. Diese ist aber wichtig, u.a. um zwischen isolierter und syndromaler Taubheit (mit z.T. schweren Komplikationen wie plötzlichem Herztod beim Jervell und Lange-Nielsen-Syndrom) zu unterscheiden. Durch neue Sequenziermethoden (next-generatio...

Potential and possibilities of supplying energy from biomass and biogas; Potentiale und Moeglichkeiten der Energiebereitstellung durch Biomasse und Biogas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sonnenberg, H. [Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Landwirtschaft, Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Betriebstechnik; Weiland, P.; Ahlgrimm, H.J. [Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Landwirtschaft (FAL), Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Technologie

1998-06-01

Agriculture`s potential contribution to the energy supply of the ``town of the future`` through the conversion of biomass to energy, including biogas production, is a rather modest one. Supposing that the share of total renewable energy in Germany`s primary energy demand rises to approximately 4%, then the proportion of biomass from biotic raw materials especially produced for the purpose will at the most make up an eighth of this amount. Beyond this, biomass is burdened with other drawbacks such as low supply efficiency, limited availability, and weather-dependent reliability. On the other hand, biomass is well suited for conversion to solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, including inexpensive ones with low energy density (solid fuels), mostly used for stationary heating applications, as well as more expensive ones such as liquid fuels with a high energy density for mobile applications in the automotive sector. Thanks to its capacity to regenerate, biomass is an inexhaustible resource. Moreover, its natural life cycle has a small impact on the environment. [Deutsch] Der Beitrag, den die Landwirtschaft durch energetische Nutzung von Biomasse, z.B. auch mit der Erzeugung von Biogas, zur Energieversorgung der `Stadt der Zukunft` leisten kann, nimmt sich bescheiden aus. Wird erwartet, dass innerhalb des naechsten Jahrzehnts der Anteil regenerativer Energien insgesamt auf etwa 4% des Primaerenergie-Verbrauchs Deutschlands ansteigen koennte, so duerfte Biomasse als speziell zur Energiegewinnung angebaute nachwachsende Rohstoffe mit bestensfalls 0,5 Prozentpunkten daran beteiligt sein. Es beduerfen darueber hinaus auch Nachteile, wie geringe Bereitstellungseffizienz, beschraenkte Verfuegbarkeit und witterungsabhaengige Zuverlaessigkeit, der Beachtung. Die Biomasse kann jedoch mit Erfolg in feste, fluessige und gasfoermige Energietraeger konvertiert werden, sowohl in preiswerte mit geringer Energiedichte (Festbrennstoffe) fuer bevorzugt stationaeren Heizungs-Einsatz als auch

The production of wear protection coatings reinforced with tungsten carbide by temperature-controlled welding with the CO{sub 2} laser; Herstellung wolframkarbidverstaerkter Verschleissschutzschichten durch temperaturgeregeltes Auftragschweissen mit dem CO{sub 2}-Laser

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nowotny, S.; Boddin, G.C.; Luft, A.; Techel, A. [Fraunhofer-Inst. fuer Werkstoffphysik und Schichttechnologie, Dresden (Germany); Uelze, A. [Hochschule fuer Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden (Germany)

1995-12-31

Protective coatings can be produced by laser coating with metal alloys reinforced by carbide, whose resistance to abrasive wear with a content of 40 to 50% by volume of hard material is comparable to sintered TC-Co hard metal. Due to the remaining ductile material behaviour and the metallurgical binding to the substrate, the coatings have high impact, fatigue and adhesion strengths. The use of process control leads to a stable coating process and to increased safety and reproduceability when working in narrow parameter areas. (orig./RHM) [Deutsch] Durch das Laserbeschichten mit karbidverstaerkten Metallegierungen koennen Schutzschichten erzeugt werden, deren Widerstand gegen Abrasivverschleiss bereits bei einem Hartstoff-Volumengehalt von 40 bis 50% gesintertem WC-Co-Hartmetall vergleichbar ist. Aufgrund des verbleibenden duktilen Werkstoffverhaltens und der metallurgischen Bindung zum Substrat verfuegen die Schichten ueber hohe Schlag-, Ermuedungs- und Haftfestigkeiten. Der Einsatz der Prozessregelung fuehrt zu einem stabilen Beschichtungsvorgang und zu einer erhoehten Sicherheit und Reproduzierbarkeit beim Arbeiten in eng begrenzten Parameterbereichen. (orig./RHM)

Tests in excess sludge minimization through cell membrane break-up by means of ozone at a municipal sewage treatment plant; Versuche zur Ueberschussschlamm-Minimierung durch Zellaufschluss mit Ozon auf einer kommunalen Klaeranlage

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ried, A.; Peters, B. [WEDECO Umweltdienstleistungen GmbH, Herford (Germany)

1999-07-01

Disposing of sewage sludge involves high cost. Therfore, processes to reduce sewage sludge are more and more in demand. One such process is the treatment with ozone. The company WEDESCO GmbH is also concerned with ozonification of sewage sludge and carries out tests on a technical scale at a municipal sewage treatment plant. The objective is to reduce the amount of sewage sludge by approximately 50 %, corresponding, in the present case, to the organic sludge portion. (orig.) [German] Da die Entsorgung dieses Klaerschlamms hohe Kosten verursacht, gewinnen Verfahren zur Klaerschlammreduzierung zunehmend an Bedeutung. Eine Moeglichkeit der Reduzierung des Klaerschlamms besteht in der Behandlung mit Ozon. Auch die WEDECO GmbH befasst sich mit der Ozonung von Klaerschlamm und fuehrt Versuche im grosstechnischen Massstab auf einer kommunalen Klaeranlage durch. Ziel dieser Versuche ist es, den anfallenden Klaerschlamm um ca. 50% zu reduzieren, was in diesem Anwendungsfall dem organischen Anteil des Schlamms entspricht. (orig.)

In vitro-Permeationsstudien von hydrophilen und lipophilen Arzneistoffen an okularen Geweben und Zellkulturen

OpenAIRE

Scholz, Martina

2003-01-01

Da die Arzneistoffpermeation durch okulare Gewebe einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Heilung vieler Augenleiden hat, wurde die in vitro-Permeation hydrophiler und lipophiler Arzneistoffe durch okulare Gewebe und Zellkulturen in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Die Dissertation befasst sich vorrangig mit der Permeation des hydrophilen Modellarzneistoffs Pilocarpinhydrochlorid (P-HCl) durch isolierte Schweinecornea (SC), Schweinesklera, Kaninchenkonjunktiva und corneale bzw. konjunktivale Kan...

Inhibitor efficiency in long-time protection of steel tanks for the chemical surface preparation against local corrosion by process solutions containing hydrochloric acid; Inhibitorwirksamkeit beim Langzeitschutz von Stahlbehaeltern fuer die chemische Oberflaechenvorbereitung gegen oertliche Korrosion durch salzsaeurehaltige Prozessloesungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stieglitz, U.; Schulz, W.D. [Institut fuer Korrosionsschutz Dresden GmbH, Gostritzer Str. 61-63, D-01217 Dresden (Germany)

2004-02-01

The efficiency of prevailing acid inhibitors is examined by age hardening heavy tank-steel plates in technically usual hot-galvanizing solutions for 1000 hours. With acid inhibitors local corrosion emerged as shallow pit formation first and foremost in hydrochlorid acid pickles (20 g/l HCl) at ambient temperature as well as in cleaners containing hydrochloric acid (10-30 g/l HCl) at 40 C when other conditions also applied. Above all, local corrosion was produced if the inhibitor concentration became too low (0.2 g/l) in connection with a minimum hydrochloric acid concentration (10-30 g/l). However, oxidizing agents like iron(III)-ions (5-10 g/l), atmospheric oxygen and free chlorine (100-1000 mg/l) lead to local corrosion, too. Local corrosion did not emerge in rinse baths (2-10 g/l HCl) and fluxing material solutions of zinc chloride and ammonium chloride (pH value: 2.0-5.5). Here uniform corrosion developed. Acid inhibitors turned out to be very effective against uniform corrosion in the examined long-time period (inhibiting values up to 99%). (Abstract Copyright [2004], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Die Wirksamkeit handelsueblicher Saeureinhibitoren wird durch eine Auslagerung von Grobblechen aus Behaelterstahl ueber 1000 Stunden in technisch gebraeuchlichen Loesungen der Feuerverzinkung untersucht. Oertliche Korrosion ist als Muldenkorrosion in Gegenwart von Saeureinhibitoren vor allem in Salzsaeurebeizen (20 g/l HCl) bei Raumtemperatur und in salzsaeurehaltigen Reinigern (10-30 g/l HCl) bei 40 C aufgetreten, wenn Zusatzbedingungen erfuellt sind. Oertliche Korrosion wird vorwiegend durch eine Unterschreitung der Inhibitorkonzentration (0,2 g/l) in Verbindung mit einer minimalen Salzsaeurekonzentration (10-30 g/l) ausgeloest. Aber auch Oxidationsmittel wie Eisen(III)-Ionen (5-10 g/l), Luftsauerstoff und freies Chlor (100-1000 mg/l) fuehren zu oertlicher Korrosion. In Spuelbaedern (2-10 g/l HCl) und Flussmittelloesungen aus Zinkchlorid und Ammoniumchlorid (p

Application of the inter-line PCR for the analyse of genomic rearrangements in radiation-transformed mammalian cell lines; Anwendung der Inter-Line PCR zur Analyse von genomischen Veraenderungen in strahlentransformierten Saeugerzellinien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leibhard, S.; Smida, J. [Muenchen Univ. (Germany). Strahlenbiologisches Inst.; Eckardt-Schupp, F.; Hieber, L. [GSF-Inst. fuer Strahlenbiologie, Oberschleissheim (Germany)

1996-12-31

Repetitive DNA sequences of the LINE-family (long interspersed elements) that are widely distributed among the mammalian genome can be activated or altered by the exposure to ionizing radiation [1]. By the integration at new sites in the genome alterations in the expression of genes that are involved in cell transformation and/or carcinogenesis may occur [2, 3]. A new technique - the inter-LINE PCR - has been developed in order to detect and analyse such genomic rearrangements in radiation-transformed cell lines. From the sites of transformation- or tumour-specific changes in the genome it might be possible to develop new tumour markers for diagnostic purpose. (orig.) [Deutsch] Repetitive DNA-Sequenzen der LINE-Familie, die weit verbreitet im Genom von Saeugerzellen vorkommen, koennen durch Exposition mit ionisierender Strahlung aktiviert und veraendert werden [1]. Durch eine Neu- bzw. Reintegration an anderen Positionen im Genom kann es zu bedeutenden Veraenderungen im Genom der Zelle kommen. Die Expression von Genen, die bei den Prozessen der Zelltransformation bzw. der Karzinogenese beteiligt sind, kann dadurch veraendert werden [2, 3]. Mithilfe der von uns entwickelten Inter-LINE PCR und der anschliessenden Analyse der veraenderten Produktmuster nach gelelektrophoretischer Auftrennung koennen solche `genomic rearrangements` unter Beteiligung von LINE-Elementen untersucht und naeher charakterisiert werden. Durch Klonierung und Sequenzierung transformations- bzw. tumorspezifischer PCR-Produkte sollte es moeglich sein Tumormarker fuer diagnostische Zwecke zu entwickeln. Die Methode wurde fuer die Analyse von Zellen des Syrischen Hamster aufgebaut, sie ist jedoch universell fuer alle Saeuger anwendbar. (orig.)

Superconductors for the medium-voltage grid. A superconducting power cable running through the inner city of Essen passes a two-year field test; Supraleiter fuer das Mittelspannungsnetz. Ein supraleitendes Stromkabel quer durch die Essener Innenstadt besteht zweijaehrigen Feldtest

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meyer, Franz

2017-04-01

Scientists are testing the longest high-temperature superconducting cable in the world under real conditions in Essen. One kilometre long, it connects two substations in the inner city. It replaces a conventional 110 kV line and renders one substation in the inner city obsolete. After two years of testing, it has passed the field test. It could be a blueprint for the future power supply system in urban areas. [German] Wissenschaftler testen in Essen das laengste Hochtemperatur-Supraleiterkabel der Welt unter realen Bedingungen. Mit einer Laenge von einem Kilometer verbindet es zwei Umspannstationen quer durch die Innenstadt. Es ersetzt eine konventionelle 110-kV-Leitung und macht eine Umspannanlage im Stadtzentrum ueberfluessig. In einer zweijaehrigen Erprobung hat es den Praxistest bestanden. Es koennte eine Blaupause fuer die kuenftige Stromversorgung in Ballungsraeumen sein.

Exodus to the Virtual World. How Online Fun is Changing Reality von Edward Castronova

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Karl H. Stingeder

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Edward Castronova zeichnet in seinem Buch ein denkwürdiges Bild einer Zukunft, in der die Teilnahme an virtuellen Welten quer durch sämtliche Alters- und Gesellschaftsschichten ein selbstverständlicher Teil des Alltags ist. Die Grundannahme lautet: ausgehend vom Exodus aus der realen Welt in virtuelle Spiel-Umgebungen wird die menschliche Erwartungshaltung an das Leben zunehmend durch Spielspaß beeinflusst. Synthetische Spielwelten motivieren bereits heute durch einen nahezu unerschöpflichen Vorrat an spielerisch zu bewältigenden Aufgaben und durch die Vielfalt an zu erreichenden Zielen und den sich bietenden Möglichkeiten. In anderen Worten: Es gibt immer etwas zu tun. Darüber erfolgt in synthetischen Spielräumen eine durch die Bank faire Entlohnung mittels Spiel-Erfolgen; ferner können Spieler zu gleichen Bedingungen in der virtuellen Hierarchie aufsteigen. Das Wichtigste dabei: Es macht Spaß.

Fly ash in concrete - new ways. Proceedings; Flugasche im Beton - Neue Wege. Tagungsband der BVK/VGB-Fachtagung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2002-07-01

Fly ash has been used as a concrete flux for more than 30 years now, with good results. [German] Bahnbrechende Entwicklungen der letzten 10 Jahre bewirkten eine deutliche Steigerung der Leistungsfaehigkeit von Beton - Stichworte: Hochleistungsbeton, selbstverdichtender Beton, dauerhafter Beton. Diese Entwicklungen wurden moeglich durch neuartige Betonzusatzmittel in Verbindung mit einem gezielten Einsatz von Zusatzstoffen in Kombination mit leistungsfaehigen Zementen und qualifizierten Zuschlaegen. Flugasche als Betonzusatzstoff hat ihren eigenen Anteil an dieser Entwicklung. Ueber einen Zeitraum von mehr als 30 Jahren wurde durch wissenschaftliche Forschung nachgewiesen und durch praktische Erfahrung eindrucksvoll bestaetigt, dass durch gezielten Einsatz von Flugasche leistungsfaehige Betone mit guter Verarbeitbarkeit und verbesserter Dauerhaftigkeit wirtschaftlich hergestellt werden koennen. (orig.)

Substitution of wastes for fuels and raw materials in high-temperature processes; Substitution von Brennstoffen und Rohstoffen durch Abfaelle in Hochtemperaturprozessen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Scholz, R. [Technische Univ. Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany). Inst. fuer Energieverfahrenstechnik; Beckmann, M. [Clausthaler Umwelttechnik-Institut GmbH (CUTEC), Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany)

1998-09-01

burning processes in the cement industry. To do justice to the steel and iron industry it also deals with fuel substitution in a natural gas fired cokeless cupola furnace. [Deutsch] Die energetische und die stoffliche Verwertung von Abfaellen ist ein bereits seit langem diskutiertes Thema. Dabei interessieren zunaechst die Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit dem jeweils spezifischen Einsatz wie z.B. bei der Co-Verbrennung von Klaerschlamm in Kraftwerksfeuerungen, der Substitution von Primaerbrennstoffen durch Kunststoffabfaelle beim Brennprozess in der Zementindustrie usw. Darueber hinaus wird weiter der Vergleich der jeweiligen Anwendung untereinander sowie die Gegenueberstellung mit den zum Stand der Technik gehoerenden thermischen Abfallbehandlungsverfahren diskutiert. Diese Verfahrensvergleiche muessen selbstverstaendlich unter Einbeziehung aller insgesamt erforderlichen Aufwendungen an Zusatzstoffen und Zusatzenergie mit gleichen Randbedingungen durchgefuehrt werden. Dabei sind u.a. die sich aus den spezifischen Eigenschaften der Abfallstoffe fuer den jeweiligen Anwendungsfall ergebenden Besonderheiten zu beruecksichtigen. Das betrifft insbesondere die Auswirkungen einer Substitution von Primaerbrennstoffen durch Ersatzbrennstoffe aus Abfaellen (Sekundaerbrennstoffe) z.B. bei einem Brennprozess auf die Waermeuebertragungsbedingungen, die Stroemungsverhaeltnisse und damit zusammenhaengend auf die Temperaturverteilungen, den Guttransport und den spezifischen Energieaufwand. Ersatzbrennstoffe muessen sich sowohl aus stofflicher Sicht als auch aus brennstoff- und waermetechnischer Sicht fuer eine Substitution eignen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird insbesondere auf die Anforderungen an Abfaellen, die zur Substitution von Primaerbrennstoffen dienen aus brennstoff- und waermetechnischer Sicht eingegangen. Hierzu werden zunaechst kurz einige wesentliche Gesichtspunkte der Waermeuebertragung in Feuerungen und Industrieoefen eroertert. Wichtig fuer die Bewertung einer

Petrićevo tumačenje duše svijeta

OpenAIRE

Brida, Marija

1984-01-01

Seine Ergriffenheit durch die neu-entdecket Schönheit und durch die Sinnhaftigheit der Welt hat der Renaissancemensch erfolgreicher durch die Imanenz des lebendigen Bewegungsprinzips vom geistigen Ursprung erklärt, als mittels der reinen Transzendenz des aristotelischen ersten Bewegers. Die Mehrheit der philosophischen Systeme aus dieser Periode schliesst deshalb als einen von seinen ontologisch konstitutiven Faktoren die platonische Idee der Weltseele ein. Bei Cusanus und Bruno wird dieser B...

CEACAM3: ein neuartiger phagozytischer Rezeptor der angeborenen Immunantwort zur Erkennung human-spezifischer Pathogene

OpenAIRE

Schmitter, Tim

2006-01-01

Eine Infektion durch das ausschließlich human-spezifische Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae manifestiert sich bei einer symptomatischen Kolonisierung in der sog. Gonorrhö, einer venerischen Erkrankung, die durch akute Inflammation des befallenen Gewebes und durch die massive Infiltration von Granulozyten charakterisiert ist. Die Gonokokken können im Verlauf einer symptomatischen Infektion über ihre OpaCEA-Adhäsine mit CEACAM Proteinen unterschiedlicher Wirtszellen interagieren. In der vorliegend...

Epiphyseal injuries of the distal tibia. Does MRI provide useful additional information?; Epiphysenfugenverletzungen der distalen Tibia. Sinnvolle Mehrinformation durch die MRT?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Iwinska-Zelder, J.; Schmidt, S.; Ishaque, N.; Klose, K.J.; Hoppe, M. [Marburg Univ. (Germany). Abt. fuer Strahlendiagnostik; Schmitt, J.; Gotzen, L. [Marburg Univ. (Germany). Medizinisches Zentrum fuer Operative Medizin

1999-01-01

Plain film radiography often underestimates the extent of injury in children with epiphyseal fracture. Especially Salter-Harris V fractures (crush fracture of the epiphyseal plate) are often primarily not detected. MRI of the ankle was performed in 10 children aged 9-17 (mean 14) years with suspected epiphyseal injury using 1.0-T Magnetom Expert. The fractures were classified according to the Salter-Harris-Rang-Odgen classification and compared with the results of plain radiography. In one case MRI could exclude epiphyseal injury; in four cases the MRI findings changed the therapeutic management. The visualisation of the fracture in three orthogonal planes and the possibility of detection of cartilage and ligamentous injury in MR imaging makes this method superior to conventional radiography and CT. With respect to radiation exposure MRI instead of CT should be used for the diagnosis of epiphyseal injuries in children. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die konventionelle Roentgendiagnostik unterschaetzt haeufig das Ausmass der kindlichen Extremitaetenfrakturen mit Epiphysenbeteiligung (Typ Salter-Harris). Insbesondere werden die Kompressionsfrakturen der Wachstumsfuge (Salter-Harris V) primaer haeufig nicht erkannt. Prospektiv wurden 10 Kinder im Alter von 9-17 Jahren (Durchschnittsalter = 14 J.) mit Verdacht auf eine epiphysaere Fraktur der distalen Tibia magnetresonanztomographisch (1.0-Tesla Magnetom Expert), untersucht. Die MRT-Ergebnisse wurden auf der Basis der Klassifikation nach Salter-Harris-Rang-Odgen mit den konventionellen Roentgenbildern verglichen. In einem Fall, bei einem 15jaehrigen Patienten, gelang durch die MRT der Ausschluss einer epiphysaeren Verletzung. In 7 Faellen fuehrte der MRT-Einsatz zu einer Aenderung der Klassifikation nach Salter-Harris. Hieraus resultierte bei 4 Patienten ein Therapiewechsel. Da Frakturen, die sie begleitenden Knorpellaesionen und ligamentaere Verletzungen multiplanar dargestellt werden koennen, weist die MRT deutliche Vorteile

Zur Wirkung hoher Temperaturen auf vorratsschädliche Insekten

OpenAIRE

Adler, Cornel

2008-01-01

Vorratsschädliche Insekten sind Spezialisten, die in der Lage sind, trockene pflanzliche Materialien aufzuspüren, zu besiedeln und damit über die Befeuchtung durch Respiration dem Abbau durch weitere Organismen (Pilze, Milben, Bakterien) zuzuführen. Auf diese Weise sind sie die Auslöser eines Kompostierungsprozesses. Durch ihr hervorragendes Orientierungsvermögen entlang eines Duftstoffgradienten finden sie sich regelmäßig in Vorratslagern und Gebäuden der Lebens- und Futtermittelverarbeitung...

Universelle Fernservice-Infrastruktur für eingebettete Systeme

OpenAIRE

Jazdi, Nasser

2003-01-01

Globalisierung ist ein Vorgang, durch den Märkte und Produktionen in verschiedenen Ländern immer mehr kooperieren, aber auch voneinander abhängig werden. Ursache hierfür ist die Dynamik des Handels mit Gütern und Dienstleistungen sowie die Bewegungen von Kapital und Technologie. Die Differenzierung erfolgt nicht mehr nur durch das Produkt selbst, sondern zunehmend durch dazugehörige Dienstleistungen, wie Wartung und Software-Updates. Die globale Bereitstellung solcher Dienstleistungen ist jed...

Modellierung modularer Materialfluss-Systeme mit Hilfe von künstlichen neuronalen Netzen

OpenAIRE

Markwardt, Ulf

2004-01-01

Materialfluss-Systeme für den Stückgut-Transport auf der Basis von Stetigförderern sind meist modular aufgebaut. Das Verhalten gleichartiger Materialfluss-Elemente unterscheidet sich durch technische Parameter (z.B. geometrische Größen) und durch unterschiedliche logistische Belastungen der Elemente im System. Durch die in der Arbeit getroffenen Modellannahmen werden für die Elemente nur lokale Steuerungsregeln zugelassen und für das System Blockierfreiheit vorausgesetzt. Das Verhalten eines ...

Measurements of the beam background in ALEPH

CERN Document Server

Lutters, Gerd Rudolf

2001-01-01

Die vorliegende Arbeit fa t die in den Jahren gewonnenen Erkenntnisse uber strahl induzierten Untergrund in dem ALEPHExperimentdetektor des LEPSpeicherringes GeV Strahlenergie zusammen Die selbstentwickelte AnkunftszeitAnalysetechnik erlaubt aufgrund der Daten des eigens entwickelten SAMBA Untergrundmonitors eine Prognose der Strahluntergrund raten beim Betrieb des LEPIISpeicherringes GeV Strahlenergie mit verdoppelter Schwer punktsenergie Am LEPISpeicherring ist die maximale Luminositat nicht durch die Parameter der Lumino sitatsbeziehung sondern durch die maximal vertraglichen Dunkelstrome in den Spurdetektoren und damit durch die Strahluntergrundraten begrenzt Die Strahluntergrundrate deren dominie render Beitrag Synchrotronstrahlung in den Quadrupolen der Experimentzone ist erhoht sich linear mit dem Strahlstrom Die Synchrotronstrahlung wird in LEP durch Kollimatoren abgeblen det so da neben direkten Photonen an den Kollimatoren oder strahlabwarts liegenden Elemen ten der Vakuumkammer comptongestreute Pho...

Herausforderungen kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen

Science.gov (United States)

Bergmann, Lars; Crespo, Isabel

Vielfältige externe Herausforderungen, hervorgerufen durch die Dynamik, mit der sich die wirtschaftliche, technologische, soziokulturelle sowie politische Umwelt wandelt, muss jedes Unternehmen im Laufe der Zeit bestehen (Zäpfel 2000). Diese Herausforderungen werden heute insbesondere durch eine Globalisierung der Wettbewerbssowie Nachfragestrukturen verstärkt. Immer schnellere Prozessund Produktinnovationen, kürzere Produktlebenszyklen und Entwicklungszeiten, eine rasant steigende Variantenvielfalt, Nachfrageschwankungen sowie rasante Entwicklungen der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien sind einige der sich schnell verändernden Rahmenbedingungen. Zudem müssen sich Unternehmen an neue Gesetze und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen anpassen. Im Bereich der Roh- und Einsatzstoffe sind Veränderungen insbesondere durch sich verknappende Rohstoffe und Primärenergieträger und in Folge dessen durch drastische Preissteigerungen für Materialien, Hilfsstoffe, Werkzeuge etc. geprägt.

Design criteria for crankshafts - axial slide bearing in Otto and diesel engines by means of computer-based simulations and experimental investigations. Axial slide bearing design - final report; Auslegungskriterien fuer Kurbelwellen - Axialgleitlager in Otto- und Dieselmotoren durch rechnergestuetzte Simulation und experimentelle Untersuchungen. Axialgleitlagerauslegung - Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Backhaus, K. [Univ. GH Kassel (Germany). Inst. fuer Maschinenelemente und Konstruktionstechnik; Hunsicker, W. [Fachhochschule Mannheim (Germany). Inst. fuer Tribologie; Schubert, W. [KS Gleitlager GmbH, St. Leon-Rot (Germany)

2003-07-01

In the frame of this research project a simulation program has been developed in order to investigate suspension pressure build-up in crankshaft axial bearings taking into account mixed friction conditions. The investigated system is performing in a dynamic way taking into account the engine dynamics. Based upon the high engineering state of radial slide bearings, axial bearings as well as conical slide faces with any conical angle can be simulated in the same way. The solid body contact share in the system to be investigated is taken into account by the integral effect of the real microscopic surface structure on microhydrodynamics and contact pressure build-up. The influence of individual parameters, as e.g. macro-geometric bearing surface design can be investigated by means of simulation results. Wavy stopping faces and bearing surfaces with Rayleigh-steps are characterised by high hydrodynamic supporting pressure magnitudes in terms of macrogeometry. Elasto-hydrodynamic investigations at one stop collar and under engine-specific load on stop disks of a base bearing show the influence of structure elasticity and prove the necessity to consider them when the individual systems are analysed. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen des durchgefuehrten Forschungsvorhabens wurde ein Simulationsprogramm zur Untersuchung des Tragdruckaufbaus in Kurbelwellen-Axiallagern unter Beruecksichtigung von Mischreibungszustaenden entwickelt. Das untersuchte System verhaelt sich dabei unter Beruecksichtigung der Motordynamik dynamisch. Ausgehend von dem hohen Entwicklungsstand von Radialgleitlagern koennen Axiallager sowie kegelfoermige Gleitflaechen mit beliebigen Kegelwinkeln in gleicher Weise simuliert werden. Dem hohen Festkoerperkontaktanteil in dem zu untersuchenden System wird durch die Beruecksichtigung der integralen Wirkung der realen mikroskopischen Oberflaechenstruktur auf Mikrohydrodynamik und Kontaktdruckaufbau Rechnung getragen. Anhand von Simulationsergebnissen kann der

Evaluierung der Zielsetzungen des vereinsbezogenen Praktikums für Sportlehramtsstudierende auf der Grundlage vereinsinterner und vereinsexterner Rahmenbedingungen : eine empirische Studie an den bayerischen Sportinstituten

OpenAIRE

Reim, Dominik

2005-01-01

Durch Kultusministerium und BLSV wurde 1997 ein Vereinspraktikum ins Leben gerufen mit dem Ziel, bei Studierenden bereits in der Ausbildungsphase eine Sensibilisierung für die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Schule und Verein zu erreichen und gleichzeitig die berufliche Eignung durch Erprobung der sportpädagogischen Begabung zu testen. Zu überprüfen galt es, ob Studierende durch das Praktikum in die Lage versetzt werden, diese beiden angestrebten Zielsetzungen zu erfüllen. Dazu war es in einem ersten...

Der Zellzyklusregulator Rca1 - Inhibitor und Substrat des Anaphase-Promoting-Komplexes in Drosophila melanogaster

OpenAIRE

Morgenthaler, Christoph

2014-01-01

Ein wichtiger Kontrollmechanismus des Zellzyklus ist die irreversible Proteolyse von Zellzyklus-Regulatoren. Dabei markieren E3-Ligasen Zielproteine durch Ubiquitinmoleküle. Für den Abbau in der Mitose und der G1-Phase reguliert der APC/C-Komplex (Anaphase-Promoting-Complex/Cyclosome) als E3-Ligase den zeitlichen Verlauf des Zellzyklus. Die Aktivität des APC/C wiederum wird in den übrigen Zellzyklusstadien durch Phosphorylierung und durch Proteine der Rca1/Emi1-Proteinfamilie inaktiv gehalten...

Phenomenology of the Three Site Higgsless Model at the ATLAS Detector of the LHC

CERN Document Server

Bach, Fabian; Trefzger, Thomas M

2009-01-01

Im sogenannten Three Site Higgsless Model“ [1], das eine Er- ” weiterung des Standardmodells darstellt, wird die elektroschwache Symmetrie nicht durch ein fundamentales Skalarfeld wie das Hig- gsfeld, sondern durch eine erweiterte elektroschwache Eichgruppe SU(2) × SU(2) × U(1) im Sinne einer kompaktifizierten und auf drei Sites dekonstruierten f ̈nften Raumzeitdimension gebrochen. Das u Teilchenspektrum wird dadurch um drei schwere Eichbosonen W ′± und Z ′0 mit Massen zwischen 380 und 600 GeV sowie schwere Fermio- nen mit einer Massenskala von ≳ 3 TeV erweitert. In dieser Arbeit wird durch eine analytische Rechnung gezeigt, dass sich die Unitarit ̈tsgrenze der elastischen Streuung longitudinal pola- a risierter Eichbosonen durch die Beitr ̈ge der neuen Eichbosonen von a ∼ 1 TeV im higgslosen Standardmodell bis auf 2 TeV verschiebt. Weiterhin wird in einer Detektorstudie die M ̈glichkeit der Ent- o deckung der neuen Eichbosonen am ATLAS-Detektor [2, 3, 4, 5] des LHC durch Produktion im s-Ka...

Use of dexpanthenol and aloe vera to influence the irradiation response of the oral mucous membrane (mouse); Beeinflussung der Strahlenreaktion der Mundschleimhaut (Maus) durch Dexpanthenol {+-} Aloe vera

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schlichting, S. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Dresden Univ. (Germany); Spekl, K.; Doerr, W. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Dresden Univ. (Germany)]|[Experimentelles Zentrum, Medizinische Fakultaet Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden Univ. (Germany)

2004-07-01

In summarising the outcome of the present study it can be said spraying the agent on the oral mucous membrane once a day had an effect on the incidence of mucous membrane ulceration in the case of both placebo and dexpanthenol treatment. However, there was no significant difference between placebo and dexpanthenol treatment, the only finding being a slight prolongation of latency time through aloe vera. These experimental findings give good reason to critically reconsider the clinical use of dexpanthenol as a supportive treatment for the prevention of radiogenic mucositis enoralis following irradiation of tumours in the head and neck region. However thorough oral lavage is an effective means of moderating the irradiation response of the oral mucous membrane. [German] Zusammenfassend ist festzustellen, dass in den vorliegenden Versuchen mit einmal taeglichem Aufspruehen des Praeparates auf die Mundschleimhaut sowohl die Placebo - wie auch die Dexpanthenol-Behandlung die Inzidenz von Schleimhautulzerationen modifiziert hat; zwischen Placebo- und Dexpanthenol-Behandlung ergab sich jedoch kein signifikanter Unterschied. Lediglich eine geringe Verlaengerung der Latenzzeit durch Aloe vera war zu beobachten. Auf der Basis dieser experimentellen Ergebnisse muss der klinische Einsatz von Dexpanthenol im Rahmen der Supportivtherapie zur Prophylaxe der radiogenen Mucositis enoralis bei der Bestrahlung von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren kritisch ueberdacht werden. Regelmaessige, intensive Mundspuelungen sind jedoch ein probates Mittel zur Verminderung der Strahlenreaktion der Mundschleimhaut. (orig.)

Genes and Gene Therapy

Science.gov (United States)

... correctly, a child can have a genetic disorder. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to ... or prevent disease. The most common form of gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene to replace an ...

Photon-induced cell migration and integrin expression promoted by DNA integration of HPV16 genome

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rieken, Stefan; Simon, Florian; Habermehl, Daniel; Dittmar, Jan Oliver; Combs, Stephanie E.; Weber, Klaus; Debus, Juergen; Lindel, Katja [University Hospital of Heidelberg, Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg (Germany)

2014-10-15

Persistent human papilloma virus 16 (HPV16) infections are a major cause of cervical cancer. The integration of the viral DNA into the host genome causes E2 gene disruption which prevents apoptosis and increases host cell motility. In cervical cancer patients, survival is limited by local infiltration and systemic dissemination. Surgical control rates are poor in cases of parametrial infiltration. In these patients, radiotherapy (RT) is administered to enhance local control. However, photon irradiation itself has been reported to increase cell motility. In cases of E2-disrupted cervical cancers, this phenomenon would impose an additional risk of enhanced tumor cell motility. Here, we analyze mechanisms underlying photon-increased migration in keratinocytes with differential E2 gene status. Isogenic W12 (intact E2 gene status) and S12 (disrupted E2 gene status) keratinocytes were analyzed in fibronectin-based and serum-stimulated migration experiments following single photon doses of 0, 2, and 10 Gy. Quantitative FACS analyses of integrin expression were performed. Migration and adhesion are increased in E2 gene-disrupted keratinocytes. E2 gene disruption promotes attractability by serum components, therefore, effectuating the risk of local infiltration and systemic dissemination. In S12 cells, migration is further increased by photon RT which leads to enhanced expression of fibronectin receptor integrins. HPV16-associated E2 gene disruption is a main predictor of treatment-refractory cancer virulence. E2 gene disruption promotes cell motility. Following photon RT, E2-disrupted tumors bear the risk of integrin-related infiltration and dissemination. (orig.) [German] Persistierende Infektionen mit humanen Papillomaviren 16 (HPV16) sind ein Hauptausloeser des Zervixkarzinoms. Die Integration der viralen DNS in das Wirtszellgenom fuehrt zum Integritaetsverlust des E2-Gens, wodurch in der Wirtszelle Apoptose verhindert und Motilitaet gesteigert werden. In

Radiological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis; Die radiologische Manifestation der rheumatoiden Arthritis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kapp, H.J. [Zentrum fuer Rheumatologie, Schlangenbad (Germany). Abt. Radiologie

1997-06-01

Rheumatoid arthritis preferrably becomes manifest at the synovial joints of the limbs, especially at the small joints of the hands and feet, at bursae and synovial sheathes. The pathologic lesions are less frequently found at cartilaginous joints or entheses. The lesions very often are symmetrically distributed and are characterized by the following: 1. A periarticular, spindle-shaped opacity with a density similar to soft-tissue, induced by an inflammatory hypertrophy of the synovia, a serosynovitis, or an edematous impregnation of the periarticular tissue. 2. A juxta-articular osteoporosis, most probably caused by a neighbouring synovialitis accompanied by hyperemia. 3. A diffuse joint cavity narrowing due to a destruction of the articular cartilage by the pannus, a fibrovascular resorptive tissue. 4. Central as well as marginal erosions, caused by destruction of ossous material by the pannus. 5. Subchondral signal cysts, likewise unduced by the pannus. (Orig./AJ) [Deutsch] Die rheumatoide Arthritis manifestiert sich bevorzugt an den synovialen Gelenken der Extremitaeten, insbesondere an den kleinen Gelenken der Haende und Fuesse, an Bursae und an Sehnenscheiden. Seltener finden sich pathologische Veraenderungen an kartilaginaeren Gelenken und an Enthesen. Die Gelenkveraenderungen an Haenden und Fuessen sind oft symmetrisch verteilt und durch folgende Veraenderungen gepraegt: 1. Einer partikulaeren, spindelfoermigen weichteildichten Verschattung, hervorgerufen durch eine entsuendliche Hypertrophie der Synovia, einen Gelenkerguss und einer oedematoesen Durchtraenkung des perartikulaeren Gewebes. 2. Einer gelenknahen Osteoporose, deren Ursache die benachbarte Synovialitis mit Hyperaemie sein duerfte. 3. Einer diffusen Gelenkspaltverschmaelerung des Gelenkknorpels durch den Pannus, einem fibrovaskulaeren Resorptivgewebe. 4. Durch zentrale und marginale Erosionen, die als Folge einer Zerstoerung des Knochens durch den Pannus hervorgerufen werden. 5. Durch

High-efficiency absorption-type heat pumps and refrigerators. From topology to the pilot plant; Hocheffiziente Absorptionsmaschinen zur Versorgung mit Kaelte und Waerme. Von der Topologie zur Pilotanlage

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ziegler, F.; Demmel, S.; Lamp, P. [Bayerisches Zentrum fuer Angewandte Energieforschung e.V. (ZAE Bayern), Wuerzburg (Germany); Kahn, R. [Technische Univ. Muenchen (Germany). Physik Dept. E19; Alefeld, G.

1998-12-31

Absorption-type heat pumps or refrigerators are systems operated with heat. They have been known for a long time and are frequently used especially in airconditioning in the USA and south-east Asia. However, the conventional technique used is subject to many physical limitations, restricting their broader use. The paper demonstrates ways of overcoming these restrictions, for instance by multi-stage design. The exploitation of topological principles much facilitates the synthesis of novel circuits. The technical relevance of such developments is demonstrated by means of selected examples of executed laboratory and pilot plants. Modern absorption technology saves resources and prevents environmental pollution by consuming less fossil energy compared with the conventional technique, for instance by harnessing the thermal potential of solar energy or utilizing waste heat and residual heat, and, not least, thanks to the use of natural refrigerants. (orig.) [Deutsch] Absorptionswaermepumpen oder -kaeltemaschinen sind durch Waerme angetriebene Anlagen, die seit langem bekannt sind und besonders in der Klimatechnik in den USA und im suedostasiatischen Raum haeufig eingesetzt werden. Die dabei verwendete konventionelle Technik unterliegt allerdings vielfaeltigen physikalischen Einschraenkungen, die ihre noch breitere Anwendung verhindern. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Einschraenkungen beispielsweise durch Mehrstufigkeit ueberwunden werden koennen. Durch die Verwendung topologischer Grundsaetze wird die Synthese neuartiger Kreislaeufe stark vereinfacht. Die technische Bedeutung solcher Entwicklungen wird an ausgewaehlten Beispielen ausgefuehrter Labor- und Pilotanlagen gezeigt. Durch den im Vergleich zu konventioneller Technik geringeren Verbrauch an fossiler Energie, beispielsweise durch die thermische Nutzung von Sonnenenergie oder durch die Nutzung von Ab- oder Restwaerme und nicht zuletzt durch die Verwendung natuerlicher Kaeltemittel werden bei Einsatz moderner

Einfluss repetitiver postprandialer Hyperglykämien auf den kardialen Ischämie- und Reperfusionsschaden

OpenAIRE

Elbing, Inka Lena

2008-01-01

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasste sich daher mit dem Effekt von Acarbose auf die durch Ischämie und Reperfusion verursachten myokardialen Schäden nach Saccharosebelastung bei gesunden Mäusen in vivo. Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit lässt sich ableiten, dass eine wiederholte postprandiale Hyperglykämie bei nicht - diabetischen Tieren ausreicht, um die durch Ischämie und Reperfusion verursachten Myokardschäden signifikant zu erhöhen. Dies kann durch eine Behandlung mit dem a - Glucosidase - Hem...

1,2-Oxathiolane - A Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jørgensen, F. S.; Carlsen, Lars

1983-01-01

Der cyclische Sulfensureester 1,2-Oxathiolan (1) wurde durch milde Thermolyse von 3-(Phthalimidothio)-1-propanol (2) gewonnen und durch Photoelektronen-Spektroskopie identifiziert.- Die Möglichkeiten zur photoelektronenspektroskopischen Bestimmung der Konformation von Sulfensureestern werden...

Mykotische Infektionen des Penis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mayser P

1999-01-01

Full Text Available Die häufigste mykotische Infektion des Penis stellt die Balanitis/Balonoposthitis durch Candida albicans dar. Sie weist eine steigende Inzidenz auf und scheint vornehmlich durch Genitalverkehr übertragen zu werden. Penile Infektionen durch Dermatophyten sind sehr selten, obwohl die Tinea inguinalis zu den häufigeren Erkrankungen zählt. Eine Mitbeteiligung des Penis im Rahmen von Systemmykosen kennzeichnet zumeist ein schwer verlaufende Erkrankung. Ursächlich kann beim immunoinkompetenten Patienten nahezu jeder Erreger in Frage kommen. Biopsie sowie Gewebekultur aus den meist ulzerativen Veränderungen können die Diagnose sichern. Die meisten superfiziellen Infektionen sprechen zufriedenstellend auf eine topische antimykotische Behandlung an, insbesondere wenn Provokationsfaktoren und die Möglichkeit der sexuellen Transmission berücksichtigt werden. Ausgedehnte Infektionen durch Dermatophyten, Hefen und natürlich systemische Infektionen erfordern eine systemische antimykotische Therapie.

Influence of Z-phase on Long-term Creep Stability of Martensitic 9 to 12 % Cr Steels

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Danielsen, Hilmar Kjartansson; Hald, John

2009-01-01

Die langfristige Kriechstabilität der neuesten Generation martensitischer 9 bis 12 % kriechfester Stähle basiert auf dem bekannten Grade 91, d. h. auf der Stärkung durch die feinen MNNitride (V und Nb). Langzeit-Hochtemperaturtests zeigen den Ersatz der MN-Nitride durch die thermodynamisch...... stabileren Z-Phasen (Cr(V,Nb)N) mit einem Verlust an Kriechfestigkeit. Cr-Gehalte >10,5 % beschleunigen die Ausscheidung der Z-Phasen. Dies beschränkte Bemühungen, einen martensitischen, kriechfesten Stahl mit hohem Cr-Gehalt zum Schutz vor Oxidation zu entwickeln. 9-%-Cr-Stähle werden offensichtlich nicht...... durch die Z-Phase negativ beeinflusst. Die Untersuchung der Z-Phasen-Ausscheidung hat zur Entwicklung eines 12-%-Cr-martensitischen Versuchsstahls geführt, dessen Kriechfestigkeit durch die Z-Phase gewährleistet wird. Derartige Stähle erlauben die ombination hoher Festigkeit bei gleichzeitig guter...

Gene expression and gene therapy imaging

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rome, Claire; Couillaud, Franck; Moonen, Chrit T.W.

2007-01-01

The fast growing field of molecular imaging has achieved major advances in imaging gene expression, an important element of gene therapy. Gene expression imaging is based on specific probes or contrast agents that allow either direct or indirect spatio-temporal evaluation of gene expression. Direct evaluation is possible with, for example, contrast agents that bind directly to a specific target (e.g., receptor). Indirect evaluation may be achieved by using specific substrate probes for a target enzyme. The use of marker genes, also called reporter genes, is an essential element of MI approaches for gene expression in gene therapy. The marker gene may not have a therapeutic role itself, but by coupling the marker gene to a therapeutic gene, expression of the marker gene reports on the expression of the therapeutic gene. Nuclear medicine and optical approaches are highly sensitive (detection of probes in the picomolar range), whereas MRI and ultrasound imaging are less sensitive and require amplification techniques and/or accumulation of contrast agents in enlarged contrast particles. Recently developed MI techniques are particularly relevant for gene therapy. Amongst these are the possibility to track gene therapy vectors such as stem cells, and the techniques that allow spatiotemporal control of gene expression by non-invasive heating (with MRI guided focused ultrasound) and the use of temperature sensitive promoters. (orig.)

Untersuchungen zur Durchströmung, Beladung und Regeneration eines Diesel-Partikelfilters

OpenAIRE

Höffken, Tobias

2009-01-01

Aufgrund strenger gesetzlicher Vorgaben müssen Rußpartikel aus dem Abgas moderner Diesel-PKW durch Filtration abgeschieden werden. Durch den Aufbau einer Rußschicht auf der Oberfläche des Filters nimmt der Abgasgegendruck während des Fahrzeugbetriebs zu, so dass dieser in regelmäßigen Abständen durch Abbrand des eingelagerten Rußes regeneriert werden muss. Während des Rußabbrands kann es im Filter zu Temperaturüberhöhungen kommen, die zu dessen Zerstörung führen. Gegenstand der vorliegend...

Biologische Angriffe auf Mauerwerke

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schober, G.; Kort, H.S.M.; Balen, van K.; Bronswijk, van J.E.M.H.

1995-01-01

Zusammenfassung: Biologische Angriffe durch Mauerwerkbewuchs führen zu Schadensbildern, die durch Festigkeitsverlust, Formveränderungen oder Farbveränderungen auf den Oberflächen charakterisiert sind. Allerdings sind nur einige spezialisierte Pflanzen an die extremen Bedingungen dieser Lebensräume

Spielräume schulischer Displays

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antje Lehn

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Antje Lehn zeigt in ihrem Beitrag, wie durch einen erweiterten Display-Begriff in der Schulklasse durch konkrete Projekte Frontalunterricht unterwandert und das Klassenzimmer zu einem ergebnisoffenen Handlungsraum umgestaltet werden kann. Auch Decken, Spiegel, Tische und Spinde sind Displays ...

Konstitutionalisierung von Hybridität

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kjær, Poul F.

2015-01-01

Die Europäische Union (EU) operiert ‚zwischen‘ ihren Mitgliedstaaten und globalen transnationalen Strukturen (vgl. Kjaer 2007, S. 367–378). Ihre Rechtsordnung ist weder durch eine nationalstaatliche Hierarchie noch durch eine radikale Heterarchie, einem wesentlichen Merkmal globaler Rechtsstruktu...

Optimisation of the energy potential of low-CO2 gas turbines by using large monocrystal turbine blades. Final report; Optimierung des Energiepotentials fuer CO{sub 2}-arme Gasturbinen durch grosse Einkristall-Turbinenschaufeln. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Grossmann, J.

2002-07-01

Apart from the experimental identification and assessment of process characteristics during industrial-scale application of the so-called liquid metal cooling (LPC) process, the project focused on the characterisation of monocrystalline, directionally solidified materials and components. This involved the construction and commissioning of appropriate production and test aggregates, i.e. the LMC casting system and a Laue orientation testing unit, as well as the modification of a vacuum heat treatment furnace to meet the specific requirement of glow annealing of monocrystalline, directionally solidified turbine blades. [German] Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens (Laufzeit: 01. Juli 1997 bis 31. Dezember 2001) 'Optimierung des Energiepotentials fuer CO{sub 2}-arme Gasturbinen durch grosse Einkristall-Turbinenschaufeln' lag neben der experimentellen Bestimmung und Bewertung von Verfahrens- und Prozesskennwerten bei der industriellen Umsetzung des sogenannten Liquid-Metal-Cooling-Verfahrens (LMC) in der Eigenschaftscharakterisierung von einkristallin-gerichtet erstarrten Proben und Bauteilen, die mittels dieser neuartigen Giesstechnologie dargestellt wurden. Grundvoraussetzung fuer die umfassende Bearbeitung der o.g. Arbeitsinhalte war die Konstruktion und Inbetriebnahme der notwendigen Fertigungs- und Pruefaggregate, d.h. der LMC-Giessanlage und einer Laue-Orientierungspruefeinrichtung bzw. der Abstimmung eines Vakuum-Waermebehandlungsofens auf die spezifischen Anforderungen der Loesungsgluehung einkristallin-gerichtet erstarrter Turbinenlaufschaufeln. (orig.)

The bioenergy village - preconditions and consequences of autonomous heat and power supply on the basis of biomass for agricultrue, ecology and lifestyle in rural regions. Final report phase I; Das Bioenergiedorf - Voraussetzungen und Folgen einer eigenstaendigen Waerme- und Stromversorgung durch Biomasse fuer Landwirtschaft, Oekologie und Lebenskultur im laendlichen Raum. Endbericht Phase I

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruppert, H.; Ahl, C.; Girschner, W.; Krumbein, W.; Marggraf, R.; Scheffer, K.; Schmuck, P. (eds.)

2003-07-01

With support from the Federal Minister of Consumer Protection, Nutrition and Agriculture through the Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (Renewable Fuels Agency), a project group of Goettingen University was able to demonstrate how complete conversion to biomass of heat and power supply can be achieved for a whole village with maximum social acceptance, environmental compatibility, and economic and technical efficiency. This and further projects will provide flexible, generally applicable concepts for wider use and are expected to give new impetus to bioenergy and help reduce CO2 emissions. This documentation presents the results of the first project phase, which lasted from October 2000 through November 2002. After describing the criteria for which the model village was selected, the work carried out by the various scientific disciplines cooperating in the project (environmental geoscience, crop research, soil research, agricultural economy, psychology, sociology and political science) is described, and the current project status is outlined. (orig.) [German] Mit Unterstuetzung des Bundesministeriums fuer Verbraucherschutz, Ernaehrung und Landwirtschaft durch die Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. konnte die Projektgruppe der Universitaet damit beginnen, beispielhaft in einem Dorf zu demonstrieren, wie eine komplette Umstellung der Strom- und Waermeversorgung auf den Energietraeger Biomasse sozial, umweltvertraeglich, wirtschaftlich und technisch erfolgen kann. Auf der Basis dieser konkreten Umstellugsarbeiten und Erfahrungen aus anderen aehnlichen Projekten sollen uebertragbare, flexible Konzepte erarbeitet werden, die der Nutzung der Bioenergie einen deutlichen Auftrieb geben und dadurch auch erhebliche Kohlendioxid-Einsparpotentiale erschliessen koennen. In dieser Dokumentation sind die Ergebnisse der ersten Phase des Projektes 'Das Bioenergiedorf' vom Oktober 2000 bis November 2002 niedergelegt. Es wird zunaechst in einem Ueberblick

Hautreizungen durch Propylenglykol

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Andersen, Klaus Ejner; Storrs, F J

1982-01-01

Propylene glycol is used in foods, medicine and cosmetics because it is a good solvent which has, simultaneously, moisture-regulating, antiseptic, and preservative effects. Propylene glycol may produce eczematous skin reactions of toxic and, more rarely, of allergic nature. Positive patch test...... by dermatologists as propylene glycol is used in local steroids and other topical preparations....

Vergleich der Trinkwasserpreise im europäischen Rahmen

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kraemer, R. Andreas; Piotrowski, R.; Kipfer, A.

1998-01-01

Zusammenfassung: In diesem Vorhaben wurden die Kosten der Trinkwasserversorgung und die Wasserpreise in ausgewählten Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union untersucht. Eine Analyse vorliegender Studien und Statistiken wurde ergänzt durch gesonderte Befragungen, die durch Experten in den jeweilige...

Energiemessungen bei Aspergillus niger mit Hilfe eines automatischen Mikro-Kompensations-Calorimeters

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Algera, Leendert

1932-01-01

Beschrieben wurde ein Calorimeter. Das Prinzip der Warmemessung besteht darin, dasz die entwickelte Wärme, sobald sie entsteht, durch eine entsprechende Kältemenge kompensiert wird. Sobald die Temperatur des Kulturgefaszes ein wenig ansteigt, wird trockne Luft gepumpt durch ein mit Wasser gefulltes

Imaging gene expression in gene therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wiebe, Leonard I.

1997-01-01

Full text. Gene therapy can be used to introduce new genes, or to supplement the function of indigenous genes. At the present time, however, there is non-invasive test to demonstrate efficacy of the gene transfer and expression processes. It has been postulated that scintigraphic imaging can offer unique information on both the site at which the transferred gene is expressed, and the degree of expression, both of which are critical issue for safety and clinical efficacy. Many current studies are based on 'suicide gene therapy' of cancer. Cells modified to express these genes commit metabolic suicide in the presence of an enzyme encoded by the transferred gene and a specifically-convertible pro drug. Pro drug metabolism can lead to selective metabolic trapping, required for scintigraphy. Herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (H S V-1 t k + ) has been use for 'suicide' in vivo tumor gene therapy. It has been proposed that radiolabelled nucleosides can be used as radiopharmaceuticals to detect H S V-1 t k + gene expression where the H S V-1 t k + gene serves a reporter or therapeutic function. Animal gene therapy models have been studied using purine-([ 18 F]F H P G; [ 18 F]-A C V), and pyrimidine- ([ 123 / 131 I]I V R F U; [ 124 / 131I ]) antiviral nucleosides. Principles of gene therapy and gene therapy imaging will be reviewed and experimental data for [ 123 / 131I ]I V R F U imaging with the H S V-1 t k + reporter gene will be presented

Degradation of organic pollutants in sewage sludge by aerobic-thermophilic sludge treatment. Final report; Abbau organischer Schadstoffe im Klaerschlamm durch aerob-thermophile Schlammbehandlung. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prechtl, S.

1999-07-01

Klaerschlamm. Im organischen Anteil des Klaerschlammfeststoffes sind bis heute ueber 300 verschiedene organische Spurenstoffe nachgewiesen worden. Neben den in der Klaerschlammverordnung erfassten Stoffgruppen (Dioxine/Furane und PCB) sind weitere Stoffgruppen als relevant eingestuft worden. Um die in diesem Bereich z.T. noch unzureichende Datenlage zu erweitern wurde im Forschungsvorhaben die Moeglichkeit untersucht, durch eine aerob-thermophile Schlammbehandlung (ATS) eine Verbesserung der Klaerschlammqualitaet, bei der Stoffgruppe der Phthalate (Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat), den polyzklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) und beim 4-Nonylphenol (Abbauprodukt von nichtionischen Tensiden), zu erreichen. Zur Beurteilung der Abbaueffektivitaet aus der komplexen Matrix Klaerschlamm bildete die Schadstoffanalytik mittels HPLC und GC/MS einen Schwerpunkt des Vorhabens. Der Gehalt an Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP) und 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) konnte in Laborversuchen mit dotierten Schlaemmen um 70% bzw. 50% und in undotierten Schlaemmen um 61% bzw. 53% reduziert werden. Bei halbtechnischen Versuchen lag die Reduktion fuer DEHP bei 14% und fuer 4-NP bei 68%. Fuer Pyren liess sich in Laborversuchen ein Abbau bis zu 57% erreichen, im Vergleich zu halbtechnischen Untersuchungen mit 22% Abbau. Die Ergebnisse erster grundlegender Untersuchungen zu einer Verfahrenskombination aus verkuerzter Faulstufe und ATS-Folgestufe zeigten fuer DEHP eine Reduktion von ca. 60%. Der Gehalt an einzelnen PAK konnten bis Anthracen reduziert werden. Fuer hoeherkondensierte PAK (Grundbelastung im ppb-Bereich) ergab sich keine einheitliche Aussage. Ein Abbau von 4-NP wurde bei den Versuchen zur Verfahrenskombination durch die Neubildung von 4-NP aus Alkylphenolethoxylaten unter anaeroben und aeroben Bedingungen ueberdeckt. Die erhaltenen Untersuchungsergebnisse bestaetigen die Korrelation zwischen einer Hygienisierung des Klaerschlamms und der entsprechenden Verweilzeit im Reaktorsystem. Sowohl in der

Imaging gene expression in gene therapy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wiebe, Leonard I. [Alberta Univ., Edmonton (Canada). Noujaim Institute for Pharmaceutical Oncology Research

1997-12-31

Full text. Gene therapy can be used to introduce new genes, or to supplement the function of indigenous genes. At the present time, however, there is non-invasive test to demonstrate efficacy of the gene transfer and expression processes. It has been postulated that scintigraphic imaging can offer unique information on both the site at which the transferred gene is expressed, and the degree of expression, both of which are critical issue for safety and clinical efficacy. Many current studies are based on `suicide gene therapy` of cancer. Cells modified to express these genes commit metabolic suicide in the presence of an enzyme encoded by the transferred gene and a specifically-convertible pro drug. Pro drug metabolism can lead to selective metabolic trapping, required for scintigraphy. Herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (H S V-1 t k{sup +}) has been use for `suicide` in vivo tumor gene therapy. It has been proposed that radiolabelled nucleosides can be used as radiopharmaceuticals to detect H S V-1 t k{sup +} gene expression where the H S V-1 t k{sup +} gene serves a reporter or therapeutic function. Animal gene therapy models have been studied using purine-([{sup 18} F]F H P G; [{sup 18} F]-A C V), and pyrimidine- ([{sup 123}/{sup 131} I]I V R F U; [{sup 124}/{sup 131I}]) antiviral nucleosides. Principles of gene therapy and gene therapy imaging will be reviewed and experimental data for [{sup 123}/{sup 131I}]I V R F U imaging with the H S V-1 t k{sup +} reporter gene will be presented

Double-mode Two-photon Absorption and Enhanced Photon Antibunching Due to Interference

Science.gov (United States)

Bandilla, A.; Ritze, H.-H.

Inspired by results of interfering signal and idler from a nondegenerate parametric amplifier we investigate the photon statistics of the resulting field after interference of two components subjected to double-mode two-photon absorption. This absorption process leads to a strong correlation of the participating modes, which can be used to generate fields with photon antibunching in interference experiments. In addition the photon number can be made small, which produces enhanced antibunching.Translated AbstractZwei-Photonen-Absorption aus zwei Moden und durch Interferenz verstärktes photon antibunchingDie quantenmechanische Betrachtung der Interferenz führt zu neuen Ergebnissen, wenn Felder ohne klassisches Analogon betrachtet werden. Insbesondere ergibt sich durch die Reduktion der Photonenzahl durch Interferenz eine effektive Verstärkung des Photon Antibunching, wie von den Verfassern in vorhergehenden Arbeiten gezeigt wurde. Die vorliegende Untersuchung betrachtet die Interferenz von zwei korrelierten Moden, wobei die Korrelation durch Zwei-Photonen-Absorption aus den beiden Moden zustande kommt. In jeder einzelnen Mode ergibt sich lediglich ein gewisses Bunching, wenn man mit kohärentem Licht in beiden Moden beginnt. Es wird die Interferenz der Feldstärke-Komponenten in bestimmten Polarisationsrichtungen untersucht. Zur Vereinfachung wird in den betrachteten Moden die gleiche Anfangsphotonenzahl vorausgesetzt und der Analysator auf minimale Transmittanz gebracht. Das eigentliche Signal entsteht dann durch Einführung einer endlichen Phasenverschiebung zwischen den beiden Moden. Dieses Signal zeigt Antibunching und kann in seiner Intensität beliebig variiert werden, was wegen des (1/n)-Charakters des Antibunching zu seiner Verstärkung führt. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß die zunächst für zwei linear polarisierte Moden durchgeführte Rechnung auf zwei zirkulare Moden sowie auf zwei gegenläufige Strahlen bei der dopplerfreien Zwei-Quanten-Absorption �

Physik gestern und heute: Visualisierung mit der Schlierenmethode

Science.gov (United States)

Heering, Peter

2006-07-01

Der Name des österreichischen Forschers Ernst Mach ist heute noch mit der Schallgeschwindigkeit verbunden. Diese Auszeichnung resultiert aus Machs Untersuchungen, wie sich Projektile mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit durch die Luft bewegen. Gerade in jüngster Zeit hat die Anwendung derartiger Methoden durch technische Modifikationen wieder einen Aufschwung erfahren.

GoGene: gene annotation in the fast lane.

Science.gov (United States)

Plake, Conrad; Royer, Loic; Winnenburg, Rainer; Hakenberg, Jörg; Schroeder, Michael

2009-07-01

High-throughput screens such as microarrays and RNAi screens produce huge amounts of data. They typically result in hundreds of genes, which are often further explored and clustered via enriched GeneOntology terms. The strength of such analyses is that they build on high-quality manual annotations provided with the GeneOntology. However, the weakness is that annotations are restricted to process, function and location and that they do not cover all known genes in model organisms. GoGene addresses this weakness by complementing high-quality manual annotation with high-throughput text mining extracting co-occurrences of genes and ontology terms from literature. GoGene contains over 4,000,000 associations between genes and gene-related terms for 10 model organisms extracted from more than 18,000,000 PubMed entries. It does not cover only process, function and location of genes, but also biomedical categories such as diseases, compounds, techniques and mutations. By bringing it all together, GoGene provides the most recent and most complete facts about genes and can rank them according to novelty and importance. GoGene accepts keywords, gene lists, gene sequences and protein sequences as input and supports search for genes in PubMed, EntrezGene and via BLAST. Since all associations of genes to terms are supported by evidence in the literature, the results are transparent and can be verified by the user. GoGene is available at http://gopubmed.org/gogene.

Radionuclide reporter gene imaging for cardiac gene therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inubushi, Masayuki; Tamaki, Nagara

2007-01-01

In the field of cardiac gene therapy, angiogenic gene therapy has been most extensively investigated. The first clinical trial of cardiac angiogenic gene therapy was reported in 1998, and at the peak, more than 20 clinical trial protocols were under evaluation. However, most trials have ceased owing to the lack of decisive proof of therapeutic effects and the potential risks of viral vectors. In order to further advance cardiac angiogenic gene therapy, remaining open issues need to be resolved: there needs to be improvement of gene transfer methods, regulation of gene expression, development of much safer vectors and optimisation of therapeutic genes. For these purposes, imaging of gene expression in living organisms is of great importance. In radionuclide reporter gene imaging, ''reporter genes'' transferred into cell nuclei encode for a protein that retains a complementary ''reporter probe'' of a positron or single-photon emitter; thus expression of the reporter genes can be imaged with positron emission tomography or single-photon emission computed tomography. Accordingly, in the setting of gene therapy, the location, magnitude and duration of the therapeutic gene co-expression with the reporter genes can be monitored non-invasively. In the near future, gene therapy may evolve into combination therapy with stem/progenitor cell transplantation, so-called cell-based gene therapy or gene-modified cell therapy. Radionuclide reporter gene imaging is now expected to contribute in providing evidence on the usefulness of this novel therapeutic approach, as well as in investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying neovascularisation and safety issues relevant to further progress in conventional gene therapy. (orig.)

Gene cluster statistics with gene families.

Science.gov (United States)

Raghupathy, Narayanan; Durand, Dannie

2009-05-01

Identifying genomic regions that descended from a common ancestor is important for understanding the function and evolution of genomes. In distantly related genomes, clusters of homologous gene pairs are evidence of candidate homologous regions. Demonstrating the statistical significance of such "gene clusters" is an essential component of comparative genomic analyses. However, currently there are no practical statistical tests for gene clusters that model the influence of the number of homologs in each gene family on cluster significance. In this work, we demonstrate empirically that failure to incorporate gene family size in gene cluster statistics results in overestimation of significance, leading to incorrect conclusions. We further present novel analytical methods for estimating gene cluster significance that take gene family size into account. Our methods do not require complete genome data and are suitable for testing individual clusters found in local regions, such as contigs in an unfinished assembly. We consider pairs of regions drawn from the same genome (paralogous clusters), as well as regions drawn from two different genomes (orthologous clusters). Determining cluster significance under general models of gene family size is computationally intractable. By assuming that all gene families are of equal size, we obtain analytical expressions that allow fast approximation of cluster probabilities. We evaluate the accuracy of this approximation by comparing the resulting gene cluster probabilities with cluster probabilities obtained by simulating a realistic, power-law distributed model of gene family size, with parameters inferred from genomic data. Surprisingly, despite the simplicity of the underlying assumption, our method accurately approximates the true cluster probabilities. It slightly overestimates these probabilities, yielding a conservative test. We present additional simulation results indicating the best choice of parameter values for data

Gene therapy prospects--intranasal delivery of therapeutic genes.

Science.gov (United States)

Podolska, Karolina; Stachurska, Anna; Hajdukiewicz, Karolina; Małecki, Maciej

2012-01-01

Gene therapy is recognized to be a novel method for the treatment of various disorders. Gene therapy strategies involve gene manipulation on broad biological processes responsible for the spreading of diseases. Cancer, monogenic diseases, vascular and infectious diseases are the main targets of gene therapy. In order to obtain valuable experimental and clinical results, sufficient gene transfer methods are required. Therapeutic genes can be administered into target tissues via gene carriers commonly defined as vectors. The retroviral, adenoviral and adeno-associated virus based vectors are most frequently used in the clinic. So far, gene preparations may be administered directly into target organs or by intravenous, intramuscular, intratumor or intranasal injections. It is common knowledge that the number of gene therapy clinical trials has rapidly increased. However, some limitations such as transfection efficiency and stable and long-term gene expression are still not resolved. Consequently, great effort is focused on the evaluation of new strategies of gene delivery. There are many expectations associated with intranasal delivery of gene preparations for the treatment of diseases. Intranasal delivery of therapeutic genes is regarded as one of the most promising forms of pulmonary gene therapy research. Gene therapy based on inhalation of gene preparations offers an alternative way for the treatment of patients suffering from such lung diseases as cystic fibrosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin defect, or cancer. Experimental and first clinical trials based on plasmid vectors or recombinant viruses have revealed that gene preparations can effectively deliver therapeutic or marker genes to the cells of the respiratory tract. The noninvasive intranasal delivery of gene preparations or conventional drugs seems to be very encouraging, although basic scientific research still has to continue.

Gene-gene interactions and gene polymorphisms of VEGFA and EG-VEGF gene systems in recurrent pregnancy loss.

Science.gov (United States)

Su, Mei-Tsz; Lin, Sheng-Hsiang; Chen, Yi-Chi; Kuo, Pao-Lin

2014-06-01

Both vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) systems play major roles in angiogenesis. A body of evidence suggests VEGFs regulate critical processes during pregnancy and have been associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). However, little information is available regarding the interaction of these two major major angiogenesis-related systems in early human pregnancy. This study was conducted to investigate the association of gene polymorphisms and gene-gene interaction among genes in VEGFA and EG-VEGF systems and idiopathic RPL. A total of 98 women with history of idiopathic RPL and 142 controls were included, and 5 functional SNPs selected from VEGFA, KDR, EG-VEGF (PROK1), PROKR1 and PROKR2 were genotyped. We used multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis to choose a best model and evaluate gene-gene interactions. Ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) was introduced to explore possible complex interactions. Two receptor gene polymorphisms [KDR (Q472H) and PROKR2 (V331M)] were significantly associated with idiopathic RPL (P<0.01). The MDR test revealed that the KDR (Q472H) polymorphism was the best loci to be associated with RPL (P=0.02). IPA revealed EG-VEGF and VEGFA systems shared several canonical signaling pathways that may contribute to gene-gene interactions, including the Akt, IL-8, EGFR, MAPK, SRC, VHL, HIF-1A and STAT3 signaling pathways. Two receptor gene polymorphisms [KDR (Q472H) and PROKR2 (V331M)] were significantly associated with idiopathic RPL. EG-VEGF and VEGFA systems shared several canonical signaling pathways that may contribute to gene-gene interactions, including the Akt, IL-8, EGFR, MAPK, SRC, VHL, HIF-1A and STAT3.

Gene doping: gene delivery for olympic victory

OpenAIRE

Gould, David

2012-01-01

With one recently recommended gene therapy in Europe and a number of other gene therapy treatments now proving effective in clinical trials it is feasible that the same technologies will soon be adopted in the world of sport by unscrupulous athletes and their trainers in so called ‘gene doping’. In this article an overview of the successful gene therapy clinical trials is provided and the potential targets for gene doping are highlighted. Depending on whether a doping gene product is secreted...

FunGene: the functional gene pipeline and repository.

Science.gov (United States)

Fish, Jordan A; Chai, Benli; Wang, Qiong; Sun, Yanni; Brown, C Titus; Tiedje, James M; Cole, James R

2013-01-01

Ribosomal RNA genes have become the standard molecular markers for microbial community analysis for good reasons, including universal occurrence in cellular organisms, availability of large databases, and ease of rRNA gene region amplification and analysis. As markers, however, rRNA genes have some significant limitations. The rRNA genes are often present in multiple copies, unlike most protein-coding genes. The slow rate of change in rRNA genes means that multiple species sometimes share identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, while many more species share identical sequences in the short 16S rRNA regions commonly analyzed. In addition, the genes involved in many important processes are not distributed in a phylogenetically coherent manner, potentially due to gene loss or horizontal gene transfer. While rRNA genes remain the most commonly used markers, key genes in ecologically important pathways, e.g., those involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling, can provide important insights into community composition and function not obtainable through rRNA analysis. However, working with ecofunctional gene data requires some tools beyond those required for rRNA analysis. To address this, our Functional Gene Pipeline and Repository (FunGene; http://fungene.cme.msu.edu/) offers databases of many common ecofunctional genes and proteins, as well as integrated tools that allow researchers to browse these collections and choose subsets for further analysis, build phylogenetic trees, test primers and probes for coverage, and download aligned sequences. Additional FunGene tools are specialized to process coding gene amplicon data. For example, FrameBot produces frameshift-corrected protein and DNA sequences from raw reads while finding the most closely related protein reference sequence. These tools can help provide better insight into microbial communities by directly studying key genes involved in important ecological processes.

FunGene: the Functional Gene Pipeline and Repository

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jordan A. Fish

2013-10-01

Full Text Available Ribosomal RNA genes have become the standard molecular markers for microbial community analysis for good reasons, including universal occurrence in cellular organisms, availability of large databases, and ease of rRNA gene region amplification and analysis. As markers, however, rRNA genes have some significant limitations. The rRNA genes are often present in multiple copies, unlike most protein-coding genes. The slow rate of change in rRNA genes means that multiple species sometimes share identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, while many more species share identical sequences in the short 16S rRNA regions commonly analyzed. In addition, the genes involved in many important processes are not distributed in a phylogenetically coherent manner, potentially due to gene loss or horizontal gene transfer.While rRNA genes remain the most commonly used markers, key genes in ecologically important pathways, e.g., those involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling, can provide important insights into community composition and function not obtainable through rRNA analysis. However, working with ecofunctional gene data requires some tools beyond those required for rRNA analysis. To address this, our Functional Gene Pipeline and Repository (FunGene; http://fungene.cme.msu.edu/ offers databases of many common ecofunctional genes and proteins, as well as integrated tools that allow researchers to browse these collections and choose subsets for further analysis, build phylogenetic trees, test primers and probes for coverage, and download aligned sequences. Additional FunGene tools are specialized to process coding gene amplicon data. For example, FrameBot produces frameshift-corrected protein and DNA sequences from raw reads while finding the most closely related protein reference sequence. These tools can help provide better insight into microbial communities by directly studying key genes involved in important ecological processes.

Mining disease genes using integrated protein-protein interaction and gene-gene co-regulation information.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Jin; Wang, Limei; Guo, Maozu; Zhang, Ruijie; Dai, Qiguo; Liu, Xiaoyan; Wang, Chunyu; Teng, Zhixia; Xuan, Ping; Zhang, Mingming

2015-01-01

In humans, despite the rapid increase in disease-associated gene discovery, a large proportion of disease-associated genes are still unknown. Many network-based approaches have been used to prioritize disease genes. Many networks, such as the protein-protein interaction (PPI), KEGG, and gene co-expression networks, have been used. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have been successfully applied for the determination of genes associated with several diseases. In this study, we constructed an eQTL-based gene-gene co-regulation network (GGCRN) and used it to mine for disease genes. We adopted the random walk with restart (RWR) algorithm to mine for genes associated with Alzheimer disease. Compared to the Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) PPI network alone, the integrated HPRD PPI and GGCRN networks provided faster convergence and revealed new disease-related genes. Therefore, using the RWR algorithm for integrated PPI and GGCRN is an effective method for disease-associated gene mining.

Mollusken aus posttertiären Schichten von Celebes

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schepman, M.M.

1912-01-01

Die im Folgenden behandelten Mollusken stammen aus der Nähe von Kajoe ragi auf Celebes, woselbst sie durch R. FENNEMA aus denselben Schichten ausgelesen wurden, aus denen früher durch J. G. DE MAN einige brachyure Krebse beschrieben sind. Es darf deswegen betreffs näherer Angaben über die Herkunft

Gene-gene, gene-environment, gene-nutrient interactions and single nucleotide polymorphisms of inflammatory cytokines.

Science.gov (United States)

Nadeem, Amina; Mumtaz, Sadaf; Naveed, Abdul Khaliq; Aslam, Muhammad; Siddiqui, Arif; Lodhi, Ghulam Mustafa; Ahmad, Tausif

2015-05-15

Inflammation plays a significant role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The rise in the pro-inflammatory cytokines is the essential step in glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity induced mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress and beta cell apoptosis in T2DM. Among the recognized markers are interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-10, IL-18, tissue necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein, resistin, adiponectin, tissue plasminogen activator, fibrinogen and heptoglobins. Diabetes mellitus has firm genetic and very strong environmental influence; exhibiting a polygenic mode of inheritance. Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various genes including those of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been reported as a risk for T2DM. Not all the SNPs have been confirmed by unifying results in different studies and wide variations have been reported in various ethnic groups. The inter-ethnic variations can be explained by the fact that gene expression may be regulated by gene-gene, gene-environment and gene-nutrient interactions. This review highlights the impact of these interactions on determining the role of single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-6, TNF-α, resistin and adiponectin in pathogenesis of T2DM.

Suicide genes or p53 gene and p53 target genes as targets for cancer gene therapy by ionizing radiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Bing; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Zhang Hong

2005-01-01

Radiotherapy has some disadvantages due to the severe side-effect on the normal tissues at a curative dose of ionizing radiation (IR). Similarly, as a new developing approach, gene therapy also has some disadvantages, such as lack of specificity for tumors, limited expression of therapeutic gene, potential biological risk. To certain extent, above problems would be solved by the suicide genes or p53 gene and its target genes therapies targeted by ionizing radiation. This strategy not only makes up the disadvantage from radiotherapy or gene therapy alone, but also promotes success rate on the base of lower dose. By present, there have been several vectors measuring up to be reaching clinical trials. This review focused on the development of the cancer gene therapy through suicide genes or p53 and its target genes mediated by IR. (authors)

Neighboring Genes Show Correlated Evolution in Gene Expression

Science.gov (United States)

Ghanbarian, Avazeh T.; Hurst, Laurence D.

2015-01-01

When considering the evolution of a gene’s expression profile, we commonly assume that this is unaffected by its genomic neighborhood. This is, however, in contrast to what we know about the lack of autonomy between neighboring genes in gene expression profiles in extant taxa. Indeed, in all eukaryotic genomes genes of similar expression-profile tend to cluster, reflecting chromatin level dynamics. Does it follow that if a gene increases expression in a particular lineage then the genomic neighbors will also increase in their expression or is gene expression evolution autonomous? To address this here we consider evolution of human gene expression since the human-chimp common ancestor, allowing for both variation in estimation of current expression level and error in Bayesian estimation of the ancestral state. We find that in all tissues and both sexes, the change in gene expression of a focal gene on average predicts the change in gene expression of neighbors. The effect is highly pronounced in the immediate vicinity (genes increasing their expression in humans tend to avoid nuclear lamina domains and be enriched for the gene activator 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, we conclude that, most probably owing to chromatin level control of gene expression, a change in gene expression of one gene likely affects the expression evolution of neighbors, what we term expression piggybacking, an analog of hitchhiking. PMID:25743543

Kontrastmittelverstärkte Magnet-Resonanz-Urographie unter forcierter Diurese - Stellenwert in der Differentialdiagnostik bei Obstruktionen des oberen Harntraktes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jung P

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Die Magnet-Resonanz-Urographie (MRU ist ein relativ neues Verfahren in der Diagnostik des oberen Harntraktes. Das Ziel dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Aussagefähigkeit der MRU unter Gabe von Gadolinium und Furosemid und dem konventionellen Urogramm (IVU in der Diagnostik der Ursache von Obstruktionen im Bereich des Harnleiters. 82 Patienten mit im IVU nachgewiesener Obstruktion des oberen Harntraktes oder urographisch stummer Niere bei sonographisch nachgewiesener Dilatation wurden der MRU zugeführt. Die Bilder beider Untersuchungsmethoden wurden von voneinander unabhängigen Untersuchern befundet. Zwei Urologen befundeten die IVU-Bilder, zwei Radiologen die MRU-Bilder, die Radiologen kannten die IVU-Diagnose nicht. Bei unklarer Diagnose wurden weitere Untersuchungen wie Computertomographie, retrograde Pyelographie oder Ureteroskopie durchgeführt. Die Diagnosen waren: Harnleitersteine bei 72 Patienten, Harnleitertumore bei 8 Patienten und extraureterale Tumore bei 2 Patienten. Eine richtige Diagnose bei den Steinpatienten wurde durch IVU bei 49 von 72 Patienten und durch MRU bei 64 von 72 Patienten gestellt. In dieser Patientengruppe wurden durch die MRU zwei falsche Diagnosen gestellt. Fehlende Kontrastmittelausscheidung war der Hauptgrund für Versagen der IVU. 3 der 8 Patienten mit Harnleitertumoren wurden durch die IVU richtig dignostiziert, bei dreien wurde eine falsche Diagnose gestellt. Durch die MRU konnten in dieser Gruppe 7 von 8 Patienten korrekt diagnostiziert werden, es wurde keine falsche Diagnose erhoben. IVU wird zunächst die Standarduntersuchungstechnik zur Darstellung des oberen Harntraktes bleiben, aber durch diese Studie konnte die Möglichkeit gezeigt werden, die in der MRU in Kombination mit Gadolinium und Furosemid liegt. Die größte Bedeutung dieser Untersuchung liegt in der urographisch stummen Niere, bei Untersuchungen in der Schwangerschaft, bei Kindern und bei Patienten mit Kontrastmittelunverträglichkeit.

Quality assurance for photovoltaic energy supply. Final report; Qualitaetssicherung von photovoltaischen Energieversorgungssystemen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bopp, G.; Gabler, H.; Hille, G.; Puls, G.; Rehm, M.; Sauer, U.; Schulz, M.; Schweizer-Ries, P.

2000-07-01

The availability of isolated PV systems was to be improved by an inspection agreement between operators, users and inspection organisations. The systems were to be inspected and serviced once a year. In all, 22 systems were inspected regularly between 1996 and 1999, and a failure statistics was drawn up on the basis of the records. On average, there were three failures per system and per year, one of which was caused by research activities. In a second detailed analysis after termination of the project, the failure rate had decreased to one every two years, i. e. a reduction by a factor of 6. [German] Ziel des Projektes war die Erhoehung der Betriebssicherheit und der Lebensdauer netzunabhaengiger Photovoltaikanlagen (Inselanlagen) durch Ermittlung und Reduzierung des Wartungsbedarfs sowie durch Komponentenoptimierung. Zu Projektbeginn war der technische und finanzielle Umfang von Wartungsarbeiten und somit den Betriebskosten dieser Anlagen nur sehr lueckenhaft bekannt und vorhersehbar. Um belastbare Erkenntnisse ueber den Wartungsbedarf und -kosten zu erhalten, fuehrten ortsansaessige Firmen mit Hilfe von Wartungshandbuechern auf Kosten der Betreiber in 22 ausgewaehlten Inselanlagen 4 Jahre lang 1 mal jaehrlich eine Fruehjahrskontrolle und eine Herbstinspektion durch. Das Fraunhofer ISE erstellte eine Fehlerstatistik, analysierte die Fehler und den Optimierungsbedarf. Durch die einmal jaehrliche Inspektion und durch den Einsatz optimierter Komponenten liess sich die anfaengliche Fehlerrate von 3 Fehlern pro Jahr und Anlage auf 1 Fehler innerhalb von 2 Jahren reduzieren. Die Anlagenfehler wurden ueberwiegend durch alterungsbedingte Bauteildefekte in Komponenten verursacht. Zusammen mit Herstellern wurde an Komponenten, wie Ladereglern und Wechselrichtern, Optimierungen durchgefuehrt. Die Optimierung der Anlagenbetriebsfuehrung erhoehte deutlich die Zufriedenheit des Nutzers und die Batterielebensdauer. Die Stromgestehungskosten in optimierten und regelmaessig

Die Deutsche Statistische Gesellschaft in der Weimarer Republik und während der Nazidiktatur

Science.gov (United States)

Wilke, Jürgen

Nach anfänglichen Schwierigkeiten durch den 1. Weltkrieg erlangte die Deutsche Statistische Gesellschaft (DStatG) unter dem renommierten Statistiker und Vorsitzenden der DStatG, Friedrich Zahn, durch eine Vielzahl von Aktivitäten hohes Ansehen. Es gab Bestrebungen, Statistiker aus allen Arbeitsfeldern der Statistik in die DStatG zu integrieren, wobei die "Mathematische Statistik" nur zögerlich akzeptiert wurde (Konjunkturforschung, Zeitreihenanalyse). Nach der Machtübernahme 1933 durch Adolf Hitler geriet die DStatG in das Fahrwasser nationalsozialistischer Ideologie und Politik (Führerprinzip, Gleichschaltung des Vereinswesens). Damit war eine personelle Umstrukturierung in der DStatG verbunden. Politisch Missliebige und rassisch Verfolgte mussten die DStatG verlassen (Bernstein, Freudenberg, Gumbel u.a.). Unter den Statistikern gab es alle Abstufungen im Verhalten zum Regime von Ablehnung und zwangsweiser Anpassung über bereitwilliges Mitläufertum bis zu bewusster Täterschaft. Besonders die Bevölkerungsstatistik wurde durch die NS- Rassenpolitik auf lange Sicht diskreditiert. Im Rahmen von Wirtschaftsplanung und Aufrüstung wurden neue zukunftsträchtige statistische Modelle (Grünig, Bramstedt, Leisse) entwickelt.

Gene Therapy

Science.gov (United States)

Gene therapy Overview Gene therapy involves altering the genes inside your body's cells in an effort to treat or stop disease. Genes contain your ... that don't work properly can cause disease. Gene therapy replaces a faulty gene or adds a new ...

Imaging reporter gene for monitoring gene therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Beco, V. de; Baillet, G.; Tamgac, F.; Tofighi, M.; Weinmann, P.; Vergote, J.; Moretti, J.L.; Tamgac, G.

2002-01-01

Scintigraphic images can be obtained to document gene function at cellular level. This approach is presented here and the use of a reporter gene to monitor gene therapy is described. Two main ways are presented: either the use of a reporter gene coding for an enzyme the action of which will be monitored by radiolabeled pro-drug, or a cellular receptor gene, the action of which is documented by a radio labeled cognate receptor ligand. (author)

Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Breast Cancer

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Adegoke, Olufemi

2003-01-01

The objective of this CDA is to evaluate the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the etiology of breast cancer in two ongoing case-control studies, the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study (SBCS...

New epoxide polymers generated by metal organic catalysts (chelates) and their application in composite structures. Pt. 2. Final report; Neue Epoxidpolymere durch Metallorgano-Katalysatoren und ihr Einsatz in Faserverbundstrukturen. T. 2. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Merz, T.; Raeckers, B.

1999-08-01

Epoxy resins cured by catalysts based on chelate compound can offer an additional potential concerning storage and heat stability, toughness and curing characteristic. To prove these advantages and to prepare a serial application was target of the project, by which physico-chemical investigations, determination of mechanical properties and component tests were used. Besides an improvement of storage time and a minimized curing cycle a satisfactory processing behaviour and mechanical properties approaching currently used aircraft materials became evident. Serial production of fibre reinforced components for automotive industry is basically possible, because all requirements concerning costs, performance and station time were met. The results can also be used for new applications in other technical fields like apparatus construction or sporting goods industry. (orig.) [German] Mittels Metallorganokatalysatoren gehaertete Epoxidharze versprechen gegenueber herkoemmlichen Systemen zusaetzliche Potentiale hinsichtlich Lager- und Waermestabilitaet sowie Zaehigkeit und Haertungscharakteristik. Diese nachzuweisen und eine zukuenftige Serienanwendung vorzubereiten war Ziel des Projektes, wozu physico-chemische Untersuchungen, mechanische Kennwertermittlungen und Bauteilversuche dienten. Neben verbesserter Lagerstabilitaet und minimierten Haertungszyklen konnten gute Verarbeitungseingeschaften und ein Leistungsprofil nachgewiesen werden, das nahe an das heutiger Luftfahrtwerkstoffe heranreicht. Die Serienherstellung von Faserverbundbauteilen im Automobilbau ist prinzipiell moeglich, da durch die entwickelten Katalysatoren alle Vorgaben hinsichtlich Kosten, Leistungsfaehigkeit und Taktzeiten erreicht werden konnten. Hierdurch koennen sich auch fuer andere Bereiche (z.B. Geraetebau, Sportartikelindustrie) neue Anwendungsmoeglichkeiten eroeffnen. (orig.)

New epoxide polymers generated by metal organic catalysts (chelates) and their application in composite structures. Pt. 1. Final report; Neue Epoxidpolymere durch Metallorgano-Katalysatoren und ihr Einsatz in Faserverbundstrukturen. T. 1. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Merz, T.; Raeckers, B.; Boettcher, A.; Haessler, R.; Renner, M.; Schmidtke, K.

1999-08-01

Epoxy resins cured by catalysts based on chelate compound can offer an additional potential concerning storage and heat stability, toughness and curing characteristic. To prove these advantages and to prepare a serial application was target of the project, by which physico-chemical investigations, determination of mechanical properties and component tests were used. Besides an improvement of storage time and a minimized curing cycle a satisfactory processing behaviour and mechanical properties approaching currently used aircraft materials became evident. Serial production of fibre reinforced components for automotive industry is basically possible, because all requirements concerning costs, performance and station time were met. The results can also be used for new applications in other technical fields like apparatus construction or sporting goods industry. (orig.) [German] Mittels Metallorganokatalysatoren gehaertete Epoxidharze versprechen gegenueber herkoemmlichen Systemen zusaetzliche Potentiale hinsichtlich Lager- und Waermestabilitaet sowie Zaehigkeit und Haertungscharakteristik. Diese nachzuweisen und eine zukuenftige Serienanwendung vorzubereiten war Ziel des Projektes, wozu physico-chemische Untersuchungen, mechanische Kennwertermittlungen und Bauteilversuche dienten. Neben verbesserter Lagerstabilitaet und minimierten Haertungszyklen konnten gute Verarbeitungseingeschaften und ein Leistungsprofil nachgewiesen werden, das nahe an das heutiger Luftfahrtwerkstoffe heranreicht. Die Serienherstellung von Faserverbundbauteilen im Automobilbau ist prinzipiell moeglich, da durch die entwickelten Katalysatoren alle Vorgaben hinsichtlich Kosten, Leistungsfaehigkeit und Taktzeiten erreicht werden konnten. Hierdurch koennen sich auch fuer andere Bereiche (z.B. Geraetebau, Sportartikelindustrie) neue Anwendungsmoeglichkeiten eroeffnen. (orig.)

Die Verwendung von Isoenzym-Polymorphismen - eine Herausforderungen bei der Züchtung neuer Baldriansorten (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Penzkofer, Michael

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Mit Hilfe von Isoenzym-Polymorphismen sollte versucht werden, biochemische Unterschiede (Fingerprint zwischen verschiedenen Baldrianherkünften darzustellen, um im Anschluss diejenigen Individuen zu finden, die durch Kreuzung und nicht durch Selbstung entstanden sind. Bei Baldrian konnte für diese Methode kein Verfahrensprotokoll etabliert werden, womit auch eine Untersuchung von Kreuzungsnachkommen nicht erfolgte.

Individual skin care during radiation therapy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zimmermann, J.S. [Klinik fuer Strahlentherapie (Radioonkologie), Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet Kiel (Germany); Budach, W. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Eberhard-Carls-Universitaet Tuebingen (Germany); Doerr, W. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Medizinische Fakultaet Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden (Germany)

1998-11-01

Background: In many clinical settings, the irradiated patient feels additional discomfort by the inhibition of washing the treatment portals and interruption of his adapted skin care habits. Material and methods: An analysis of the scientific recommendations as well as an analysis of the skin dose to the irradiated portals has been performed. An individual scheme for skin care under radiation has been developed. Results: A substantial decrease of the skin dose is achieved in many modern radiation techniques. The consequent reduction of severe skin reactions allowed the use of water and mild soaps as has been approved within many radiotherapy departments. This has lead to an individualized concept for skin care under radiation treatment including the allowance of gentle washing. The skin marks may be saved by using highly tolerable adhesive plasters or small tattoo points, if they are not superfluous by using masks or single referee points instead of marks for the field borders. Conclusions: The individualized concept for skin care during radiation may offer improved life quality to the patient and may decrease the acute reactions of the skin at least in some cases. (orig.) [Deutsch] Hintergrund: In vielen klinischen Situationen erfaehrt der bestrahlte Patient zusaetzliche Belastungen durch das frueher ausgesprochene Waschverbot der Bestrahlungsfelder wie auch durch die Unterbrechung seiner langjaehrigen Hygienegewohnheiten. Material und Methoden: Es wurde eine Analyse der wissenschaftlichen Empfehlungen wie auch der heutzutage bei modernen Bestrahlungstechniken auftretenden Hautdosis durchgefuehrt. Ein individuelles Schema zur Pflege der bestrahlten Haut wurde entwickelt. Ergebnisse: Durch eine Verringerung der Hautdosis und damit der Inzidenz schwerer Hautreaktionen bei modernen Bestrahlungstechniken wird mittlerweile in vielen Abteilungen das `Waschverbot` fuer bestrahlte Haut gelockert. Dies hat zu einem individualisierten Hautpflegekonzept unter der Bestrahlung

Gene doping: gene delivery for olympic victory.

Science.gov (United States)

Gould, David

2013-08-01

With one recently recommended gene therapy in Europe and a number of other gene therapy treatments now proving effective in clinical trials it is feasible that the same technologies will soon be adopted in the world of sport by unscrupulous athletes and their trainers in so called 'gene doping'. In this article an overview of the successful gene therapy clinical trials is provided and the potential targets for gene doping are highlighted. Depending on whether a doping gene product is secreted from the engineered cells or is retained locally to, or inside engineered cells will, to some extent, determine the likelihood of detection. It is clear that effective gene delivery technologies now exist and it is important that detection and prevention plans are in place. © 2012 The Author. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology © 2012 The British Pharmacological Society.

Development of an early warning system for strong environmental pollution by measuring the activation of defined universally existing stress genes. Final report; Das Auftreten spezifischer Stressproteine bei Umweltbelastung in Chironomiden: Entwicklung eines neuen Fruehwarnsystems fuer starke Umweltbelastung durch Messung der Aktivierung definierter, universell vorkommender Stressgene bei ausgewaehlten Indikatororganismen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kloetzel, P.M.; Mueller, W.

1991-12-31

In the present pilot study we established an ELISA based detection system which allows sensitive monitoring of stress induction as a result of heavy metal pollution. The system is based on the immunological detection of the stress induced hsp70 in larvae of Chironomidae. Using this system it is possible to detect environmental pollution by heavy metals far beyond lethal toxicity values. Since only very few animals are needed the system can also be used in field tests. For poluted isopodes as Oniscus asellus for example a single animal turned out be sufficient to monitor stress induction by Pb{sup +}. The established system ought to serve as basis for a more extended study in which different animals are collected from various polluted environments and tested with respect to already induced hsp synthesis. (orig.) [Deutsch] In der vorliegenden Pilotstudie konnte ein sensitives Nachweissystem fuer die Induktion des ubiquitaeren Stresssystem durch Schwermetalle auf der Basis der immunologischen Detektion von HSP70 etabliert werden. Dieses, auf ELISA Basis arbeitende Testverfahren ermoeglicht es Schwermetallbelastungen weit unterhalb der Toxizitaetsgrenze ueber die Induktion der HSP70 Synthese in Chironomidenlarven nachzuweisen. Die Tatsache, dass nur wenige Tiere fuer eine statistische Aussage benoetigt werden laesst eine Anwendungsmoeglichkeit auch auf Freilandtiere erwarten. So reicht fuer bleibelastete Freiland-Asseln ein einziges Tier zum immunologischen Belastungsnachweis aus. Damit sind die Grundlagen fuer die zweite Phase, die Freilandphase, in welcher sowohl Freilandtiere als auch Gewaesser- und Sedimentproben von verschiedenen Standorten in die Untersuchungen miteinbezogen werden sollen; geschaffen. Es koennen jetzt Tiere aus belasteten Gewaessern bezueglich bereits erfolgter Stressproteinproduktion aber auch auf eine Neuinduzierbarkeit nach zusaetzlicher Laborbelastung untersucht werden. Ebenso koennen Labortiere auf ihre Reaktion gegenueber belasteten

Genes2FANs: connecting genes through functional association networks

Science.gov (United States)

2012-01-01

Background Protein-protein, cell signaling, metabolic, and transcriptional interaction networks are useful for identifying connections between lists of experimentally identified genes/proteins. However, besides physical or co-expression interactions there are many ways in which pairs of genes, or their protein products, can be associated. By systematically incorporating knowledge on shared properties of genes from diverse sources to build functional association networks (FANs), researchers may be able to identify additional functional interactions between groups of genes that are not readily apparent. Results Genes2FANs is a web based tool and a database that utilizes 14 carefully constructed FANs and a large-scale protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to build subnetworks that connect lists of human and mouse genes. The FANs are created from mammalian gene set libraries where mouse genes are converted to their human orthologs. The tool takes as input a list of human or mouse Entrez gene symbols to produce a subnetwork and a ranked list of intermediate genes that are used to connect the query input list. In addition, users can enter any PubMed search term and then the system automatically converts the returned results to gene lists using GeneRIF. This gene list is then used as input to generate a subnetwork from the user’s PubMed query. As a case study, we applied Genes2FANs to connect disease genes from 90 well-studied disorders. We find an inverse correlation between the counts of links connecting disease genes through PPI and links connecting diseases genes through FANs, separating diseases into two categories. Conclusions Genes2FANs is a useful tool for interpreting the relationships between gene/protein lists in the context of their various functions and networks. Combining functional association interactions with physical PPIs can be useful for revealing new biology and help form hypotheses for further experimentation. Our finding that disease genes in

Smart pigging - a contribution to the monitoring of the anti-corrosion protection systems on pig-inspectable high-pressure gas transmission pipelines; Intelligente Molchung - ein Beitrag zur Ueberwachung des Korrosionsschutzes molchbarer Gashochdruckleitungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ahlers, M.; Schoeneich, H.G. [Ruhrgas AG, Essen (Germany). Kompetenz-Center Korrosionsschutz

2000-07-01

High-pressure gas transmission pipelines installed underground are exposed to the risk of external corrosion. The application of a sheathing (passive protection) and, since the 1950s, the installation of a cathodic anti-corrosion protection system, provide pipelines with effective protection against this danger. In the past, the effectiveness of cathodic anti-corrosion protection systems was verified by means of intensive measuring and re-measuring cycles. It became apparent that points of damage to the sheathing were protected in the majority of cases against corrosion by the cathodic anti-corrosion protection system. There are, however, particular design circumstances and ambient conditions which can make this anti-corrosion protection concept either partially or completely ineffective. The use of smart pigs for inspection of pig-inspectable gas transmission pipelines makes it possible to detect and eliminate these weak points. (orig.) [German] Gashochdruckleitungen, die im Erdboden verlegt werden, unterliegen einer Gefaehrdung durch Aussenkorrosion. Durch eine Umhuellung (passiver Schutz) und seit den 50er Jahren durch die Einrichtung des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes (aktiver Schutz) sind die Leitungen gegen diese Gefaehrdung wirkungsvoll geschuetzt. In der Vergangenheit wurde die Ueberpruefung der Wirksamkeit des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes durch Intensivmessungen und Nachmessungen sichergestellt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass in der ueberwiegenden Zahl Umhuellungsbeschaedigungen durch den kathodischen Korrosionsschutz gegen Korrosion geschuetzt sind. Es gibt jedoch besondere konstruktive oder Umgebungsbedingungen, die dieses Korrosionsschuzkonzept teilweise oder vollstaendig unwirksam werden lassen. Mit dem Einsatz von intelligenten Molchen zur Inspektion molchbarer Gastransportleitungen koennen diese Schwachstellen erkannt und beseitigt werden. (orig.)

Dėl cirkumfleksinės metatonijos lietuvių kalbos dūriniuose

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Danguolė Mikulėnienė

2011-11-01

Full Text Available ZUM PROBLEM DER ZIRKUMFLEXEN METATONIE IN LITAUISCHEN ZUSAMMEN­SETZUNGENZusammenfassungEs wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß die Metatonie in den litauischen Zusammensetzungen eine relativ späte Erscheinung ist, die bei der Umgestaltung des Paradigmas mit beweglichem Wortakzent entstanden ist, d. h. sie tauchte in der Zeit auf, als sich der Wortakzent in den Zusammensetzungen nach rechts verschob. Diese Annahme wird durch folgende Argumente bekräftigt: 1. Durch die im litauischen Schrifttum des 16. Jh. belegten Akzentuierungsvarianten, z. B. bei M. Daukša bedievỹs, -i und bediẽvis, -ė, svetimmóteris:svetimmotẽris; 2. Durch das Vorliegen der schwankenden Akzentuierung in den Zusammensetzungen der litauischen Sprache der Gegenwart – man tendiert dazu, den Akzent in Richtung der Morphemgrenze zu verrücken: jaunavedýs, aber auch jauñvedis; 3. Durch Fakten der lettischen Sprache, wo die Metatonie durch Verbreitung des Akuts in der entgegengesetzten Richtung zustande kam, vgl.: grūtdiẽnis ‘Armseliger’: dìena ‘Tag’.Obwohl sich die Akzentuierungssysteme der litauischen und lettischen Zusammensetzungen selbständig entwickelten, vollzog sich dieser Prozeß nach der Stimmbewegung auf Basis desselben bal­tischen modells:Es kann gefolgert werden, daß die in den litauischen Zusammensetzungen erscheinende Metato­nie, die als Ergebnis der Akzentverrückung anzusehen ist, funktionell mit der Verlegung des Akzents nach rechts während der Herausbildung der suffixalen Akzentuierung zusammenfällt.

Geist, Logik, Kapital und die Technik des Maßes

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Frank Engster

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes (PhdG und seine Wissenschaft der Logik (WdL sowie Marx Kapital sind, so wird im ersten Teil gezeigt, jeweils Ausdruck einer Verlegenheit. Alle drei stehen nämlich vor der Herausforderung, in Geist, Logik und Kapital letztlich eine Methode darstellen zu müssen, und sie müssen darüber auch noch die Möglichkeit der Darstellung ebendieser Methode einholen und begründen. Diese Übereinkunft zwischen der Methode der Darstellung mit dem Methodischen aufseiten des dargestellten Geistes, der Logik und des Kapitals gelingt, so die These des zweiten Teils, durch die Technik des Maßes. Maß und Messung konstituieren bereits in der Naturwissenschaft Objektivität im neuzeitlichen Sinne: Gehalten an und gebrochen durch ihre eigenen Maß, werden die Verhältnisse der Natur durch die ermittelten Werte wie ein selbständiger Gegenstand objektiv bestimmbar und im Wissen subjektiv aufgehoben. Dagegen zeigen Geist, Logik und Kapital jeweils, dass die Technik des Maßes nicht nur Objektivität im neuzeitlichen Sinne konstituiert, sondern die gesamte neuzeitliche Form der Gegenständlichkeit von Objektivität und Subjektivität, Bewusstsein und Gegenstand. In Hegels Phänomenologie und seiner Logik sowie in Marx Kapital eröffnet das Maß diese Gegenständlichkeit, indem jeweils eine Objektivität konstituiert wird, die einem Subjekt buchstäblich zu denken gegeben wird. Es ist allerdings unmittelbar die Objektivität der Subjektivität selbst, die jeweils gegeben wird: phänomenologisch wird durch das Maß die Objektivität der Subjektivität des Geistes gegeben (PhdG, rein logisch wird die Objektivität des Seins durch die Subjektivität des Begriffs gegeben (WdL, und der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft ist durch quantitative Werte die eigene Objektivität gegeben, und zwar gegeben durch ein Geld, das dadurch zu einer überindividuellen, automatischen Subjektivität wird. Für das Maß steht in der Phänomenologie das

Classifying genes to the correct Gene Ontology Slim term in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using neighbouring genes with classification learning

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Tsatsoulis Costas

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that gene location and surrounding genes influence the functionality of genes in the eukaryotic genome. Knowing the Gene Ontology Slim terms associated with a gene gives us insight into a gene's functionality by informing us how its gene product behaves in a cellular context using three different ontologies: molecular function, biological process, and cellular component. In this study, we analyzed if we could classify a gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to its correct Gene Ontology Slim term using information about its location in the genome and information from its nearest-neighbouring genes using classification learning. Results We performed experiments to establish that the MultiBoostAB algorithm using the J48 classifier could correctly classify Gene Ontology Slim terms of a gene given information regarding the gene's location and information from its nearest-neighbouring genes for training. Different neighbourhood sizes were examined to determine how many nearest neighbours should be included around each gene to provide better classification rules. Our results show that by just incorporating neighbour information from each gene's two-nearest neighbours, the percentage of correctly classified genes to their correct Gene Ontology Slim term for each ontology reaches over 80% with high accuracy (reflected in F-measures over 0.80 of the classification rules produced. Conclusions We confirmed that in classifying genes to their correct Gene Ontology Slim term, the inclusion of neighbour information from those genes is beneficial. Knowing the location of a gene and the Gene Ontology Slim information from neighbouring genes gives us insight into that gene's functionality. This benefit is seen by just including information from a gene's two-nearest neighbouring genes.

Charakterisierung und Modellierung der interferierenden klimatischen, orographischen und anthropogenen Einflüsse auf die Landschaftsentwicklung des oberen Rio Guadalentín (Spanien)

OpenAIRE

Riedlinger, Torsten

2006-01-01

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde exemplarisch die holozäne Klima- und Landschaftsentwicklung für einen semiariden Natur- und Kulturraum in Südost-Spanien rekonstruiert. Dabei wurden unterschiedliche klimatologische, orographische und anthropogene Einflussfaktoren beschrieben und deren interdependentes Wirkungsgefüge abgeleitet. Dies erfolgte durch die Analyse des subrezenten Regionalklimas, anhand eines an die semi-ariden Bedingungen angepassten Wasserhaushaltsmodells sowie durch die Einbezi...

Referenzmodelle im Mobile Business: Analyse und Entwicklung neuer Rollen, Szenarien und Geschäftsmodelle

OpenAIRE

Hufenbach, Yvonne

2016-01-01

Das digitale Zeitalter ist charakterisiert durch sich stetig wandelnde Märkte, Techniken und wirtschaftliche Voraussetzungen. Klassische Wertschöpfungsketten brechen auf und wandeln sich zu Wertschöpfungsnetzen. Dabei findet eine Neuzuordnung zwischen Wertschöpfungstätigkeiten und Marktteilnehmern statt. Diese digitale Welt ist zudem durch hohe Interdependenzen wirtschaftlicher, informationstechnischer und rechtlicher Fragestellungen gekennzeichnet. Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt die Arb...

Rezension zu: Vera Cuntz-Leng: Harry Potter Que(er. Eine Filmsaga im Spannungsfeld von Queer-Reading, Slash-Fandom und Fantasyfilmgenre. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag 2015.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcus Felix

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Vera Cuntz-Leng brilliert mit einer queertheoretischen Untersuchung der Romanreihe um den Zauberlehrling Harry Potter und ihrer Verfilmung, die beide durch eine Form der Fanfiction, dem Slash, einer queeren Auswertung ausgesetzt sind. Mit der Verzahnung von queertheoretischer Relektüre und der Analyse queerer Fanpraxis gelingt es der Autorin herauszustellen, weshalb sich die Septalogie herausragender Beliebtheit bei queerer Harry-Potter-Fan-Art erfreut. Sie erweitert dadurch nicht nur den Blickwinkel auf das Phänomen Harry Potter, das durch das inflationäre Neu- und Weiterschreiben durch Fans ein Eigenleben entwickelt hat. Sie trägt damit auch zur Verwissenschaftlichung des Subgenres Fantasy bei und dem mangelnden Interesse der Queer Theory am popkulturellen Phänomen des Fandom Rechnung.

Environmental effects and potential hazards of chemical substances used in waste water purification; Umweltvertraeglichkeit und Gefaehrdungspotentiale von Abwasserbehandlungschemikalien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schumann, H. [Umweltbundesamt, Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene

1999-07-01

Waste water purification in sewage systems would be impossible without additions of chemical substances for coagulation, flocculation and neutralisation. However, these substances also pollute the purified waste water and the freshwater supplies. In addition, the non-reactive fraction of toxic substances originally contained in the waste water is discharged with the purified waste water and adds to the pollution of freshwater reservoirs. Detailed investigations are required for defining the state of the art in the use of chemical substances for waste water purification. [German] Um Schadstoffe aus dem Abwasser zu entfernen, werden in der Klaeranlage bestimmte Hilfsstoffe zugesetzt, ohne die eine Reinigung des Abwassers nicht in dieser Qualitaet moeglich waere und unverhaeltnismaessig teuer wuerde. Die Hilfsstoffe unterstuetzen den Reinigungsprozess durch Faellung, Flockung und Neutralisation. Durch den Einsatz dieser Chemikalien zur Behandlung von Abwaessern gelangen jedoch auch - Verunreinigungen durch die Nebenstoff-Matrix der eingesetzten Behandlungschemikalien in das behandelte Abwasser und in die Gewaesser und - durch ueberstoechiometrische Dosierung oder Additive tritt der nicht reagierende Teil toxischer Substanzen ebenfalls im behandelten Abwasserablauf und im Gewaesser auf. Detaillierte Untersuchungen erscheinen geboten, um auf dieser Grundlage den Stand der Technik beim Einsatz von Chemikalien zur Abwasserbehandlung zu formulieren. (orig./SR)

Durch Zwang zur Freiheit?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Peter Collin

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Economic self-government occurs when organized economic actors fulfill public duties, participate in providing law and law enforcement, and are given scope for the exercise of their interests. It takes place in advisory boards, chambers and cooperatives regulated by public law. Economic self-government emerged in the 19th century. Its importance increased primarily from the end of the 19th century, the time of the emergence of the interventionist state. This development seemed to be accompanied by a loss of freedom because self-government was legally constructed as a state-dependent form of organization. Above all, it was subject to state supervision. However, this review would be one-sided. The establishment of self-government, simultaneously, created the possibility of increased influence on public affairs. The semi-official character of self-government institutions strengthened the legitimacy of the economic representation of interests and the power of enforcement in relation to government authorities and other organized societal actors. Economic self-government was a way of coordinating divergent interests more effectively in a highly differentiated society and enlarging the space for the collective exercise of freedom. The resulting increased dependence on the state was a price which large parts of society were willing to pay.

Workflow improvement and efficiency gain with near digitalization of a Radiology Department; Workflowverbesserung und Effizienzsteigerungsaspekte durch nahezu vollstaendige Digitalisierung einer Roentgenabteilung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Langen, H.L.; Bielmeier, J.; Selbach, R. [Missionsaerztlichen Klinik Wuerzburg (Germany). Radiologische Abteilung; Wittenberg, G. [Univ. Wuerzburg (Germany). Inst. fuer Roentgendiagnostik; Feustel, H. [Missionsaerztlichen Klinik Wuerzburg (Germany). Chirurgische Abteilung

2003-10-01

Purpose: To determine the temporal changes of the workflow caused by digitalization of the radiology department after installation of digital luminescence-radiography (DLR), a radiology information system (RIS) and picture archiving and communication system (PACS) at the Missionsaerztliche Klinik in April 2000. Materials and methods: In a comparative study, a workflow analysis by manual registration of different work steps was performed before (1999) and after (2001) digitalization of a radiology department. Results: The digitalization shortened the examination time for patients from a mean of 8 min to 5 min. The time the patient is absent from the emergency room did not change. Reporting radiographic examinations including comparison with previous studies begins earlier from a mean of 2 h 37 min to 17 min. Using PACS, 85.9% of all cases could be interpreted on the day of the examination (without PACS 41.2%) and 87.2% of the reports were completed the day after the examination (without PACS 64.5%). No time differences were found between reading conventional studies on the monitor or as soft-copy. Conclusion: Compared to conventional film-screen systems, complete digitalization of a radiology department is time saving at nearly all steps of the workflow, with expected positive effects on the workflow quality of the entire hospital. (orig.) [German] Fragestellung/Zielsetzung: An der Missionsaerztlichen Klinik folgte im April 2000 mit der Einfuehrung der digitalen Lumineszenzradiographie (DLR), eines radiologischen Informationssystems (RIS) und eines Bildarchivierungs- und Kommunkationssystems (PACS) die vollstaendige Digitalisierung der Roentgenabteilung. Die durch diese Umstellung bedingten zeitlichen Veraenderungen der Prozessablaeufe in der Roentgenabteilung wurden untersucht. Material und Methode: In Form einer Vorher-Nachher-Studie wurde 1999 im konventionellen und 2001 im digitalen Routinebetrieb anhand von Analysen der Prozessablaeufe eine manuelle

Ebenen des Verstehens: Überlegungen zu einem Verfahren zum Wurzelziehen

Science.gov (United States)

Winter, Martin

Wir bemühen uns, insbesondere bei Kindern, den Lernprozess auch im Mathematikunterricht durch den Einsatz von Materialien zu unterstützen. Die Arbeitsschritte dienen dabei oft der Vorbereitung oder Herleitung von Verfahren - in der Hoffnung, dass durch die Veranschaulichung Zusammenhänge besser verstanden werden. Worin dann das Verstehen besteht, wenn im Ergebnis ein Verfahren von den Kindern erfolgreich abgearbeitet wird, ist nicht unmittelbar zu sehen.

Untersuchungen zur Expansion, funktionellen Charakterisierung und kontinuierlichen Bereitstellung von Hepatocyten für die Anwendung in bioartifiziellen Leberunterstützungssystemen

OpenAIRE

Iding, Kai

2001-01-01

Der vollständige Funktionsverlust der Leber kann in der modernen Medizin bisher nur durch den Austausch des funktionsuntüchtigen gegen ein gesundes Organ, d.h. durch eine Lebertransplantation behandelt werden. Da es jedoch weit mehr transplantationsbedürftige Patienten gibt als geeignete Spenderorgane zur Verfügung stehen, gibt es weltweite Anstrengungen zur Entwicklung alternativer Behandlungsmethoden. Nach bisherigem wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisstand ist die bioartifizielle Leberunterst...

Untersuchung strategischer Marketingkonzeptionen deutscher Handelsunternehmen in Russland am Beispiel der Einzelhandelsbranche

OpenAIRE

Krause, Valerie

2007-01-01

Durch die zunehmenden wirtschaftlichen Verflechtungen wird auch der russische Markt für deutsche Unternehmen immer interessanter. Im Rahmen der Globalisierung müssen sich die erfolgreichen Unternehmen neu positionieren, um dem anwachsenden Wettbewerbsdruck einerseits entgegen zu treten und andererseits neue Märkte zu entdecken. Gerade auf dem russischen Markt, der durch die wirtschaftsstrukturelle Umorientierung eine hohe Dynamik aufweist, spielen marketingstrategische Entscheidungen über den...

Characterization and optimization of single-use bioreactors and biopharmaceutical production processes using computational fluid dynamics

OpenAIRE

Kaiser, Stephan Christian

2015-01-01

Durch die örtliche und zeitliche Modellierung der auftretenden Strömungen bietet die numerische Fluiddynamik (engl. Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) das Potenzial detaillierte Untersuchungen der Hydrodynamik in Bioreaktoren durchzuführen. Allerdings sind bisher nur wenige Studien in Verbindung mit Einwegbioreaktoren, die sich durch konstruktiven Besonderheiten von ihren klassischen Gegenspielern aus Glas und/oder Edelstahl unterscheiden, publiziert. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll daher geeigne...

Klinische Ergebnisse in der Behandlung der rezidivierenden respiratorischen Papillomatose mit Microdebrider, intraläsionaler Cidofovir-Injektion und Impfung mit Gardasil

OpenAIRE

Schäfer, Fabian Axel

2013-01-01

Die Rekurrierende Respiratorische Papillomatose (RRP) ist eine seltene Erkrankung, die Kinder, aber auch Erwachsene betrifft. Sie ist charakterisiert durch eine Proliferation benigner Plattenepithel-Papillome innerhalb des Aerodigestiv-Traktes mit dem Larynx als Prädilektionsstelle. Hervorgerufen wird die RRP durch eine orale Infektion mit Humanen Papillomviren (HPV) der Typen 6 oder 11. Bei aggressiven Verlaufsformen, die eine Vielzahl von Papillomabtragungen im Abstand von wenigen Monaten o...

District heating systems - the necessary infrastructure for geothermal energy; Fern- und Nahwaermesysteme - notwendige Infrastruktur fuer die Geothermie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schoenberg, I [Inst. fuer Umwelt-, Sicherheits- und Energietechnik e.V. (UMSICHT), Oberhausen (Germany)

1997-12-01

The contribution discusses the future chances of geothermal energy use with cost-optimized systems of geothermal energy + cogeneration + district heating and with the focus on innovation instead of state funding. (orig./AKF) [Deutsch] Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf die zukuenftigen Chancen der Geothermie, die eine kostenoptimierte Systemloesung Geothermie + KWK + Nah-/Fernwaerme sowie durch Mut zur Innovation und nicht durch Foerderung bestimmt werden. (orig./AKF)

Transnationale Städtenetzwerke als Instrument interkommunaler Kooperation im Zeitalter globaler Vernetzung : Das europäisch-lateinamerikanische Städtenetzwerk URB-AL

OpenAIRE

Rothfuß, Rainer

2006-01-01

Netzwerke spielen eine immer wichtigere Rolle als räumliche Struktur wirtschaftlicher Entwicklungsprozesse und auch als Form der Steuerung und Organisation politischer, unternehmerischer und sozialer Verflechtungen. Der Bedeutungszuwachs transnationaler Netzwerkstrukturen wurde erst durch die technologische Revolution im Bereich der Kommunikation und des Transportwesens ermöglicht. Im Hinblick auf die räumlichen Wirtschaftsstrukturen wurde er aber auch gefördert durch die Neudefinierung grund...

Sexy gene conversions: locating gene conversions on the X-chromosome.

Science.gov (United States)

Lawson, Mark J; Zhang, Liqing

2009-08-01

Gene conversion can have a profound impact on both the short- and long-term evolution of genes and genomes. Here, we examined the gene families that are located on the X-chromosomes of human (Homo sapiens), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), mouse (Mus musculus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus) for evidence of gene conversion. We identified seven gene families (WD repeat protein family, Ferritin Heavy Chain family, RAS-related Protein RAB-40 family, Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase family, Transcription Elongation Factor A family, LDOC1-related family, Zinc Finger Protein ZIC, and GLI family) that show evidence of gene conversion. Through phylogenetic analyses and synteny evidence, we show that gene conversion has played an important role in the evolution of these gene families and that gene conversion has occurred independently in both primates and rodents. Comparing the results with those of two gene conversion prediction programs (GENECONV and Partimatrix), we found that both GENECONV and Partimatrix have very high false negative rates (i.e. failed to predict gene conversions), which leads to many undetected gene conversions. The combination of phylogenetic analyses with physical synteny evidence exhibits high resolution in the detection of gene conversions.

Optimal Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Trichomonas vaginalis

Science.gov (United States)

dos Santos, Odelta; de Vargas Rigo, Graziela; Frasson, Amanda Piccoli; Macedo, Alexandre José; Tasca, Tiana

2015-01-01

Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomonosis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. This infection is associated with several health consequences, including cervical and prostate cancers and HIV acquisition. Gene expression analysis has been facilitated because of available genome sequences and large-scale transcriptomes in T. vaginalis, particularly using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), one of the most used methods for molecular studies. Reference genes for normalization are crucial to ensure the accuracy of this method. However, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic validation of reference genes has not been performed for T. vaginalis. In this study, the transcripts of nine candidate reference genes were quantified using qRT-PCR under different cultivation conditions, and the stability of these genes was compared using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The most stable reference genes were α-tubulin, actin and DNATopII, and, conversely, the widely used T. vaginalis reference genes GAPDH and β-tubulin were less stable. The PFOR gene was used to validate the reliability of the use of these candidate reference genes. As expected, the PFOR gene was upregulated when the trophozoites were cultivated with ferrous ammonium sulfate when the DNATopII, α-tubulin and actin genes were used as normalizing gene. By contrast, the PFOR gene was downregulated when the GAPDH gene was used as an internal control, leading to misinterpretation of the data. These results provide an important starting point for reference gene selection and gene expression analysis with qRT-PCR studies of T. vaginalis. PMID:26393928

Prognostische Bedeutung der Expression der P2RY8-CRLF2-Fusions-assoziierten Gene LRRC32, BMP6 und VPREB1 für die Akute Lymphoblastische Leukämie im Kindes- und Jugendalter

OpenAIRE

Buchmann, Swantje

2017-01-01

Die Optimierung der Therapie der kindlichen ALL kann möglicherweise durch die Identifikation neuer molekularer Marker geschehen, die diejenigen Patienten schon zum Diagnosezeitpunkt oder während der initialen Therapie als Hochrisikopatienten charakterisieren, die noch nicht als solche gelten, aber mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit ein Rezidiv erleiden werden. Im Rahmen der ALL BFM 2000-Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass in einer Subgruppe der pB-ALL die Existenz der P2RY8-CRLF2-Fusion mit...

GesprächsStoff Farbe Beiträge aus Wissenschaft, Kunst und Gesellschaft

CERN Document Server

Karliczek, Andre

2017-01-01

Die Gegenwart eröffnet eine völlig neue Bedeutung und Funktionsaufladung von Farbe. Diese hat in zahlreiche Lebensbereiche Einzug gehalten und reagiert ebenso intelligent auf individuelle Kommunikations- und Unterhaltungsbedürfnisse wie auf hochspezialisierte technologische Anforderungen in Gefahrensituationen. Farbe präsentiert sich als Partner der Energiegewinnung wie als künstlerisches, gestaltendes, gar therapeutisches Medium. Im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts „Farbe als Akteur und Speicher“ (FARBAKS) haben in Rückbindung an den Verlauf der Farbgeschichte der vergangenen 200 Jahre zahlreiche Geistes- und Naturwissenschaftler sowie Künstlerinnen und Künstlern den fundamentalen Wandel, dem Farbe seit Beginn der Industrialisierung durch neue technologische Produktions- und Anwendungsformen, durch theoretisch-wissenschaftliche Bewertung und durch neue Bedeutungszuweisungen unterworfen wurde, in den Blick genommen. Der reich bebilderte Band präsentiert Analysen und Ergebnisse un...

Zur (NeuPositionierung der Mediendidaktik. Handlungs- und Gestaltungsorientierung in der Medienpädagogik

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michael Kerres

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Die Grenzziehung zwischen Mediendidaktik und Medienerziehung ist nicht zuletzt durch Veränderungen der Medien selbst mehr denn je fraglich geworden. Eine andere Betrachtung ergibt sich, wenn man eine handlungsorientierte mit einer gestaltungsorientierten Perspektive der Medienpädagogik verknüpft. Die handlungsorientierte Perspektive möchte das handelnde Individuum zu einem kompetenten Umgang mit Medien befähigen. Die gestaltungsorientierte Perspektive betrachtet in Ergänzung dazu die lern- und entwicklungsförderlichen Potenziale medialer Umwelt. In der Verknüpfung dieser beiden Perspektiven lässt sich die «Kompetenz für Medienhandeln» entwickeln, die auf die Verständigung von Menschen durch Teilhabe an Wissen und Kultur, durch Partizipation an gesellschaftlicher Kommunikation, und auf Entwicklung von Persönlichkeit abzielt.

Kyphoplastie als palliative Therapieoption bei pathologischen Frakturen der Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hartwig E

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Bedingt durch Fortschritte in der Behandlung von Tumoren hat sich die Lebenserwartung von Krebspatienten deutlich verbessert. Jedoch steigt hiermit auch die Inzidenz von Knochenmetastasen. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen, die primären Knochentumoren betreffend, ist die Art der Behandlung dieser Läsionen in der Regel palliativ. Durch operatives Intervenieren muß bei diesen Patienten ein maximaler palliativer Effekt bei minimaler Morbidität und Mortalität erzielt werden. Die vorwiegenden Ziele sind Schmerzreduktion unter Erhalt der Stabilität und Funktion. Durch die Kyphoplastie wurden Zementierungsverfahren an der Wirbelsäule auch für pathologische Frakturen auf dem Boden metastatischer Manifestationen elegibel. In einer telefonischen Evaluation von 10 Patienten konnte die Wertigkeit des Verfahrens in der palliativen Situation bei Patienten mit Wirbelsäulenmetastasen gezeigt werden.

Interpretation of ultrasonic images; Interpretation von Ultraschall-Abbildungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mueller, W; Schmitz, V; Kroening, M [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Zerstoerungsfreie Pruefverfahren, Saarbruecken (Germany)

1998-11-01

During the evaluation of ultrasonic images, e.g. SAFT-reconstructed B-scan images (SAFT=Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) it is often difficult to decide, what is the origin of reconstructed image points: were they caused by defects, specimens geometry or mode-conversions. To facilitate this evaluation a tool based on the comparison of data was developed. Different kinds of data comparison are possible: identification of that RF-signals, which caused the reconstructed image point. This is the comparison of a reconstructed image with the corresponding RF-data. Comparison of two reconstructed images performing a superposition using logical operators. In this case e.g. the reconstruction of an unknown reflector is compared with that of a known one. Comparison of raw-RF-data by simultaneous scanning through two data sets. Here the echoes of an unknown reflector are compared with the echoes of a known one. The necessary datasets of known reflectors may be generated experimentally on reference reflectors or modelled. The aim is the identification of the reflector type, e.g. cracklike or not, the determination of position, size and orientation as well as the identification of accompanying satellite echoes. The interpretation of the SAFT-reconstructed B-scan image is carried out by a complete description of the reflector. In addition to the aim of interpretation the tool described is well suited to educate and train ultrasonic testers. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Bei der Auswertung von Ultraschall-Abbildungen, z.B. SAFT-rekonstruierten B-Bildern (SAFT=Synthetische Apertur Fokus Technik), ist es oft schwierig zu entscheiden, wo rekonstruierte Bildpunkte herruehren: wurden sie durch Materialfehler, Bauteilgeometrie oder durch Wellenumwandlungen versursacht. Um diese Auswertung zu erleichtern, wurde ein Werkzeug entwickelt, welches auf dem Vergleich von Datensaetzen basiert. Es koennen verschiedene Arten des Datenvergleichs durchgefuehrt werden: Identifikation der HF

Teleradiology - a blessing or a curse; Teleradiologie - Segen oder Fluch? Vier Jahre Routine im Teleradiologischen Datennetz Nordhessen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bodemeyer, J.; Mariss, G. [Radiologisches Inst. in der Hardtwaldklinik I - Praxis Dres. med. Mariss/Aref, Bad Zwesten (Germany); Gursky, S. [Medos AG, Langenselbold GSt., Eilenburg (Germany)

2002-02-01

Several hospitals in northern Hessen, not having their own radiology departments, want to run CT-scanners with the goal of improving medical quality. They requested co-operation from the Radiological Institute in the Hardtwaldklinik 1 in Bad Zwesten. Therefore a teleradiological network was developed, which enables the exchange of radiological-images and -reports between 19 hospitals today. An elementary requirement for this co-operation is an efficient and functional computer infrastructure and verified co-operation contracts. The conception, structure and development of the program, as well as associated difficulties are presented and discussed from different perspectives in the light of the controversy among experts. The results, experiences and benefits gained in four years, in which the teleradiological network of northern Hessen has been in place, demonstrate the importance and possibilities of teleradiology as an element of telemedicine. Teleradiology/telediagnostics improves the quality of patient care in smaller hospitals located in less-populated areas and present possibilities to optimize and integrate health care structures, taking economic considerations into account. (orig.) [German] Mehrere Krankenhaeuser der Grund- und Regelversorgung in Nordhessen, die nicht ueber eine eigene radiologische Fachabteilung verfuegen, wollen eigene Computertomographen mit dem Ziel der medizinischen Qualitaetsverbesserung betreiben und traten 1997 mit dem Wunsch nach Kooperation an das Radiologische Institut der Hardtwaldklinik I, Bad Zwesten - Praxis Dres. med. Mariss/Aref, heran. Es entwickelte sich daraus ein Datennetz, mit dem heute 19 Krankenhaeuser radiologische Bild- und Befunddaten via ISDN austauschen koennen. Elementare Voraussetzung hierfuer sind eine effiziente und funktionale EDV-Infrastruktur und juristisch abgesicherte Kooperationsvertraege. Konzeption, Aufbau und Entwicklung der teleradiologischen Kooperationen sowie verbundene Probleme werden dargestellt und vor dem Hintergrund kontroverser Ansichten in Fachkreisen unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse, Erfahrungen und Benefits aus 4 Jahren Teleradiologie Datennetz Nordhessen zeigen die wichtige Bedeutung und die Moeglichkeiten von Teleradiologie als Bestandteil der Telemedizin. Teleradiologie/Telediagnostik verbessert die Patientenversorgung in duennbesiedelten Regionen an kleineren Krankenhaeusern und eroeffnet Moeglichkeiten zur Optimierung integrativer Versorgungsstrukturen, auch unter wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten. (orig.)

Patenting human genes: Chinese academic articles' portrayal of gene patents.

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Li

2018-04-24

The patenting of human genes has been the subject of debate for decades. While China has gradually come to play an important role in the global genomics-based testing and treatment market, little is known about Chinese scholars' perspectives on patent protection for human genes. A content analysis of academic literature was conducted to identify Chinese scholars' concerns regarding gene patents, including benefits and risks of patenting human genes, attitudes that researchers hold towards gene patenting, and any legal and policy recommendations offered for the gene patent regime in China. 57.2% of articles were written by law professors, but scholars from health sciences, liberal arts, and ethics also participated in discussions on gene patent issues. While discussions of benefits and risks were relatively balanced in the articles, 63.5% of the articles favored gene patenting in general and, of the articles (n = 41) that explored gene patents in the Chinese context, 90.2% supported patent protections for human genes in China. The patentability of human genes was discussed in 33 articles, and 75.8% of these articles reached the conclusion that human genes are patentable. Chinese scholars view the patent regime as an important legal tool to protect the interests of inventors and inventions as well as the genetic resources of China. As such, many scholars support a gene patent system in China. These attitudes towards gene patents remain unchanged following the court ruling in the Myriad case in 2013, but arguments have been raised about the scope of gene patents, in particular that the increasing numbers of gene patents may negatively impact public health in China.

Research progress in machine learning methods for gene-gene interaction detection.

Science.gov (United States)

Peng, Zhe-Ye; Tang, Zi-Jun; Xie, Min-Zhu

2018-03-20

Complex diseases are results of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. However, the detection of high-dimensional gene-gene interactions is computationally challenging. In the last two decades, machine-learning approaches have been developed to detect gene-gene interactions with some successes. In this review, we summarize the progress in research on machine learning methods, as applied to gene-gene interaction detection. It systematically examines the principles and limitations of the current machine learning methods used in genome wide association studies (GWAS) to detect gene-gene interactions, such as neural networks (NN), random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM) and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR), and provides some insights on the future research directions in the field.

Gene Circuit Analysis of the Terminal Gap Gene huckebein

Science.gov (United States)

Ashyraliyev, Maksat; Siggens, Ken; Janssens, Hilde; Blom, Joke; Akam, Michael; Jaeger, Johannes

2009-01-01

The early embryo of Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful model system to study the role of genes in pattern formation. The gap gene network constitutes the first zygotic regulatory tier in the hierarchy of the segmentation genes involved in specifying the position of body segments. Here, we use an integrative, systems-level approach to investigate the regulatory effect of the terminal gap gene huckebein (hkb) on gap gene expression. We present quantitative expression data for the Hkb protein, which enable us to include hkb in gap gene circuit models. Gap gene circuits are mathematical models of gene networks used as computational tools to extract regulatory information from spatial expression data. This is achieved by fitting the model to gap gene expression patterns, in order to obtain estimates for regulatory parameters which predict a specific network topology. We show how considering variability in the data combined with analysis of parameter determinability significantly improves the biological relevance and consistency of the approach. Our models are in agreement with earlier results, which they extend in two important respects: First, we show that Hkb is involved in the regulation of the posterior hunchback (hb) domain, but does not have any other essential function. Specifically, Hkb is required for the anterior shift in the posterior border of this domain, which is now reproduced correctly in our models. Second, gap gene circuits presented here are able to reproduce mutants of terminal gap genes, while previously published models were unable to reproduce any null mutants correctly. As a consequence, our models now capture the expression dynamics of all posterior gap genes and some variational properties of the system correctly. This is an important step towards a better, quantitative understanding of the developmental and evolutionary dynamics of the gap gene network. PMID:19876378

Enhancing the dewatering properties of sludge through aimed building-up of floc structures on the basis of detailed morphological analyses; Verbesserung der Entwaesserungseigenschaften von Schlaemmen durch den gezielten Aufbau von Flockenstrukturen auf der Basis detaillierter morphologischer Analysen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nagel, M.; Ay, P. [Brandenburgische Technische Univ. Cottbus (Germany). Lehrstuhl Aufbereitungstechnik

1999-07-01

Aimed building-up of aggregates as they originate in flocculation processes, for instance in sewage and sludge treatment, have especially lately been meeting with increasing resonance: they permit to influence, inter alia, important properties (e.g., the dewatering properties) of such systems. As conventional mathematical methods for the characterization of flocs - as a basis for process optimization - are inadequate or flawed, a concept for the effective characterization of the inner getup of such structures needs to be sought. One approach is cluster analysis, which is demonstrated and discussed in the present paper by means of the evaluation of sectional views of floc structures. (orig.) [German] Der gezielte Aufbau von Aggregaten, wie sie bei Flockungsprozessen z.B. in der Abwasser- und Schlammbehandlung entstehen, findet besonders in juengerer Zeit zunehmend Beachtung, da sich damit unter anderem wichtige Eigenschaften (z.B. die Entwaesserungseigenschaften) dieser Systeme beeinflussen lassen. Da herkoemmliche mathematische Methoden zur Charakterisierung von Flocken - als Basis fuer eine Prozessoptimierung - nur unzureichend bzw. fehlerbehaftet sind, ergibt sich daraus die Notwendigkeit, nach einem Konzept zur effektiven Charakterisierung des inneren Aufbaus solcher Strukturen zu suchen. Ein Ansatz ist die Clusteranalyse, die im Beitrag durch die Auswertung von Schnittbildern von Flockenstrukturen vorgestellt und diskutiert wird. (orig.)

Gene expression

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hildebrand, C.E.; Crawford, B.D.; Walters, R.A.; Enger, M.D.

1983-01-01

We prepared probes for isolating functional pieces of the metallothionein locus. The probes enabled a variety of experiments, eventually revealing two mechanisms for metallothionein gene expression, the order of the DNA coding units at the locus, and the location of the gene site in its chromosome. Once the switch regulating metallothionein synthesis was located, it could be joined by recombinant DNA methods to other, unrelated genes, then reintroduced into cells by gene-transfer techniques. The expression of these recombinant genes could then be induced by exposing the cells to Zn 2+ or Cd 2+ . We would thus take advantage of the clearly defined switching properties of the metallothionein gene to manipulate the expression of other, perhaps normally constitutive, genes. Already, despite an incomplete understanding of how the regulatory switch of the metallothionein locus operates, such experiments have been performed successfully

Stabilization of the cleaning of anaerobic waste water with the aid of activated sludge following receipts of hydrogen peroxide; Stabilisierung der anaeroben Abwasserreinigung durch Belebtschlamm nach Eintrag von Wasserstoffperoxid

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stupperich, E. [Ulm Univ. (Germany). Abt. Angewandte Mikrobiologie; Gerstmeir, R. [Ulm Univ. (Germany). Abt. Angewandte Mikrobiologie; Marqua, J. [Ulm Univ. (Germany). Abt. Angewandte Mikrobiologie; Rothfuss, A. [Ulm Univ. (Germany). Abt. Angewandte Mikrobiologie

1996-12-31

Some municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants comprise an aerobic and an anaerobic unit. However, discharge conditions may be such as to cause strong oxidants like hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) to enter the anaerobic unit. As measurements of the reduction-oxidation potential in an acidification stage showed, small concentrations of H{sub 2}O{sub 2}, already, may cause irreversible damage to the anaerobic bacterial strains living there. Adding activated sludge from the aerobic unit to such a system can prevent the damage. Probably, the enzyme catalase protects the anaerobic system against the oxydizing effect of hydrogen peroxide: this enzyme from aerobic bacteria and optionally aerobic bacteria causes the ecologically compatible decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, which is substantially less reactive. Optionally aerobic bacteria, which are also added, protect the anaerobic system further by consuming this oxygen. (orig.) [Deutsch] Manche kommunalen und industriellen Klaeranlagen bestehen aus einer Aerobie und einer Anaerobie. Verschiedene Einleitungsbedingungen koennen aber dazu fuehren, dass in die Anaerobie starke Oxidationsmittel wie Wasserstoffperoxid (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) gelangen. Messungen des Redoxpotentials in einer Versaeuerungsstufe zeigen, dass bereits geringe Konzentrationen an H{sub 2}O{sub 2} die dort lebenden anaeroben Bakterienkulturen irreversibel schaedigen. Wird aber einem solchen System Belebtschlamm aus der Aerobie zudosiert, so kann diese Schaedigung verhindert werden. Wahrscheinlich schuetzt das Enzym Katalase die Anaerobie vor der oxidierenden Wirkung des Wasserstoffperoxids. Dieses Enzym aus aeroben und fakultativ aeroben Bakterien zersetzt naemlich Wasserstoffperoxid oekologisch vertraeglich in Wasser und den bedeutend weniger reaktiven Sauerstoff. Zum Schutz der Anaerobie wird auch dieser Sauerstoff durch die zudosierten fakultativ aeroben Bakterien verbraucht. (orig.)

Genes from scratch--the evolutionary fate of de novo genes.

Science.gov (United States)

Schlötterer, Christian

2015-04-01

Although considered an extremely unlikely event, many genes emerge from previously noncoding genomic regions. This review covers the entire life cycle of such de novo genes. Two competing hypotheses about the process of de novo gene birth are discussed as well as the high death rate of de novo genes. Despite the high death rate, some de novo genes are retained and remain functional, even in distantly related species, through their integration into gene networks. Further studies combining gene expression with ribosome profiling in multiple populations across different species will be instrumental for an improved understanding of the evolutionary processes operating on de novo genes. Copyright © 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Gene Duplicability of Core Genes Is Highly Consistent across All Angiosperms.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Zhen; Defoort, Jonas; Tasdighian, Setareh; Maere, Steven; Van de Peer, Yves; De Smet, Riet

2016-02-01

Gene duplication is an important mechanism for adding to genomic novelty. Hence, which genes undergo duplication and are preserved following duplication is an important question. It has been observed that gene duplicability, or the ability of genes to be retained following duplication, is a nonrandom process, with certain genes being more amenable to survive duplication events than others. Primarily, gene essentiality and the type of duplication (small-scale versus large-scale) have been shown in different species to influence the (long-term) survival of novel genes. However, an overarching view of "gene duplicability" is lacking, mainly due to the fact that previous studies usually focused on individual species and did not account for the influence of genomic context and the time of duplication. Here, we present a large-scale study in which we investigated duplicate retention for 9178 gene families shared between 37 flowering plant species, referred to as angiosperm core gene families. For most gene families, we observe a strikingly consistent pattern of gene duplicability across species, with gene families being either primarily single-copy or multicopy in all species. An intermediate class contains gene families that are often retained in duplicate for periods extending to tens of millions of years after whole-genome duplication, but ultimately appear to be largely restored to singleton status, suggesting that these genes may be dosage balance sensitive. The distinction between single-copy and multicopy gene families is reflected in their functional annotation, with single-copy genes being mainly involved in the maintenance of genome stability and organelle function and multicopy genes in signaling, transport, and metabolism. The intermediate class was overrepresented in regulatory genes, further suggesting that these represent putative dosage-balance-sensitive genes. © 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.

Öffnung für alle

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sascha Dickel

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Der Buchdruck ermöglichte die Ausdifferenzierung eines modernen Wissenschaftssystems, das in kognitiver Hinsicht auf Offenheit orientiert ist. Die Mertonschen Normen können als Selbstreflexion dieser Orientierung an Offenheit interpretiert werden. An ihnen wird sichtbar, dass sich die zeitliche und sachliche Offenheit der Wissenschaft paradoxerweise durch ihre soziale Schließung als Profession vollzieht. Diese Professionsgrenze wissenschaftlicher Praxis wird durch Open Science in Frage gestellt.

MicroRNAs and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension

OpenAIRE

Brock, Matthias

2012-01-01

Die pulmonale Hypertonie (PH) ist der Überbegriff für verschiedene Krankheitsbilder, welche in einer signifikanten Erhöhung des Blutdrucks im Lungenkreislauf resultieren und auf Grund des vermehrten rechtsventrikulären Afterloads letztendlich zum Rechtsherzversagen führt. Die chronisch Drucksteigerung in der Lungenblutbahn wird im Wesentlichen durch drei pathogenetische Ereignisse verursacht: eine Mikrothrombosierung der Gefässbahn, eine übermässige Vasokonstriktion, sowie durch einen fibroti...

Ein wellenbasiertes stochastisches Modell zur Vorhersage der Erdbebenlast

OpenAIRE

Bretschneider, Jörg

2007-01-01

Starke Erdbeben stellen weltweit ein hohes Risiko für urbane Zentren dar, dem unter anderem durch Methoden der aseismischen Bauwerksbemessung begegnet wird. Grundlage hierfür bilden Annahmen und Erfahrungswissen über die lokale seismische Bodenbeschleunigung, Grenzen sind hingegen durch die zusätzlichen Kosten gesetzt. Die Schadensbilanz der Starkbeben der letzten Jahre, auch in den Industrieländern, verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit, die Konzepte und Methoden des erdbebensicheren Bauens weiter ...

Untersuchungen zum Potential eines Verbrennungsmotors mit Druckwellenlader

OpenAIRE

Binder, Emanuel

2015-01-01

Mithilfe der Abgasturboaufladung lässt sich der Kraftstoffverbrauch im Fahrzeugbetrieb durch das Anheben der spezifischen Motorleistung senken. Im Gegensatz zur mechanischen Aufladung verschlechtert sich jedoch mit der Abgasturbolaufladung das Ansprechverhalten. Eine Möglichkeit den Zielkonflikt von Kraftstoffverbrauch und Ansprechverhalten zu lösen ist es, den Abgasturbolader durch einen Druckwellenladers zu ersetzen. Dieser überträgt die Abgasenergie direkt auf die Frischluft in Form von Dr...

Synthese und Charakterisierung wasserfreier Seltenerdmetall-Nitrate, -Acetate und -Oxyacetate

OpenAIRE

Heinrichs, Christina

2013-01-01

Durch thermische Entwässerung der Seltenerdmetall(SE)-Nitrat-Hydrate und der SE-Acetat-Hydrate im Argon-Strom/Vakuum konnten wasserfreie SE-Nitrate und SE-Nitrat-Monohydrate bzw. wasserfreie SE-Acetate erhalten werden. Es gelang zudem, SE-Oxyacetate durch thermische Zersetzung der SE-Acetate darzustellen. Des Weiteren wurde beim Erhitzen von Praseodym-Carbonat-Hydrat ein Pr-Carbonat-Hydroxid erhalten. Die Verbindungen wurden mittels Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie und an ausgewählten Beispielen ...

Spannungsaktivierte Natriumkanäle im Corpus luteum des Primaten und ihre Rolle bei der Regulation von Steroidproduktion und Luteolyse

OpenAIRE

Bulling, Andreas

2008-01-01

Im Ovar des Menschen und im Corpus Luteum des Rhesusaffen konnte die mRNA für einen bislang nur im peripheren Nervensystem und in neuroendokrinen Zellen gefundenen spannungsaktivierten Natriumkanal (eNaK, SCN9A) nachgewiesen werden. In kultivierten humanen Granulosaluteinzellen wurden sowohl die Transkriptmenge, als auch die durch depolarisierende Spannungspulse ausgelösten, TTX-sensitiven transienten Ströme durch hCG negativ reguliert. Trotz des gleichzeitigen Vorkommens spannungsaktivierter...

Topologieoptimierung im Creo-Umfeld mit ProTopCI

OpenAIRE

Simmler, Urs

2016-01-01

Wikipedia umschreibt die Topologieoptimierung als ein computerbasiertes Berechnungsverfahren, durch welches eine günstige Grundgestalt (Topologie) für Bauteile unter mechanischer Belastung ermittelt werden kann. Durch die Verwendung von 3D-Druck-Verfahren wird die Gestaltung der Komponenten revolutioniert, weil diese nicht mehr abhängig vom Fertigungsverfahren sind. Dabei werden auch optimale Gitterstrukturen innerhalb der Komponenten immer wichtiger. Diese neuen Herausforderungen können im C...

MaxControl : ein objektorientiertes Werkzeug zur automatischen Erstellung von 3D-Computeranimationsfilmen und dessen Integration in eine professionelle 3D-Animationssoftware

OpenAIRE

Paul, Jan

2008-01-01

Durch die wachsende Computerleistung können 3D-Computeranimationen sehr komplexe Szenen mit ebenso komplexen zeitlichen Abläufen animiert darstellen. Jedoch ist neben der Erstellung einer komplexen Szene auch deren Animation entsprechend aufwendig, wenn keine Automatisierungen genutzt werden können. Das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Werkzeug MaxControl ist ein System zur automatischen Animation von nicht-interaktiven 3D-Animationsfilmen. Dies wird durch die Simulation von Verhaltensweisen erre...

Mono- oder multikulturelle Organisationen? : Managing Diversity auf dem Prüfstand

OpenAIRE

Krell, Gertraude

1996-01-01

Der Beitrag erläutert aus personalpolitischer Sicht den jeweils einer Unternehmenskultur entsprechenden Umgang mit Homogenität bzw. Heterogenität einer Organisation. Einander gegenübergestellt werden das Leitbild der Homogenität durch Vergemeinschaftung und das Leitbild der Heterogenität durch multikulturelle Vielfalt. "In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die Funktionsprinzipien der monokulturellen Organisation analysiert und die - von emanzipatorisch bzw. gleichstellungspolitisch Engagierten u...

Advances in study of reporter gene imaging for monitoring gene therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mu Chuanjie; Zhou Jiwen

2003-01-01

To evaluate the efficiency of gene therapy, it is requisite to monitor localization and expression of the therapeutic gene in vivo. Monitoring expression of reporter gene using radionuclide reporter gene technique is the best method. Adenoviral vectors expressing reporter gene are constructed using gene fusion, bicistronic, double promoter or bidirectional transcriptional recombination techniques, and transferred into target cells and tissues, then injected radiolabeled reporter probes which couple to the reporter genes. The reporter genes can be imaged invasively, repeatedly, quantitatively with γ-camera, PET and SPECT. Recently, several reporter gene and reporter probe systems have been used in studies of gene therapy. The part of them has been used for clinic trials

Down-Regulation of Gene Expression by RNA-Induced Gene Silencing

Science.gov (United States)

Travella, Silvia; Keller, Beat

Down-regulation of endogenous genes via post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a key to the characterization of gene function in plants. Many RNA-based silencing mechanisms such as post-transcriptional gene silencing, co-suppression, quelling, and RNA interference (RNAi) have been discovered among species of different kingdoms (plants, fungi, and animals). One of the most interesting discoveries was RNAi, a sequence-specific gene-silencing mechanism initiated by the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), homologous in sequence to the silenced gene, which triggers degradation of mRNA. Infection of plants with modified viruses can also induce RNA silencing and is referred to as virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). In contrast to insertional mutagenesis, these emerging new reverse genetic approaches represent a powerful tool for exploring gene function and for manipulating gene expression experimentally in cereal species such as barley and wheat. We examined how RNAi and VIGS have been used to assess gene function in barley and wheat, including molecular mechanisms involved in the process and available methodological elements, such as vectors, inoculation procedures, and analysis of silenced phenotypes.

Therapeutic genes for anti-HIV/AIDS gene therapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Bovolenta, Chiara; Porcellini, Simona; Alberici, Luca

2013-01-01

The multiple therapeutic approaches developed so far to cope HIV-1 infection, such as anti-retroviral drugs, germicides and several attempts of therapeutic vaccination have provided significant amelioration in terms of life-quality and survival rate of AIDS patients. Nevertheless, no approach has demonstrated efficacy in eradicating this lethal, if untreated, infection. The curative power of gene therapy has been proven for the treatment of monogenic immunodeficiensies, where permanent gene modification of host cells is sufficient to correct the defect for life-time. No doubt, a similar concept is not applicable for gene therapy of infectious immunodeficiensies as AIDS, where there is not a single gene to be corrected; rather engineered cells must gain immunotherapeutic or antiviral features to grant either short- or long-term efficacy mostly by acquisition of antiviral genes or payloads. Anti-HIV/AIDS gene therapy is one of the most promising strategy, although challenging, to eradicate HIV-1 infection. In fact, genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells with one or multiple therapeutic genes is expected to originate blood cell progenies resistant to viral infection and thereby able to prevail on infected unprotected cells. Ultimately, protected cells will re-establish a functional immune system able to control HIV-1 replication. More than hundred gene therapy clinical trials against AIDS employing different viral vectors and transgenes have been approved or are currently ongoing worldwide. This review will overview anti-HIV-1 infection gene therapy field evaluating strength and weakness of the transgenes and payloads used in the past and of those potentially exploitable in the future.

Discovering implicit entity relation with the gene-citation-gene network.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Min Song

Full Text Available In this paper, we apply the entitymetrics model to our constructed Gene-Citation-Gene (GCG network. Based on the premise there is a hidden, but plausible, relationship between an entity in one article and an entity in its citing article, we constructed a GCG network of gene pairs implicitly connected through citation. We compare the performance of this GCG network to a gene-gene (GG network constructed over the same corpus but which uses gene pairs explicitly connected through traditional co-occurrence. Using 331,411 MEDLINE abstracts collected from 18,323 seed articles and their references, we identify 25 gene pairs. A comparison of these pairs with interactions found in BioGRID reveal that 96% of the gene pairs in the GCG network have known interactions. We measure network performance using degree, weighted degree, closeness, betweenness centrality and PageRank. Combining all measures, we find the GCG network has more gene pairs, but a lower matching rate than the GG network. However, combining top ranked genes in both networks produces a matching rate of 35.53%. By visualizing both the GG and GCG networks, we find that cancer is the most dominant disease associated with the genes in both networks. Overall, the study indicates that the GCG network can be useful for detecting gene interaction in an implicit manner.

Reduced rates of gene loss, gene silencing, and gene mutation in Dnmt1-deficient embryonic stem cells

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Chan, M.F.; van Amerongen, R.; Nijjar, T.; Cuppen, E.; Jones, P.A.; Laird, P.W.

2001-01-01

Tumor suppressor gene inactivation is a crucial event in oncogenesis. Gene inactivation mechanisms include events resulting in loss of heterozygosity (LOH), gene mutation, and transcriptional silencing. The contribution of each of these different pathways varies among tumor suppressor genes and by

A hybrid approach of gene sets and single genes for the prediction of survival risks with gene expression data.

Science.gov (United States)

Seok, Junhee; Davis, Ronald W; Xiao, Wenzhong

2015-01-01

Accumulated biological knowledge is often encoded as gene sets, collections of genes associated with similar biological functions or pathways. The use of gene sets in the analyses of high-throughput gene expression data has been intensively studied and applied in clinical research. However, the main interest remains in finding modules of biological knowledge, or corresponding gene sets, significantly associated with disease conditions. Risk prediction from censored survival times using gene sets hasn't been well studied. In this work, we propose a hybrid method that uses both single gene and gene set information together to predict patient survival risks from gene expression profiles. In the proposed method, gene sets provide context-level information that is poorly reflected by single genes. Complementarily, single genes help to supplement incomplete information of gene sets due to our imperfect biomedical knowledge. Through the tests over multiple data sets of cancer and trauma injury, the proposed method showed robust and improved performance compared with the conventional approaches with only single genes or gene sets solely. Additionally, we examined the prediction result in the trauma injury data, and showed that the modules of biological knowledge used in the prediction by the proposed method were highly interpretable in biology. A wide range of survival prediction problems in clinical genomics is expected to benefit from the use of biological knowledge.

Implantate für den Bandscheibenersatz (Stand 1993)

Science.gov (United States)

Mathey, Michael; Wintermantel, Erich

Die Bandscheiben sind besonders betroffen von Fehlhaltungen und -stellungen der Wirbelsäule. Sie unterliegen als grösstes zusammenhängendes, nicht vaskularisiertes Gewebe im Menschen, statisch und dynamisch extrem belastet, besonders der Alterung. Um die teilweise sehr starken Schmerzen bei Bandscheibenschädigungen zu lindern, ist eine Operation vielfach die einzige Hilfe. Bei dieser Operation (Nukleotomie) entfernt man das aus der Bandscheibe ausgetretene Gewebe des Gallertkerns (nucleus pulposus), welches durch Druck auf die Nervenstränge im Bereich der Wirbelsäule die Beschwerden (Ischias-Schmerz) verursacht hat. Nach der Entfernung des Gallertkerns werden die auftretenden Kräfte bei veränderter Biomechanik übertragen. Dabei erhalten die Zwischenwirbelgelenke (Facettengelenke) eine erheblich grössere Flächenpressung als dies bei intakter Bandscheibe der Fall war. Die höhere Flächenpressung kommt durch die Verringerung des Abstandes zwischen den oberen und unteren Deckplatten der benachbarten Wirbelkörper zustande, zwischen denen sich der Gallertkern befand. Durch geeignetes Training der Rückenmuskulatur kann eine Stabilisierung des operierten Bandscheibensegmentes erreicht werden, jedoch ist es eine klinische Erfahrung, dass die meisten Patienten, die momentan durch die Operation schmerzfrei geworden sind, keine adäquate zusätzliche sportliche Betätigung auf sich nehmen.

Behandlung von Herzrhythmusstörungen mit Magnesium bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wink K

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Die medikamentöse Behandlung von Herzrhythmusstörungen ist unbefriedigend, da bei guter Wirksamkeit durch die Proarrhythmie eine Verbesserung der Prognose gefährdet und nicht gesichert ist. Man kann davon ausgehen, daß Magnesiumsalze keine arrhythmogene Effekte aufweisen. Bei Patienten mit einer Herzinsuffizienz besteht häufig ein Mg-Mangel, der durch gastrointestinale Störungen, neurohormonale Regulationen, aber auch durch die Therapie (Diuretika,Digitalisbedingt ist. An Patienten mit einer Herzinsuffizienz müßte sich demnach zeigen lassen, ob die Mg-Substitution einen antiarrhythmischen Effekt aufweist. In fünf placebokontrollierten Studien konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich teil weise signifikant und mit ausreichen der Aussagekraft (PowerArrhythmien bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz durch orale und parenterale Gabe von Mg-Salzen reduzieren lassen. Trotz Einschränkungen wie z.B. inadäquates Design, fehlende Vermeidung von Bias, ungenügende Vergleichbarkeit der Behandlungsgruppen, inadäquate Auswertung und ungenügende Berücksichtigung der Spontanvariation läßt sich aufgrund der Ergebnisse der Studien die Hypothese aufstellen, daß Magnesiumsalze bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz Herzrhythmusstörungen günstig beeinflussen können. Prospektive, randomisierte,verblindete und kontrollierte konfirmatorische Studien mit ausreichenden Fallzahlen sind jedoch notwendig, um diese Hypothese zu bestätigen.

Time-Course Gene Set Analysis for Longitudinal Gene Expression Data.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Boris P Hejblum

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Gene set analysis methods, which consider predefined groups of genes in the analysis of genomic data, have been successfully applied for analyzing gene expression data in cross-sectional studies. The time-course gene set analysis (TcGSA introduced here is an extension of gene set analysis to longitudinal data. The proposed method relies on random effects modeling with maximum likelihood estimates. It allows to use all available repeated measurements while dealing with unbalanced data due to missing at random (MAR measurements. TcGSA is a hypothesis driven method that identifies a priori defined gene sets with significant expression variations over time, taking into account the potential heterogeneity of expression within gene sets. When biological conditions are compared, the method indicates if the time patterns of gene sets significantly differ according to these conditions. The interest of the method is illustrated by its application to two real life datasets: an HIV therapeutic vaccine trial (DALIA-1 trial, and data from a recent study on influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. In the DALIA-1 trial TcGSA revealed a significant change in gene expression over time within 69 gene sets during vaccination, while a standard univariate individual gene analysis corrected for multiple testing as well as a standard a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA for time series both failed to detect any significant pattern change over time. When applied to the second illustrative data set, TcGSA allowed the identification of 4 gene sets finally found to be linked with the influenza vaccine too although they were found to be associated to the pneumococcal vaccine only in previous analyses. In our simulation study TcGSA exhibits good statistical properties, and an increased power compared to other approaches for analyzing time-course expression patterns of gene sets. The method is made available for the community through an R package.

Instruments. Climate protection of reduction of no-load losses in electric appliances and equipment; Klimaschutz durch Minderung von Leerlaufverlusten bei Elektrogeraeten. Instrumente

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rath, U.; Hellmann, R. [Ingenieurbuero fuer Energieberatung, Haustechnik und Oekologische Konzepte GbR (eboek), Tuebingen (Germany); Moehring-Hueser, W.; Wortmann, K.; Bregas, J. [Energiestiftung Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel (Germany); Mordziol, C. [Umweltbundesamt, Berlin (Germany)

1999-12-01

Two studies on the subject of 'Climate Protection through Reduction of No-load Losses in Electric Applicances and Equipment' have been performed on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the German Federal Environmental Agency. The first study, carried out by the Tuebingen-based engineering bureau eboek, has been published in the Federal Environmental Agency's TEXTE series (Texte 45/97, 2{sup nd} edition, 1998). It was the starting point for a multitude of activities among them two information campaigns carried out in 1998 and 1999 that were funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment and the German Section of the Friends of the Earth (BUND). The study also served as a basis for decisions taken by the German Bundestag and the Bundesrat (Council of Constituent States). The second study on the subject was carried out by the engineering bureau eboek and Energiestiftung Schleswig-Holstein. Building on the results obtained in the first study, it presents estimates of relevant data for the European Union and examines various approaches for possible measures to reduce no-load losses as to their suitability. The studies impressively show that effective climate protection can be achieved in all relevant sectors, and in many cases even save costs. The results are detailed below. (orig.) [German] Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit sowie des Umweltbundesamtes wurden zwei Studien zum Thema: 'Klimaschutz durch Minderung von Leerlaufverlusten bei Elektrogeraeten' durchgefuehrt: Die erste, vom Ingenieurbuero fuer Energieberatung, Haustechnik und oekologische Konzepte (eboek), Tuebingen, earbeitete Studie wurde in der Reihe TEXTE des UBA veroeffentlicht (Texte 45/97, 2. Auflage 1998). Sie bildete den Ausgangspunkt fuer eine Vielzahl von Aktivitaeten, unter anderem zwei vom Bundesumweltministerium finanzierte und vom Bund fuer Umwelt und

Instruments. Climate protection of reduction of no-load losses in electric appliances and equipment; Klimaschutz durch Minderung von Leerlaufverlusten bei Elektrogeraeten. Instrumente

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rath, U; Hellmann, R [Ingenieurbuero fuer Energieberatung, Haustechnik und Oekologische Konzepte GbR (eboek), Tuebingen (Germany); Moehring-Hueser, W; Wortmann, K; Bregas, J [Energiestiftung Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel (Germany); Mordziol, C [Umweltbundesamt, Berlin (Germany)

1999-12-01

Two studies on the subject of 'Climate Protection through Reduction of No-load Losses in Electric Applicances and Equipment' have been performed on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the German Federal Environmental Agency. The first study, carried out by the Tuebingen-based engineering bureau eboek, has been published in the Federal Environmental Agency's TEXTE series (Texte 45/97, 2{sup nd} edition, 1998). It was the starting point for a multitude of activities among them two information campaigns carried out in 1998 and 1999 that were funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment and the German Section of the Friends of the Earth (BUND). The study also served as a basis for decisions taken by the German Bundestag and the Bundesrat (Council of Constituent States). The second study on the subject was carried out by the engineering bureau eboek and Energiestiftung Schleswig-Holstein. Building on the results obtained in the first study, it presents estimates of relevant data for the European Union and examines various approaches for possible measures to reduce no-load losses as to their suitability. The studies impressively show that effective climate protection can be achieved in all relevant sectors, and in many cases even save costs. The results are detailed below. (orig.) [German] Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit sowie des Umweltbundesamtes wurden zwei Studien zum Thema: 'Klimaschutz durch Minderung von Leerlaufverlusten bei Elektrogeraeten' durchgefuehrt: Die erste, vom Ingenieurbuero fuer Energieberatung, Haustechnik und oekologische Konzepte (eboek), Tuebingen, earbeitete Studie wurde in der Reihe TEXTE des UBA veroeffentlicht (Texte 45/97, 2. Auflage 1998). Sie bildete den Ausgangspunkt fuer eine Vielzahl von Aktivitaeten, unter anderem zwei vom Bundesumweltministerium finanzierte und vom Bund fuer Umwelt und Naturschutz (BUND) 1998 und

Norrie disease gene is distinct from the monoamine oxidase genes

OpenAIRE

Sims, Katherine B.; Ozelius, Laurie; Corey, Timothy; Rinehart, William B.; Liberfarb, Ruth; Haines, Jonathan; Chen, Wei Jane; Norio, Reijo; Sankila, Eeva; de la Chapelle, Albert; Murphy, Dennis L.; Gusella, James; Breakefield, Xandra O.

1989-01-01

The genes for MAO-A and MAO-B appear to be very close to the Norrie disease gene, on the basis of loss and /or disruption of the MAO genes and activities in atypical Norrie disease patients deleted for the DXS7 locus; linkage among the MAO genes, the Norrie disease gene, and the DXS7 locus; and mapping of all these loci to the chromosomal region Xp11. The present study provides evidence that the MAO genes are not disrupted in “classic” Norrie disease patients. Genomic DNA from these “nondelet...

A genetic ensemble approach for gene-gene interaction identification

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ho Joshua WK

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background It has now become clear that gene-gene interactions and gene-environment interactions are ubiquitous and fundamental mechanisms for the development of complex diseases. Though a considerable effort has been put into developing statistical models and algorithmic strategies for identifying such interactions, the accurate identification of those genetic interactions has been proven to be very challenging. Methods In this paper, we propose a new approach for identifying such gene-gene and gene-environment interactions underlying complex diseases. This is a hybrid algorithm and it combines genetic algorithm (GA and an ensemble of classifiers (called genetic ensemble. Using this approach, the original problem of SNP interaction identification is converted into a data mining problem of combinatorial feature selection. By collecting various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP subsets as well as environmental factors generated in multiple GA runs, patterns of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions can be extracted using a simple combinatorial ranking method. Also considered in this study is the idea of combining identification results obtained from multiple algorithms. A novel formula based on pairwise double fault is designed to quantify the degree of complementarity. Conclusions Our simulation study demonstrates that the proposed genetic ensemble algorithm has comparable identification power to Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR and is slightly better than Polymorphism Interaction Analysis (PIA, which are the two most popular methods for gene-gene interaction identification. More importantly, the identification results generated by using our genetic ensemble algorithm are highly complementary to those obtained by PIA and MDR. Experimental results from our simulation studies and real world data application also confirm the effectiveness of the proposed genetic ensemble algorithm, as well as the potential benefits of

Ein Werther der DDR : Plenzdorfs Neue Leiden des jungen W. im gespaltenen Deutschland

OpenAIRE

Jäger, Georg

2009-01-01

Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. wurden »bewußt auf Auslegbarkeit geschrieben« und irritierten die Kritiker durch »die ungeheure Breite der Assoziationsmöglichkeiten«. Durch die vier »strukturtragenden Schichten« oder Informationsebenen des Textes kommt es zu interferierenden Perspektiven: 1. die voranstehenden Dokumente (Zeitungsnotiz, drei Todesanzeigen), 2. »die szenisch-dialogisch objektivierte Erinnerungsperspektive der Eltern und Arbeitskollegen«, 3. die Kommentare Edgars »von jenseits de...

Protecting the Body in War and Combat

OpenAIRE

Mödlinger, M. (Marianne)

2018-01-01

Die Publikation bietet erstmals einen Gesamtüberblick über metallene Schutzwaffen (Helme, Panzer, Beinschienen) der europäischen Bronzezeit. Typologie und Chronologie sowie Herstellung und Verwendung der Schutzwaffen werden erörtet. Dies wurde durch eine umfassende Neuaufnahme vor allem osteuropäischer Funde und durch zahlreiche Materialanalysen möglich. This monograph provides an overview of all metal body armour from the European Bronze Age from a typo-chronological perspective but also ...

Nanostrukturierte Filme aus anorganisch-organischen Hybridmaterialien für die Photovoltaik

OpenAIRE

Perlich, Jan

2009-01-01

Es wurden nanostrukturierte dünne Filme aus kristallinem TiO2 für Anwendungen in der Photovoltaik untersucht. Die Herstellung der dünnen Filme basiert auf einem Hybridansatz. Das über eine Sol-Gel-Synthese bereitgestellte anorganische Metalloxid wird durch die Templateigenschaften des eingesetzten organischen Diblockcopolymers strukturiert. Über die Filmaufbringung mittels Schleuderbeschichtung wurden zunächst Hybridfilme hergestellt, die durch Kalzinierung in kristalline TiO2-Filme mit maßge...

Zuordnungsprozesse bei Fußballzuschauern - Zur Salienz teambezogener Kategorien

OpenAIRE

Roschmann, Regina

2013-01-01

Sport im Allgemeinen und Fußball im Besonderen erfreuen sich nicht nur unter aktiven Sportlern, sondern auch unter Zuschauern aktuell hoher Beliebtheit. Angesichts teils enormer Einschaltquoten scheint es wahrscheinlich, dass Fußballspiele nicht nur von Fans der beteiligten Mannschaften verfolgt werden. Dies kann sowohl gänzlich neutrale Zuschauer als auch Anhänger anderer Teams betreffen. Während Fans allerdings durch die Literatur bereits ausführliche Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben und durch...

Ein praxisorientierter empirischer Ansatz zur Bestimmung des Ausfallverhaltens konventioneller Bremssysteme in Personenkraftwagen

OpenAIRE

Althaus, Dirk

2009-01-01

Der Funktionsumfang im Kraftfahrzeug nimmt bekanntlich stetig zu. Neben vollständig neu entwickelten Systemen werden aber auch bestehende durch zusätzliche Funktionen erweitert. Besonders für Sicherheitssysteme kann dies weitreichende Folgen haben, da solche Mehrbelastungen nicht nur zur Minderung der Zuverlässigkeit beitragen können, sondern evtl. auch die Sicherheit herabsetzen. Durch die steigende Vernetzung der Systeme und Komponenten untereinander ist es darüber hinaus nicht mehr aus...

Adaptive Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicles

OpenAIRE

Kubaisi, Rayad

2018-01-01

Elektrofahrzeuge fahren lokal emissionsfrei und tragen damit dazu bei, die Emissionen in Städten zu reduzieren. Zusätzlich, zeichnen sich Elektrofahrzeuge durch ein dynamisches Fahrverhalten aus. Nachteilig wirkt sich bei den meisten Elektrofahrzeugen, die geringe Reichweite auf die Akzeptanz bei Neuwagenkäufern aus. Eine der Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Reichweite von Elektrofahrzeuge ist das regenerative Bremsen. Hierbei wird die kinetische Energie des Fahrzeugs durch generatorisches...

Untersuchungen zur oxidativen Bildung von Stickstoffmonoxid in Pflanzen sowie zur Visualisierung von Stickstoffmonoxid mittels Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen

OpenAIRE

Rümer, Stefan

2013-01-01

Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) ist ein gasförmiges, relativ stabiles Radikal, das in Pflanzen u. a. durch Reduktion aus Nitrit unter Katalyse des Enzyms Nitratreduktase gebildet wird. In tierischen Organismen wird NO dagegen über einen oxidativen Syntheseweg aus der Ami-nosäure L-Arginin katalysiert durch verschiedene Isoformen der NO-Synthasen (NOS) hergestellt. Es besitzt im tierischen System vielfältige Funktionen u. a. als Neurotransmitter sowie Blutfluss und -druck regulierendes Agens. Im Pflanz...

Kultur- und Nationalbewusstsein:zur Gestaltung einer nationalen Identität Madagaskars

OpenAIRE

Wallner, I. (Ingo)

2013-01-01

Die Zusammenführung der einzelnen madagassischen Gesellschaften zu einer „Prä-Nation“ fand 1896 durch die franz. Annexion Madagaskars ein Ende. Die Gesellschaften, in denen die Familie, ihre Ahnen, das Land der Ahnen sowie die kosmologischen Beziehungen den räumlich begrenzten identitären Horizont bildeten, instrumentalisierte die Kolonialmacht durch ihre politique des races. Ethnisierung wurde zum Instrument einer divide et impera-Politik. Das Ergebnis war der Abbruch einer Entwicklung zu na...

Wie vollzieht sich der (bürokratische) Wandel von Staatlichkeit? - das Beispiel der Europäisierung des Mehrebenenverwaltungssystems Deutschlands

OpenAIRE

Felder, Michael

2007-01-01

In dem Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen der Europäisierung auf die bundesdeutschen Verwaltungen auf einer breiten empirischen Grundlage analysiert. Dabei geht es zum einen um das Ausmaß der Europäisierung und zum anderen um die sich herausbildenden spezifischen Verarbeitungsformen. Europäisierung führt zu einem hohen Grad an Binnen- und Umweltkomplexität, deren Verarbeitung durch europa- und verwaltungspolitische Frames sowie durch strategisches Verhalten erfolgt. Der Oppprtunismus der Verwalt...

The Mycoplasma hominis vaa gene displays a mosaic gene structure

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Boesen, Thomas; Emmersen, Jeppe M. G.; Jensen, Lise T.

1998-01-01

Mycoplasma hominis contains a variable adherence-associated (vaa) gene. To classify variants of the vaa genes, we examined 42 M. hominis isolated by PCR, DNA sequencing and immunoblotting. This uncovered the existence of five gene categories. Comparison of the gene types revealed a modular...

Identification of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment Genes in Gene Therapy Studies.

Science.gov (United States)

Powers, John M; Trobridge, Grant D

2013-09-01

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapy using replication-incompetent retroviral vectors is a promising approach to provide life-long correction for genetic defects. HSC gene therapy clinical studies have resulted in functional cures for several diseases, but in some studies clonal expansion or leukemia has occurred. This is due to the dyregulation of endogenous host gene expression from vector provirus insertional mutagenesis. Insertional mutagenesis screens using replicating retroviruses have been used extensively to identify genes that influence oncogenesis. However, retroviral mutagenesis screens can also be used to determine the role of genes in biological processes such as stem cell engraftment. The aim of this review is to describe the potential for vector insertion site data from gene therapy studies to provide novel insights into mechanisms of HSC engraftment. In HSC gene therapy studies dysregulation of host genes by replication-incompetent vector proviruses may lead to enrichment of repopulating clones with vector integrants near genes that influence engraftment. Thus, data from HSC gene therapy studies can be used to identify novel candidate engraftment genes. As HSC gene therapy use continues to expand, the vector insertion site data collected will be of great interest to help identify novel engraftment genes and may ultimately lead to new therapies to improve engraftment.

Gene Duplicability of Core Genes Is Highly Consistent across All Angiosperms[OPEN

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Zhen; Van de Peer, Yves; De Smet, Riet

2016-01-01

Gene duplication is an important mechanism for adding to genomic novelty. Hence, which genes undergo duplication and are preserved following duplication is an important question. It has been observed that gene duplicability, or the ability of genes to be retained following duplication, is a nonrandom process, with certain genes being more amenable to survive duplication events than others. Primarily, gene essentiality and the type of duplication (small-scale versus large-scale) have been shown in different species to influence the (long-term) survival of novel genes. However, an overarching view of “gene duplicability” is lacking, mainly due to the fact that previous studies usually focused on individual species and did not account for the influence of genomic context and the time of duplication. Here, we present a large-scale study in which we investigated duplicate retention for 9178 gene families shared between 37 flowering plant species, referred to as angiosperm core gene families. For most gene families, we observe a strikingly consistent pattern of gene duplicability across species, with gene families being either primarily single-copy or multicopy in all species. An intermediate class contains gene families that are often retained in duplicate for periods extending to tens of millions of years after whole-genome duplication, but ultimately appear to be largely restored to singleton status, suggesting that these genes may be dosage balance sensitive. The distinction between single-copy and multicopy gene families is reflected in their functional annotation, with single-copy genes being mainly involved in the maintenance of genome stability and organelle function and multicopy genes in signaling, transport, and metabolism. The intermediate class was overrepresented in regulatory genes, further suggesting that these represent putative dosage-balance-sensitive genes. PMID:26744215

Effect of the absolute statistic on gene-sampling gene-set analysis methods.

Science.gov (United States)

Nam, Dougu

2017-06-01

Gene-set enrichment analysis and its modified versions have commonly been used for identifying altered functions or pathways in disease from microarray data. In particular, the simple gene-sampling gene-set analysis methods have been heavily used for datasets with only a few sample replicates. The biggest problem with this approach is the highly inflated false-positive rate. In this paper, the effect of absolute gene statistic on gene-sampling gene-set analysis methods is systematically investigated. Thus far, the absolute gene statistic has merely been regarded as a supplementary method for capturing the bidirectional changes in each gene set. Here, it is shown that incorporating the absolute gene statistic in gene-sampling gene-set analysis substantially reduces the false-positive rate and improves the overall discriminatory ability. Its effect was investigated by power, false-positive rate, and receiver operating curve for a number of simulated and real datasets. The performances of gene-set analysis methods in one-tailed (genome-wide association study) and two-tailed (gene expression data) tests were also compared and discussed.

Human Gene Therapy: Genes without Frontiers?

Science.gov (United States)

Simon, Eric J.

2002-01-01

Describes the latest advancements and setbacks in human gene therapy to provide reference material for biology teachers to use in their science classes. Focuses on basic concepts such as recombinant DNA technology, and provides examples of human gene therapy such as severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, familial hypercholesterolemia, and…

Gene function prediction based on Gene Ontology Hierarchy Preserving Hashing.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Yingwen; Fu, Guangyuan; Wang, Jun; Guo, Maozu; Yu, Guoxian

2018-02-23

Gene Ontology (GO) uses structured vocabularies (or terms) to describe the molecular functions, biological roles, and cellular locations of gene products in a hierarchical ontology. GO annotations associate genes with GO terms and indicate the given gene products carrying out the biological functions described by the relevant terms. However, predicting correct GO annotations for genes from a massive set of GO terms as defined by GO is a difficult challenge. To combat with this challenge, we introduce a Gene Ontology Hierarchy Preserving Hashing (HPHash) based semantic method for gene function prediction. HPHash firstly measures the taxonomic similarity between GO terms. It then uses a hierarchy preserving hashing technique to keep the hierarchical order between GO terms, and to optimize a series of hashing functions to encode massive GO terms via compact binary codes. After that, HPHash utilizes these hashing functions to project the gene-term association matrix into a low-dimensional one and performs semantic similarity based gene function prediction in the low-dimensional space. Experimental results on three model species (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus) for interspecies gene function prediction show that HPHash performs better than other related approaches and it is robust to the number of hash functions. In addition, we also take HPHash as a plugin for BLAST based gene function prediction. From the experimental results, HPHash again significantly improves the prediction performance. The codes of HPHash are available at: http://mlda.swu.edu.cn/codes.php?name=HPHash. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reduction of construction cost and carbon dioxide emissions by heat contracting. Obstacles and solutions. Final report; Baukostensenkung und CO{sub 2}-Minderung durch Waerme-Contracting. Hemmnisse und Loesungswege. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ebert, V.; Liebernickel, T.; Froemel, T.; Kues, H.

2000-11-01

The poor condition of many heating systems is caused by a conflict of interest between investors and users. Landlords tended to opt for low investment cost, while the accompanying higher consumption cost was paid by their tenants. The only thing that has changed here is the fact that the 'secondary cost' has become a criterion for new tenants' decision to rent an apartment. Heat contracting may be a way out of the problem as contractors are interested in high-efficiency heating systems and optimally controlled operation. Heat contracting is a service concept of private and communal organisations that involves payment, construction and operation of a heating system by the contractor depending on the contracting model used. [German] Die relativ schlechte und veraltete heizungstechnische Ausruestung der Wohngebaeude in Deutschland ist auf den lange Jahre bestehenden Interessenkonflikt zwischen Investor und Nutzer im Mietwohnungsbau zurueckzufuehren. Durch die Umlagefaehigkeit der Heizkosten auf die Nutzer (Mieter) war der Gebaeudeeigentuemer i.d.R. bestrebt, eine Anlage zu guenstigen Investitionskosten zu erwerben. Die daraus resultierenden, relativ hoeheren Verbrauchskosten waren als Betriebskosten auf die Mieter umlegbar und belasteten den Vermieter nicht. An dieser Situation hat sich bis heute prinzipiell nichts geaendert; allerdings sind die Nebenkosten mit der Hauptkostenposition 'Heizkosten' zu einem Kriterium der Vermietbarkeit geworden, so dass der Vermieter heute die Kosten moeglichst niedrig halten muss. Ein Ausweg aus dem Interessenkonflikt und der neuen Vermietsituation koennte das Waerme-Contracting sein. Seitens des Contractors ist der Einsatz hocheffizienter Anlagentechnik und optimale, d.h. ueberwachte Betriebsbedingungen fuer einen wirtschaftlichen Erfolg unabdingbar. Waerme-Contracting ist ein Dienstleistungskonzept von privatwirtschaftlichen und kommunalen Unternehmen, die - je nach Contracting

A Nonlinear Model for Gene-Based Gene-Environment Interaction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jian Sa

2016-06-01

Full Text Available A vast amount of literature has confirmed the role of gene-environment (G×E interaction in the etiology of complex human diseases. Traditional methods are predominantly focused on the analysis of interaction between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP and an environmental variable. Given that genes are the functional units, it is crucial to understand how gene effects (rather than single SNP effects are influenced by an environmental variable to affect disease risk. Motivated by the increasing awareness of the power of gene-based association analysis over single variant based approach, in this work, we proposed a sparse principle component regression (sPCR model to understand the gene-based G×E interaction effect on complex disease. We first extracted the sparse principal components for SNPs in a gene, then the effect of each principal component was modeled by a varying-coefficient (VC model. The model can jointly model variants in a gene in which their effects are nonlinearly influenced by an environmental variable. In addition, the varying-coefficient sPCR (VC-sPCR model has nice interpretation property since the sparsity on the principal component loadings can tell the relative importance of the corresponding SNPs in each component. We applied our method to a human birth weight dataset in Thai population. We analyzed 12,005 genes across 22 chromosomes and found one significant interaction effect using the Bonferroni correction method and one suggestive interaction. The model performance was further evaluated through simulation studies. Our model provides a system approach to evaluate gene-based G×E interaction.

Vertebrate gene predictions and the problem of large genes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Wang, Jun; Li, ShengTing; Zhang, Yong

2003-01-01

To find unknown protein-coding genes, annotation pipelines use a combination of ab initio gene prediction and similarity to experimentally confirmed genes or proteins. Here, we show that although the ab initio predictions have an intrinsically high false-positive rate, they also have a consistent...

Touring Berlin

OpenAIRE

Farías, Ignacio

2009-01-01

Mittels einer Untersuchung von standardisierten Praktiken (Stadtrundgängen und Stadtrundfahrten) und Dispositiven (Stadtkarten, Reiseführer) fürs „Touren“ von Städten zeigt diese Dissertation, (1) wie die Stadt Berlin in ein virtuelles Objekt, nämlich, einen touristischen Zielort, transformiert wird, ( 2) wie diese Transformation nicht nur durch die Bewegung von Touristen im Raum und das Unterwegssein ermöglicht wird, sondern durch touristische Kommunikation über die Stadt, und (3) wie diese ...

Digitalisierung in der Energiewirtschaft - empirische Untersuchung und Wertschöpfungskette

Science.gov (United States)

Dell, Timo

Die Energiewirtschaft nutzt seit je her digitale Strukturen zur Umsetzung ihrer Prozesse. Durch den (neuen) verabschiedeten politischen Ordnungsrahmen - dem Gesetz zur Digitalisierung der Energiewende - und durch die rasante Fortentwicklung technologischer Strukturen ergeben sich jedoch die Wertschöpfungsstufen erweiternde, diversifizierende und innovative Möglichkeiten für Energieversorger (EVU) Geschäftsfelder auszubauen bzw. neue zu erschließen. Dabei ist die digitale (R)Evolution keine rein technische Umsetzung, sondern insbesondere auch eine unternehmensinterne, strategische und intern-kulturelle Herausforderung.

Parapsihologija u svjetlu znanosti i teologije (I)

OpenAIRE

Kusić, Ante

1982-01-01

In dem Aufsatz wird von den pärapsychologischen Phänomenen gesprochen, insoweit solche Phänomene bis heute wissenschaftlich bzw. empirisch festgestellt sind. Der Verfasser erklärt die paranormalen Phänomene, die durch keine ausgeprägt religiöse Merkmale bezeichnet sind (Astnal-Exkursion, Hellsehen, Präkognition, Psychometrie, Telepathie, paranormale Heilung, Materialisationserscheinungen usw.), dann spricht er von den paranormalen Phânomënen, die durch einige mehr religiöse Merkmale charakter...

Die Kindfrau Lolita im Wandel der Zeit : vergleichende Betrachtung des Romans von Vladimir Nabokov mit den Verfilmungen von Stanley Kubrick und Adrian Lyne

OpenAIRE

Fries, Stefanie

2010-01-01

Im Zentrum des folgenden Artikels stehen der Themenkomplex der Kindfrau sowie der damit verbundene Mythos. Zu Beginn erfolgt eine historisch-systematische Untersuchung des Phänomens, daran anschließend wird der Roman Lolita (1955) von Vladimir Nabokov mit seinem Entwurf der Kindfrau in Bezug auf die Verfilmung des Werkes durch Stanley Kubrick (Lolita 1962) und Adrian Lyne (Lolita 1997) analysiert. Der Schwerpunkt der Betrachtung liegt auf der Konstruktion Lolitas durch den Erzähler und Protag...

Untersuchungen zur Farbreaktion von Amilorid, Chlorhexidin und Proguanil mit Hypobromit

OpenAIRE

Huth, Silke

2004-01-01

Bei der Reaktion von Amiloridhydrochlorid (1· HCl) mit Brom in alkalischer Lösung wird ein gelbbraunes Dehydrierungsprodukt erhalten, daß als 3-(3-Amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-5-chlor-2,6-pyrazindiamin (6) identifiziert werden konnte. Durch Vergleich von Massen- und NMR-Spektren der Verbindung 6 mit Spektren von 1· HCl und Referenzsubstanzen I-III konnte auf die verbindung 6 geschlossen werden. Die Struktur wurde durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse abgesichert. Erhitzen von Amiloridhydrochlorid ...

"Deutsche Kultur" und Werbung

OpenAIRE

Schug, Alexander

2010-01-01

Die Arbeit präsentiert die Geschichte der modernen Wirtschaftswerbung in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts und zeigt, dass Werbung trotz kultureller Barrieren die Alltagswelten der Deutschen kolonialisierte und Einfluss auf die „deutsche Kultur“ nahm. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass das Konstrukt der „deutschen Kultur“ nicht ausschließlich durch die bürgerliche Hochkultur definiert wurde, sondern zunehmend auch durch Einflüsse der Konsumkultur bestimmt war. Die Bilderwelten der Werbung prägten na...

Shareholder Kapitalismus und das Casino Spiel an den Börsen

OpenAIRE

Young, Brigitte; Hegelich, Simon

2003-01-01

'Das Konzept des Shareholder Value ist durch die jüngsten Entwicklungen im Unternehmenssektor, vor allem durch die Bilanz- und Betrugsskandale von TNC's und die damit verbundene Vernichtung von Arbeitsplätzen in die Kritik geraten. In den politischen Debatten über Shareholder Value wird ein Systemunterschied zwischen dem 'Stakeholder-Ansatz' (wie im rheinischen Kapitalismus) und dem mit der Liberalisierung der Finanzmärkte Ende der 70er Jahre in den USA entwickelten Begriff Shareholder Value ...

Die HECT-Ligase Hul5, eine neue Komponente der ER-assoziierten Proteindegradation

OpenAIRE

Kohlmann, Sonja

2007-01-01

Die meisten sekretorischen Proteine der eukaryontischen Zellen erreichen durch das endoplasmatische Retikulum (ER) den sekretorischen Signalweg. Sie gelangen vom Zytoplasma durch einen Kanal in der ER-Membran in das ER, wo sie ihre native Konformation erhalten. Das ER enthält ein strenges Qualitätskontrollsystem, welches fehlgefaltete Proteine erkennt, im ER zurückhält und letztendlich der ER-assoziierten Degradation (ERAD) zuführt. Die ER-Qualitätskontrolle und die ER-assoziierte Degradation...

Eine wasserdurchlässige Dampfbremse als Hygrodiode

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sagelsdorff, Ralph; Rode, Carsten

1997-01-01

Hohe Feuchtigkeit unde freies Wasser in Baukonstruktionen könne zu Bauphysikalischen Problemen und Schäden führen. Vor allem während der Bauphase eingebrachchtes oder durch Risse eindringendes Wasser, das bei ungünstigen Konstruktionen nur schlecht austrocknet, wird in der Winterperiode durch Dif...... Diffusionsprozesse noch erhöht. Eine wasserdurchlässige Dampfbremse als Hygrodiode erlaubt die sichere kapillare Rückführung des Wassers zur Raumseite, wo es verdunsten kann....

Reranking candidate gene models with cross-species comparison for improved gene prediction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pereira Fernando CN

2008-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Most gene finders score candidate gene models with state-based methods, typically HMMs, by combining local properties (coding potential, splice donor and acceptor patterns, etc. Competing models with similar state-based scores may be distinguishable with additional information. In particular, functional and comparative genomics datasets may help to select among competing models of comparable probability by exploiting features likely to be associated with the correct gene models, such as conserved exon/intron structure or protein sequence features. Results We have investigated the utility of a simple post-processing step for selecting among a set of alternative gene models, using global scoring rules to rerank competing models for more accurate prediction. For each gene locus, we first generate the K best candidate gene models using the gene finder Evigan, and then rerank these models using comparisons with putative orthologous genes from closely-related species. Candidate gene models with lower scores in the original gene finder may be selected if they exhibit strong similarity to probable orthologs in coding sequence, splice site location, or signal peptide occurrence. Experiments on Drosophila melanogaster demonstrate that reranking based on cross-species comparison outperforms the best gene models identified by Evigan alone, and also outperforms the comparative gene finders GeneWise and Augustus+. Conclusion Reranking gene models with cross-species comparison improves gene prediction accuracy. This straightforward method can be readily adapted to incorporate additional lines of evidence, as it requires only a ranked source of candidate gene models.

Evolution of homeobox genes.

Science.gov (United States)

Holland, Peter W H

2013-01-01

Many homeobox genes encode transcription factors with regulatory roles in animal and plant development. Homeobox genes are found in almost all eukaryotes, and have diversified into 11 gene classes and over 100 gene families in animal evolution, and 10 to 14 gene classes in plants. The largest group in animals is the ANTP class which includes the well-known Hox genes, plus other genes implicated in development including ParaHox (Cdx, Xlox, Gsx), Evx, Dlx, En, NK4, NK3, Msx, and Nanog. Genomic data suggest that the ANTP class diversified by extensive tandem duplication to generate a large array of genes, including an NK gene cluster and a hypothetical ProtoHox gene cluster that duplicated to generate Hox and ParaHox genes. Expression and functional data suggest that NK, Hox, and ParaHox gene clusters acquired distinct roles in patterning the mesoderm, nervous system, and gut. The PRD class is also diverse and includes Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, Pax4/6, Gsc, Hesx, Otx, Otp, and Pitx genes. PRD genes are not generally arranged in ancient genomic clusters, although the Dux, Obox, and Rhox gene clusters arose in mammalian evolution as did several non-clustered PRD genes. Tandem duplication and genome duplication expanded the number of homeobox genes, possibly contributing to the evolution of developmental complexity, but homeobox gene loss must not be ignored. Evolutionary changes to homeobox gene expression have also been documented, including Hox gene expression patterns shifting in concert with segmental diversification in vertebrates and crustaceans, and deletion of a Pitx1 gene enhancer in pelvic-reduced sticklebacks. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:31-45. doi: 10.1002/wdev.78 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Horizontal acquisition of multiple mitochondrial genes from a parasitic plant followed by gene conversion with host mitochondrial genes

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

Background Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is relatively common in plant mitochondrial genomes but the mechanisms, extent and consequences of transfer remain largely unknown. Previous results indicate that parasitic plants are often involved as either transfer donors or recipients, suggesting that direct contact between parasite and host facilitates genetic transfer among plants. Results In order to uncover the mechanistic details of plant-to-plant HGT, the extent and evolutionary fate of transfer was investigated between two groups: the parasitic genus Cuscuta and a small clade of Plantago species. A broad polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey of mitochondrial genes revealed that at least three genes (atp1, atp6 and matR) were recently transferred from Cuscuta to Plantago. Quantitative PCR assays show that these three genes have a mitochondrial location in the one species line of Plantago examined. Patterns of sequence evolution suggest that these foreign genes degraded into pseudogenes shortly after transfer and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analyses demonstrate that none are detectably transcribed. Three cases of gene conversion were detected between native and foreign copies of the atp1 gene. The identical phylogenetic distribution of the three foreign genes within Plantago and the retention of cytidines at ancestral positions of RNA editing indicate that these genes were probably acquired via a single, DNA-mediated transfer event. However, samplings of multiple individuals from two of the three species in the recipient Plantago clade revealed complex and perplexing phylogenetic discrepancies and patterns of sequence divergence for all three of the foreign genes. Conclusions This study reports the best evidence to date that multiple mitochondrial genes can be transferred via a single HGT event and that transfer occurred via a strictly DNA-level intermediate. The discovery of gene conversion between co-resident foreign and native mitochondrial copies suggests

Horizontal acquisition of multiple mitochondrial genes from a parasitic plant followed by gene conversion with host mitochondrial genes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hao Weilong

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Horizontal gene transfer (HGT is relatively common in plant mitochondrial genomes but the mechanisms, extent and consequences of transfer remain largely unknown. Previous results indicate that parasitic plants are often involved as either transfer donors or recipients, suggesting that direct contact between parasite and host facilitates genetic transfer among plants. Results In order to uncover the mechanistic details of plant-to-plant HGT, the extent and evolutionary fate of transfer was investigated between two groups: the parasitic genus Cuscuta and a small clade of Plantago species. A broad polymerase chain reaction (PCR survey of mitochondrial genes revealed that at least three genes (atp1, atp6 and matR were recently transferred from Cuscuta to Plantago. Quantitative PCR assays show that these three genes have a mitochondrial location in the one species line of Plantago examined. Patterns of sequence evolution suggest that these foreign genes degraded into pseudogenes shortly after transfer and reverse transcription (RT-PCR analyses demonstrate that none are detectably transcribed. Three cases of gene conversion were detected between native and foreign copies of the atp1 gene. The identical phylogenetic distribution of the three foreign genes within Plantago and the retention of cytidines at ancestral positions of RNA editing indicate that these genes were probably acquired via a single, DNA-mediated transfer event. However, samplings of multiple individuals from two of the three species in the recipient Plantago clade revealed complex and perplexing phylogenetic discrepancies and patterns of sequence divergence for all three of the foreign genes. Conclusions This study reports the best evidence to date that multiple mitochondrial genes can be transferred via a single HGT event and that transfer occurred via a strictly DNA-level intermediate. The discovery of gene conversion between co-resident foreign and native

Dynamics of very small soot particles during soot burnout in diesel engines; Dynamik kleinster Russteilchen waehrend der Russausbrandphase im Dieselmotor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bockhorn, H. [Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Inst. fuer Chemische Technik; Peters, N. [RWTH Aachen (DE). Institut fuer Technische Mechanik (ITM); Pittermann, R. [WTZ fuer Motoren- und Maschinenforschung Rosslau gGmbH (Germany); Hentschel, J.; Weber, J.

2003-07-01

The investigations used advanced laser-optical methods for measuring soot particle size distributions, temporally and spectrally resolved measurements of engine combustion, measurements of composition and size distribution of particles in exhaust, and further development and validation of reaction-kinetic models. In all, it can be stated that mixing will affect not only soot particle formation but also soot particle emissions. Mixing can be influenced by using a fuel-water emulsion and by CR injection. Experiments and models both showed the advantageous effects of water added to the diesel fuels and of CR injection. The higher OH radical concentrations in the later combustion stages also serve to ensure faster oxidation of soot. (orig.) [German] Ziel des Projektes war es, Informationen ueber die Bildung und Oxidation von Russ sowie die Teilchendynamik der Russteilchen waehrend der Ausbrandphase zu erhalten. Dies wurde erreicht durch die Weiterentwicklung laseroptischer Methoden zur Bestimmung der Groessenverteilung von Russpartikeln, durch zeit- und spektral aufgeloeste Erfassung der motorischen Verbrennung, durch die Bestimmung von Zusammensetzung und Groessenverteilung von Partikeln im Abgas sowie durch die Weiterentwicklung und Validierung von reaktionskinetischen Modellen. Zusammenfassend laesst sich sagen, dass sich die Gemischbildung im Dieselmotor nicht nur auf die Bildung der Russpartikel sondern auch auf die Russpartikelemission auswirkt. Die Verwendung einer Kraftstoff-Wasser-Emulsion und die Common-Rail-Einspritzung stellen zwei Verfahren zur Beeinflussung der Gemischbildung dar. Sowohl die experimentellen Untersuchungen als auch die Modellierung zeigen den die Gemischbildung foerdernden Einfluss des Zusatzes von Wasser zum Dieselbrennstoff. Ein erhoehter Anteil an vorgemischter Verbrennung, wie er auch durch die Verwendung hoher Einspritzdruecke bei der Common-Rail-Einspritzung erreicht werden kann, verringert die waehrend der Verbrennung entstehende

Environmental compatibility of chemicals for sewage treatment; Umweltvertraeglichkeit von Chemikalien zur Abwasserbehandlung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schumann, H.; Obst, K.; Friedrich, C.; Pattard, M.; Pluta, H.J.; Hahn, J.

1997-05-30

Due to the use of chemicals for waste water treatment the treated waste water and the effluents are polluted by the accompanying substance matrix of the chemicals. Furthermore, because of overstoichiometric dosage or additives also a not reacting part of toxic substances gets into the treated waste water and effluents. Therefore it is necessary to prevent that through waste water treatment further environmentally incompatible substances get into the waters. Within the framework of a research project promoted by the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety proposals were made for guide values and respectively limit values for coagulant and flocculant salts, lime products, neutralising agents, technical hydrochloric acid, technical sulphuric acid, polyacrylamides and organic sulphuric compounds. In contrast to most of the anorganic chemicals for waste water treatment, which show only a relatively low increase of heavy metal concentrations caused by the accompanying substance matrix, organic chemicals for sewage treatment are partly considered to be problematic substances because of an adverse combination of characteristics. (orig.) [Deutsch] Durch den Einsatz von Chemikalien zur Behandlung von Abwaessern gelangen - Verunreinigungen durch die Nebenstoff-Matrix der eingesetzten Behandlungschemikalien in das behandelte Abwasser und in die Gewaesser und - durch ueberstoechiometrische Dosierung oder Additive tritt der nicht reagierende Teil toxischer Substanzen ebenfalls im behandelten Abwasserablauf und im Gewaesser auf. Vor diesem Hintergrund gilt es zu verhindern, dass durch Massnahmen der Abwasserbehandlung zusaetzlich umweltunvertraegliche Stoffe in die Gewaesser eingetragen werden. Im Rahmen eines vom Bundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit gefoerderten Forschungsvorhabens wurden Vorschlaege fuer Richtwerte bzw. Anforderungen an Faellungs- und Flockungssalze, Kalkprodukte, Natronlauge, Soda, Salzsaeure

Gene coexpression network analysis as a source of functional annotation for rice genes.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kevin L Childs

Full Text Available With the existence of large publicly available plant gene expression data sets, many groups have undertaken data analyses to construct gene coexpression networks and functionally annotate genes. Often, a large compendium of unrelated or condition-independent expression data is used to construct gene networks. Condition-dependent expression experiments consisting of well-defined conditions/treatments have also been used to create coexpression networks to help examine particular biological processes. Gene networks derived from either condition-dependent or condition-independent data can be difficult to interpret if a large number of genes and connections are present. However, algorithms exist to identify modules of highly connected and biologically relevant genes within coexpression networks. In this study, we have used publicly available rice (Oryza sativa gene expression data to create gene coexpression networks using both condition-dependent and condition-independent data and have identified gene modules within these networks using the Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis method. We compared the number of genes assigned to modules and the biological interpretability of gene coexpression modules to assess the utility of condition-dependent and condition-independent gene coexpression networks. For the purpose of providing functional annotation to rice genes, we found that gene modules identified by coexpression analysis of condition-dependent gene expression experiments to be more useful than gene modules identified by analysis of a condition-independent data set. We have incorporated our results into the MSU Rice Genome Annotation Project database as additional expression-based annotation for 13,537 genes, 2,980 of which lack a functional annotation description. These results provide two new types of functional annotation for our database. Genes in modules are now associated with groups of genes that constitute a collective functional

The drug target genes show higher evolutionary conservation than non-target genes.

Science.gov (United States)

Lv, Wenhua; Xu, Yongdeng; Guo, Yiying; Yu, Ziqi; Feng, Guanglong; Liu, Panpan; Luan, Meiwei; Zhu, Hongjie; Liu, Guiyou; Zhang, Mingming; Lv, Hongchao; Duan, Lian; Shang, Zhenwei; Li, Jin; Jiang, Yongshuai; Zhang, Ruijie

2016-01-26

Although evidence indicates that drug target genes share some common evolutionary features, there have been few studies analyzing evolutionary features of drug targets from an overall level. Therefore, we conducted an analysis which aimed to investigate the evolutionary characteristics of drug target genes. We compared the evolutionary conservation between human drug target genes and non-target genes by combining both the evolutionary features and network topological properties in human protein-protein interaction network. The evolution rate, conservation score and the percentage of orthologous genes of 21 species were included in our study. Meanwhile, four topological features including the average shortest path length, betweenness centrality, clustering coefficient and degree were considered for comparison analysis. Then we got four results as following: compared with non-drug target genes, 1) drug target genes had lower evolutionary rates; 2) drug target genes had higher conservation scores; 3) drug target genes had higher percentages of orthologous genes and 4) drug target genes had a tighter network structure including higher degrees, betweenness centrality, clustering coefficients and lower average shortest path lengths. These results demonstrate that drug target genes are more evolutionarily conserved than non-drug target genes. We hope that our study will provide valuable information for other researchers who are interested in evolutionary conservation of drug targets.

Identifying potential maternal genes of Bombyx mori using digital gene expression profiling

Science.gov (United States)

Xu, Pingzhen

2018-01-01

Maternal genes present in mature oocytes play a crucial role in the early development of silkworm. Although maternal genes have been widely studied in many other species, there has been limited research in Bombyx mori. High-throughput next generation sequencing provides a practical method for gene discovery on a genome-wide level. Herein, a transcriptome study was used to identify maternal-related genes from silkworm eggs. Unfertilized eggs from five different stages of early development were used to detect the changing situation of gene expression. The expressed genes showed different patterns over time. Seventy-six maternal genes were annotated according to homology analysis with Drosophila melanogaster. More than half of the differentially expressed maternal genes fell into four expression patterns, while the expression patterns showed a downward trend over time. The functional annotation of these material genes was mainly related to transcription factor activity, growth factor activity, nucleic acid binding, RNA binding, ATP binding, and ion binding. Additionally, twenty-two gene clusters including maternal genes were identified from 18 scaffolds. Altogether, we plotted a profile for the maternal genes of Bombyx mori using a digital gene expression profiling method. This will provide the basis for maternal-specific signature research and improve the understanding of the early development of silkworm. PMID:29462160

Novel gene sets improve set-level classification of prokaryotic gene expression data.

Science.gov (United States)

Holec, Matěj; Kuželka, Ondřej; Železný, Filip

2015-10-28

Set-level classification of gene expression data has received significant attention recently. In this setting, high-dimensional vectors of features corresponding to genes are converted into lower-dimensional vectors of features corresponding to biologically interpretable gene sets. The dimensionality reduction brings the promise of a decreased risk of overfitting, potentially resulting in improved accuracy of the learned classifiers. However, recent empirical research has not confirmed this expectation. Here we hypothesize that the reported unfavorable classification results in the set-level framework were due to the adoption of unsuitable gene sets defined typically on the basis of the Gene ontology and the KEGG database of metabolic networks. We explore an alternative approach to defining gene sets, based on regulatory interactions, which we expect to collect genes with more correlated expression. We hypothesize that such more correlated gene sets will enable to learn more accurate classifiers. We define two families of gene sets using information on regulatory interactions, and evaluate them on phenotype-classification tasks using public prokaryotic gene expression data sets. From each of the two gene-set families, we first select the best-performing subtype. The two selected subtypes are then evaluated on independent (testing) data sets against state-of-the-art gene sets and against the conventional gene-level approach. The novel gene sets are indeed more correlated than the conventional ones, and lead to significantly more accurate classifiers. The novel gene sets are indeed more correlated than the conventional ones, and lead to significantly more accurate classifiers. Novel gene sets defined on the basis of regulatory interactions improve set-level classification of gene expression data. The experimental scripts and other material needed to reproduce the experiments are available at http://ida.felk.cvut.cz/novelgenesets.tar.gz.

1) rheuma: komplementare therapien hoch im kurs; 2) ist der Ruckenschmerz magnetisch? 3) morbus alzheimer: unkonventionelle therapeutische Wundertute; 4) homocystein: Im westen nichts neues

Science.gov (United States)

Resch

2000-08-01

Wahrend in akademischen Kreisen noch ausgiebig diskutiert wird, wie Naturheilkunde, Komplementarmedizin und Alternativmedizin begrifflich fassbar gemacht, sprich definiert werden konnen, hat sich langst ein Parallelmarkt entwickelt, auf dem seriose und obskure Anbieter eine breite Palette von vermeintlich hilfreichen diagnostischen Massnahmen und Therapien feilbieten. Ohne kassenarztliche Vereinigung, ohne wissenschaftliche Fachgesellschaften, ohne amtlichen Segen. Der Markt boomt, wie das Beispiel rheumatische Erkrankungen zeigt. Das hat seine Grunde, von denen S. Hill in ihrem Kommentar einige nennt. Abstrahiert konnte man sagen, dass es offensichtlich einen grossen Bedarf in Bereichen gibt, fur die die konventionelle Medizin zu wenig zu bieten hat. Die daraus resultierende Tatsache, dass Patienten immer mehr bereit sind, zusatzlich und erganzend Leistungen einzukaufen, musste nicht weiter schrecken (und ware parteienubergreifend sogar ganz im Sinne unserer Gesundheitspolitiker), wenn man unterstellen konnte, Patienten hatten eine einigermassen verlassliche Moglichkeit, seriose Angebote von denen von Quacksalbern, Scharlatanen und miesen Geschaftemachern zu unterscheiden. Das haben Sie aber nicht. Die Beispiele in diesem Journal Club sollen aufzeigen, wie schwer es manchmal selbst dort ist, Stellung zu beziehen, wo bereits Versuche vorliegen, bestimmte Angebote zu hinterfragen. Das liegt nicht zuletzt an den ziemlich durchgangigen Defiziten, was die Forschungsqualitat in diesem Bereich anbelangt. Es scheint hochste Zeit, dass sich die akademische Medizin ihrer Verantwortung in diesem Bereich bewusst wird und sich seiner annimmt. Wer sonst sollte das tun? Copyright 2000 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg

[Gene doping: gene transfer and possible molecular detection].

Science.gov (United States)

Argüelles, Carlos Francisco; Hernández-Zamora, Edgar

2007-01-01

The use of illegal substances in sports to enhance athletic performance during competition has caused international sports organizations such as the COI and WADA to take anti doping measures. A new doping method know as gene doping is defined as "the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance". However, gene doping in sports is not easily identified and can cause serious consequences. Molecular biology techniques are needed in order to distinguish the difference between a "normal" and an "altered" genome. Further, we need to develop new analytic methods and biological molecular techniques in anti-doping laboratories, and design programs that avoid the non therapeutic use of genes.

Delimiting Coalescence Genes (C-Genes) in Phylogenomic Data Sets.

Science.gov (United States)

Springer, Mark S; Gatesy, John

2018-02-26

coalescence methods have emerged as a popular alternative for inferring species trees with large genomic datasets, because these methods explicitly account for incomplete lineage sorting. However, statistical consistency of summary coalescence methods is not guaranteed unless several model assumptions are true, including the critical assumption that recombination occurs freely among but not within coalescence genes (c-genes), which are the fundamental units of analysis for these methods. Each c-gene has a single branching history, and large sets of these independent gene histories should be the input for genome-scale coalescence estimates of phylogeny. By contrast, numerous studies have reported the results of coalescence analyses in which complete protein-coding sequences are treated as c-genes even though exons for these loci can span more than a megabase of DNA. Empirical estimates of recombination breakpoints suggest that c-genes may be much shorter, especially when large clades with many species are the focus of analysis. Although this idea has been challenged recently in the literature, the inverse relationship between c-gene size and increased taxon sampling in a dataset-the 'recombination ratchet'-is a fundamental property of c-genes. For taxonomic groups characterized by genes with long intron sequences, complete protein-coding sequences are likely not valid c-genes and are inappropriate units of analysis for summary coalescence methods unless they occur in recombination deserts that are devoid of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Finally, it has been argued that coalescence methods are robust when the no-recombination within loci assumption is violated, but recombination must matter at some scale because ILS, a by-product of recombination, is the raison d'etre for coalescence methods. That is, extensive recombination is required to yield the large number of independently segregating c-genes used to infer a species tree. If coalescent methods are powerful

Gene therapy of cancer and development of therapeutic target gene

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Chang Min; Kwon, Hee Chung

1998-04-01

We applied HSV-tk/GCV strategy to orthotopic rat hepatoma model and showed anticancer effects of hepatoma. The increased expression of Lac Z gene after adenovirus-mediated gene delivery throughout hepatic artery was thought that is increased the possibility of gene therapy for curing hepatoma. With the construction of kGLP-laboratory, it is possible to produce a good quantity and quality of adenovirus in lage-scale production and purification of adenovirus vector. Also, the analysis of hepatoma related genes by PCR-LOH could be used for the diagnosis of patients and the development of therapeutic gene.

Gene therapy of cancer and development of therapeutic target gene

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Chang Min; Kwon, Hee Chung

1998-04-01

We applied HSV-tk/GCV strategy to orthotopic rat hepatoma model and showed anticancer effects of hepatoma. The increased expression of Lac Z gene after adenovirus-mediated gene delivery throughout hepatic artery was thought that is increased the possibility of gene therapy for curing hepatoma. With the construction of kGLP-laboratory, it is possible to produce a good quantity and quality of adenovirus in lage-scale production and purification of adenovirus vector. Also, the analysis of hepatoma related genes by PCR-LOH could be used for the diagnosis of patients and the development of therapeutic gene

Wissen als geistiges Eigentum

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Walther Umstätter

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Zusammenfassung: Geistiges Eigentum ist durch eine bemerkenswerte Charakteristik gekennzeichnet. Es kann nur durch die Zurverfügungstellung und allgemeine Veröffentlichung erreicht werden. Historisch betrachtet konnte man immaterielle Eigentumsrechte nicht erwerben, wenn man keinen Verleger fand. Erst in den letzten Jahren wurde es sehr einfach, durch die Veröffentlichung unseres Wissens im Internet, zu geistigem Eigentum zu gelangen. Die Ursache für diese Eigenschaft geistigen Eigentums ist die Informationstheorie, in der Informationen in beliebiger Menge zu Redundanz kopiert werden kann. An dieser Stelle spielen die Verlage noch immer eine wichtige Rolle, durch ihre Anzeige ausgewählter Immaterialgüterrechte von Autoren oder Interessengruppen.Abstract: Intellectual property is characterized by a remarkable attribute. It has to be made available for the world by publication. In earlier times one couldn’t achieve intangible property rights if there was no publisher available. Only in recent years it became very easy to get intellectual properties by publishing our knowledge in the Internet. The cause for such a strange fact is the information theory, in which information can be copied to redundancy in any quantity. A growing problem is the amount of publications in which the identification of individual contributions is more and more difficult. At this point, the publishing industry plays till now an important role by advertising intellectual properties of selected authors or special interest groups.

Energy saving retrofitting of a prefabricated panel construction kinder-garden - demonstration project ''Plappersnut'' in Wismar.; Energetische Sanierung einer Kindertagesstaette in Plattenbauweise - Demonstrationsbauvorhaben ''Plappersnut'' in Wismar

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wollensak, Heidi [Institut fuer Gebaeude + Energie + Licht Planung, Alter Holzhafen 19, 23966 Wismar (Germany); Wollensak, Martin [Hochschule Wismar, FG Baukonstruktion und Baustofftechnik (Germany); Roemhild, Thomas [Hochschule Wismar, FG Entwerfen, Gebaeude- Klima- und Lichtplanung (Germany); Mainka, Georg-Wilhelm; Winkler, Heiko [Lehrstuhl fuer Baukonstruktionen und Bauphysik, Institut fuer Bauingenieurwesen, Universitaet Rostock (Germany)

2005-12-01

The project ''kindergarten Plappersnut'' in Wismar focuses on cutting the energy consumption of the in 1972 build prefabricated plate construction down to one third by mainly 3 means: - improving the relation between building volume and outside surface by replacing the corridor building between the two main wings with a light membrane roof, covering the whole space, - eliminating energy loss through the building structure by coating the whole building with different isolation systems, - replacing all of the technical installation under the aspects of ecological energy supply and energy retrieving systems. The project was classed as a demonstration project of the EnSan-Program, supported by the German Ministry for Economy and Technology. (Abstract Copyright [2005], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Das Sanierungsprojekt der 1972 in Plattenbauweise errichteten Kita ''Plappersnut'' stand im Zeichen der Reduzierung des Energiebedarfs auf ein Drittel durch drei wesentliche Massnahmen: - Verbesserung des Verhaeltnisses Gebaeudevolumen zu Aussenwandflaeche durch Entfernung der Verbindungsgaenge zwischen beiden Gebaeudeteilen und Ueberdachung des entstehenden Hofes mit einem Membrandach, - Verminderung der Energieverluste durch die Gebaeudehuelle mit Hilfe verschiedener Waermedaemm-Massnahmen, - Ersatz der gesamten Gebaeudetechnik durch energiesparende Systeme und unter Einsatz von erneuerbaren Energien. Das Projekt wurde im Rahmen des EnSan-Programms vom Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Technologie gefoerdert. (Abstract Copyright [2005], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Research of the fluid flow in a radially orientated coolant channel of a turbine blade; Untersuchung der Stroemung in einem radial gerichteten Kuehlkanal eines Turbinenlaufrades

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hein, O.

1999-07-01

Due to rotation (Coriolis forces) in a coolant channel a secondary flow is superimposed to the basic flow. This leads to a change in the local heat transfer over the surface of the coolant channel as well as a change in the overall value of the heat transfer. Also the pressure loss over the channel length will change by rotation. By means of computational fluid dynamics (Finite Element Method) it was achieved to figure out the interaction between changing fluid flow and heat transfer. To validate the results obtained by a numerical flow simulation, a new measurement technique was developed. A laser-two-focus velocimeter has been combined with a rotation prism which allows continued measurements in a rotating scaled up channel. (orig.) [German] Bedingt durch die Rotationsbewegung eines Kuehlkanals wird die Grundstroemung von einem Sekundaerwirbel ueberlagert (Corioliskraefte). Durch diese Einfluesse aendert sich sowohl der lokale Waermeuebergang ueber der Kanaloberflaeche als auch die globalen Waermeuebertragungsraten ueber dem gesamten Kanal. Ebenfalls aendert sich durch die Rotation der Druckverlust ueber der Kanallaenge. Durch eine numerische Stroemungssimulation (Finite-Element-Methode) war es moeglich, einen detaillierten Zusammenhang zwischen dem veraenderten Stroemungsverhalten und dem Waermeuebertragungsverhalten darzustellen. Um die numerisch gewonnenen Ergebnisse experimentell abzusichern, wurde eine neuartige Messtechnik entwickelt. Ein Laser-2-Fokus-Velozimeter wurde mit einem Bilddrehprisma kombiniert, und dies erlaubte eine kontinuierliche Messung in einem rotierenden vergroesserten Modellkanal. (orig.)

DAVID Knowledgebase: a gene-centered database integrating heterogeneous gene annotation resources to facilitate high-throughput gene functional analysis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Baseler Michael W

2007-11-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Due to the complex and distributed nature of biological research, our current biological knowledge is spread over many redundant annotation databases maintained by many independent groups. Analysts usually need to visit many of these bioinformatics databases in order to integrate comprehensive annotation information for their genes, which becomes one of the bottlenecks, particularly for the analytic task associated with a large gene list. Thus, a highly centralized and ready-to-use gene-annotation knowledgebase is in demand for high throughput gene functional analysis. Description The DAVID Knowledgebase is built around the DAVID Gene Concept, a single-linkage method to agglomerate tens of millions of gene/protein identifiers from a variety of public genomic resources into DAVID gene clusters. The grouping of such identifiers improves the cross-reference capability, particularly across NCBI and UniProt systems, enabling more than 40 publicly available functional annotation sources to be comprehensively integrated and centralized by the DAVID gene clusters. The simple, pair-wise, text format files which make up the DAVID Knowledgebase are freely downloadable for various data analysis uses. In addition, a well organized web interface allows users to query different types of heterogeneous annotations in a high-throughput manner. Conclusion The DAVID Knowledgebase is designed to facilitate high throughput gene functional analysis. For a given gene list, it not only provides the quick accessibility to a wide range of heterogeneous annotation data in a centralized location, but also enriches the level of biological information for an individual gene. Moreover, the entire DAVID Knowledgebase is freely downloadable or searchable at http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/knowledgebase/.

Evolutionary dynamics of human autoimmune disease genes and malfunctioned immunological genes

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Podder Soumita

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background One of the main issues of molecular evolution is to divulge the principles in dictating the evolutionary rate differences among various gene classes. Immunological genes have received considerable attention in evolutionary biology as candidates for local adaptation and for studying functionally important polymorphisms. The normal structure and function of immunological genes will be distorted when they experience mutations leading to immunological dysfunctions. Results Here, we examined the fundamental differences between the genes which on mutation give rise to autoimmune or other immune system related diseases and the immunological genes that do not cause any disease phenotypes. Although the disease genes examined are analogous to non-disease genes in product, expression, function, and pathway affiliation, a statistically significant decrease in evolutionary rate has been found in autoimmune disease genes relative to all other immune related diseases and non-disease genes. Possible ways of accumulation of mutation in the three steps of the central dogma (DNA-mRNA-Protein have been studied to trace the mutational effects predisposed to disease consequence and acquiring higher selection pressure. Principal Component Analysis and Multivariate Regression Analysis have established the predominant role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in guiding the evolutionary rate of immunological disease and non-disease genes followed by m-RNA abundance, paralogs number, fraction of phosphorylation residue, alternatively spliced exon, protein residue burial and protein disorder. Conclusions Our study provides an empirical insight into the etiology of autoimmune disease genes and other immunological diseases. The immediate utility of our study is to help in disease gene identification and may also help in medicinal improvement of immune related disease.

Carboxylesterase 1 genes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Rasmussen, Henrik Berg; Madsen, Majbritt Busk

2018-01-01

The carboxylesterase 1 gene (CES1) encodes a hydrolase that metabolizes commonly used drugs. The CES1-related pseudogene, carboxylesterase 1 pseudogene 1 (CES1P1), has been implicated in gene exchange with CES1 and in the formation of hybrid genes including the carboxylesterase 1A2 gene (CES1A2...

Bayesian assignment of gene ontology terms to gene expression experiments

Science.gov (United States)

Sykacek, P.

2012-01-01

Motivation: Gene expression assays allow for genome scale analyses of molecular biological mechanisms. State-of-the-art data analysis provides lists of involved genes, either by calculating significance levels of mRNA abundance or by Bayesian assessments of gene activity. A common problem of such approaches is the difficulty of interpreting the biological implication of the resulting gene lists. This lead to an increased interest in methods for inferring high-level biological information. A common approach for representing high level information is by inferring gene ontology (GO) terms which may be attributed to the expression data experiment. Results: This article proposes a probabilistic model for GO term inference. Modelling assumes that gene annotations to GO terms are available and gene involvement in an experiment is represented by a posterior probabilities over gene-specific indicator variables. Such probability measures result from many Bayesian approaches for expression data analysis. The proposed model combines these indicator probabilities in a probabilistic fashion and provides a probabilistic GO term assignment as a result. Experiments on synthetic and microarray data suggest that advantages of the proposed probabilistic GO term inference over statistical test-based approaches are in particular evident for sparsely annotated GO terms and in situations of large uncertainty about gene activity. Provided that appropriate annotations exist, the proposed approach is easily applied to inferring other high level assignments like pathways. Availability: Source code under GPL license is available from the author. Contact: peter.sykacek@boku.ac.at PMID:22962488

Bayesian assignment of gene ontology terms to gene expression experiments.

Science.gov (United States)

Sykacek, P

2012-09-15

Gene expression assays allow for genome scale analyses of molecular biological mechanisms. State-of-the-art data analysis provides lists of involved genes, either by calculating significance levels of mRNA abundance or by Bayesian assessments of gene activity. A common problem of such approaches is the difficulty of interpreting the biological implication of the resulting gene lists. This lead to an increased interest in methods for inferring high-level biological information. A common approach for representing high level information is by inferring gene ontology (GO) terms which may be attributed to the expression data experiment. This article proposes a probabilistic model for GO term inference. Modelling assumes that gene annotations to GO terms are available and gene involvement in an experiment is represented by a posterior probabilities over gene-specific indicator variables. Such probability measures result from many Bayesian approaches for expression data analysis. The proposed model combines these indicator probabilities in a probabilistic fashion and provides a probabilistic GO term assignment as a result. Experiments on synthetic and microarray data suggest that advantages of the proposed probabilistic GO term inference over statistical test-based approaches are in particular evident for sparsely annotated GO terms and in situations of large uncertainty about gene activity. Provided that appropriate annotations exist, the proposed approach is easily applied to inferring other high level assignments like pathways. Source code under GPL license is available from the author. peter.sykacek@boku.ac.at.

Targeting the human lysozyme gene on bovine αs1- casein gene ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Targeting an exogenous gene into a favorable gene locus and for expression under endogenous regulators is an ideal method in mammary gland bioreactor research. For this purpose, a gene targeting vector was constructed to targeting the human lysozyme gene on bovine αs1-casein gene locus. In this case, the ...

A powerful score-based test statistic for detecting gene-gene co-association.

Science.gov (United States)

Xu, Jing; Yuan, Zhongshang; Ji, Jiadong; Zhang, Xiaoshuai; Li, Hongkai; Wu, Xuesen; Xue, Fuzhong; Liu, Yanxun

2016-01-29

The genetic variants identified by Genome-wide association study (GWAS) can only account for a small proportion of the total heritability for complex disease. The existence of gene-gene joint effects which contains the main effects and their co-association is one of the possible explanations for the "missing heritability" problems. Gene-gene co-association refers to the extent to which the joint effects of two genes differ from the main effects, not only due to the traditional interaction under nearly independent condition but the correlation between genes. Generally, genes tend to work collaboratively within specific pathway or network contributing to the disease and the specific disease-associated locus will often be highly correlated (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in linkage disequilibrium). Therefore, we proposed a novel score-based statistic (SBS) as a gene-based method for detecting gene-gene co-association. Various simulations illustrate that, under different sample sizes, marginal effects of causal SNPs and co-association levels, the proposed SBS has the better performance than other existed methods including single SNP-based and principle component analysis (PCA)-based logistic regression model, the statistics based on canonical correlations (CCU), kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCU), partial least squares path modeling (PLSPM) and delta-square (δ (2)) statistic. The real data analysis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) further confirmed its advantages in practice. SBS is a powerful and efficient gene-based method for detecting gene-gene co-association.

Studie Digital Banking 2025: Generation-Y treibt den digitalen Wandel – vier Banktypen werden entstehen

OpenAIRE

Gassmann, Oliver

2018-01-01

Digitalisierung, FinTechs, Block­chain…­ – die traditionelle Rolle etablierter Bank­institutionen als Dienstleister für den Zahlungs-, Kredit- und Kapitalverkehr befindet sich durch aktuelle Entwicklungen und Innovationen im Wandel – getrieben durch die Generation-Y. Banken müssen sich nun neu definieren, um weiter bestehen zu können. Diese und weitere Zukunftsszenarien für die Bank 2025 beschreiben Prof. Dr. Oliver Gassmann und Kollegen in der Studie "Digital Banking 2025".

Einfluß der Stimulation mit CpG-Oligodesoxynukleotiden und Kostimulation mit CpG-Desoxynukleotiden und IL-2 auf Proliferation, Zytokinproduktion und Expression von Oberflächenmolekülen bei B-CLL-Zellen

OpenAIRE

Kronschnabl, Manuela

2005-01-01

B-CLL-Zellen sind langlebige Zellen, die aufgrund einer Apoptoseinhibition akkumulieren. Sie führen zu einer unzureichenden Immunantwort, bedingt durch die geringe Dichte an T-Zell-aktivierenden Oberflächenmolekülen. Durch CpG-ODN (bakterielle DNA) und IL-2 können diese Oberflächenmoleküle bei normalen und malignen B-Zellen hochreguliert sowie Proliferation und Sekretion von Immunglo-bulin und Zytokinen induziert werden. Diese Arbeit untersuchte die Expression der Oberflächenmoleküle CD 25, C...

Cyber Crime & Cyber War – "Part of the Game": Cyber Security, Quo Vadis?

OpenAIRE

Karl H. Stingeder

2015-01-01

Welche Rolle spielt Cyber Crime gegenwärtig? Was unterscheidet Cyber Crime von Cyber War? Wie muss Cyber Security gestaltet sein, um effektiven Schutz nachhaltig zu gewährleisten? Cyber Crime-Aktivitäten kennzeichnen sich häufig durch eine einfache Zugänglichkeit von betrügerischem Know-How und technischen Hilfsmitteln. Bedingt durch eine schleppende und mangelhafte Umsetzung von koordinierten Gegenmaßnahmen, resultieren Cyber-Delikte in einem Low-Risk und High-Reward Szenario für Cyber-Krimi...

Prediction of regulatory gene pairs using dynamic time warping and gene ontology.

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Andy C; Hsu, Hui-Huang; Lu, Ming-Da; Tseng, Vincent S; Shih, Timothy K

2014-01-01

Selecting informative genes is the most important task for data analysis on microarray gene expression data. In this work, we aim at identifying regulatory gene pairs from microarray gene expression data. However, microarray data often contain multiple missing expression values. Missing value imputation is thus needed before further processing for regulatory gene pairs becomes possible. We develop a novel approach to first impute missing values in microarray time series data by combining k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Gene Ontology (GO). After missing values are imputed, we then perform gene regulation prediction based on our proposed DTW-GO distance measurement of gene pairs. Experimental results show that our approach is more accurate when compared with existing missing value imputation methods on real microarray data sets. Furthermore, our approach can also discover more regulatory gene pairs that are known in the literature than other methods.

The Drosophila melanogaster methuselah gene: a novel gene with ancient functions.

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Ana Rita Araújo

Full Text Available The Drosophila melanogaster G protein-coupled receptor gene, methuselah (mth, has been described as a novel gene that is less than 10 million years old. Nevertheless, it shows a highly specific expression pattern in embryos, larvae, and adults, and has been implicated in larval development, stress resistance, and in the setting of adult lifespan, among others. Although mth belongs to a gene subfamily with 16 members in D. melanogaster, there is no evidence for functional redundancy in this subfamily. Therefore, it is surprising that a novel gene influences so many traits. Here, we explore the alternative hypothesis that mth is an old gene. Under this hypothesis, in species distantly related to D. melanogaster, there should be a gene with features similar to those of mth. By performing detailed phylogenetic, synteny, protein structure, and gene expression analyses we show that the D. virilis GJ12490 gene is the orthologous of mth in species distantly related to D. melanogaster. We also show that, in D. americana (a species of the virilis group of Drosophila, a common amino acid polymorphism at the GJ12490 orthologous gene is significantly associated with developmental time, size, and lifespan differences. Our results imply that GJ12490 orthologous genes are candidates for developmental time and lifespan differences in Drosophila in general.

Constructing an integrated gene similarity network for the identification of disease genes.

Science.gov (United States)

Tian, Zhen; Guo, Maozu; Wang, Chunyu; Xing, LinLin; Wang, Lei; Zhang, Yin

2017-09-20

Discovering novel genes that are involved human diseases is a challenging task in biomedical research. In recent years, several computational approaches have been proposed to prioritize candidate disease genes. Most of these methods are mainly based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. However, since these PPI networks contain false positives and only cover less half of known human genes, their reliability and coverage are very low. Therefore, it is highly necessary to fuse multiple genomic data to construct a credible gene similarity network and then infer disease genes on the whole genomic scale. We proposed a novel method, named RWRB, to infer causal genes of interested diseases. First, we construct five individual gene (protein) similarity networks based on multiple genomic data of human genes. Then, an integrated gene similarity network (IGSN) is reconstructed based on similarity network fusion (SNF) method. Finally, we employee the random walk with restart algorithm on the phenotype-gene bilayer network, which combines phenotype similarity network, IGSN as well as phenotype-gene association network, to prioritize candidate disease genes. We investigate the effectiveness of RWRB through leave-one-out cross-validation methods in inferring phenotype-gene relationships. Results show that RWRB is more accurate than state-of-the-art methods on most evaluation metrics. Further analysis shows that the success of RWRB is benefited from IGSN which has a wider coverage and higher reliability comparing with current PPI networks. Moreover, we conduct a comprehensive case study for Alzheimer's disease and predict some novel disease genes that supported by literature. RWRB is an effective and reliable algorithm in prioritizing candidate disease genes on the genomic scale. Software and supplementary information are available at http://nclab.hit.edu.cn/~tianzhen/RWRB/ .

Evolutionary signatures amongst disease genes permit novel methods for gene prioritization and construction of informative gene-based networks.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nolan Priedigkeit

2015-02-01

Full Text Available Genes involved in the same function tend to have similar evolutionary histories, in that their rates of evolution covary over time. This coevolutionary signature, termed Evolutionary Rate Covariation (ERC, is calculated using only gene sequences from a set of closely related species and has demonstrated potential as a computational tool for inferring functional relationships between genes. To further define applications of ERC, we first established that roughly 55% of genetic diseases posses an ERC signature between their contributing genes. At a false discovery rate of 5% we report 40 such diseases including cancers, developmental disorders and mitochondrial diseases. Given these coevolutionary signatures between disease genes, we then assessed ERC's ability to prioritize known disease genes out of a list of unrelated candidates. We found that in the presence of an ERC signature, the true disease gene is effectively prioritized to the top 6% of candidates on average. We then apply this strategy to a melanoma-associated region on chromosome 1 and identify MCL1 as a potential causative gene. Furthermore, to gain global insight into disease mechanisms, we used ERC to predict molecular connections between 310 nominally distinct diseases. The resulting "disease map" network associates several diseases with related pathogenic mechanisms and unveils many novel relationships between clinically distinct diseases, such as between Hirschsprung's disease and melanoma. Taken together, these results demonstrate the utility of molecular evolution as a gene discovery platform and show that evolutionary signatures can be used to build informative gene-based networks.

Models of gene gain and gene loss for probabilistic reconstruction of gene content in the last universal common ancestor of life.

Science.gov (United States)

Kannan, Lavanya; Li, Hua; Rubinstein, Boris; Mushegian, Arcady

2013-12-19

The problem of probabilistic inference of gene content in the last common ancestor of several extant species with completely sequenced genomes is: for each gene that is conserved in all or some of the genomes, assign the probability that its ancestral gene was present in the genome of their last common ancestor. We have developed a family of models of gene gain and gene loss in evolution, and applied the maximum-likelihood approach that uses phylogenetic tree of prokaryotes and the record of orthologous relationships between their genes to infer the gene content of LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor of all currently living cellular organisms. The crucial parameter, the ratio of gene losses and gene gains, was estimated from the data and was higher in models that take account of the number of in-paralogs in genomes than in models that treat gene presences and absences as a binary trait. While the numbers of genes that are placed confidently into LUCA are similar in the ML methods and in previously published methods that use various parsimony-based approaches, the identities of genes themselves are different. Most of the models of either kind treat the genes found in many existing genomes in a similar way, assigning to them high probabilities of being ancestral ("high ancestrality"). The ML models are more likely than others to assign high ancestrality to the genes that are relatively rare in the present-day genomes.

Visual gene developer: a fully programmable bioinformatics software for synthetic gene optimization

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McDonald Karen

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Direct gene synthesis is becoming more popular owing to decreases in gene synthesis pricing. Compared with using natural genes, gene synthesis provides a good opportunity to optimize gene sequence for specific applications. In order to facilitate gene optimization, we have developed a stand-alone software called Visual Gene Developer. Results The software not only provides general functions for gene analysis and optimization along with an interactive user-friendly interface, but also includes unique features such as programming capability, dedicated mRNA secondary structure prediction, artificial neural network modeling, network & multi-threaded computing, and user-accessible programming modules. The software allows a user to analyze and optimize a sequence using main menu functions or specialized module windows. Alternatively, gene optimization can be initiated by designing a gene construct and configuring an optimization strategy. A user can choose several predefined or user-defined algorithms to design a complicated strategy. The software provides expandable functionality as platform software supporting module development using popular script languages such as VBScript and JScript in the software programming environment. Conclusion Visual Gene Developer is useful for both researchers who want to quickly analyze and optimize genes, and those who are interested in developing and testing new algorithms in bioinformatics. The software is available for free download at http://www.visualgenedeveloper.net.

Gene delivery to the lungs: pulmonary gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.

Science.gov (United States)

Villate-Beitia, Ilia; Zarate, Jon; Puras, Gustavo; Pedraz, José Luis

2017-07-01

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder where the defective gene, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), is well identified. Moreover, the respiratory tract can be targeted through noninvasive aerosolized formulations for inhalation. Therefore, gene therapy is considered a plausible strategy to address this disease. Conventional gene therapy strategies rely on the addition of a correct copy of the CFTR gene into affected cells in order to restore the channel activity. In recent years, genome correction strategies have emerged, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated to Cas9 nucleases. These gene editing tools aim to repair the mutated gene at its original genomic locus with high specificity. Besides, the success of gene therapy critically depends on the nucleic acids carriers. To date, several clinical studies have been carried out to add corrected copies of the CFTR gene into target cells using viral and non-viral vectors, some of them with encouraging results. Regarding genome editing systems, preliminary in vitro studies have been performed in order to repair the CFTR gene. In this review, after briefly introducing the basis of CF, we discuss the up-to-date gene therapy strategies to address the disease. The review focuses on the main factors to take into consideration when developing gene delivery strategies, such as the design of vectors and plasmid DNA, in vitro/in vivo tests, translation to human use, administration methods, manufacturing conditions and regulatory issues.

Iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana: transcriptomic analyses reveal novel FIT-regulated genes, iron deficiency marker genes and functional gene networks.

Science.gov (United States)

Mai, Hans-Jörg; Pateyron, Stéphanie; Bauer, Petra

2016-10-03

FIT (FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR) is the central regulator of iron uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. We performed transcriptome analyses of six day-old seedlings and roots of six week-old plants using wild type, a fit knock-out mutant and a FIT over-expression line grown under iron-sufficient or iron-deficient conditions. We compared genes regulated in a FIT-dependent manner depending on the developmental stage of the plants. We assembled a high likelihood dataset which we used to perform co-expression and functional analysis of the most stably iron deficiency-induced genes. 448 genes were found FIT-regulated. Out of these, 34 genes were robustly FIT-regulated in root and seedling samples and included 13 novel FIT-dependent genes. Three hundred thirty-one genes showed differential regulation in response to the presence and absence of FIT only in the root samples, while this was the case for 83 genes in the seedling samples. We assembled a virtual dataset of iron-regulated genes based on a total of 14 transcriptomic analyses of iron-deficient and iron-sufficient wild-type plants to pinpoint the best marker genes for iron deficiency and analyzed this dataset in depth. Co-expression analysis of this dataset revealed 13 distinct regulons part of which predominantly contained functionally related genes. We could enlarge the list of FIT-dependent genes and discriminate between genes that are robustly FIT-regulated in roots and seedlings or only in one of those. FIT-regulated genes were mostly induced, few of them were repressed by FIT. With the analysis of a virtual dataset we could filter out and pinpoint new candidates among the most reliable marker genes for iron deficiency. Moreover, co-expression and functional analysis of this virtual dataset revealed iron deficiency-induced and functionally distinct regulons.

Intracellular delivery of potential therapeutic genes: prospects in cancer gene therapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Bakhtiar, Athirah; Sayyad, Mustak; Rosli, Rozita; Maruyama, Atsushi; Chowdhury, Ezharul H

2014-01-01

Conventional therapies for malignant cancer such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are associated with poor survival rates owing to the development of cellular resistance to cancer drugs and the lack of targetability, resulting in unwanted adverse effects on healthy cells and necessitating the lowering of therapeutic dose with consequential lower efficacy of the treatment. Gene therapy employing different types of viral and non-viral carriers to transport gene(s) of interest and facilitating production of the desirable therapeutic protein(s) has tremendous prospects in cancer treatments due to the high-level of specificity in therapeutic action of the expressed protein(s) with diminished off-target effects, although cancer cell-specific delivery of transgene(s) still poses some challenges to be addressed. Depending on the potential therapeutic target genes, cancer gene therapy could be categorized into tumor suppressor gene replacement therapy, immune gene therapy and enzyme- or prodrug-based therapy. This review would shed light on the current progress of delivery of potentially therapeutic genes into various cancer cells in vitro and animal models utilizing a variety of viral and non-viral vectors.

Divergence of gene body DNA methylation and evolution of plant duplicate genes.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jun Wang

Full Text Available It has been shown that gene body DNA methylation is associated with gene expression. However, whether and how deviation of gene body DNA methylation between duplicate genes can influence their divergence remains largely unexplored. Here, we aim to elucidate the potential role of gene body DNA methylation in the fate of duplicate genes. We identified paralogous gene pairs from Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica genomes and reprocessed their single-base resolution methylome data. We show that methylation in paralogous genes nonlinearly correlates with several gene properties including exon number/gene length, expression level and mutation rate. Further, we demonstrated that divergence of methylation level and pattern in paralogs indeed positively correlate with their sequence and expression divergences. This result held even after controlling for other confounding factors known to influence the divergence of paralogs. We observed that methylation level divergence might be more relevant to the expression divergence of paralogs than methylation pattern divergence. Finally, we explored the mechanisms that might give rise to the divergence of gene body methylation in paralogs. We found that exonic methylation divergence more closely correlates with expression divergence than intronic methylation divergence. We show that genomic environments (e.g., flanked by transposable elements and repetitive sequences of paralogs generated by various duplication mechanisms are associated with the methylation divergence of paralogs. Overall, our results suggest that the changes in gene body DNA methylation could provide another avenue for duplicate genes to develop differential expression patterns and undergo different evolutionary fates in plant genomes.

Fabrication of gravel for concrete in brown-coal mining. The gravel works at Inden; Betonkiesherstellung im Braunkohlentagebau - Das Kieswerk Inden

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bertrams, H.J. [Rheinbraun AG, Abt. Tagebau- und Landschaftsplanung, Koeln (Germany)

1995-01-01

The brown-coal open-pit mine is operated by Rheinbraun AG, a Cologne-based company. The mining process offers the possibility to separate gravel and sand from the overburden for marketing, unless they are indispensable for reclaiming the open-pit mine. This combination of raw material production particularly prevents additional landscape consumption by separate gravel dredging and spares the population of an overproportionately densely populated region further inconveniences. Moreover, it helps to save resources. (orig./MSK) [Deutsch] Die Braunkohlengewinnung erfolgt durch die in Koeln ansaessige Rheinbraun AG in Tagebauen. Dabei ergibt sich die Moeglichkeit, im Abraum befindliche Kiese und Sande auszusortieren und dem Markt zuzufuehren, soweit sie nicht zwingend zur Wiedernutzbarmachung des Tagebaus verwendet werden muessen. Durch die Buendelung der Rohstoffgewinnung wird insbesondere der Landschaftsverbrauch durch gesonderte Abgrabungen ausserhalb des Tagebaus und damit verbundene Belastungen der Bevoelkerung in einer ueberdurchschnittlich dicht besiedelten Region verringert. Sie traegt ebenfalls zur Ressourcenschonung bei. (orig./MSK)

Erkundungen im Spannungsfeld von Pädagogik, Spielspass und technischer Machbarkeit. Gedanken zur Konzeption und Entwicklung spielbasierter digitaler Lernumgebung

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Florian Berger

2009-02-01

Full Text Available Computerspiele sind heute aus der digitalen Medienwelt nicht mehr wegzudenken. Ihre rasante technische Entwicklung sowie ihre hohe Akzeptanz in der Jugendkultur werfen Fragen nach pädagogischer Verwertbarkeit dieses Mediums auf. Auf diesem Gebiet besteht Forschungsbedarf: Für den Einsatz aktueller Spielkonzepte als Lehrmittel existieren keine fundierten Theorien oder Konzepte. Der schöpferische Umgang mit Spielen durch Anwender («Emergent Gameplay» bietet hier durch sein hohes Motivationspotential einen vielversprechenden Ansatz. Die oft wenig beachtete Rolle der digitalen Spielen zugrunde liegenden Softwaretechnik sollte stärkere Berücksichtigung finden: Es existiert einerseits ein für die Akzeptanz beim Anwender notwendiges Minimum, andererseits ist der Einsatz des aktuellen technischen «state of the art» für die Umsetzung pädagogischer und didaktischer Ambitionen durch seine enormen Anforderungen wenig zielführend. Im Ergebnis sind Idee und Spielspass das Mass auch für Anwendungen des Game Based Learn­ing.

Kosmische Myonen im L3-Detektor

CERN Document Server

Saidi, Rachid

2000-01-01

Durch die Untersuchung des Mondschattens in der primaren kosmischen Strahlung konnen Informationen uber die Winkelau osung des L3-Detektors gewonnen werden, sowie mit ausreichender Statistik das Verhaltnis von Antiprotonen zu Protonen fur Protonenergien um 1 TeV abgeschatzt werden. Die Bahn der Protonen vom Mond zur Erde wird durch folgende Eekte beein ut: Das Magnetfeld zwischen Mond und Erde lenkt die geladenen Teilchen ab. Fur 1 TeV Protonenenergie wurde ein Wert von 1:70 abgeschatzt. Die Mehrfachstreuung in der 30 m dicken Erdschicht uber L3 verursacht eine Winkelverschmierung von 3.5 mrad fur 100 GeV Myonen. Der Winkel zwischen Proton und den sekundaren Myonen, die durch Wechselwirkung von primaren Kernen mit den oberen Schichten der Atmosphare entstehen, betragt 3 mrad fur 100 GeV Myonen. Die berechnete Winkelau osung dieser Untersuchung fur den L3-Detektor mit verschiedenen Energien betragt einen Wert von 0:170 0:030 fur das starkste Myonschattensignal bei 150 GeV Myonenenergie. Dabei wurde fur den Mon...

Energy-economical optimization of industrial sites; Energiewirtschaftliche Optimierung von Industriestandorten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Berthold, A.; Saliba, S.; Franke, R. [ABB AG, Mannheim (Germany)

2015-07-01

The holistic optimization of an industrial estate networks all electrical components of a location and combines energy trading, energy management and production processes. This allows to minimize the energy consumption from the supply network and to relieve the power grid and to maximize the profitability of the industrial self-generation. By analyzing the potential is detected and the cost of optimization solution is estimated. The generation-side optimization is supported through demand-side optimization (demand response). Through a real-time optimization the of Use of fuels is managed, controlled and optimized. [German] Die ganzheitliche Optimierung einer industriellen Liegenschaft vernetzt alle elektrischen Komponenten eines Standorts und verbindet Energiehandel, Energiemanagement und Produktionsprozesse. Dadurch kann der Energiebezug aus dem Versorgungsnetz minimiert und das Stromnetz entlastet werden, sowie die Profitabilitaet der industriellen Eigenerzeugung maximiert werden. Durch eine Analyse wird das Potential ermittelt und die Kosten der Optimierungsloesung abgeschaetzt. Die erzeugungsseitige Optimierung wird durch die nachfrageseitige Optimierung (Demand Response) gestuetzt. Durch eine Echtzeitoptimierung wird der Einsatz der Energietraeger verwaltet, gesteuert und optimiert.

Ein Entscheidungsmodell zur Weitergabe persönlicher Daten im Internet

Science.gov (United States)

Treiblmaier, Horst

In den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten wandelte sich das Internet von einer Spielwiese für technikbegeisterte Computerspezialisten zu einem vielseitig einsetzbaren weltweiten Netzwerk für Privatpersonen und Unternehmen. Maßgeblichen Anteil daran besaß die rasante Entwicklung des World Wide Web (WWW), das, durch die Möglichkeit multimediale Inhalte zu vermitteln, für einen großen Teil der Bevölkerung industrialisierter Länder zu einem wesentlichen Bestandteil des täglichen Lebens wurde. Dass diese Entwicklung noch lange nicht abgeschlossen ist, zeigt die derzeitige Diskussion zum Thema Web 2.0 bzw. 3.0. Waren es in den letzten Jahren die hohen Umsatzzuwächse im E-Commerce und multimedial gestaltete Webseiten in Kombination mit aufwändigen Applikationen, die für ständig steigende Nutzerzahlen im World Wide Web sorgten, so wird dieser Innovationsschub nunmehr durch eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen fortgesetzt, die sich durch die zunehmende Vernetzung der Nutzer untereinander auszeichnen.

Numerical simulation of flow interaction in a tandem cascade with a pitching airfoil; Numerische Simulation der Stroemungswechselwirkung in einem Tandemgitter mit schwingender Vorleitschaufel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yang, C.

2001-05-01

The results show that by a locally unsteady flow, induced by a sinusoidally rotational oscillation of a pitching airfoil, the separation behaviour of the subsequent flow can be influenced favourably. The turning of the flow can partially be enhanced considerably dependend on frequency, amplitude and the average angle of attack. Comparing with measurements one can suppose that by blades of the guide vane oscillating harmonically the conversion of energy and the reliability under part-load conditions of hydraulic machines can be improved. [German] Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass durch eine lokal instationaere Stroemung, aufgepraegt durch eine sinusfoermige Drehschwingbewegung einer Vorleitschaufel, das Abloeseverhalten der nachfolgenden Gitterstroemung positiv beeinflusst werden kann. Die Stroemungsumlenkung kann in Abhaengigkeit von der Frequenz, der Amplitude und des mittleren Anstellwinkels zum Teil deutlich erhoeht werden. Ein Vergleich mit Messergebnissen legt die Vermutung nahe, dass durch die Schwingbewegung der Leitradbeschaufelung eine Verbesserung der Energieumsetzung und der Zuverlaessigkeit teillastbetriebener hydraulischer Maschinen moeglich ist.

GeneTopics - interpretation of gene sets via literature-driven topic models

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Annotation of a set of genes is often accomplished through comparison to a library of labelled gene sets such as biological processes or canonical pathways. However, this approach might fail if the employed libraries are not up to date with the latest research, don't capture relevant biological themes or are curated at a different level of granularity than is required to appropriately analyze the input gene set. At the same time, the vast biomedical literature offers an unstructured repository of the latest research findings that can be tapped to provide thematic sub-groupings for any input gene set. Methods Our proposed method relies on a gene-specific text corpus and extracts commonalities between documents in an unsupervised manner using a topic model approach. We automatically determine the number of topics summarizing the corpus and calculate a gene relevancy score for each topic allowing us to eliminate non-specific topics. As a result we obtain a set of literature topics in which each topic is associated with a subset of the input genes providing directly interpretable keywords and corresponding documents for literature research. Results We validate our method based on labelled gene sets from the KEGG metabolic pathway collection and the genetic association database (GAD) and show that the approach is able to detect topics consistent with the labelled annotation. Furthermore, we discuss the results on three different types of experimentally derived gene sets, (1) differentially expressed genes from a cardiac hypertrophy experiment in mice, (2) altered transcript abundance in human pancreatic beta cells, and (3) genes implicated by GWA studies to be associated with metabolite levels in a healthy population. In all three cases, we are able to replicate findings from the original papers in a quick and semi-automated manner. Conclusions Our approach provides a novel way of automatically generating meaningful annotations for gene sets that are directly

Models of gene gain and gene loss for probabilistic reconstruction of gene content in the last universal common ancestor of life

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background The problem of probabilistic inference of gene content in the last common ancestor of several extant species with completely sequenced genomes is: for each gene that is conserved in all or some of the genomes, assign the probability that its ancestral gene was present in the genome of their last common ancestor. Results We have developed a family of models of gene gain and gene loss in evolution, and applied the maximum-likelihood approach that uses phylogenetic tree of prokaryotes and the record of orthologous relationships between their genes to infer the gene content of LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor of all currently living cellular organisms. The crucial parameter, the ratio of gene losses and gene gains, was estimated from the data and was higher in models that take account of the number of in-paralogs in genomes than in models that treat gene presences and absences as a binary trait. Conclusion While the numbers of genes that are placed confidently into LUCA are similar in the ML methods and in previously published methods that use various parsimony-based approaches, the identities of genes themselves are different. Most of the models of either kind treat the genes found in many existing genomes in a similar way, assigning to them high probabilities of being ancestral (“high ancestrality”). The ML models are more likely than others to assign high ancestrality to the genes that are relatively rare in the present-day genomes. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Martijn A Huynen, Toni Gabaldón and Fyodor Kondrashov. PMID:24354654

Gene therapy: An overview

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sudip Indu

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Gene therapy "the use of genes as medicine" involves the transfer of a therapeutic or working copy of a gene into specific cells of an individual in order to repair a faulty gene copy. The technique may be used to replace a faulty gene, or to introduce a new gene whose function is to cure or to favorably modify the clinical course of a condition. The objective of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into target cells while causing no damage to the surrounding healthy cells and tissues, hence the treatment related morbidity is decreased. The delivery system includes a vector that delivers a therapeutic gene into the patient′s target cell. Functional proteins are created from the therapeutic gene causing the cell to return to a normal stage. The vectors used in gene therapy can be viral and non-viral. Gene therapy, an emerging field of biomedicine, is still at infancy and much research remains to be done before this approach to the treatment of condition will realize its full potential.

Gene doping in sports.

Science.gov (United States)

Unal, Mehmet; Ozer Unal, Durisehvar

2004-01-01

Gene or cell doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as "the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance". New research in genetics and genomics will be used not only to diagnose and treat disease, but also to attempt to enhance human performance. In recent years, gene therapy has shown progress and positive results that have highlighted the potential misuse of this technology and the debate of 'gene doping'. Gene therapies developed for the treatment of diseases such as anaemia (the gene for erythropoietin), muscular dystrophy (the gene for insulin-like growth factor-1) and peripheral vascular diseases (the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor) are potential doping methods. With progress in gene technology, many other genes with this potential will be discovered. For this reason, it is important to develop timely legal regulations and to research the field of gene doping in order to develop methods of detection. To protect the health of athletes and to ensure equal competitive conditions, the International Olympic Committee, WADA and International Sports Federations have accepted performance-enhancing substances and methods as being doping, and have forbidden them. Nevertheless, the desire to win causes athletes to misuse these drugs and methods. This paper reviews the current status of gene doping and candidate performance enhancement genes, and also the use of gene therapy in sports medicine and ethics of genetic enhancement. Copyright 2004 Adis Data Information BV

Identifying key genes in rheumatoid arthritis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Chunhui; Lv, Qi; Teng, Songsong; Yu, Yinxian; Niu, Kerun; Yi, Chengqin

2017-08-01

This study aimed to identify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) related genes based on microarray data using the WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) method. Two gene expression profile datasets GSE55235 (10 RA samples and 10 healthy controls) and GSE77298 (16 RA samples and seven healthy controls) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Characteristic genes were identified using metaDE package. WGCNA was used to find disease-related networks based on gene expression correlation coefficients, and module significance was defined as the average gene significance of all genes used to assess the correlation between the module and RA status. Genes in the disease-related gene co-expression network were subject to functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis using Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Characteristic genes were also mapped to the Connectivity Map to screen small molecules. A total of 599 characteristic genes were identified. For each dataset, characteristic genes in the green, red and turquoise modules were most closely associated with RA, with gene numbers of 54, 43 and 79, respectively. These genes were enriched in totally enriched in 17 Gene Ontology terms, mainly related to immune response (CD97, FYB, CXCL1, IKBKE, CCR1, etc.), inflammatory response (CD97, CXCL1, C3AR1, CCR1, LYZ, etc.) and homeostasis (C3AR1, CCR1, PLN, CCL19, PPT1, etc.). Two small-molecule drugs sanguinarine and papaverine were predicted to have a therapeutic effect against RA. Genes related to immune response, inflammatory response and homeostasis presumably have critical roles in RA pathogenesis. Sanguinarine and papaverine have a potential therapeutic effect against RA. © 2017 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Engine 3E. NO{sub x} reduction by means of homogenisation of mixtures inside combustion chambers. Final report; Engine 3E. NO{sub x}-Reduktion durch Homogenisierung des Gemisches in Brennkammern. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zarzalis, N.; Homann; Schubert

1999-11-05

This is the final report of the Technology Project 'NO{sub x} reduction by means of homogenisation of mixtures inside combustion chambers', which is part of the Engine 3E 2010 programme of the BMBF, which was to promote research in aircraft engineering. In this project, technologies were developed to achieve a 60% reduction of NO{sub x} emissions as compared to ICAO '95 in an annular combustion chamber in realistic operating conditions where the emissions of substances oher than NO{sub x} were to be of the same level as the emissions of modern jet drives. Further, the design of the new combustion chamber was to be conventional in order to retain the possibility of converting existing propulsion systems to the new technology. [German] Diese Notiz enthaelt den Abschlussbericht des Technologievorhabens 'NO{sub x}-Reduktion durch Homogenisierung des Gemisches in Brennkammern'. Das Vorhaben ist Teil des Luftfahrtfoerderprogramms Engine 3E 2010 der Bundesregierung und wird vom Bundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) unter dem Foerderkennzeichen 20T9540 gefoerdert. Das Programm wurde am 01. Juli 1995 begonnen und endete am 30. Juni 1999. Entsprechend dem Foerderantrag wurden in dem Vorhaben Einzeltechnologien erarbeitet, die erforderlich sind, um eine 60% Reduktion der NO{sub x}-Emissionen gegenueber ICAO '95 in einer Ringbrennkammer unter realistischen Betriebsbedingungen zu demonstrieren, wobei die restlichen Emissionen das Emissionsniveau moderner Triebwerke nicht ueberschreiten sollten. Darueber hinaus sollte das aeussere Design der zu entwickelnden Brennkammer sind von konventionellen Brennkammern nicht unterscheiden, um die Moeglichkeit der Umruestung von alten Triebwerken mit der Brennkammern der neuen Technologie offen zu halten. (orig.)

If science does create more than knowledge. A congress is asking for 'education by science'; Wenn Wissenschaft mehr als Wissen schafft. Ein Kongress fragt nach 'Bildung durch Wissenschaft'

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nuissl, E. (ed.)

2002-07-01

The role of science in the development of the so-called 'knowledge society' was investigated at this interdisciplinary congress. Three problem areas were identified: 1. Science itself must constantly review its own ethical fundamentals and investigate and extend its ability to keep a dialogue running. 2. Society is asked to provide an ethical and moral orientation for dealing with newly acquired knowledge and to define the social standing of science. 3. Each and every individual must work on maintaining and extending his or her level of knowledge in order to cope with everyday life and perform social functions. [German] Ziel des Kongresses ''Bildung durch Wissenschaft'' war es, im interdisziplinaeren Austausch die Rolle der Wissenschaft bei der Entwicklung der so genannten ''Wissensgesellschaft'' zu eroertern. Der enorme Wissenszuwachs des vergangenen Jahrhunderts bedeutet eine Zunahme des ''Machbaren'', von dessen positiven wie negativen Folgen die Gesellschaft und der Einzelne gleichermassen betroffen ist. Das gilt gerade fuer diejenigen Technologien und Wissensbestaende, die im Alltag von Bedeutung sind. Der Kongress beschaeftigte sich mit diesen Entwicklungen und mit den Problemen, die sich daraus ergeben. Der erste Problemkreis betrifft die Wissenschaft selbst: Sie muss sich ihrer eigenen ethischen Grundlagen wieder neu vergewissern, ihre Dialogfaehigkeit ueberpruefen und erweitern. Ein zweiter Problemkreis ist auf Seiten der Oeffentlichkeit auszumachen: Die Gesellschaft wird ethische und moralische Orientierungen fuer den Umgang mit dem neu erworbenen Wissen schaffen und grundsaetzlich den gesellschaftlichen Stellenwert der Wissenschaft bestimmen muessen. Der dritte Problemkreis stellt sich dem Einzelnen: Jeder ist gefordert, kontinuierlich sein Wissensniveau zu erhalten und zu erweitern, um den Alltag bewaeltigen und gesellschaftliche Aufgaben wahrnehmen zu koennen. (orig.)

Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies of shoulder instability.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mariana Ferreira Leal

Full Text Available Shoulder instability is a common shoulder injury, and patients present with plastic deformation of the glenohumeral capsule. Gene expression analysis may be a useful tool for increasing the general understanding of capsule deformation, and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR has become an effective method for such studies. Although RT-qPCR is highly sensitive and specific, it requires the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization to guarantee meaningful and reproducible results. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of a set of reference genes using samples from the glenohumeral capsules of individuals with and without shoulder instability. We analyzed the expression of six commonly used reference genes (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, TBP and TFRC in the antero-inferior, antero-superior and posterior portions of the glenohumeral capsules of cases and controls. The stability of the candidate reference gene expression was determined using four software packages: NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper and DataAssist. Overall, HPRT1 was the best single reference gene, and HPRT1 and B2M composed the best pair of reference genes from different analysis groups, including simultaneous analysis of all tissue samples. GenEx software was used to identify the optimal number of reference genes to be used for normalization and demonstrated that the accumulated standard deviation resulting from the use of 2 reference genes was similar to that resulting from the use of 3 or more reference genes. To identify the optimal combination of reference genes, we evaluated the expression of COL1A1. Although the use of different reference gene combinations yielded variable normalized quantities, the relative quantities within sample groups were similar and confirmed that no obvious differences were observed when using 2, 3 or 4 reference genes. Consequently, the use of 2 stable reference genes for normalization, especially

The Pathway From Genes to Gene Therapy in Glaucoma: A Review of Possibilities for Using Genes as Glaucoma Drugs.

Science.gov (United States)

Borrás, Teresa

2017-01-01

Treatment of diseases with gene therapy is advancing rapidly. The use of gene therapy has expanded from the original concept of re-placing the mutated gene causing the disease to the use of genes to con-trol nonphysiological levels of expression or to modify pathways known to affect the disease. Genes offer numerous advantages over conventional drugs. They have longer duration of action and are more specific. Genes can be delivered to the target site by naked DNA, cells, nonviral, and viral vectors. The enormous progress of the past decade in molecular bi-ology and delivery systems has provided ways for targeting genes to the intended cell/tissue and safe, long-term vectors. The eye is an ideal organ for gene therapy. It is easily accessible and it is an immune-privileged site. Currently, there are clinical trials for diseases affecting practically every tissue of the eye, including those to restore vision in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis. However, the number of eye trials compared with those for systemic diseases is quite low (1.8%). Nevertheless, judg-ing by the vast amount of ongoing preclinical studies, it is expected that such number will increase considerably in the near future. One area of great need for eye gene therapy is glaucoma, where a long-term gene drug would eliminate daily applications and compliance issues. Here, we review the current state of gene therapy for glaucoma and the possibilities for treating the trabecular meshwork to lower intraocular pressure and the retinal ganglion cells to protect them from neurodegeneration. Copyright© 2017 Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology.

Integrating Ontological Knowledge and Textual Evidence in Estimating Gene and Gene Product Similarity

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sanfilippo, Antonio P.; Posse, Christian; Gopalan, Banu; Tratz, Stephen C.; Gregory, Michelle L.

2006-06-08

With the rising influence of the Gene On-tology, new approaches have emerged where the similarity between genes or gene products is obtained by comparing Gene Ontology code annotations associ-ated with them. So far, these approaches have solely relied on the knowledge en-coded in the Gene Ontology and the gene annotations associated with the Gene On-tology database. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that improvements to these approaches can be obtained by integrating textual evidence extracted from relevant biomedical literature.

UniGene Tabulator: a full parser for the UniGene format.

Science.gov (United States)

Lenzi, Luca; Frabetti, Flavia; Facchin, Federica; Casadei, Raffaella; Vitale, Lorenza; Canaider, Silvia; Carinci, Paolo; Zannotti, Maria; Strippoli, Pierluigi

2006-10-15

UniGene Tabulator 1.0 provides a solution for full parsing of UniGene flat file format; it implements a structured graphical representation of each data field present in UniGene following import into a common database managing system usable in a personal computer. This database includes related tables for sequence, protein similarity, sequence-tagged site (STS) and transcript map interval (TXMAP) data, plus a summary table where each record represents a UniGene cluster. UniGene Tabulator enables full local management of UniGene data, allowing parsing, querying, indexing, retrieving, exporting and analysis of UniGene data in a relational database form, usable on Macintosh (OS X 10.3.9 or later) and Windows (2000, with service pack 4, XP, with service pack 2 or later) operating systems-based computers. The current release, including both the FileMaker runtime applications, is freely available at http://apollo11.isto.unibo.it/software/

The effect of anthropogenic contaminations (PAH, PCB) on terrestrial annelids in conurban ecosystems. Final report; Einfluss von anthropogenen Schadstoffen (PAK und PCB) auf terrestrische Invertebraten urbaner Oekosysteme. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Achazi, R.K.; Beylich, A.; Chroszcz, G.; Dueker, C.; Heck, M.; Henneken, M.; Flenner, C.; Froehlich, E.; Garbers, U.; Khan, M.A.; Kreibich, M.; Kronshage, J.; Philippe, L.; Pilz, C.; Rothe, B.; Schabedoth, E.; Schaub, K.; Scheiwe, E.; Schmid, C.; Steudel, I.; Struwe, M.; Throl, C.; Wuertz, S. [Freie Univ. Berlin (Germany); Back, H.; Naehring, D.; Thielemann, U. [Gesellschaft fuer Angewandte Oekologie und Umweltplanung mbH, Nussloch (Germany)

1997-09-23

kontrollierten Nutzung belasteter Flaechen. Diese Fragestellungen wurden bearbeitet durch Freilanduntersuchungen auf stillgelegten Rieselfeldern der Stadt Berlin zur Abundanz, Artendiversitaet und Dominanzstruktur terrestrischer Anneliden (Lumbriciden, Enchytraeiden), durch Biotests unter Verwendung kontaminierter Rieselfeldboeden und aufdotierter Boeden (BaP, Fla, PCB 52, Cd, Cu) und durch Untersuchung zur Akkumulation, Elimination und Biotransformation bei Anneliden. Auf 12 der 17 untersuchten Rieselfeldstandorten wurden keine Regenwuermer gefunden, auf zwei keine Enchytraeiden. Die Enchytraeidenabundanz lag zwischen 500 und 12.500/m{sup 2} und damit weit unter der von Kontrollflaechen (25.000 bis 280.000/m{sup 2}). Die Annelidenfeindlichkeit der Rieselfeldboeden wurde durch den Koederstreifen-Test und durch Biotests mit Enchytraeus crypticus, E. albidus, E. buchholzi und Eisenia f. fetida bestaetigt. Die Oekotoxizitaet der rieselfeldtypischen Schadstoffkombinationen wurde durch den sauren Boden-pH und Bodenumlagerungen verstaerkt. Die Toxizitaet der organischen und anorganischen Schadstoffe fuer Anneliden wurde durch Kurz- und Langzeituntersuchungen im Agar-Testsystem bestaetigt. Die Untersuchungsmethoden koennen zur Bewertung komtaminierter Boeden herangezogen werden. (orig.)

Automated Identification of Core Regulatory Genes in Human Gene Regulatory Networks.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vipin Narang

Full Text Available Human gene regulatory networks (GRN can be difficult to interpret due to a tangle of edges interconnecting thousands of genes. We constructed a general human GRN from extensive transcription factor and microRNA target data obtained from public databases. In a subnetwork of this GRN that is active during estrogen stimulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we benchmarked automated algorithms for identifying core regulatory genes (transcription factors and microRNAs. Among these algorithms, we identified K-core decomposition, pagerank and betweenness centrality algorithms as the most effective for discovering core regulatory genes in the network evaluated based on previously known roles of these genes in MCF-7 biology as well as in their ability to explain the up or down expression status of up to 70% of the remaining genes. Finally, we validated the use of K-core algorithm for organizing the GRN in an easier to interpret layered hierarchy where more influential regulatory genes percolate towards the inner layers. The integrated human gene and miRNA network and software used in this study are provided as supplementary materials (S1 Data accompanying this manuscript.

Maximum Gene-Support Tree

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yunfeng Shan

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Genomes and genes diversify during evolution; however, it is unclear to what extent genes still retain the relationship among species. Model species for molecular phylogenetic studies include yeasts and viruses whose genomes were sequenced as well as plants that have the fossil-supported true phylogenetic trees available. In this study, we generated single gene trees of seven yeast species as well as single gene trees of nine baculovirus species using all the orthologous genes among the species compared. Homologous genes among seven known plants were used for validation of the finding. Four algorithms—maximum parsimony (MP, minimum evolution (ME, maximum likelihood (ML, and neighbor-joining (NJ—were used. Trees were reconstructed before and after weighting the DNA and protein sequence lengths among genes. Rarely a gene can always generate the “true tree” by all the four algorithms. However, the most frequent gene tree, termed “maximum gene-support tree” (MGS tree, or WMGS tree for the weighted one, in yeasts, baculoviruses, or plants was consistently found to be the “true tree” among the species. The results provide insights into the overall degree of divergence of orthologous genes of the genomes analyzed and suggest the following: 1 The true tree relationship among the species studied is still maintained by the largest group of orthologous genes; 2 There are usually more orthologous genes with higher similarities between genetically closer species than between genetically more distant ones; and 3 The maximum gene-support tree reflects the phylogenetic relationship among species in comparison.

Interactive visualization of gene regulatory networks with associated gene expression time series data

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Westenberg, M.A.; Hijum, van S.A.F.T.; Lulko, A.T.; Kuipers, O.P.; Roerdink, J.B.T.M.; Linsen, L.; Hagen, H.; Hamann, B.

2008-01-01

We present GENeVis, an application to visualize gene expression time series data in a gene regulatory network context. This is a network of regulator proteins that regulate the expression of their respective target genes. The networks are represented as graphs, in which the nodes represent genes,

Using gene expression noise to understand gene regulation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Munsky, B.; Neuert, G.; van Oudenaarden, A.

2012-01-01

Phenotypic variation is ubiquitous in biology and is often traceable to underlying genetic and environmental variation. However, even genetically identical cells in identical environments display variable phenotypes. Stochastic gene expression, or gene expression "noise," has been suggested as a

Gene Conversion in Angiosperm Genomes with an Emphasis on Genes Duplicated by Polyploidization

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xi-Yin Wang

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Angiosperm genomes differ from those of mammals by extensive and recursive polyploidizations. The resulting gene duplication provides opportunities both for genetic innovation, and for concerted evolution. Though most genes may escape conversion by their homologs, concerted evolution of duplicated genes can last for millions of years or longer after their origin. Indeed, paralogous genes on two rice chromosomes duplicated an estimated 60–70 million years ago have experienced gene conversion in the past 400,000 years. Gene conversion preserves similarity of paralogous genes, but appears to accelerate their divergence from orthologous genes in other species. The mutagenic nature of recombination coupled with the buffering effect provided by gene redundancy, may facilitate the evolution of novel alleles that confer functional innovations while insulating biological fitness of affected plants. A mixed evolutionary model, characterized by a primary birth-and-death process and occasional homoeologous recombination and gene conversion, may best explain the evolution of multigene families.

G-NEST: a gene neighborhood scoring tool to identify co-conserved, co-expressed genes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lemay Danielle G

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background In previous studies, gene neighborhoods—spatial clusters of co-expressed genes in the genome—have been defined using arbitrary rules such as requiring adjacency, a minimum number of genes, a fixed window size, or a minimum expression level. In the current study, we developed a Gene Neighborhood Scoring Tool (G-NEST which combines genomic location, gene expression, and evolutionary sequence conservation data to score putative gene neighborhoods across all possible window sizes simultaneously. Results Using G-NEST on atlases of mouse and human tissue expression data, we found that large neighborhoods of ten or more genes are extremely rare in mammalian genomes. When they do occur, neighborhoods are typically composed of families of related genes. Both the highest scoring and the largest neighborhoods in mammalian genomes are formed by tandem gene duplication. Mammalian gene neighborhoods contain highly and variably expressed genes. Co-localized noisy gene pairs exhibit lower evolutionary conservation of their adjacent genome locations, suggesting that their shared transcriptional background may be disadvantageous. Genes that are essential to mammalian survival and reproduction are less likely to occur in neighborhoods, although neighborhoods are enriched with genes that function in mitosis. We also found that gene orientation and protein-protein interactions are partially responsible for maintenance of gene neighborhoods. Conclusions Our experiments using G-NEST confirm that tandem gene duplication is the primary driver of non-random gene order in mammalian genomes. Non-essentiality, co-functionality, gene orientation, and protein-protein interactions are additional forces that maintain gene neighborhoods, especially those formed by tandem duplicates. We expect G-NEST to be useful for other applications such as the identification of core regulatory modules, common transcriptional backgrounds, and chromatin domains. The

Wolframcarbid/Silber-Kontaktwerkstoffe durch Gasdruckinfiltration

OpenAIRE

Stadler, Thomas

2017-01-01

von Thomas Stadler Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprueft Abweichender Titel nach Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Technische Universität Wien, Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2017

"Fine-tuning" durch interkulturelles Coaching

OpenAIRE

Steixner, Margret

2009-01-01

Margret Steixner plädiert in ihrem Beitrag für eine Integration des interkulturellen Coachings in andere Bereiche des Coachings. Basierend auf einer Coaching-Fallstudie entwickelt die Autorin einen hilfreichen Fragenkatalog für das interkulturelle Coaching. Intercultural Coaching identifies and develops intercultural competence as a key to success in the international and globalised work environment. Coaching in general has gained recognition as a very suitable method for competence develo...

The Cumulative Effect of Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interactions on the Risk of Prostate Cancer in Chinese Men

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ming Liu

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Prostate cancer (PCa is a multifactorial disease involving complex genetic and environmental factors interactions. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions associated with PCa in Chinese men are less studied. We explored the association between 36 SNPs and PCa in 574 subjects from northern China. Body mass index (BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption were determined through self-administered questionnaires in 134 PCa patients. Then gene-gene and gene-environment interactions among the PCa-associated SNPs were analyzed using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR and logistic regression methods. Allelic and genotypic association analyses showed that six variants were associated with PCa and the cumulative effect suggested men who carried any combination of 1, 2, or ≥3 risk genotypes had a gradually increased PCa risk (odds ratios (ORs = 1.79–4.41. GMDR analysis identified the best gene-gene interaction model with scores of 10 for both the cross-validation consistency and sign tests. For gene-environment interactions, rs6983561 CC and rs16901966 GG in individuals with a BMI ≥ 28 had ORs of 7.66 (p = 0.032 and 5.33 (p = 0.046, respectively. rs7679673 CC + CA and rs12653946 TT in individuals that smoked had ORs of 2.77 (p = 0.007 and 3.11 (p = 0.024, respectively. rs7679673 CC in individuals that consumed alcohol had an OR of 4.37 (p = 0.041. These results suggest that polymorphisms, either individually or by interacting with other genes or environmental factors, contribute to an increased risk of PCa.

Primetime for Learning Genes.

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Keifer, Joyce

2017-02-11

Learning genes in mature neurons are uniquely suited to respond rapidly to specific environmental stimuli. Expression of individual learning genes, therefore, requires regulatory mechanisms that have the flexibility to respond with transcriptional activation or repression to select appropriate physiological and behavioral responses. Among the mechanisms that equip genes to respond adaptively are bivalent domains. These are specific histone modifications localized to gene promoters that are characteristic of both gene activation and repression, and have been studied primarily for developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. In this review, studies of the epigenetic regulation of learning genes in neurons, particularly the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene ( BDNF ), by methylation/demethylation and chromatin modifications in the context of learning and memory will be highlighted. Because of the unique function of learning genes in the mature brain, it is proposed that bivalent domains are a characteristic feature of the chromatin landscape surrounding their promoters. This allows them to be "poised" for rapid response to activate or repress gene expression depending on environmental stimuli.

Characterization of Genes for Beef Marbling Based on Applying Gene Coexpression Network

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Dajeong Lim

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Marbling is an important trait in characterization beef quality and a major factor for determining the price of beef in the Korean beef market. In particular, marbling is a complex trait and needs a system-level approach for identifying candidate genes related to the trait. To find the candidate gene associated with marbling, we used a weighted gene coexpression network analysis from the expression value of bovine genes. Hub genes were identified; they were topologically centered with large degree and BC values in the global network. We performed gene expression analysis to detect candidate genes in M. longissimus with divergent marbling phenotype (marbling scores 2 to 7 using qRT-PCR. The results demonstrate that transmembrane protein 60 (TMEM60 and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD are associated with increasing marbling fat. We suggest that the network-based approach in livestock may be an important method for analyzing the complex effects of candidate genes associated with complex traits like marbling or tenderness.

Simple Comparative Analyses of Differentially Expressed Gene Lists May Overestimate Gene Overlap.

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Lawhorn, Chelsea M; Schomaker, Rachel; Rowell, Jonathan T; Rueppell, Olav

2018-04-16

Comparing the overlap between sets of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within or between transcriptome studies is regularly used to infer similarities between biological processes. Significant overlap between two sets of DEGs is usually determined by a simple test. The number of potentially overlapping genes is compared to the number of genes that actually occur in both lists, treating every gene as equal. However, gene expression is controlled by transcription factors that bind to a variable number of transcription factor binding sites, leading to variation among genes in general variability of their expression. Neglecting this variability could therefore lead to inflated estimates of significant overlap between DEG lists. With computer simulations, we demonstrate that such biases arise from variation in the control of gene expression. Significant overlap commonly arises between two lists of DEGs that are randomly generated, assuming that the control of gene expression is variable among genes but consistent between corresponding experiments. More overlap is observed when transcription factors are specific to their binding sites and when the number of genes is considerably higher than the number of different transcription factors. In contrast, overlap between two DEG lists is always lower than expected when the genetic architecture of expression is independent between the two experiments. Thus, the current methods for determining significant overlap between DEGs are potentially confounding biologically meaningful overlap with overlap that arises due to variability in control of expression among genes, and more sophisticated approaches are needed.

Comparative genome analysis of PHB gene family reveals deep evolutionary origins and diverse gene function.

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Di, Chao; Xu, Wenying; Su, Zhen; Yuan, Joshua S

2010-10-07

PHB (Prohibitin) gene family is involved in a variety of functions important for different biological processes. PHB genes are ubiquitously present in divergent species from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Human PHB genes have been found to be associated with various diseases. Recent studies by our group and others have shown diverse function of PHB genes in plants for development, senescence, defence, and others. Despite the importance of the PHB gene family, no comprehensive gene family analysis has been carried to evaluate the relatedness of PHB genes across different species. In order to better guide the gene function analysis and understand the evolution of the PHB gene family, we therefore carried out the comparative genome analysis of the PHB genes across different kingdoms. The relatedness, motif distribution, and intron/exon distribution all indicated that PHB genes is a relatively conserved gene family. The PHB genes can be classified into 5 classes and each class have a very deep evolutionary origin. The PHB genes within the class maintained the same motif patterns during the evolution. With Arabidopsis as the model species, we found that PHB gene intron/exon structure and domains are also conserved during the evolution. Despite being a conserved gene family, various gene duplication events led to the expansion of the PHB genes. Both segmental and tandem gene duplication were involved in Arabidopsis PHB gene family expansion. However, segmental duplication is predominant in Arabidopsis. Moreover, most of the duplicated genes experienced neofunctionalization. The results highlighted that PHB genes might be involved in important functions so that the duplicated genes are under the evolutionary pressure to derive new function. PHB gene family is a conserved gene family and accounts for diverse but important biological functions based on the similar molecular mechanisms. The highly diverse biological function indicated that more research needs to be carried out

Genes and Hearing Loss

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... ENTCareers Marketplace Find an ENT Doctor Near You Genes and Hearing Loss Genes and Hearing Loss Patient ... mutation may only have dystopia canthorum. How Do Genes Work? Genes are a road map for the ...

Establishing gene models from the Pinus pinaster genome using gene capture and BAC sequencing.

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Seoane-Zonjic, Pedro; Cañas, Rafael A; Bautista, Rocío; Gómez-Maldonado, Josefa; Arrillaga, Isabel; Fernández-Pozo, Noé; Claros, M Gonzalo; Cánovas, Francisco M; Ávila, Concepción

2016-02-27

In the era of DNA throughput sequencing, assembling and understanding gymnosperm mega-genomes remains a challenge. Although drafts of three conifer genomes have recently been published, this number is too low to understand the full complexity of conifer genomes. Using techniques focused on specific genes, gene models can be established that can aid in the assembly of gene-rich regions, and this information can be used to compare genomes and understand functional evolution. In this study, gene capture technology combined with BAC isolation and sequencing was used as an experimental approach to establish de novo gene structures without a reference genome. Probes were designed for 866 maritime pine transcripts to sequence genes captured from genomic DNA. The gene models were constructed using GeneAssembler, a new bioinformatic pipeline, which reconstructed over 82% of the gene structures, and a high proportion (85%) of the captured gene models contained sequences from the promoter regulatory region. In a parallel experiment, the P. pinaster BAC library was screened to isolate clones containing genes whose cDNA sequence were already available. BAC clones containing the asparagine synthetase, sucrose synthase and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase gene sequences were isolated and used in this study. The gene models derived from the gene capture approach were compared with the genomic sequences derived from the BAC clones. This combined approach is a particularly efficient way to capture the genomic structures of gene families with a small number of members. The experimental approach used in this study is a valuable combined technique to study genomic gene structures in species for which a reference genome is unavailable. It can be used to establish exon/intron boundaries in unknown gene structures, to reconstruct incomplete genes and to obtain promoter sequences that can be used for transcriptional studies. A bioinformatics algorithm (GeneAssembler) is also provided as a

Mining tissue specificity, gene connectivity and disease association to reveal a set of genes that modify the action of disease causing genes

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Reverter Antonio

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The tissue specificity of gene expression has been linked to a number of significant outcomes including level of expression, and differential rates of polymorphism, evolution and disease association. Recent studies have also shown the importance of exploring differential gene connectivity and sequence conservation in the identification of disease-associated genes. However, no study relates gene interactions with tissue specificity and disease association. Methods We adopted an a priori approach making as few assumptions as possible to analyse the interplay among gene-gene interactions with tissue specificity and its subsequent likelihood of association with disease. We mined three large datasets comprising expression data drawn from massively parallel signature sequencing across 32 tissues, describing a set of 55,606 true positive interactions for 7,197 genes, and microarray expression results generated during the profiling of systemic inflammation, from which 126,543 interactions among 7,090 genes were reported. Results Amongst the myriad of complex relationships identified between expression, disease, connectivity and tissue specificity, some interesting patterns emerged. These include elevated rates of expression and network connectivity in housekeeping and disease-associated tissue-specific genes. We found that disease-associated genes are more likely to show tissue specific expression and most frequently interact with other disease genes. Using the thresholds defined in these observations, we develop a guilt-by-association algorithm and discover a group of 112 non-disease annotated genes that predominantly interact with disease-associated genes, impacting on disease outcomes. Conclusion We conclude that parameters such as tissue specificity and network connectivity can be used in combination to identify a group of genes, not previously confirmed as disease causing, that are involved in interactions with disease causing

AffyMiner: mining differentially expressed genes and biological knowledge in GeneChip microarray data

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Xia Yuannan

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background DNA microarrays are a powerful tool for monitoring the expression of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. With the advance of microarray technology, the challenge issue becomes how to analyze a large amount of microarray data and make biological sense of them. Affymetrix GeneChips are widely used microarrays, where a variety of statistical algorithms have been explored and used for detecting significant genes in the experiment. These methods rely solely on the quantitative data, i.e., signal intensity; however, qualitative data are also important parameters in detecting differentially expressed genes. Results AffyMiner is a tool developed for detecting differentially expressed genes in Affymetrix GeneChip microarray data and for associating gene annotation and gene ontology information with the genes detected. AffyMiner consists of the functional modules, GeneFinder for detecting significant genes in a treatment versus control experiment and GOTree for mapping genes of interest onto the Gene Ontology (GO space; and interfaces to run Cluster, a program for clustering analysis, and GenMAPP, a program for pathway analysis. AffyMiner has been used for analyzing the GeneChip data and the results were presented in several publications. Conclusion AffyMiner fills an important gap in finding differentially expressed genes in Affymetrix GeneChip microarray data. AffyMiner effectively deals with multiple replicates in the experiment and takes into account both quantitative and qualitative data in identifying significant genes. AffyMiner reduces the time and effort needed to compare data from multiple arrays and to interpret the possible biological implications associated with significant changes in a gene's expression.

Gene therapy in periodontics.

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Chatterjee, Anirban; Singh, Nidhi; Saluja, Mini

2013-03-01

GENES are made of DNA - the code of life. They are made up of two types of base pair from different number of hydrogen bonds AT, GC which can be turned into instruction. Everyone inherits genes from their parents and passes them on in turn to their children. Every person's genes are different, and the changes in sequence determine the inherited differences between each of us. Some changes, usually in a single gene, may cause serious diseases. Gene therapy is 'the use of genes as medicine'. It involves the transfer of a therapeutic or working gene copy into specific cells of an individual in order to repair a faulty gene copy. Thus it may be used to replace a faulty gene, or to introduce a new gene whose function is to cure or to favorably modify the clinical course of a condition. It has a promising era in the field of periodontics. Gene therapy has been used as a mode of tissue engineering in periodontics. The tissue engineering approach reconstructs the natural target tissue by combining four elements namely: Scaffold, signaling molecules, cells and blood supply and thus can help in the reconstruction of damaged periodontium including cementum, gingival, periodontal ligament and bone.

Norrie disease gene is distinct from the monoamine oxidase genes.

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Sims, K B; Ozelius, L; Corey, T; Rinehart, W B; Liberfarb, R; Haines, J; Chen, W J; Norio, R; Sankila, E; de la Chapelle, A

1989-09-01

The genes for MAO-A and MAO-B appear to be very close to the Norrie disease gene, on the basis of loss and/or disruption of the MAO genes and activities in atypical Norrie disease patients deleted for the DXS7 locus; linkage among the MAO genes, the Norrie disease gene, and the DXS7 locus; and mapping of all these loci to the chromosomal region Xp11. The present study provides evidence that the MAO genes are not disrupted in "classic" Norrie disease patients. Genomic DNA from these "nondeletion" Norrie disease patients did not show rearrangements at the MAOA or DXS7 loci. Normal levels of MAO-A activities, as well as normal amounts and size of the MAO-A mRNA, were observed in cultured skin fibroblasts from these patients, and MAO-B activity in their platelets was normal. Catecholamine metabolites evaluated in plasma and urine were in the control range. Thus, although some atypical Norrie disease patients lack both MAO-A and MAO-B activities, MAO does not appear to be an etiologic factor in classic Norrie disease.

Gene profile analysis of osteoblast genes differentially regulated by histone deacetylase inhibitors

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Lamblin Anne-Francoise

2007-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Osteoblast differentiation requires the coordinated stepwise expression of multiple genes. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs accelerate the osteoblast differentiation process by blocking the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs, which alter gene expression by modifying chromatin structure. We previously demonstrated that HDIs and HDAC3 shRNAs accelerate matrix mineralization and the expression of osteoblast maturation genes (e.g. alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin. Identifying other genes that are differentially regulated by HDIs might identify new pathways that contribute to osteoblast differentiation. Results To identify other osteoblast genes that are altered early by HDIs, we incubated MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts with HDIs (trichostatin A, MS-275, or valproic acid for 18 hours in osteogenic conditions. The promotion of osteoblast differentiation by HDIs in this experiment was confirmed by osteogenic assays. Gene expression profiles relative to vehicle-treated cells were assessed by microarray analysis with Affymetrix GeneChip 430 2.0 arrays. The regulation of several genes by HDIs in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary osteoblasts was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Nine genes were differentially regulated by at least two-fold after exposure to each of the three HDIs and six were verified by PCR in osteoblasts. Four of the verified genes (solute carrier family 9 isoform 3 regulator 1 (Slc9a3r1, sorbitol dehydrogenase 1, a kinase anchor protein, and glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 were induced. Two genes (proteasome subunit, beta type 10 and adaptor-related protein complex AP-4 sigma 1 were suppressed. We also identified eight growth factors and growth factor receptor genes that are significantly altered by each of the HDIs, including Frizzled related proteins 1 and 4, which modulate the Wnt signaling pathway. Conclusion This study identifies osteoblast genes that are regulated early by HDIs and indicates pathways that

Acute Vhl gene inactivation induces cardiac HIF-dependent erythropoietin gene expression.

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Marta Miró-Murillo

Full Text Available Von Hippel Lindau (Vhl gene inactivation results in embryonic lethality. The consequences of its inactivation in adult mice, and of the ensuing activation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs, have been explored mainly in a tissue-specific manner. This mid-gestation lethality can be also circumvented by using a floxed Vhl allele in combination with an ubiquitous tamoxifen-inducible recombinase Cre-ER(T2. Here, we characterize a widespread reduction in Vhl gene expression in Vhl(floxed-UBC-Cre-ER(T2 adult mice after dietary tamoxifen administration, a convenient route of administration that has yet to be fully characterized for global gene inactivation. Vhl gene inactivation rapidly resulted in a marked splenomegaly and skin erythema, accompanied by renal and hepatic induction of the erythropoietin (Epo gene, indicative of the in vivo activation of the oxygen sensing HIF pathway. We show that acute Vhl gene inactivation also induced Epo gene expression in the heart, revealing cardiac tissue to be an extra-renal source of EPO. Indeed, primary cardiomyocytes and HL-1 cardiac cells both induce Epo gene expression when exposed to low O(2 tension in a HIF-dependent manner. Thus, as well as demonstrating the potential of dietary tamoxifen administration for gene inactivation studies in UBC-Cre-ER(T2 mouse lines, this data provides evidence of a cardiac oxygen-sensing VHL/HIF/EPO pathway in adult mice.

Determining Physical Mechanisms of Gene Expression Regulation from Single Cell Gene Expression Data

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Ezer, Daphne; Moignard, Victoria; G?ttgens, Berthold; Adryan, Boris

2016-01-01

Many genes are expressed in bursts, which can contribute to cell-to-cell heterogeneity. It is now possible to measure this heterogeneity with high throughput single cell gene expression assays (single cell qPCR and RNA-seq). These experimental approaches generate gene expression distributions which can be used to estimate the kinetic parameters of gene expression bursting, namely the rate that genes turn on, the rate that genes turn off, and the rate of transcription. We construct a complete ...

Quantification of the magnetization-transfer contrast effect: can it yield additional information in differentiation of musculoskeletal lesions particularly in separation of benign from malignant lesions; Quantifizierung des Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) Effektes durch Berechnung von MT-Quotienten: Ergeben sich Zusatzinformationen fuer die Differenzierung benigner und maligner Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates?

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Vahlensieck, M.; Traeber, F.; Schild, H. [Radiologische Universitaetsklinik Bonn (Germany); Gieseke, J. [Philips Medizinsysteme (Germany)

1999-12-01

Purpose: To investigate the potential information of the amount of magnetization-transfer effect in musculoskeletal lesions and to compare MT ratios from benign and malignant musculoskeletal lesions. Material and Method: 49 patients with malignant tumors (3 osteosarcoma, 3 malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 4 chondrosarcoma, 2 Ewing sarcomas) and benign lesions (8 chondroma, 2 fibrous dysplasia, 3 osteoid-osteoma, 6 ganglion cyst, 3 cyst, 3 osteomyelitis, 4 tendinitis, 3 rotator cuff tear, 5 scar tissue) were scanned using routine MRI protocols including T{sub 1}- and T{sub 2}-weighted spin echo as well as T{sub 2}*-weighted gradient echo (FFE) sequences at 1.5 Tesla (ACS II, Philips Medical). Additionally MTC images were generated by combining the FFE sequence and the off-resonance MT technique (-1500 Hz off-resonance frequency, 1770 flip angle and 50 ms pulse duration). MT ratios were calculated as SI{sub o}-SI{sub m}/SI{sub o}. Results: The MT ratio of benign lesions was 26{+-}15%, that of malignant lesions was 22{+-}6%. The difference was statistically not significant. As expected muscle showed a high MT ratio of 50{+-}8%. Scar tissue demonstrated an MT ratio of 39{+-}16% which was significantly higher than the tumor MT ratios. Conclusion: MTC (MT ratios) failed to show significant differences between benign and malignant lesions as was expected due to basic differences in cellularity, rate of mitosis and chromatin content. MTC might however gain more importance in separating scar tissue from recurrent tumor in the future. (orig.) [German] Zielsetzung: Durch die Quantifizierung des Magnetization Transfer Contrastes sollte untersucht werden, ob sich Zusatzinformationen in der Magnetresonanztomographie des Stuetz- und Bewegungsapparates ergeben. Insbesondere sollte ermittelt werden, ob gut- und boesartige Laesionen unterschiedliche MT-Quotienten aufweisen. Material und Methode: 49 Patienten mit boesartigen Tumoren (3 Osteosarkom, 4 Chondrosarkom, 3 Malignes

Discovering genes underlying QTL

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Vanavichit, Apichart [Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen, Nakorn Pathom (Thailand)

2002-02-01

A map-based approach has allowed scientists to discover few genes at a time. In addition, the reproductive barrier between cultivated rice and wild relatives has prevented us from utilizing the germ plasm by a map-based approach. Most genetic traits important to agriculture or human diseases are manifested as observable, quantitative phenotypes called Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). In many instances, the complexity of the phenotype/genotype interaction and the general lack of clearly identifiable gene products render the direct molecular cloning approach ineffective, thus additional strategies like genome mapping are required to identify the QTL in question. Genome mapping requires no prior knowledge of the gene function, but utilizes statistical methods to identify the most likely gene location. To completely characterize genes of interest, the initially mapped region of a gene location will have to be narrowed down to a size that is suitable for cloning and sequencing. Strategies for gene identification within the critical region have to be applied after the sequencing of a potentially large clone or set of clones that contains this gene(s). Tremendous success of positional cloning has been shown for cloning many genes responsible for human diseases, including cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy as well as plant disease resistance genes. Genome and QTL mapping, positional cloning: the pre-genomics era, comparative approaches to gene identification, and positional cloning: the genomics era are discussed in the report. (M. Suetake)

GSEH: A Novel Approach to Select Prostate Cancer-Associated Genes Using Gene Expression Heterogeneity.

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Kim, Hyunjin; Choi, Sang-Min; Park, Sanghyun

2018-01-01

When a gene shows varying levels of expression among normal people but similar levels in disease patients or shows similar levels of expression among normal people but different levels in disease patients, we can assume that the gene is associated with the disease. By utilizing this gene expression heterogeneity, we can obtain additional information that abets discovery of disease-associated genes. In this study, we used collaborative filtering to calculate the degree of gene expression heterogeneity between classes and then scored the genes on the basis of the degree of gene expression heterogeneity to find "differentially predicted" genes. Through the proposed method, we discovered more prostate cancer-associated genes than 10 comparable methods. The genes prioritized by the proposed method are potentially significant to biological processes of a disease and can provide insight into them.

Validation of reference genes for quantifying changes in gene expression in virus-infected tobacco.

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Baek, Eseul; Yoon, Ju-Yeon; Palukaitis, Peter

2017-10-01

To facilitate quantification of gene expression changes in virus-infected tobacco plants, eight housekeeping genes were evaluated for their stability of expression during infection by one of three systemically-infecting viruses (cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y) or a hypersensitive-response-inducing virus (tobacco mosaic virus; TMV) limited to the inoculated leaf. Five reference-gene validation programs were used to establish the order of the most stable genes for the systemically-infecting viruses as ribosomal protein L25 > β-Tubulin > Actin, and the least stable genes Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UCE) genes were EF1α > Cysteine protease > Actin, and the least stable genes were GAPDH genes, three defense responsive genes were examined to compare their relative changes in gene expression caused by each virus. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Grundlagen des Tissue Engineering

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Mayer, Jörg; Blum, Janaki; Wintermantel, Erich

Die Organtransplantation stellt eine verbreitete Therapie dar, um bei krankheitsoder unfallbedingter Schädigung eines Organs die Gesamtheit seiner Funktionen wieder herzustellen, indem es durch ein Spenderorgan ersetzt wird. Organtransplantationen werden für die Leber, die Niere, die Lunge, das Herz oder bei schweren grossflächigen Verbrennungen der Haut vorgenommen. Der grosse apparative, personelle und logistische Aufwand und die Risiken der Transplantationschirurgie (Abstossungsreaktionen) sowie die mangelnde Verfügbarkeit von immunologisch kompatiblen Spenderorganen führen jedoch dazu, dass der Bedarf an Organtransplantaten nur zu einem sehr geringen Teil gedeckt werden kann. Sind Spenderorgane nicht verfügbar, können in einzelnen Fällen lebenswichtige Teilfunktionen, wie beispielsweise die Filtrationsfunktion der Niere durch die Blutreinigung mittels Dialyse ersetzt oder, bei mangelnder Funktion der Bauchspeicheldrüse (Diabetes), durch die Verabreichung von Insulin ein normaler Zustand des Gesamtorganismus auch über Jahre hinweg erhalten werden. Bei der notwendigen lebenslangen Anwendung apparativer oder medikamentöser Therapie können für den Patienten jedoch häufig schwerwiegende, möglicherweise lebensverkürzende Nebenwirkungen entstehen. Daher werden in der Forschung Alternativen gesucht, um die Funktionen des ausgefallenen Organs durch die Implantation von Zellen oder in vitro gezüchteten Geweben möglichst umfassend wieder herzustellen. Dies erfordert biologisch aktive Implantate, welche die für den Stoffwechsel des Organs wichtigen Zellen enthalten und einen organtypischen Stoffwechsel entfalten.

Human gene therapy: novel approaches to improve the current gene delivery systems.

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Cucchiarini, Magali

2016-06-01

Even though gene therapy made its way through the clinics to treat a number of human pathologies since the early years of experimental research and despite the recent approval of the first gene-based product (Glybera) in Europe, the safe and effective use of gene transfer vectors remains a challenge in human gene therapy due to the existence of barriers in the host organism. While work is under active investigation to improve the gene transfer systems themselves, the use of controlled release approaches may offer alternative, convenient tools of vector delivery to achieve a performant gene transfer in vivo while overcoming the various physiological barriers that preclude its wide use in patients. This article provides an overview of the most significant contributions showing how the principles of controlled release strategies may be adapted for human gene therapy.

From gene engineering to gene modulation and manipulation: can we prevent or detect gene doping in sports?

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Fischetto, Giuseppe; Bermon, Stéphane

2013-10-01

During the last 2 decades, progress in deciphering the human gene map as well as the discovery of specific defective genes encoding particular proteins in some serious human diseases have resulted in attempts to treat sick patients with gene therapy. There has been considerable focus on human recombinant proteins which were gene-engineered and produced in vitro (insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, erythropoietin). Unfortunately, these substances and methods also became improper tools for unscrupulous athletes. Biomedical research has focused on the possible direct insertion of gene material into the body, in order to replace some defective genes in vivo and/or to promote long-lasting endogenous synthesis of deficient proteins. Theoretically, diabetes, anaemia, muscular dystrophies, immune deficiency, cardiovascular diseases and numerous other illnesses could benefit from such innovative biomedical research, though much work remains to be done. Considering recent findings linking specific genotypes and physical performance, it is tempting to submit the young athletic population to genetic screening or, alternatively, to artificial gene expression modulation. Much research is already being conducted in order to achieve a safe transfer of genetic material to humans. This is of critical importance since uncontrolled production of the specifically coded protein, with serious secondary adverse effects (polycythaemia, acute cardiovascular problems, cancer, etc.), could occur. Other unpredictable reactions (immunogenicity of vectors or DNA-vector complex, autoimmune anaemia, production of wild genetic material) also remain possible at the individual level. Some new substances (myostatin blockers or anti-myostatin antibodies), although not gene material, might represent a useful and well-tolerated treatment to prevent progression of muscular dystrophies. Similarly, other molecules, in the roles of gene or metabolic activators [5-aminoimidazole-4

A model of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions and its implications for targeting environmental interventions by genotype

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Wallace Helen M

2006-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The potential public health benefits of targeting environmental interventions by genotype depend on the environmental and genetic contributions to the variance of common diseases, and the magnitude of any gene-environment interaction. In the absence of prior knowledge of all risk factors, twin, family and environmental data may help to define the potential limits of these benefits in a given population. However, a general methodology to analyze twin data is required because of the potential importance of gene-gene interactions (epistasis, gene-environment interactions, and conditions that break the 'equal environments' assumption for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Method A new model for gene-gene and gene-environment interactions is developed that abandons the assumptions of the classical twin study, including Fisher's (1918 assumption that genes act as risk factors for common traits in a manner necessarily dominated by an additive polygenic term. Provided there are no confounders, the model can be used to implement a top-down approach to quantifying the potential utility of genetic prediction and prevention, using twin, family and environmental data. The results describe a solution space for each disease or trait, which may or may not include the classical twin study result. Each point in the solution space corresponds to a different model of genotypic risk and gene-environment interaction. Conclusion The results show that the potential for reducing the incidence of common diseases using environmental interventions targeted by genotype may be limited, except in special cases. The model also confirms that the importance of an individual's genotype in determining their risk of complex diseases tends to be exaggerated by the classical twin studies method, owing to the 'equal environments' assumption and the assumption of no gene-environment interaction. In addition, if phenotypes are genetically robust, because of epistasis

Characteristics of functional enrichment and gene expression level of human putative transcriptional target genes.

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Osato, Naoki

2018-01-19

Transcriptional target genes show functional enrichment of genes. However, how many and how significantly transcriptional target genes include functional enrichments are still unclear. To address these issues, I predicted human transcriptional target genes using open chromatin regions, ChIP-seq data and DNA binding sequences of transcription factors in databases, and examined functional enrichment and gene expression level of putative transcriptional target genes. Gene Ontology annotations showed four times larger numbers of functional enrichments in putative transcriptional target genes than gene expression information alone, independent of transcriptional target genes. To compare the number of functional enrichments of putative transcriptional target genes between cells or search conditions, I normalized the number of functional enrichment by calculating its ratios in the total number of transcriptional target genes. With this analysis, native putative transcriptional target genes showed the largest normalized number of functional enrichments, compared with target genes including 5-60% of randomly selected genes. The normalized number of functional enrichments was changed according to the criteria of enhancer-promoter interactions such as distance from transcriptional start sites and orientation of CTCF-binding sites. Forward-reverse orientation of CTCF-binding sites showed significantly higher normalized number of functional enrichments than the other orientations. Journal papers showed that the top five frequent functional enrichments were related to the cellular functions in the three cell types. The median expression level of transcriptional target genes changed according to the criteria of enhancer-promoter assignments (i.e. interactions) and was correlated with the changes of the normalized number of functional enrichments of transcriptional target genes. Human putative transcriptional target genes showed significant functional enrichments. Functional

Conditional gene expression in the mouse using a Sleeping Beauty gene-trap transposon

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Hackett Perry B

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Insertional mutagenesis techniques with transposable elements have been popular among geneticists studying model organisms from E. coli to Drosophila and, more recently, the mouse. One such element is the Sleeping Beauty (SB transposon that has been shown in several studies to be an effective insertional mutagen in the mouse germline. SB transposon vector studies have employed different functional elements and reporter molecules to disrupt and report the expression of endogenous mouse genes. We sought to generate a transposon system that would be capable of reporting the expression pattern of a mouse gene while allowing for conditional expression of a gene of interest in a tissue- or temporal-specific pattern. Results Here we report the systematic development and testing of a transposon-based gene-trap system incorporating the doxycycline-repressible Tet-Off (tTA system that is capable of activating the expression of genes under control of a Tet response element (TRE promoter. We demonstrate that the gene trap system is fully functional in vitro by introducing the "gene-trap tTA" vector into human cells by transposition and identifying clones that activate expression of a TRE-luciferase transgene in a doxycycline-dependent manner. In transgenic mice, we mobilize gene-trap tTA vectors, discover parameters that can affect germline mobilization rates, and identify candidate gene insertions to demonstrate the in vivo functionality of the vector system. We further demonstrate that the gene-trap can act as a reporter of endogenous gene expression and it can be coupled with bioluminescent imaging to identify genes with tissue-specific expression patterns. Conclusion Akin to the GAL4/UAS system used in the fly, we have made progress developing a tool for mutating and revealing the expression of mouse genes by generating the tTA transactivator in the presence of a secondary TRE-regulated reporter molecule. A vector like the gene

Essential Bacillus subtilis genes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kobayashi, K.; Ehrlich, S.D.; Albertini, A.

2003-01-01

To estimate the minimal gene set required to sustain bacterial life in nutritious conditions, we carried out a systematic inactivation of Bacillus subtilis genes. Among approximate to4,100 genes of the organism, only 192 were shown to be indispensable by this or previous work. Another 79 genes were...... predicted to be essential. The vast majority of essential genes were categorized in relatively few domains of cell metabolism, with about half involved in information processing, one-fifth involved in the synthesis of cell envelope and the determination of cell shape and division, and one-tenth related...... to cell energetics. Only 4% of essential genes encode unknown functions. Most essential genes are present throughout a wide range of Bacteria, and almost 70% can also be found in Archaea and Eucarya. However, essential genes related to cell envelope, shape, division, and respiration tend to be lost from...

Integrative characterization of germ cell-specific genes from mouse spermatocyte UniGene library

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eddy Edward M

2007-07-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The primary regulator of spermatogenesis, a highly ordered and tightly regulated developmental process, is an intrinsic genetic program involving male germ cell-specific genes. Results We analyzed the mouse spermatocyte UniGene library containing 2155 gene-oriented transcript clusters. We predict that 11% of these genes are testis-specific and systematically identified 24 authentic genes specifically and abundantly expressed in the testis via in silico and in vitro approaches. Northern blot analysis disclosed various transcript characteristics, such as expression level, size and the presence of isoform. Expression analysis revealed developmentally regulated and stage-specific expression patterns in all of the genes. We further analyzed the genes at the protein and cellular levels. Transfection assays performed using GC-2 cells provided information on the cellular characteristics of the gene products. In addition, antibodies were generated against proteins encoded by some of the genes to facilitate their identification and characterization in spermatogenic cells and sperm. Our data suggest that a number of the gene products are implicated in transcriptional regulation, nuclear integrity, sperm structure and motility, and fertilization. In particular, we found for the first time that Mm.333010, predicted to contain a trypsin-like serine protease domain, is a sperm acrosomal protein. Conclusion We identify 24 authentic genes with spermatogenic cell-specific expression, and provide comprehensive information about the genes. Our findings establish a new basis for future investigation into molecular mechanisms underlying male reproduction.

Genome-wide identification of key modulators of gene-gene interaction networks in breast cancer.

Science.gov (United States)

Chiu, Yu-Chiao; Wang, Li-Ju; Hsiao, Tzu-Hung; Chuang, Eric Y; Chen, Yidong

2017-10-03

With the advances in high-throughput gene profiling technologies, a large volume of gene interaction maps has been constructed. A higher-level layer of gene-gene interaction, namely modulate gene interaction, is composed of gene pairs of which interaction strengths are modulated by (i.e., dependent on) the expression level of a key modulator gene. Systematic investigations into the modulation by estrogen receptor (ER), the best-known modulator gene, have revealed the functional and prognostic significance in breast cancer. However, a genome-wide identification of key modulator genes that may further unveil the landscape of modulated gene interaction is still lacking. We proposed a systematic workflow to screen for key modulators based on genome-wide gene expression profiles. We designed four modularity parameters to measure the ability of a putative modulator to perturb gene interaction networks. Applying the method to a dataset of 286 breast tumors, we comprehensively characterized the modularity parameters and identified a total of 973 key modulator genes. The modularity of these modulators was verified in three independent breast cancer datasets. ESR1, the encoding gene of ER, appeared in the list, and abundant novel modulators were illuminated. For instance, a prognostic predictor of breast cancer, SFRP1, was found the second modulator. Functional annotation analysis of the 973 modulators revealed involvements in ER-related cellular processes as well as immune- and tumor-associated functions. Here we present, as far as we know, the first comprehensive analysis of key modulator genes on a genome-wide scale. The validity of filtering parameters as well as the conservativity of modulators among cohorts were corroborated. Our data bring new insights into the modulated layer of gene-gene interaction and provide candidates for further biological investigations.

A new type of gene-disruption cassette with a rescue gene for Pichia pastoris.

Science.gov (United States)

Shibui, Tatsuro; Hara, Hiroyoshi

2017-09-01

Pichia pastoris has been used for the production of many recombinant proteins, and many useful mutant strains have been created. However, the efficiency of mutant isolation by gene-targeting is usually low and the procedure is difficult for those inexperienced in yeast genetics. In order to overcome these issues, we developed a new gene-disruption system with a rescue gene using an inducible Cre/mutant-loxP system. With only short homology regions, the gene-disruption cassette of the system replaces its target-gene locus containing a mutation with a compensatory rescue gene. As the cassette contains the AOX1 promoter-driven Cre gene, when targeted strains are grown on media containing methanol, the DNA fragment, i.e., the marker, rescue and Cre genes, between the mutant-loxP sequences in the cassette is excised, leaving only the remaining mutant-loxP sequence in the genome, and consequently a target gene-disrupted mutant can be isolated. The system was initially validated on ADE2 gene disruption, where the disruption can easily be detected by color-change of the colonies. Then, the system was applied for knocking-out URA3 and OCH1 genes, reported to be difficult to accomplish by conventional gene-targeting methods. All three gene-disruption cassettes with their rescue genes replaced their target genes, and the Cre/mutant-loxP system worked well to successfully isolate their knock-out mutants. This study identified a new gene-disruption system that could be used to effectively and strategically knock out genes of interest, especially whose deletion is detrimental to growth, without using special strains, e.g., deficient in nonhomologous end-joining, in P. pastoris. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1201-1208, 2017. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Konzepte und Methoden zur Qualitätssicherung bei der Produktion von hypertextuellen Online-Lernumgebungen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christian Swertz

2002-04-01

Full Text Available Die didaktische Ontologie der Webdidaktik ermöglicht die Qualitätssicherung von Prozessen und Ergebnissen bei der Produktion von Online- Lernumgebungen. Die Qualität wird durch die am pädagogischen Prozess beteiligten Menschen bestimmt. Der Qualitätssicherungsprozess kann durch Software unterstützt werden. Für diese Prozesse der Qualitätssicherung bringt der Autor Beispiele aus dem Lerndorf (www.lerndorf.de und der Lernumgebung des von der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt geförderten Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt «Zentrum für Umweltwissen und Bildung» (ZUB.

Prospects and visions for biogas technology. Paper; Chancen und Visionen der Biogastechnologie. Paper

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pellmeyer, J. [Fachverband Biogas e.V., Freising (Germany)

2000-07-01

Due to the Electricity Feed Law the conversion of biogas into electricity has gained significance in recent years. Thanks to the Renewable Energy Law and of course the incentive programme of the Federal Economy Ministry biogas production has become a major agricultural branch. [German] Die Biogas-Verstromung hat in den vergangenen Jahren durch das Stromeinspeise-Gesetz deutlich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Durch das erneuerbare Energiengesetz (EEG) und natuerlich das Anreizprogramm des Bundeswirtschaftsministeriums ist die ''Biogasanlage'' zu einem bedeutenden Betriebszweig nicht nur in der Landwirtschaft aufgestiegen. (orig.)

Kurz zum Klima: Zu viel Salz verdirbt den Boden

OpenAIRE

Zimmer, Markus; Lippelt, Jana; Frank, Jonas

2012-01-01

Der zunehmende Einsatz von Anlagen zur Bewässerung sowie mangelnde Erfahrungswerte und Unkenntnis über den richtigen Einsatz der künstlichen Bewässerung haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einer massiven Zunahme der Versalzung des Bodens geführt. Durch diese Bodenversalzung werden weite Flächen für die Landwirtschaft unbrauchbar. Sie sind nur durch hohen Aufwand und Kosten wieder renaturierbar. Der Beitrag in der Reihe »Kurz zum Klima« gibt einen Überblick über die Versalzung in Anbaugebiet...

Local Dynamic Map als modulares Software Framework für Fahrerassistenzsysteme

Science.gov (United States)

Reisdorf, P.; Auerswald, A.; Wanielik, G.

2015-11-01

Moderne Fahrerassistenzsysteme basieren auf der Verarbeitung von Informationen, welche durch die Umfeldwahrnehmung mit unterschiedlicher Sensorik erfolgt. Neben den Informationen aus dem eigenen Fahrzeug ergeben sich durch unterschiedliche Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten (Car2Car, Car2X,...) erweiterte Umfeldwahrnehmungen (siehe Abb. 1). Diese Daten gilt es aufbereitet und zielorientiert einer Anwendung zur Verfügung zu stellen, was mit Hilfe einer Local Dynamic Map (LDM) erfüllt werden kann. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung beschreibt den Aufbau, Verwendungszweck und Eigenschaften einer entwickelten LDM und geht auf einige Applikationen ein, die mit Hilfe dieser realisiert wurden.

Das Usutu-Virus als Ursache von Massensterben bei Amseln Turdus merula und anderen Vogelarten in Europa: Erfahrungen aus fünf Ausbrüchen zwischen 2001 und 2011

OpenAIRE

Bosch, Stefan; Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas; Fiedler, Wolfgang

2012-01-01

Das Usutu-Virus (USUV) ist ein durch Stechmücken der Gattung Culex übertragenes Flavivirus. Es wurde wahrscheinlich durch Zugvögel oder Stechmücken nach Europa eingeschleppt und hat sich inzwischen dauerhaft in der einheimischen Stechmücken-und Vogelfauna etabliert. Seit seinem Erstnachweis 2001 in Österreich hat das USUV fünf größere Ausbrüche mit USUV-assoziierten Vogelsterben, vor allem unter Amseln und in Volieren gehaltenen Eulen, sowie vermutlich kleinere Ausbrüche ohne augenfälliges Vo...

A recently transferred cluster of bacterial genes in Trichomonas vaginalis - lateral gene transfer and the fate of acquired genes

Science.gov (United States)

2014-01-01

Background Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT) has recently gained recognition as an important contributor to some eukaryote proteomes, but the mechanisms of acquisition and fixation in eukaryotic genomes are still uncertain. A previously defined norm for LGTs in microbial eukaryotes states that the majority are genes involved in metabolism, the LGTs are typically localized one by one, surrounded by vertically inherited genes on the chromosome, and phylogenetics shows that a broad collection of bacterial lineages have contributed to the transferome. Results A unique 34 kbp long fragment with 27 clustered genes (TvLF) of prokaryote origin was identified in the sequenced genome of the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Using a PCR based approach we confirmed the presence of the orthologous fragment in four additional T. vaginalis strains. Detailed sequence analyses unambiguously suggest that TvLF is the result of one single, recent LGT event. The proposed donor is a close relative to the firmicute bacterium Peptoniphilus harei. High nucleotide sequence similarity between T. vaginalis strains, as well as to P. harei, and the absence of homologs in other Trichomonas species, suggests that the transfer event took place after the radiation of the genus Trichomonas. Some genes have undergone pseudogenization and degradation, indicating that they may not be retained in the future. Functional annotations reveal that genes involved in informational processes are particularly prone to degradation. Conclusions We conclude that, although the majority of eukaryote LGTs are single gene occurrences, they may be acquired in clusters of several genes that are subsequently cleansed of evolutionarily less advantageous genes. PMID:24898731

Gene-based Association Approach Identify Genes Across Stress Traits in Fruit Flies

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Rohde, Palle Duun; Edwards, Stefan McKinnon; Sarup, Pernille Merete

Identification of genes explaining variation in quantitative traits or genetic risk factors of human diseases requires both good phenotypic- and genotypic data, but also efficient statistical methods. Genome-wide association studies may reveal association between phenotypic variation and variation...... approach grouping variants accordingly to gene position, thus lowering the number of statistical tests performed and increasing the probability of identifying genes with small to moderate effects. Using this approach we identify numerous genes associated with different types of stresses in Drosophila...... melanogaster, but also identify common genes that affects the stress traits....

Gene doping.

Science.gov (United States)

Haisma, H J; de Hon, O

2006-04-01

Together with the rapidly increasing knowledge on genetic therapies as a promising new branch of regular medicine, the issue has arisen whether these techniques might be abused in the field of sports. Previous experiences have shown that drugs that are still in the experimental phases of research may find their way into the athletic world. Both the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) have expressed concerns about this possibility. As a result, the method of gene doping has been included in the list of prohibited classes of substances and prohibited methods. This review addresses the possible ways in which knowledge gained in the field of genetic therapies may be misused in elite sports. Many genes are readily available which may potentially have an effect on athletic performance. The sporting world will eventually be faced with the phenomena of gene doping to improve athletic performance. A combination of developing detection methods based on gene arrays or proteomics and a clear education program on the associated risks seems to be the most promising preventive method to counteract the possible application of gene doping.

Systematic study of association of four GABAergic genes: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 gene, glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 gene, GABA(B) receptor 1 gene and GABA(A) receptor subunit beta2 gene, with schizophrenia using a universal DNA microarray.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Xu; Qin, Shengying; Shi, Yongyong; Zhang, Aiping; Zhang, Jing; Bian, Li; Wan, Chunling; Feng, Guoyin; Gu, Niufan; Zhang, Guangqi; He, Guang; He, Lin

2007-07-01

Several studies have suggested the dysfunction of the GABAergic system as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In the present study, case-control association analysis was conducted in four GABAergic genes: two glutamic acid decarboxylase genes (GAD1 and GAD2), a GABA(A) receptor subunit beta2 gene (GABRB2) and a GABA(B) receptor 1 gene (GABBR1). Using a universal DNA microarray procedure we genotyped a total of 20 SNPs on the above four genes in a study involving 292 patients and 286 controls of Chinese descent. Statistically significant differences were observed in the allelic frequencies of the rs187269C/T polymorphism in the GABRB2 gene (P=0.0450, chi(2)=12.40, OR=1.65) and the -292A/C polymorphism in the GAD1 gene (P=0.0450, chi(2)=14.64 OR=1.77). In addition, using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we discovered differences in the U251 nuclear protein binding to oligonucleotides representing the -292 SNP on the GAD1 gene, which suggests that the -292C allele has reduced transcription factor binding efficiency compared with the 292A allele. Using the multifactor-dimensionality reduction method (MDR), we found that the interactions among the rs187269C/T polymorphism in the GABRB2 gene, the -243A/G polymorphism in the GAD2 gene and the 27379C/T and 661C/T polymorphisms in the GAD1 gene revealed a significant association with schizophrenia (Pschizophrenia in the Chinese population.

Exploring the key genes and pathways in enchondromas using a gene expression microarray.

Science.gov (United States)

Shi, Zhongju; Zhou, Hengxing; Pan, Bin; Lu, Lu; Kang, Yi; Liu, Lu; Wei, Zhijian; Feng, Shiqing

2017-07-04

Enchondromas are the most common primary benign osseous neoplasms that occur in the medullary bone; they can undergo malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma. However, enchondromas are always undetected in patients, and the molecular mechanism is unclear. To identify key genes and pathways associated with the occurrence and development of enchondromas, we downloaded the gene expression dataset GSE22855 and obtained the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analyzing high-throughput gene expression in enchondromas. In total, 635 genes were identified as DEGs. Of these, 225 genes (35.43%) were up-regulated, and the remaining 410 genes (64.57%) were down-regulated. We identified the predominant gene ontology (GO) categories and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that were significantly over-represented in the enchondromas samples compared with the control samples. Subsequently the top 10 core genes were identified from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The enrichment analyses of the genes mainly involved in two significant modules showed that the DEGs were principally related to ribosomes, protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, amoebiasis and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.Together, these data elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of enchondromas and provide promising candidates for therapeutic intervention and prognostic evaluation. However, further experimental studies are needed to confirm these results.

Models of gene gain and gene loss for probabilistic reconstruction of gene content in the last universal common ancestor of life

OpenAIRE

Kannan, Lavanya; Li, Hua; Rubinstein, Boris; Mushegian, Arcady

2013-01-01

Background The problem of probabilistic inference of gene content in the last common ancestor of several extant species with completely sequenced genomes is: for each gene that is conserved in all or some of the genomes, assign the probability that its ancestral gene was present in the genome of their last common ancestor. Results We have developed a family of models of gene gain and gene loss in evolution, and applied the maximum-likelihood approach that uses phylogenetic tree of prokaryotes...

Novel candidate genes important for asthma and hypertension comorbidity revealed from associative gene networks.

Science.gov (United States)

Saik, Olga V; Demenkov, Pavel S; Ivanisenko, Timofey V; Bragina, Elena Yu; Freidin, Maxim B; Goncharova, Irina A; Dosenko, Victor E; Zolotareva, Olga I; Hofestaedt, Ralf; Lavrik, Inna N; Rogaev, Evgeny I; Ivanisenko, Vladimir A

2018-02-13

Hypertension and bronchial asthma are a major issue for people's health. As of 2014, approximately one billion adults, or ~ 22% of the world population, have had hypertension. As of 2011, 235-330 million people globally have been affected by asthma and approximately 250,000-345,000 people have died each year from the disease. The development of the effective treatment therapies against these diseases is complicated by their comorbidity features. This is often a major problem in diagnosis and their treatment. Hence, in this study the bioinformatical methodology for the analysis of the comorbidity of these two diseases have been developed. As such, the search for candidate genes related to the comorbid conditions of asthma and hypertension can help in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the comorbid condition of these two diseases, and can also be useful for genotyping and identifying new drug targets. Using ANDSystem, the reconstruction and analysis of gene networks associated with asthma and hypertension was carried out. The gene network of asthma included 755 genes/proteins and 62,603 interactions, while the gene network of hypertension - 713 genes/proteins and 45,479 interactions. Two hundred and five genes/proteins and 9638 interactions were shared between asthma and hypertension. An approach for ranking genes implicated in the comorbid condition of two diseases was proposed. The approach is based on nine criteria for ranking genes by their importance, including standard methods of gene prioritization (Endeavor, ToppGene) as well as original criteria that take into account the characteristics of an associative gene network and the presence of known polymorphisms in the analysed genes. According to the proposed approach, the genes IL10, TLR4, and CAT had the highest priority in the development of comorbidity of these two diseases. Additionally, it was revealed that the list of top genes is enriched with apoptotic genes and genes involved in

Tumor targeted gene therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kang, Joo Hyun

2006-01-01

Knowledge of molecular mechanisms governing malignant transformation brings new opportunities for therapeutic intervention against cancer using novel approaches. One of them is gene therapy based on the transfer of genetic material to an organism with the aim of correcting a disease. The application of gene therapy to the cancer treatment had led to the development of new experimental approaches such as suicidal gene therapy, inhibition of oncogenes and restoration of tumor-suppressor genes. Suicidal gene therapy is based on the expression in tumor cells of a gene encoding an enzyme that converts a prodrug into a toxic product. Representative suicidal genes are Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) and cytosine deaminase (CD). Especially, physicians and scientists of nuclear medicine field take an interest in suicidal gene therapy because they can monitor the location and magnitude, and duration of expression of HSV1-tk and CD by PET scanner

PCR-based detection of gene transfer vectors: application to gene doping surveillance.

Science.gov (United States)

Perez, Irene C; Le Guiner, Caroline; Ni, Weiyi; Lyles, Jennifer; Moullier, Philippe; Snyder, Richard O

2013-12-01

Athletes who illicitly use drugs to enhance their athletic performance are at risk of being banned from sports competitions. Consequently, some athletes may seek new doping methods that they expect to be capable of circumventing detection. With advances in gene transfer vector design and therapeutic gene transfer, and demonstrations of safety and therapeutic benefit in humans, there is an increased probability of the pursuit of gene doping by athletes. In anticipation of the potential for gene doping, assays have been established to directly detect complementary DNA of genes that are top candidates for use in doping, as well as vector control elements. The development of molecular assays that are capable of exposing gene doping in sports can serve as a deterrent and may also identify athletes who have illicitly used gene transfer for performance enhancement. PCR-based methods to detect foreign DNA with high reliability, sensitivity, and specificity include TaqMan real-time PCR, nested PCR, and internal threshold control PCR.

Evolutionary genomics of plant genes encoding N-terminal-TM-C2 domain proteins and the similar FAM62 genes and synaptotagmin genes of metazoans

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Craxton Molly

2007-07-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Synaptotagmin genes are found in animal genomes and are known to function in the nervous system. Genes with a similar domain architecture as well as sequence similarity to synaptotagmin C2 domains have also been found in plant genomes. The plant genes share an additional region of sequence similarity with a group of animal genes named FAM62. FAM62 genes also have a similar domain architecture. Little is known about the functions of the plant genes and animal FAM62 genes. Indeed, many members of the large and diverse Syt gene family await functional characterization. Understanding the evolutionary relationships among these genes will help to realize the full implications of functional studies and lead to improved genome annotation. Results I collected and compared plant Syt-like sequences from the primary nucleotide sequence databases at NCBI. The collection comprises six groups of plant genes conserved in embryophytes: NTMC2Type1 to NTMC2Type6. I collected and compared metazoan FAM62 sequences and identified some similar sequences from other eukaryotic lineages. I found evidence of RNA editing and alternative splicing. I compared the intron patterns of Syt genes. I also compared Rabphilin and Doc2 genes. Conclusion Genes encoding proteins with N-terminal-transmembrane-C2 domain architectures resembling synaptotagmins, are widespread in eukaryotes. A collection of these genes is presented here. The collection provides a resource for studies of intron evolution. I have classified the collection into homologous gene families according to distinctive patterns of sequence conservation and intron position. The evolutionary histories of these gene families are traceable through the appearance of family members in different eukaryotic lineages. Assuming an intron-rich eukaryotic ancestor, the conserved intron patterns distinctive of individual gene families, indicate independent origins of Syt, FAM62 and NTMC2 genes. Resemblances

Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks Using Conditional Regulation Pattern to Guide Candidate Genes.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fei Xiao

Full Text Available Combining path consistency (PC algorithms with conditional mutual information (CMI are widely used in reconstruction of gene regulatory networks. CMI has many advantages over Pearson correlation coefficient in measuring non-linear dependence to infer gene regulatory networks. It can also discriminate the direct regulations from indirect ones. However, it is still a challenge to select the conditional genes in an optimal way, which affects the performance and computation complexity of the PC algorithm. In this study, we develop a novel conditional mutual information-based algorithm, namely RPNI (Regulation Pattern based Network Inference, to infer gene regulatory networks. For conditional gene selection, we define the co-regulation pattern, indirect-regulation pattern and mixture-regulation pattern as three candidate patterns to guide the selection of candidate genes. To demonstrate the potential of our algorithm, we apply it to gene expression data from DREAM challenge. Experimental results show that RPNI outperforms existing conditional mutual information-based methods in both accuracy and time complexity for different sizes of gene samples. Furthermore, the robustness of our algorithm is demonstrated by noisy interference analysis using different types of noise.

A review for detecting gene-gene interactions using machine learning methods in genetic epidemiology.

Science.gov (United States)

Koo, Ching Lee; Liew, Mei Jing; Mohamad, Mohd Saberi; Salleh, Abdul Hakim Mohamed

2013-01-01

Recently, the greatest statistical computational challenge in genetic epidemiology is to identify and characterize the genes that interact with other genes and environment factors that bring the effect on complex multifactorial disease. These gene-gene interactions are also denoted as epitasis in which this phenomenon cannot be solved by traditional statistical method due to the high dimensionality of the data and the occurrence of multiple polymorphism. Hence, there are several machine learning methods to solve such problems by identifying such susceptibility gene which are neural networks (NNs), support vector machine (SVM), and random forests (RFs) in such common and multifactorial disease. This paper gives an overview on machine learning methods, describing the methodology of each machine learning methods and its application in detecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Lastly, this paper discussed each machine learning method and presents the strengths and weaknesses of each machine learning method in detecting gene-gene interactions in complex human disease.

A Review for Detecting Gene-Gene Interactions Using Machine Learning Methods in Genetic Epidemiology

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ching Lee Koo

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Recently, the greatest statistical computational challenge in genetic epidemiology is to identify and characterize the genes that interact with other genes and environment factors that bring the effect on complex multifactorial disease. These gene-gene interactions are also denoted as epitasis in which this phenomenon cannot be solved by traditional statistical method due to the high dimensionality of the data and the occurrence of multiple polymorphism. Hence, there are several machine learning methods to solve such problems by identifying such susceptibility gene which are neural networks (NNs, support vector machine (SVM, and random forests (RFs in such common and multifactorial disease. This paper gives an overview on machine learning methods, describing the methodology of each machine learning methods and its application in detecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Lastly, this paper discussed each machine learning method and presents the strengths and weaknesses of each machine learning method in detecting gene-gene interactions in complex human disease.

Reference Gene Screening for Analyzing Gene Expression Across Goat Tissue

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yu Zhang

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR is one of the important methods for investigating the changes in mRNA expression levels in cells and tissues. Selection of the proper reference genes is very important when calibrating the results of real-time quantitative PCR. Studies on the selection of reference genes in goat tissues are limited, despite the economic importance of their meat and dairy products. We used real-time quantitative PCR to detect the expression levels of eight reference gene candidates (18S, TBP, HMBS, YWHAZ, ACTB, HPRT1, GAPDH and EEF1A2 in ten tissues types sourced from Boer goats. The optimal reference gene combination was selected according to the results determined by geNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper software packages. The analyses showed that tissue is an important variability factor in genes expression stability. When all tissues were considered, 18S, TBP and HMBS is the optimal reference combination for calibrating quantitative PCR analysis of gene expression from goat tissues. Dividing data set by tissues, ACTB was the most stable in stomach, small intestine and ovary, 18S in heart and spleen, HMBS in uterus and lung, TBP in liver, HPRT1 in kidney and GAPDH in muscle. Overall, this study provided valuable information about the goat reference genes that can be used in order to perform a proper normalisation when relative quantification by qRT-PCR studies is undertaken.

Refining discordant gene trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Górecki, Pawel; Eulenstein, Oliver

2014-01-01

Evolutionary studies are complicated by discordance between gene trees and the species tree in which they evolved. Dealing with discordant trees often relies on comparison costs between gene and species trees, including the well-established Robinson-Foulds, gene duplication, and deep coalescence costs. While these costs have provided credible results for binary rooted gene trees, corresponding cost definitions for non-binary unrooted gene trees, which are frequently occurring in practice, are challenged by biological realism. We propose a natural extension of the well-established costs for comparing unrooted and non-binary gene trees with rooted binary species trees using a binary refinement model. For the duplication cost we describe an efficient algorithm that is based on a linear time reduction and also computes an optimal rooted binary refinement of the given gene tree. Finally, we show that similar reductions lead to solutions for computing the deep coalescence and the Robinson-Foulds costs. Our binary refinement of Robinson-Foulds, gene duplication, and deep coalescence costs for unrooted and non-binary gene trees together with the linear time reductions provided here for computing these costs significantly extends the range of trees that can be incorporated into approaches dealing with discordance.

The duplicated genes database: identification and functional annotation of co-localised duplicated genes across genomes.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marion Ouedraogo

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: There has been a surge in studies linking genome structure and gene expression, with special focus on duplicated genes. Although initially duplicated from the same sequence, duplicated genes can diverge strongly over evolution and take on different functions or regulated expression. However, information on the function and expression of duplicated genes remains sparse. Identifying groups of duplicated genes in different genomes and characterizing their expression and function would therefore be of great interest to the research community. The 'Duplicated Genes Database' (DGD was developed for this purpose. METHODOLOGY: Nine species were included in the DGD. For each species, BLAST analyses were conducted on peptide sequences corresponding to the genes mapped on a same chromosome. Groups of duplicated genes were defined based on these pairwise BLAST comparisons and the genomic location of the genes. For each group, Pearson correlations between gene expression data and semantic similarities between functional GO annotations were also computed when the relevant information was available. CONCLUSIONS: The Duplicated Gene Database provides a list of co-localised and duplicated genes for several species with the available gene co-expression level and semantic similarity value of functional annotation. Adding these data to the groups of duplicated genes provides biological information that can prove useful to gene expression analyses. The Duplicated Gene Database can be freely accessed through the DGD website at http://dgd.genouest.org.

[Key effect genes responding to nerve injury identified by gene ontology and computer pattern recognition].

Science.gov (United States)

Pan, Qian; Peng, Jin; Zhou, Xue; Yang, Hao; Zhang, Wei

2012-07-01

In order to screen out important genes from large gene data of gene microarray after nerve injury, we combine gene ontology (GO) method and computer pattern recognition technology to find key genes responding to nerve injury, and then verify one of these screened-out genes. Data mining and gene ontology analysis of gene chip data GSE26350 was carried out through MATLAB software. Cd44 was selected from screened-out key gene molecular spectrum by comparing genes' different GO terms and positions on score map of principal component. Function interferences were employed to influence the normal binding of Cd44 and one of its ligands, chondroitin sulfate C (CSC), to observe neurite extension. Gene ontology analysis showed that the first genes on score map (marked by red *) mainly distributed in molecular transducer activity, receptor activity, protein binding et al molecular function GO terms. Cd44 is one of six effector protein genes, and attracted us with its function diversity. After adding different reagents into the medium to interfere the normal binding of CSC and Cd44, varying-degree remissions of CSC's inhibition on neurite extension were observed. CSC can inhibit neurite extension through binding Cd44 on the neuron membrane. This verifies that important genes in given physiological processes can be identified by gene ontology analysis of gene chip data.

Von „Drüsen- und Nervengewittern“ – Reproduktionstechnologien Of “Glands and Nerve Storms"—Reproductive Technologies

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Heinz-Jürgen Voß

2007-11-01

Full Text Available Intensive Auseinandersetzungen werden um Reproduktions- und Gentechnologien geführt. Für viele Menschen ist dabei ganz klar, ob sie eine befürwortende oder ablehnende Haltung dazu einnehmen. Menschen, die sich Kinder (mit eigenen Genen wünschen, allerdings nicht in der Lage sind, diese – allein oder mit ihren Partner/-innen – zu bekommen, finden in der bundesdeutschen Debatte um Reproduktions- und Gentechnologien bislang kaum Gehör (S. 237-241. Gerade an diese wenden sich in Populärmedien ‚Expert/-innen‘, die Reproduktions- und Gentechnologien befürworten. Sie versprechen, den Wunsch nach einem Kind (mit eigenen Genen zu erfüllen. Als Vorteile von Reproduktions- und Gentechnologien werden nicht in erster Linie der Schutz vor Erbkrankheiten, sondern die Ermöglichung von Gesundheit und die Wahl von Merkmalen in den Vordergrund gestellt. Die Selbstbestimmung des Individuums (durch Überwindung von Unzulänglichkeiten der ‚Natur‘ wird als möglich dargestellt (S. 107. Bock von Wülfingen analysierte Beiträge von Reproduktions- und Gentechnologien befürwortenden und in diesen Bereichen tätigen ‚Expert/-innen‘ in deutschsprachigen Populärmedien aus dem Zeitraum von 1995 bis 2003. Diese unterzog sie einer Diskurs- und Metaphernanalyse und bekam durch ihren Fokus auf die Befürwortung von Reproduktions- und Gentechnologien sich zuspitzende Erwartungshaltungen in den Blick. Interessant ist Bock von Wülfingens Arbeit für all diejenigen, die den Horizont bisheriger Debatten um Reproduktions- und Gentechnologien erweitern möchten.Reproductive technologies cause intense conflicts. Many people clearly know their position, whether for or against. People who wish for (their own genetic children but cannot conceive—either alone or with a partner—find their wishes ignored within the Federal Republic’s debate on reproduction and gene technologies (p. 237-241. These unheard voices find themselves objects of popular media �

Radiopharmaceuticals to monitor the expression of transferred genes in gene transfer therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wiebe, L. I.

1997-01-01

The development and application of radiopharmaceuticals has, in many instances, been based on the pharmacological properties of therapeutic agents. The molecular biology-biotechnology revolution has had an important impact on treatment of diseases, in part through the reduced toxicity of 'biologicals', in part because of their specificity for interaction at unique molecular sites and in part because of their selective delivery to the target site. Immunotherapeutic approaches include the use of monoclonal antibodies (MABs), MAB-fragments and chemotactic peptides. Such agents currently form the basis of both diagnostic and immunotherapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. More recently, gene transfer techniques have been advanced to the point that a new molecular approach, gene therapy, has become a reality. Gene therapy offers an opportunity to attack disease at its most fundamental level. The therapeutic mechanism is based on the expression of a specific gene or genes, the product of which will invoke immunological, receptor-based or enzyme-based therapeutic modalities. Several approaches to gene therapy of cancer have been envisioned, the most clinically-advanced concepts involving the introduction of genes that will encode for molecular targets nor normally found in healthy mammalian cells. A number of gene therapy clinical trials are based on the introduction of the Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) gene that encodes for viral thymidine kinase (tk+). Once HSV-1 tk+ is expressed in the target (cancer) cell, therapy can be effected by the administration of a highly molecularly-targeted and systemically non-toxic antiviral drug such as ganciclovir. The development of radiodiagnostic imaging in gene therapy will be reviewed, using HSV-1 tk+ and radioiodinated IVFRU as a basis for development of the theme. Molecular targets that could be exploited in gene therapy, other than tk+, will be identified

Radiopharmaceuticals to monitor the expression of transferred genes in gene transfer therapy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wiebe, L I [University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada). Noujaim Institute for Pharmaceutical Oncology Research

1997-10-01

The development and application of radiopharmaceuticals has, in many instances, been based on the pharmacological properties of therapeutic agents. The molecular biology-biotechnology revolution has had an important impact on treatment of diseases, in part through the reduced toxicity of `biologicals`, in part because of their specificity for interaction at unique molecular sites and in part because of their selective delivery to the target site. Immunotherapeutic approaches include the use of monoclonal antibodies (MABs), MAB-fragments and chemotactic peptides. Such agents currently form the basis of both diagnostic and immunotherapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. More recently, gene transfer techniques have been advanced to the point that a new molecular approach, gene therapy, has become a reality. Gene therapy offers an opportunity to attack disease at its most fundamental level. The therapeutic mechanism is based on the expression of a specific gene or genes, the product of which will invoke immunological, receptor-based or enzyme-based therapeutic modalities. Several approaches to gene therapy of cancer have been envisioned, the most clinically-advanced concepts involving the introduction of genes that will encode for molecular targets nor normally found in healthy mammalian cells. A number of gene therapy clinical trials are based on the introduction of the Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) gene that encodes for viral thymidine kinase (tk+). Once HSV-1 tk+ is expressed in the target (cancer) cell, therapy can be effected by the administration of a highly molecularly-targeted and systemically non-toxic antiviral drug such as ganciclovir. The development of radiodiagnostic imaging in gene therapy will be reviewed, using HSV-1 tk+ and radioiodinated IVFRU as a basis for development of the theme. Molecular targets that could be exploited in gene therapy, other than tk+, will be identified

Identification of a Transcriptionally Forward α Gene and Two υ Genes within the Pigeon (Columba livia) IgH Gene Locus.

Science.gov (United States)

Huang, Tian; Wang, Xifeng; Si, Run; Chi, Hao; Han, Binyue; Han, Haitang; Cao, Gengsheng; Zhao, Yaofeng

2018-06-01

Compared with mammals, the bird Ig genetic system relies on gene conversion to create an Ab repertoire, with inversion of the IgA-encoding gene and very few cases of Ig subclass diversification. Although gene conversion has been studied intensively, class-switch recombination, a mechanism by which the IgH C region is exchanged, has rarely been investigated in birds. In this study, based on the published genome of pigeon ( Columba livia ) and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of immune-related tissues, we identified a transcriptionally forward α gene and found that the pigeon IgH gene locus is arranged as μ-α-υ1-υ2. In this article, we show that both DNA deletion and inversion may result from IgA and IgY class switching, and similar junction patterns were observed for both types of class-switch recombination. We also identified two subclasses of υ genes in pigeon, which share low sequence identity. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that divergence of the two pigeon υ genes occurred during the early stage of bird evolution. The data obtained in this study provide new insight into class-switch recombination and Ig gene evolution in birds. Copyright © 2018 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.

Gene prediction using the Self-Organizing Map: automatic generation of multiple gene models.

Science.gov (United States)

Mahony, Shaun; McInerney, James O; Smith, Terry J; Golden, Aaron

2004-03-05

Many current gene prediction methods use only one model to represent protein-coding regions in a genome, and so are less likely to predict the location of genes that have an atypical sequence composition. It is likely that future improvements in gene finding will involve the development of methods that can adequately deal with intra-genomic compositional variation. This work explores a new approach to gene-prediction, based on the Self-Organizing Map, which has the ability to automatically identify multiple gene models within a genome. The current implementation, named RescueNet, uses relative synonymous codon usage as the indicator of protein-coding potential. While its raw accuracy rate can be less than other methods, RescueNet consistently identifies some genes that other methods do not, and should therefore be of interest to gene-prediction software developers and genome annotation teams alike. RescueNet is recommended for use in conjunction with, or as a complement to, other gene prediction methods.

Evaluation of Appropriate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization during Watermelon Fruit Development.

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Qiusheng Kong

Full Text Available Gene expression analysis in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus fruit has drawn considerable attention with the availability of genome sequences to understand the regulatory mechanism of fruit development and to improve its quality. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR is a routine technique for gene expression analysis. However, appropriate reference genes for transcript normalization in watermelon fruits have not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of 12 genes for their potential use as reference genes in watermelon fruits. Expression variations of these genes were measured in 48 samples obtained from 12 successive developmental stages of parthenocarpic and fertilized fruits of two watermelon genotypes by using qRT-PCR analysis. Considering the effects of genotype, fruit setting method, and developmental stage, geNorm determined clathrin adaptor complex subunit (ClCAC, β-actin (ClACT, and alpha tubulin 5 (ClTUA5 as the multiple reference genes in watermelon fruit. Furthermore, ClCAC alone or together with SAND family protein (ClSAND was ranked as the single or two best reference genes by NormFinder. By using the top-ranked reference genes to normalize the transcript abundance of phytoene synthase (ClPSY1, a good correlation between lycopene accumulation and ClPSY1 expression pattern was observed in ripening watermelon fruit. These validated reference genes will facilitate the accurate measurement of gene expression in the studies on watermelon fruit biology.

Evaluation of Appropriate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization during Watermelon Fruit Development.

Science.gov (United States)

Kong, Qiusheng; Yuan, Jingxian; Gao, Lingyun; Zhao, Liqiang; Cheng, Fei; Huang, Yuan; Bie, Zhilong

2015-01-01

Gene expression analysis in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit has drawn considerable attention with the availability of genome sequences to understand the regulatory mechanism of fruit development and to improve its quality. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is a routine technique for gene expression analysis. However, appropriate reference genes for transcript normalization in watermelon fruits have not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of 12 genes for their potential use as reference genes in watermelon fruits. Expression variations of these genes were measured in 48 samples obtained from 12 successive developmental stages of parthenocarpic and fertilized fruits of two watermelon genotypes by using qRT-PCR analysis. Considering the effects of genotype, fruit setting method, and developmental stage, geNorm determined clathrin adaptor complex subunit (ClCAC), β-actin (ClACT), and alpha tubulin 5 (ClTUA5) as the multiple reference genes in watermelon fruit. Furthermore, ClCAC alone or together with SAND family protein (ClSAND) was ranked as the single or two best reference genes by NormFinder. By using the top-ranked reference genes to normalize the transcript abundance of phytoene synthase (ClPSY1), a good correlation between lycopene accumulation and ClPSY1 expression pattern was observed in ripening watermelon fruit. These validated reference genes will facilitate the accurate measurement of gene expression in the studies on watermelon fruit biology.

Gene composer: database software for protein construct design, codon engineering, and gene synthesis.

Science.gov (United States)

Lorimer, Don; Raymond, Amy; Walchli, John; Mixon, Mark; Barrow, Adrienne; Wallace, Ellen; Grice, Rena; Burgin, Alex; Stewart, Lance

2009-04-21

To improve efficiency in high throughput protein structure determination, we have developed a database software package, Gene Composer, which facilitates the information-rich design of protein constructs and their codon engineered synthetic gene sequences. With its modular workflow design and numerous graphical user interfaces, Gene Composer enables researchers to perform all common bio-informatics steps used in modern structure guided protein engineering and synthetic gene engineering. An interactive Alignment Viewer allows the researcher to simultaneously visualize sequence conservation in the context of known protein secondary structure, ligand contacts, water contacts, crystal contacts, B-factors, solvent accessible area, residue property type and several other useful property views. The Construct Design Module enables the facile design of novel protein constructs with altered N- and C-termini, internal insertions or deletions, point mutations, and desired affinity tags. The modifications can be combined and permuted into multiple protein constructs, and then virtually cloned in silico into defined expression vectors. The Gene Design Module uses a protein-to-gene algorithm that automates the back-translation of a protein amino acid sequence into a codon engineered nucleic acid gene sequence according to a selected codon usage table with minimal codon usage threshold, defined G:C% content, and desired sequence features achieved through synonymous codon selection that is optimized for the intended expression system. The gene-to-oligo algorithm of the Gene Design Module plans out all of the required overlapping oligonucleotides and mutagenic primers needed to synthesize the desired gene constructs by PCR, and for physically cloning them into selected vectors by the most popular subcloning strategies. We present a complete description of Gene Composer functionality, and an efficient PCR-based synthetic gene assembly procedure with mis-match specific endonuclease

Gene Composer: database software for protein construct design, codon engineering, and gene synthesis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mixon Mark

2009-04-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background To improve efficiency in high throughput protein structure determination, we have developed a database software package, Gene Composer, which facilitates the information-rich design of protein constructs and their codon engineered synthetic gene sequences. With its modular workflow design and numerous graphical user interfaces, Gene Composer enables researchers to perform all common bio-informatics steps used in modern structure guided protein engineering and synthetic gene engineering. Results An interactive Alignment Viewer allows the researcher to simultaneously visualize sequence conservation in the context of known protein secondary structure, ligand contacts, water contacts, crystal contacts, B-factors, solvent accessible area, residue property type and several other useful property views. The Construct Design Module enables the facile design of novel protein constructs with altered N- and C-termini, internal insertions or deletions, point mutations, and desired affinity tags. The modifications can be combined and permuted into multiple protein constructs, and then virtually cloned in silico into defined expression vectors. The Gene Design Module uses a protein-to-gene algorithm that automates the back-translation of a protein amino acid sequence into a codon engineered nucleic acid gene sequence according to a selected codon usage table with minimal codon usage threshold, defined G:C% content, and desired sequence features achieved through synonymous codon selection that is optimized for the intended expression system. The gene-to-oligo algorithm of the Gene Design Module plans out all of the required overlapping oligonucleotides and mutagenic primers needed to synthesize the desired gene constructs by PCR, and for physically cloning them into selected vectors by the most popular subcloning strategies. Conclusion We present a complete description of Gene Composer functionality, and an efficient PCR-based synthetic gene

Evaluation of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in bovine muscular tissue

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Dunner Susana

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time RTqPCR is a technique used to measure mRNA species copy number as a way to determine key genes involved in different biological processes. However, the expression level of these key genes may vary among tissues or cells not only as a consequence of differential expression but also due to different factors, including choice of reference genes to normalize the expression levels of the target genes; thus the selection of reference genes is critical for expression studies. For this purpose, ten candidate reference genes were investigated in bovine muscular tissue. Results The value of stability of ten candidate reference genes included in three groups was estimated: the so called 'classical housekeeping' genes (18S, GAPDH and ACTB, a second set of genes used in expression studies conducted on other tissues (B2M, RPII, UBC and HMBS and a third set of novel genes (SF3A1, EEF1A2 and CASC3. Three different statistical algorithms were used to rank the genes by their stability measures as produced by geNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper. The three methods tend to agree on the most stably expressed genes and the least in muscular tissue. EEF1A2 and HMBS followed by SF3A1, ACTB, and CASC3 can be considered as stable reference genes, and B2M, RPII, UBC and GAPDH would not be appropriate. Although the rRNA-18S stability measure seems to be within the range of acceptance, its use is not recommended because its synthesis regulation is not representative of mRNA levels. Conclusion Based on geNorm algorithm, we propose the use of three genes SF3A1, EEF1A2 and HMBS as references for normalization of real-time RTqPCR in muscle expression studies.

Ageing genes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Rattan, Suresh

2018-01-01

The idea of gerontogenes is in line with the evolutionary explanation of ageing as being an emergent phenomenon as a result of the imperfect maintenance and repair systems. Although evolutionary processes did not select for any specific ageing genes that restrict and determine the lifespan...... of an individual, the term ‘gerontogenes’ primarily refers to any genes that may seem to influence ageing and longevity, without being specifically selected for that role. Such genes can also be called ‘virtual gerontogenes’ by virtue of their indirect influence on the rate and process of ageing. More than 1000...... virtual gerontogenes have been associated with ageing and longevity in model organisms and humans. The ‘real’ genes, which do influence the essential lifespan of a species, and have been selected for in accordance with the evolutionary life history of the species, are known as the longevity assurance...

Correlating Information Contents of Gene Ontology Terms to Infer Semantic Similarity of Gene Products

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Mingxin Gan

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Successful applications of the gene ontology to the inference of functional relationships between gene products in recent years have raised the need for computational methods to automatically calculate semantic similarity between gene products based on semantic similarity of gene ontology terms. Nevertheless, existing methods, though having been widely used in a variety of applications, may significantly overestimate semantic similarity between genes that are actually not functionally related, thereby yielding misleading results in applications. To overcome this limitation, we propose to represent a gene product as a vector that is composed of information contents of gene ontology terms annotated for the gene product, and we suggest calculating similarity between two gene products as the relatedness of their corresponding vectors using three measures: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, cosine similarity, and the Jaccard index. We focus on the biological process domain of the gene ontology and annotations of yeast proteins to study the effectiveness of the proposed measures. Results show that semantic similarity scores calculated using the proposed measures are more consistent with known biological knowledge than those derived using a list of existing methods, suggesting the effectiveness of our method in characterizing functional relationships between gene products.

Learning gene regulatory networks from gene expression data using weighted consensus

KAUST Repository

Fujii, Chisato; Kuwahara, Hiroyuki; Yu, Ge; Guo, Lili; Gao, Xin

2016-01-01

An accurate determination of the network structure of gene regulatory systems from high-throughput gene expression data is an essential yet challenging step in studying how the expression of endogenous genes is controlled through a complex interaction of gene products and DNA. While numerous methods have been proposed to infer the structure of gene regulatory networks, none of them seem to work consistently over different data sets with high accuracy. A recent study to compare gene network inference methods showed that an average-ranking-based consensus method consistently performs well under various settings. Here, we propose a linear programming-based consensus method for the inference of gene regulatory networks. Unlike the average-ranking-based one, which treats the contribution of each individual method equally, our new consensus method assigns a weight to each method based on its credibility. As a case study, we applied the proposed consensus method on synthetic and real microarray data sets, and compared its performance to that of the average-ranking-based consensus and individual inference methods. Our results show that our weighted consensus method achieves superior performance over the unweighted one, suggesting that assigning weights to different individual methods rather than giving them equal weights improves the accuracy. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

Learning gene regulatory networks from gene expression data using weighted consensus

KAUST Repository

Fujii, Chisato

2016-08-25

An accurate determination of the network structure of gene regulatory systems from high-throughput gene expression data is an essential yet challenging step in studying how the expression of endogenous genes is controlled through a complex interaction of gene products and DNA. While numerous methods have been proposed to infer the structure of gene regulatory networks, none of them seem to work consistently over different data sets with high accuracy. A recent study to compare gene network inference methods showed that an average-ranking-based consensus method consistently performs well under various settings. Here, we propose a linear programming-based consensus method for the inference of gene regulatory networks. Unlike the average-ranking-based one, which treats the contribution of each individual method equally, our new consensus method assigns a weight to each method based on its credibility. As a case study, we applied the proposed consensus method on synthetic and real microarray data sets, and compared its performance to that of the average-ranking-based consensus and individual inference methods. Our results show that our weighted consensus method achieves superior performance over the unweighted one, suggesting that assigning weights to different individual methods rather than giving them equal weights improves the accuracy. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

LINE FUSION GENES: a database of LINE expression in human genes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Park Hong-Seog

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs are the most abundant retrotransposons in humans. About 79% of human genes are estimated to contain at least one segment of LINE per transcription unit. Recent studies have shown that LINE elements can affect protein sequences, splicing patterns and expression of human genes. Description We have developed a database, LINE FUSION GENES, for elucidating LINE expression throughout the human gene database. We searched the 28,171 genes listed in the NCBI database for LINE elements and analyzed their structures and expression patterns. The results show that the mRNA sequences of 1,329 genes were affected by LINE expression. The LINE expression types were classified on the basis of LINEs in the 5' UTR, exon or 3' UTR sequences of the mRNAs. Our database provides further information, such as the tissue distribution and chromosomal location of the genes, and the domain structure that is changed by LINE integration. We have linked all the accession numbers to the NCBI data bank to provide mRNA sequences for subsequent users. Conclusion We believe that our work will interest genome scientists and might help them to gain insight into the implications of LINE expression for human evolution and disease. Availability http://www.primate.or.kr/line

A Partial Least Square Approach for Modeling Gene-gene and Gene-environment Interactions When Multiple Markers Are Genotyped

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Tao; Ho, Gloria; Ye, Kenny; Strickler, Howard; Elston, Robert C.

2008-01-01

Genetic association studies achieve an unprecedented level of resolution in mapping disease genes by genotyping dense SNPs in a gene region. Meanwhile, these studies require new powerful statistical tools that can optimally handle a large amount of information provided by genotype data. A question that arises is how to model interactions between two genes. Simply modeling all possible interactions between the SNPs in two gene regions is not desirable because a greatly increased number of degrees of freedom can be involved in the test statistic. We introduce an approach to reduce the genotype dimension in modeling interactions. The genotype compression of this approach is built upon the information on both the trait and the cross-locus gametic disequilibrium between SNPs in two interacting genes, in such a way as to parsimoniously model the interactions without loss of useful information in the process of dimension reduction. As a result, it improves power to detect association in the presence of gene-gene interactions. This approach can be similarly applied for modeling gene-environment interactions. We compare this method with other approaches: the corresponding test without modeling any interaction, that based on a saturated interaction model, that based on principal component analysis, and that based on Tukey’s 1-df model. Our simulations suggest that this new approach has superior power to that of the other methods. In an application to endometrial cancer case-control data from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), this approach detected AKT1 and AKT2 as being significantly associated with endometrial cancer susceptibility by taking into account their interactions with BMI. PMID:18615621

A partial least-square approach for modeling gene-gene and gene-environment interactions when multiple markers are genotyped.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Tao; Ho, Gloria; Ye, Kenny; Strickler, Howard; Elston, Robert C

2009-01-01

Genetic association studies achieve an unprecedented level of resolution in mapping disease genes by genotyping dense single nucleotype polymorphisms (SNPs) in a gene region. Meanwhile, these studies require new powerful statistical tools that can optimally handle a large amount of information provided by genotype data. A question that arises is how to model interactions between two genes. Simply modeling all possible interactions between the SNPs in two gene regions is not desirable because a greatly increased number of degrees of freedom can be involved in the test statistic. We introduce an approach to reduce the genotype dimension in modeling interactions. The genotype compression of this approach is built upon the information on both the trait and the cross-locus gametic disequilibrium between SNPs in two interacting genes, in such a way as to parsimoniously model the interactions without loss of useful information in the process of dimension reduction. As a result, it improves power to detect association in the presence of gene-gene interactions. This approach can be similarly applied for modeling gene-environment interactions. We compare this method with other approaches, the corresponding test without modeling any interaction, that based on a saturated interaction model, that based on principal component analysis, and that based on Tukey's one-degree-of-freedom model. Our simulations suggest that this new approach has superior power to that of the other methods. In an application to endometrial cancer case-control data from the Women's Health Initiative, this approach detected AKT1 and AKT2 as being significantly associated with endometrial cancer susceptibility by taking into account their interactions with body mass index.

An intronic microRNA silences genes that are functionally antagonistic to its host gene.

Science.gov (United States)

Barik, Sailen

2008-09-01

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that down-regulate gene expression by silencing specific target mRNAs. While many miRNAs are transcribed from their own genes, nearly half map within introns of 'host' genes, the significance of which remains unclear. We report that transcriptional activation of apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATK), essential for neuronal differentiation, also generates miR-338 from an AATK gene intron that silences a family of mRNAs whose protein products are negative regulators of neuronal differentiation. We conclude that an intronic miRNA, transcribed together with the host gene mRNA, may serve the interest of its host gene by silencing a cohort of genes that are functionally antagonistic to the host gene itself.

Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies.

Science.gov (United States)

Schaid, Daniel J; Sinnwell, Jason P; Jenkins, Gregory D; McDonnell, Shannon K; Ingle, James N; Kubo, Michiaki; Goss, Paul E; Costantino, Joseph P; Wickerham, D Lawrence; Weinshilboum, Richard M

2012-01-01

Gene-set analyses have been widely used in gene expression studies, and some of the developed methods have been extended to genome wide association studies (GWAS). Yet, complications due to linkage disequilibrium (LD) among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and variable numbers of SNPs per gene and genes per gene-set, have plagued current approaches, often leading to ad hoc "fixes." To overcome some of the current limitations, we developed a general approach to scan GWAS SNP data for both gene-level and gene-set analyses, building on score statistics for generalized linear models, and taking advantage of the directed acyclic graph structure of the gene ontology when creating gene-sets. However, other types of gene-set structures can be used, such as the popular Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Our approach combines SNPs into genes, and genes into gene-sets, but assures that positive and negative effects of genes on a trait do not cancel. To control for multiple testing of many gene-sets, we use an efficient computational strategy that accounts for LD and provides accurate step-down adjusted P-values for each gene-set. Application of our methods to two different GWAS provide guidance on the potential strengths and weaknesses of our proposed gene-set analyses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

With Reference to Reference Genes: A Systematic Review of Endogenous Controls in Gene Expression Studies.

Science.gov (United States)

Chapman, Joanne R; Waldenström, Jonas

2015-01-01

The choice of reference genes that are stably expressed amongst treatment groups is a crucial step in real-time quantitative PCR gene expression studies. Recent guidelines have specified that a minimum of two validated reference genes should be used for normalisation. However, a quantitative review of the literature showed that the average number of reference genes used across all studies was 1.2. Thus, the vast majority of studies continue to use a single gene, with β-actin (ACTB) and/or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) being commonly selected in studies of vertebrate gene expression. Few studies (15%) tested a panel of potential reference genes for stability of expression before using them to normalise data. Amongst studies specifically testing reference gene stability, few found ACTB or GAPDH to be optimal, whereby these genes were significantly less likely to be chosen when larger panels of potential reference genes were screened. Fewer reference genes were tested for stability in non-model organisms, presumably owing to a dearth of available primers in less well characterised species. Furthermore, the experimental conditions under which real-time quantitative PCR analyses were conducted had a large influence on the choice of reference genes, whereby different studies of rat brain tissue showed different reference genes to be the most stable. These results highlight the importance of validating the choice of normalising reference genes before conducting gene expression studies.

Good genes, complementary genes and human mate preferences.

Science.gov (United States)

Roberts, S Craig; Little, Anthony C

2008-09-01

The past decade has witnessed a rapidly growing interest in the biological basis of human mate choice. Here we review recent studies that demonstrate preferences for traits which might reveal genetic quality to prospective mates, with potential but still largely unknown influence on offspring fitness. These include studies assessing visual, olfactory and auditory preferences for potential good-gene indicator traits, such as dominance or bilateral symmetry. Individual differences in these robust preferences mainly arise through within and between individual variation in condition and reproductive status. Another set of studies have revealed preferences for traits indicating complementary genes, focussing on discrimination of dissimilarity at genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). As in animal studies, we are only just beginning to understand how preferences for specific traits vary and inter-relate, how consideration of good and compatible genes can lead to substantial variability in individual mate choice decisions and how preferences expressed in one sensory modality may reflect those in another. Humans may be an ideal model species in which to explore these interesting complexities.

Gene expression studies of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR: an overview in insects.

Science.gov (United States)

Shakeel, Muhammad; Rodriguez, Alicia; Tahir, Urfa Bin; Jin, Fengliang

2018-02-01

Whenever gene expression is being examined, it is essential that a normalization process is carried out to eliminate non-biological variations. The use of reference genes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin, and ribosomal protein genes, is the usual method of choice for normalizing gene expression. Although reference genes are used to normalize target gene expression, a major problem is that the stability of these genes differs among tissues, developmental stages, species, and responses to abiotic factors. Therefore, the use and validation of multiple reference genes are required. This review discusses the reasons that why RT-qPCR has become the preferred method for validating results of gene expression profiles, the use of specific and non-specific dyes and the importance of use of primers and probes for qPCR as well as to discuss several statistical algorithms developed to help the validation of potential reference genes. The conflicts arising in the use of classical reference genes in gene normalization and their replacement with novel references are also discussed by citing the high stability and low stability of classical and novel reference genes under various biotic and abiotic experimental conditions by employing various methods applied for the reference genes amplification.

Evaluating the consistency of gene sets used in the analysis of bacterial gene expression data

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Tintle Nathan L

2012-08-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Statistical analyses of whole genome expression data require functional information about genes in order to yield meaningful biological conclusions. The Gene Ontology (GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG are common sources of functionally grouped gene sets. For bacteria, the SEED and MicrobesOnline provide alternative, complementary sources of gene sets. To date, no comprehensive evaluation of the data obtained from these resources has been performed. Results We define a series of gene set consistency metrics directly related to the most common classes of statistical analyses for gene expression data, and then perform a comprehensive analysis of 3581 Affymetrix® gene expression arrays across 17 diverse bacteria. We find that gene sets obtained from GO and KEGG demonstrate lower consistency than those obtained from the SEED and MicrobesOnline, regardless of gene set size. Conclusions Despite the widespread use of GO and KEGG gene sets in bacterial gene expression data analysis, the SEED and MicrobesOnline provide more consistent sets for a wide variety of statistical analyses. Increased use of the SEED and MicrobesOnline gene sets in the analysis of bacterial gene expression data may improve statistical power and utility of expression data.

Comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns of hedgehog-related genes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Baillie David

2006-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes ten proteins that share sequence similarity with the Hedgehog signaling molecule through their C-terminal autoprocessing Hint/Hog domain. These proteins contain novel N-terminal domains, and C. elegans encodes dozens of additional proteins containing only these N-terminal domains. These gene families are called warthog, groundhog, ground-like and quahog, collectively called hedgehog (hh-related genes. Previously, the expression pattern of seventeen genes was examined, which showed that they are primarily expressed in the ectoderm. Results With the completion of the C. elegans genome sequence in November 2002, we reexamined and identified 61 hh-related ORFs. Further, we identified 49 hh-related ORFs in C. briggsae. ORF analysis revealed that 30% of the genes still had errors in their predictions and we improved these predictions here. We performed a comprehensive expression analysis using GFP fusions of the putative intergenic regulatory sequence with one or two transgenic lines for most genes. The hh-related genes are expressed in one or a few of the following tissues: hypodermis, seam cells, excretory duct and pore cells, vulval epithelial cells, rectal epithelial cells, pharyngeal muscle or marginal cells, arcade cells, support cells of sensory organs, and neuronal cells. Using time-lapse recordings, we discovered that some hh-related genes are expressed in a cyclical fashion in phase with molting during larval development. We also generated several translational GFP fusions, but they did not show any subcellular localization. In addition, we also studied the expression patterns of two genes with similarity to Drosophila frizzled, T23D8.1 and F27E11.3A, and the ortholog of the Drosophila gene dally-like, gpn-1, which is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. The two frizzled homologs are expressed in a few neurons in the head, and gpn-1 is expressed in the pharynx. Finally, we compare the

A kernel regression approach to gene-gene interaction detection for case-control studies.

Science.gov (United States)

Larson, Nicholas B; Schaid, Daniel J

2013-11-01

Gene-gene interactions are increasingly being addressed as a potentially important contributor to the variability of complex traits. Consequently, attentions have moved beyond single locus analysis of association to more complex genetic models. Although several single-marker approaches toward interaction analysis have been developed, such methods suffer from very high testing dimensionality and do not take advantage of existing information, notably the definition of genes as functional units. Here, we propose a comprehensive family of gene-level score tests for identifying genetic elements of disease risk, in particular pairwise gene-gene interactions. Using kernel machine methods, we devise score-based variance component tests under a generalized linear mixed model framework. We conducted simulations based upon coalescent genetic models to evaluate the performance of our approach under a variety of disease models. These simulations indicate that our methods are generally higher powered than alternative gene-level approaches and at worst competitive with exhaustive SNP-level (where SNP is single-nucleotide polymorphism) analyses. Furthermore, we observe that simulated epistatic effects resulted in significant marginal testing results for the involved genes regardless of whether or not true main effects were present. We detail the benefits of our methods and discuss potential genome-wide analysis strategies for gene-gene interaction analysis in a case-control study design. © 2013 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.

MTBE experts' discussion: Environmental pollution from MTBE fuel additives. Proceedings; MTBE-Fachgespraech: Umweltbelastungen durch die Nutzung von MTBE (Methyl-tertiaer-butylether) als Kraftstoffzusatz. Tagungsband

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2002-07-01

Normalbenzin bei uns durchschnittlich 0,3% und Super 1,6% MTBE enthalten, liegen die Werte fuer SuperPlus und Optimax bei etwa 6-12% Vol-%. In neun Fachvortraegen und einer ausfuehrlichen Diskussionsrunde, die in dem vorliegenden Tagungsband wiedergegeben sind, wurden Messdaten zur Konzentration von MTBE in Luft, Niederschlag, Oberflaechen- und Grundwasser vorgestellt und die Moeglichkeiten einer Modellbildung eroertert. Die Teilnehmer des Fachgespraechs waren sich einig, dass die derzeitige Datenlage und die Kenntnisse zum Vorkommen und zu den Verbreitungswegen von MTBE in den Umweltmedien keinesfalls geeignet sind, abschliessend Entwarnung zu geben und eine Grundwassergefaehrdung durch MTBE auszuschliessen. (orig.)

The rules of gene expression in plants: Organ identity and gene body methylation are key factors for regulation of gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Gutiérrez Rodrigo A

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Microarray technology is a widely used approach for monitoring genome-wide gene expression. For Arabidopsis, there are over 1,800 microarray hybridizations representing many different experimental conditions on Affymetrix™ ATH1 gene chips alone. This huge amount of data offers a unique opportunity to infer the principles that govern the regulation of gene expression in plants. Results We used bioinformatics methods to analyze publicly available data obtained using the ATH1 chip from Affymetrix. A total of 1887 ATH1 hybridizations were normalized and filtered to eliminate low-quality hybridizations. We classified and compared control and treatment hybridizations and determined differential gene expression. The largest differences in gene expression were observed when comparing samples obtained from different organs. On average, ten-fold more genes were differentially expressed between organs as compared to any other experimental variable. We defined "gene responsiveness" as the number of comparisons in which a gene changed its expression significantly. We defined genes with the highest and lowest responsiveness levels as hypervariable and housekeeping genes, respectively. Remarkably, housekeeping genes were best distinguished from hypervariable genes by differences in methylation status in their transcribed regions. Moreover, methylation in the transcribed region was inversely correlated (R2 = 0.8 with gene responsiveness on a genome-wide scale. We provide an example of this negative relationship using genes encoding TCA cycle enzymes, by contrasting their regulatory responsiveness to nitrate and methylation status in their transcribed regions. Conclusion Our results indicate that the Arabidopsis transcriptome is largely established during development and is comparatively stable when faced with external perturbations. We suggest a novel functional role for DNA methylation in the transcribed region as a key determinant

Gene Expression Commons: an open platform for absolute gene expression profiling.

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Jun Seita

Full Text Available Gene expression profiling using microarrays has been limited to comparisons of gene expression between small numbers of samples within individual experiments. However, the unknown and variable sensitivities of each probeset have rendered the absolute expression of any given gene nearly impossible to estimate. We have overcome this limitation by using a very large number (>10,000 of varied microarray data as a common reference, so that statistical attributes of each probeset, such as the dynamic range and threshold between low and high expression, can be reliably discovered through meta-analysis. This strategy is implemented in a web-based platform named "Gene Expression Commons" (https://gexc.stanford.edu/ which contains data of 39 distinct highly purified mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor/differentiated cell populations covering almost the entire hematopoietic system. Since the Gene Expression Commons is designed as an open platform, investigators can explore the expression level of any gene, search by expression patterns of interest, submit their own microarray data, and design their own working models representing biological relationship among samples.

History of gene therapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Wirth, Thomas; Parker, Nigel; Ylä-Herttuala, Seppo

2013-08-10

Two decades after the initial gene therapy trials and more than 1700 approved clinical trials worldwide we not only have gained much new information and knowledge regarding gene therapy in general, but also learned to understand the concern that has persisted in society. Despite the setbacks gene therapy has faced, success stories have increasingly emerged. Examples for these are the positive recommendation for a gene therapy product (Glybera) by the EMA for approval in the European Union and the positive trials for the treatment of ADA deficiency, SCID-X1 and adrenoleukodystrophy. Nevertheless, our knowledge continues to grow and during the course of time more safety data has become available that helps us to develop better gene therapy approaches. Also, with the increased understanding of molecular medicine, we have been able to develop more specific and efficient gene transfer vectors which are now producing clinical results. In this review, we will take a historical view and highlight some of the milestones that had an important impact on the development of gene therapy. We will also discuss briefly the safety and ethical aspects of gene therapy and address some concerns that have been connected with gene therapy as an important therapeutic modality. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes.

Science.gov (United States)

Fortunato, Sofia A V; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E K; Adamska, Maja

2014-10-30

Sponges are simple animals with few cell types, but their genomes paradoxically contain a wide variety of developmental transcription factors, including homeobox genes belonging to the Antennapedia (ANTP) class, which in bilaterians encompass Hox, ParaHox and NK genes. In the genome of the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica, no Hox or ParaHox genes are present, but NK genes are linked in a tight cluster similar to the NK clusters of bilaterians. It has been proposed that Hox and ParaHox genes originated from NK cluster genes after divergence of sponges from the lineage leading to cnidarians and bilaterians. On the other hand, synteny analysis lends support to the notion that the absence of Hox and ParaHox genes in Amphimedon is a result of secondary loss (the ghost locus hypothesis). Here we analysed complete suites of ANTP-class homeoboxes in two calcareous sponges, Sycon ciliatum and Leucosolenia complicata. Our phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that these calcisponges possess orthologues of bilaterian NK genes (Hex, Hmx and Msx), a varying number of additional NK genes and one ParaHox gene, Cdx. Despite the generation of scaffolds spanning multiple genes, we find no evidence of clustering of Sycon NK genes. All Sycon ANTP-class genes are developmentally expressed, with patterns suggesting their involvement in cell type specification in embryos and adults, metamorphosis and body plan patterning. These results demonstrate that ParaHox genes predate the origin of sponges, thus confirming the ghost locus hypothesis, and highlight the need to analyse the genomes of multiple sponge lineages to obtain a complete picture of the ancestral composition of the first animal genome.

Was ist eine Frau? Sexualität, Begehren und Einschreiben

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Alejandra Barron

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Da die menschliche Sexualität nicht natürlich ist, reichen anatomische oder biologische Argumente nicht, um sie aufzuklären. Freud entdeckte, dass der Geschlechtsunterschied durch den Signifikanten vermittelt wird, denn Triebe als solche ignorieren die Dichotomie Mann/Frau. Jacques Lacan greift diesen vernachlässigten Aspekt auf und hebt die Schicksale des Subjekts mit der Sprache durch seine Lehre als etwas Fundamentales hervor. In Anbetracht der Prämisse, dass «die Neurose wie eine Frage strukturiert» sei, drücken die komplexen symptomatischen Manifestationen der Hysterika ihren Versuch aus, sich in einen Diskurs einzuschreiben, der von der Unmöglichkeit, eine kategoriale Antwort auf das Rätsel der Weiblichkeit zu geben, geprägt ist. Deren Frage lautet also: Was ist eine Frau? Ein Signifikant ergibt nur Sinn in Verbindung zu einem anderen Signifikanten und daher werden wir alle den durch den Signifikanten vermittelten Sachen gegenüber unabänderlich entfremdet. Aus dieser Sichtweise heraus möchte ich mich mit der Frage der Heterosexualität auseinandersetzen.

Process optimisation in waste combustion and gasification; Prozessoptimierung bei der Verbrennung und Vergasung von Abfaellen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Born, M. [Technische Univ. Bergakademie Freiberg, Inst. IEC, Fakultaet 4 (Germany)

1998-09-01

Optimisation of thermal treatment processes is chiefly geared to the following aims: in terms of process engineering, to the homogenisation of input materials, improvement of process effectivity (increased reaction rates), intensification of mixing and exploitation of residence time (approximation to thermodynamic equilibria); in ecological terms, to the minimisation of material flows and pollutant generation and limitation of emissions; and in economic terms to the simplification of process techniques, maximisation of net energy production, and minimisation of the quantity and pollutant content of arising wastes. The present contribution takes a closer look at some of these ways of optimisation. [Deutsch] Die Optimierung der thermischen Behandlungsprozesse wird vor allem mit folgenden Zielstellung durchgefuehrt: - verfahrenstechnisch durch - Homogenisierung der Input-Materialien, Verbesserung der Effektivitaet der Prozesse (Erhoehung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit), Intensivierung der Mischung und Nutzung der Verweilzeit (Annaeherung an thermodynamische Gleichgewichte). - Oekologisch durch - Minimierung der Stoffstroeme, Minimierung der Schadstoffentstehung, Begrenzung der Emissionen. - Oekonomisch durch - Vereinfachung der Verfahrenstechnik, Maximierung der Nettoenergieproduktion, Minimierung der Mengen und Schadstoffgehalte entstehender Abfaelle. In den folgenden Ausfuehrungen sollen einige dieser Optimierungsmoeglichkeiten naeher betrachtet werden. (orig./SR)

Problembasiertes kollaboratives Lernen mit virtuellen Patienten in der Kinderheilkunde: ein Beispiel aus der Ausbildungspraxis

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Sostmann, Kai

2009-02-01

Full Text Available Der studentische Unterricht in der Kinderheilkunde an der Charité hat seit 1999 mehrere Umstrukturierungen durchlaufen. Mit der Einführung der neuen ärztlichen Approbationsordnung 2004 im Regelstudiengang (RSG und dem Modellcurriculum Reformstudiengang Medizin (RSM 1999 müssen zwei Curricula parallel neu konzipiert und gepflegt werden. Durch den Schwerpunkt Unterricht am Krankenbett (UaK im RSG ergaben sich neue didaktische, pädagogische und infrastrukturelle Anforderungen. Die technische und inhaltliche Weiterentwicklung der Einsatzmöglichkeiten elektronischer Lernszenarien durch e-Learning im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Projektes ELWIS-MED, ermöglichte die Erprobung der curricularen Implementierung von e-Learning-Modulen im Pflichtunterricht. Der UaK wurde durch die Bearbeitung kinderheilkundlicher elektronischer Lernfälle online ergänzt. Die Studierenden sollten tutoriell betreute Diskussionen zu fachlichen Aufgabenstellungen online führen. In der ersten Erprobungsstufe wurde der Einsatz der Diskussionsforen in Verbindung mit den Lernfällen von den Studierenden und Lehrenden als sinnvolle Ergänzung betrachtet. In zukünftigen Einsatzszenarien sollte eine Messung des studentischen Lernerfolgs mit dieser Methode erfolgen.

Preparation and characterization of magnetic gene vectors for targeting gene delivery

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zheng, S.W.; Liu, G. [College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, SIP, Suzhou 215123 (China); Hong, R.Y., E-mail: rhong@suda.edu.cn [College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, SIP, Suzhou 215123 (China); State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080 (China); Li, H.Z. [State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080 (China); Li, Y.G., E-mail: ilguoliang@sohu.com [Department of radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007 (China); Wei, D.G., E-mail: dougwei@deas.harvard.edu [Center for Nanoscale Systems, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, 11 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (United States)

2012-10-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer PEI is ideal candidate polymer for the design of gene delivery systems. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer PEI-CMD-MNPs exhibited a typical superparamagnetic behavior. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer PEI-CMD-MNPs were well stable over the entire range of pH and NaCl concentration. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer DNA-PEI-CMD-MNPs transfected cells by a magnet have higher transfection efficiency and gene expression efficiency. - Abstract: The PEI-CMD-MNPs were successfully prepared by the surface modification of magnetic Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles with carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The PEI-CMD-MNPs polyplexes exhibited a typical superparamagnetic behavior and were well stable over the entire range of pH and NaCl concentration. These PEI-CMD-MNPs were used as magnetic gene vectors for targeting gene delivery. The prepared MNPs at different surface modification stages were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emissions canning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) analysis. The magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). To evaluate the performance of the magnetic nanoparticles as gene transfer vector, the PEI-CMD-MNPs were used to delivery green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into BHK21 cells. The expression of GFP gene was detected by fluorescence microscope. DNA-PEI-CMD-MNPs polyplexes absorbed by the cells were also monitored by Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The transfection efficiency and gene expression efficiency of that transfected with a magnet were much higher than that of standard transfection.

Investigating Gene Function in Cereal Rust Fungi by Plant-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing.

Science.gov (United States)

Panwar, Vinay; Bakkeren, Guus

2017-01-01

Cereal rust fungi are destructive pathogens, threatening grain production worldwide. Targeted breeding for resistance utilizing host resistance genes has been effective. However, breakdown of resistance occurs frequently and continued efforts are needed to understand how these fungi overcome resistance and to expand the range of available resistance genes. Whole genome sequencing, transcriptomic and proteomic studies followed by genome-wide computational and comparative analyses have identified large repertoire of genes in rust fungi among which are candidates predicted to code for pathogenicity and virulence factors. Some of these genes represent defence triggering avirulence effectors. However, functions of most genes still needs to be assessed to understand the biology of these obligate biotrophic pathogens. Since genetic manipulations such as gene deletion and genetic transformation are not yet feasible in rust fungi, performing functional gene studies is challenging. Recently, Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has emerged as a useful tool to characterize gene function in rust fungi while infecting and growing in host plants. We utilized Barley stripe mosaic virus-mediated virus induced gene silencing (BSMV-VIGS) to induce HIGS of candidate rust fungal genes in the wheat host to determine their role in plant-fungal interactions. Here, we describe the methods for using BSMV-VIGS in wheat for functional genomics study in cereal rust fungi.

Newer Gene Editing Technologies toward HIV Gene Therapy

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Premlata Shankar

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Despite the great success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART in ameliorating the course of HIV infection, alternative therapeutic approaches are being pursued because of practical problems associated with life-long therapy. The eradication of HIV in the so-called “Berlin patient” who received a bone marrow transplant from a CCR5-negative donor has rekindled interest in genome engineering strategies to achieve the same effect. Precise gene editing within the cells is now a realistic possibility with recent advances in understanding the DNA repair mechanisms, DNA interaction with transcription factors and bacterial defense mechanisms. Within the past few years, four novel technologies have emerged that can be engineered for recognition of specific DNA target sequences to enable site-specific gene editing: Homing Endonuclease, ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 system. The most recent CRISPR/Cas9 system uses a short stretch of complementary RNA bound to Cas9 nuclease to recognize and cleave target DNA, as opposed to the previous technologies that use DNA binding motifs of either zinc finger proteins or transcription activator-like effector molecules fused to an endonuclease to mediate sequence-specific DNA cleavage. Unlike RNA interference, which requires the continued presence of effector moieties to maintain gene silencing, the newer technologies allow permanent disruption of the targeted gene after a single treatment. Here, we review the applications, limitations and future prospects of novel gene-editing strategies for use as HIV therapy.

Validation of suitable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in Panax ginseng

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Meizhen eWang

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR has become a popular method for gene expression studies. Its results require data normalization by housekeeping genes. No single gene is proved to be stably expressed under all experimental conditions. Therefore, systematic evaluation of reference genes is necessary. With the aim to identify optimum reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression in different tissues of Panax ginseng and the seedlings grown under heat stress, we investigated the expression stability of eight candidate reference genes, including elongation factor 1-beta (EF1-β, elongation factor 1-gamma (EF1-γ, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3G (IF3G, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3B (IF3B, actin (ACT, actin11 (ACT11, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH and cyclophilin ABH-like protein (CYC, using four widely used computational programs: geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative ΔCt method. The results were then integrated using the web-based tool RefFinder. As a result, EF1-γ, IF3G and EF1-β were the three most stable genes in different tissues of P. ginseng, while IF3G, ACT11 and GAPDH were the top three-ranked genes in seedlings treated with heat. Using three better reference genes alone or in combination as internal control, we examined the expression profiles of MAR, a multiple function-associated mRNA-like non-coding RNA (mlncRNA in P. ginseng. Taken together, we recommended EF1-γ/IF3G and IF3G/ACT11 as the suitable pair of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression in different tissues of P. ginseng and the seedlings grown under heat stress, respectively. The results serve as a foundation for future studies on P. ginseng functional genomics.

Gene analogue finder: a GRID solution for finding functionally analogous gene products

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Licciulli Flavio

2007-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background To date more than 2,1 million gene products from more than 100000 different species have been described specifying their function, the processes they are involved in and their cellular localization using a very well defined and structured vocabulary, the gene ontology (GO. Such vast, well defined knowledge opens the possibility of compare gene products at the level of functionality, finding gene products which have a similar function or are involved in similar biological processes without relying on the conventional sequence similarity approach. Comparisons within such a large space of knowledge are highly data and computing intensive. For this reason this project was based upon the use of the computational GRID, a technology offering large computing and storage resources. Results We have developed a tool, GENe AnaloGue FINdEr (ENGINE that parallelizes the search process and distributes the calculation and data over the computational GRID, splitting the process into many sub-processes and joining the calculation and the data on the same machine and therefore completing the whole search in about 3 days instead of occupying one single machine for more than 5 CPU years. The results of the functional comparison contain potential functional analogues for more than 79000 gene products from the most important species. 46% of the analyzed gene products are well enough described for such an analysis to individuate functional analogues, such as well-known members of the same gene family, or gene products with similar functions which would never have been associated by standard methods. Conclusion ENGINE has produced a list of potential functionally analogous relations between gene products within and between species using, in place of the sequence, the gene description of the GO, thus demonstrating the potential of the GO. However, the current limiting factor is the quality of the associations of many gene products from non

Radiosensitivity and genes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Qiyue, Hu; Mingyue, Lun [Suzhou Medical Coll., JS (China)

1995-07-01

Reported effects of some oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and DNA repair genes on sensitivity of cells to ionizing radiation are reviewed. The role of oncogenes in cellular response to irradiation is discussed, especially the extensively studied oncogenes such as the ras gene family. For tumour suppressor genes, mainly the p53, which is increasingly implicated as a gene affecting radiosensitivity, is reviewed. It is considered that there is a cell cycle checkpoint determinant which is postulated to be able to arrest the irradiated cells in G{sub 1} phase to allow them to repair damage before they undergo DNA synthesis. So far there are six DNA repair genes which have been cloned in mammalian cells, but only one, XRCC1, appears to be involved in repair of human X-ray damage. XRCC1 can correct high sisterchromatid exchange levels when transferred into EM{sub 9} cells, but its expression seems to have no correlation with radiosensitivity of human neck and head tumour cells. Radiosensitivity is an intricate issue which may involve many factors. A scheme of cellular reactions after exposure to irradiation is proposed to indicate a possible sequence of events initiated by ionizing radiation.

Radiosensitivity and genes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hu Qiyue; Lun Mingyue

1995-07-01

Reported effects of some oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and DNA repair genes on sensitivity of cells to ionizing radiation are reviewed. The role of oncogenes in cellular response to irradiation is discussed, especially the extensively studied oncogenes such as the ras gene family. For tumour suppressor genes, mainly the p53, which is increasingly implicated as a gene affecting radiosensitivity, is reviewed. It is considered that there is a cell cycle checkpoint determinant which is postulated to be able to arrest the irradiated cells in G 1 phase to allow them to repair damage before they undergo DNA synthesis. So far there are six DNA repair genes which have been cloned in mammalian cells, but only one, XRCC1, appears to be involved in repair of human X-ray damage. XRCC1 can correct high sisterchromatid exchange levels when transferred into EM 9 cells, but its expression seems to have no correlation with radiosensitivity of human neck and head tumour cells. Radiosensitivity is an intricate issue which may involve many factors. A scheme of cellular reactions after exposure to irradiation is proposed to indicate a possible sequence of events initiated by ionizing radiation

Large scale gene expression meta-analysis reveals tissue-specific, sex-biased gene expression in humans

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Benjamin Mayne

2016-10-01

Full Text Available The severity and prevalence of many diseases are known to differ between the sexes. Organ specific sex-biased gene expression may underpin these and other sexually dimorphic traits. To further our understanding of sex differences in transcriptional regulation, we performed meta-analyses of sex biased gene expression in multiple human tissues. We analysed 22 publicly available human gene expression microarray data sets including over 2500 samples from 15 different tissues and 9 different organs. Briefly, by using an inverse-variance method we determined the effect size difference of gene expression between males and females. We found the greatest sex differences in gene expression in the brain, specifically in the anterior cingulate cortex, (1818 genes, followed by the heart (375 genes, kidney (224 genes, colon (218 genes and thyroid (163 genes. More interestingly, we found different parts of the brain with varying numbers and identity of sex-biased genes, indicating that specific cortical regions may influence sexually dimorphic traits. The majority of sex-biased genes in other tissues such as the bladder, liver, lungs and pancreas were on the sex chromosomes or involved in sex hormone production. On average in each tissue, 32% of autosomal genes that were expressed in a sex-biased fashion contained androgen or estrogen hormone response elements. Interestingly, across all tissues, we found approximately two-thirds of autosomal genes that were sex-biased were not under direct influence of sex hormones. To our knowledge this is the largest analysis of sex-biased gene expression in human tissues to date. We identified many sex-biased genes that were not under the direct influence of sex chromosome genes or sex hormones. These may provide targets for future development of sex-specific treatments for diseases.

Appendix 1：Upregulated genes in gene expression profile （P<0.05 ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

lazi

Appendix 1: Upregulated genes in gene expression profile«P2）. Probe_s. Gene_Symbol pvalues foldchange. Probe_S. et_ID. Gene_Symbol pvalues foldchange. et_ID. 1370355. 1393751. Scd1. 1.35E-04. 25.77. Loc1009122508.06E-03. 2.55. -at at. 1398250. 1370870. Acot1. 2.43E-02. 12.18. Me1.

Evolution of stress-regulated gene expression in duplicate genes of Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Cheng Zou

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Due to the selection pressure imposed by highly variable environmental conditions, stress sensing and regulatory response mechanisms in plants are expected to evolve rapidly. One potential source of innovation in plant stress response mechanisms is gene duplication. In this study, we examined the evolution of stress-regulated gene expression among duplicated genes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Key to this analysis was reconstructing the putative ancestral stress regulation pattern. By comparing the expression patterns of duplicated genes with the patterns of their ancestors, duplicated genes likely lost and gained stress responses at a rapid rate initially, but the rate is close to zero when the synonymous substitution rate (a proxy for time is > approximately 0.8. When considering duplicated gene pairs, we found that partitioning of putative ancestral stress responses occurred more frequently compared to cases of parallel retention and loss. Furthermore, the pattern of stress response partitioning was extremely asymmetric. An analysis of putative cis-acting DNA regulatory elements in the promoters of the duplicated stress-regulated genes indicated that the asymmetric partitioning of ancestral stress responses are likely due, at least in part, to differential loss of DNA regulatory elements; the duplicated genes losing most of their stress responses were those that had lost more of the putative cis-acting elements. Finally, duplicate genes that lost most or all of the ancestral responses are more likely to have gained responses to other stresses. Therefore, the retention of duplicates that inherit few or no functions seems to be coupled to neofunctionalization. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into the patterns of evolutionary changes in gene stress responses after duplication and lay the foundation for testing the adaptive significance of stress regulatory changes under highly variable biotic and abiotic environments.

Predictions of Gene Family Distributions in Microbial Genomes: Evolution by Gene Duplication and Modification

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yanai, Itai; Camacho, Carlos J.; DeLisi, Charles

2000-01-01

A universal property of microbial genomes is the considerable fraction of genes that are homologous to other genes within the same genome. The process by which these homologues are generated is not well understood, but sequence analysis of 20 microbial genomes unveils a recurrent distribution of gene family sizes. We show that a simple evolutionary model based on random gene duplication and point mutations fully accounts for these distributions and permits predictions for the number of gene families in genomes not yet complete. Our findings are consistent with the notion that a genome evolves from a set of precursor genes to a mature size by gene duplications and increasing modifications. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society

Predictions of Gene Family Distributions in Microbial Genomes: Evolution by Gene Duplication and Modification

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yanai, Itai; Camacho, Carlos J.; DeLisi, Charles

2000-09-18

A universal property of microbial genomes is the considerable fraction of genes that are homologous to other genes within the same genome. The process by which these homologues are generated is not well understood, but sequence analysis of 20 microbial genomes unveils a recurrent distribution of gene family sizes. We show that a simple evolutionary model based on random gene duplication and point mutations fully accounts for these distributions and permits predictions for the number of gene families in genomes not yet complete. Our findings are consistent with the notion that a genome evolves from a set of precursor genes to a mature size by gene duplications and increasing modifications. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.

CAR gene cluster and transcript levels of carotenogenic genes in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.

Science.gov (United States)

Landolfo, Sara; Ianiri, Giuseppe; Camiolo, Salvatore; Porceddu, Andrea; Mulas, Giuliana; Chessa, Rossella; Zara, Giacomo; Mannazzu, Ilaria

2018-01-01

A molecular approach was applied to the study of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. At first, functional annotation of the genome of R. mucilaginosa C2.5t1 was carried out and gene ontology categories were assigned to 4033 predicted proteins. Then, a set of genes involved in different steps of carotenogenesis was identified and those coding for phytoene desaturase, phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase and carotenoid dioxygenase (CAR genes) proved to be clustered within a region of ~10 kb. Quantitative PCR of the genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis showed that genes coding for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutharyl-CoA reductase and mevalonate kinase are induced during exponential phase while no clear trend of induction was observed for phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase and phytoene dehydrogenase encoding genes. Thus, in R. mucilaginosa the induction of genes involved in the early steps of carotenoid biosynthesis is transient and accompanies the onset of carotenoid production, while that of CAR genes does not correlate with the amount of carotenoids produced. The transcript levels of genes coding for carotenoid dioxygenase, superoxide dismutase and catalase A increased during the accumulation of carotenoids, thus suggesting the activation of a mechanism aimed at the protection of cell structures from oxidative stress during carotenoid biosynthesis. The data presented herein, besides being suitable for the elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie carotenoid biosynthesis, will contribute to boosting the biotechnological potential of this yeast by improving the outcome of further research efforts aimed at also exploring other features of interest.

Validation of commonly used reference genes for sleep-related gene expression studies

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Castro Rosa MRPS

2009-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Sleep is a restorative process and is essential for maintenance of mental and physical health. In an attempt to understand the complexity of sleep, multidisciplinary strategies, including genetic approaches, have been applied to sleep research. Although quantitative real time PCR has been used in previous sleep-related gene expression studies, proper validation of reference genes is currently lacking. Thus, we examined the effect of total or paradoxical sleep deprivation (TSD or PSD on the expression stability of the following frequently used reference genes in brain and blood: beta-actin (b-actin, beta-2-microglobulin (B2M, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT. Results Neither TSD nor PSD affected the expression stability of all tested genes in both tissues indicating that b-actin, B2M, GAPDH and HPRT are appropriate reference genes for the sleep-related gene expression studies. In order to further verify these results, the relative expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase1 (GPD1 was evaluated in brain and blood, respectively. The normalization with each of four reference genes produced similar pattern of expression in control and sleep deprived rats, but subtle differences in the magnitude of expression fold change were observed which might affect the statistical significance. Conclusion This study demonstrated that sleep deprivation does not alter the expression stability of commonly used reference genes in brain and blood. Nonetheless, the use of multiple reference genes in quantitative RT-PCR is required for the accurate results.

Integrones: los coleccionistas de genes Integrons: gene collectors

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J. A. Di Conza

2010-02-01

Full Text Available Los integrones son estructuras genéticas que han despertado gran interés, debido a que algunos de ellos vehiculizan genes de resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Están formados por un fragmento que codifica una integrasa (intI y, a continuación, una secuencia attI a la que se unen los genes en casetes que codifican diferentes mecanismos de resistencia. Dentro de intI, en su extremo 3´, hay una secuencia promotora Pc a partir de la cual se transcriben los casetes de resistencia integrados, ya que estos genes carecen de promotor. Sin embargo, estos casetes presentan una secuencia específica denominada attC, la cual es reconocida por la integrasa que se une, por recombinación, a la secuencia attI del integrón en la orientación adecuada para su expresión. Los integrones se han clasificado según la secuencia de su integrasa, pero en la actualidad se prefiere clasificarlos según su localización. Se habla, en general, de "integrones móviles" para referirse a aquellos asociados a secuencias de inserción, transposones y/o plásmidos conjugativos, los que en su mayoría median mecanismos de resistencia, y de "superintegrones", de localización cromosómica y con grandes arreglos de genes en casetes. Los integrones móviles de clase 1 son los más abundantes en aislamientos clínicos y suelen estar asociados a transposones del subgrupo Tn21, seguidos por los de clase 2, derivados principalmente de Tn7. Estos elementos no son móviles por sí mismos, pero su asociación con elementos que sí lo son facilita su transferencia horizontal, lo que explica su amplia difusión entre las bacterias. Esta revisión intenta recopilar la información disponible acerca de los integrones móviles descritos en Argentina hasta la fecha.Integrons gained great interest due to their participation in resistance gene recruitment and expression. Their basic structure includes a fragment that encodes an integrase (intI followed by a recognition sequence (attI into

Genes2Networks: connecting lists of gene symbols using mammalian protein interactions databases

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Ma'ayan Avi

2007-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background In recent years, mammalian protein-protein interaction network databases have been developed. The interactions in these databases are either extracted manually from low-throughput experimental biomedical research literature, extracted automatically from literature using techniques such as natural language processing (NLP, generated experimentally using high-throughput methods such as yeast-2-hybrid screens, or interactions are predicted using an assortment of computational approaches. Genes or proteins identified as significantly changing in proteomic experiments, or identified as susceptibility disease genes in genomic studies, can be placed in the context of protein interaction networks in order to assign these genes and proteins to pathways and protein complexes. Results Genes2Networks is a software system that integrates the content of ten mammalian interaction network datasets. Filtering techniques to prune low-confidence interactions were implemented. Genes2Networks is delivered as a web-based service using AJAX. The system can be used to extract relevant subnetworks created from "seed" lists of human Entrez gene symbols. The output includes a dynamic linkable three color web-based network map, with a statistical analysis report that identifies significant intermediate nodes used to connect the seed list. Conclusion Genes2Networks is powerful web-based software that can help experimental biologists to interpret lists of genes and proteins such as those commonly produced through genomic and proteomic experiments, as well as lists of genes and proteins associated with disease processes. This system can be used to find relationships between genes and proteins from seed lists, and predict additional genes or proteins that may play key roles in common pathways or protein complexes.

EXSPRESSION OF MDR-GENES AND MONORESISTANCE GENES IN NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER

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E. L. Yumov

2014-01-01

Full Text Available We studied the expression of multidrug resistance genes (MDR and monoresistance genes in normal bronchial tissue and tumor tissue of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT (vinorelbine-carboplatine. The study included 30 patients with NSCLC (Т2–4N0–3M0. Normal bronchial tissue, normal lung tissue and tumor tissue collected during surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT served as a material of the study. The expression levels of MDR genes (ABCB1, ABCB2, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCС5, ABCG1, ABCG2, GSTP and MVP, and monoresistance genes (BRCA1, ERCC1, RRM1, TOP1, TOP2A, TUBB3 and TYMS were estimated by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR. The expression levels of some MDR genes and monoresistance genes (АВСВ1, АВСВ2, ABCG1, ERCC1, GSTP1 and MVP were significantly higher in the bronchi than in tumor tissue. The expression of ABCG1, ABCG2 and ERCC1 genes was higher in patients with T1-2 cancer than in patients with T3-4 cancer. Patients with adenocarcinoma had higher expression of BRCA1, MVP and ABCB1 genes than patients with squamous cell lung cancer. A tendency towards reduction in the expression level of MDR-genes and monoresistance genes was observed in patients with partial tumor regression compared to that observed in patients with stable disease. These findings were consistent with the previous data on reduction in the MDR-gene expression after chemotherapy with a good response in breast cancer patients.

Digital gene expression analysis of gene expression differences within Brassica diploids and allopolyploids.

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Jiang, Jinjin; Wang, Yue; Zhu, Bao; Fang, Tingting; Fang, Yujie; Wang, Youping

2015-01-27

Brassica includes many successfully cultivated crop species of polyploid origin, either by ancestral genome triplication or by hybridization between two diploid progenitors, displaying complex repetitive sequences and transposons. The U's triangle, which consists of three diploids and three amphidiploids, is optimal for the analysis of complicated genomes after polyploidization. Next-generation sequencing enables the transcriptome profiling of polyploids on a global scale. We examined the gene expression patterns of three diploids (Brassica rapa, B. nigra, and B. oleracea) and three amphidiploids (B. napus, B. juncea, and B. carinata) via digital gene expression analysis. In total, the libraries generated between 5.7 and 6.1 million raw reads, and the clean tags of each library were mapped to 18547-21995 genes of B. rapa genome. The unambiguous tag-mapped genes in the libraries were compared. Moreover, the majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were explored among diploids as well as between diploids and amphidiploids. Gene ontological analysis was performed to functionally categorize these DEGs into different classes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis was performed to assign these DEGs into approximately 120 pathways, among which the metabolic pathway, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and peroxisomal pathway were enriched. The non-additive genes in Brassica amphidiploids were analyzed, and the results indicated that orthologous genes in polyploids are frequently expressed in a non-additive pattern. Methyltransferase genes showed differential expression pattern in Brassica species. Our results provided an understanding of the transcriptome complexity of natural Brassica species. The gene expression changes in diploids and allopolyploids may help elucidate the morphological and physiological differences among Brassica species.

Evaluation of endogenous control gene(s) for gene expression studies in human blood exposed to 60Co γ-rays ex vivo

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vaiphei, S. Thangminlal; Keppen, Joshua; Nongrum, Saibadaiahun; Sharan, R.N.; Chaubey, R.C.; Kma, L.

2015-01-01

In gene expression studies, it is critical to normalize data using a stably expressed endogenous control gene in order to obtain accurate and reliable results. However, we currently do not have a universally applied endogenous control gene for normalization of data for gene expression studies, particularly those involving 60 Co γ-ray-exposed human blood samples. In this study, a comparative assessment of the gene expression of six widely used housekeeping endogenous control genes, namely 18S, ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, MT-ATP6 and CDKN1A, was undertaken for a range of 60 Co γ-ray doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 Gy) at 8.4 Gy min -1 at 0 and 24 h post-irradiation time intervals. Using the NormFinder algorithm, real-time PCR data obtained from six individuals (three males and three females) were analyzed with respect to the threshold cycle (Ct) value and abundance, ΔCt pair-wise comparison, intra- and inter-group variability assessments, etc. GAPDH, either alone or in combination with 18S, was found to be the most suitable endogenous control gene and should be used in gene expression studies, especially those involving qPCR of γ-ray-exposed human blood samples. (author)

Gene Duplication and Gene Expression Changes Play a Role in the Evolution of Candidate Pollen Feeding Genes in Heliconius Butterflies.

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Smith, Gilbert; Macias-Muñoz, Aide; Briscoe, Adriana D

2016-09-02

Heliconius possess a unique ability among butterflies to feed on pollen. Pollen feeding significantly extends their lifespan, and is thought to have been important to the diversification of the genus. We used RNA sequencing to examine feeding-related gene expression in the mouthparts of four species of Heliconius and one nonpollen feeding species, Eueides isabella We hypothesized that genes involved in morphology and protein metabolism might be upregulated in Heliconius because they have longer proboscides than Eueides, and because pollen contains more protein than nectar. Using de novo transcriptome assemblies, we tested these hypotheses by comparing gene expression in mouthparts against antennae and legs. We first looked for genes upregulated in mouthparts across all five species and discovered several hundred genes, many of which had functional annotations involving metabolism of proteins (cocoonase), lipids, and carbohydrates. We then looked specifically within Heliconius where we found eleven common upregulated genes with roles in morphology (CPR cuticle proteins), behavior (takeout-like), and metabolism (luciferase-like). Closer examination of these candidates revealed that cocoonase underwent several duplications along the lineage leading to heliconiine butterflies, including two Heliconius-specific duplications. Luciferase-like genes also underwent duplication within lepidopterans, and upregulation in Heliconius mouthparts. Reverse-transcription PCR confirmed that three cocoonases, a peptidase, and one luciferase-like gene are expressed in the proboscis with little to no expression in labial palps and salivary glands. Our results suggest pollen feeding, like other dietary specializations, was likely facilitated by adaptive expansions of preexisting genes-and that the butterfly proboscis is involved in digestive enzyme production. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

Identification of nitrogen-fixing genes and gene clusters from metagenomic library of acid mine drainage.

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Zhimin Dai

Full Text Available Biological nitrogen fixation is an essential function of acid mine drainage (AMD microbial communities. However, most acidophiles in AMD environments are uncultured microorganisms and little is known about the diversity of nitrogen-fixing genes and structure of nif gene cluster in AMD microbial communities. In this study, we used metagenomic sequencing to isolate nif genes in the AMD microbial community from Dexing Copper Mine, China. Meanwhile, a metagenome microarray containing 7,776 large-insertion fosmids was constructed to screen novel nif gene clusters. Metagenomic analyses revealed that 742 sequences were identified as nif genes including structural subunit genes nifH, nifD, nifK and various additional genes. The AMD community is massively dominated by the genus Acidithiobacillus. However, the phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms is much higher than previously thought in the AMD community. Furthermore, a 32.5-kb genomic sequence harboring nif, fix and associated genes was screened by metagenome microarray. Comparative genome analysis indicated that most nif genes in this cluster are most similar to those of Herbaspirillum seropedicae, but the organization of the nif gene cluster had significant differences from H. seropedicae. Sequence analysis and reverse transcription PCR also suggested that distinct transcription units of nif genes exist in this gene cluster. nifQ gene falls into the same transcription unit with fixABCX genes, which have not been reported in other diazotrophs before. All of these results indicated that more novel diazotrophs survive in the AMD community.

Identification of nitrogen-fixing genes and gene clusters from metagenomic library of acid mine drainage.

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Dai, Zhimin; Guo, Xue; Yin, Huaqun; Liang, Yili; Cong, Jing; Liu, Xueduan

2014-01-01

Biological nitrogen fixation is an essential function of acid mine drainage (AMD) microbial communities. However, most acidophiles in AMD environments are uncultured microorganisms and little is known about the diversity of nitrogen-fixing genes and structure of nif gene cluster in AMD microbial communities. In this study, we used metagenomic sequencing to isolate nif genes in the AMD microbial community from Dexing Copper Mine, China. Meanwhile, a metagenome microarray containing 7,776 large-insertion fosmids was constructed to screen novel nif gene clusters. Metagenomic analyses revealed that 742 sequences were identified as nif genes including structural subunit genes nifH, nifD, nifK and various additional genes. The AMD community is massively dominated by the genus Acidithiobacillus. However, the phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms is much higher than previously thought in the AMD community. Furthermore, a 32.5-kb genomic sequence harboring nif, fix and associated genes was screened by metagenome microarray. Comparative genome analysis indicated that most nif genes in this cluster are most similar to those of Herbaspirillum seropedicae, but the organization of the nif gene cluster had significant differences from H. seropedicae. Sequence analysis and reverse transcription PCR also suggested that distinct transcription units of nif genes exist in this gene cluster. nifQ gene falls into the same transcription unit with fixABCX genes, which have not been reported in other diazotrophs before. All of these results indicated that more novel diazotrophs survive in the AMD community.

Identification of Nitrogen-Fixing Genes and Gene Clusters from Metagenomic Library of Acid Mine Drainage

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Yin, Huaqun; Liang, Yili; Cong, Jing; Liu, Xueduan

2014-01-01

Biological nitrogen fixation is an essential function of acid mine drainage (AMD) microbial communities. However, most acidophiles in AMD environments are uncultured microorganisms and little is known about the diversity of nitrogen-fixing genes and structure of nif gene cluster in AMD microbial communities. In this study, we used metagenomic sequencing to isolate nif genes in the AMD microbial community from Dexing Copper Mine, China. Meanwhile, a metagenome microarray containing 7,776 large-insertion fosmids was constructed to screen novel nif gene clusters. Metagenomic analyses revealed that 742 sequences were identified as nif genes including structural subunit genes nifH, nifD, nifK and various additional genes. The AMD community is massively dominated by the genus Acidithiobacillus. However, the phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms is much higher than previously thought in the AMD community. Furthermore, a 32.5-kb genomic sequence harboring nif, fix and associated genes was screened by metagenome microarray. Comparative genome analysis indicated that most nif genes in this cluster are most similar to those of Herbaspirillum seropedicae, but the organization of the nif gene cluster had significant differences from H. seropedicae. Sequence analysis and reverse transcription PCR also suggested that distinct transcription units of nif genes exist in this gene cluster. nifQ gene falls into the same transcription unit with fixABCX genes, which have not been reported in other diazotrophs before. All of these results indicated that more novel diazotrophs survive in the AMD community. PMID:24498417

Knieendoprothetik - Update

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Dorn U

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Weltweit hat in den letzten 10 Jahren die Zahl der Knieendoprothesen-Implantationen stark zugenommen. Nach relativ kurzer Zeit wird durch die Operation eine erhebliche Verbesserung bezogen auf Schmerzbelastung, Gelenksfunktion und Lebensqualität erzielt. Minimal-invasive Zugänge in Kombination mit dazu neu entwickelten Instrumenten beeinträchtigen die Muskelfunktion weniger als der mediale parapatellare Standardzugang und verkürzen die frühe Rehabilitationsphase. Der Einsatz der Navigation erleichtert die präzise Positionierung der Implantate. Sowohl für die minimal-invasive Implantationstechnik als auch für die navigationsunterstützte Technik fehlen noch Ergebnisse, die gegenüber konventioneller Technik bessere Funktion und längere Standzeit dokumentieren. Moderne Prothesen ermöglichen eine Rotation des Unterschenkels entweder durch asymmetrische Formgebung der Femurkondylen oder durch die Rotation der Polyethylenplattform auf der Tibiakomponente bei Prothesen mit konformer Kondylengestaltung. Femur- und Tibiakomponenten mit rotierender Plattform sind aus CoCr-Stahl, Tibiakomponenten mit fest montiertem Polyethylenteil sind meist aus Titanlegierungen gefertigt. In den letzten Jahren werden bei Patienten mit bekannter Metallallergie (insbesondere Nickelallergie spezielle Implantate aus oberflächenbeschichtetem Titan oder Zirkonium eingesetzt. Cross-linked Polyethylen hat noch nicht die gleiche Verbreitung gefunden wie bei Hüftimplantaten. Prothesen mit erhöhter Flexionsmöglichkeit gewannen in letzter Zeit an Bedeutung. Der Einsatz von Halbschlitten-Prothesen ist durch minimal-invasive Zugänge und verbesserte Instrumente wieder populärer geworden. Die Vielfalt modularer Endoprothesensysteme verschiedener Hersteller hat insbesondere Revisionsoperationen leichter gemacht. Dadurch sind auch nach Wechseloperationen ähnliche Ergebnisse zu erzielen wie nach primärer Implantation.

Clinical course of a partially thrombosed, symptomatic aneurysm of the basilar artery tip with partial recanalization subsequent to coiling; Verlaufsbeschreibung eines teilthrombosierten symptomatischen Basilariskopfaneurysmas mit teilweiser Rekanalisierung nach Coiling

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Moeller, V. [Universitaet des Saarlandes, Abteilung fuer Neuroradiologie, Homburg (Germany); Klinikum Saarbruecken, Institut fuer bildgebende Diagnostik und Interventionen, Saarbruecken (Germany); Axmann, C.; Reith, W. [Universitaet des Saarlandes, Abteilung fuer Neuroradiologie, Homburg (Germany)

2006-05-15

A 72-year-old patient was referred to the neuroradiological department for diagnostic angiography. She was suffering from vertigo and double vision. Magnetic resonance imaging performed elsewhere had demonstrated a giant aneurysm of the basilar artery tip 2 cm in diameter. Angiography revealed a large aneurysm with a broad neck that was partially thrombosed, which precluded closure by coiling. Neurosurgical management by clipping also appeared to be unsuitable because of the proximity to the cerebrum. The decision was reached to proceed expectantly by closely monitoring the clinical course. When the aneurysm increased in size in the ensuing weeks, coiling was performed successfully. Angiographic follow-up showed reperfusion of the aneurysm neck and closure was again achieved by repeat coiling. Reperfusion is not a rare complication following coiling and often necessitates renewed intervention. (orig.) [German] Eine 72-jaehrige Patientin wurde in der neuroradiologischen Abteilung zur diagnostischen Angiographie vorgestellt. Sie litt unter Schwindel und Doppelbildern. Eine auswaertige MR-Untersuchung des Gehirns zeigte ein Riesenaneurysma des Basilariskopfes mit einem Durchmesser von 2 cm. Die Angiographie zeigte ein grosses Aneurysma mit breitem Hals, das teilweise thrombosiert war. Dies liess einen Verschluss durch Coiling nicht zu. Eine neurochirurgische Behandlung durch Klippung erschien wegen der Naehe zum Mittelhirn ebenfalls ungeeignet. Man einigte sich auf ein abwartendes Vorgehen durch eine engmaschige Verlaufsbeobachtung. Als das Aneurysma in den folgenden Wochen eine Groessenzunahme zeigte, wurde erfolgreich ein Coiling durchgefuehrt. Eine angiographische Verlaufskontrolle zeigte eine Reperfusion des Aneurysmahalses. Erneut konnte ein Verschluss durch Coiling erzielt werden. Eine Reperfusion ist keine seltene Komplikation nach Coiling, die oft eine erneute Intervention erfordert. (orig.)

Application of laser-optical diagnostics for the support of direct-injection gasoline combustion process development; Einsatz laseroptischer Messverfahren zur Unterstuetzung der Entwicklung von Brennverfahren mit Benzin-Direkteinspritzung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hentschel, W.; Meyer, H.; Stiebels, B. [Volkswagenwerk AG, Wolfsburg (Germany). Abt. Forschung und Entwicklung

2000-07-01

The development of direct-injection gasoline engines at Volkswagen was supported strictly from the beginning by the means of optical diagnostics and CFD-simulations. Basic phenomena, such as the formation of the in-cylinder flow field, the penetration of the spray formed by a hollow-cone swirl-type injector at high fuel pressure, the interaction of spray and flow and the formation of an ignitable mixture were analysed in details. The paper describes the laser-optical techniques-particle-image-velocimetry, laser-Doppler-anemometry, videostroboscopy, high-speed cinematography and laser-induced fluorescence - which were used during the development of the DI gasoline combustion process. Examples taken from engines with optical access to the combustion chamber demonstrate the capability of the techniques and pinpoint where the design of the combustion process benefits from experimental and simulation investigations. (orig.) [German] Die Entwicklung von Ottomotoren mit Benzin-Direkteinspritzung wurde bei Volkswagen von Beginn an konsequent durch den Einsatz optischer Messverfahren und CFD-Simulationen unterstuetzt. Damit konnten grundlegende Phaenomene, wie die Ausbildung des Stroemungsfeldes im Motorbrennraum, die Ausbreitung des durch einen Hohlkegel-Drallinjektor unter hohem Druck eingespritzten Kraftstoffs sowie die Wechselwirkung der Luftstroemung im Zylinder mit den Einspritzstrahlen und die Bildung einer zuendfaehigen Ladungswolke detailliert untersucht werden. Das Paper beschreibt die laseroptischen Messverfahren - Particle-Image-Velocimetry, Laser-Doppler-Anemometry, Video-Stroboskopie, Hochgeschwindikgkeits-Kinematographie und Laserinduzierte Fluoreszenz - die bei der Brennverfahrensentwicklung eingesetzt werden und zeigt anhand einer Reihe von konkreten Beispielen, wo Antworten auf Grundsatzfragen zur Auslegung des Brennverfahrens durch Messergebnisse an optisch zugaenglichen Motoren und durch CFD-Simulationen erarbeitet werden koennen. (orig.)

Evolutionary history of chordate PAX genes: dynamics of change in a complex gene family.

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Vanessa Rodrigues Paixão-Côrtes

Full Text Available Paired box (PAX genes are transcription factors that play important roles in embryonic development. Although the PAX gene family occurs in animals only, it is widely distributed. Among the vertebrates, its 9 genes appear to be the product of complete duplication of an original set of 4 genes, followed by an additional partial duplication. Although some studies of PAX genes have been conducted, no comprehensive survey of these genes across the entire taxonomic unit has yet been attempted. In this study, we conducted a detailed comparison of PAX sequences from 188 chordates, which revealed restricted variation. The absence of PAX4 and PAX8 among some species of reptiles and birds was notable; however, all 9 genes were present in all 74 mammalian genomes investigated. A search for signatures of selection indicated that all genes are subject to purifying selection, with a possible constraint relaxation in PAX4, PAX7, and PAX8. This result indicates asymmetric evolution of PAX family genes, which can be associated with the emergence of adaptive novelties in the chordate evolutionary trajectory.

The relationship among gene expression, the evolution of gene dosage, and the rate of protein evolution.

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Jean-François Gout

2010-05-01

Full Text Available The understanding of selective constraints affecting genes is a major issue in biology. It is well established that gene expression level is a major determinant of the rate of protein evolution, but the reasons for this relationship remain highly debated. Here we demonstrate that gene expression is also a major determinant of the evolution of gene dosage: the rate of gene losses after whole genome duplications in the Paramecium lineage is negatively correlated to the level of gene expression, and this relationship is not a byproduct of other factors known to affect the fate of gene duplicates. This indicates that changes in gene dosage are generally more deleterious for highly expressed genes. This rule also holds for other taxa: in yeast, we find a clear relationship between gene expression level and the fitness impact of reduction in gene dosage. To explain these observations, we propose a model based on the fact that the optimal expression level of a gene corresponds to a trade-off between the benefit and cost of its expression. This COSTEX model predicts that selective pressure against mutations changing gene expression level or affecting the encoded protein should on average be stronger in highly expressed genes and hence that both the frequency of gene loss and the rate of protein evolution should correlate negatively with gene expression. Thus, the COSTEX model provides a simple and common explanation for the general relationship observed between the level of gene expression and the different facets of gene evolution.

Ranking candidate disease genes from gene expression and protein interaction: a Katz-centrality based approach.

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Jing Zhao

Full Text Available Many diseases have complex genetic causes, where a set of alleles can affect the propensity of getting the disease. The identification of such disease genes is important to understand the mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of pathogenesis, improve diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and aid in drug discovery. Current genetic studies typically identify chromosomal regions associated specific diseases. But picking out an unknown disease gene from hundreds of candidates located on the same genomic interval is still challenging. In this study, we propose an approach to prioritize candidate genes by integrating data of gene expression level, protein-protein interaction strength and known disease genes. Our method is based only on two, simple, biologically motivated assumptions--that a gene is a good disease-gene candidate if it is differentially expressed in cases and controls, or that it is close to other disease-gene candidates in its protein interaction network. We tested our method on 40 diseases in 58 gene expression datasets of the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database. On these datasets our method is able to predict unknown disease genes as well as identifying pleiotropic genes involved in the physiological cellular processes of many diseases. Our study not only provides an effective algorithm for prioritizing candidate disease genes but is also a way to discover phenotypic interdependency, cooccurrence and shared pathophysiology between different disorders.

Network Diffusion-Based Prioritization of Autism Risk Genes Identifies Significantly Connected Gene Modules

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Ettore Mosca

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Autism spectrum disorder (ASD is marked by a strong genetic heterogeneity, which is underlined by the low overlap between ASD risk gene lists proposed in different studies. In this context, molecular networks can be used to analyze the results of several genome-wide studies in order to underline those network regions harboring genetic variations associated with ASD, the so-called “disease modules.” In this work, we used a recent network diffusion-based approach to jointly analyze multiple ASD risk gene lists. We defined genome-scale prioritizations of human genes in relation to ASD genes from multiple studies, found significantly connected gene modules associated with ASD and predicted genes functionally related to ASD risk genes. Most of them play a role in synapsis and neuronal development and function; many are related to syndromes that can be in comorbidity with ASD and the remaining are involved in epigenetics, cell cycle, cell adhesion and cancer.

No Evidence That Schizophrenia Candidate Genes Are More Associated With Schizophrenia Than Noncandidate Genes.

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Johnson, Emma C; Border, Richard; Melroy-Greif, Whitney E; de Leeuw, Christiaan A; Ehringer, Marissa A; Keller, Matthew C

2017-11-15

A recent analysis of 25 historical candidate gene polymorphisms for schizophrenia in the largest genome-wide association study conducted to date suggested that these commonly studied variants were no more associated with the disorder than would be expected by chance. However, the same study identified other variants within those candidate genes that demonstrated genome-wide significant associations with schizophrenia. As such, it is possible that variants within historic schizophrenia candidate genes are associated with schizophrenia at levels above those expected by chance, even if the most-studied specific polymorphisms are not. The present study used association statistics from the largest schizophrenia genome-wide association study conducted to date as input to a gene set analysis to investigate whether variants within schizophrenia candidate genes are enriched for association with schizophrenia. As a group, variants in the most-studied candidate genes were no more associated with schizophrenia than were variants in control sets of noncandidate genes. While a small subset of candidate genes did appear to be significantly associated with schizophrenia, these genes were not particularly noteworthy given the large number of more strongly associated noncandidate genes. The history of schizophrenia research should serve as a cautionary tale to candidate gene investigators examining other phenotypes: our findings indicate that the most investigated candidate gene hypotheses of schizophrenia are not well supported by genome-wide association studies, and it is likely that this will be the case for other complex traits as well. Copyright © 2017 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Are TMEM genes potential candidate genes for panic disorder?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

NO, Gregersen; Buttenschøn, Henriette Nørmølle; Hedemand, Anne

2014-01-01

We analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms in two transmembrane genes (TMEM98 and TMEM132E) in panic disorder (PD) patients and control individuals from the Faroe Islands, Denmark and Germany. The genes encode single-pass membrane proteins and are located within chromosome 17q11.2-q12...

GxGrare: gene-gene interaction analysis method for rare variants from high-throughput sequencing data.

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Kwon, Minseok; Leem, Sangseob; Yoon, Joon; Park, Taesung

2018-03-19

With the rapid advancement of array-based genotyping techniques, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified common genetic variants associated with common complex diseases. However, it has been shown that only a small proportion of the genetic etiology of complex diseases could be explained by the genetic factors identified from GWAS. This missing heritability could possibly be explained by gene-gene interaction (epistasis) and rare variants. There has been an exponential growth of gene-gene interaction analysis for common variants in terms of methodological developments and practical applications. Also, the recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies makes it possible to conduct rare variant analysis. However, little progress has been made in gene-gene interaction analysis for rare variants. Here, we propose GxGrare which is a new gene-gene interaction method for the rare variants in the framework of the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. The proposed method consists of three steps; 1) collapsing the rare variants, 2) MDR analysis for the collapsed rare variants, and 3) detect top candidate interaction pairs. GxGrare can be used for the detection of not only gene-gene interactions, but also interactions within a single gene. The proposed method is illustrated with 1080 whole exome sequencing data of the Korean population in order to identify causal gene-gene interaction for rare variants for type 2 diabetes. The proposed GxGrare performs well for gene-gene interaction detection with collapsing of rare variants. GxGrare is available at http://bibs.snu.ac.kr/software/gxgrare which contains simulation data and documentation. Supported operating systems include Linux and OS X.

A Gene Module-Based eQTL Analysis Prioritizing Disease Genes and Pathways in Kidney Cancer

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Mary Qu Yang

Full Text Available Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC is the most common and most aggressive form of renal cell cancer (RCC. The incidence of RCC has increased steadily in recent years. The pathogenesis of renal cell cancer remains poorly understood. Many of the tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and dysregulated pathways in ccRCC need to be revealed for improvement of the overall clinical outlook of the disease. Here, we developed a systems biology approach to prioritize the somatic mutated genes that lead to dysregulation of pathways in ccRCC. The method integrated multi-layer information to infer causative mutations and disease genes. First, we identified differential gene modules in ccRCC by coupling transcriptome and protein-protein interactions. Each of these modules consisted of interacting genes that were involved in similar biological processes and their combined expression alterations were significantly associated with disease type. Then, subsequent gene module-based eQTL analysis revealed somatic mutated genes that had driven the expression alterations of differential gene modules. Our study yielded a list of candidate disease genes, including several known ccRCC causative genes such as BAP1 and PBRM1, as well as novel genes such as NOD2, RRM1, CSRNP1, SLC4A2, TTLL1 and CNTN1. The differential gene modules and their driver genes revealed by our study provided a new perspective for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Moreover, we validated the results in independent ccRCC patient datasets. Our study provided a new method for prioritizing disease genes and pathways. Keywords: ccRCC, Causative mutation, Pathways, Protein-protein interaction, Gene module, eQTL

Clock gene modulates roles of OXTR and AVPR1b genes in prosociality.

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Haipeng Ci

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: The arginine vasopressin receptor (AVPR and oxytocin receptor (OXTR genes have been demonstrated to contribute to prosocial behavior. Recent research has focused on the manner by which these simple receptor genes influence prosociality, particularly with regard to the AVP system, which is modulated by the clock gene. The clock gene is responsible for regulating the human biological clock, affecting sleep, emotion and behavior. The current study examined in detail whether the influences of the OXTR and AVPR1b genes on prosociality are dependent on the clock gene. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This study assessed interactions between the clock gene (rs1801260, rs6832769 and the OXTR (rs1042778, rs237887 and AVPR1b (rs28373064 genes in association with individual differences in prosociality in healthy male Chinese subjects (n = 436. The Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM-R was used to assess prosociality. Participants carrying both the GG/GA variant of AVPR1b rs28373064 and the AA variant of clock rs6832769 showed the highest scores on the Emotional PTM. Carriers of both the T allele of OXTR rs1042778 and the C allele of clock rs1801260 showed the lowest total PTM scores compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The observed interaction effects provide converging evidence that the clock gene and OXT/AVP systems are intertwined and contribute to human prosociality.

Clock gene modulates roles of OXTR and AVPR1b genes in prosociality.

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Ci, Haipeng; Wu, Nan; Su, Yanjie

2014-01-01

The arginine vasopressin receptor (AVPR) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genes have been demonstrated to contribute to prosocial behavior. Recent research has focused on the manner by which these simple receptor genes influence prosociality, particularly with regard to the AVP system, which is modulated by the clock gene. The clock gene is responsible for regulating the human biological clock, affecting sleep, emotion and behavior. The current study examined in detail whether the influences of the OXTR and AVPR1b genes on prosociality are dependent on the clock gene. This study assessed interactions between the clock gene (rs1801260, rs6832769) and the OXTR (rs1042778, rs237887) and AVPR1b (rs28373064) genes in association with individual differences in prosociality in healthy male Chinese subjects (n = 436). The Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM-R) was used to assess prosociality. Participants carrying both the GG/GA variant of AVPR1b rs28373064 and the AA variant of clock rs6832769 showed the highest scores on the Emotional PTM. Carriers of both the T allele of OXTR rs1042778 and the C allele of clock rs1801260 showed the lowest total PTM scores compared with the other groups. The observed interaction effects provide converging evidence that the clock gene and OXT/AVP systems are intertwined and contribute to human prosociality.

A new gene in A. rubens: A sea star Ig kappa gene.

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Vincent, Nadine; Osteras, Magne; Otten, Patricia; Leclerc, Michel

2014-12-01

The sea star Asterias rubens reacts specifically to the antigen:HRP (horse-radish peroxydase) and produces an antibody anti-HRP. We previously identified a candidate Ig kappa gene corresponding to this manuscript. We show now the gene referred to as: "sea star Ig kappa gene in its specificity".

Evolution by Pervasive Gene Fusion in Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Synthesizing Genes

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Orla Coleman

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Phylogenetic (tree-based approaches to understanding evolutionary history are unable to incorporate convergent evolutionary events where two genes merge into one. In this study, as exemplars of what can be achieved when a tree is not assumed a priori, we have analysed the evolutionary histories of polyketide synthase genes and antibiotic resistance genes and have shown that their history is replete with convergent events as well as divergent events. We demonstrate that the overall histories of these genes more closely resembles the remodelling that might be seen with the children’s toy Lego, than the standard model of the phylogenetic tree. This work demonstrates further that genes can act as public goods, available for re-use and incorporation into other genetic goods.

Variations in CCL3L gene cluster sequence and non-specific gene copy numbers

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Edberg Jeffrey C

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Copy number variations (CNVs of the gene CC chemokine ligand 3-like1 (CCL3L1 have been implicated in HIV-1 susceptibility, but the association has been inconsistent. CCL3L1 shares homology with a cluster of genes localized to chromosome 17q12, namely CCL3, CCL3L2, and, CCL3L3. These genes are involved in host defense and inflammatory processes. Several CNV assays have been developed for the CCL3L1 gene. Findings Through pairwise and multiple alignments of these genes, we have shown that the homology between these genes ranges from 50% to 99% in complete gene sequences and from 70-100% in the exonic regions, with CCL3L1 and CCL3L3 being identical. By use of MEGA 4 and BioEdit, we aligned sense primers, anti-sense primers, and probes used in several previously described assays against pre-multiple alignments of all four chemokine genes. Each set of probes and primers aligned and matched with overlapping sequences in at least two of the four genes, indicating that previously utilized RT-PCR based CNV assays are not specific for only CCL3L1. The four available assays measured median copies of 2 and 3-4 in European and African American, respectively. The concordance between the assays ranged from 0.44-0.83 suggesting individual discordant calls and inconsistencies with the assays from the expected gene coverage from the known sequence. Conclusions This indicates that some of the inconsistencies in the association studies could be due to assays that provide heterogenous results. Sequence information to determine CNV of the three genes separately would allow to test whether their association with the pathogenesis of a human disease or phenotype is affected by an individual gene or by a combination of these genes.

Why is the correlation between gene importance and gene evolutionary rate so weak?

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Wang, Zhi; Zhang, Jianzhi

2009-01-01

One of the few commonly believed principles of molecular evolution is that functionally more important genes (or DNA sequences) evolve more slowly than less important ones. This principle is widely used by molecular biologists in daily practice. However, recent genomic analysis of a diverse array of organisms found only weak, negative correlations between the evolutionary rate of a gene and its functional importance, typically measured under a single benign lab condition. A frequently suggested cause of the above finding is that gene importance determined in the lab differs from that in an organism's natural environment. Here, we test this hypothesis in yeast using gene importance values experimentally determined in 418 lab conditions or computationally predicted for 10,000 nutritional conditions. In no single condition or combination of conditions did we find a much stronger negative correlation, which is explainable by our subsequent finding that always-essential (enzyme) genes do not evolve significantly more slowly than sometimes-essential or always-nonessential ones. Furthermore, we verified that functional density, approximated by the fraction of amino acid sites within protein domains, is uncorrelated with gene importance. Thus, neither the lab-nature mismatch nor a potentially biased among-gene distribution of functional density explains the observed weakness of the correlation between gene importance and evolutionary rate. We conclude that the weakness is factual, rather than artifactual. In addition to being weakened by population genetic reasons, the correlation is likely to have been further weakened by the presence of multiple nontrivial rate determinants that are independent from gene importance. These findings notwithstanding, we show that the principle of slower evolution of more important genes does have some predictive power when genes with vastly different evolutionary rates are compared, explaining why the principle can be practically useful