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Sample records for santiago chile holiday

  1. El Parque Portal Bicentenario en Santiago de Chile / Portal Bicentennial Park in Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Beach Lobos, Myriam;

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta los principios que orientaron el diseño del Parque Portal Bicentenario, un parque de 50 hás. que será el eje principal de la nueva urbanización “Ciudad Parque Bicentenario”, actualmente en construcción en los terrenos del ex aeropuerto de Los Cerrillos en Santiago de Chile.The following text was submitted to the Architecture Competition together with the project drawings. It presents the principles that leaded the design. The 123 acres park will be the main axis of a new urban development in Santiago “Ciudad Parque Bicentenario” at present under construction on the area occupied by the former Cerrillos Airport, Santiago de Chile.

  2. Una arteria norte-sur y el Santiago de Chile „non plus ultra’: la historia de un largo trayecto. / A north-south artery and Santiago de Chile 'non plus ultra

    OpenAIRE

    María Isabel Pavez Reyes

    2011-01-01

    Este escrito resume la prehistoria e historia del Complejo Vial Norte-Sur, de Santiago de Chile, como parte de las acciones del Estado de Chile, en la época del urbanismo realizado por el sector público. /This paper summarizes the prehistory and history of North-South Road Complex, Santiago de Chile, as part of the actions of the State of Chile, at the time of planning by the public sector.

  3. Estudio del campo ocupacional del traductor en Santiago de Chile (A Study of Opportunities for Professional Translators in Santiago, Chile).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cabrera, Ileana; And Others

    A study of translation as a profession in Chile covered two areas: a diagnostic study of the real need for literary, scientific, and technical translations, and a followup study of graduates of the translation degree program at the Catholic Pontifical University of Chile (Santiago). The analysis considered the relationship between the need for…

  4. Una arteria norte-sur y el Santiago de Chile „non plus ultra’: la historia de un largo trayecto. / A north-south artery and Santiago de Chile 'non plus ultra

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Isabel Pavez Reyes

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Este escrito resume la prehistoria e historia del Complejo Vial Norte-Sur, de Santiago de Chile, como parte de las acciones del Estado de Chile, en la época del urbanismo realizado por el sector público. /This paper summarizes the prehistory and history of North-South Road Complex, Santiago de Chile, as part of the actions of the State of Chile, at the time of planning by the public sector.

  5. Indicator based sustainability analysis of future energy situation of Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Stelzer, Volker; Quintero, Adriana; Vargas, Luis; Paredes, Gonzalo; Simon, Sonja; Nienhaus, Kristina; Kopfmüller, Jürgen

    2014-01-01

    Up to now, the Chilean Energy system has fulfilled the energy needs of Santiago de Chile considerably well. However, development trends of the current system impose significant future risks on the energy system. A detailed sustainability analysis of the energy sector of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile was conducted, using selected energy indicators and a distance-to-target approach. Risks for the sustainable development of the energy sector are detected, such...

  6. El Parque Portal Bicentenario en Santiago de Chile / Portal Bicentennial Park in Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Beach Lobos, Myriam;; Montealegre Klenner, Alberto

    2007-01-01

    Se presenta los principios que orientaron el diseño del Parque Portal Bicentenario, un parque de 50 hás. que será el eje principal de la nueva urbanización “Ciudad Parque Bicentenario”, actualmente en construcción en los terrenos del ex aeropuerto de Los Cerrillos en Santiago de Chile.The following text was submitted to the Architecture Competition together with the project drawings. It presents the principles that leaded the design. The 123 acres park will be the main axis of a new urban dev...

  7. Santiago de Chile, ¿ejemplo de una reestructuración capitalista global?

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    Luis Fuentes

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Términos como "ciudad global", "ciudad difusa", "ciudad dual", entre otros, merecen ser rediscutidos y contrastados con el proceso de transformaciones experimentado por Santiago de Chile producto de la reestructuración capitalista. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende discutir acerca de la conveniencia de otorgar a la capital de Chile éstos y otros adjetivos frecuentemente utilizados en la literatura urbanística internacional.Terms like "global city", "diffuse city", "dual city", among others, deserve to be discussed and contrasted with urban processes that are been taking part in Santiago de Chile in the last decades. This article attempts to discuss the convenience of grant to Chile’s capital city these and others adjectives, commonly used in the urban literature

  8. “Corte Transversal”: una mega escultura entre el río Mapocho y la autopista Costanera Norte en Santiago de Chile/ “Corte Transversal”: a mega sculpture between the Mapocho River and the Costanera Norte toll road in Santiago de Chile

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    Revista de Urbanismo, Departamento de Urbanismo de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Chile. (Reportaje de M.I.PavezR.- M.P.Henríquez.O

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available “Corte Transversal”: una mega escultura entre el río Mapocho y la autopista Costanera Norte en Santiago de Chile/“Corte Transversal”: a mega sculpture between the Mapocho River and the Costanera Norte toll road in Santiago de Chile

  9. When memory becomes heritage: Experiences from Santiago, Chile

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    Chiara Bianchini, Maria

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available This article explores the relationships between memory politics and urban heritage in the construction of a twenty-first century democratic society. It focuses on the case of Chile and concentrates on three examples of public buildings in the capital city, Santiago. Given what can be considered a difficult heritage –linked to the recent experience of dictatorship and state sponsored violence– these buildings have been in recent years objects of heritage politics, directed to address a public memory related to those events. Based on these case studies, the article critically discusses the materialization of the dominant human rights discourse in the current memory politics affecting Santiago’s urban heritage.Este artículo aborda las relaciones entre políticas de memoria y patrimonio urbano en el proceso de construcción de una sociedad democrática del siglo XXI. El análisis se centra en el caso de Chile y presenta tres ejemplos de edificios públicos de la capital, Santiago. Los tres sitios representan lo que puede considerarse un patrimonio difícil –vinculado a una reciente experiencia de dictadura y violencia de Estado– y, por esta razón, han sido objeto, en años recientes, de políticas patrimoniales dirigidas a gestionar la memoria pública de esos eventos. A través de estos casos, el artículo analiza críticamente la materialización del discurso dominante de los derechos humanos en las actuales políticas de memoria que afectan al patrimonio urbano de Santiago.

  10. Vialidad, Transporte y Planeamiento urbano-regional en Santiago de Chile, 1950-1979

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    María Isabel Pávez Reyes

    2007-04-01

    The thesis describes and interprets the work of Road Network and Transport 1950–1979 - in the frame of 50 years of the Planning State (1929-1979- in its capacity to contribute both to order the territory of the Inter communal and the region of Santiago, as well as the Interregion formed by Valparaíso-Santiago (Chile, and Mendoza (Argentina with a time horizon to the year 2000, contributing in this way to the discussion about the value of this experience of the Planning State of Chile. The hypothesis state: • That the preparation of the modern concepts of Roar Network and Transport had arisen from the group of Chilean architects devoted to Urban and Regional planning, which were thoughtful and critical with respect to part of the doctrines of the Modern Movement, and considered the road networks as the starting point for the territorial ordering relating the technical possibilities with the service of the Chilean urban regions. • That the work 1950-1979 in Road Network and Transport had been coherent with the coordinated growing forms proposed for the metropolis of Santiago in the inter-commune and in the region by the Urban and Regional Vialidad y Transporte en la Metrópolis de Santiago - nº 51 - marzo / abril 2007 5 Planning 1950-1979, becoming a structuring system properly connected to the national territory, and that would allow the access to the new human settlements metropolitan equipment prepared in the urban and regional territory, contributing to configure a modern urban region since it considered all its aspects as an “interior” from the point of view of sustainability and duration as a whole. • That the concept behind the work 1950-1979, had foreseen its projection on a central macro region of Chile, for being immersed in a bi national economy of three nucleuses, that considered Santiago, Valparaíso and Mendoza, the later in Argentina, which has the Corredor Transandino Central Valparaíso-Buenos Aires as the fundamental axle. • And that

  11. Surveillance System for Infectious Diseases of Pets, Santiago, Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    López, Javier; Abarca, Katia; Valenzuela, Berta; Lorca, Lilia; Olea, Andrea; Aguilera, Ximena

    2009-01-01

    Pet diseases may pose risks to human health but are rarely included in surveillance systems. A pilot surveillance system of pet infectious diseases in Santiago, Chile, found that 4 canine and 3 feline diseases accounted for 90.1% and 98.4% of notifications, respectively. Data also suggested association between poverty and pet diseases. PMID:19861073

  12. Creating Three New Bike Tours in Santiago de Chile Case Study: Huaso Tours & Bike Rental

    OpenAIRE

    Heino, Jenni

    2015-01-01

    The purpose of this Bachelor´s thesis was to create new bike tour services for the thesis case company Huaso Tours & Bike Rental, based in Santiago de Chile. The idea for the thesis was perceived from a free time activity of mountain biking in Santiago de Chile´s popular tourist attraction San Cristobal hill. This park draws thousands of bikers monthly to enjoy the green areas of the city, however, there is no mountain bike service offered to visit this hill. By conducting a small pre-researc...

  13. Thermal and lighting perception in four fully glazed office buildings in Santiago, Chile

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    Claudio Vásquez

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available Corresponding author: Claudio Vásquez, School of Architecture, Catholic University of Chile. 1916 El Comendador str. Providencia, Santiago, ZIP: 7530091, Chile. Tel.: +56 9 92826305; E-mail: clvasque@uc.cl This paper is part of a general research project whose main objective is to establish a baseline for post-occupancy energy consumption and indoor environmental quality for office buildings in Santiago, Chile. This study aims at understanding how architectonical variables relate to, and can even determine, user comfort perception. Thus, one-year continuous monitoring in several floors at four office buildings was performed and seasonal surveys were completed. Survey participants were asked a series of questions regarding spatial orientation and comfort perception in their workspace. The data from the comfort survey and onsite measurements such as season of the year, case study, type of workspace and possibility of an outdoor view from the workstation were contrasted with the components obtained by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA. Three components were selected from the PCA, and three Maps of Perception (MP were produced. These maps were then analyzed and interpreted so as to obtain information on the general perception of thermal and lighting comfort at workspaces within several office buildings in Santiago.

  14. Santiago de Chile, ¿ejemplo de una reestructuración capitalista global?

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    Luis Fuentes

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Términos como "ciudad global", "ciudad difusa", "ciudad dual", entre otros, merecen ser rediscutidos y contrastados con el proceso de transformaciones experimentado por Santiago de Chile producto de la reestructuración capitalista. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende discutir acerca de la conveniencia de otorgar a la capital de Chile éstos y otros adjetivos frecuentemente utilizados en la literatura urbanística internacional.

  15. Identidad y fronteras urbanas en Santiago de Chile

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    Francisca Márquez

    2003-12-01

    Full Text Available Este articulo analiza a través de un ejercicio etnográfico los procesos de construcción identitaria de los habitantes de barrios pobres y medios de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Se plantea que las identidades que alli se construyen son expresión de los procesos de segregación urbana de la ciudad de Santiago y ellas dan cuenta del debilitamiento de un modelo urbano asentado en la heterogeneidad social, la noción de espacio público y valores como la ciudadanía política y la integración social. Paradojalmente, esta misma segregación urbana abre también paso a un imaginario y una práctica de vida comunitaria y tribal que refuerza y protege al nosotros de la peligrosidad de los otros.

  16. A typology of female sex work in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Belmar, Julieta; Stuardo, Valeria; Folch, Cinta; Carvajal, Bielka; Clunes, Maria José; Montoliu, Alexandra; Casabona, Jordi

    2018-04-01

    In Chile, sex work takes place covertly in a variety of venues and locations. Formative research using time-location sampling methods is important in order to understand the nature of this diversity. This study used qualitative methods to develop a typology of female sex work in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, using semi-structured interviews, focus groups and ethnographic fieldwork during visits to sex work venues. The study identified seven types of venue, which reflect the context and regulatory framework of the country and the structural vulnerabilities that affect female sex workers in Chile. These venues and locations include: cafés con piernas (coffee with legs); nightclubs, topless bars and cabarets; brothels; hotels; street and highway soliciting; massage parlours; and private residences. Formative research methods were helpful in identifying and characterising the venues and locations in which sex work occurred. Barriers to accessing and mapping specific locations were also identified. Recommendations for addressing these barriers include working with non-governmental organisations to map venues and initiate contact with the populations of interest. A comprehensive typology of sex work in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, is an essential element for future time-location sampling and bio-behavioural research in the context of second-generation surveillance for HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Chile.

  17. Premarital sexual activity and contraceptive use in Santiago, Chile.

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    Herold, J M; Valenzuela, M S; Morris, L

    1992-01-01

    The Santiago Young Adult Reproductive Health Survey was conducted in 1988 to examine the sexual behavior of and contraceptive use among young adults in Chile. The survey was based on multistage household probability samples of 865 women and 800 men aged 15-24 who were living in Santiago in 1988. Findings show that 35 percent of females and 65 percent of males had had premarital intercourse. Among those who had done so, the median age at first experience was 18.4 years for women and 16.4 years for men. Only 20 percent of females and 19 percent of males used contraceptives at first premarital intercourse. Use of contraceptives increased with age at the time of that event. Fertility data reveal that 70 percent of first births were premaritally conceived, and more than one-third of these were born prior to union. The high rates of premarital and unintended pregnancy among young women and the low prevalence of effective contraceptive use indicate a need for greater emphasis on sex education and family planning services directed at adolescents and unmarried young adults in Santiago.

  18. La evaluación del proceso de descentralización en Santiago de Chile

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    Carlos GUERRA RODRÍGUEZ

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: Trás presentar el contexto creado por la Reforma Administrativa del Régimen Militar en Chile, se identifica la problemática que lleva a impulsar la Reforma Comunal de la provincia de Santiago. Se consideran objetivos, estrategias, localización, proceso, calendario y desarrollo de esta Reforma. Por último, se evalúa el alcance.ABSTRACT: After explaining the context created by the Administrative Reform of the Military Regime in Chile. The author identifies the problematic aspects which impulsed the communal reform in the Province of Santiago. In the article are considerated objectives, strategies, localizations, process, timing. and development of this reform. At the end. there is also an evaluation of its scope.

  19. Prevalence and correlates of physical fighting among school-going adolescents in Santiago, Chile Prevalencia e correlaciones de la lucha física entre adolescentes escolares en Santiago de Chile, Chile

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    Emmanuel Rudatsikira

    2008-09-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: There is a growing interest in injury as a public health issue across the world. There is paucity of data on the prevalence and social correlates of non-fatal interpersonal violence in low- and middle-income income nations. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of, and associated factors for physical fighting among school-going adolescents in Santiago, Chile. METHOD: We conducted a secondary analysis of the Chilean Global School-Based Health Survey conducted in 2004 in Santiago. We aimed to assess the prevalence and social correlates of having been involved in a physical fight in the prior 12 months. RESULTS: Of the 2111 respondents, 40.7% (54.3% males and 26.6% females reported having been in a physical fight in the prior 12 months. Males were more likely to have been in a physical fight than females [OR = 3.89, 95% CI (3.11, 4.85]. Substance use (cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol, and using drugs and bullying victimization were positively associated with fighting [OR = 3.05, 95% CI (2.40, 3.87 for substance use, and OR = 1.65, 95% CI (1.32, 2.05 for bullying]. Parental supervision was negatively associated with physical fighting [OR = 0.62, 95% CI (0.50, 0.78]. CONCLUSION: We have estimated the prevalence of having engaged in a physical fight among in-school adolescents in Santiago, Chile. We have found that the prevalence is similar to what has been reported in diverse settings in Africa, Europe and North America.OBJETIVO: Existe un creciente interés en el daño como un asunto de salud pública a través del mundo. Hay escasez de datos en la prevalencia y correlaciones sociales de violencia interpersonal no fatal, en naciones con bajos y medianos ingresos. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia y el factor asociado a lucha física entre estudiantes adolescentes en Santiago, Chile. MÉTODO: Hemos conducido un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Global Chilena de Salud Basada en Escuelas

  20. Metropolizaciones Colombia-Chile: Experiencias de Bogotá, Medellín, Santiago y Concepción

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    Luz Ángela Silva Álvarez

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available El libro Metropolizaciones Colombia-Chile: Experiencias de Bogotá, Medellín, Santiago y Concepción surge en el marco de la alianza entre dos grupos de investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia: el Grupo de Estudios sobre la Problemática Urbano-Regional en Colombia (Geourbe del Departamento de Geografía, sede Bogotá; y el de Dinámicas Urbano-Regionales de la Facultad de Arquitectura, sede Medellín. Posteriormente, la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile se sumó a la alianza con la organización del seminario Dinámicas Metropolitanas Colombia-Chile, diálogo entre Bogotá, Medellín, Santiago y Concepción, en noviembre de 2012 en la ciudad de Santiago. Los trabajos allí presentados fueron la base para la edición y materialización de esta interesante obra que contiene diecisiete textos, en los que se examina el proceso de metropolización en cuatro ciudades de Colombia y Chile desde diferentes perspectivas, donde el término ‘metropolizaciones’, en plural, sugiere la riqueza de aportes y enfoques tanto teóricos como metodológicos, expuestos para estudiar las metrópolis en cuanto a sus particularidades, formas y dinámicas resultantes.

  1. Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality

    Science.gov (United States)

    Francisco J. Escobedo; John E. Wagner; David J. Nowak; Carmen Luz De la Maza; Manuel Rodriguez; Daniel E. Crane

    2008-01-01

    Santiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 µm (PM10) in the Gran...

  2. Male attitudes to family planning education in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hall, M F

    1977-01-01

    Male attitudes toward family planning education were assessed through a study of 720 men in Santiago and 240 men in a nearby rural area of Chile. Interviews were conducted by male students at the University of Chile School of Public Health. A large majority of the men were using or planned to use contraception in the future. There was a near consensus that adults should be informed regarding family planning. More than a majority of the respondents favored provision of contraceptive information for unmarried women, but most did not approve of premarital sexual activity for females. Most respondents favored the teaching of sex education in schools "according to the age of the children." Younger and higher class males tended to hold the most liberal attitudes.

  3. Aerosol composition and source apportionment in Santiago de Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Artaxo, Paulo; Oyola, Pedro; Martinez, Roberto

    1999-04-01

    Santiago de Chile, São Paulo and Mexico City are Latin American urban areas that suffer from heavy air pollution. In order to study air pollution in Santiago area, an aerosol source apportionment study was designed to measure ambient aerosol composition and size distribution for two downtown sampling sites in Santiago. The aerosol monitoring stations were operated in Gotuzo and Las Condes during July and August 1996. The study employed stacked filter units (SFU) for aerosol sampling, collecting fine mode aerosol (dpsource apportionment was performed using Absolute Principal Factor Analysis (APFA). Very high aerosol concentrations were observed (up to 400 μg/m 3 PM 10). The main aerosol particle sources in Santiago are resuspended soil dust and traffic emissions. Coarse particles account for 63% of PM 10 aerosol in Gotuzo and 53% in Las Condes. A major part of this component is resuspended soil dust. In the fine fraction, resuspended soil dust accounts for 15% of fine mass, and the aerosols associated with transportation activities account for a high 64% of the fine particle mass. Sulfate particle is an important component of the aerosol in Santiago, mainly originating from gas-to-particle conversion from SO 2. In the Gotuzo site, sulfates are the highest aerosol component, accounting for 64.5% of fine mass. Direct traffic emissions are generally mixed with resuspended soil dust. It is difficult to separate the two components, because the soil dust in downtown Santiago is contaminated with Pb, Br, Cl, and other heavy metals that are also tracers for traffic emissions. Residual oil combustion is observed, with the presence of V, S and Ni. An aerosol components from industrial emissions is also present, with the presence of several heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and others. A factor with molybdenum, arsenic, copper and sulfur was observed frequently, and it results from emissions of copper smelters.

  4. Vivienda social periurbana en Santiago de Chile: la exclusión a escala regional del trasurbanita de Santiago de Chile

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    César Cáceres-Seguel

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available La localización periurbana de vivienda social en Santiago de Chile ha sido am-pliamente estudiada desde sus implicancias territoriales y políticas, sin embargo,poco sabemos del impacto de estas urbanizaciones en la calidad de vida delhabitante. Mediante entrevistas con residentes de proyectos localizados en Lampase sugiere el surgimiento detrasurbanitas, para ellos, el acceso a un bienestarbásico depende de habitar cotidianamente territorios fragmentados entre lavivienda periurbana y comunas centrales que albergan servicios urbanos elemen-tales. El subsidio de vivienda desencadena la exclusión a escala regional congrupos habitando bordes periurbanos carentes de transporte público eficiente yservicios básicos.

  5. Assessment of urban vulnerability towards floods using an indicator-based approach – a case study for Santiago de Chile

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    A. Müller

    2011-08-01

    Full Text Available Regularly occurring flood events do have a history in Santiago de Chile, the capital city of Chile and study area for this research. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are crucial prerequisites for the development of risk prevention measures. The goal of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards floods in Santiago de Chile as one component of flood risk. The analysis and assessment of vulnerability is based on the application of a multi-scale (individual, household, municipal level set of indicators and the use of a broad range of data. The case-specific set of indicators developed in this study shows the relevant variables and their interrelations influencing the flood vulnerability in the study area. It provides a decision support tool for stakeholders and allows for monitoring and evaluating changes over time. The paper outlines how GIS, census, and remote sensing data as well as household surveys and expert interviews are used as an information base for the derivation of a vulnerability map for two municipalities located in the eastern part of Santiago de Chile. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts and affected households is exemplified and discussed using the developed methodology.

  6. Cultural Identity and Citizenship in Poverty–Stricken Areas in Santiago, Chile

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    Cristian Cabalin

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available Based on a qualitative study in La Victoria, a shantytown in Santiago de Chile with a long history of urban mobilization that goes back to the 50's, this paper examines how cultural identities shape political representation and contribute to social exclusion. The results suggest that the origins of the shantytown left an important imprint on its residents delineating their cultural identity in ways that limit their political and social integration.

  7. Aerosol composition and source apportionment in Santiago de Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Artaxo, Paulo; Oyola, Pedro; Martinez, Roberto

    1999-01-01

    Santiago de Chile, Sao Paulo and Mexico City are Latin American urban areas that suffer from heavy air pollution. In order to study air pollution in Santiago area, an aerosol source apportionment study was designed to measure ambient aerosol composition and size distribution for two downtown sampling sites in Santiago. The aerosol monitoring stations were operated in Gotuzo and Las Condes during July and August 1996. The study employed stacked filter units (SFU) for aerosol sampling, collecting fine mode aerosol (dp 10 mass of particles smaller than 10 μm) and black carbon concentration were also measured. Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was used to measure the concentration of 22 trace elements at levels below 0.5 ng m -3 . Quantitative aerosol source apportionment was performed using Absolute Principal Factor Analysis (APFA). Very high aerosol concentrations were observed (up to 400 μg/m 3 PM 10 ). The main aerosol particle sources in Santiago are resuspended soil dust and traffic emissions. Coarse particles account for 63% of PM 10 aerosol in Gotuzo and 53% in Las Condes. A major part of this component is resuspended soil dust. In the fine fraction, resuspended soil dust accounts for 15% of fine mass, and the aerosols associated with transportation activities account for a high 64% of the fine particle mass. Sulfate particle is an important component of the aerosol in Santiago, mainly originating from gas-to-particle conversion from SO 2 . In the Gotuzo site, sulfates are the highest aerosol component, accounting for 64.5% of fine mass. Direct traffic emissions are generally mixed with resuspended soil dust. It is difficult to separate the two components, because the soil dust in downtown Santiago is contaminated with Pb, Br, Cl, and other heavy metals that are also tracers for traffic emissions. Residual oil combustion is observed, with the presence of V, S and Ni. An aerosol components from industrial emissions is also present, with the presence of

  8. Informality wears uniform: Beauty salons’ workers in Santiago, Chile

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    Rosario Palacios Ruiz de Gamboa

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available This article examines how flexible work economy has been affecting a group of beauty salons’ workers in Santiago, Chile. They do not have a work contract and receive their payment as if they were giving an independent service, but depend on the rules their bosses impose them. The kind of work described in the article appears to be a new arrangement within the context of urban informality, which has present and future implications regarding social security and uncertainty. Drawing on ethnographic observation in four beauty salons, I describe how the embodied belief of being an independent worker helps to enact many skills required by the flexible work economy.

  9. Asociaciones políticas de inmigrantes peruanos y la "Lima Chica" en Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Luque Brazán, José Carlos

    2007-01-01

    El presente trabajo describe y examina la emergencia y desarrollo de tres asociaciones políticas de inmigrantes peruanos y su relación con el surgimiento de un "vecindario cultural", conocido por sus habitantes, la prensa chilena y algunos investigadores como la "Lima Chica", en Santiago de Chile. Nos referimos al Comité de Refugiados Peruanos en Chile, a la Asociación de Inmigrantes por la Integración Latinoamericana y del Caribe (APILA) y al Programa Andino para la Dignidad Humana (Proandes...

  10. Ecological Factors and Adolescent Marijuana Use: Results of a Prospective Study in Santiago, Chile

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    Jorge Delva

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available Purpose: Despite the growing evidence that ecological factors contribute to substance use, the relationship of ecological factors and illicit drugs such as marijuana use is not well understood, particularly among adolescents in Latin America. Guided by social disorganization and social stress theories, we prospectively examined the association of disaggregated neighborhood characteristics with marijuana use among adolescents in Santiago, Chile, and tested if these relationships varied by sex. Methods: Data for this study are from 725 community-dwelling adolescents participating in the Santiago Longitudinal Study, a study of substance using behaviors among urban adolescents in Santiago, Chile. Adolescents completed a two-hour interviewer administered questionnaire with questions about drug use and factors related to drug using behaviors. Results: As the neighborhood levels of drug availability at baseline increased, but not crime or noxious environment, adolescents had higher odds of occasions of marijuana use at follow up, approximately 2 years later (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.16–1.66, even after controlling for the study’s covariates. No interactions by sex were significant. Discussion: The findings suggest that “poverty”, “crime”, and “drug problems” may not be synonyms and thus can be understood discretely. As Latin American countries re-examine their drug policies, especially those concerning decriminalizing marijuana use, the findings suggest that attempts to reduce adolescent marijuana use in disadvantaged neighborhoods may do best if efforts are concentrated on specific features of the “substance abuse environment”.

  11. Indios urbanos: inmigraciones, alteridad y ladinización en Santiago de Chile (siglos XVI-XVII

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    Jaime Valenzuela Márquez

    2014-05-01

    Full Text Available During the period following the Conquista and when the Santiago de Chile's urban society was formed, one can observe various indigenous peoples that migrated to the city: Andinos, Huarpes of Cuyo, Juries from Tucaman, and Mapuche-Huilliches from the south of the Kingdom of Chile. The objective of this article is to show the great geographic and ethnic diversity of the city by studying the arrival, deployment and mobility of these actors and their descendants, as well as their forms of settlement and their strategies for integration.

  12. Epidemiología de las consultas pediátricas respiratorias en Santiago de Chile desde 1993 a 2009 Epidemiology of pediatric respiratory consultations in Santiago de Chile, from 1993 to 2009

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    Pedro Astudillo

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: El presente trabajo se propone describir la metodología de análisis y la distribución global de las consultas de morbilidad -particularmente las de tipo respiratorio- en menores de 15 años de edad de la ciudad Santiago de Chile, Chile, con el objetivo de conocer sus diferencias según grupos etarios, su comportamiento estacional y su evolución a lo largo de los años. MÉTODOS: Se investigó la distribución de las consultas de morbilidad pediátrica (CP -en especial las respiratorias- y su evolución en un período de 17 años. En siete centros centinela de Santiago de Chile se recolectó prospectivamente información diaria de todas las CP, agrupadas en infecciones no respiratorias e infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA. RESULTADOS: Entre enero de 1993 y diciembre de 2009 se registraron 1 947 477 CP, de las cuales 1 188 029 (61,0% fueron por causa respiratoria: 656 567 (33,7% por enfermedad respiratoria aguda de vía aérea baja (IRAb, 418 932 (21,5% por síndrome bronquial obstructivo (SBO y 48 669 (2,5% por neumonía. Neumonía y SBO fueron más frecuentes en menores de 5 años. Las IRAb, SBO y neumonía presentaron una significativa tendencia a la disminución durante el período observado. Las IRA constituyen la primera causa de CP en atención primaria de salud y el SBO es la primera causa específica de consulta pediátrica. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados enfatizan la necesidad de asignar o redestinar recursos en programas de promoción, educación, prevención y tratamiento de estas enfermedades, con la debida focalización que determina su variación estacional.OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the analytical methodology and overall distribution of these consultations-particularly respiratory consultations-for children under 15 years of age in Santiago de Chile, Chile. The aim is to understand differences by age groups, as well as seasonal trends and trends over the years. METHODS: The research covered the distribution of

  13. Historia de la universalización del acceso al agua y alcantarillado en Santiago de Chile (1970-1995

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    GÉRALDINE PFLIEGER

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available ¿Cuáles son los factores que explican la universalización de las redes de agua y de saneamiento en Santiago de Chile? Analizaremos los papeles respectivos de las políticas de la vivienda y de las primeras reformas del servicio en la universalización del acceso al agua potable a lo largo de los ochenta. En una segunda fase, destacaremos las dificultades que trae para estas redes el crecimiento urbano del Gran Santiago en los ochenta, las que generan una segunda ola de reformas. Estudiaremos, finalmente, el diseño de la reforma reglamentaria y gerencial de 1989 y sus efectos en términos de accesibilidad espacial y social al servicio.What factors explain the growth of universal access to potable water and sewage networks in Santiago, Chile? We will analyse the respective roles of housing policies and the first wave of service reforms in achieving universal access to drinking water during the 1980s. The second part of the article focuses on the difficulties linked to urban growth in Gran Santiago that coincided with the expansion of water and sewer lines during the 1980s, eventually leading to a second wave of reforms. Finally, we shall examine the design of the 1989 regulatory and management reforms and their effects on service access as it varies by social group and geographic location.

  14. Air pollution in Santiago (Chile) as a studied by nuclear and other techniques

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Toro, P.

    1994-01-01

    Santiago, the capital of Chile is becoming one of the most polluted cities in the world as regards its atmospheric environment. The present project aims at comparing the composition of airborne particulate matter collected in Santiago with other collected in a clear area and to optimize the analytical methodology, based on NAA, XRF and PIXE, for this type of samples. The possibility of using total reflection XRF (TRXRF) for quantitative determination of air particulate matter will be evaluated. Analysis of wet deposition by ion chromatography and TRXRF will also be performed. The feasibility of using biomonitors for environmental pollution purposes will also be studied. The project foresees the evaluation of the analytical data as regards its analytical quality and its statistical interpretation. The identification of emission sources will be attempted. (author). 7 refs, 1 fig., 3 tabs

  15. USO DE BIOSÓLIDOS EN LA REHABILITACIÓN DE ÁREA EN EL RELLENO SANITARIO SANTIAGO PONIENTE-CHILE

    OpenAIRE

    Lucrecia Brutti; Valentina Vallejos

    2012-01-01

    Se evalúan distintas especies herbáceas como estabilizadoras de taludes sobre una mezcla de suelo con biosólidos en el Relleno Sanitario Santiago Poniente en Santiago, Región Metropolitana (Chile), con el fin de recuperar el suelo. Se determina el comportamiento de cuatro tratamientos, tres corresponden a diferentes mezclas herbáceas más uno que actuó como testigo, la mezcla de suelo utilizada contenía un 15% de biosólido. Se utilizó un diseño estadístico de Cuadrado Latino, con cuatro repeti...

  16. Living City: community mobilization to build active transport policies and programs in Santiago, Chile

    OpenAIRE

    L. Sagaris

    2010-01-01

    Although the usefulness of walking and cycling to promote health is increasingly recognized, the importance of civil society leadership in developing new policies and activities is often overlooked. This case study, of Living City (Ciudad Viva) a community-based organization in Santiago, Chile, examines how several communities used knowledge about transport’s impact on the environment and health, gained through opposition to a major highway project, to build effective sustainable urban transp...

  17. Posicionamiento de las mujeres como locutoras en las transmisiones de programas radiales en Santiago de Chile

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Tomas, Dodds.; Amor, I.M.

    2016-01-01

    Este artículo busca describir el rol de las mujeres en las radios de Frecuencia Modulada que transmiten en Santiago de Chile. Para ello levanta información respecto a la cantidad de mujeres que ocupan roles de locución y observa a través de la categorización de los programas qué espacios se les han

  18. Las aguas en la estructura urbana de Santiago de Chile.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jonás Figueroa Salas

    2009-07-01

    The water resources are necessary for development of production processes, human consumption and as a climate and landscape, among others. The last time the weather events have transformed the waters in dire terms of natural disasters, with a high impact on the people and the natural and built heritage in urban areas. This article presents some scope of an investigation about the role of river water and rainwater in the urban morphological structure of the nineteenth century city and the physical growth of the twentieth century. It concludes with the idea of turning water into instruments of sustainability in order to redevelop large parts of Santiago de Chile lacking quality elements, thereby surpassing the treatment of public works exclusively with which today is handled the issue.

  19. Actitudes lingüísticas en Santiago de Chile

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    Darío Rojas

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available Resumen Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de hablantes nativos de español de la ciudad de Santiago, hacia al español de Chile y hacia el español de los otros países hispanohablantes: El artículo es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America, financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN. La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital del país, entrevistando una muestra de 400 informantes estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Entre nuestros hallazgos, destacan los siguientes: 1 los santiaguinos muestran seguridad lingüística en comparación con variedades regionales del español de Chile, pero una gran inseguridad cuando se comparan con el habla de otros países; 2 sus actitudes se ven influenciadas tanto por características lingüísticas (modelo ideal de lengua, conservador y de raigambre colonial como por características extralingüísticas (estatus social; 3 el concepto de mayor peso dentro de la ideología lingüística de los santiaguinos es la corrección idiomática, que se articula con otros dos conceptos clave: el de unidad lingüística y el de entendimiento (o comprensión lingüística. Abstract This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of Spanish speakers from Santiago, towards Spanish spoken in Chile and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America, funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN. The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 400 persons based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. Our main findings are the following: 1 Santiaguinos show linguistic confidence when they compare their speech to regional varieties of Chilean Spanish, but they show great insecurity when they compare their speech to those of other

  20. Death of two slender-billed parakeet (King (Enicognathus leptorhynchus (Aves, Psittacidae by Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Froelich, 1789, Railliet & Henry, 1914 at the National Zoo of Santiago, Chile Morte de dois psitacideos (king Enicognathus leptorhynchus (Aves, Psittacidae por Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Froelich, 1789, Railliet & Henry, 1914 no Zoológico Nacional de Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    D. González-Acuña

    2007-04-01

    Full Text Available No Zoológico Nacional do Parque Metropolitano de Santiago, Chile, foram encontrados dois psitacídeos Enicognathus leptorhynchus, mortos pelo nematódeo Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Froelich, 1789. Este é o primeiro registro desse nematódeo em E. leptorhynchus e também o primeiro registro deste parasito no Chile.

  1. Parasitic survey on introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus in Santiago, Chile

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    Cristóbal Briceño

    Full Text Available Abstract Central Chile has been identified as a unique ecosystem with high conservation priority because of its high levels of endemism and intensive anthropic pressure. Over a period of almost four decades, the monk parakeet has been successful in establishing and dispersing in urban Santiago, although little is known about its potential impact. Furthermore, nothing is known about its epidemiological risks towards animals or even humans. For this reason, we conducted the first parasitic survey of monk parakeets in Chile through capture, necropsy and thorough external and internal inspection of 92 adult individuals. Among these, 45.7% presented lice that were identified as Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1.1% had mesostigmatid acari and 8.9% had free-ranging acari. Among 89 parakeets, 19.1% had structures identified as Cryptosporidium sp. This study provides the first description of Cryptosporidium sp. in monk parakeets. Along with the presence of a mesostigmatid acarus in one parakeet, this serves as a public health warning, given that both of these parasites have zoonotic potential.

  2. Evolution of aerosol loading in Santiago de Chile between 1997 and 2014

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pistone, Kristina; Gallardo, Laura

    2015-04-01

    While aerosols produced by major cities are a significant component of anthropogenic climate forcing as well as an important factor in public health, many South American cities have not been a major focus of aerosol studies due in part to relatively few long-term observations in the region. Here we present a synthesis of the available data for the emerging megacity of Santiago, Chile. We report new results from a recent NASA AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) site in the Santiago basin, combining these with previous AERONET observations in Santiago as well as with a new assessment of the 11-station air quality monitoring network currently administered by the Chilean Environment Ministry (MMA, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente) to assess changes in aerosol composition since 1997. While the average surface concentration of pollution components (specifically PM2.5 and PM10) has decreased, no significant change in total aerosol optical depth was observed. However, changes in aerosol size and composition are suggested by the proxy measurements. Previous studies have revealed limitations in purely satellite-based studies over Santiago due to biases from high surface reflection in the region, particularly in summer months (e.g. Escribano et al 2014). To overcome this difficulty and certain limitations in the air quality data, we next incorporate analysis of aerosol products from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument along with those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, both on NASA's Terra satellite, to better quantify the high bias of MODIS. Thus incorporating these complementary datasets, we characterize the aerosol over Santiago over the period 1997 to 2014, including the evolution of aerosol properties over time and seasonal dependencies in the observed trends. References: Escribano et al (2014), "Satellite Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth over a Subtropical Urban Area: The Role of Stratification and Surface

  3. Characterization of airborne particulate matter in Santiago, Chile. Part 6: elemental determination by neutron activation analysis

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cassorla, V.; Rojas, X.; Andonie, O.; Gras, N.

    1995-01-01

    Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used for the chemical characterization of airborne particulate matter from some locations in the city of Santiago, Chile. The following elements were determined: Al, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Na, Sb, Sc, V y Zn. The accuracy of the experimental procedure was evaluated using a standard reference material. (author). 3 refs, 3 figs, 4 tabs

  4. Children at risk: A comparison of child pedestrian traffic collisions in Santiago, Chile, and Seoul, South Korea.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blazquez, Carola; Lee, Jae Seung; Zegras, Christopher

    2016-01-01

    We examine and compare pedestrian-vehicle collisions and injury outcomes involving school-age children between 5 and 18 years of age in the capital cities of Santiago, Chile, and Seoul, South Korea. We conduct descriptive analysis of the child pedestrian-vehicle collision (P-VC) data (904 collisions for Santiago and 3,505 for Seoul) reported by the police between 2010 and 2011. We also statistically analyze factors associated with child P-VCs, by both incident severity and age group, using 3 regression models: negative binomial, probit, and spatial lag models. Descriptive statistics suggest that child pedestrians in Seoul have a higher risk of being involved in traffic crashes than their counterparts in Santiago. However, in Seoul a greater proportion of children are unharmed as a result of these incidents, whereas more child pedestrians are killed in Santiago. Younger children in Seoul suffer more injuries from P-VCs than in Santiago. The majority of P-VCs in both cities tend to occur in the afternoon and evening, at intersections in Santiago and at midblock locations in Seoul. Our model results suggest that the resident population of children is positively associated with P-VCs in both cities, and school concentrations apparently increase P-VC risk among older children in Santiago. Bus stops are associated with higher P-VCs in Seoul, and subway stations relate to higher P-VCs among older children in Santiago. Zone-level land use mix was negatively related to child P-VCs in Seoul but not in Santiago. Arterial roads are associated with fewer P-VCs, especially for younger children in both cities. A share of collector roads is associated with increased P-VCs in Seoul but fewer P-VCs in Santiago. Hilliness is related to fewer P-VCs in both cities. Differences in these model results for Santiago and Seoul warrant additional analysis, as do the differences in results across model type (negative binomial versus spatial lag models). To reduce child P-VCs, this study

  5. Lead isotopic characterization of respirable urban aerosols and related sources, Santiago-Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Diaz, M; Kawashita, K; Antinao, J.L

    2001-01-01

    Santiago de Chile is located in a poorly ventilated valley at 33 o 30' latitude south at an altitude of 550m. Local climate is semi-arid with mean annual rainfall below 350mm. The atmospheric particles constitute one of the main factors of urban air pollution in the city. Morphological characterization of airborne particles of Santiago done by Scanning Electron Microscopy showed the presence of three groups of particles: crystalline. spherical and agglomerate particles. The crystalline shapes originated in geologic sources have perfectly defined crystallographic parameters. The agglomerated shapes are formed by organic material and submicrometrical mineral particles derived from combustion of fossil fuel and the spherical shapes are products of metallurgical activities. Some of them could been associated with the wear of motorcars. Samples of aerosols. sediments and leaded petrol of different distributors were collected. Aerosols were sampled in two sites of Santiago: the Movil monitoring station, at east of the city, and Parque O'Higgins monitoring station in downtown. These two monitoring stations belong to the MACAM network. Sediments of Mapocho, Maipo, San Francisco and Zanjon de la Aguada rivers and two samples from Disputada and Merceditas ores were studied. All the samples have been measured for their 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios. The experimental chemical procedures of sample dissolution and Pb separation by anion exchange chromatography were developed in the Sernageomin clean laboratory of Santiago de Chile. The isotopic measurements were made using a VG-Sector isotope ratio mass spectrometer fitted with a thermal ion source, multi Faraday collector and Daly collector of the Isotopic Geology Laboratory in the Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The measurements were corrected using NBS 981 and 982 standards. Isotopic results plotted in a 208 Pb/ 204 Pb versus 206 Pb/ 204 Pb diagram and in a 207 Pb/ 204 Pb versus

  6. Factores asociados a satisfacción vital en una cohorte de adultos mayores de Santiago, Chile Factors associated with life satisfaction in a cohort of older people in Santiago, Chile

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    Álvaro Castillo-Carniglia

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre satisfacción vital con el nivel socioeconómico y el autorreporte del estado de salud en una cohorte de adultos mayores de Santiago de Chile en los años 2005 y 2006. Métodos: Estudio transversal que incluyó 2002 sujetos entre 65 y 67,9 años de edad, registrados en 20 centros de salud primaria del Gran Santiago, autovalentes, sin deterioro cognitivo, sospecha de cáncer ni enfermedad terminal. Se evaluó la satisfacción vital mediante la adaptación abreviada de una escala de satisfacción con la vida (de 0 a 11, además de los ingresos económicos, el nivel de educación, el apoyo social y autorreporte del estado de salud y la memoria. Se utilizó un modelo log-binomial para analizar la asociación entre las variables evaluadas y los extremos del puntaje de satisfacción vital (cuartil 4 frente a 1. Resultados: Se observó una asociación significativa (análisis bivariado y multivariado entre satisfacción vital e ingresos económicos en los hombres, y en ambos sexos con el apoyo social, el autorreporte de salud, la memoria y los diagnósticos de problemas articulares, diabetes e hipertensión. Conclusión: La situación económica, el apoyo social y el estado de salud se asocian de forma independiente con la satisfacción vital en los adultos mayores de Santiago. Se requieren nuevos estudios para evaluar la dirección temporal del efecto, así como las implicaciones de estos hallazgos en las políticas públicas de salud en esta población.Objective: To evaluate the association between life satisfaction and socioeconomic status and self-reported health in a cohort of older people in Santiago, Chile, in 2005 and 2006. Methods: We interviewed 2002 individuals aged 65 to 67.9 years registered in 20 primary care centers in the city of Santiago. Participants were living independently with no cognitive impairment, suspected cancer or terminal diseases. We assessed life satisfaction using an abbreviated

  7. Residential Solar PV Planning in Santiago, Chile: Incorporating the PM10 Parameter

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gustavo Cáceres

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available This paper addresses an economic study of the installation of photovoltaic (PV solar panels for residential power generation in Santiago, Chile, based on the different parameters of a PV system, such as efficiency. As a performance indicator, the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE was used, which indicates the benefit of the facility vs. the current cost of electrical energy. In addition, due to a high level of airborne dusts typically associated with PM10, the effect of the dust deposition on PV panels’ surfaces and the effect on panel performance are examined. Two different scenarios are analyzed: on-grid PV plants and off-grid PV plants.

  8. GORDURA, DISCRIMINACIÓN Y CLASISMO: UN ESTUDIO EN JÓVENES DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

    OpenAIRE

    María Alejandra Energici Sprovera; Elaine Acosta Gonzáles; Florencia Borquez Grancelli; Macarena Huaiquimilla Paredes

    2017-01-01

    Resumen El estudio de la obesidad desde la psicología social se ha realizado principalmente desde una aproximación cognitivo conductual omitiendo los contextos sociales en que se realizan juicios discriminadores. Con el objetivo de comprender los significados con que se construye la gordura y su interacción con otras formas de exclusión social, hemos realizado un estudio cualitativo de jóvenes de Santiago de Chile. Trabajamos con tres grupos de discusión, que analizamos siguiendo las directri...

  9. Respiratory disease and particulate air pollution in Santiago Chile: Contribution of erosion particles from fine sediments

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Garcia-Chevesich, Pablo A.; Alvarado, Sergio; Neary, Daniel G.; Valdes, Rodrigo; Valdes, Juan; Aguirre, Juan José; Mena, Marcelo; Pizarro, Roberto; Jofré, Paola; Vera, Mauricio; Olivares, Claudio

    2014-01-01

    Air pollution in Santiago is a serious problem every winter, causing thousands of cases of breathing problems within the population. With more than 6 million people and almost two million vehicles, this large city receives rainfall only during winters. Depending on the frequency of storms, statistics show that every time it rains, air quality improves for a couple of days, followed by extreme levels of air pollution. Current regulations focus mostly on PM10 and PM2.5, due to its strong influence on respiratory diseases. Though more than 50% of the ambient PM10s in Santiago is represented by soil particles, most of the efforts have been focused on the remaining 50%, i.e. particulate material originating from fossil and wood fuel combustion, among others. This document emphasizes the need for the creation of erosion/sediment control regulations in Chile, to decrease respiratory diseases on Chilean polluted cities. - We emphasize the urgent need to implement erosion and sediment control politics in Santiago, to decrease PM10 concentrations in the city's air, based on the US experience

  10. Formación de un enclave transnacional en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile

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    Carolina Stefoni

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available La llegada de inmigrantes a Chile ha transformado distintos lugares de Santiago, siendo un caso emblemático el sector de Plaza de Armas, centro histórico de la ciudad aquí analizado. Se sostiene que la concentración de actividades comerciales y prácticas cotidianas de los migrantes configuran un enclave transnacional. El objetivo del artículo es ofrecer un modelo de análisis que permita reconocer, describir y comprender el carácter transnacional que puede adquirir un espacio como el que se encuentra en la ciudad de Santiago. Utilizando el caso de los cibercafés emplazados dentro del enclave, se analizarán las prácticas y relaciones sociales, así como las materialidades que circulan y se desarrollan de manera transfronteriza. El objetivo es analizar cómo estas tres dimensiones configuran un modo de habitar que logra construir el carácter transnacional que adquiere el enclave.

  11. Thermal and lighting perception in four fully glazed office buildings in Santiago, Chile

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    Claudio Vásquez Záldivar

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available This paper is part of a general research project whose main objective is to establish a baseline for post-occupancy energy consumption and indoor environmental quality for office buildings in Santiago, Chile. This study aims at understanding how architectonical variables relate to, and can even determine, user comfort perception.  Thus, one-year continuous monitoring in several floors at four office buildings was performed and seasonal surveys were completed.  Survey participants were asked a series of questions regarding spatial orientation and comfort perception in their workspace.The data from the comfort survey and onsite measurements such as season of the year, case study, type of workspace and possibility of an outdoor view from the workstation were contrasted with the components obtained by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA. Three components were selected from the PCA, and three Maps of Perception (MP were produced. These maps were then analyzed and interpreted so as to obtain information on the general perception of thermal and lighting comfort at workspaces within several office buildings in Santiago.

  12. Development of methods for evaluating options for improving air quality in Santiago, Chile and its environs. Final report

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Williams, M.D.; Brown, M.J.

    1993-10-01

    Santiago, Chile has a serious air pollution problem. Aerosols reach very high levels and ozone exceeds US ambient standards on over 100 days a year. Chileans are very concerned about the poor air quality of Santiago and the effect of emissions from their copper smelters both near Santiago and at other sites. Officials from both the Santiago metropolitan air quality commission (La Comision Especial de Descontaminacion de le Region Metropolitana) and a government owned copper development company (La Empress Nacional de Mineria (ENAMI)) have asked for assistance to deal with the air quality problems in the city and associated with smelter emissions. This report describes the first steps in that effort. Santiago lies in a valley between a small coastal range to the west and the towering Andes to the cast. Air motion is greatly affected by the major topographical features which include the Pacific Ocean, the coastal range, and the Andes. In this first year of work the authors concentrated on gathering information on the meteorology, topography, and air quality of the metropolitan region. They examined two smelter sites and applied models to them to help their understanding and to provide assistance to ENAMI. One smelter, Ventanas, was located on the Pacific coast to the northwest of Santiago, while the other, Paipote, was located several hundred kilometers to the north. The Ventanas emissions may potentially affect Santiago air quality. Several advantages of working with the smelters in the first phase of the project are: (1) there is more monitoring in the vicinity of the smelters, (2) the development of a useful emission inventory is easier, (3) they pose a simpler problem of immediate interest whose resolution will provide an early benefit to the Chilean colleagues, and (4) the authors gain important experience as they prepare to delve deeper into Santiago`s air pollution problems.

  13. LOCALIZACIONES PARA UNA ESPACIALIDAD: TERRITORIOS DE LA MIGRACIÓN PERUANA EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE

    OpenAIRE

    Garcés H, Alejandro

    2012-01-01

    El siguiente artículo aborda algunas transformaciones del espacio urbano de santiago de Chile que son inducidas o producidas a partir del proceso de incremento del flujo migratorio peruano de los últimos 15 años. Desde una perspectiva etnográfica y a través de las biografías y trayectorias individuales de los migrantes y de la observación de sus usos y apropiaciones de los espacios urbanos, se ha detectado la configuración de éstos como locus proveedores de recursos para las nuevas comunidade...

  14. Modelos, tendencias y cotidianidades en los inicios de la Cárcel Penitenciaria de Santiago de Chile.1843-1860.

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    Alessandro Monteverde Sánchez

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available En Chile durante el siglo XIX, se inició una reforma del sistema carcelario que buscó eliminar los Presidios Ambulantes y una serie vicios en las Cárceles Públicas y Casas Correccionales. Implementando así, un sistema penitenciario que intentó reproducir los tratamientos penitenciarios desarrollados principalmente en Estados Unidos y Europa. La élite criolla respaldo la reforma levantando un discurso político a través de recomendaciones y exposiciones, que se materializaron en la creación por ley de la Cárcel Penitenciaria de Santiago en 1843. En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis de carácter histórico, respecto al primer periodo de discusiones y debates a nivel político a propósito de la reforma del sistema de prisiones en Chile y del tipo de tratamiento penitenciario adoptado luego de la construcción de la Cárcel Penitenciaria de Santiago. Dicho objeto, se logra a través de la utilización de una metodología heurística, revisión de fuentes de archivo documental y una relevante discusión bibliográfica, a propósito de la justificación política del castigo penitenciario, en tanto política nacional y reforma del individuo criminal, contrastándolo estos elementos con los registros del régimen interno de la Cárcel Penitenciaria de Santiago durante los años 1858 y 1860, bajo la administración del Superintendente Waldo Silva.

  15. Impact of Santiago de Chile urban atmospheric pollution on anthropogenic trace elements enrichment in snow precipitation at Cerro Colorado, Central Andes

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cereceda-Balic, F.; Palomo-Marín, M. R.; Bernalte, E.; Vidal, V.; Christie, J.; Fadic, X.; Guevara, J. L.; Miro, C.; Pinilla Gil, E.

    2012-02-01

    Seasonal snow precipitation in the Andes mountain range is evaluated as an environmental indicator of the composition of atmospheric emissions in Santiago de Chile metropolitan area, by measuring a set of representative trace elements in snow samples by ICP-MS. Three late winter sampling campaigns (2003, 2008 and 2009) were conducted in three sampling areas around Cerro Colorado, a Central Andes mountain range sector NE of Santiago (36 km). Nevados de Chillán, a sector in The Andes located about 500 km south from the metropolitan area, was selected as a reference area. The experimental results at Cerro Colorado and Nevados de Chillán were compared with previously published data of fresh snow from remote and urban background sites. High snow concentrations of a range of anthropogenic marker elements were found at Cerro Colorado, probably derived from Santiago urban aerosol transport and deposition combined with the effect of mining and smelting activities in the area, whereas Nevados de Chillán levels roughly correspond to urban background areas. Enhanced concentrations in surface snow respect to deeper samples are discussed. Significant differences found between the 2003, 2008 and 2009 anthropogenic source markers profiles at Cerro Colorado sampling points were correlated with changes in emission sources at the city. The preliminary results obtained in this study, the first of this kind in the southern hemisphere, show promising use of snow precipitation in the Central Andes as a suitable matrix for receptor model studies aimed at identifying and quantifying pollution sources in Santiago de Chile.

  16. INMIGRACIÓN Y RACISMO: EXPERIENCIAS DE LA NIÑEZ PERUANA EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE

    OpenAIRE

    Pavez Soto,Iskra

    2012-01-01

    El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las experiencias de discriminación y racismo que han vivido las niñas y los niños peruanos inmigrantes en Santiago de Chile, a partir de la perspectiva de género y la comprensión teórica de la sociología de la infancia, que entiende a este como grupo social con capacidad de agencia. Se constata que el contexto social y económico determina situaciones de precariedad y exclusión para las familias peruanas; un escenario que agudiza la discriminación y el ...

  17. Staying in the Global City: Patterns of Luxury Hotel Localization in Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodrigo Hidalgo

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available Chile, for a long time a backwater of international tourism, is about to turn itself into a top–end destination, with the capital Santiago taking a leading role. In recent decades, international chains have constructed numerous luxury hotels aimed at the requirements of international city and business tourists. The continuing bicentric orientation of the city (core city and ‘modern town’, which has withstood all fragmentation processes, has led to a polycentric distribution of luxury hotels, with the largest, most expensive and most luxurious hotels situated in the ‘modern town’. The airport, the innovation centers and business parks, as well as the city center, have also seen investment. When compared with models of hotel localization in cities, it is evident that Santiago has overcome the traditional model of city tourism under the influence of globalization trends. Today the needs of global travelers, both city and business tourists, transport links and the surroundings of the hotels play an important role. This is reflected in the pricing structure and the distribution of luxury hotels across the city.

  18. Capital social y participación,una perspectiva desde el Cono Sur de América: Porto Alegre, Montevideo y Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Patricio Valdivieso

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available En este estudio presento evidencias sobre la participación ciudadana y el Capital Social (CS en tres casos sudamericanos - Porto Alegre, Montevideo y Santiago de Chile-, con el propósito de revitalizar el debate sobre la opinión pública, cultura política y CS. El estudio parte de los siguientes supuestos: el CS es el resultado de decisiones racionales de las personas, y los diseños políticos, las instituciones y la cultura política tienen efectos en esas decisiones. Con ayuda de un modelo de utilidad, datos de encuestas e información complementaria, analizo información sobre asociativismo y confianza, y otras variables socio-económicas, demográficas y políticas relacionadas. Las conclusiones son: a mediados de la década del 2000, Montevideo, Porto Alegre y Santiago de Chile disponían de un stock de CS equivalente al de sociedades desarrolladas; en esas ciudades, y por extensión en los países, los factores político-institucionales y de cultura política tuvieron efectos en la confianza y la disposición de las personas a participar, operando de forma variada, en relación con distintos contextos y situaciones de participación. En el análisis más desagregado del caso de Chile en el nivel municipal, se observan las mismas relaciones.This study presents evidence on citizen participation and social capital (SC in three South American cases - Porto Alegre, Montevideo and Santiago of Chile, in order to revitalize the debate on public opinion, political culture and SC. The study has the following assumptions: the SC is the output of rational decisions of individuals and political designs and institutions and political culture have an impact on those decisions. Using a utility model, survey data and information, I analyze information on associative life and trust, and other socio-economic, demographic and political information. The conclusions: in the mid-2000s, Montevideo, Porto Alegre and Santiago de Chile had a stock of SC

  19. Dinámicas migratorias transnacionales: el caso de los inmigrantes sudamericanos en Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Baeza Virgilio, Pablo

    2016-01-01

    La presente investigación se centra en la inmigración sudamericana en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Se analizan los elementos políticos, económicos y sociales que conforman el espacio social de incorporación en el que los inmigrantes se insertan. A través de los datos producidos por una encuesta, identificamos las características, magnitud e intensidades de las prácticas transnacionales que los inmigrantes sudamericanos despliegan en la ciudad como parte de sus estrategias de incorporación....

  20. A first insight on the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex as studied by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTRs in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balcells, María Elvira; García, Patricia; Meza, Paulina; Peña, Carlos; Cifuentes, Marcela; Couvin, David; Rastogi, Nalin

    2015-01-01

    Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health problem worldwide, but the ecology of the prevalent mycobacterial strains, and their transmission, can vary depending on country and region. Chile is a country with low incidence of TB, that has a geographically isolated location in relation to the rest of South American countries due to the Andes Mountains, but recent migration from neighboring countries has changed this situation. We aimed to assess the genotypic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains in Santiago, Chile, and compare with reports from other Latin-American countries. We analyzed MTBC isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis cases collected between years 2008 and 2013 in Central Santiago, using two genotyping methods: spoligotyping and 12-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTRs). Data obtained were analyzed and compared to the SITVIT2 database. Mean age of the patients was 47.5 years and 61% were male; 11.6% were migrants. Of 103 strains (1 isolate/patient) included, there were 56 distinct spoligotype patterns. Of these, 16 strains (15.5%) corresponded to orphan strains in the SITVIT2 database, not previously reported. Latin American and Mediterranean (LAM) (34%) and T (33%) lineages were the most prevalent strains, followed by Haarlem lineage (16.5%). Beijing family was scarcely represented with only two cases (1.9%), one of them isolated from a Peruvian migrant. The most frequent clustered spoligotypes were SIT33/LAM3 (10.7%), SIT53/T1 (8.7%), SIT50/H3 (7.8%), and SIT37/T3 (6.8%). We conclude that LAM and T genotypes are the most prevalent genotypes of MTBC in Santiago, Chile, and together correspond to almost two thirds of analyzed strains, which is similar to strain distribution reported from other countries of Latin America. Nevertheless, the high proportion of SIT37/T3, which was rarely found in other Latin American countries, may underline a specific history or

  1. DEFORMACION CORTICAL Y PELIGRO SÍSMICO ASOCIADO A LA FALLA SAN RAMON EN EL FRENTE CORDILLERANO DE SANTIAGO, CHILE CENTRAL (33ºS)

    OpenAIRE

    RAULD PLOTT, RODRIGO ANDRES

    2011-01-01

    Resultados presentados recientemente, que se incluyen en esta tesis (Armijo, R., R. Rauld, R. Thiele, G. Vargas, J. Campos, R. Lacassin, and E. Kausel (2010), The West Andean Thrust (WAT), the San Ramón Fault and the seismic hazard for Santiago (Chile), Tectonics, 29, TC2007, doi:10.1029/2008TC002427) modifican substancialmente paradigmas anteriores sobre la tectónica Andina y la Geología de la región de Santiago, sosteniendo que: 1) El orógeno Andino es fundamentalmente bi-vergente, in...

  2. Incidence rate and spatio-temporal clustering of type 1 diabetes in Santiago, Chile, from 1997 to 1998 Taxa de incidência e agrupamento espaço-temporal de diabetes tipo 1 em Santiago, Chile, de 1997 a 1998

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    JL Santos

    2001-02-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in the urban area of Santiago, Chile, from March 21, 1997 to March 20, 1998, and to assess the spatio-temporal clustering of cases during that period. METHODS: All sixty-one incident cases were located temporally (day of diagnosis and spatially (place of residence in the area of study. Knox's method was used to assess spatio-temporal clustering of incident cases. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of type 1 diabetes was 4.11 cases per 100,000 children aged less than 15 years per year (95% confidence interval: 3.06--5.14. The incidence rate seems to have increased since the last estimate of the incidence calculated for the years 1986--1992 in the metropolitan region of Santiago. Different combinations of space-time intervals have been evaluated to assess spatio-temporal clustering. The smallest p-value was found for the combination of critical distances of 750 meters and 60 days (uncorrected p-value = 0.048. CONCLUSIONS: Although these are preliminary results regarding space-time clustering in Santiago, exploratory analysis of the data method would suggest a possible aggregation of incident cases in space-time coordinates.OBJETIVO: Estimar a taxa de incidência de diabetes tipo 1 na área urbana de Santiago, Chile, entre os dias 21 de março de 1997 e 20 de março 1998, assim como a avaliação do agrupamento espaço-temporal dos casos incidentes no período. MÉTODOS: Foram localizados 61 casos incidentes no tempo (dia do diagnóstico e no espaço (lugar de residência na área do estudo. O método de Knox foi usado para avaliar o agrupamento dos casos no espaço e no tempo. RESULTADOS: A taxa de diabetes tipo 1 foi estimada em 4,11 casos por 100.000 menores de 15 anos por ano (Intervalo de confiança 95%: 3,06 -- 5,14. Essa taxa de incidência parece ter aumentado desde a última estimativa realizada na região metropolitana de Santiago, nos anos 1986-1992. Foram constru

  3. Respiratory disease and particulate air pollution in Santiago Chile: contribution of erosion particles from fine sediments.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Garcia-Chevesich, Pablo A; Alvarado, Sergio; Neary, Daniel G; Valdes, Rodrigo; Valdes, Juan; Aguirre, Juan José; Mena, Marcelo; Pizarro, Roberto; Jofré, Paola; Vera, Mauricio; Olivares, Claudio

    2014-04-01

    Air pollution in Santiago is a serious problem every winter, causing thousands of cases of breathing problems within the population. With more than 6 million people and almost two million vehicles, this large city receives rainfall only during winters. Depending on the frequency of storms, statistics show that every time it rains, air quality improves for a couple of days, followed by extreme levels of air pollution. Current regulations focus mostly on PM10 and PM2.5, due to its strong influence on respiratory diseases. Though more than 50% of the ambient PM10s in Santiago is represented by soil particles, most of the efforts have been focused on the remaining 50%, i.e. particulate material originating from fossil and wood fuel combustion, among others. This document emphasizes the need for the creation of erosion/sediment control regulations in Chile, to decrease respiratory diseases on Chilean polluted cities. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Management Information Systems for Faculty Allocations in Institutions of Higher Education: A Case Study for the Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Karadima, Oscar

    The transformation of the present manual system of data manipulation at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile into a computer-based information system capable of supporting decision making is proposed. The information system would be used to determine the number of faculty required by each academic department, based on the number of weekly hours…

  5. Characterization of airborne particulate matter in Santiago, Chile. Part 1: design, sampling and analysis for an experimental campaign

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Toro E, P.

    1995-01-01

    This work describes the siting and sampling procedures of collecting airborne particulate matter in Santiago, Chile, determining its chemical composition and daily behaviour. The airborne particulate matter was collected onto polycarbonate membranes, one of fine pore and other of coarse pore, using Pm 10 samplers. The material was analyzed using neutron activation analysis., proton induced X ray emission, X ray fluorescence, voltametry, atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography and isotope dilution. (author). 1 tab

  6. Santiago de Chile de cara a la globalización: ?(spanishotra ciudad?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mattos Carlos A. de

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho propõe-se a identificar e caracterizar a "outra cidade" resultante das transformações que afetaram a área metropolitana de Santiago do Chile em função da assunção, a partir de meados de 1975, de uma nova estratégia macroeconômica, onde tanto uma crescente liberalização econômica, como uma ampla abertura externa, favoreceram a progressiva globalização da economia nacional. Nesse contexto, observa-se como junto a importantes modificações na base econômica metropolitana começou a processar-se na grande Santiago uma radical reestruturação de seu mercado de trabalho e uma maior dispersão territorial das atividades produtivas e da população. Nesse novo cenário, analisa-se como as transformações que afetaram a cidade emergente incidiram na afirmação, de um lado, de uma morfologia social donde persiste a polarização social e a segregação residencial e, de outra, de uma morfologia territorial onde impera a periurbanização e a policentralidade, transformações essas que correspondem às tendências que atualmente se observam nas grandes áreas metropolitanas tanto dos países centrais como das economias emergentes.

  7. To Trade or Not to Trade: Firm-Level Analysis of Emissions Trading in Santiago, Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Coria, Jessica; Loefgren, Aasa; Sterner, Thomas

    2009-01-01

    Whether tradable permits are appropriate for use in transition and developing economies - given special social and cultural circumstances, such as the lack of institutions and lack of expertise with market-based policies - is much debated. We conducted interviews and surveyed a sample of firms subject to emissions trading programs in Santiago, Chile, one of the first cities outside the OECD that has implemented such trading. The information gathered allow us to study what factors affect the performance of the trading programs in practice and the challenges and advantages of applying tradable permits in less developed countries

  8. El divorcio entre los instrumentos de planificación y la morfología urbana en el perímetro metropolitano de Santiago de Chile. El caso de Maipú. / The divorce between the instruments of planning and urban morphology in the metropolitan perimeter of Santiago de Chile. The case of Maipú.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mawromatis P., Constantino

    2000-02-01

    Full Text Available El espacio urbano resultante de la aplicación de los instrumentos de planificación comunal vigentes en Chile en el perímetro metropolitano de Santiago, carece de estructura y forma que evidencie una intencionalidad urbanística y arquitectónica./Chilean urban policies seem dramatically poor towards the physical environment which shapes a community. The public realm in suburban Santiago is a result of restrictive codes applied to private property. Spatial qualities, and morphological identity, are completely overlooked by urban laws.

  9. Thermal comfort and market niches for apartment buildings: impact of the current Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Encinas Pino, Felipe; De Herde, André; Aguirre Núñez, Carlos; Marmolejo Duarte, Carlos

    2009-01-01

    Almost a decade has passed since Chile begins to implement a Thermal Regulation for dwellings, which established a minimum requirement for each building component, according to different climatic zones. This article proposes a series of dynamic simulations, in order to assess the thermal comfort (during winter and summer) of apartments in Santiago de Chile for lower and upper middle class. Some building typologies were defined by means of the two stage clustering methodology. These were built...

  10. Source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 in Santiago, Chile: 1999 and 2004 results.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jorquera, Héctor; Barraza, Francisco

    2012-10-01

    A receptor model analysis has been applied to ambient PM(2.5) measurements taken at Santiago, Chile (33.5°S, 70.7°W) in 2004 (117 samples) and in 1999 (95 samples) on a receptor site on the eastern side of the city. For both campaigns, six sources have been identified at Santiago and their contributions in 1999/2004 are: motor vehicles: 28 ± 2.5/31.2 ± 3.4%, wood burning: 24.8 ± 2.3/28.9 ± 3.3%, sulfates: 18.8 ± 1.7/16.2 ± 2.5%, marine aerosol: 13 ± 2.1/9.9 ± 1.5%, copper smelters: 11.5 ± 1.4/9.7 ± 3.3% and soil dust: 3.9 ± 1.5/4.0 ± 2.4%. Hence relative contributions are statistically the same but the absolute contributions have been reduced because ambient PM(2.5) has decreased from 34.2 to 25.1 μg/m(3) between 1999 and 2004 at Santiago. Similarity of results for both data sets - analyzed with different techniques at different laboratory facilities - shows that the analysis performed here is robust. Source identification was carried out by inspection of key species in source profiles, seasonality of source contributions, comparison with published source profiles and by looking at wind trajectories computed using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) from USA's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); for the wood burning sources the MODIS burned area daily product was used to confirm wildfire events along the year. Using this combined methodology we have shown conclusively that: a) marine air masses do reach Santiago's basin in significant amounts but combined with anthropogenic sources; b) all copper smelters surrounding Santiago - and perhaps coal-fired power plants as well - contribute to ambient PM(2.5); c) wood burning is the second largest source, coming from residential wood burning in fall and winter and from regional wildfires in spring and summer. The results of the present analysis can be used to improve emission inventories, air quality forecasting systems and cost-benefit analyses at local

  11. Acanthamoeba belonging to T3, T4, and T11: genotypes isolated from air-conditioning units in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Astorga, Berbeli; Lorenzo-Morales, Jacob; Martín-Navarro, Carmen M; Alarcón, Verónica; Moreno, Johanna; González, Ana C; Navarrete, Elizabeth; Piñero, José E; Valladares, Basilio

    2011-01-01

    Free-living amoebae (FLA) of the genus Acanthamoeba are widely distributed in the environment, in the air, soil, and water, and have also been isolated from air-conditioning units. The objective of this work was to investigate the presence of this genus of FLA in the air-conditioning equipment at the Institute of Public Health of Chile in Santiago, Chile. Water and air samples were collected from air-conditioning systems and were checked for the presence of Acanthamoeba spp. Positive samples were further classified at the genotype level after sequencing the highly variable diagnostic fragment 3 (DF3) region of the 18S rRNA gene. This is the first report of the T3, T4, and T11 genotypes of Acanthamoeba in air-conditioning units from Chile. Overall, the widespread distribution of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains in the studied source demands more awareness within the public and health professionals in Chile as this pathogen is emerging as a risk for human health worldwide. © 2011 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2011 International Society of Protistologists.

  12. [Dermatophyte colonization on guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) kept in pet stores. First report from Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Thomson, Pamela; Monsalves, Pamela; Maier, Liliana; Silva, Víctor

    2015-01-01

    Dermatophytes are pathogenic fungi that can be present in the flora of mammals, such as dogs, cats and rodents, which can be a source and transmission vehicle to other hosts, including humans. In Chile, there is a steady increase of acquiring guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) as pets, with no local studies on their colonization by dermatophytes. To determine the presence of dermatophytes on clinically healthy guinea pigs, kept in pet stores in Santiago, Chile. A total of 52 clinically healthy animals were studied using the method by Mariat and Tapia (1966). The specimen culture and identification of the dermatophytes were performed using classical mycological procedures. Four guinea pigs (7.7%) out of 52 were colonized by dermatophytes, and were identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes (3 cases) and Trichophyton verrucosum (one case). This study shows, for the first time in Chile, that guinea pigs can be colonized by dermatophytes, which should alert administrators of pet stores, veterinarians and physicians, to keep this in mind when purchasing or looking after this type of pet in a veterinary office. Copyright © 2013 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

  13. [Validation of the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) in vulnerable users of health care services in Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Oyanedel, Juan Carlos; Vargas, Salvador; Mella, Camila; Páez, Darío

    2015-09-01

    Personal well-being calculates quality of life in terms of the necessary conditions required to live well. To validate the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) in a representative sample of vulnerable users of the public health system in Santiago, Chile. A probabilistic and multistage sample consisting of 400 individuals aged 44 ± 18 years (61% females) belonging to the lower income group of the National Health Fund (FONASA), residents of Gran Santiago was surveyed. Internal consistency and correlation between items and scale were examined. Structure was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis. The seven-item PWI is a good indicator of subjective well-being in the population under study, considering internal consistency, factor loadings, relation with overall life satisfaction and goodness of fit. The indicators mostly associated with personal well-being are the socioeconomic level followed by relationships with the community, health conditions and achievements. The 7-item version of the PWI is suitable for application in vulnerable health service users.

  14. Effect of soiling and sunlight exposure on the performance ratio of photovoltaic technologies in Santiago, Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Urrejola, Elias; Antonanzas, Javier; Ayala, Paulo; Salgado, Marcelo; Ramírez-Sagner, Gonzalo; Cortés, Cristian; Pino, Alan; Escobar, Rodrigo

    2016-01-01

    Highlights: • Performance ratio of PV panels decays daily between 0.13% and 0.56% under soiling. • PV panel degradation is 1.29% for poly, 1.74% for mono and 2.77% for thin film. • An annual weather-corrected performance ratio of 75% is calculated. • A critical cleaning period of 45 days is proposed, no matter cleaning and energy prices. - Abstract: The performance, yearly degradation, and annual yield of photovoltaic systems have been studied in outdoor exposure for two years period 2014–2015 in Santiago, capital of Chile. Photovoltaic panels performance degrades daily in a rate between −0.13% and −0.56% under soiling in highly polluted Santiago, Chile. Yearly degradation of the arrays system was found to be in the order of 1.29% for the polycrystalline array, 1.74% for the monocrystalline array, and 2.77% for the thin film system array. The annual production yield reached 1419–1373 kW h/kWp for Poly, 1459–1444 kW h/kWp for Mono, and 1248–1236 kW h/kWp for TF, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The annual in-plane irradiation measured reached 1981.3 kW h/m"2 and 1943.2 kW h/m"2, for 2014 and 2015, respectively. A weather-corrected performance ratio is presented showing a yearly performance ratio of around 75% for all technologies. Monthly cleaning and random rain fall have shown positive effects as primarily solutions. Furthermore, we studied the optimal strategies of cleaning for different energy prices and we defined a critical cleaning period of 45 days for a real case, independent on cleaning cost and energy prices. This work contains novel results for the Chilean capital city and can be applied to future installations in the area and serve as further insights for the development of solar energy in Chile.

  15. Virtual Borders Between Chile and Its Neighbors: Argentina, Peru and Bolivia

    Science.gov (United States)

    2007-03-30

    Estadísticas, “ Inmigrantes en Chile ”, Santiago Census, 2002 20 ...Studies and Research Center, 1998), 13 22 Military Studies and Research Center, Chile en la Region. CESIM. 2001; available from <http...Estatuto de Inversiones Extranjeras en Chile ”, ( Santiago: 1974), Capitulo I,19 35 The International Center for Adjustment of Disputes of Investment

  16. Chemical characterization and source identification of airborne particular matter in Santiago, Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cortes, Eduardo

    1997-01-01

    A long term study on the behaviour and chemical characterization of airbone particulate matter (APM) in Santiago, Chile, has been undertaken. This study uses neutron activation analysis (NAA), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) Collection of APM in Santiago and a rural site was carried out using PM-10 Ghent Sample Collector. The analytical data was interptreted in two ways. On one hand, factor analysis applied to the data to detect elements with similar behaviour and probably of the same origin. On the other hand, the data obtained from the urban residential sites were compared to that of the rural station. Analytical quality control for NAA, XRF and AAS was based, mainly, in the exchange of samples among laboratories. For this purpose, a set of special samples were collected simultaneously To determine if the material on the membrane was distributed homogeneouly, a collimated x-ray beam was used to survey the distribution of the element Fe on the filter. A total of 18 elements were measured in the samples collected in the three mentioned stations. In addition, black carbon was measured using a smoke stain reflectometer. The fine fraction mass correlates quite well with black carbon. Lead and Br also correlates well and Al, Fe and Si also show similar behaviour. These last elements, which are attributed a natural origin, soil, show no large difference between the urban and rural sites. The elements As, Cu and S correlates quite well which could indicate a common origin. This is particular interesting since there might be a possible contribution of copper smelters located rather far (100 Km) from Santiago to the airbone particulate matter of the city. Factor analysis was performed with the data and the results of this study confirms the correlations mentioned above and clearly distinguish four factors. These factors can be attibuted to car and buses emissions, soil, biomass burning and, possible

  17. [Women in labor and migration. The female labor market between 1950 and 1990 and migration of women to Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Szasz, I

    1994-06-01

    Changes in the volume of female migration to Santiago and in the employment patterns of migrant women are analyzed in relationship to changes in the female labor market from 1950 onward, with special emphasis on the years 1970-90. Data sources include published works, the censuses of 1952 to 1982, a 1962 survey on in-migration to Santiago, employment surveys conducted by the University of Chile and the National Institute of Statistics, special tabulations for subsamples of the 1970 and 1982 censuses, and household employment survey information from the fourth quarter of 1993. In 1973 Chile embarked on a process of structural adjustments that affected social expenditures and employment, profoundly modifying urban labor markets. The Chilean economy is currently in a phase of consolidating its productive transformation, with positive results for economic growth and recuperation of employment, but with no reduction of poverty. The explanation of the growth in poverty should be sought in modifications in the conditions of employment of the Chilean population during the productive transformation. Modernization processes such as increased education and access to fertility control contributed to an increase in the number of highly educated women in nonmanual occupations in Santiago, but have not significantly influenced the volume or direction of female migration or modified the disadvantageous occupational profile of migrant women. Gender considerations including cultural norms governing female sexual behavior and nuptiality appear to exercise a decisive influence on the occupational status of migrant women in Santiago. Low status, single women migrating to Santiago have been concentrated in domestic service in part because of their need to find work providing safe living quarters. After 1975, migrant women encountered an increasing proportion of urban women working and looking for work and a structural transformation of domestic service marked by massive absorption of

  18. School intervention to improve mental health of students in Santiago, Chile: a randomized clinical trial.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Araya, Ricardo; Fritsch, Rosemarie; Spears, Melissa; Rojas, Graciela; Martinez, Vania; Barroilhet, Sergio; Vöhringer, Paul; Gunnell, David; Stallard, Paul; Guajardo, Viviana; Gaete, Jorge; Noble, Sian; Montgomery, Alan A

    2013-11-01

    Depression can have devastating effects unless prevented or treated early and effectively. Schools offer an excellent opportunity to intervene with adolescents presenting emotional problems. There are very few universal school-based depression interventions conducted in low- and middle-income countries. To assess the effectiveness of a school-based, universal psychological intervention to reduce depressive symptoms among adolescents from low-income families. A 2-arm, parallel, cluster, randomized clinical trial was conducted in secondary schools in deprived socioeconomic areas of Santiago, Chile. Almost all students registered in the selected schools consented to take part in the study. A total of 2512 secondary school students from 22 schools and 66 classes participated. Students in the intervention arm attended 11 one-hour weekly and 2 booster classroom sessions of an intervention based on cognitive-behavioral models. The intervention was delivered by trained nonspecialists. Schools in the control arm received the standard school curriculum. Scores on the self-administered Beck Depression Inventory-II at 3 months (primary) and 12 months (secondary) after completing the intervention. There were 1291 participants in the control arm and 1221 in the intervention arm. Primary outcome data were available for 82.1% of the participants. There was no evidence of any clinically important difference in mean depression scores between the groups (adjusted difference in mean, -0.19; 95% CI, -1.22 to 0.84) or for any of the other outcomes 3 months after completion of the intervention. No significant differences were found in any of the outcomes at 12 months. A well-designed and implemented school-based intervention did not reduce depressive symptoms among socioeconomically deprived adolescents in Santiago, Chile. There is growing evidence that universal school interventions may not be sufficiently effective to reduce or prevent depressive symptoms. isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN

  19. Detecting depression among adolescents in Santiago, Chile: sex differences.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Araya, Ricardo; Montero-Marin, Jesus; Barroilhet, Sergio; Fritsch, Rosemarie; Gaete, Jorge; Montgomery, Alan

    2013-04-23

    Depression among adolescents is common but most cases go undetected. Brief questionnaires offer an opportunity to identify probable cases but properly validated cut-off points are often unavailable, especially in non-western countries. Sex differences in the prevalence of depression become marked in adolescence and this needs to be accounted when establishing cut-off points. This study involved adolescents attending secondary state schools in Santiago, Chile. We compared the self-reported Beck Depression Inventory-II with a psychiatric interview to ascertain diagnosis. General psychometric features were estimated before establishing the criterion validity of the BDI-II. The BDI-II showed good psychometric properties with good internal consistency, a clear unidimensional factorial structure, and good capacity to discriminate between cases and non-cases of depression. Optimal cut-off points to establish caseness for depression were much higher for girls than boys. Sex discrepancies were primarily explained by differences in scores among those with depression rather than among those without depression. It is essential to validate scales with the populations intended to be used with. Sex differences are often ignored when applying cut-off points, leading to substantial misclassification. Early detection of depression is essential if we think that early intervention is a clinically important goal.

  20. Trazas y trazos de la circulación musical en el virreinato del Perú: copistas de la catedral de Lima en Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vera Aguilera, Alejandro

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available This article seeks to expand the current knowledge about the circulation of music in the Viceroyalty of Peru, through a comparative study between music scores from the colonial period that have been preserved in the cathedrals of Lima and Santiago de Chile. Contributing with new musical and calligraphic concordances, it shows that some of the works held in Santiago were copied in the viceregal capital. It also raises convincing hypotheses about the possible Spanish origin of certain musical sources, as well as methodological contributions for the study of music copyists, complementing the existing ones. Finally, it goes on to question important assumptions about the musical life of Lima cathedral that have been transmitted in previous works.El presente trabajo busca ampliar el conocimiento actual sobre la circulación musical en el virreinato del Perú por medio de un estudio comparado entre las partituras del período colonial que se han conservado en las catedrales de Lima y Santiago de Chile. De esta forma, se establecen nuevas correspondencias tanto musicales como caligráficas, demostrándose que algunas de las obras conservadas en Santiago fueron copiadas en la capital del virreinato; se formulan hipótesis convincentes acerca del posible origen español de ciertas fuentes musicales; y se realizan aportaciones metodológicas para el estudio de los copistas de música, que complementan las ya existentes. Finalmente, el trabajo permite cuestionar importantes premisas sobre la vida musical de la catedral de Lima que nos han sido transmitidas en trabajos previos.

  1. Innovations in adolescent reproductive and sexual health education in Santiago de Chile: effects of physician leadership and direct service.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Grizzard, Tarayn; González, Electra; Sandoval, Jorge; Molina, Ramiro

    2004-01-01

    Reproductive and sexual health (RSH) education is a key component of most family planning programs around the world and is particularly important for adolescents, for whom parenthood is more likely to have difficult or dangerous health outcomes. A lack of comprehensive RSH education targeted at adolescents may augment the poor outcomes associated with early pregnancy by creating barriers to optimal care. This article discusses the creation of the Centro de Medicina Reproductiva y Desarrollo Integral de la Adolescencia clinic, a comprehensive adolescent reproductive health center in Santiago de Chile, and its RSH education programs. In particular, the role of the physician in originating and leading the RSH education efforts, the controversy associated with RSH education in Chile, and the effects of comprehensive RHS education on the local and regional adolescent populations are discussed.

  2. Common mental disorders and the built environment in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Araya, Ricardo; Montgomery, Alan; Rojas, Graciela; Fritsch, Rosemarie; Solis, Jaime; Signorelli, Andres; Lewis, Glyn

    2007-05-01

    There is growing research interest in the influence of the built environment on mental disorders. To estimate the variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders attributable to individuals and the built environment of geographical sectors where they live. A sample of 3870 adults (response rate 90%) clustered in 248 geographical sectors participated in a household cross-sectional survey in Santiago, Chile. Independently rated contextual measures of the built environment were obtained. The Clinical Interview Schedule was used to estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders. There was a significant association between the quality of the built environment of small geographical sectors and the presence of common mental disorders among its residents. The better the quality of the built environment, the lower the scores for psychiatric symptoms; however, only a small proportion of the variation in common mental disorder existed at sector level, after adjusting for individual factors. Findings from our study, using a contextual assessment of the quality of the built environment and multilevel modelling in the analysis, suggest these associations may be more marked in non-Western settings with more homogeneous geographical sectors.

  3. UNA PRAXIS CRISTIANA Y POPULAR EN LA POBLACIÓN LA VICTORIA DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE (1983-1988).

    OpenAIRE

    Andrés Morasso

    2010-01-01

    Este artículo presenta la relación entre residentes de la población La Victoria de Santiago deChile y la Iglesia en el contexto del gobierno militar (1973-1990), durante protestas socialescontra el régimen y relaciones de solidaridad establecidas a causa de la persecución políticadel periodo. ¿De qué forma las Comunidades cristianas de Base ayudaron a la organizaciónasistencial? ¿Qué papel tuvo la llamada “Iglesia Liberadora” en dicha población? ¿Qué roljugaron sacerdotes como líderes en La V...

  4. Los costos del uso del automóvil y su elasticidad. El caso de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alejandro Cortés Salinas

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN El fenómeno de la congestión y la búsqueda de su reducción y/o mitigación, es un tema de amplio debate actualmente. El argumento central consiste en cómo limitar o hacer más racional el uso del automóvil. Muchas de las propuestas se inscriben dentro de enfoques mercantiles, mediante cobros por circulación o peaje urbano en zonas y/u horarios distintos. Este trabajo analiza los comportamientos de los automovilistas frente a incrementos de sus costos, para verificar si efectivamente existe una relación entre un aumento en los costos de circulación y el desaliento al uso del automóvil. Consecuentemente, se consideró la evolución de los precios de los combustibles, que en Chile son ajustados periódicamente, para relacionarlos con los flujos de tránsito.Se verifica que en Santiago de Chile existe una fuerte inelasticidad en la demanda por el uso del vehículo particular frente a importantes incrementos de costo y por ello, no se asegura que un pago de peaje promueva una reducción de la circulación privada. ABSTRACT Congestion and the search for its reduction or mitigation is nowadays a highly discussed issue. The focal point of this debate is to find alternatives to limit or rationalize the car use. Many current proposals are developed under market approaches, such as congestion charges or urban toll in high-demanded areas or schedules. This paper analyzes the drivers’behavior facing increases in their costs, aiming to detect if there is a relationship between these and the discouragement of car use. To achieve it, the paper takes into account the fuel price evolution adjusted periodically to relate it to traffic flows. It verifies that in Santiago de Chile there is a strong inelasticity in demand for the private car use facing relevant increases of costs; therefore, the introduction of toll payments does not assure a reduction in private circulation.

  5. Menores quemados por el sol y su relación con la radiación ultravioleta y la cubierta de ozono, durante seis veranos (1996 a 2001) en Santiago de Chile (33,5°S)

    OpenAIRE

    Aranibar D, Ligia; Cabrera S, Sergio; Honeyman M, Juan

    2003-01-01

    During the recent 10 years the ozone layer has decreased while ultraviolet radiation has increased in Santiago, Chile. Aim: To determine whether the number of sunburns in children correlate with ultraviolet radiation in Santiago. Subjects and methods: During six Austral Summers (1996-2001) children below 15 years old, consulting for sunburn, were evaluated at the "Corporation for the Aid of Burned Children" (COANIQUEM) in Santiago (33.5°S). The number of children with sunburns during each Sum...

  6. Retrospective study of histological types of esophageal cancer prevalent in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrés Torrealba Bustos

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available This study tries to determine the statistical relation between the most frequent histological types of oesophageal carcinoma in the Metropolitan region of Santiago, Chile. For it there were obtained clinical samples of different laboratories of Pathological Anatomy of the Metropolitan region corresponding to the south and east sector of Santiago, gathering a total of 348 cases, which were diagnosed by means of endoscopic biopsy, using as parameters the morphologic characteristics of neoplastic tissue evaluated by light microscopy with hematoxylin-eosin dye. The obtained information was submitted to a model of logistic multiple regression, in order to determine the associations between the most frequent histological types of oesophageal cancer (adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma, topographic location compromised to the moment of the diagnosis, age and sex of the patients in study. The proportion between the histological types of cancer of esophagus did not present significant differences, which contrasts with the results of international publications. The analyses demonstrated that the low third is the only parameter that is subject to variation, which relates to the metaplasia of Barrett and the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

  7. PROYECTO DE “ELABORACIÓN DE FILTRANTE DE HOJA DE GUANÁBANA CON STEVIA” (PARTIDA ARANCELARIA 2101.20.00.00) CON FINES DE EXPORTACIÓN A SANTIAGO DE CHILE-CHILE DE LA EMPRESA – FILTRANTES PERÚ SAC

    OpenAIRE

    DÍAZ RODRÍGUEZ, FLOR MARGARITA; Instituto de Formación Bancaria; LLAGAS ALVARADO, EDUARDO DAVID; ORTEGA RODRÍGUEZ, JOSEPH FRANK; PINTADO DAMIÁN, MÓNICA DEL PILAR

    2016-01-01

    El objetivo principal del presente proyecto es ofrecer al mercado un producto innovador, 100% natural, el proyecto se desarrolla en la ciudad de Chiclayo – Lambayeque, con el objetivo de aprovechar los recursos naturales como es la hoja de guanábana, este proyecto consiste en la elaboración y comercialización de filtrante de hoja de guanábana con Stevia, con fines de exportación a Santiago de Chile - Chile, ofreciendo un producto 100% natural con precios accesibles al mercado.Para el desarrol...

  8. Representaciones sociales de migrantes peruanos sobre su proceso de integración en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Torres G, Osvaldo; Garcés H, Alejandro

    2013-01-01

    El presente artículo busca presentar los resultados de un estudio desarrollado entre los años 2011 y 2012, sobre las representaciones sociales y percepciones de los migrantes peruanos acerca de su proceso de integración en Santiago de Chile, particularmente respecto del acceso a los servicios públicos de educación, salud y vivienda. A partir de una metodología cualitativa, estos servicios son puestos bajo la mirada de los discursos de los migrantes peruanos, develando la discriminación de la ...

  9. LOS MARCADORES DE REFORMULACIÓN EN EL CORPUS PRESEEA DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abelardo San Martín Núñez

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es ampliar nuestra aproximación variacionista, informada en Rojas et al. (2012, a los marcadores de reformulación en el español hablado en Santiago de Chile. Para tal propósito, se identificaron las partículas que cumplían la mencionada función en una muestra de 54 entrevistas que conforman el Corpus Sociolingüístico de preseea de Santiago. En el análisis, se consideraron el concepto y la clasificación de los marcadores del discurso de Martín Zorraquino y Montolío (1998; Martín Zorraquino y Portolés (1999; Portolés (2001; y Loureda y Acín (2010. Se identificaron las partículas que cumplían la función de reformulación, según diferentes subtipos (explicación, rectificación, recapitulación y distanciamiento. Basándonos en la conmutabilidad funcional (semántica y pragmática de estos marcadores, se procedió a su análisis cuantitativo, según las variables sexo, edad y nivel educacional de los informantes. En general, los resultados del estudio muestran que las partículas o sea, igual y al final, así como el subtipo de los reformuladores explicativos, son los más frecuentes. Asimismo, el factor edad de los sujetos es el más sensible al empleo de las partículas relevadas.

  10. IDRC in Chile

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    occupied by Morocco). SENEGAL. GUINEA BISSAU. CHILE. Santiago. %. 0. 300 km. ARGENTINA. BOLIVIA. PERU. Arica. Punta Arenas . Puerto Montt . South. Pacific. Ocean. South. Atlantic. Ocean. Antofagasta. Coquimbo. Valparaiso. Concepcíon.

  11. Violencia y Clima Escolar en Establecimientos Educacionales en Contextos de Alta Vulnerabilidad Social de Santiago de Chile School Violence and School Climate in Schools of Santiago, Chile, in High Vulnerable Social Contexts

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cecilia Tijmes

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Se investigó la asociación entre violencia escolar y calidad de las relaciones interpersonales, diferenciando según el clima escolar del establecimiento. Por medio de una muestra intencionada de 13 establecimientos educacionales municipales con alta vulnerabilidad social de Santiago de Chile, se aplicó un cuestionario a 4.015 estudiantes de ambos sexos entre 10 y 18 años de edad. Se construyeron escalas y subescalas de violencia para testigos, víctimas, victimarios y víctimas agresivas. Por medio del cálculo de proporciones y x², t de Student y correlación lineal de Pearson (r, se constató que la mayoría de los alumnos (61% ha sido testigo de violencia entre los alumnos. A pesar de la elevada percepción de violencia escolar, la mayor parte de los alumnos percibe una buena calidad de las relaciones interpersonales, la cual se correlaciona en forma inversa, aunque débilmente, con la violencia escolar. Dicha correlación es reforzada en un clima escolar bueno cuando se trata de testigos de violencia, pero no de víctimas o victimarios. La correlación entre violencia física y calidad de las relaciones interpersonales es muy baja.The study investigated the relationship between school violence and the quality of interpersonal relations, according to school climate. Using a purposive sample of 13 public schools in highly vulnerable social contexts, in Santiago, Chile, 4,015 male and female students aged 10 to 18 completed a questionnaire. Violence scales and subscales were constructed for witnesses, aggressors, and aggressive victims. Using proportions and x², Student's t, and Pearson's linear correlation (r, it was observed that most students (61% have witnessed violence between their peers. Even though they perceived a high rate of school violence, most students reported good interpersonal relationships, which is inversely correlated with school violence, although weakly. In a good school climate this correlation is stronger for

  12. Highlights from the first International ecancer Conference on Oncology and Radiotherapy, 6-7 May 2016, Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Reimann, Leonardo Carmona; Amendola, Beatriz

    2016-01-01

    The first international ecancer conference on oncology and radiotherapy was held in Santiago de Chile on 6 and 7 May 2016. It was chaired by Dr Beatriz Amendola, Professor Gordon McVie and Professor Umberto Veronesi. Specialists from Europe and America were invited as guest lecturers. Over 300 people are attended the conference from all areas of oncology, doctors, physicists, medical technologists, nurses, residents, students, social workers, journalists, pharmaceutical chemists, from all over the country and abroad, including India. The success was achieved as a result of the multidisciplinary approach to the pathologies, which prompted significant interest from the audience. The 'eContouring' course (radio-oncologists) was taken by a large number of participants, the result of great interest in the subject, and the undoubtable merit of the guest instructors. For the opening ceremony, we were honoured with the presence of Professor Gordon McVie, Founder of ecancer, Dr Beatriz Amendola, President of the symposium and Dr Jorge Jimenez, President of Foro Nacional de Cancer Chile, and former Minister of Health.

  13. [Hospital care expenses caused by acute fascioliasis, cystic echinococcosis, and neurocysticercosis in Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fica, Alberto; Weitzel, Thomas

    2014-08-01

    Acute fascioliasis (FA), cystic echinococcosis (CE) and neurocysticercosis (NCC) are three endemic parasitic diseases in Chile for whom there is scarce information about the economic impact they represent during management at the hospital. To quantify and compare hospital care expenses caused by these three endemic helminth infections in a Chilean hospital. Retrospective analysis of hospital costs at a referral hospital in Santiago between 2006 and 2010. Hospital databases were used to identify patients with the corresponding infections, and those with sufficient data on hospital costs were included. A total of 16 patients representing 21 cases were identified and analyzed: four with AF, eleven with CE, and six with NCC. Median hospital expenses for cases with AF were US$ 1799 and mainly caused by bed-day costs. Median hospital costs for cases of CE were US$ 4707 and the most important costs components were medications, bed-day costs and consumables. NCC patients had median costs of US$ 1293, which were mainly due to bed-day costs. Non-parenchymatous or mixed forms of NCC showed a trend toward higher hospital costs compared with parenchymatous forms. Although helminth infections in Chile, an upper middle income country, are declining and considered rare in routine clinical practice, hospital care expenses caused by patients with AF, CE, and NCC are high and might still present an important economic burden to the Chilean healthcare system.

  14. HIV prevalence, AIDS knowledge, and condom use among female sex workers in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barrientos, Jaime E; Bozon, Michel; Ortiz, Edith; Arredondo, Anabella

    2007-08-01

    This paper describes HIV seroprevalence, knowledge of HIV transmission, and condom use among female sex workers (FSW) attending five specialized sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Santiago, Chile. A short questionnaire with socio-demographic, AIDS knowledge, and condom-use variables was administered to 626 FSW. HIV seroprevalence was estimated with a blood test sent to the Chilean Public Health Institute. ELISA was used to confirm HIV in suspected cases. HIV prevalence was 0%. FSW showed adequate overall knowledge of HIV, even better than reported for the Chilean general population on some items. Condom use with clients was high ("always" = 93.4%), although regular use with steady partners was low ("always" = 9.9%). The zero HIV seroprevalence and consistent condom use with clients confirms the positive impact of intervention strategies for FSW, increasing both correct knowledge of AIDS and condom use with clients and helping decrease these women's HIV/AIDS vulnerability.

  15. HIV prevalence, AIDS knowledge, and condom use among female sex workers in Santiago, Chile Prevalencia del VIH, conocimientos sobre el SIDA, y uso del condón en trabajadoras sexuales de Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime E. Barrientos

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available This paper describes HIV seroprevalence, knowledge of HIV transmission, and condom use among female sex workers (FSW attending five specialized sexually transmitted disease (STD clinics in Santiago, Chile. A short questionnaire with socio-demographic, AIDS knowledge, and condom-use variables was administered to 626 FSW. HIV seroprevalence was estimated with a blood test sent to the Chilean Public Health Institute. ELISA was used to confirm HIV in suspected cases. HIV prevalence was 0%. FSW showed adequate overall knowledge of HIV, even better than reported for the Chilean general population on some items. Condom use with clients was high ("always" = 93.4%, although regular use with steady partners was low ("always" = 9.9%. The zero HIV seroprevalence and consistent condom use with clients confirms the positive impact of intervention strategies for FSW, increasing both correct knowledge of AIDS and condom use with clients and helping decrease these women's HIV/AIDS vulnerability.Este artículo examina la prevalencia del VIH, los conocimientos respecto a su infección y, además, describe el uso del condón en mujeres que ejercen el comercio sexual en Santiago de Chile y que son atendidas en cinco centros especializados de enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Se aplicó una encuesta que indagaba sobre las características sociodemográficas, el conocimiento sobre el VIH/SIDA y el uso del condón a 626 mujeres. La prevalencia del VIH fue evaluada mediante un examen de ELISA. La prevalencia del VIH fue 0. El conocimiento del VIH fue bueno e, incluso, mejor que en población general, en algunos indicadores. El uso del condón con los clientes fue alto, aunque su uso regular con las parejas estables fue bajo. La prevalencia cero del VIH y el uso consistente de condones con los clientes confirma el impacto positivo que han tenido las estrategias de intervención implementadas para estos grupos, incrementando el conocimiento adecuado sobre el SIDA y el

  16. Santiago de Chile: Metropolización, globalización, desigualdad

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alfredo Rodríguez

    2001-05-01

    Full Text Available El siguiente artículo describe cómo la pobreza y la exclusión dentro de Santiago ha sido pasada por alto en parte debido al fuerte desempeño económico y al positivo conjunto de indicadores sociales que la ciudad exhibe. Enfatiza cuán segregada se ha vuelto la ciudad, subrayando la fragmentación política y las grandes diferencias entre las 34 municipalidades que conforman el Gran Santiago en lo que se refiere a ingreso per cápita, calidad de la educación, cobertura de la inversión en edificación y los niveles de ingreso y gasto de las autoridades municipales. También describe la pérdida de espacio social y físico para la interacción pública y el crecimiento de una percepción de inseguridad. Sugiere que tales problemas en parte se relacionan con una falta de estructuras democráticas en Santiago ya que la ciudad carece de un gobierno metropolitano representativo y además el poder, los recursos y la toma de decisiones permanecen en un plano nacionalThe paper describes how poverty and exclusion within Santiago has been overlooked, in part, because of the city’s strong economic performance and impressive aggregate social indicators. It highlights how segregated the city has become -for instance the political fragmentation and the difference between the 34 municipalities that conform Santiago in terms of their per capita income, quality of education, extent of new building investment, and municipal authority levels of income and expenditure. It also describes the loss of social and physical space for public interaction and the rising perception of insecurity. It suggests that such problems are in part linked to the lack of democratic structures within Santiago since it lacks a democratic metropolitan government. Power, resources and decisions remain within national ministries

  17. Transportation, Social Inequality and Spatial Capital: Comparative Analysis between Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Apaolaza

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available This paper studies how the characteristics of Latin American urban transportation generate dimensions of dispute of ‘spatial capital’, meaning an individually internalizable type of urban resource which results from the combination of objective material conditions and subjective socio-cultural conditions. These conditions determine a socially differentiated use of territory and sometimes are decisive elements in opening new niches for high-end real-estate producers and consumers, hence linking with processes of displacement and exclusion. The study cases compare four neighborhoods from Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile, two peripherals and two pericentrals. The results show, considering the role of new infrastructure, a strong difference between residents from the peripheral cases and little difference in the pericentral cases, identifying, however, processes of a dispute over the ownership and use of urban space and the neighborhood, in all the cases.

  18. USO DE BIOSÓLIDOS EN LA REHABILITACIÓN DE ÁREA EN EL RELLENO SANITARIO SANTIAGO PONIENTE-CHILE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lucrecia Brutti

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Se evalúan distintas especies herbáceas como estabilizadoras de taludes sobre una mezcla de suelo con biosólidos en el Relleno Sanitario Santiago Poniente en Santiago, Región Metropolitana (Chile, con el fin de recuperar el suelo. Se determina el comportamiento de cuatro tratamientos, tres corresponden a diferentes mezclas herbáceas más uno que actuó como testigo, la mezcla de suelo utilizada contenía un 15% de biosólido. Se utilizó un diseño estadístico de Cuadrado Latino, con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: temperatura del suelo del ensayo, producción de materia verde y seca de raíces, nodulación de raíces de leguminosas y cuantificación de malezas. Los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA, donde la significancia de las diferencias entre tratamientos fueron determinadas a través de un test de rango múltiple de Duncan (P<0,05. La incorporación de 15% de biosólidos a un suelo pobre produce efectos positivos para el establecimiento del prado.

  19. Trends In The Elemental Composition Of PM2.5 In Santiago, Chile From 1998 To 2006

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ruiz, P.; Oyola, P.; Gramsch, E.; Moreno, F.; Koutrakis, P.

    2007-05-01

    Santiago, Chile is one of the most polluted cities in South America. As a response, over the past 15 years, numerous pollution reduction programs have been implemented by the environmental authority, Comision Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA). This paper assesses the effectiveness of these interventions by examining the trends of PM2.5 and its elemental composition. Daily fine particle filter samples were collected in Santiago, Chile at a downtown location from April 1998 through March 2003. Additionally, meteorological variables were measured continuously. Annual average concentrations of PM2.5 decreased only marginally, from 41.8 μg/m3 for the 1998/1999 period to 35.4 μg/m3 for the 2002/2003 period. PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the annual U.S. EPA Standard of 15 μg/m3. Additionally, about 20% of the days exceeded the old standard of 65 μg/m3, while about half of the days exceeded the new standard (effective in 2006) of 35 μg/m3. Mean PM2.5 levels during the cold season (April through September) were three times as high as those observed in the warm season (October through March). Particulate mass and elemental concentration trends were investigated using regression models, controlling for year, month, weekday, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity. Significant decreases were observed for Pb, Br, and S concentrations, while minor but still significant decreases were observed for Ni, Al, Si, Ca and Fe. The larger decreases were associated with specific remediation policies implemented to remove lead from gasoline, the reduction of sulfur levels in diesel fuel, and the introduction of natural gas. These results suggest that the pollution reduction programs, specially the ones related to transport, have been effective in reducing various important components of PM. However, particle mass and other associated element levels remain high and it is thus imperative to continue the efforts to improve air quality, particularly, focusing on industrial

  20. Parasites of the Green-backed Firecrown (Sephanoides sephaniodes in Chile Parásitos del picaflor chico (Sephanoides sephaniodes en Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel González-Acuña

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Gastrointestinal and external parasites from 12 Green-backed Firecrown (Sephanoides sephaniodes were collected between January 2004 and December 2008 from the Biobío Region south-central Chile and Santiago (central Chile. Helminths collected included 1 trematode species (Mosesia sp. and 1 cestode species (Hymenolepis trinidadensis. The mite Proctophyllodes huitzilopchtlii was the only ectoparasite species found. All these parasites represent new records for Chile and the first parasites reported for this host species.Se recolectaron parásitos internos (gastrointestinales y externos de 12 picaflores (Sephanoides sephaniodes entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2008, de la región del Biobío en el centro-sur de Chile y en Santiago, en la región central de Chile. Los helmintos recolectados incluyeron 1 especie de trematodo (Mosesia sp. y 1 de cestodo (Hymenolepis trinidadensis. Únicamente se encontró 1 especie de ectoparásito, el ácaro Proctophyllodes huitzilopchtlii. Todos los parásitos mencionados representan nuevos registros para Chile y se registran por primera vez para este hospedero.

  1. [Food-related lifestyles and eating habits inside and outside the home in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schnettler, Berta; Peña, Juan Pablo; Mora, Marcos; Miranda, Horacio; Sepúlveda, José; Denegri, Marianela; Lobos, Germán

    2013-01-01

    To distinguish consumer typologies on the basis of their food-related lifestyle in the principal municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, and to characterize these according to their food consumption habits inside and outside the home, sociodemographic characteristics and their level of satisfaction with food-related life. A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 951 people in the principal municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago (more than 100,000 inhabitants). The instrument for collecting data included an adaptation of the food-related life (FRL) questionnaire and the satisfaction with food-related life (SWFL) scale. The food consumption habits inside and outside the home were asked about as well as sociodemographic classification variables of those surveyed. Using a cluster analysis, five typologies were distinguished with significant differences in the five components obtained from the FRL with a factorial analysis of the principal components. The typologies presented a different gender, age and socioeconomic level profile and differed in the scores obtained on the SWFL. They differed in the frequency with which the person has lunch, tea ("once" in Chile) and dinner at home. With respect to the meals outside the home, the typologies were distinguished according to the frequency of meals in restaurants, fast food outlets and in the purchase of prepared food. A lifestyle where eating is related to low involvement and enjoyment of food is associated with a person's higher socioeconomic level and lower age. Additionally, a greater frequency of meals in restaurants and the purchase of prepared food combined with a lower frequency of meals at home is associated with unhealthy eating habits of little benefit to the person, which might have a bearing on a lower level of food-related life satisfaction. Copyright © AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2013. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.

  2. [Food satisfaction in Mapuche persons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schnettler, Berta; Miranda, Horacio; Sepúlveda, José; Denegri, Marianela; Mora, Marcos; Lobos, Germán

    2011-06-01

    Although the study and measurement of satisfaction with life has generated great interest in the last 15 years, there are few works which address satisfaction with food-related life. In order to identify variables which have an influence on satisfaction with food-related life among Mapuche persons, a survey was applied to 400 Mapuche subjects in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. The scales evaluated in the questionnaire included: SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life), lifestyles, food, and Mapuche acculturation. It was found that 41.0% were extremely satisfied, 40.5% satisfied, 17.2% somewhat satisfied and 1.2% dissatisfied with their food-related life. To identify variables which have an influence on satisfaction with food, an ordinal multinomial logit model was proposed, which was significant (p Mapuche foods, is aged 55 or more, consumes red meat in moderation, consumes foods without additives, try to balance work and private life, does not read the labels of products, and if he/she had Mapuche friends at school. Thus satisfaction with food-related life in Mapuche persons in the Metropolitan Region is related to demographic variables, expenditure on food, consumption of Mapuche foods and life-style.

  3. holiday(holidays),leave和vacation

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    张德兴

    2003-01-01

    holiday(holidays),leave和vacation这几个词都有“假日(期)”的意思,但含义用法并不相同。 holiday(holidays)一般指“休假”。 Tom and I are going to have a holiday.我和汤姆准备去度假。 I’ve already had my holidays this year.我今年已经度过假了。 During a holiday in Sweden,I found this note on my car. 在瑞典度假期间,我在我的车子上发现了这张字条。

  4. Subspecies identification of Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes (Primates: Hominidae from the National Zoo of the Metropolitan Park of Santiago, Chile, using mitochondrial DNA sequences

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J.A. Vega

    2014-05-01

    Full Text Available Natural populations of Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes are declining because of hunting and illegal live animal trafficking. Four subspecies of Chimpanzee have been reported: Pan troglodytes troglodytes, P.t. schweinfurthii, P.t. verus and P.t. ellioti, which have remained geographically separated by natural barriers such as the rivers Niger, Sanaga and Ubangi in central Africa. Sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA has been used for the determination of these subspecies, which indirectly can also suggest their geographic origin. It was decided to identify the subspecies and the geographic origin of three captive chimpanzees of the National Zoo of the Metropolitan Park of Santiago (Chile, by analyzing their mitochondrial DNA. DNA was extracted from the saliva of three adult chimpanzees (two males and one female. After the analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial hypervariable region (HVI, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using mitochondrial sequences of known Pan troglodytes subspecies. Molecular phylogeny analysis revealed that the chimpanzees are likely to belong to three different subspecies: P.t. schweinfurthii, P.t. verus and P.t. troglodytes. Identification of subspecies of the three chimpanzees of the National Zoo of the Metropolitan Park of Santiago (Chile was possible due to mtDNA analysis. Future identification of chimpanzees will allow the development of a studbook for the chimpanzee subspecies in other Latin American zoos.

  5. Estudio comparativo en el duelo post-separación matrimonial en las mujeres de distintos estratos socio-económicos de Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Jacek Burzawa, Marek

    2016-01-01

    El objetivo general de este estudio es examinar la vivencia del duelo, desde una perspectiva comparativa, en mujeres separadas de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos de Santiago de Chile, con el fin de profundizar en los factores facilitadores y obstaculizadores del mismo. Las participantes, 603 mujeres, fueron evaluadas con los siguientes instrumentos: dos cuestionarios elaborados ad hoc para conocer las características socio-demográficas y datos vinculados con el proceso de separación y ...

  6. Analysis of contaminating elements in tree rings in Santiago, Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Romo-Kroeger, C.M.; Avila, M.J.; Eaton, L.C.; Lopez, L.A.

    1996-01-01

    Using the 22'' isochronous cyclotron at the University of Chile, we have performed PIXE analyses on a group of samples collected from trees of metropolitan parks in Santiago. Dendrochronology was performed on each sample, which was then sectioned for the PIXE and other analyses, neutron activation and electro-chemistry. Available samples are trunk sections or cores obtained by the use of a 4.0 mm stainless steel incremental corer. We took three cores from each tree with permission of the municipalities. For the PIXE we use infinitely thick targets, as wood slabs taken along the trunk radius, and thin targets obtained by acid digestion of wood pieces and deposition on Kapton foils. Self supporting thick targets were placed directly in the PIXE chamber in a position so as to allow the irradiation of a specific annual ring. Potassium and Calcium appear as the most abundant elements in wood. Other elements such as S, Cu, Zn, As, Br and Pb were detected in amounts above the natural background in wood, and can be attributed to environmental contamination. The K/Ca ratios appear to be different for each species of tree, and seem to be related to the physico-chemical properties of wood. Preliminary results show important amounts of As and Cu (supposedly from mining origin) with increasing presence in the recent years. Pb and Zn (supposedly from vehicle origin) are also higher in recent years. (author)

  7. Analysis of contaminating elements in tree rings in Santiago, Chile

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Romo-Kroeger, C.M.; Avila, M.J.; Eaton, L.C.; Lopez, L.A. [Faculty of Sciences. Univ. of Chile, Santiago (Chile)

    1996-12-31

    Using the 22`` isochronous cyclotron at the University of Chile, we have performed PIXE analyses on a group of samples collected from trees of metropolitan parks in Santiago. Dendrochronology was performed on each sample, which was then sectioned for the PIXE and other analyses, neutron activation and electro-chemistry. Available samples are trunk sections or cores obtained by the use of a 4.0 mm stainless steel incremental corer. We took three cores from each tree with permission of the municipalities. For the PIXE we use infinitely thick targets, as wood slabs taken along the trunk radius, and thin targets obtained by acid digestion of wood pieces and deposition on Kapton foils. Self supporting thick targets were placed directly in the PIXE chamber in a position so as to allow the irradiation of a specific annual ring. Potassium and Calcium appear as the most abundant elements in wood. Other elements such as S, Cu, Zn, As, Br and Pb were detected in amounts above the natural background in wood, and can be attributed to environmental contamination. The K/Ca ratios appear to be different for each species of tree, and seem to be related to the physico-chemical properties of wood. Preliminary results show important amounts of As and Cu (supposedly from mining origin) with increasing presence in the recent years. Pb and Zn (supposedly from vehicle origin) are also higher in recent years. (author)

  8. Measurements of children's exposures to particles and nitrogen dioxide in Santiago, Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rojas-Bracho, Leonora; Suh, Helen H.; Koutrakis, Petros; Oyola, Pedro

    2002-01-01

    An exposure study of children (aged 10-12 years) living in Santiago, Chile, was conducted. Personal, indoor and outdoor fine and inhalable particulate matter ( 2.5 and 10 , respectively), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) were measured during pilot (N=8) and main (N=20) studies, which were conducted during the winters of 1998 and 1999, respectively. For the main study, personal indoor and outdoor 24-h samples were collected for five consecutive days. Similar mean personal, indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations (69.5, 68.5 and 68.1 μg m -3 , respectively) were found. However, for coarse particles (calculated as the difference between measured PM 10 and PM 2.5 , PM 2.5-10 ) indoor and outdoor levels (35.4 and 47.4 μg m -3 ) were lower than their corresponding personal exposures (76.3 μg m -3 ). Indoor and outdoor NO 2 concentrations were comparable (35.8 and 36.9 ppb) and higher than personal exposures (25.9 ppb). Very low ambient indoor and personal O 3 levels were found, which were mostly below the method's limit of detection (LOD). Outdoor particles contributed significantly to indoor concentrations, with effective penetration efficiencies of 0.61 and 0.30 for PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 , respectively. Personal exposures were strongly associated with indoor and outdoor concentrations for PM 2.5 , but weakly associated for PM 2.5-10 . For NO 2 , weak associations were obtained for indoor-outdoor and personal-outdoor relationships. This is probably a result of the presence of gas cooking stoves in all the homes. Median I/O, P/I and P/O ratios for PM 2.5 were close to unity, and for NO 2 they ranged between 0.64 and 0.95. These ratios were probably due to high ambient PM 2.5 and NO 2 levels in Santiago, which diminished the relative contribution of indoor sources and subjects' activities to indoor and personal PM 2.5 and NO 2 levels

  9. Diferencias étnicas y de aculturación en el consumo de alimentos en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Schnettler, Berta; Huaiquiñir, Valeska; Mora, Marcos; Miranda, Horacio; Sepúlveda, José; Denegri, Marianela

    2009-01-01

    Con el objetivo de detectar diferencias en los hábitos de consumo y gasto en alimentos según la etnia del consumidor y grado de aculturación en personas mapuche, se aplicó una encuesta personal a una muestra de 400 personas, estratificada por etnia con afijación simple, en cuatro comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile. En los resultados empíricos fue posible evidenciar que los hábitos de consumo de los grupos de alimentos que contemplan las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares ...

  10. Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1992-05-01

    The background notes on Chile provide a statistical summary of the population, geography, government, and the economy, and more descriptive text on the history, population, government, economy, defense, and foreign relations. In brief, Chile has 13.3 million Spanish Indian (Mestizos), European, and Indian inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 1.6%. 96% are literate. Infant mortality is 18/1000. 34% of the population are involved in industry and commerce, 30% in services, 19% in agriculture and forestry and fishing, 7% in construction, and 2% in mining. The major city is Santiago. The government, which gained independence in 1810, is a republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. There are 12 regions. There are 6 major political parties. Suffrage is universal at 18 years. Gross domestic product (GDP) is $29.2 billion. The annual growth rate is 5% and inflation is 19%. Copper, timber, fish, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, and molybdenum are its natural resources. Agricultural products are 9% of GDP and include wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits, and livestock. Industry is 21% of GDP and includes mineral refining, metal manufacturing, food and fish processing, paper and wood products, and finished textiles. $8.3 billion is the value of exports and $7 billion of imports. Export markets are in Japan, the US, Germany, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. Chile received $3.5 billion in economic aid between 1949-85, but little in recent years. 83% live in urban centers, principally around Santiago. Congressional representation is made on the basis of elections by a unique binomial majority system. Principal government officials are identified. Chile has a diversified free market economy and is almost self-sufficient in food production. The US is a primary trading partner. 49% of Chile's exports are minerals. Chile maintains diplomatic relations with 70 countries, however, relations are strained with Argentina and Bolivia. Relations

  11. Espacios de intercambio comercial en Santiago de Chile: tres maneras de aportar a la esfera pública de áreas urbanas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elke Schlack

    2017-04-01

    Full Text Available Based on the premise that public space and commerce are connected in the theory derived from Max Weber, this article analyzes three different types of commerce in Santiago de Chile to illustrate how the public makes use of them. We review the spatial and social characteristics of a traditional market, a commercial gallery, and a shopping mall. It studies the morphological qualities, the inhabitants’ perceptions, and the business communities’ ways of managing and producing commercial space, as well as the implications for the spatial, social and functional integration of these spaces within the city.

  12. A socio-psychological perspective on community participation in health during the Unidad Popular government: Santiago de Chile, from 1970 to 1973.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hadjez-Berrios, Esteban

    2014-01-01

    Community participation in health has conventionally been described and analysed from a non-historical perspective, neglecting the central role that disadvantaged communities have played in the construction of health institutions in our societies, alienating collective health from its historical subject. From a socio-psychological perspective, this study explores the experiences of community participation in health during the Unidad Popular government in Santiago de Chile from 1970 to 1973, evidencing a radical pedagogical process inside poor urban settlements, aimed to transform Chilean classist health institutions. These findings contribute to a critical understanding of community participation in health, conceived as a dialectic and transformative action.

  13. DEVOCIONES DE INMIGRANTES: INDÍGENAS ANDINOS Y PLURIETNICIDAD URBANA EN LA CONFORMACIÓN DE COFRADÍAS COLONIALES (SANTIAGO DE CHILE, SIGLO XVII

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    Jaime Valenzuela Márquez

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available En los orígenes de Chile colonial nos encontramos con numerosos indígenas andinos que sirvieron a los españoles, se asentaron y se integraron en los espacios laborales y sociales de este “nuevo mundo” periférico; formaron redes y parentescos locales, tuvieron descendencia, varios se transformaron en artesanos y algunos dictaron testamentos o dejaron huellas en documentos eclesiásticos y notariales que nos permiten observar su participación en las cofradías de la capital chilena. Estas corporaciones, por su parte, si bien remiten a una finalidad eminentemente religiosa, también actúan como un canal privilegiado para la inserción y movilidad de población diversa. Bajo esta perspectiva, nuestro artículo analiza las principales cofradías en las cuales participaron estos inmigrantes, vinculando prácticas religiosas, redes sociales y espacios laborales. Las cofradías estudiadas se revelan, entonces, como instancias representativas de la diversidad de orígenes geográficos y étnicos de sus integrantes, así como de la pluralidad de referentes identitarios que circulaban e interactuaban en un escenario urbano colonial como Santiago de Chile.In the origins of colonial Chile it is possible to find numerous Andean Indians who worked for Spaniards, settled and were integrated in labor and social spaces of this peripheral “new world”. They established local nets and relationships, and had descendants. Many became craftmen and some left wills or traces on ecclesiastic and notarial documents that allow us to observe their participation in brotherhoods created in Chile’s capital. These corporations had a religious aim, but worked as privileged channels for the insertion and mobility of diverse people. Under this premise, this article analyzes the main brotherhoods in which these immigrants participated, linking religious practices with their social nets and working spaces. The brotherhoods studied reveal themselves as instances that

  14. Simultaneous measurements of formaldehyde and nitrous acid in dews and gas phase in the atmosphere of Santiago, Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rubio, María A.; Lissi, Eduardo; Villena, Guillermo; Elshorbany, Y. F.; Kleffmann, Jörg; Kurtenbach, Ralf; Wiesen, Peter

    2009-12-01

    The amounts of formaldehyde and nitrous acid (HONO) in gas phase and dews of Santiago de Chile were simultaneously measured. Formaldehyde concentrations values in the liquid phase (dews) correlate fairly well with those in the gaseous phase and are even higher than those expected from gas-dew equilibrium. On the other hand, nitrite concentrations in dews were considerably smaller (ca. 15 times) than those expected from the gas-phase concentrations. This under-saturation is attributed to diffusion limitations due to the relatively large HONO solubility. In agreement with this, under-saturation increases with the rate of dew formation and the pH of the collected waters, factors that should increase the rate of gas to liquid HONO transfer required to reach equilibrium.

  15. Regiones-commodities: Crisis y contagio en Chile

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    Antonio Daher

    2003-05-01

    Full Text Available La hipótesis de un nuevo dualismo entre una capital subglobal y sus "regiones-commodities" subyace en el estudio del impacto diferencial de las tres últimas crisis internacionales en las regiones de Chile, cuantificado a través de cuatro indicadores: el producto, el empleo, la inversión externa y las exportaciones, cuya variación permite verificar la disímil vulnerabilidad de cada región y su desigual exposición al riesgo de contagio de crisis. Fundamentado en un marco conceptual que sostiene que las crisis siguen siendo más regionales que globales, y que existe una verdadera geografía del contagio, el estudio muestra evidencia empírica que permite constatar: 1 la reproducción de un desbalance norte-sur al interior de Chile; 2 la doble paradoja de Santiago, cuya economía es la más diversificada y la más vulnerable, la más recesiva y la de mayor crecimiento; 3 la emergencia de Antofagasta como segunda economía regional de Chile, desplazando a Valparaíso y Concepción; 4 el paralelismo de Santiago y Antofagasta como regiones con el mayor producto, la mayor inversión extranjera y mayores exportaciones; y 5 la "mercosurización" de Santiago, capital subglobal, y la globalización de sus "regiones-commodities".The hypothesis of a new dualism between a sub-global capital city and its "commodities regions" underlies the study of the differential impact of the three last international crises on the regions of Chile. This impact is quantified through four indicators: product, employment, foreign investment and exports, and their variability allow the verification of the dissimilar vulnerability of each region and its dissimilar exposure to the risk of crisis contamination. The study is based on a conceptual frame that states that crisis continue to be more regional-like than global, and that there is a real geography of contamination. On the other hand, this study shows empirical evidence which makes it possible to verify: 1 the

  16. Primer registro de Heliotropium amplexicaule (Heliotropiaceae) en Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Ibáñez, Sergio; Luebert, Federico; Gómez, Miguel

    2011-01-01

    The presence of the commonly known weed Heliotropium amplexicaule (Heliotropiaceae) is reported for Chile first time, from a collection recently made in Santiago. Its potential as weed in Chile is discussed in the context of the experience of other countries where the species has become naturalised.

  17. Analysis of PM10, PM2.5, and PM2 5-10 concentrations in Santiago, Chile, from 1989 to 2001.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Koutrakis, Petros; Sax, Sonja N; Sarnat, Jeremy A; Coull, Brent; Demokritou, Phil; Oyola, Pedro; Garcia, Javier; Gramsch, Ernesto

    2005-03-01

    Daily particle samples were collected in Santiago, Chile, at four urban locations from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 2001. Both fine PM with da Ambient Air Quality Standards and the European Union concentration limits. Mean PM2.5 levels during the cold season (April through September) were more than twice as high as those observed in the warm season (October through March); whereas coarse particle levels were similar in both seasons. PM concentration trends were investigated using regression models, controlling for site, weekday, month, wind speed, temperature, and RH. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations decreased substantially, 52% over the 12-year period (1989-2000), whereas PM2.5-10 concentrations increased by approximately 50% in the first 5 years and then decreased by a similar percentage over the following 7 years. These decreases were evident even after controlling for significant climatic effects. These results suggest that the pollution reduction programs developed and implemented by the Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA) have been effective in reducing particle levels in the Santiago Metropolitan region. However, particle levels remain high and it is thus imperative that efforts to improve air quality continue.

  18. [Association between sunburn in children and ultraviolet radiation and ozone layer, during six summers (1996-2001) in Santiago, Chile (33,5 degrees S)].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aranibar, Ligia; Cabrera, Sergio; Honeyman, Juan

    2003-09-01

    During the recent 10 years the ozone layer has decreased while ultraviolet radiation has increased in Santiago, Chile. To determine whether the number of sunburns in children correlate with ultraviolet radiation in Santiago. During six Austral Summers (1996-2001) children below 15 years old, consulting for sunburn, were evaluated at the "Corporation for the Aid of Burned Children" (COANIQUEM) in Santiago (33.5 degrees S). The number of children with sunburns during each Summer was compared with the corresponding UV-B radiation and the ozone thickness, to establish a probable relation between a geophysical change and its consequences in skin health. The ozone layer values were obtained from the NASA WEB-page and the ultraviolet radiation was measured with a four-channel medium resolution radiometer. In each Summer there was a predominance of sunburns among boys and among ages between 6 and 10 years. During the 96-97 Austral Summer, the highest number of children with sunburns (63) was diagnosed. That Summer also had the highest mean UV-305 nm radiation with an important amount of days with ozone Summer an inverse correlation between ozone and UV-305 nm radiation was detected. At the same time the maximal values of Erythemal Dose Rate (33 muWatt cm2), UV Index (13) and Erythemal Daily Dose (7.500 Joule m2) were observed. In Santiago, Summers with a higher number of days with low ozone protection seem to reappear every 3 years. Understanding the interaction of physical processes that control the ozone layer, may help to design better photo-protection programs for human health.

  19. La debilidad de la gestión del riesgo en los centros urbanos: El caso del Área Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Sánchez, Rafael

    2010-01-01

    Las transformaciones experimentadas en las últimas décadas por la ciudad de Santiago de Chile favorece la ocurrencia de peligros de origen antrópico que se agregan a las amenazas de origen natural que continuamente afectan a la urbe. Ante este complejo escenario resulta oportuno realizar un análisis de las normas y referencias legales que estructuran el Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil en los diferentes niveles político-administrativos del país, especialmente los que se refieren al Área M...

  20. Living City: community mobilization to build active transport policies and programs in Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    L. Sagaris

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available Although the usefulness of walking and cycling to promote health is increasingly recognized, the importance of civil society leadership in developing new policies and activities is often overlooked. This case study, of Living City (Ciudad Viva a community-based organization in Santiago, Chile, examines how several communities used knowledge about transport’s impact on the environment and health, gained through opposition to a major highway project, to build effective sustainable urban transport initiatives.Inspired by urban reforms in Bogot´a, Living City now focuses mainly on “active transport” (formerly nonmotorized, building the policies, attitudes and infrastructure necessary to encourage walking and cycling, and the inclusion of the differently abled. It has won two major awards for innovation and now partners with NGOs in The Netherlands and elsewhere in Chile and Latin America.Moreover, Living City now organizes cycling-inclusive training programs, design charrettes and participatory processes in cooperation with Santiago’s regional and national authorities. Its publication, La Voz de La Chimba, distributed free throughout the city by volunteers, has helped to open people’s eyes to the implications of active transport for social equality and health, and provided support to other citizens’ initiatives, struggling to get off the ground.This experience illustrates how citizens’ and community organizations acquire important knowledge and practical experience in learning by doing situations, and how they can learn to reach out to ordinary people and key policymakers, building bridges across the citizen-policy divide to produce innovative, win-win programs that simultaneously bring change at micro- and macro-levels.Bien que la nécessité de marcher et de faire du vélo pour rester en bonne santé soit de plus en plus reconnue, l’importance du rôle prépondérant de la société civile dans le développement de nouvelles

  1. Concurso Internacional: “Área de remodelación en el centro de Santiago de Chile” - U.I.A. 1972. Primer Premio. Galería fotográfica. / International competition: “Redevelopment area in down town Santiago – Chile” – U.I.A. 1972. First prize. Photo Gallery.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Revista de Urbanismo (M.I.Pavez Co-Ed.

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Revista de Urbanismo presenta una compilación de imágenes referidas al Concurso Internacional: “Área de remodelación en el centro de Santiago de Chile” - U.I.A. 1972. Ella ha sido realizada a partir de los archivos profesionales del arquitecto Emilio Sessa (por su gentileza desde Argentina, y del arquitecto Juan Parrochia B., (en la Colección “Juan Parrochia Beguin”, Archivo Nacional de Chile, DIBAM. También se presenta imágenes en AUCA N° 24/25, Santiago de Chile, 1973; en SUMMA, N°57, Buenos Aires, Argentina, marzo de 1975, y finalmente, una fotografía aérea vertical en Google Earth, mayo de 2011. Otras fotografías de interés han sido realizadas por M.I. Pavez R. y Diego Vallejos O., en mayo de 2011. /Revista de Urbanismo presents a compilation of images referring to the International Competition "Redevelopment area in downtown Santiago de Chile" - UIA 1972. It compiles the architect's professional files of Emilio Sessa (by courtesy from Argentina, and Juan Parrochia B., (from the collection "Juan Parrochia Beguin", National Archives of Chile, DIBAM. It also presents images from AUCA No. 24/25, Santiago de Chile, 1973, and from SUMMA N°57, Buenos Aires, Argentina, March 1975, and finally, a vertical aerial photography in Google Earth, May 2011. Other photos of interest have been carried out by M.I. Pavez R. and Diego Vallejos O., in May 2011.

  2. Santiago de Chile: antecedentes demográficos, expansión urbana y conflictos./ Santiago de Chile: demographic background for the urban sprawl and its conflicts.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Ferrando Acuña

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Cuando la expansión de Santiago se efectuó sobre los sectores rurales circundantes y también, en los últimos decenios, en polígonos altos en busca de mejores condiciones ambientales y de calidad de vida, también impensadamente, se efectuó hacia áreas de mayor riesgo. La ciudad ha cuadruplicado su superficie en los últimos 50 años y se acerca al límite de su capacidad de carga, presionado por la ocupación de áreas morfodinámicamente inestables. Son, por lo tanto, motivo de especial preocupación los desastres asociados en parte a procesos naturales, a los que están expuestas ciudades como Santiago, con una expansión asociada a un proceso de desplanificación activado desde 1979 y que dio término a los 50 años del Estado Planificador (1929-1979./When the urban growth of Santiago overlapped its rural environment, it also overlapped risk zones. in the last half century, the city has quadrupled its surface and is getting to the limit of usable land before using morphodynamic unstable zones.

  3. Inseguridad ciudadana y diferenciación social en el nivel microbarrial: el caso del sector Santo Tomás, Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alejandra Lunecke

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available En la periferia de la ciudad de Santiago se observan zonas de viviendas sociales que se caracterizan por una alta concentración de precariedades económicas y materiales, segregación espacial, procesos de debilitamiento del tejido comunitario y altos niveles de inseguridad, esto último por la presencia de grupos vinculados a la criminalidad. En tal contexto, a partir de una investigación realizada en el sector Santo Tomás de la zona sur de Santiago de Chile, se analiza cómo incide en los procesos de debilitamiento del tejido social, la percepción de inseguridad asociada al delito y la violencia, en un medio de pobreza guetizada. Para ello se pone énfasis en las prácticas discursivas de los vecinos, las que dan cuenta de los juicios de valor existentes respecto de "lo peligroso" y "lo desviado". Se discute cómo dichos juicios refuerzan las dinámicas de distinción social existentes en el nivel micro barrial y se alimentan de ellas.

  4. Distribución, superficie y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes en Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sonia Reyes Päcke

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Las áreas verdes urbanas (AVU proveen servicios sociales y ecológicos, en función de su distribución, superficie y accesibilidad. Se evalúan dichos atributos para las AVU de Santiago mediante métricas de paisaje. Se muestra que el 91% de las AVU tiene tamaño menor a 5.000 m². Las comunas de bajos ingresos y mayor población presentan un mayor número de áreas verdes (NP, pero de menor tamaño (Green spaces provide social and ecological functions within urban environments. The magnitude of these depends on the size, distribution and accessibility of such spaces. These attributes of the green areas in Santiago de Chile are evaluated using landscape metrics. The results show that 91% of green spaces are smaller than 5,000 m2. Municipalities with higher population and lower income levels had a greater number of green spaces, but these are smaller than 1,000 m2. The four municipalities with the highest income levels have 32.2% of the total green space surface, while the four municipalities with the lowest income levels barely exceed 4.0%>. The proposed accessibility indicator (IAc reveals that in the La Pintana municipality (low income level, 19.6% of the population has access to a green space of at least 5,000 within 300 from their home, while this figure is 45.3% for San Miguel (medium income level and 74.1% in Vitacura (high income level. Chilean urban legislation tends to promote the creation of smaller green spaces.

  5. Corporal Punishment and Youth Externalizing Behavior in Santiago, Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ma, Julie; Han, Yoonsun; Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew; Delva, Jorge; Castillo, Marcela

    2012-01-01

    Objectives Corporal punishment is still widely practiced around the globe, despite the large body of child development research that substantiates its short- and long-term consequences. Within this context, this paper examined the relationship between parental use of corporal punishment and youth externalizing behavior with a Chilean sample to add to the growing empirical evidence concerning the potential relationship between increased corporal punishment and undesirable youth outcomes across cultures. Methods Analysis was based on 919 adolescents in Santiago, Chile. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the extent to which parents’ use of corporal punishment and positive family measures were associated with youth externalizing behavior. Furthermore, the associations between self-reported externalizing behavior and infrequent, as well as frequent, use of corporal punishment were investigated to contribute to understanding how varying levels of parental use of corporal punishment were differently related to youth outcomes. Results Both mother’s and father’s use of corporal punishment were associated with greater youth externalizing behavior. Additionally, increases in positive parenting practices, such as parental warmth and family involvement, were met with decreases in youth externalizing behavior when controlling for youth demographics, family socioeconomic status, and parents’ use of corporal punishment. Finally, both infrequent and frequent use of corporal punishment were positively associated with higher youth problem behaviors, though frequent corporal punishment had a stronger relationship with externalizing behavior than did infrequent corporal punishment. Conclusions Parental use of corporal punishment, even on an occasional basis, is associated with greater externalizing behavior for youth while a warm and involving family environment may protect youth from serious problem behaviors. Therefore, findings of this study add

  6. Sexual intercourse among adolescents in Santiago, Chile: a study of individual and parenting factors Relaciones sexuales entre adolescentes de Santiago, Chile: un estudio de factores individuales y de crianza

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ninive Sanchez

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To examine a range of individual, parenting, and family factors associated with sexual intercourse among a community sample of youth and their families in Santiago, Chile. METHODS: Data were taken from the Santiago Longitudinal Study conducted in January 2008-November 2009. Participants were 766 youth (mean age = 14.03 years, 51% male from municipalities of low- to mid-socioeconomic status. Variables included emotional and behavioral subscales from the Child Behavior Checklist's Youth Self Report, parental monitoring, family involvement, parental control and autonomy, relationship with each parent, and sexual activity. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the odds of sexual intercourse initiation. RESULTS: Seventy (9.14% youth reported having had sex in their lifetime; the average age of first sexual intercourse among this group was 13.5 years (Standard Deviation [SD] = 1.74 for males and 14.08 (SD = 1.40 for females. Having sex was inversely associated with withdrawn-depressed symptoms (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.84, Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.72-0.97, but positively associated with somatic complaints (OR = 1.20, CI = 1.04-1.38 and rule breaking behavior (OR = 1.21, CI = 1.08-1.36, after adjusting for demographic and other individual and parenting variables. The majority (80% of the youth who had had sex reported using protection at the time of last intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the role that mental health problems-some of them not commonly associated with onset of sexual activity-may play in a youth's decision to have sex. The potential protective effects of several parenting and family characteristics disappeared with youth age and youth behavioral problems.OBJETIVO: Examinar distintos factores relacionados con el inicio de la actividad sexual que presentan los jóvenes, sus padres y su familia en una muestra de jóvenes y su respectiva familia tomada de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile

  7. La pequeña Lima: Nueva cara y vitalidad para el centro de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Elena Ducci

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available Las migraciones recientes hacia Chile constituyen un fenómeno social inédito para el país. Este trabajo se centra en el impacto que están teniendo los peruanos, como grupo migrante mayoritario, en el centro de Santiago, donde han recuperado lugares y comercios semiabandonados, generando una “Pequeña Lima”, sector donde los migrantes acuden a conseguir trabajo, alimentarse y divertirse. El trabajo muestra los efectos positivos de este fenómeno en la recuperación y revitalización de zonas centrales, dinamizando el comercio y la ocupación de los espacios públicos. Se reconoce también que la instalación precaria de muchos migrantes en viviendas antiguas del centro está generando problemas de hacinamiento y de acceso a salud y educación, lo cual, dada la inexistencia de políticas sociales orientadas a la inmigración, puede (y empieza a originar confictos en el corto plazo.

  8. Transnacionalismo y enclave territorial étnico en la configuración de la ciudadanía de los inmigrantes peruanos en Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    José Carlos Luque Brazán

    2004-01-01

    El presente artículo, aborda el surgimiento de un enclave territorial de inmigrantes peruanos en Santiago de Chile durante 1991 – 2004, e relación a los factores que permiten explicar este fenómeno (discriminación, actores políticos inmigrantes, identidad cultural y el régimen democrático chileno), y las implicancias de este fenómeno en el desarrollo del transnacionalismo político de dichos actores, referidos básicamente a la construcción de una concepción incipiente de ciudadanía transnacio...

  9. Sensing Urban Patterns with Antenna Mappings: The Case of Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Graells-Garrido, Eduardo; Peredo, Oscar; García, José

    2016-07-15

    Mobile data has allowed us to sense urban dynamics at scales and granularities not known before, helping urban planners to cope with urban growth. A frequently used kind of dataset are Call Detail Records (CDR), used by telecommunication operators for billing purposes. Being an already extracted and processed dataset, it is inexpensive and reliable. A common assumption with respect to geography when working with CDR data is that the position of a device is the same as the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) it is connected to. Because the city is divided into a square grid, or by coverage zones approximated by Voronoi tessellations, CDR network events are assigned to corresponding areas according to BTS position. This geolocation may suffer from non negligible error in almost all cases. In this paper we propose "Antenna Virtual Placement" (AVP), a method to geolocate mobile devices according to their connections to BTS, based on decoupling antennas from its corresponding BTS according to its physical configuration (height, downtilt, and azimuth). We use AVP applied to CDR data as input for two different tasks: first, from an individual perspective, what places are meaningful for them? And second, from a global perspective, how to cluster city areas to understand land use using floating population flows? For both tasks we propose methods that complement or improve prior work in the literature. Our proposed methods are simple, yet not trivial, and work with daily CDR data from the biggest telecommunication operator in Chile. We evaluate them in Santiago, the capital of Chile, with data from working days from June 2015. We find that: (1) AVP improves city coverage of CDR data by geolocating devices to more city areas than using standard methods; (2) we find important places (home and work) for a 10% of the sample using just daily information, and recreate the population distribution as well as commuting trips; (3) the daily rhythms of floating population allow to cluster

  10. [Human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening at a public health service of Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Terrazas, Solana; Ibáñez, Carolina; Lagos, Marcela; Poggi, Helena; Brañes, Jorge; Barriga, María Isabel; Cartagena, Jaime; Núñez, Felipe; González, Francisca; Cook, Paz; Van De Wyngard, Vanessa; Ferreccio, Catterina

    2015-01-01

    Molecular techniques for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection have a good performance as screening tests and could be included in cervical cancer early detection programs. We conducted a population-based trial comparing HPV detection and Papanicolaou as primary screening tests, in a public health service in Santiago, Chile. To describe the experience of implementing this new molecular test and present the main results of the study. Women aged 25 to 64 enrolled in three public health centers were invited to participate. In all women, samples were collected for Papanicolaou and HPV DNA testing, and naked-eye visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid was performed. Women with any positive screening test were referred to the local area hospital for diagnostic confirmation with colposcopy and biopsy of suspicious lesions. Screening results were obtained for 8265 women, of whom 931 (11.3%) were positive to any test. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) was 1.1%; nine women had invasive cervical cancer. Sensitivities for the detection of CIN2+ were 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.4-29.2) for Papanicolaou and 92.7% (95% CI 84.4-96.8) for HPV testing; specificities were 98.9% (95% CI 98.7-99.0) and 92.0% (95% CI 91.4-92.6) respectively. This experience showed that the implementation of a molecular test for cervical cancer screening is not a major challenge in Chile: it was well accepted by both the health team and the participants, and it may improve the effectiveness of the screening program.

  11. Physical activity in the classroom to prevent childhood obesity: a pilot study in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mardones, Francisco; Arnaiz, Pilar; Soto-Sánchez, Johana; Saavedra, Juana; Domínguez, Angélica; Rozowski, Jaime; Iriarte, Laura; Cantwell Wood, Jennifer

    2017-01-01

    This paper describes a 4-month pilot study that tested the suitability of a physical activity intervention for first graders (children aged 6 and 7 years) in a public school in Santiago, Chile. Teachers were trained to deliver the programme in the classroom during the school day. Teachers were surveyed to determine if this intervention fit within their curriculum and classroom routines and they reported in a focus group that it was suitable for them. All children actively participated in the programme and positive changes in their attitudes towards physical activity were observed by their teachers. Anthropometrics, blood pressure and hand grip strength were measured in the students. A significant reduction was observed in children with high waist circumference ≥ 90th percentile, and in mean systolic blood pressure. However, statistical power values for those comparisons were rather low. Anthropometry and hand grip strength were not modified. The latter calculations and the lack of a control group are showing the weaknesses of this pilot study and that further research with a larger sample size and an experimental design is strongly needed.

  12. Inmigrantes en territorios de frontera: La ciudad de los otros. Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisca Márquez

    2014-05-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo se aborda la construcción y génesis de territorios de frontera por parte de inmigrantes en Santiago de Chile, específicamente en La Chimba, al norte del río Mapocho. Se analiza este habitar de frontera desde evidencias de la historia, la sociología, georreferenciación y etnografía. La tesis central dice que el habitar de frontera se crea y se transforma en fuente de poder y ejercicio ciudadano, cuando la configuración de los territorios que cobijan a los inmigrantes es capaz de alimentar y ensanchar el campo de lo posible, más allá de la sobrevivencia. Se concluye que en La Chimba, la realización de la vita activa en los migrantes se levanta sobre una paradoja: cobijo y arraigo (condición de comunidad y redes de protección; itinerancia y movimiento (condición de translocalidad y conectividad. Esta paradoja resguarda la identidad de los habitantes en la multiculturalidad, pero a su vez abre la conectividad más allá de las fronteras del barrio, de la ciudad y la nación.

  13. GORDURA, DISCRIMINACIÓN Y CLASISMO: UN ESTUDIO EN JÓVENES DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

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    María Alejandra Energici Sprovera

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Resumen El estudio de la obesidad desde la psicología social se ha realizado principalmente desde una aproximación cognitivo conductual omitiendo los contextos sociales en que se realizan juicios discriminadores. Con el objetivo de comprender los significados con que se construye la gordura y su interacción con otras formas de exclusión social, hemos realizado un estudio cualitativo de jóvenes de Santiago de Chile. Trabajamos con tres grupos de discusión, que analizamos siguiendo las directrices de la teoría fundada. Presentamos los resultados relativos a la construcción de la gordura y su vinculación con las clases sociales. La gordura se constituye como una condición que define a la persona como ansioso/a, perezoso/a y deforme, lo que justifica la acción de discriminación. Los atributos por los que son excluidos las personas gordas coinciden con los utilizados históricamente para discriminar a los/as pobres, de ahí que concluimos que se constituye como una nueva forma de clasismo.

  14. Entrevista a Mónica Maldonado. Las condiciones carcelarias en Chile

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    Valeska David

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Abogada, egresada de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Comenzó su carrera judicial en los Tribunales de Santiago en 1970 y a partir del año 2001 se desempeña como Fiscal Judicial de la Corte Suprema de Chile.

  15. Evaluación de la efectividad del Programa Vínculos para la prevención e intervención del Bullying en Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Pérez, J. Carola; Astudillo, Javiera; Varela T., Jorge; Lecannelier A., Felipe

    2013-01-01

    El Bullying, por sus características y consecuencias, se ha transformado en una preocupación central en los colegios, los cuales han desarrollado diferentes formas de afrontarlo. El objetivo principal de este artículo es evaluar la efectividad de un programa de prevención e intervención de Bullying y Ciberbullying, en una muestra de 320 alumnas en un colegio de Santiago de Chile, a través de un diseño pre-post. El programa utilizó estrategias preventivas e integrales orientadas a realizar int...

  16. Hot emission model for mobile sources: application to the metropolitan region of the city of Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Corvalán, Roberto M; Osses, Mauricio; Urrutia, Cristian M

    2002-02-01

    Depending on the final application, several methodologies for traffic emission estimation have been developed. Emission estimation based on total miles traveled or other average factors is a sufficient approach only for extended areas such as national or worldwide areas. For road emission control and strategies design, microscale analysis based on real-world emission estimations is often required. This involves actual driving behavior and emission factors of the local vehicle fleet under study. This paper reports on a microscale model for hot road emissions and its application to the metropolitan region of the city of Santiago, Chile. The methodology considers the street-by-street hot emission estimation with its temporal and spatial distribution. The input data come from experimental emission factors based on local driving patterns and traffic surveys of traffic flows for different vehicle categories. The methodology developed is able to estimate hourly hot road CO, total unburned hydrocarbons (THCs), particulate matter (PM), and NO(x) emissions for predefined day types and vehicle categories.

  17. Studies to Control Endemic Typhoid Fever in Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    1982-01-29

    Es - cuelas del Area Norte respecto a sus, res,,onsabilidades en este programa: 1. Asegurar que lob escolares escri- ban en su libreta de comuiiic~cio...vaccination between May 3 and June 18, 1982. -25- REFERENCES 1. Departamento Planificacion Estadistica, Mjnisterio de Salud, Santiago Chile. 2. Ristori...nifios escolares en el ’area norte de Santiago. Como es de su conocimiento esta exp~eriencia debAi.ser postergada, porque este Ministerio esti-m6

  18. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and pulmonary function: a cross-sectional study among non-smoking employees of bar and restaurants in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Parro, Javiera; Aceituno, Paulina; Droppelmann, Andrea; Mesías, Sthepanie; Muñoz, Claudio; Marchetti, Nella; Iglesias, Verónica

    2017-10-06

    The workplace remains a significant source of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. This pollutant is known to be associated with respiratory and cardiovascular problems, but its effects on specific pulmonary function parameters remain largely unexplored. The objectives of this study were to measure SHS exposure among non-smoking employees of bar and restaurants in Santiago, Chile and to evaluate the effects of such exposure on pulmonary function. Cross-sectional design. The study sample included non-smoking workers from 57 restaurants and bars in Santiago, Chile. The outcome variable was pulmonary function and the exposure variables were urine cotinine concentration, a biomarker for current SHS exposure, and years of SHS exposure in the workplace as proxy of chronic exposure. Personal and occupational variables were also recorded. Data analysis was performed using linear regression models adjusted by confounders. The median age of the workers was 35 years and the median employment duration at the analysed venues was 1 year. Workers in smoking facilities reported greater SHS exposure (36 hours per week) than workers in smoke-free locations (4 hours per week). Urine cotinine levels were inversely correlated with forced vital capacity, but the finding was not statistically significant (β=-0.0002; 95% CI -0.007 to 0.006). Years of exposure to SHS showed to be significantly associated with forced expiratory flow 25/75 (β=-0.006; 95% CI -0.010 to -0.0004). These findings suggest that cumulative exposure to SHS at work may contribute to deterioration of pulmonary function in non-smoking employees. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

  19. Oxidation capacity of the city air of Santiago, Chile

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    Y. F. Elshorbany

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available The oxidation capacity of the highly polluted urban area of Santiago, Chile has been evaluated during a summer measurement campaign carried out from 8–20 March 2005. The hydroxyl (OH radical budget was evaluated employing a simple quasi-photostationary-state model (PSS constrained with simultaneous measurements of HONO, HCHO, O3, NO, NO2, j(O1D, j(NO2, 13 alkenes and meteorological parameters. In addition, a zero dimensional photochemical box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1 has been used to estimate production rates and total free radical budgets, including OH, HO2 and RO2. Besides the above parameters, the MCM model has been constrained by the measured CO and volatile organic compounds (VOCs including alkanes and aromatics. Both models simulate the same OH concentration during daytime indicating that the primary OH sources and sinks included in the simple PSS model predominate. Mixing ratios of the main OH radical precursors were found to be in the range 0.8–7 ppbv (HONO, 0.9–11 ppbv (HCHO and 0–125 ppbv (O3. The alkenes average mixing ratio was ~58 ppbC accounting for ~12% of the total identified non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs. During the daytime (08:00 h–19:00 h, HONO photolysis was shown to be the most important primary OH radical source comprising alone ~55% of the total initial production rate, followed by alkene ozonolysis (~24% and photolysis of HCHO (~16% and O3 (~5%. The calculated average and maximum daytime OH production rates from HONO photolysis was 1.7 ppbv h−1 and 3.1 ppbv h−1, respectively. Based on the experimental results a strong photochemical daytime source of HONO is proposed. A detailed analysis of the sources of OH radical precursors has also been carried out.

  20. Sensing Urban Patterns with Antenna Mappings: The Case of Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eduardo Graells-Garrido

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available Mobile data has allowed us to sense urban dynamics at scales and granularities not known before, helping urban planners to cope with urban growth. A frequently used kind of dataset are Call Detail Records (CDR, used by telecommunication operators for billing purposes. Being an already extracted and processed dataset, it is inexpensive and reliable. A common assumption with respect to geography when working with CDR data is that the position of a device is the same as the Base Transceiver Station (BTS it is connected to. Because the city is divided into a square grid, or by coverage zones approximated by Voronoi tessellations, CDR network events are assigned to corresponding areas according to BTS position. This geolocation may suffer from non negligible error in almost all cases. In this paper we propose “Antenna Virtual Placement” (AVP, a method to geolocate mobile devices according to their connections to BTS, based on decoupling antennas from its corresponding BTS according to its physical configuration (height, downtilt, and azimuth. We use AVP applied to CDR data as input for two different tasks: first, from an individual perspective, what places are meaningful for them? And second, from a global perspective, how to cluster city areas to understand land use using floating population flows? For both tasks we propose methods that complement or improve prior work in the literature. Our proposed methods are simple, yet not trivial, and work with daily CDR data from the biggest telecommunication operator in Chile. We evaluate them in Santiago, the capital of Chile, with data from working days from June 2015. We find that: (1 AVP improves city coverage of CDR data by geolocating devices to more city areas than using standard methods; (2 we find important places (home and work for a 10% of the sample using just daily information, and recreate the population distribution as well as commuting trips; (3 the daily rhythms of floating population

  1. Effect of Nearby Forest Fires on Ground Level Ozone Concentrations in Santiago, Chile

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    María A. Rubio

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available On 4 and 8 January 2014, at the height of the austral summer, intense wildfires in forests and dry pastures occurred in the Melipilla sector, located about 70 km to the southwest of Santiago, the Chilean capital, affecting more than 6 million inhabitants. Low level winds transported the forest fire plume towards Santiago causing a striking decrease in visibility and a marked increase in the concentration of both primary (PM10 and CO and secondary (Ozone pollutants in the urban atmosphere. In particular, ozone maximum concentrations in the Santiago basin reached hourly averages well above 80 ppb, the national air quality standard. This ozone increase took place at the three sampling sites considered in the present study. These large values can be explained in terms of high NOx concentrations and NO2/NO ratios in biomass burning emissions.

  2. Walking Meditation: Being Present and Being Pilgrim on the Camino de Santiago

    OpenAIRE

    Alison T. Smith

    2018-01-01

    The Camino de Santiago has witnessed an unprecedented number of walkers in recent years. Traditionalists feel that the Camino is suffering from excess—too many visitors and too much strain on the infrastructure, accompanied by an ignorance of what it means to be an “authentic” pilgrim. Contemporary pilgrims often use ancillary services to transport their bags, approaching the Camino as an athletic event or a holiday excursion. For scholars and people of faith, these superficial attitudes to t...

  3. Temporal evolution of main ambient PM2. 5 sources in Santiago, Chile, from 1998 to 2012

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barraza, Francisco; Lambert, Fabrice; Jorquera, Héctor; María Villalobos, Ana; Gallardo, Laura

    2017-08-01

    The inhabitants of Santiago, Chile have been exposed to harmful levels of air pollutants for decades. The city's poor air quality is a result of steady economic growth, and stable atmospheric conditions adverse to mixing and ventilation that favor the formation of oxidants and secondary aerosols. Identifying and quantifying the sources that contribute to the ambient levels of pollutants is key for designing adequate mitigation measures. Estimating the evolution of source contributions to ambient pollution levels is also paramount to evaluating the effectiveness of pollution reduction measures that have been implemented in recent decades. Here, we quantify the main sources that have contributed to fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) between April 1998 and August 2012 in downtown Santiago by using two different source-receptor models (PMF 5.0 and UNMIX 6.0) that were applied to elemental measurements of 1243 24 h filter samples of ambient PM2.5. PMF resolved six sources that contributed to ambient PM2. 5, with UNMIX producing similar results: motor vehicles (37.3 ± 1.1 %), industrial sources (18.5 ± 1.3 %), copper smelters (14.4 ± 0.8 %), wood burning (12.3 ± 1.0 %), coastal sources (9.5 ± 0.7 %) and urban dust (3.0 ± 1.2 %). Our results show that over the 15 years analyzed here, four of the resolved sources significantly decreased [95 % confidence interval]: motor vehicles 21.3 % [2.6, 36.5], industrial sources 39.3 % [28.6, 48.4], copper smelters 81.5 % [75.5, 85.9], and coastal sources 58.9 % [38.5, 72.5], while wood burning did not significantly change and urban dust increased by 72 % [48.9, 99.9]. These changes are consistent with emission reduction measures, such as improved vehicle emission standards, cleaner smelting technology, introduction of low-sulfur diesel for vehicles and natural gas for industrial processes, public transport improvements, etc. However, it is also apparent that the mitigation expected from the above regulations has been partially

  4. ¿Qué es un cluster? Geografías y prácticas de la escena de música experimental en Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel Tironi Rodó

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Las teorías sobre la clusterización económica, y en particular sobre la aglomeración geográfica en la industria creativa, asumen una idea de 'lugar' o 'localidad' en extremo estática, auto clausurada e idealizada. A través de evidencia empírica, y después de una revisión de los argumentos a favor y en contra de dicha idea de 'lugar' en la literatura especializada, este artículo explora la escena de música experimental de Santiago, Chile, como caso de una industria creativa estructurada en una espacialidad alternativa. Específicamente, se argumenta que dadas ciertas condiciones productivas, culturales y urbanísticas, las industrias creativas pueden desplegarse en torno a espacialidades múltiples, móviles y eventuales, sin que esto mine los efectos de cluster esperados. Finalmente, y sólo a modo especulativo, se propone una nueva figura espacial para dar cuenta de los procesos de clusterización económica en ciudades emergentes.Cluster theories, and particularly theories on creative clustering, have assumed a highly static, self contained and idealized idea of the 'local'. Based on empirical evidence, and folio wing a review of the arguments in favor and against this idea of the 'local', the article explores the experimental music scene in Santiago de Chile, as a case of a creative industry structured around an alternative spatiality. Specifically, we argue that under certain productive, cultural and urban conditions, creative industries can unfold around multiple, mobile and eventual spatialities without losing the expected cluster effeects. Finally, and only speculatively, we propose a new spatial structure for understanding the process of economic clustering in developing cities.

  5. Aucas en la ciudad de Santiago. La rebelión mapuche de 1723 y el miedo al «otro» en Chile central

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    Contreras Cruces, Hugo

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Within the context of the so-called indigenous rebellion in 1723, this article reconstructs the actions carried out to suppress an alleged rebel attack on the city of Santiago in October of that year, an attack which never occurred, but nevertheless brought to jail over one hundred Indians, inhabitants of the nearby city areas, and most of whom were immigrants who had come from the border of the river Biobio or from within the Araucania. This process is studied from the perspective of fear of the «other» who was in this case an indigenous migrant carrying language, customs and religion all of which were mostly incomprehensible to the hispanocriollos of central Chile, thereby making them immediately to appear suspicious and be referred to as «Auca», or rebel.En el contexto de la llamada rebelión general indígena de 1723, este artículo reconstituye las acciones llevadas a cabo para reprimir un supuesto ataque rebelde a la ciudad de Santiago en octubre de dicho año, el cual nunca llegó a realizarse, pero que llevó a la cárcel a más de una centena de indios que habitaban en las cercanías de la ciudad, la mayoría de los cuales eran inmigrantes venidos de la frontera del río Biobío o desde el interior de la Araucanía. Dicho proceso se estudia desde la perspectiva del miedo al «otro», en este caso al indígena migrante, portador de un idioma, costumbres y una religiosidad mayormente incomprensibles para los hispanocriollos de Chile central, lo que los convertía inmediatamente en sospechosos y se les calificaba como «aucas» o rebeldes.

  6. Las prácticas lúdicas en la calle y la imagen del centro de la ciudad en Santiago de Chile = Recreational practices on the street and the image of the city center of Santiago de Chile

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    Natacha Calvet Tapia

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo analiza la relación de la imagen del espacio central de una ciudad y la calle como escenario de esparcimiento y las prácticas lúdicas que en ellas se manifiestan. Los espacios que permiten o promueven las actividades lúdicas y festivas, ya sean parques, plazas, paseos o simplemente calles, en el Centro de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile responden a la necesidad consensual de todos los actores que componen ese espacio. Contribuyen a crear sentimientos de pertenencia e identidad, a disimular las diferencias sociales, como también constituyen una necesidad desde el punto de vista turístico y comercial. Mejoran la calidad de vida de los habitantes, a la vez que construyen una imagen positiva del territorio. Los espacios lúdicos y las actividades lúdicas son utilizados como instrumento por todos los actores y colectividades sociales, ya sea para ordenar, normalizar y estructurar dichos espacios y dichas prácticas; o para criticar y subvertir ese orden; o para obtener beneficios económicos. No existe una relación de causa-efecto entre la organización espacial planificada y las vivencias y apropiación de un espacio por parte de la población. Dicho de otra manera las personas no necesariamente usan o viven el espacio según sea la voluntadinstitucional.This article examines the relationship between the images of central and the street as a leisurely space in a city against the recreational practices that are enacted in them. The spaces that foster festive and recreational activities, such as parks, squares or simply streets in the center of Santiago de Chile meet a consensual need of all actors involved. They contribute to create feelings of belonging and identity, to soften social differences, in addition to responding to the needs of trade and tourism. They improve the quality of life of the city residents and build a positive image of the territory. Recreational spaces are used as tools by all

  7. Bullfighting at Santiago de Chile during the Colonial Period

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    Escardiel González Estévez

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Despite the fact that in Chile there is no bullfighting and that people have forgotten it, bulls existed in this territory as in any other Spanish colony, with critical social implications. Although follow the Iberian trend, from ritual to a spectacle, some local factors made that bullfighting had special features in Chile, as is the case of the permanence of chivalrous bullfighting in the context of military training at the frontier with mapuche people.

  8. Measurements of children's exposures to particles and nitrogen dioxide in Santiago, Chile

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rojas-Bracho, Leonora; Suh, Helen H.; Koutrakis, Petros [Harvard University, School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, 02115 Boston, MA (United States); Oyola, Pedro [Comision Nacional del Medio Ambiente CONAMA, Santiago (Chile)

    2002-03-27

    An exposure study of children (aged 10-12 years) living in Santiago, Chile, was conducted. Personal, indoor and outdoor fine and inhalable particulate matter (<2.5 {mu}m in diameter, PM{sub 2.5} and <10 {mu}m in diameter, PM{sub 10}, respectively), and nitrogen dioxide (NO{sub 2}) were measured during pilot (N=8) and main (N=20) studies, which were conducted during the winters of 1998 and 1999, respectively. For the main study, personal indoor and outdoor 24-h samples were collected for five consecutive days. Similar mean personal, indoor and outdoor PM{sub 2.5} concentrations (69.5, 68.5 and 68.1 {mu}g m{sup -3}, respectively) were found. However, for coarse particles (calculated as the difference between measured PM{sub 10} and PM{sub 2.5}, PM{sub 2.5-10}) indoor and outdoor levels (35.4 and 47.4 {mu}g m{sup -3}) were lower than their corresponding personal exposures (76.3 {mu}g m{sup -3}). Indoor and outdoor NO{sub 2} concentrations were comparable (35.8 and 36.9 ppb) and higher than personal exposures (25.9 ppb). Very low ambient indoor and personal O{sub 3} levels were found, which were mostly below the method's limit of detection (LOD). Outdoor particles contributed significantly to indoor concentrations, with effective penetration efficiencies of 0.61 and 0.30 for PM{sub 2.5} and PM{sub 2.5-10}, respectively. Personal exposures were strongly associated with indoor and outdoor concentrations for PM{sub 2.5}, but weakly associated for PM{sub 2.5-10}. For NO{sub 2}, weak associations were obtained for indoor-outdoor and personal-outdoor relationships. This is probably a result of the presence of gas cooking stoves in all the homes. Median I/O, P/I and P/O ratios for PM{sub 2.5} were close to unity, and for NO{sub 2} they ranged between 0.64 and 0.95. These ratios were probably due to high ambient PM{sub 2.5} and NO{sub 2} levels in Santiago, which diminished the relative contribution of indoor sources and subjects' activities to indoor and personal PM

  9. [Clinical and epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in a university hospital in Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Morgado, Alvaro; Köhnenkampf, Ruth; Navarrete, Pablo; García, Patricia; Balcells, M Elvira

    2012-07-01

    The incidence and epidemiological profile of tuberculosis (TB) has changed significantly in the recent years in Chile. To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of TB cases diagnosed in the last decade at a university hospital in Santiago. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture registry of the microbiology laboratory was reviewed. Medical records of patients with a positive culture registered between 2000 and 2010 were retrieved and analyzed. Two hundred forty positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were identified and the medical records of 158 of these patients were accessed for analysis. The median age was 53 years (range: 3 to 89), 55.1% were female and nearly 42% had extra-pulmonary TB. Among known risk factors, 32.9% of patients were older than 65 years, 4.4% were health care workers and 3.9% immigrants. Twenty eight percent (41/145) had some type of immunosuppression at diagnosis: 11.7% HIV infection and 16.6% were using immunosuppressive drugs. In this group, a previous tuberculin skin test was done in only 5 cases (12.2%). Adverse events related to TB treatment were reported in 21.3% of cases (17/80). No cases of fulminant hepatitis or death from this cause were identified. Four of 92 patients that had a complete follow up during treatment, died. Two of these patients were receiving steroids. Almost one third of TB cases occurred among immunosuppressed patients and 42% were extra-pulmonary forms. The prevention of TB reactivation in this group should be strengthened.

  10. Assessment of Debris Flow Potential Hazardous Zones Using Numerical Models in the Mountain Foothills of Santiago, Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Celis, C.; Sepulveda, S. A.; Castruccio, A.; Lara, M.

    2017-12-01

    Debris and mudflows are some of the main geological hazards in the mountain foothills of Central Chile. The risk of flows triggered in the basins of ravines that drain the Andean frontal range into the capital city, Santiago, increases with time due to accelerated urban expansion. Susceptibility assessments were made by several authors to detect the main active ravines in the area. Macul and San Ramon ravines have a high to medium debris flow susceptibility, whereas Lo Cañas, Apoquindo and Las Vizcachas ravines have a medium to low debris flow susceptibility. This study emphasizes in delimiting the potential hazardous zones using the numerical simulation program RAMMS-Debris Flows with the Voellmy model approach, and the debris-flow model LAHARZ. This is carried out by back-calculating the frictional parameters in the depositional zone with a known event as the debris and mudflows in Macul and San Ramon ravines, on May 3rd, 1993, for the RAMMS approach. In the same scenario, we calibrate the coefficients to match conditions of the mountain foothills of Santiago for the LAHARZ model. We use the information obtained for every main ravine in the study area, mainly for the similarity in slopes and material transported. Simulations were made for the worst-case scenario, caused by the combination of intense rainfall storms, a high 0°C isotherm level and material availability in the basins where the flows are triggered. The results show that the runout distances are well simulated, therefore a debris-flow hazard map could be developed with these models. Correlation issues concerning the run-up, deposit thickness and transversal areas are reported. Hence, the models do not represent entirely the complexity of the phenomenon, but they are a reliable approximation for preliminary hazard maps.

  11. [The 140th anniversary of Revista Médica de Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Reyes, B Humberto; Andresen, H Max; Palma, H Joaquín

    2012-01-01

    Revista Médica de Chile was founded in 1872 and thus is one of the oldest medical journals being published since the 19th Century. The sponsoring institution--"Sociedad Médica de Santiago", founded in 1869--initially was the only scientific society in Chile, gathering medical doctors from every existing specialty. With the splitting of independent organizations representing specific specialties, including subspecial-ties of internal medicine, Sociedad Médica de Santiago focused its scope of action to become the "Chilean Society of Internal Medicine". Its official journal -Revista Médica de Chile--is currently a general and internal medicine journal that also publishes articles on scientific and technological advances in many fields of medicine and health sciences. While initially all authors were Chilean, the journal is now open to submissions from abroad and since the year 2000 articles are published in English when the local language of authors is not Spanish. The number of articles received determines an increasing administrative and editorial burden and, together with the high cost of publishing, will require changes in publication policies. The journal will participate in continuing medical education programs as soon as reaccreditation of medical specialties becomes officially organized in Chile.

  12. Sensing Urban Patterns with Antenna Mappings: The Case of Santiago, Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Graells-Garrido, Eduardo; Peredo, Oscar; García, José

    2016-01-01

    Mobile data has allowed us to sense urban dynamics at scales and granularities not known before, helping urban planners to cope with urban growth. A frequently used kind of dataset are Call Detail Records (CDR), used by telecommunication operators for billing purposes. Being an already extracted and processed dataset, it is inexpensive and reliable. A common assumption with respect to geography when working with CDR data is that the position of a device is the same as the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) it is connected to. Because the city is divided into a square grid, or by coverage zones approximated by Voronoi tessellations, CDR network events are assigned to corresponding areas according to BTS position. This geolocation may suffer from non negligible error in almost all cases. In this paper we propose “Antenna Virtual Placement” (AVP), a method to geolocate mobile devices according to their connections to BTS, based on decoupling antennas from its corresponding BTS according to its physical configuration (height, downtilt, and azimuth). We use AVP applied to CDR data as input for two different tasks: first, from an individual perspective, what places are meaningful for them? And second, from a global perspective, how to cluster city areas to understand land use using floating population flows? For both tasks we propose methods that complement or improve prior work in the literature. Our proposed methods are simple, yet not trivial, and work with daily CDR data from the biggest telecommunication operator in Chile. We evaluate them in Santiago, the capital of Chile, with data from working days from June 2015. We find that: (1) AVP improves city coverage of CDR data by geolocating devices to more city areas than using standard methods; (2) we find important places (home and work) for a 10% of the sample using just daily information, and recreate the population distribution as well as commuting trips; (3) the daily rhythms of floating population allow to

  13. Sexuality behind bars in the female central penitentiary of Santiago, Chile: Unlocking the gendered binary.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castro Madariaga, Francisca Alejandra; Gómez Garcés, Belén Estefanía; Carrasco Parra, Alicia; Foster, Jennifer

    2017-01-01

    We explore what it means to promote healthy sexuality for incarcerated women. We report upon the experiences of ten inmates in the Female Central Penitentiary of Santiago, Chile, regarding their sexuality within prison. We used a qualitative, descriptive research approach. Individual and semistructured interviews were conducted with women from different sections of the prison over a 2-month period. Participants highlighted the site for conjugal visits, the Venusterio, as a place of privacy and sexual expression between couples from outside prison. Motivated by loneliness, need of protection, and desire for affection, participants enacted alternate gender and sexual identities and sexual orientation. Some previously heterosexual women became 'machos', women taking on dominant masculine identities. Women found a paradoxical freedom to express a malleable and fluid sexual identity, an identity that might not go outside the prison. Informed by Judith Butler's idea of performativity, we argue that women could enact both different gender and sexual identities in search of satisfying their affective and erotic desires while under the duress of incarceration. The findings suggest a need for a more fluid understanding of gender and sexuality, especially for those midwives and nurses who strive to promote sexual health, not only reproductive health. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  14. Child mental hygiene and psychoanalysis at the clinic of conduct, Santiago de Chile, 1936-1938

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    Silvana Vetö

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Taking stance in a situated perspective, this article looks into one of the first Chilean state initiatives aimed at the study and care of child psyche. This institution that has not yet been explored by specialized literature: the Clinic of Conduct, founded in the city of Santiago in 1936 as part of the Special School of Development, which was created in the context of a the Educational Reform of 1928. The Clinic of Conduct launched a state managed mental hygiene programme that included psychoanalysis as its main reference at a time when psychoanalysis was not yet a regular reference in the local medical world. We are thus interested in analysing context in which this initiatives were created and the ways in which mental hygiene and psychoanalysis were appropriated and used in an institution in which the principal interest was not the defence or legitimation of a singular theory, but the approach to specific social problems such as child delinquency and education. Some characteristics of the history of psy knowledges in Chile emerge from this study, showing how they unfold on the scenario of social problems and how they relate to other disciplines and practices such as criminology and pedagogy.

  15. DEVOTIONAL OBJECTS IN A PERIFERICAL COLONIAL CITY (SANTIAGO DE CHILE 1598 – 1610; 1692 – 1710: AN INITIAL RESEARCH.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Josefina Schenke

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available This paper sketches in a programmatic manner the main lines of an ongoing PHD research that tries to find out which images and objects of devotion existed, were in use or vanished in Santiago de Chile during two specific periods: 1598–1610/ 1692–1710. The research relates the variation in the presence of these objects to the devotional, social and urban contexts to which they belong. Grounded in a quantitative research of notarial and ecclesiastical sources, it aims to find every single object around which some special religious practice revolves: sculptures, prints, canvas boards, relics, medallions, rosaries and crosses. An estimate of the proportion in which each of this kinds of devotional elements occurs should afford us a better understanding of their organic combinations and their shared meanings. This paper faces the multiple aspects involved in this field of inquiry, as well as its status quaestionis and the methodological approaches of this research.

  16. Trends in the elemental composition of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile, from 1998 to 2003.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sax, Sonja N; Koutrakis, Petros; Rudolph, Pablo A Ruiz; Cereceda-Balic, Francisco; Gramsch, Ernesto; Oyola, Pedro

    2007-07-01

    Santiago, Chile, is one of the most polluted cities in South America. As a response, over the past 15 yr, numerous pollution reduction programs have been implemented by the environmental authority, Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente. This paper assesses the effectiveness of these interventions by examining the trends of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and its associated elements. Daily fine particle filter samples were collected in Santiago at a downtown location from April 1998 through March 2003. Additionally, meteorological variables were measured continuously. Annual average concentrations of PM(2.5) decreased only marginally, from 41.8 microg/m3 for the 1998-1999 period to 35.4 microg/m3 for the 2002-2003 period. PM(2.5) concentrations exceeded the annual U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard of 15 microg/m3. Also, approximately 20% of the daily samples exceeded the old standard of 65 microg/m3, whereas approximately half of the samples exceeded the new standard of 35 microg/m3 (effective in 2006). Mean PM(2.5) levels measured during the cold season (April through September) were three times higher than those measured in the warm season (October through March). Particulate mass and elemental concentration trends were investigated using regression models, controlling for year, month, weekday, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity. The results showed significant decreases for Pb, Br, and S concentrations and minor but still significant decreases for Ni, Al, Si, Ca, and Fe. The larger decreases were associated with specific remediation policies implemented, including the removal of lead from gasoline, the reduction of sulfur levels in diesel fuel, and the introduction of natural gas. These results suggest that the pollution reduction programs, especially the ones related to transport, have been effective in reducing various important components of PM(2.5). However, particle mass and other associated element levels remain high, and it is thus

  17. Assessing the Potential for Interstate Conflict Between Chile and Peru: A Political Economy Approach

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-03-01

    Militares Peru-Chile no Se Han Afectado por Diferendo,” El Comercio , April 6, 2008. 329 Chile/Peru: Tensions Flare on Maritime Border Change.” 330 “FF...Relaciones Militares Peru-Chile no Se Han Afectado por Diferendo.” El Comercio , April 6, 2008. “Relations Falter for Peru, Chile.” Chicago Tribune...América Latina y el Mediterráneo (Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Militares: Santiago, 2000), 82. 129 “A. P. Bureau Chief in Peru is Ordered out of

  18. Environmental studies in two communes of Santiago de Chile by the analysis of magnetic properties of particulate matter deposited on leaves of roadside trees

    Science.gov (United States)

    Muñoz, David; Aguilar, Bertha; Fuentealba, Raúl; Préndez, Margarita

    2017-03-01

    Emissions from motor vehicles are considered to be one of the main sources of airborne particulate matter in Santiago. International researchers have shown that particulate matter contains metal oxides and magnetic particles, both of which are emitted mainly from vehicles exhaust pipes. On the other hand, trees are effective in reducing such contamination, so that they act as passive collectors of particulate matter. This work presents the results obtained from the first magnetic study of the particulate matter collected in two areas of the city of Santiago de Chile. Magnetic susceptibility and Saturation Isothermic Remanent Magnetization (SIRM) were determined in leaves from abundant urban trees and from urban dust samples. Results indicate that most of the samples contain ferromagnetic minerals with magnetite (Fe3O4) as the main carrier. Values of magnetic susceptibility (SI ×10-6 m3/kg) in the range 0.04-0.24 for leaves and in the range 10-45 for urban dust were determinated. In one of the city areas studied, significant correlation between the particulate matter deposited on leaves of Platanus orientalis and measured traffic flows was obtained. In addition, it was possible to estimate that the species Platanus orientalis and Acer negundo have a better ability to capture particulate matter than the species Robinia pseudoacacia.

  19. Apprenticeship in Latin America: The INACAP Program in Chile. A Case Study. Occasional Paper #6.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Corvalan-Vasquez, Oscar E.

    The development of apprenticeship programs in several Latin American countries was investigated with a focus on the results of an industrial apprenticeship program in Santiago, Chile. The program studied was the Instituto Nacional de Capacitacion Profesional (INACAP), the national vocational training institute of Chile. The purpose of the study…

  20. Caracterización de cyberbullying en el gran Santiago de Chile, en el año 2010

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Varela T.

    Full Text Available El estudio caracteriza el cyberbullying en estudiantes del gran Santiago de Chile (2010. Se aplicó una encuesta de autorreporte (Cuestionario de Experiencias de Internet a 1.357 estudiantes entre 7º básico a IVº medio. El diseño de muestra fue no probabilístico por cuotas en 32 establecimientos educacionales, ponderados según género, curso y tipo de dependencia. El 50% fueron hombres, con un promedio de edad 15 años (DS= 1,82 años. Resultados: El 11,4% reportó haber sido víctima de algún tipo de cyberbullyingy el 12,5% victimario. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las víctimas según sexo, curso y tipo de dependencia. Sólo los hombres reportan identificarse en forma más frecuente con los victimarios que las mujeres. Conclusiones: El cyberbullying es un fenómeno existente en la realidad chilena, siendo - mayormente - homogéneo en su presentación. Dado esto, se plantean nuevos desafíos y preguntas respecto a sus consecuencias tanto para los estudiantes como para todo el sistema escolar.

  1. Racismo en Chile. La piel como marca de la inmigración (María Emilia Tijoux)

    OpenAIRE

    Gonzalo Díaz Letelier

    2016-01-01

    Racismo en Chile. La piel como marca de la inmigración Editora: María Emilia TIJOUX — Editorial: Universitaria. Santiago, Chile. Año: 2016 Páginas: 284 ISBN: 978-956-11-2502-5 Autor de la reseña: Gonzalo DÍAZ LETELIER

  2. Domestic Violence and Women's Mental Health in Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ceballo, Rosario; Ramirez, Cynthia; Castillo, Marcela; Caballero, Gabriela Alejandra; Lozoff, Betsy

    2004-01-01

    Domestic violence against women is a pervasive, global health problem. This study investigates the correlates and psychological outcomes of domestic abuse among women in a semi-industrial country. The participants included 215 mothers residing in working-class communities located on the outskirts of Santiago, Chile. We utilized structural equation…

  3. Mercado metropolitano de trabajo y desigualdades sociales en el Gran Santiago: ¿Una ciudad dual?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos A. de Mattos

    2002-12-01

    Full Text Available Los cambios estructurales en los mercados metropolitanos de trabajo bajo los procesos de reestructuración-informacionalización-globalización, se han situado como un tema central para el estudio de la transformación de las ciudades durante las últimas décadas. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente trabajo analiza los impactos que los procesos de modernización capitalista en Chile han tenido sobre su mercado de trabajo y sobre la evolución de la distribución del ingreso, y sobre esta base, observa sus efectos sobre la estructuración socio-territorial del Gran Santiago, discutiendo especialmente la pertinencia de la tesis de la dualización para este caso particular. Para ello, en una primera parte se esbozan los rasgos fundamentales de esta tesis, se analizan los fundamentos con los que ha sido presentada y las causas que se le atribuyen. En la segunda parte se revisan las principales transformaciones producidas en esta fase de modernización capitalista en Chile, y la evolución de las desigualdades sociales y la segregación urbana en el Gran Santiago a la luz de las transformaciones producidas en su mercado de trabajo. En la tercera y última parte, se plantea la discusión sobre la aplicabilidad de la tesis de la dualización al caso chilenoStructural changes in metropolitan labour markets under the process of reestructutration-informationalization-globalization, had become a central issue for the study of the transformation of the cities during the last decades. According to this perspective, this article analizes the impacts that the capitalist modernization in Chile has had on their labor market and the evolution of income distribution, and upon this base, observes their effects on socio-territorial estructuration of the Great Santiago, specially discussing the pertinence of the dualization theory for this particular case. For that, main characteristics of this theory are drawn; at the same time, the basis with that has been

  4. Temporal evolution of main ambient PM2. 5 sources in Santiago, Chile, from 1998 to 2012

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    F. Barraza

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available The inhabitants of Santiago, Chile have been exposed to harmful levels of air pollutants for decades. The city's poor air quality is a result of steady economic growth, and stable atmospheric conditions adverse to mixing and ventilation that favor the formation of oxidants and secondary aerosols. Identifying and quantifying the sources that contribute to the ambient levels of pollutants is key for designing adequate mitigation measures. Estimating the evolution of source contributions to ambient pollution levels is also paramount to evaluating the effectiveness of pollution reduction measures that have been implemented in recent decades. Here, we quantify the main sources that have contributed to fine particulate matter (PM2. 5 between April 1998 and August 2012 in downtown Santiago by using two different source-receptor models (PMF 5.0 and UNMIX 6.0 that were applied to elemental measurements of 1243 24 h filter samples of ambient PM2.5. PMF resolved six sources that contributed to ambient PM2. 5, with UNMIX producing similar results: motor vehicles (37.3 ± 1.1 %, industrial sources (18.5 ± 1.3 %, copper smelters (14.4 ± 0.8 %, wood burning (12.3 ± 1.0 %, coastal sources (9.5 ± 0.7 % and urban dust (3.0 ± 1.2 %. Our results show that over the 15 years analyzed here, four of the resolved sources significantly decreased [95 % confidence interval]: motor vehicles 21.3 % [2.6, 36.5], industrial sources 39.3 % [28.6, 48.4], copper smelters 81.5 % [75.5, 85.9], and coastal sources 58.9 % [38.5, 72.5], while wood burning did not significantly change and urban dust increased by 72 % [48.9, 99.9]. These changes are consistent with emission reduction measures, such as improved vehicle emission standards, cleaner smelting technology, introduction of low-sulfur diesel for vehicles and natural gas for industrial processes, public transport improvements, etc. However, it is also apparent that the

  5. All projects related to chile | Page 7 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    The Latin American Schoolnets (REDAL) network and the Latin American Education Portals Network (RELPE) have made a substantive contribution to ... The municipality of Peñalolén in Santiago, Chile, is characterized by great socioeconomic diversity and strong social networks (clubs for the elderly and young people, ...

  6. En torno a un nuevo corpus musical en la Iglesia de San Ignacio: música, religión y sociedad en Santiago (1856-1925 Music, Religion and Society in Santiago (1856-1925: A New Musical Source discovered at the San Ignacio Church

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    Alejandro Vera

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo constituye una primera aproximación a la música de los jesuítas en Chile tras su expulsión en 1767 y, específicamente, al fondo musical conservado en la Iglesia de San Ignacio de Santiago. Los más de quinientos volúmenes impresos y manuscritos que lo componen datan aproximadamente de 1880 a 1960 y dan cuenta de la vida musical de dicha institución y el Colegio de San Ignacio, proporcionando información nueva sobre diversos músicos que desarrollaron una actividad relevante en la ciudad como intérpretes, directores y profesores. El período escogido para este estudio se extiende entre la fundación del colegio en 1856 hasta mediados de la década de 1920, cuando finaliza, para algunos historiadores, el llamado "Chile moderno". Los temas que se estudian son, entre otros: el repertorio conservado y su función, las relaciones entre el colegio y la sociedad santiaguina del período, y la repercusión que tuvieron en el medio local los procesos de reforma de la música sacra de fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XXThis article considers for the first time the music of the Jesuits in Chile after their expulsion in 1767. It is focused on the music collection preserved at the Church of San Ignacio in Santiago. It contains more than five hundred manuscript and printed sources dated from about 1880 to 1960, which reflect the musical life of this church and the Colegio (high school of San Ignacio. New data is supplied on relevant musicians who were active as performers, conductors and music teachers in Santiago. The period covered by this study begins in 1856 with the foundation of the Colegio, finishing about 1925, a year when, according to some historians, concludes the era of the so called "modern Chile". Among other issues, we shall study the musical repertory and its function; the relationships between the school and Santiago's social life, and the consequences of the reform of sacred music of the Catholic Church

  7. Renovación y gentrificación en barrios “patrimoniales”. El caso del barrio Yungay, Santiago de Chile.

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    Gabriela Mardones Miranda

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available El fenómeno global de la “gentrificación” es uno de los asuntos que más preocupa a los investigadores urbanos en la actualidad. En torno a este proceso surge una primera gran interrogante, ¿Cuándo un sector experimenta gentrificación? Siguiendo a la socióloga Hilda Herzer, determinar sí un barrio experimenta el fenómeno resulta muy complejo, ya que para poder medir dicho proceso se requiere un conjunto de datos que no siempre están disponibles. Los estudios han basado sus diagnósticos en la constatación de la presencia de una serie de indicadores, sin embargo estos aún no resultan ser del todo precisos, ya que “en un proceso particular de gentrificación no necesariamente están presentes todos los indicadores o bien, incluso, pueden ser observados algunos de estos indicadores sin que necesariamente ocurra un proceso de gentrificación” (Herzer, 2008, p. 38, entonces ¿Qué define si un barrio experimenta o no el fenómeno? ¿Cómo “medir” la presencia de la gentrificación? El presente artículo tiene por objetivo la elaboración de un modelo que permita determinar la presencia y la magnitud del fenómeno a través del análisis de la arquitectura, tomando como ejemplo el caso del barrio “patrimonial” Yungay emplazado en Santiago de Chile. Abstract The global phenomenon of “gentrification” is one of the issues that most concerns urban researchers today. Around this process a first big question arises, when a sector is experiencing gentrification? Following sociologist Hilda Herzer, determine whether a neighborhood experiencing the phenomenon is very complex since to measure this process, a set of data that are not always available is required. Studies have based their diagnosis on the finding of the presence of a number of indicators, however these are not be entirely accurate, because “in a particular process of gentrification all indicators are either not necessarily present even can be observed some of

  8. A sun holiday is a sunburn holiday

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Petersen, Bibi; Thieden, Elisabeth; Philipsen, Peter Alshede

    2013-01-01

    Many people take holidays in sunny locations with the express aim of sunbathing. This may result in sunburn, which is a risk factor for skin cancer. We investigated 25 Danish sun seekers during a week's holiday in the Canary Islands. The percentage of body surface area with sunburn was determined......-specific UVR doses after adjustment for sun protection factor. Remarkably, we found that all volunteers sunburned at some point. The risk of sunburn correlated significantly with the adjusted body site-specific UVR dose. Furthermore, there was also a significant relationship between the daily UVR dose...... and percentage of body surface area with sunburn. Our study shows that holiday UVR exposure results in a high risk of sunburn, which potentially increases the risk of skin cancer. Possible protection by melanogenesis is insufficient to protect against sunburn during a 1-week sun holiday. Finally, our data...

  9. El Congreso de Estudiantes Latinoamericanos de Santiago. Antimperialismo e indoamericanismo en el movimiento estudiantil chileno (1935-1940

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    Fabio Moraga Valle

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available The Latin-American Student Conference was held in Santiago de Chile in October of 1937. During this event, the communist proposals of the "proletarian internationalism" and the "indoamericanism" of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (apra were confronted. Our hypothesis is that in Chile the most intense debates regarding these projects took place more through the student movement than through the formal political system. To do this we analyze the political and ideological discourse appearing in national student magazines and newspapers regarding this congress.

  10. A sun holiday is a sunburn holiday.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Petersen, Bibi; Thieden, Elisabeth; Philipsen, Peter Alshede; Heydenreich, Jakob; Young, Antony Richard; Wulf, Hans Christian

    2013-08-01

    Many people take holidays in sunny locations with the express aim of sunbathing. This may result in sunburn, which is a risk factor for skin cancer. We investigated 25 Danish sun seekers during a week's holiday in the Canary Islands. The percentage of body surface area with sunburn was determined by daily skin examinations by the same observer. Erythemally effective ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure was assessed with time-stamped personal dosimeters worn on the wrist. Volunteers reported their clothing cover and sunscreen use in diaries, and this information was used to determine body site-specific UVR doses after adjustment for sun protection factor. Remarkably, we found that all volunteers sunburned at some point. The risk of sunburn correlated significantly with the adjusted body site-specific UVR dose. Furthermore, there was also a significant relationship between the daily UVR dose and percentage of body surface area with sunburn. Our study shows that holiday UVR exposure results in a high risk of sunburn, which potentially increases the risk of skin cancer. Possible protection by melanogenesis is insufficient to protect against sunburn during a 1-week sun holiday. Finally, our data clearly support a substantial skin cancer risk from sun holidays. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  11. Historia y documentos sobre la colonización alemana en Chile.

    OpenAIRE

    Carrasco , Eduardo; Gleisner , Christine; Winkler , Lisette; de Pablo , Elisabeth

    2007-01-01

    Fonds audiovisuel du programme ESCoM-AAR (Equipe Sémiotique Cognitive et nouveaux Médias - Archives Audiovisuelles de la Recherche; 2001 - 2016).; Eduardo CARRASCO, Spezialist der Geschichte sowie des Kulturmanagements (Universität von Los Andes in Santiago de Chile) und Christine GLEISNER haben an der pontifikal-katholischen Universität Chiles Geschichte studiert. In dieser Reportage sprechen Sie von Ihren Arbeiten für die Archive « Emilio Held Winkler » des Chilenisch-Deutschen Verbands in ...

  12. La situación del arbolado urbano en Santiago./ The state of urban trees in Santiago.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime Hernández Palma

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available En la mayoría de los países desarrollados el concepto de manejo de la vegetación urbana ha evolucionado desde funciones meramente estética a funciones medioambientales, incluyendo los beneficios económicos cuantificables de árboles y espacios verdes. En Santiago se constata una gran diferencia entre los distintos municipios respecto de sus políticas y capacidades técnicas asociadas al manejo ("sustentable" de este recurso. Las diferencias de cobertura arbórea pueden llegar a ser de 10 a 1, entre comunas de estratos socioeconómicos altos y bajos. Por ello los servicios ambientales de la vegetación urbana también presentan una gran variabilidad espacial en la ciudad./ The management of the urban vegetation has evolved in the Developed World, from aesthetics to environmental considerations including the economic evaluation of it. In the developing countries the situation is different; in Santiago de Chile there's a deficit in the politics and technical assistance related to the management of the environment. The inequality between the rich and the poor neighbors in terms of trees in public spaces can be as much as 10 to 1. So, the environmental impact of the urban vegetation is not something to consider locally.

  13. Application of hydrochemistry and isotopic hydrology to identify recharge areas and characterize nitrate contamination in the Santiago Aquifer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tore, C; Grilli D-F, A; Aguirre, E.; Moya, P

    2001-01-01

    This work is the result of a joint effort of the Empresa Metropolitana de Obras Sanitarias (EMOS S. A. - Chile), the Comision Chilena de Energia Nuclear (CCHEN - Chile) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA - Austria). It has been carried out in the framework of the project ARCAL XXXI-RLA/8/023-9004 and under the auspice of the IAEA. This kind of project aims to provide technical knowledge in order to promote a sustainable use of groundwater resources for water supply in urban areas. The main goal of the ARCAL was to characterize the Santiago aquifer, specially those areas currently intensively exploited (or expected to be in the next future) and determine EMOS S. A. production wells capture zones to define protection areas. Among the specific objectives pursued it can be mentioned: -Determination of recharge areas and main hydrochemical features of groundwater in Santiago -Characterization of nitrate pollution and its most probable source (au)

  14. Intelectuais e política no Chile: Apontamentos sobre a revista Aurora de Chile (1938-1940

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Amélia M.C. Melo

    Full Text Available Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é o de examinar a revista Aurora de Chile que circula em Santiago entre 1938-1940. Criada por Pablo Neruda esta publicação apresentou-se como um importante órgão de comunicação da Alianza de Intelectuales de Chile para la Defensa de la Cultura (AICH, entidade fundada em articulação com outras organizações internacionais de intelectuais e com orientação da Comintern. A revista situou-se nos debates políticos e culturais desses anos no Chile e atuou vigorosamente na defesa dos princípios da democracia, das liberdades públicas e contra o fascismo. Neste estudo busco demonstrar o papel desta revista como uma das vozes da perspectiva frentista que passou a orientar o Partido Comunista Chileno no período.

  15. Slimmed May Day Holiday

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    Liu Xinwen

    2008-01-01

    @@ Last November the State Council of China decided to renew its holiday system by reducing the seven-day Mav Dav holiday to three days and introducing three new one-day public holidays,namely the Qingming Festival,Dragon Boat Festival and Moon Festival.BY doing so,the three golden-week holidays that were introduced in 1999,namely the Spring Festival,Mav Dav and National Day,could be better distributed.The New Year's Eve holiday would remain one day.The new holiday plan was supposed to take effect in 2008.

  16. La Realidad de la Adquisicion del Lenguaje Oral y Escrito en una Muestra de Escuelas del Sector sur de Santiago. [The Reality of the Acquisition of Oral and Written Language in a Sample of Schools in the Southern Part of Santiago.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Oyarce, Carmen Diaz; Mujica, Elena Alvarez-Salamanca

    2001-01-01

    Investigated reading and writing skills of socioeconomically deprived first graders in Santiago, Chile. Found that the children had low achievement in reading and writing and at the end of the school year had not acquired sufficient linguistic competence to successfully master these skills. Also found a dissociation between observed practice and…

  17. Personal exposure to particulate matter in commuters using different transport modes (bus, bicycle, car and subway) in an assigned route in downtown Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Suárez, Liliana; Mesías, Stephanie; Iglesias, Verónica; Silva, Claudio; Cáceres, Dante D; Ruiz-Rudolph, Pablo

    2014-05-01

    The objective of this study was to compare personal exposure to particulate matter (fine and ultrafine particles) in commuters using different transport modes (bicycle, bus, car and subway) in a busy, assigned route in downtown Santiago, Chile. Volunteers carrying personal samplers completed scheduled commutes during the morning rush hours, while central site measurements were conducted in parallel. A total of 137 valid commutes were assessed. The impact of central site, traffic and other variables was explored with regression models. PM2.5 personal concentrations were equal to or slightly above central site measurements, while UFP personal concentrations were above them. Regression models showed impacts of both background levels and traffic emissions on personal PM2.5 and UFP exposure. Traffic impacts varied with transport modes. Estimates of traffic impacts on personal PM2.5 exposure were 2.0, 13.0, 16.9 and 17.5 μg m(-3), for car, bicycle, subway and bus, respectively; while for UFP exposure were 8400, 16 200, 25 600 and 30 100 counts per cm(3), for subway, car, bicycle and bus, respectively. After controlling the central site and transport mode, higher temperatures increased PM2.5 exposure and decreased UFP ones, while the wind direction affected UFP personal exposure. In conclusion, we found significant impacts of both central site background measurements and traffic emissions on personal exposure of volunteer commuters in an assigned route in Santiago, with impacts varying with transport modes.

  18. Geopedagogías de una educación en movimiento: los casos de la ULM en Santiago de Chile, y la UNISUR en Guerrero, México

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Felipe Andres Curin Gutiérrez

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo describe y analiza dos proyectos educativos autónomos que surgen de las redes académicas-militantes de los movimientos etnopolíticos. La Universidad Libre Mapuche en Santiago de Chile y la Universidad de los Pueblos del Sur en Guerrero, México, operan bajo un marco de movimiento etnopolítico y autonomía educativa en la que desarrollan estrategias pedagógicas en función de su particular lucha social, entendidas como geopedagogías. Dentro de su propio contexto de movilización y la estructura política, social y cultural de cada país, se estudian los diseños político-educativos y los discursos estratégicos de transformación social que propone cada proyecto.

  19. La recuperación urbana y residencial del centro de Santiago: Nuevos habitantes, cambios socioespaciales significativos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yasna Contreras Gatica

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available De forma paralela al proceso de expansión suburbana en las ciudades latinoamericanas y, en especial, en Santiago de Chile, se observa un movimiento residencial y espacial centrípeto, que pone en valor los atributos de localización de sus espacios centrales y que lleva a plantear la tesis del regreso a la ciudad consolidada. Dicho movimiento se inicia en los años noventa, cuando el municipio de Santiago lleva a cabo el Plan de Repoblamiento cuyos objetivos se orientaron a la generación de una oferta de vivienda nueva en zonas de deterioro y en barrios consolidados y bien conectados al resto del sistema metropolitano. A esto último, se sumaron obras de mejoramiento vial y urbano, el arribo de oferta cultural y comercial y, por sobre todo, la llegada de nuevos habitantes urbanos, específicamente jóvenes y adultos profesionales y técnicos que posicionaron y consolidaron al centro como uno de los espacios residenciales más dinámicos.Parallel to the process of suburban expansion in the Latin American cities and especially in Santiago of Chile a centrifugal residential and spatial movement is observed. This movement values the attributes of location of central spaces, thus raising the thesis of the return of the consolidated city. This movement begins in the nineties, when the municipality of Santiago carries out a Repopulation Plan that was oriented to the generation of a supply of new housing in of deteriorated zones and in consolidated and well connected districts. Works of road and urban improvement, the arrival of cultural and commercial supply and the arrival of new urban inhabitants --specifically young and adult professionals and technicians, who positioned and consolidated the downtown area as one of the more dynamic residential spaces-were added.

  20. Geology of the hills in the region of the City of Santiago de Chile: New isotopic constraints

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vergara, M; Lopez-Escobar, I; Palma, J.L; Hickey-Vargas, R

    2001-01-01

    Geological, geochronological and geochemical data demonstrate that the area where the city of Santiago de Chile is established used to be a huge volcanic field. At present, it is possible to distinguish in the area at least three volcanic cycles, which are geographically superimposed and deeply eroded. The first is Oligocene in age, the second Lower to Middle Miocene and the third is Middle to Upper Miocene. The Oligocene cycle is represented by volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks of the Provincia-San Ramon-Abanico and Conchali belts, and welded tuffs of the San Cristobal and Renca hills. The Lower to Middle Miocene cycle consists of subvolcanic rocks, mostly of basaltic to basaltic-andesite composition, characterized by the presence of clino- and orthopyroxene. The Middle to Upper Miocene cycle is composed predominantly of amphibole-bearing subvolcanic rocks of dacitic composition. The latter are found at the Manquehue hill, which limits the northern part of the city, and the hills at the Rinconada de Conchali. In this communication, we present new Sr-, Nd- and Pb- isotope data obtained from two subvolcanic samples of basaltic composition collected from the San Cristobal hill and at the Santa Lucia hill (Lower to Middle Miocene) and one amphibole-bearing subvolcanic sample of dacitic composition from the Manquehue hill (Middle to Upper Miocene) (au)

  1. Educación en derechos humanos desde una perspectiva de memoriahistórica. Estudio comparado de experiencias educativas en DDHH y Memoria en 4 instituciones educativas públicas en Santiago de Chile y Bogotá

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Noemí Pérez Martínez

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available This document presents the progress of the doctoral thesis titled “Memory, political subjectivity, citizenship and Human Rights. Analysis of 8 Human Rights Education experiences in public schools of Bogotá and Santiago de Chile 2005-2015”. A contextualization of the necessity of Human Rights Education as a subfield of Education and Human Rights is shown. Also, the memory as a fundamental component of Human Rights Education in a context of political violence, specifically within the armed conflict and the post dictatorship frame, is explained.

  2. Evictions and the Right to Housing: Experience from Canada, Chile ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    This book tells the story of evictions and planned evictions in the Canadian cities of Vancouver, Toronto, and Calgary. It explores the housing plight of Santiago de Chile's urban poor during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. It looks at how the 500th anniversary of Columbus's arrival in America resulted in mass ...

  3. Una Nota sobre la Construcción de Series de Precios de Activos Reales: Tierra y Casas en Chile Una Nota sobre la Construcción de Series de Precios de Activos Reales: Tierra y Casas en Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Raimundo Soto; Felipe Morandé

    1992-01-01

    Una Nota sobre la Construcción de Series de Precios de Activos Reales: Tierra y Casas en Chile This note presents previously unpublished data on prices of agricultural land in Chile's central region and houses (both rental and purchasing prices) in Santiago, with the corresponding methodology. As such, it is a follow-up to an Appendix in Morande (1992).

  4. Public Holidays of England

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    梁泽标

    1992-01-01

    In England, Christmas Day and Good Friday havebeen holidays (literally ’Holy Days’) for religious reasonssince the establishment of Christianity in this country.Christmas is celebrated on December 25, not ChristmasEve as in several other European countries. The otherpublic holidays (or ’Bank Holidays’) are Easter Monday,May Day (May 1st), the Spring Bank Holiday (the lastMonday in May), the Summer Bank Holiday (the last

  5. Dos edificios públicos a base de tierra en Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pereira, Hugo

    1986-02-01

    Full Text Available Two works in Chile are reported: The House of the Culture in La Florida (Santiago and the Botalcura Concentred School in the Vlllth Zone. Both constructions have as common characteristic to be built with adobe and wooden girders, to present a certain continuity in the adapted criteria of desing -both from Architect Hugo Pereira- and to be newly constructed buildings, even partialy in construction. The fact that there are spaces with appropriate light and height for public use, so as the circumstance that the part which waas being constructed just at the moment of the great seism in Chile (February 1985 had and excelent behaviour, makes these works interesting to be published.Se presentan dos realizaciones en Chile: la Casa de la Cultura, en la barriada La Florida (Santiago y la Escuela Concentrada de Botalcura, en la VIII Región. Ambas construcciones tienen en común el haberse realizado a base de adobe y cerchas de madera, el presentar una cierta continuidad en los criterios de diseño adoptados, en ambas ha participado el Arquitecto Hugo Pereira, y ser edificios recién construidos, incluso parcialmente en construcción. El hecho de tratarse de espacios con luces y alturas propias de construcciones para uso público, así como la circunstancia de que la parte construida de la Casa de la Cultura en el momento del último gran sismo en Chile (marzo 1985, presentase un excelente comportamiento, son hechos que hacen especialmente interesante la publicación de estas realizaciones.

  6. Estrategias didácticas en la supervisión de las prácticas profesionales en la formación de trabajadores sociales. Un estudio en tres universidades de Santiago, Región Metropolitana – Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Godoy Ormazábal, Wendy Martiza de Lourdes

    2016-01-01

    Departament responsable de la tesi: Departament de Pedagogia Sistemàtica i Social La presente investigación analiza el proceso de supervisión en tres Escuelas de Trabajo Social, de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. El interés de este estudio radica en valorar un ámbito de la docencia universitaria escasamente conocida que adquiere una nueva relevancia en un contexto universitario que transita, desde modelos centrados en la enseñanza hacia otros que ponen énfasis en el aprendizaje de los estu...

  7. [A tribute to Germán Schneider, MD, first editor of Revista Médica de Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Reyes, H; Kauffmann, R; Andresen, M

    1997-07-01

    Germán Schneider was born in 1820 in Magdeburg, Germany, and graduated as M.D. at the University of Bonn. In 1848, caught by the political and intellectual reformist movement in Europe, he was exiled in Paris. As part of a large group of German immigrants, he arrived in Valdivia, Chile, in 1851. Later on he moved to Santiago and in 1871 he was nominated Professor of Clinical Medicine at the University of Chile school of Medicine. An active participant in the academic activities organized by Sociedad Médica de Santiago (a scientific society that evolved into the chilean Society of Internal Medicine) he was the leader of a six-men team who founded Revista Médica de Chile, in 1872. As first Editor of this medical journal, he established the basis for its continuous success and devotion to medical progress and education. Dr. Schneider died in 1884, leaving several distinguished pupils who followed his path, and a medical journal that now stands as one of the oldest in the world.

  8. Contra el espacio público: criminalización e higienización en la migración peruana en Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alejandro Garcés

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available A partir de una exploración etnográfica de los usos y apropiaciones del espacio urbano de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, y de la utilización de fuentes secundarias -como estadísticas y producciones cartográficas-, el presente artículo describe y explica la actuación de los dispositivos de criminalización e higienización de los espacios ocupados Por los grupos migrantes Peruanos en el marco de su inserción urbana y su reproducción económica y social como colectivo en la ciudad, en este caso escenificadas por la práctica del comercio ambulante. De la comparación entre dos espacios concretos de la ciudad emerge la contemporánea patrimonialización de los espacios urbanos y la reificación de la clausura espacial del colectivo, como vectores que cruzan tanto a migrantes como a autóctonos en la producción del espacio en tanto contenedor de una cultura y relaciones sociales específicas.

  9. HOLIDAY AS SOCIAL INSTITUTE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Galaktionova Nelli Anatolyevna

    2013-05-01

    Full Text Available The article deals with holiday as social institute, stages of its institutionalization, such as emergence of need; formation of general objects and ideology proving them; development of social norms and rules;practical adoption of rules and procedures; establishment sanction system; creation of statuses and role system. On the example of Russian festive tradition the general institutional signs of a holiday are described, it is specified that the majority of holidays are at a stage of cultural symbol search having the behavior code; system of ideas; utilitarian and cultural lines; installations and examples of behavior. Taking into consideration the view of Nelli Galaktionova, we can say, that these principles explain the popularity of the Victory Day Holiday and not stable Russian holiday on the 12-th of June- day of Russia. It is stated that the absence of the ritual prevents the popularity of holiday in society. In the article obvious and latent functions of a holiday as social institute are described - regulatory function, integrative, broadcasting, function of reproduction of the social relations, socializing, educational, guarding, forming the culture, communicative, sociocultural, actable, function of leisure and rest organization, adaptive and compensatory, function of removal of ethical regulations. According to the author of article, the holiday is a basis of formation of national and state and civil identity.

  10. Santiago no es Chile’ : cambio socioinstitucional, inequidades territoriales y políticas públicas para el desarrollo regional, 1990-2010

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Veyl Ahumada, Iván Marcelo

    2015-01-01

    This dissertation deals with the unequal power relation between Santiago, the Chilean capital city, and the Northern region of Tarapacá in the period 1990-2010. Chile is one of the most centralized countries in Latin America. Since the 1990s decentralization process has been started including a

  11. 40 CFR 23.11 - Holidays.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Holidays. 23.11 Section 23.11... STATUTES § 23.11 Holidays. If the date determined under §§ 23.2 to 23.10 falls on a Federal holiday, then... that is not a Federal holiday. ...

  12. Anti-inflammatory activity and phenolic profile of propolis from two locations in Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Valenzuela-Barra, Gabriela; Castro, Consuelo; Figueroa, Catalina; Barriga, Andrés; Silva, Ximena; de Las Heras, Beatriz; Hortelano, Sonsoles; Delporte, Carla

    2015-06-20

    Propolis has long been used as a popular folk medicine due to its wide spectrum of alleged biological and pharmaceutical properties. In Chile, propolis is widely used by folklore medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent; however, this property has not been demonstrated by scientific methods. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro and to establish the phenolic profile of propolis collected in two localities in Región Metropolitana de Santiago (RM), Chile. Propolis was collected in the areas of Caleu and Buin, RM Chile. Following that, the samples were unwaxed to obtain the global ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) and, from these, the serial extracts of dichloromethane (EEP-DCMs) and ethanol (EEP-EtOHs). The topic anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated through mice ear edema induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at a dose of 3 mg/ear. Nitric oxide (NO) measurements were determined spectrophotometrically (Greiss reagent) by the accumulation of nitrite in the medium of macrophages RAW 264.7 stimulated with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) for 20 h at different concentrations of the EEPs, EEP-DCMs and EEP-EtOHs (6.25-50.00 μg/mL). The content of total phenols and flavonoids were determined through the methods of Folin-Ciocalteau and AlCl3, respectively. The profile of phenolic compounds was determined by HPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS. The EEP-EtOH (64%) and EEP (59%) of Buin were the most active in the inflammation induced by TPA and AA respectively, being the anti-inflammatory effect stronger than the same Caleu extracts. Regarding the release of NO, all the extracts from the Buin propolis inhibited significantly its release in a concentration-dependent manner, this inhibition was stronger than the extracts from Caleu propolis. Our research shows for the first time a comparative study of the topical in vivo activity of two Chilean propolis. Both propolis showed in vivo

  13. [Mental disorders among immigrants in Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rojas, Graciela; Fritsch, Rosemarie; Castro, Ariel; Guajardo, Viviana; Torres, Pamela; Díaz, Berta

    2011-10-01

    Chile is receiving immigrant populations coming from other Latin-American countries. To determine the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) among immigrants who live in Independencia, a quarter in Santiago, Chile. A cross sectional study was carried out in the primary health care clinic and in the state-funded school of Independencia. A representative sample of 282 adults and 341 children were interviewed. Mental disorders were diagnosed using CIS-R and MINI structured interviews. The interviewed immigrants came mostly from Peru. The prevalence of mental disorders in the adult population was 17.8% and among children, it was 29.3%. The adult immigrants have a lower prevalence of mental disorders than the Chilean population but it increases among children. Barriers of access to health services, that should be solved, were detected.

  14. [Nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity in female school children of different socioeconomic levels from Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Olivares C, Sonia; Bustos Z, Nelly; Lera M, Lydia; Zelada, María Eugenia

    2007-01-01

    A high prevalence of obesity is the main public health problem in Chilean school children. To compare the nutritional status, consumption of selected foods and extracurricular physical activity (PA) habits in school children of different socioeconomic levels as a baseline for developing effective educational interventions. Cross-sectional study that determined the body mass index, food consumption and physical activity with previously validated instruments in 202 and 358 girls from 3rd to 8th grade in schools of medium-high and low socioeconomic level (SEL) from Santiago, Chile, respectively. Compared to their counterparts of low socioeconomic level (SEL), the prevalence of obesity was significantly lower in 8-9 year-old girls of medium high SEL (19% and 9%, respectively, p =0.012) and 12-13 year-old (12% and 2.5% respectively, p =0.008). Also median daily intake of dairy products was higher in girls of medium high SEL (250 and 470 ml/day, respectively). The intake of fruits and vegetables was similar (200 g/d); and the intake of bread was lower (230 and 70 g/day, respectively, p Consumption of energy-dense foods was lower in 10-13 year-old girls of medium high SEL (80 and 50 g/day, respectively, p food and PA habits and to promote an environment that enhances healthy behaviors.

  15. El agua y los territorios hídricos en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile. Casos de estudio: Tiltil, Valle de Mallarauco y San Pedro de Melipilla

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tesser Obregón, Claudio Ernesto Esteban

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available The rural area of the Santiago Metropolitan Region is a combination of natural, social, economic and technical factors that give origin to several territories. If we consider those in which water resources play a significant role in carrying out agricultural activity, several different «water territories» can be identified in the Tiltil, Valle de Mallarauco and San Pedro de Melipilla areas. In these cases the study allowed us to shed light upon and discuss several important points regarding the territorial approach to water resources and water management in a model that favors the actions of private parties, such as: the extension of the agricultural use of the water resources, the conflicts and problems over its control and the resulting water territories that have come about as a result of the various assessments of a liberal management system. This has been done with the intention of contributing, from a Geographical point of view, thoughts geared towards achieving a comprehensive and sustainable management of the water resources in Chile.El espacio rural de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile es una combinación de factores naturales, sociales, económicos y técnicos que dan origen a diversos territorios. Si consideramos aquellos donde el recurso hídrico tiene un papel predominante en el desarrollo de las actividades agrícolas, se pueden identificar distintos «territorios hídricos» en las áreas de Tiltil, Valle de Mallarauco y San Pedro de Melipilla. El estudio de estos casos permitió poner en evidencia y discutir un cierto número de puntos importantes concernientes al enfoque territorial de los recursos hídricos y de la gestión del agua en un modelo que privilegia la acción de los privados, tales como: la dimensión espacial del uso agrícola de los recursos hídricos, los conflictos y problemas por su control y los consecuentes territorios hídricos que han surgido como resultado de diversas valorizaciones de un

  16. Hacia un planteamiento de arquitectura docente, en Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mac Clure Alamos, Oscar

    1986-12-01

    Full Text Available On this pages the author expound the different architectural Solutions adopted for school projects from his professional experience: 22 years (1959-1981 in the Construction Society of Educational Establishments in Santiago de Chile, as well as the execution -four years at the Santiago University (late State Technical University- of the modified project for the Planetarium which had been projected by the Construction Society. He also expound briefly a number of constructions of educational character carried out through the practicing of his profession. Taking as a base these experiences, he offers some suggestions and conclusions that will be useful for future programmes intended to solve the problems of the school buildings. From a critical and objective position he tries to show the actual situation on the educational architecture in this country.En estas páginas se pretende dar a conocer diferentes soluciones arquitectónicas adoptadas en los proyectos escolares, a través de mi experiencia profesional, durante 22 años (1959 - 1981 en la Sociedad Constructora de Establecimientos Educacionales en Santiago de Chile. También la ejecución, durante 4 años (1981 - 1985, en la Universidad de Santiago (ex Universidad Técnica del Estado del proyecto modificado y la construcción del edificio para el Planetario, que había realizado en la Sociedad Constructora. En forma breve expondré, además, algunas obras de carácter educacional, realizadas en el ejercicio privado de mi profesión. En base a estas experiencias procuraré entregar algunas sugerencias y conclusiones que podrían ser útiles en futuros programas destinados a resolver los problemas de las construcciones docentes. Desde una posición crítica y objetiva intentaré también dar a conocer la situación actual de la arquitectura educacional en el país.

  17. Chile Successfully Halts Rise in Childhood Obesity; Chile detiene el aumento de la obesidad infantil

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gorisek, Aleksandra Sasa [International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Vienna (Austria)

    2014-03-15

    The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity in Latin America has become a cause for concern. The IAEA has worked closely with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA) at the University of Chile since 1997 to address the problem of malnutrition in the country. In Santiago, the Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Stable Isotopes was established in 1998 with the help of the IAEA to provide an isotope ratio mass spectrometer and training in the use of stable isotope techniques to assess body composition, infant feeding practices and total daily energy expenditure.

  18. HOLIDAY: THEORETICAL ASPECTS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cheban Yuliia

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available The right to leave is part of the employee’s legal status. It has every employee who works under an employment contract. Ensuring the employee’s right to leave is guaranteed by the state. At the same time, the term “vacation” is a significant range of different phenomena that have features in different sectors of the economy, including agrarian space, different regions, different production conditions, etc. The foregoing complicates not only the basic definition of the term “vacation”, but also its organizational and accounting support. According to the legislation of Ukraine, the holiday is set by law, collective agreement or employment contract a certain number of calendar days of continuous rest, which are provided to the employee by the employer in a calendar year, with or without payment, with the preservation of the place of work (position by the employee at this time. The citizens of Ukraine, who are in labor relations with enterprises, institutions, organizations irrespective of the forms of ownership, type of activity and branch affiliation, are also entitled to leave, as well as work under an employment contract from an individual. The main features that are inherent to the overwhelming majority of the holidays are the following: the employee’s dismissal from performing labor duties, the preservation of the employee during the period of vacations of the place of work (position, payment. Domestic legislation, together with the scientific achievements of researchers, the concept of “vacation” is identified with the concept of “time”. The main characteristic features of the vacation include the guarantee of vacation by law; scope of leave; periodicity of holidays; definition of the length of leave in legislation; continuity of rest during the holiday period; connection of vacation with work experience; the main purpose of vacation; preservation of the place of work at the time of vacations; saving at the time of

  19. Holiday Overhaul

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2007-01-01

    Reform has brought hope,but also concern,to workers across ChinaThe National Development and Reform Commission published a plan to change China’s golden week holiday system on November 9.The change sees the end of the three-day May Day holiday and the creation of three single-day holidays that fall on traditional Chinese festivals—the Tomb-Sweeping Day,the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid- Autumn Festival.One day off work remains on May Day. The change increases the number of non-working daYs per year from 114 to 115. In addition,according to a newly issued paid vacation plan,workers who remain in the same company for more than one year should enjoy a paid vacation,the length of

  20. Voluntariado y Edades: Observaciones desde la juventud, adultez y vejez voluntaria de la ciudad de Santiago

    OpenAIRE

    Nelson Sepúlveda Miranda; Antonio Muñoz Mayne-Nicholls

    2009-01-01

    El voluntariado, entendido como una manifestación de la colaboración, se construye a partir de los observadores que describen y explican su realidad. En este sentido, el presente texto abordará las comunicaciones más recurrentes sobre voluntariado, identificadas por jóvenes, adultos y adultos mayores voluntarios de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile; quienes, al producir comunicaciones colaborativas, construyen -a su vez- sus propias edades.

  1. Papeleros urbanos vs aseo del centro de Santiago de Chile.Impacto de las variables formales de los papeleros urbanos existentes en los paseos peatonales Ahumada y Huérfanos. /Waste containers vs. cleaning in downtown Santiago, Chile.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Muñoz Peralta, Osvaldo

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available El diseño que presentan los papeleros urbanos de los paseos peatonales del centro de Santiago no facilita su uso adecuado, lo que contribuye a la suciedad de sus calles peatonales. Como elementos de mobiliario urbano en el espacio público, deberían tener un mejor diseño en orden a mejorar su función y facilitar su uso. /The urban trash cans design, on pedestrian walks in Santiago downtown, doesn't facilitate its appropriate use, what contributes to the dirt of its pedestrian streets. As part of urban furniture in public space, they should have a better design in order to improve their function and to facilitate their use.

  2. ¿Qué es un cluster? Geografías y prácticas de la escena de música experimental en Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel Tironi Rodó

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Las teorías sobre la clusterización económica, y en particular sobre la aglomeración geográfica en la industria creativa, asumen una idea de 'lugar' o 'localidad' en extremo estática, auto clausurada e idealizada. A través de evidencia empírica, y después de una revisión de los argumentos a favor y en contra de dicha idea de 'lugar' en la literatura especializada, este artículo explora la escena de música experimental de Santiago, Chile, como caso de una industria creativa estructurada en una espacialidad alternativa. Específicamente, se argumenta que dadas ciertas condiciones productivas, culturales y urbanísticas, las industrias creativas pueden desplegarse en torno a espacialidades múltiples, móviles y eventuales, sin que esto mine los efectos de cluster esperados. Finalmente, y sólo a modo especulativo, se propone una nueva figura espacial para dar cuenta de los procesos de clusterización económica en ciudades emergentes.

  3. Evaluación de la efectividad del Programa Vínculos para la prevención e intervención del Bullying en Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J. Carola Pérez

    Full Text Available El Bullying, por sus características y consecuencias, se ha transformado en una preocupación central en los colegios, los cuales han desarrollado diferentes formas de afrontarlo. El objetivo principal de este artículo es evaluar la efectividad de un programa de prevención e intervención de Bullying y Ciberbullying, en una muestra de 320 alumnas en un colegio de Santiago de Chile, a través de un diseño pre-post. El programa utilizó estrategias preventivas e integrales orientadas a realizar intervenciones en los distintos niveles del sistema escolar: colegio, sala de clases, individuo y familia. Los resultados demostraron que el programa es efectivo en disminuir el reporte de ser testigos de Bullying y la victimización de manotaje a través de internet. La efectividad del programa se debería a que se respetaron los lineamientos de los programas que han demostrado ser efectivos.

  4. Planning for Holiday 2011

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2011-01-01

    After a fairly positive back-to-school season, retail is entering into the holidays with pressures across the supply chain. Increased raw materials costs in 2010/2011 coupled with declining consumer confidence and high unemployment, means the holiday season commences with retailers seeking to identify strategies that will help them handle rising costs yet remain competitive to entice the holiday shopper.

  5. Estimating the health benefits from natural gas use in transport and heating in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mena-Carrasco, Marcelo; Oliva, Estefania; Saide, Pablo; Spak, Scott N; de la Maza, Cristóbal; Osses, Mauricio; Tolvett, Sebastián; Campbell, J Elliott; Tsao, Tsao Es Chi-Chung; Molina, Luisa T

    2012-07-01

    Chilean law requires the assessment of air pollution control strategies for their costs and benefits. Here we employ an online weather and chemical transport model, WRF-Chem, and a gridded population density map, LANDSCAN, to estimate changes in fine particle pollution exposure, health benefits, and economic valuation for two emission reduction strategies based on increasing the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in Santiago, Chile. The first scenario, switching to a CNG public transportation system, would reduce urban PM2.5 emissions by 229 t/year. The second scenario would reduce wood burning emissions by 671 t/year, with unique hourly emission reductions distributed from daily heating demand. The CNG bus scenario reduces annual PM2.5 by 0.33 μg/m³ and up to 2 μg/m³ during winter months, while the residential heating scenario reduces annual PM2.5 by 2.07 μg/m³, with peaks exceeding 8 μg/m³ during strong air pollution episodes in winter months. These ambient pollution reductions lead to 36 avoided premature mortalities for the CNG bus scenario, and 229 for the CNG heating scenario. Both policies are shown to be cost-effective ways of reducing air pollution, as they target high-emitting area pollution sources and reduce concentrations over densely populated urban areas as well as less dense areas outside the city limits. Unlike the concentration rollback methods commonly used in public policy analyses, which assume homogeneous reductions across a whole city (including homogeneous population densities), and without accounting for the seasonality of certain emissions, this approach accounts for both seasonality and diurnal emission profiles for both the transportation and residential heating sectors. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Emilio Duhart: Seminario del Gran Santiago -1957. Precisiones del Proyecto Urbano

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cristián Berríos Flores

    2013-12-01

    En el año 1957 se realiza en Chile el “Seminario del Gran Santiago”, donde se convoca a diversos especialistas para abordar ampliamente los problemas urbanos que se estaban suscitando en la capital. Entre los expositores se encuentra el arquitecto Emilio Duhart Harosteguy, quien realiza un detallado análisis y propuestas urbanas para Santiago. Se puede detectar a priori una directa influencia de los principios de la arquitectura moderna en su exposición, pero también una cierta autonomía intelectual al momento de proponer estructuras urbanas sobre el espacio público.

  7. Nutritional profile of schoolchildren from different socio-economic levels in Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liberona, Yessica; Castillo, Oscar; Engler, Valerie; Villarroel, Luis; Rozowski, Jaime

    2011-01-01

    To assess the nutritional status, food intake and physical activity patterns in schoolchildren attending 5th and 6th grade in basic schools from different socio-economic levels in the metropolitan region of Santiago. Cross-sectional study in children 5th and 6th grade of eighteen basic schools in the metropolitan region of Santiago. Boys and girls aged 9-12 years from basic schools were evaluated in terms of physical capacity. An anthropometric evaluation was also performed which included weight, height and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses. Food intake was evaluated by a 24 h recall, socio-economic level by the ESOMAR method and physical activity by a questionnaire. Boys and girls aged 9-12 years (n 1732). The average prevalence of overweight and obesity was 40 %, with the highest prevalence in males and those from lower socio-economic level. A majority (64 %) of the children had a low level of physical activity. A higher intake of fat and protein and a higher intake of carbohydrate were found in the higher and lower socio-economic levels, respectively. Both males and females showed adequacy greater than 75 % in macronutrient intake except for fibre, with both groups showing a deficit in the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish and milk products according to Chilean recommendations. A high prevalence of malnutrition by excess was observed in both sexes and a better eating and physical activity pattern was seen in children from higher socio-economic level.

  8. [Indoor air pollution in southeast Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pino, P; Oyarzún, M; Walter, T; von Baer, D; Romieu, I

    1998-04-01

    Indoor air pollution could play an important role in the susceptibility to respiratory diseases of vulnerable individuals, such as elders and infants. To evaluate indoor air pollution in a low income population of South East Santiago. A domiciliary survey of contaminant sources was carried out in the bouses of a cohort of 522 children less than one year old. Using a case-control design, 121 children consulting for respiratory diseases were considered as cases and 131 healthy infants of the same age and sex were considered as controls. In the houses of both groups, active monitors for particulate matter (PM10) and passive monitors for NO2 were installed. Forty two percent of fathers and 30% of mothers were smokers, and in two thirds of the families there was at least one smoker. Eighty five percent used portable heaters in winter. Of these, 77% used kerosene as fuel. Only 27% had water heating appliances. The rest heated water on the kitchen store or on bonfires. Most kitchen stoves used liquid gas as fuel. Twenty four hour PM10 was 109 +/- 3.2 micrograms/m3. Mean indoor and outdoor NO2 in 24 h was 108 +/- 76.3 and 84 +/- 53.6 micrograms/m3 respectively. Indoor NO2 levels were related to the use of heating devices and smoking. No differences in PM10 and NO2 levels were observed between cases and controls. There is a clear relationship between indoor pollution and contaminating sources. Indoor NO2 levels are higher than outdoors.

  9. Fires in Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    2002-01-01

    On February 5, 2002, the dense smoke from numerous forest fires stretched out over the Pacific Ocean about 400 miles south of Santiago, Chile. This true-color Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image shows the fires, which are located near the city of Temuco. The fires are indicated with red dots (boxes in the high-resolution imagery). The fires were burning near several national parks and nature reserves in an area of the Chilean Andes where tourism is very popular. Southeast of the fires, the vegetation along the banks of the Rio Negro in Argentina stands out in dark green. Image courtesy Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC

  10. Voluntariado y Edades: Observaciones desde la juventud, adultez y vejez voluntaria de la ciudad de Santiago

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nelson Sepúlveda Miranda

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available El voluntariado, entendido como una manifestación de la colaboración, se construye a partir de los observadores que describen y explican su realidad. En este sentido, el presente texto abordará las comunicaciones más recurrentes sobre voluntariado, identificadas por jóvenes, adultos y adultos mayores voluntarios de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile; quienes, al producir comunicaciones colaborativas, construyen -a su vez- sus propias edades.

  11. Programa de prevención y control de las enfermedades respiratorias agudas de la infancia en Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Véjar M Leonardo

    1998-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se describen y examinan las actividades de un programa pediátrico para la prevención y el control de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA en un servicio de salud estatal que atiende a la población de bajos ingresos de Santiago, Chile. En un área de salud correspondiente a una población de algo más de un millón de habitantes, con un hospital de base, 16 consultorios de atención primaria y ocho postas rurales, se desarrollaron actividades específicas de capacitación de personal, así como acciones de control en atención primaria y de hospitalización de niños con IRA grave. En los primeros 5 años de funcionamiento del programa (1990­1994 se observó entre niños menores de un año una disminución de la mortalidad anual por neumonía de 3,0 a 1,7 por 1 000, lo que ha contribuido a un descenso de la mortalidad infantil de 13,5 a 8,9 defunciones por 1 000 nacidos vivos. En 1994 los costos del programa alcanzaron los US$ 224 000. A juzgar por los resultados obtenidos, el programa de prevención y control de IRA puede haber sido un aporte valioso a la salud infantil del área.

  12. Suicidal risk, depression, and religiosity: a study of women in a general hospital in Santiago de Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Florenzano, Ramón; Rodríguez, Jorge; Sieverson, Catalina; Cataldo, Eny; Pastorino, Sol; Fernández, Loreto

    2014-03-01

    The purpose of the present study is to compare the role of spiritual and religious beliefs in the prevention of suicidal risk among depressive women with suicidal ideation or attempts, treated in the psychiatric unit of a general hospital in Santiago de Chile (Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital del Salvador) between 2010 and 2011. The relationship among severity of depression, suicidal risk, and religiosity is explored in women treated in Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital del Salvador. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of believers (n = 121) and nonbelievers (n = 22) were compared, and their global mental health was assessed, as well as their rating in scales for depression, anxiety, aggressivity, and impulsivity. Most of the patients self-reported to belong to Catholic or other Christian churches. There were few statistically significant differences between them and nonbelievers, who were younger, had more years of education, were more frequently employed, and lived alone or with their parents. When comparing the least religious and the most religious quartiles, there were no differences in the type of affective disorder, attendance to temples, or self-appraisal of religiosity. Nonbelievers had more history of previous suicidal attempts and had more relatives committing suicide. In a country where most of the population is believer, self-reported religiosity seems to have a nonsignificant association with suicidality and severity of depression. Our results could be biased given the small number of nonbelievers in the sample. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

  13. Historias e identidades barriales del Gran Santiago: 1950-2000

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisca Márquez B

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available A pesar de la segregación urbana y social que caracteriza a la ciudad de Santiago; en ella coexisten también identidades territoriales fuertes en su propuesta de integración social y urbana. Esta investigación aborda desde la perspectiva de sus habitantes, los procesos de construcción identitaria en ocho barrios de Santiago, desde los años cincuenta en adelante. La conclusión es que, pese a los enormes cambios experimentados en la sociedad y la persistencia de la segregación territorial, los barrios analizados destacan por la fuerza de sus identidades y la capacidad de diálogo con la ciudad. A diferencia de otros territorios, estos nacieron de proyectos identitarios y urbanos sólidos pensados e implementados por un conjunto de actores sociales diversos. Hoy sus habitantes se identifican con el barrio y lo defienden sin aplicar mecanismos de aislamiento, y en este proceso histórico, construyen y reafirman el derecho a la ciudad.I spite of Santiago, Chile's socioeconomic segregation,two territorially based identities also are present within this metropolitan area that offer strong proposals for social and urban integration. This study examines how inhabitants of eight neighborhoods in Santiago have constructed local identities since the 1950s. The study's findings indicate that in spite of the enormous changes experienced by Chilean society during this period and the persistence of socio-spatial segregation, the neighborhoods studied reveal the strength of their identities and their capacity to engage in a dialogue with the city. In contrast to other areas of the city, these communities initially emerged with solid identity and urban projects conceived and implemented by a diverse group of social actors. Today, residents identify with and defend their neighborhoods without relying on mechanisms designed to isolate themselves; and within this historical process, they construct and reaffirm the right to the city.

  14. Determination of elemental concentrations in airborne particulate matter in the City of Santiago de Chile, through neutron activation analysis using epithermal neutrons and Compton suppression system

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rojas S, Ximena

    1995-01-01

    In order to optimize the Neutron-Activation Analysis (NAA) technique currently carried out in our country, the present work was carried out in the United States where irradiations with epithermal neutrons and a Compton suppression system were used, which allowed the characterization of aerosols of the city of Santiago de Chile. With this purpose, 54 filters of polycarbonate membranes were analysed with aerosols collected in an area of the capital during Spring 1993 and Winter of 1994. As a result, an improvement in the detection limits was observed, specially in elements such as Ni and Zn, which are not easily detectable through NAA. The application of both systems also permits the usage of this technique in geological and biological samples, where the presence of Na, Al and Cl obstruct the determination of some elements. The determined elements in both fractions were Mn, V, Cu, As, Sb, Co, Br, Cl, Ni, Zn, Ca, Al, Na and Fe. (author). 8 refs., 7 figs., 9 tabs

  15. Características del policonsumo simultáneo de drogas en estudiantes de pregrado de carreras de ciencias de la salud de una universidad, Santiago - Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Giselle Riquelme Hernández

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Estudio transversal cuyo objetivo fue establecer los patrones de policonsumo simultáneo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios de pregrado de carreras de medicina y enfermería, en una universidad de la ciudad de Santiago - Chile. Contó con una muestra de 188 estudiantes. Resultados: 42.3% de los estudiantes refirieron policonsumo simultáneo; edad promedio de inicio 16 años; combinaciones más comunes fueron alcohol + tabaco + marihuana y tabaco + alcohol + drogas de prescripción. Aprenden de las combinaciones de drogas a través de amigos, consumen en grupos mixtos, fuera de la universidad (clubes nocturnos y lo hacen para relajarse o disfrutar de la compañía de amigos. Es fundamental desarrollar estrategias integrales si se desea contribuir a mejorar la salud de esta población de jóvenes, quienes estarán a cargo de la salud de las generaciones futuras.

  16. Mercado metropolitano de trabajo y desigualdades sociales en el Gran Santiago: ¿Una ciudad dual?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos A. de Mattos

    2002-12-01

    Full Text Available Los cambios estructurales en los mercados metropolitanos de trabajo bajo los procesos de reestructuración-informacionalización-globalización, se han situado como un tema central para el estudio de la transformación de las ciudades durante las últimas décadas. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente trabajo analiza los impactos que los procesos de modernización capitalista en Chile han tenido sobre su mercado de trabajo y sobre la evolución de la distribución del ingreso, y sobre esta base, observa sus efectos sobre la estructuración socio-territorial del Gran Santiago, discutiendo especialmente la pertinencia de la tesis de la dualización para este caso particular. Para ello, en una primera parte se esbozan los rasgos fundamentales de esta tesis, se analizan los fundamentos con los que ha sido presentada y las causas que se le atribuyen. En la segunda parte se revisan las principales transformaciones producidas en esta fase de modernización capitalista en Chile, y la evolución de las desigualdades sociales y la segregación urbana en el Gran Santiago a la luz de las transformaciones producidas en su mercado de trabajo. En la tercera y última parte, se plantea la discusión sobre la aplicabilidad de la tesis de la dualización al caso chileno

  17. Spatiotemporal Variation in Composition of Submicron Particles in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Matías Tagle

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available The chemical composition of submicron particles (aerodynamic diameter Da < 1.0 μm was investigated at three locations in the Santiago Metropolitan Region (SMR, Chile. Measurements campaigns were conducted in winter and spring 2016, at representative sites of a rural, urban, and urban receptor environment. Instrumentation consisted of an optical analyzer to determine Black Carbon (BC and the Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM to measure concentrations of particulate chloride (Cl−, nitrate (NO3-, sulfate (SO42-, ammonium (NH4+, and non-refractory carbonaceous species (organics. Complementary data, such as ozone concentration and meteorological parameters were obtained from the public air quality network. Results showed that in both the winter and spring seasons the organics predominated in the mass of submicron particles. This fraction was followed in decreasing order by NO3-, NH4+, BC, SO42-, and Cl−. The highest average organics concentrations were measured in winter at the urban (32.2 μg m−3 and urban receptor sites (20.1 μg m−3. In winter, average concentrations of both NO3- and NH4+ were higher at the urban receptor site (12.3 and 4.5 μg m−3, respectively when compared to the urban site (6.4 and 3.1 μg m−3, respectively. In general, all the measured species were present in higher concentrations during winter, excepting SO42-, which was the only one that increased during spring. The transition toward spring was also associated with an acidification of the aerosol at the rural and urban receptor site, while at the urban site the aerosol was observed alkaline. The highest average ozone concentration during both the winter and spring seasons were recorded at the urban receptor site (7.2 and 24.0 ppb, respectively. The study reports data showing that the atmosphere in the SMR has a considerable load of particulate organic compounds, NO3- and NH4+, which are in higher concentrations at urban sites during the winter season

  18. Meteorological air pollution potential for Santiago, Chile: Towards an objective episode forecasting.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rutllant, J; Garreaud, R

    1995-02-01

    The geography and climate of the Santiago basin are, in general, unfavorable for the diffusion of air pollutants. Consequently, extreme events occur frequently during the high pollution season extending from April to August. The meteorological conditions concurrent with those extreme events are mainly associated with the leading edges of coastal lows that bring down the base of the semipermanent temperature inversion reducing the dirunal growth of the surface mixed layer. In order to produce an objective 12 to 24-hour episode forecast, a two-way multivariate discriminant analysis has been used in the definition of a meteorological air-pollution potential index (MAPPI), separating high and low meteorological air-pollution potential days. The same procedure has been applied in the selection of the most efficient predictors for the MAPPI objective forecast, based on 12 and 24 UTC radiosonde data at Quintero, about 100 km to the NW of Santiago. Results indicate about 70% correctly forecasted days, with satisfactory skill-scores relative to persistency. The strong persistency characterizing the most efficient predictors in the 12-hour objective forecast scheme, makes the prediction of the first and last days of any particular air-pollution potential episode particularly difficult. To overcome this problem, a new set of predictors based on continuous measurements near the level of the top of the temperature inversion layer (900 hPa during air-pollution episodes) is being tested. Preliminary results indicate that the time-integrated zonal wind component at that level is a reliable precursor for both the onset and the end of air-pollution potential episodes.

  19. Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1988-09-01

    Chile is a long (2650 miles), narrow (250 miles at widest point) country sandwiched between the Andes mountains and the Pacific. The northern desert is rich in copper and nitrates; the temperate middle region is agricultural and supports the major cities, including Santiago, the capital, and the port of Valparaiso; and the southern region is a cold and damp area of forests, grasslands, lakes, and fjords. The country is divided into 12 administrative regions. Chile's population of 12.5 million are mainly of Spanish or Indian descent or mestizos. Literacy is 92.3%, and the national language is Spanish. Infant mortality is 18.1/1000, and life expectancy is 68.2 years. 82% of the people are urban, and most are Roman Catholics. Chile was settled by the Spanish in 1541 and attached to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Independence was won in 1818 under the leadership of Bernardo O'Higgins. In the 1880s Chile extended its sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan in the south and areas of southern Peru and Bolivia in the north. An officially parliamentary government, elected by universal suffrage, drifted into oligarchy and finally into a military dictatorship under Carlos Ibanez in 1924. Constitutional government was restored in 1932. The Christian Democratic government of Eduardo Frei (1964-70) inaugurated major reforms, including land redistribution, education, and far-reaching social and economic policies. A Marxist government under Salvador Allende lasted from 1970 to 1973 when the present military government of General Pinochet Ugarte took power, overthrew Allende, abolished the Congress, and banned political parties. It has moved the country in the direction of a free market economy but at the cost of systematic violations of human rights. A new constitution was promulgated in 1981, and congressional elections have been scheduled for October, 1989. A "National Accord for Transition to Full Democracy" was mediated by the Catholic Church in 1985. The social reforms of the

  20. holiday与 holidays

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    王振元

    2014-01-01

    在《牛津小学英语》6A中,出现了Holiday这一单元,平时我们也会遇到holidays.那么houliday和holidays有哪些区别呢?1.holiday是单数形式.表示“短假期”,通常指“一两天”.如:I will have a holiday next Monday.下个星期一我有一天假期.

  1. Unintended pregnancy and sex education in Chile: a behavioural model.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Herold, J M; Thompson, N J; Valenzuela, M S; Morris, L

    1994-10-01

    This study analysed factors associated with unintended pregnancy among adolescent and young adult women in Santiago, Chile. Three variations of a behavioural model were developed. Logistic regression showed that the effect of sex education on unintended pregnancy works through the use of contraception. Other significant effects were found for variables reflecting socioeconomic status and a woman's acceptance of her sexuality. The results also suggested that labelling affects measurement of 'unintended' pregnancy.

  2. Santiago de Chile, globalización y expansión metropolitana: lo que existía sigue existiendo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos A. de Mattos

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available A mediados de los años 70 se inició en Chile un nuevo período de modernización y desarrollo capitalista, impulsado por la aplicación de una estrategia macroeconómica de liberalización económica. La profunda reestructuración que entonces se inició, culminó en una etapa de sostenido crecimiento económico, reindustrialización y terciarización del aparato productivo. Al mismo tiempo se produjo una progresiva recuperación de la tendencia a la concentración metropolitana, en la que tanto el comando del nuevo poder económico, como las principales actividades industriales y terciarias mostraron una clara preferencia por localizarse en el Area Metropolitana de Santiago (AMS, dando impulso a una intensificación de la suburbanización tanto de las actividades productivas como de la población. Tres tipos de transformaciones merecen destacarse. Primero, la emergencia de una ciudad de cobertura regional, suburbanizada y policéntrica, de límites imprecisos, configurada como archipiélago, cuya dinámica expansiva ha ido incorporando a diversos centros urbanos aledaños y áreas rurales, que han pasado a formar parte de un extenso periurbano. Segundo, el hecho de que si bien persiste una distribución del ingreso altamente regresiva que ha contribuido a mantener una ciudad extremadamente segregada y fragmentada, también se produjo una importante reducción de los niveles relativos de pobreza e indigencia. Y, tercero, la irrupción y afirmación de un conjunto de nuevos artefactos urbanos (shopping malls, grandes superficies comerciales, condominios y barrios cerrados, centros empresariales descentralizados, multiplex y nuevos espacios para el esparcimiento, etc. que comienzan a tener una fuerte incidencia en la estructuración y articulación del nuevo espacio metropolitanoIn the mid seventies, a new stage of modernization and development of capitalism begun in Chile, impulsed by a strategy of economic liberalization. The profound

  3. Excellence in High-Performing Public Schools in Chile: Students' Perceptions and Experiences

    Science.gov (United States)

    Quaresma, Maria Luísa

    2017-01-01

    In this article, I aim to analyze the perceptions regarding excellence shared by students of high-performing public schools in Santiago de Chile and simultaneously to reflect on the way in which they experience it, inside and outside of school. Through the analysis of 24 focus groups conducted in six schools, I conclude that students share…

  4. Oil and Gas Emergency Policy: Chile 2012 update

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2012-09-06

    Chile has experienced several serious energy supply incidents over the last decade, including major droughts, a sustained gas supply cut from Argentina (since 2004), and a major earthquake in early 2010 which affected electricity networks and refineries, and caused several black-outs. Due to Chile's unique and sinuous geography - it runs 4 300 kilometres from North to South and only 175 kms from East to West- the country's energy markets are regionally disjointed, particularly as the regional gas and electricity grids are not connected. In the arid North, energy demand is dominated by the mining industry, and operates based on a separate thermal-based Sistema Interconectado Norte Grande (SING) electricity grid. The more densely-populated central region (including Santiago) operates on the more hydro-dependent Sistema Interconectado Central (SIC) electricity grid. The southernmost, hydro-rich regions of the country are not connected to the rest of Chile in terms of electricity and gas. The following report is based on an IEA Emergency Response Assessment carried out in 2010 and 2011 which looked specifically at Chile's capacity to respond to short-term emergencies in oil, gas and electricity.

  5. Oil and Gas Emergency Policy: Chile 2012 update

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2012-09-06

    Chile has experienced several serious energy supply incidents over the last decade, including major droughts, a sustained gas supply cut from Argentina (since 2004), and a major earthquake in early 2010 which affected electricity networks and refineries, and caused several black-outs. Due to Chile's unique and sinuous geography - it runs 4 300 kilometres from North to South and only 175 kms from East to West- the country's energy markets are regionally disjointed, particularly as the regional gas and electricity grids are not connected. In the arid North, energy demand is dominated by the mining industry, and operates based on a separate thermal-based Sistema Interconectado Norte Grande (SING) electricity grid. The more densely-populated central region (including Santiago) operates on the more hydro-dependent Sistema Interconectado Central (SIC) electricity grid. The southernmost, hydro-rich regions of the country are not connected to the rest of Chile in terms of electricity and gas. The following report is based on an IEA Emergency Response Assessment carried out in 2010 and 2011 which looked specifically at Chile's capacity to respond to short-term emergencies in oil, gas and electricity.

  6. MIGRANTES PERUANOS EN LA PROA DE LA PLAZA DE ARMAS DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE: DE UMBRALES A INDICIOS DE HIBRIDEZ CULTURAL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ximena Andrea Póo Figueroa

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available Los inmigrantes peruanos en Santiago de Chile que han hecho suyo el entorno de la Plaza de Armas, específicamente de uno de sus vértices desde donde surge la calle Catedral, plantean varias preguntas sobre la resignificación de los espacios en el casco histórico y sobre la articulación de discursos y prácticas culturales que emergen entre los migrantes y entre ellos y los “otros”, considerando esa alteridad en un espacio reconstituido, tanto por la memoria histórica como por los flujos de una ciudad que (desaparece en la inflexión modernidad/posmodernidad/sobremodernidad. En este documento se realiza una exploración por esas rutas liminales, intentado teorizar sobre los niveles de hibridez a los que pueden llegar los flujos, los movimientos y los anclajes que se dan entre los dos mundos (in between de los migrantes y entre ellos y el lugar que “acoge y discrimina” y que es resignificado como un espacio público con nuevos sentidos, y el “no lugar” de movimiento perpetuo y fugaz que los desplaza entre las máscaras intercambiables de lo global y lo local. En ese escenario la comunicación intercultural es clave.

  7. A Long-term Slip Model for the San Ramón Fault, Santiago de Chile, from Tectonically Reconcilable Boundary Conditions

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aron, F.; Estay, N.; Cembrano, J. M.; Yanez, G. A.

    2016-12-01

    We constructed a 3D Boundary Elements model simulating subduction of the Nazca plate underneath South America, from 29° to 38° S, to compute long-term surface deformation and slip rates on crustal faults imbedded in the upper-plate wedge of the Andean orogen. We tested our model on the San Ramón Fault (SRF), a major E-dipping, thrust structure limiting the western front of the Main Cordillera with surface expression along the entire, 40 km long, extension of the Santiago de Chile basin. Long-lived thrusting has produced more than 2 km of differential uplift of the mountains. Given its proximity to the country's largest city, this potentially seismogenic fault —dormant during historic times— has drawn increasing public attention. We used earthquake hypocenters captured over a one-year seismic deployment, 2D resistivity profiles, and published geologic cross-sections to determine the geometry of the SRF. The base of the lithosphere and plate interface surfaces were defined based on average Andean values and the Slab1.0 model. The simulation reproduces plate convergence and mechanic decoupling of the lithospheric plates across the subduction seismic cycle using mixed boundary conditions. Relative plate motion is achieved prescribing uniform, far-field horizontal displacement over the depth extension of both the oceanic and continental lithospheric plates. Long-term deformation is carried out in two steps. First, the modeled surfaces are allowed to slip freely emulating continuous slip on the subduction megathrust; subsequently, zero displacement is prescribed on the locking zone of the megathrust down to 40 km depth, while keeping the rest of the surfaces traction free, mimicking interseismic conditions. Long-term slip rate fields obtained for the SRF range between 0.1 and 1% the plate convergence rate, with maximum values near the surface. Interestingly, at an estimated 76-77 mm/yr relative plate motion velocity, those rates agree well with what has been

  8. 9 CFR 592.530 - Holiday rate.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Holiday rate. 592.530 Section 592.530... INSPECTION VOLUNTARY INSPECTION OF EGG PRODUCTS Fees and Charges § 592.530 Holiday rate. When an official plant requires inspection service on a holiday or a day designated in lieu of a holiday, such service is...

  9. 5 CFR 610.202 - Determining the holiday.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Determining the holiday. 610.202 Section... DUTY Holidays § 610.202 Determining the holiday. For purposes of pay and leave, the day to be treated as a holiday is determined as follows: (a) Except when employees are entitled to a different holiday...

  10. 9 CFR 590.128 - Holiday inspection service.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Holiday inspection service. 590.128... of Service § 590.128 Holiday inspection service. (a) When an official plant requires inspection service on a holiday or a day designated in lieu of a holiday, such service is considered holiday work...

  11. Observations on female sterilization in Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Menanteau-Horta, D

    1982-01-01

    Prior to 1976, voluntary female sterilization was 1 of the regular family planning services offered in Chile. After that the Ministry of Public Health declared that it could not be considered a fertility regulation activity and could thus be performed only for health reasons. Between 1971-75, there was almost a 6-fold increase in the number of sterilizations performed at the Valdivia Regional Hospital, with a rise to 2400 procedures. Such an unprecedented increase in voluntary sterilization prompted this study. The results are based on a 1976 survey of women sterilized between 1971-75 at the Valdivia Regional Hospital. Personal interviews were conducted. The number of voluntary sterilizations there during the aforementioned period showed a sustained upward trend; the number of births increased only moderately during that time. The data on sterilization in the Valdivia area is compared to that collected by the Santiago study. Age, marital status, place of origin or residence, education, and religion were compared. Socioeconomic and occupational data were also examined. 9 of 10 women in Valdivia were from low-income families. This agrees closely with the Santiago data. About 1/4 of the women in both samples were employed outside the home. Also in both samples, about 1/2 of the spouses of sterilized women were blue collar workers; only 1/5 or less were white collar, and very few were professionals. About 52% in Valdivia and 45% in Santiago had borne 7 or more viable offspring. The average number of spontaneous abortions was also similar. A significantly higher percentage (P0.01) of Valdivia women used contraceptives. There are some general trends apparent in both groups as to the reasons for sterilization; most were prompted by difficult socioeconomic conditions. 37.9% of the Santiago women felt their families were complete and 27.3% of the other group cited the same reason. Other reasons were medical, failure of contraception, problems with spouse, and other. Medical

  12. Chile Successfully Halts Rise in Childhood Obesity

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gorisek, Aleksandra Sasa

    2014-01-01

    The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity in Latin America has become a cause for concern. The IAEA has worked closely with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA) at the University of Chile since 1997 to address the problem of malnutrition in the country. In Santiago, the Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Stable Isotopes was established in 1998 with the help of the IAEA to provide an isotope ratio mass spectrometer and training in the use of stable isotope techniques to assess body composition, infant feeding practices and total daily energy expenditure

  13. Permisos Transables de Emisión en Chile: Lecciones, Desafíos y Oportunidades para Países en Desarrollo

    OpenAIRE

    Enrique Calfucura; Jessica Coria; José Miguel Sánchez

    2008-01-01

    Chile has pioneered the implementation of emission offseting programs pursuing simultaneously economic growth and environmental protection. In this paper, emission trading programs implemented in Santiago of Chile are analyzed and its relevance for developing countries is evaluated. It is argued that emission trading programs can be the best tool to deal with air pollution problems even in the cases in which the institutional capacities are not well developed. Moreover, the inclusion of the t...

  14. ABANDONO Y VAGABUNDAJE INFANTIL EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE. 1930-1950

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sandra Poblete Naumann

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available La sociedad chilena de la primera mitad del siglo XX, experimentó diversas y profundas transformaciones agudizándose algunos problemas que aunque existentes con anterioridad no habían alcanzado una trascendencia socio-económica y política tan significativa. Uno de ellos fue el problema del abandono y vagabundaje infantil que cobró mayor intensidad precisamente entre las décadas de 1930 y 1950. La Gran Depresión y la crisis económica producidas por la Segunda Guerra Mundial, generaron un fuerte crecimiento industrial en el país. Sin embargo, este fenómeno asociado a un sostenido proceso de modernización y urbanización arrastró consigo solamente a ciertos sectores y, por ende, gran parte de la sociedad siguió enfrentada a grandes contrastes y desequilibrios, surgiendo importantes cordones marginales especialmente en torno a la ciudad de Santiago.

  15. Food Safety When Preparing Holiday Meals

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Public Health Current: Remember Food Safety when Preparing Holiday Meals Services and Programs Regulation & Licensure Vital Records ... food safety is especially important as they prepare holiday meals. Many holiday dinners include meat and poultry, ...

  16. CASTIGO FEMENINO EN CHILE DURANTE LA PRIMERA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcelo Neira Navarro

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo permitió generar una serie de categorías de castigos femeninos, considerando que durante buena parte del siglo XIX la policía pudo aplicar "justicia correccional", es decir, sancionar delitos menores. De un universo de más de 32.000 arrestos efectuados en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile entre los años 1830 a 1840 y utilizando el criterio "femenino", el levantamiento logró una muestra que alcanzó al 12% del total. Los datos sistematizados permiten señalar que durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX el delito femenino fue parte importante de la actividad represiva en Chile y dio origen a un castigo relacionado a la Cárcel Correccional. Aunque también se observan otras penas como trabajo de casa formal o encierro en monasterios, forman parte de un circuito restrictivo en función del encierro de mujeres.The present article allowed to generate a series of categories of female punishments, considering that during a great part of the XIX century the police could apply "correctional justice", in other words, punish minor offences. In a universe of more than 32,000 arrest in the city of Santiago, Chile between the years 1830 and 1840 and using a "female" criteria, the uprising achieved a sample that reached 12% of the total. The systematized information shows that during the firt half of the xix century the female offence was an important part of the repressive activity in Chile and it gave origin to a punishment related to a correctional. Even though some other punishments were observed such a work in a formal house or monastery confinemet, they formed part of a restricting circuit functioning with the confinement of women.

  17. Breaking Resilient Patterns of Inequality in Santiago de Chile: Challenges to Navigate towards a More Sustainable City

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ignacio C. Fernández

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available Resilience can have desirable and undesirable consequences. Thus, resilience should not be viewed as a normative desirable goal, but as a descriptor of complex systems dynamics. From this perspective, we apply resilience thinking concepts to assess the dynamics of inequality, spatial segregation, and sustainability in Chile’s capital city of Santiago. Chile’s economy boosted since democracy was restored in 1990, but continuity of neoliberal reforms and transformations of Pinochet’s dictatorship (1973–1990 seem to have locked Chilean cities in resilient, albeit unsustainable, patterns of uneven development. Socio-economic data from Santiago shows highly resilient patterns of urban inequality and segregation from 1992 to 2009 despite democratic efforts, political agendas and discourses packed with calls for reducing poverty and inequality. We present a conceptual model based on the notion of stability landscapes to explore potential trade-offs between resilience and sustainable development. We mapped Santiago’s spatio-temporal inequality trends and explored if these patterns support an inequality-resilience stability landscape. Analysis of temporal and spatial distribution of development assets across four human development dimensions (i.e., income, education, health, democracy revealed potential socio-political and spatial feedbacks supporting the resilience of inequality and segregation in Santiago. We argue that urban sustainability may require breaking this resilience, a process where bottom-up stressors such as social movements could play a key role.

  18. IDENTIDAD DEL DESPLAZAMIENTO/REFUGIO. MEMORIA E IDENTIDAD COLECTIVA EN REFUGIADOS PALESTINOS REASENTADOS EN CHILE

    OpenAIRE

    CONTRERAS ROJAS, PAULA; CONTRERAS ROJAS, PAULA

    2010-01-01

    La investigación que presento a continuación es el recorrido de dos años de trabajo en la Maestría de Estudios Políticos y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El recorrido tiene su origen en Santiago de Chile, en el año 2008, con el anuncio por parte del gobierno de Chile de la acogida y reasentamiento de un grupo de refugiados palestinos que se encontraban en un campamento de refugiados en la frontera entre Iraq y Siria, como parte del Programa de Reas...

  19. IDENTIDAD DE DESPLAZAMIENTO/REFUGIO MEMORIA E IDENTIDAD COLECTIVA EN REFUGIADOS PALESTINOS REASENTADOS EN CHILE

    OpenAIRE

    CONTRERAS ROJAS ; PAULA; CONTRERAS ROJAS ; PAULA

    2010-01-01

    La investigación que presento a continuación es el recorrido de dos años de trabajo en la Maestría de Estudios Políticos y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El recorrido tiene su origen en Santiago de Chile, en el año 2008, con el anuncio por parte del gobierno de Chile de la acogida y reasentamiento de un grupo de refugiados palestinos que se encontraban en un campamento de refugiados en la frontera entre Iraq y Siria, como parte del Programa de Reasentam...

  20. ¿Veis aquí el Potro del tormento? ¡Decid la verdad! Tortura judicial en la Real Audiencia de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    CLAUDIA ARANCIBIA F

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available La tortura ha estado presente a largo de los siglos, tanto dentro como fuera de la ley. Durante el siglo XX esta realidad se nos ha presentado particularmente evidente y cruda en el acontecer mundial y nacional. La amplitud de este hecho nos ha llevado a preguntarnos por su ejercicio durante el período colonial en Chile, tema del cual daremos ciertas impresiones respecto de su práctica judicial. Ese tipo de tortura, llamada también cuestión de tormento, se define como «una prueba en el proceso penal, la cual era subsidiaria y reiterable, y estaba destinada a provocar por medios violentos la confesión de culpabilidad de aquel contra quien hubiera ciertos indicios; o dirigida a veces, a obtener la acusación del reo contra sus cómplices, o también a forzar las declaraciones de los testigos».[1] Para tratar lo anterior nos hemos basado en el material encontrado tras la revisión de juicios por homicidio contenidos en el archivo de la Real Audiencia de Santiago. El período estudiado va desde el siglo XVII hasta la primera década del XIX.

  1. Holidays – the Mirror of Society. The Social and Cultural Contexts of Present-Day Holidays in the Slovak Republic

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Katarína Popelková

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available After 2010, the study of present-day holidays established itself as an original tool for the study of society in Slovak ethnology. In the first stage, the research team of the Institute of Ethnology SAS focused on the empirical research of the specific contexts of the term holiday in Slovakia and mapped the range of situations which are designated by people as holidays today. The term holiday means the interruption of the daily routine, a moment commemorated on a cyclical basis or a period accompanied by normative or ritual acts and with an ascribed symbolic meaning. Our research showed that apart from identification, ritual and spiritual functions which are important for individuals or communities, as commonly studied by ethnology, holidays also fulfil a number of practical functions at present. After the discovery of the manifold overlaps of this phenomenon with the on-going social processes, the focus of ethnology has shifted to society as such and on its reflection in the mirror of holidays. Through an analysis of empirical materials from the observation and ethnographic description of the events in the public space during holidays, the study of the holiday legislation, the activities of various institutions the production of printed and electronic media, business and advertising, which create the current content and the ways of celebrating holidays, it was possible to obtain a basis for a specific testimony about the present-day social processes in the Slovak Republic. In this context, this study is dedicated to the following relations: holidays and politics, holidays and economy, and holidays and citizens.

  2. PM trend study for the 1998 - 2012 period: Impact of Transport and Petroleum-based Fuels in Santiago Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castillo, M. A.; Jhun, I.; Moreno, F.; Oyola, P.; Koutrakis, P.

    2013-05-01

    Santiago is the capital city of Chile and the combination of adverse climatic and geographical conditions, a continuously growing vehicle fleet, and an increasing number of industries, has made Santiago one of the most polluted cities in South America, and has been declared saturated zone for PM10 since 1996. Although there have been important reductions in the PM emissions due the implementation of the "Atmospheric Prevention and Decontamination Plan for the Metropolitan Region" (PPDA) however the efforts have not been enough to meet the actual standards. Currently is approved a standard for PM2.5, where the annual average is 20 μg/m3 and daily average 24 hr is 50 μg/m3. One of the PM2.5 sources are the traffic emission and one of the measures targeted in PPDA has been to regulate this source. In the last 20 years two of the main interventions have been the elimination of Lead in gasoline (2001) and the steadily reduced diesel sulfur content from 5,000 to 50 ppm. In this study we analyzed 14 years of PM2.5 mass and species concentration time's series, from April 1998 to August 2012, elemental chemical analysis was made for approximately 60% of samples using XRF technique at DRI Lab (USA). One of the objectives is evaluate the impact of fuel-related interventions and petroleum-based fuels (PBFs) sales. When was analyzed de lead concentration we found that is present in the environment despite of that was eliminated of gasoline 20 years ago. We analyzed the impact of diesel sulfur on ambient sulfur content, and was constructed a model to verify the relationship between ambient sulfur and diesel sulfur content after controlling for other covariates. The relation between ambient concentration and diesel content sulfur is linear, when the reduction of sulfur in diesel was from 1500 to 50 ppm the concentration decreased from 1.59 to 1.08 μg/m3. To determinate the impact of PBFs sales (gasoline, kerosene, petroleum) on PM2.5 concentration, we estimated PM2

  3. Reseña Bibliográfica: Bastías, C. (et. al. 2011, Mujeres de la Vega. Género, memoria y trabajo en la Vega Central de Santiago. Chile Santiago, Salesianos Impresores S.A.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eloísa Maldonado

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Una sugerente portada, que representa la gráfica y los colores de los carteles que habitualmente ofrecen los productos agrícolas, nos invita a entrar al mun­do de la Vega, uno de los mercados más importantes de Santiago. “Mujeres de la Vega. Género, memoria y trabajo en la Vega Central de Santiago” es el libro donde se dan a conocer los resultados de una investigación realizada entre agosto de 2010 y enero de 2011, financiada por el Consejo Nacional de la Cul­tura y las Artes, a través del Fondart Regional 2010. Sus autoras, Carolina Bastías, Licenciada en Historia de la Universidad Finis Terrae, Consuelo Hayden, Profesora de Historia y Ciencias Sociales de la Uni­versidad de Valparaíso y Magister (c en Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Uni­versidad de Chile, y Daniela Ibáñez, Antropóloga Social de la Universidad Aca­demia de Humanismo Cristiano y Magister (c en Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Chile, se propusieron en esta investigación “dar a conocer, valorar y divulgar las prácticas que despliegan las mujeres de la Vega Central a partir de su trabajo en este espacio, con un énfasis especial en la dimensión de la memoria.”(Bastías, et. al, 2011, p.11 Se trata también de un esfuerzo por visibilizar su trabajo y aportar en la desmitificación que muchas veces instalan los medios de comunicación, de este mercado como un espacio masculino, de camiones, de carga y descarga de productos. Para esto no sólo profundizaron en un análisis sobre el trabajo femenino, sino también buscaron sus antecedentes en los orígenes mismos de La Vega como espacio de comercio y en la intimidad de la vida de once de sus trabajadoras, que revelaron en entrevistas en profundidad, sus historias, sus rutinas y sus ilusiones.

  4. [Reproductive health survey of young adults in greater Santiago].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Valenzuela, M S; Herold, J M; Morris, L; López, I M

    1992-01-01

    In 1988 a survey was carried out in order to obtain information on knowledge about reproduction, sexual activity, attitudes, and use of contraceptive methods among residents between 15 and 24 years of age in Greater Santiago. For this purpose, a multistage, self-weighted, non-replacement probability sample was chosen from the entire Santiago urban area. After 2,898 households were visited, 865 women and 800 men were selected and interviewed. For the interview, a questionnaire with 156 questions was developed; many questions were similar to those included in similar surveys in Brazil and Guatemala. The interviewers were professionals who had received prior training. Although 75% of the interviewees had attended sex education classes, they had erroneous ideas on various basic subjects. Sixty-nine percent of the women interviewed had undergone menarche before attending these classes. In addition, 35.4% of the women and 65.0% of the men had had sexual relations prior to marriage, and less than 20% had used any contraceptive method. More than 60% of the interviewees who had children had conceived them before marrying. These findings point up the necessity of offering sex education classes for children and young people, as well as facilitating their access to family planning services, in order to decrease the number of illegitimate and unwanted children that are born in Chile.

  5. La guerra de la basura de Santiago: desde el derecho a la vivienda al derecho a la ciudad

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Sabatini

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Con base en un estudio de caso, este artículo discute las características de las movilizaciones populares urbanas en la ciudad de Santiago, Chile, comparándolas con el mítico "movimiento de pobladores" de los años sesenta. Aquéllas aparecen como reactivas, persiguiendo fines prácticos, animadas de cierto espíritu conservador (de defensa de lo que existe o se tiene y cargadas de desconfianza hacia los partidos y el sistema político. Sin embargo, y paradójicamente, el estudio pone de relieve la existencia de trazos democráticos de los que carecía el movimiento de pobladores, cruzado por la lógica clientelista que impulsaban los partidos políticos. Incluso, las actuales iniciativas populares podrían contener potencialidades de cambio social en gran medida insospechadas.Based on a case study, the paper discusses collective political initiatives on the part of popular groups in Santiago, Chile, and makes a comparison with the mythical "pobladores movement" of the sixties -pobladores being the name given in Chile to low-class settlers of the urban periphery. Current mobilizations show up as being reactive, geared at practical goals, inspired by conservatism (the defense of what exists or is possessed and loaded with cynicism towards political parties and the political system. Nevertheless, and paradoxically enough, these collective endeavors may comprise democratic traits which the pobladores movement, crossed as it was by the clientelist logics put forward by political parties, lacked off. Current popular initiatives could even include social change potential to a great extent unsuspected.

  6. American Holidays and Festivals

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    冯凌

    2002-01-01

    One of the interesting things to learn about a country is to know different kinds of holidays and festivals its people celebrate(庆祝) and to tell why they celebrate them. Although there are some similarities(相似) between American and Chinese holidays and festivals, there are quite a few differences.

  7. [Evaluation of good manufacturing practices in the elaboration of enteral formulas in public hospitals of Santiago (Chile)].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lara González, Sandra; Domecq Jendres, C; Atalah Samur, Eduardo

    2013-11-01

    The development of enteral formulas (FE) is subject to various risks of contamination. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), have worried about alerting, recommendations and documents released to prevent contamination the FE, suggesting the standardization and protocols for all procedures involved. The study was aimed to evaluate compliance with the technical criteria contained in a Guideline for Good Practice of Manufacture in relation to the development, maintenance and administration of enteral nutrition in hospitals of Santiago, in the Metropolitan Area. The verification criteria considered Physical Plant, Equipment and Implementation, Hygienic and Sanitary Standards, Human Resources, Organization and Management, Safety and Warranty Quality Assurance. 639 criteria were defined, 309 risk Type 1, by mayor risk of producing pollution. The study was conducted by observing Central Units Enteral Formulas and interview with the caregiver. Medium of compliance for each group of criteria risk 1 and overall, was analyzed. A total of 14 public hospitals were studied. The degree of compliance with the 639 reached a median of 33.2% (p25-75 31.6%-40.4%), with the lowest value for physical plant with 27.9% (p25-75 23.9%-38.2%) and the highest for human resources with 52.4% (p25-75 44.1%-52.4%). Median compliance for risk criteria Type 1 was only 31.8% (p25-75 27.5%-41.2%). Most of the units tested, meets less than half of the internationals recommendations, or the Ministry of Health of Chile. It should develop protocols and train staff to ensure quality and safety in the development of enteral formulas and reduce risk of infection. Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2013. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.

  8. [The prevalence of irritable bowel symptoms in a population of shopping mall visitors in Santiago de Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Madrid-Silva, A M; Defilippi-Caffri, C; Landskron-Ramos, G; Olguín-Herrera, F; Reyes-Ponce, A; Castro-Lara, A; Larraín-Corp, S; Martínez-Roje, N; Cortés-Espinoza, J

    2013-01-01

    Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort that is associated with altered bowel habit. Both its prevalence and clinical characteristics vary throughout Latin America. A percentage of patients does not seek medical attention, therefore a reliable prevalence figure can only be established by interviewing non-selected populations. To study the prevalence and clinical characteristics of IBS symptoms in non-selected subjects in Santiago, Chile. A total of 437 shopping mall visitors above the age of 15 years (246 women) participated in the study by answering the Rome II validated questionnaire for IBS. The demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds, comorbidities, and a family history of IBS were registered. A total of 64.1% subjects reported having gastrointestinal symptoms and 28.6% had symptoms suggestive of IBS. When the subjects with IBS symptoms were compared with the asymptomatic individuals, a predominance of women (65.6 vs. 42.9, P<.001) and a greater cholecystectomy frequency (33.6 vs. 12.9% P<.05) were observed in the former. The age of symptom onset was 30.4 years. An equal percentage of subjects (42.4%) presented with diarrhea and constipation and 15.2% presented with alternating IBS. Participants with a higher educational level reported a lower percentage of IBS (P<.05). A family history of the disease was present in 40% of the subjects with IBS, compared with 14.9% in the asymptomatic individuals (P<.05). Only 39.2% of the subjects had seen a physician for their symptoms and the treatment and tests ordered were inappropriate. The prevalence of IBS symptoms in the population studied is one of the highest described. Therefore, health teams should have the necessary knowledge and skill required for its management. Copyright © 2013 Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.

  9. FREE HOLIDAY!%免费度假

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2012-01-01

    Would you like to go on holiday for free? Tommy Frankenburg, from Nottingham, recently bought a (:1,200 package holiday to Malta for himself and his girlfriend. But before they went away together, she broke up with him. So, the heartbroken 22-year-old decided to give the holiday away on the Intemet.

  10. Geomodels of coseismic landslides environments in Central Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Serey, A.; Sepulveda, S. A.; Murphy, W.; Petley, D. N.

    2017-12-01

    Landslides are a major source of fatalities and damage during strong earthquakes in mountain areas. Detailed geomodels of coseismic landslides environments are essential parts of seismic landslide hazard analyses. The development of a site specific geological model is required, based on consideration of the regional and local geological and geomorphological history and the current ground surface conditions. An engineering geological model is any approximation of the geological conditions, at varying scales, created for the purpose of solving an engineering problem. In our case, the objective is the development of a methodology for earthquake-induced landslide hazard assessment applicable to urban/territorial planning and disaster prevention strategies assessment at a regional scale adapted for the Chilean tectonic conditions. We have developed the only 2 complete inventories of landslides triggered by earthquakes in Chile. The first from the Mw 6.2, shallow crustal Aysén earthquake in 2007. Second one from the Mw 8.8, megathrust subduction Maule earthquake in 2010. From the comparison of these 2 inventories with others from abroad, as well as analysis of large, prehistoric landslide inventories proposed as likely induced by seismic activity we have determined topographic, geomorphological, geological and seismic controlling factors in the occurrence of earthquake-triggered landslides. With the information collected we have defined different environments for generation of coseismic landslides based on the construction of geomodels. As a result we have built several geomodels in the Santiago Cordillera in central Chile (33°S), based upon the San Ramón Fault, a west-vergent reverse fault that outcrops at the edge of Santiago basin recently found to be active and a likely source of seismic activity in the future, with potential of triggering landslides in the Santiago mountain front as well as inland into the Mapocho and Maipo Cordilleran valleys. In conclusion

  11. [The construction of life profiles by social class in Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Torres, C

    1989-11-01

    The author develops a series of life profiles for men and women living in the Greater Santiago area of Chile over the past 25 years. These profiles, which are based on the concept of life expectancy at birth, illustrate the length of time individuals take to go through such life cycle stages as education, employment, unemployment, and retirement. The concept is used to analyze changes in the life profile over time and how these differ by class. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

  12. Active Holiday in Mt. Zlatibor County

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jovan Plavša

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Active holiday presents a new stream in tourism development of Serbia. The most interesting types of active holiday in Serbia are: free and mountain biking, rafting, hiking, mountaineering, free climbing, orienteering, fishing, sailing, rowing, paragliding, cave exploring, skiing, survival in nature, zorbing, horse riding, etc. Zlatibor district is almost perfect area for developing active holiday, due to the nature beauties and diversity of landscape. The most atractive parts for developing active holiday in Zlatibor district are: Tara Mountain and Drina River Gorge, Zlatibor Mountain, Uvac River Gorge and Zlatar Mountain, Lim River Valley and Pester Highlands.

  13. Respiratory disease and particulate air pollution in Santiago Chile: Contribution of erosion particles from fine sediments

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pablo A. Garcia-Chevesich; Sergio Alvarado; Daniel G. Neary; Rodrigo Valdes; Juan Valdes; Juan Jose Aguirre; Marcelo Mena; Roberto Pizarro; Paolo Jofre; Mauricio Vera; Claudio Olivares

    2014-01-01

    Air pollution in Santiago is a serious problem every winter, causing thousands of cases of breathing problems within the population. With more than 6 million people and almost two million vehicles, this large city receives rainfall only during winters. Depending on the frequency of storms, statistics show that every time it rains, air quality improves for a couple of...

  14. Economic Impacts of Korea-Chile FTA and Its Implications to Korean Economy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Inkyo Cheong

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available There has been great progress for the Korea-Chile free trade agreement (FTA. During the 1999 Auckland APEC Leaders meeting, leaders of both economy announced that the two countries would begin official negotiations for the FTA between two countries. Following leaders announcement, the first negotiation was made in Santiago December 1999. This paper discusses the backgrounds of Koreas FTA policy, and analyzes the economic effects of the FTA on Korean economy.

  15. Air pollution in Santiago (Chile) as studied by nuclear and other techniques. Appendix 6

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Toro, P.; Cortes, E.

    1995-01-01

    The elemental characterization of the urban aerosol in Santiago and of a rural area using different non-destructive analytical techniques such as PIXE, NAA and XRF was performed. In addition, AAS was used for selected samples and intercomparison purposes. The distribution of selected elements on membrane filters was studied using XRF. To assure adequate quality of the analytical data, an analytical quality control exercise was planned and carried out. Furthermore, different analytical techniques were used for the determination of the same elements in the same sample as further quality control procedure. (author)

  16. The role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in technology transfer for the peaceful use of nuclear energy and the strengthening of the Safeguards system, Santiago, 9 December 1998

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    ElBaradei, M.

    1998-01-01

    The document reproduces the text of the conference given by the Director General of the IAEA at the IAEA national seminar on 'Nuclear Development and its Implications for Chilean International Policy' in Santiago, Chile, on 9 December 1998. After a short presentation of Chile's participation in all aspects of the work of the Agency, the conference focuses on the Agency's role in the following areas: technology transfer with emphasis on Agency's Technical Co-operation Programme, nuclear power and sustainable energy development, including nuclear safety aspects, and the strengthened safeguards system, including future prospects of verification

  17. Solar and Lighting Transmission through Complex Fenestration Systems of Office Buildings in a Warm and Dry Climate of Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Waldo Bustamante

    2014-05-01

    Full Text Available Overheating, glare, and high-energy demand are recurrent problems in office buildings in Santiago, Chile (33°27'S; 70°42'W during cooling periods. Santiago climate is warm and dry, with high solar radiation and temperature during most of the year. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the thermal and daylighting performance of office buildings transparent façades composed of three different complex fenestration systems (CFS. Each CFS contains a different external shading device (ESD: (1 external roller, (2 vertical undulated and perforated screens, and (3 tilted undulated and perforated screens. The study was carried out by in situ monitoring in three office buildings in Santiago, Chile. Buildings were selected from a database of 103 buildings, representing those constructed between 2005 and 2011 in the city. The monitoring consisted of measuring the short wave solar and daylighting transmission through fenestration systemsby means of pyranometers and luxometers, respectively. This paper shows measurements that were carried out during summer period. A good performance is observed in a building with the external roller system. This system—applied to a northwest façade—shows a regular and high solar and daylighting control of incoming solar radiation. The other two ESD systems evidence a general good performance. However, some deficiencies at certain times of the day were detected, suggesting a non-appropriated design.

  18. ¿Policentrismo o ampliación de la centralidad histórica en el Área Metropolitana del Gran Santiago?: Evidencia novedosa proveniente de la encuesta Casen 2009

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Rodríguez V

    2012-05-01

    Full Text Available Se usan los módulos de "movilidad cotidiana para trabajar" del censo de población de 2002 y de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (Casen de 2009, de Chile, para verificar las hipótesis del avance del policentrismo y de la "difusión del empleo" en el Área Metropolitana del Gran Santiago (AMGS, Chile, planteadas por estudios recientes. Ambas hipótesis se ajustan tanto a las predicciones de las teorías del cambio metropolitano predominantes, como a la experiencia de numerosas ciudades de los países desarrollados y de América Latina. Sin embargo, en ellas se tiende a desconocer el efecto que la segregación residencial socioeconómica a gran escala del AMGS tiene sobre la localización del empleo. La evidencia sistematizada en este trabajo sugiere un proceso mixto en el AMGS: nuevas sub-centralidades aparecen, pero no contrapesan aún el predominio económico de la centralidad histórica ampliada.Questions on commuting from the 2002 Population Census and the 2009 Casen (National Socioeconomic Characterization survey of Chile are used for assessing two hypotheses raised in some recent articles about the Metropolitan Area of Greater Santiago (MAGS: i the advancement of polycentrism, and ii territorial diffusion of employment across the MAGS. Both hypotheses are based on mainstream theories of metropolitan change, and have been supported by evidence from several cities, mostly in developed countries. However, these hypotheses do not take the effects of Santiago's high levels of residential segregation into account. According to results obtained in this study, the MAGS is experiencing a mixed process: new centralities indeed are arising but they do not overshadow yet the concentration of employment in the wider historic centrality.

  19. Views towards China's New Arrangement of Holidays

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2007-01-01

    @@ Paid holidays are the basic welfare for workers,while the Golden Week is the national public holiday in China, neither of which could be easily omitted. In addition, traditional festivals couldn't be ignored any more. Discussions on this fantastic topic- "holiday"turn white hot recently.

  20. Aplicabilidad de estrategias genéricas de diseño pasivo en edificaciones bajo la influencia del cambio climático en Concepción y Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Rubio-Bellido

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Las estrategias de diseño pasivo en arquitectura y el comportamiento energético de la edificación normalmente se cuantifican en base a archivos climáticos que, por lo general, no consideran las predicciones del clima. Este artículo profundiza en la generación de datos climáticos futuros y su influencia en el confort higrotérmico, así como en las estrategias de diseño arquitectónico genéricas de adaptación desde el punto de vista pasivo. Con ese fin, se han generado determinados escenarios climáticos para Concepción y Santiago, dos de las conurbaciones urbanas más pobladas de Chile, para los años 2020, 2050 y 2080. Las predicciones se han realizado para el escenario más extendido de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero GEIA 2 “medium-high”, según el Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC. Los niveles de confort se han examinado desde una perspectiva adaptativa, considerando estrategias de diseño genéricas, ambos modelos recogidos en la ASHRAE. Al analizar los pronósticos climáticos con los modelos de confort, se obtienen resultados para una mejor comprensión del grado de adaptación del usuario y la arquitectura al posible clima futuro. Esta investigación genera estrategias genéricas para optimizar el diseño de construcciones en Chile.

  1. Climas urbanos y contaminación atmosférica en Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hugo Romero

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Se analizan las relaciones existentes entre temperaturas urbanas y concentraciones de material particulado a una escala que representa la totalidad de la ciudad, destacando su división en dos zonas bien delimitadas, que ubicadas al oriente y poniente de la misma, durante los días de ocurrencia de las peores condiciones de contaminación atmosférica. A escala más detallada, que representa a tipos característicos de morfología urbana, se correlacionan los usos y coberturas de suelos con los niveles de vegetación y las temperaturas de las llamadas "subzonas climáticas", en las comunas de Peñalolén, Santiago Centro y Cerrillos, que representan diversas localizaciones en los espacios naturales y socioeconómicos de la ciudad, concluyéndose que existen áreas de condiciones adversas para la población y configuraciones que resaltan su heterogeneidad y diversidad.Current relationships between urban temperatures and particulate matter concentrations at a scale that is representative of the whole city have been analyzed, highlighting a clear division in two zones, the eastern and western part of the city during the days that register the worst air pollution. On a more detailed scale, based on characteristic urban morphology types, land uses and extensions are correlated with vegetation cover and surface temperatures in so-called climatic sub-zones, in the municipalities of Peñalolén, Santiago Centro and Cerrillos, that represent different urban locations, natural cover and socioeconomic variables across the city. The article concludes that there are areas with adverse conditions for the population and configurations that highlight the heterogeneity and diversity of these municipalities.

  2. 5 CFR 532.507 - Pay for holiday work.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pay for holiday work. 532.507 Section 532... SYSTEMS Premium Pay and Differentials § 532.507 Pay for holiday work. (a) An employee who is entitled to holiday premium pay and who performs work on a holiday which is not overtime work shall be paid the...

  3. Air pollution holiday effect in metropolitan Kaohsiung

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tan, P.; Chen, P. Y.

    2014-12-01

    Different from Taipei, the metropolitan Kaohsiung which is a coastal and industrial city has the major pollution sources from stationary sources such as coal-fired power plants, petrochemical facilities and steel plants, rather than mobile sources. This study was an attempt to conduct a comprehensive and systematical examination of the holiday effect, defined as the difference in air pollutant concentrations between holiday and non-holiday periods, over the Kaohsiung metropolitan area. We documented evidence of a "holiday effect", where concentrations of NOx, CO, NMHC, SO2 and PM10 were significantly different between holidays and non-holidays, in the Kaohsiung metropolitan area from daily surface measurements of seven air quality monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration during the Chinese New Year (CNY) and non-Chinese New Year (NCNY) periods of 1994-2010. Concentrations of the five pollutants were lower in the CNY than in the NCNY period, however, that of O3 was higher in the CNY than in the NCNY period and had no holiday effect. The exclusion of the bad air quality day (PSI > 100) and the Lantern Festival Day showed no significant effects on the holiday effects of air pollutants. Ship transportation data of Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau showed a statistically significant difference in the CNY and NCNY period. This difference was consistent with those found in air pollutant concentrations of some industrial and general stations in coastal areas, implying the possible impact of traffic activity on the air quality of coastal areas. Holiday effects of air pollutants over the Taipei metropolitan area by Tan et al. (2009) are also compared.

  4. Federal Holidays

    Data.gov (United States)

    Office of Personnel Management — Federal law (5 U.S.C. 6103) establishes the following public holidays for Federal employees. Please note that most Federal employees work on a Monday through Friday...

  5. Vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile: posiciones teóricas versus evidencias empíricas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juliane Welz

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Para la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile (RMS, el cambio climático implica diferentes impactos que se suman a la continua expansión urbana y a cambios en los patrones de uso del suelo, los cuales a su vez acrecientan las amenazas hidroclimáticas, como las inundaciones y el calor extremo. En general, estos cambios tendrán notables consecuencias para la vulnerabilidad residencial. Especialmente las familias de bajos recursos y los asentamientos ilegales en grandes ciudades con crecimiento acelerado suelen ser los más vulnerables, debido a una mayor exposición y a una limitada capacidad de respuesta. Este artículo contrasta posiciones teóricas sobre las dimensiones socioeconómicas, físico-constructivas y urbano-rurales de la vulnerabilidad con evidencias empíricas, para entender quiénes son los más afectados por las inundaciones y el calor extremo en la Rms. Como muestran los resultados del estudio, las posiciones teóricas no se reflejan en los análisis cuantitativos. La vulnerabilidad depende de cada contexto y requiere políticas adecuadas para distintos territorios.

  6. A new species of Alsodes (Anura: Alsodidae) from Altos de Cantillana, central Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Charrier, Andrés; Correa, Claudio; Castro, Camila; Méndez, Marco A

    2015-02-05

    Based on morphological and molecular evidence (mitochondrial and nuclear sequences) we describe a new species of spiny-chest frog, Alsodes cantillanensis, from central Chile (around 34°S). The type locality, Quebrada Infiernillo, is located in the Coastal Range at approximately 65 km from Santiago (Metropolitan Region), the capital of Chile. The distribution of the new species is included entirely in that of A. nodosus (32-36°S approximately), which was identified as the sister taxon according to molecular phylogenetic analyses. Moreover, both species are sympatric in the type locality. The new species was found in a Nothofagus macrocarpa relict forest potentially threatened by gold mining activities. We identify other threats for its conservation and some biological data needed for understanding the evolution of this species. This discovery reveals the scarce knowledge about biogeography, evolution and ecology of spiny-chest frogs from central Chile

  7. Evaluación ambiental del proceso de urbanización de las cuencas del piedemonte andino de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hugo Romero

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available Las cuencas son complejos sistemas ambientales en que se desarrollan procesos geomorfológicos, hidrológicos, climáticos y ecológicos, que son impactados por la urbanización. En este trabajo se estudian seis cuencas del piedemonte andino de la ciudad de Santiago que se encuentran en diferentes fases del proceso de urbanización, variando entre Macul-San Ramón, en donde casi el 40% de su superficie ha sido incorporada a la ciudad, y Pirque, que mantiene aún sus características agrícolas y rurales. Empleando Sistemas de Información Geográfica, se analiza el impacto de la urbanización sobre indicadores ambientales, tales como productividad vegetal, biomasa, humedad en el suelo y temperaturas superficiales de los territorios ocupados por las cuencas. Las Áreas Totales de Impermeabilización, los Coeficientes de Escorrentía y las Áreas Sensitivas Ambientales, permiten estimar el estado de las cuencas y su contribución a la salud ambiental de la ciudad de SantiagoWatersheds are complex environmental systems, where geomorphologic, hydrologic, climatic and ecological processes take place, and which are severely impacted by urbanisation. In this paper, six Santiago Andean piedmont watersheds have been researched, according with the degree of urbanisation that they reach, which varies between Macul-San Ramón, where about 40% of their land covers has been already urbanised, until Pirque, where agricultural and rural features are still dominants. Using geographical information systems, the impact of urbanization on several ecological indicators, such as vegetative productivity, biomass, soil moisture and surface temperature are analysed. Total Imperviousness Areas, Runoff Coefficients and Environmentally Sensitive Areas allow the estimation of the state of the watersheds ant their contribution to the environmental health of Santiago city

  8. Diminutivos, hipocorísticos y otras formas de nombrar a los parientes en familias de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gonzálvez, Herminia

    2016-06-01

    Full Text Available This article explains the results of an anthropological investigation entitled «Families in Chile: Kinwork and the Generation of Family Constellations», and seeks to tackle one of the specific research goals: to show how kin work affects the naming of relatives. To do so, we use Di Leonardo’s definition of kin work «the conception, maintenance, and ritual celebration of crosshousehold kin ties, including visits, letters, telephone calls, presents, and cards to kin; the organization of holiday gatherings (...» (1987: 442 to investigate its impact on ways of naming relatives. The method used was in-depth interviews, which allowed us to construct kinship charts for each respondent. We found that the use of diminutives, hypocoristics and other ways of naming express the maintenance of kinship ties that are produced inside families. In turn, these ways of naming are influenced by gender and kinship positions and by the positions that respondents use to identify themselves inside their families.En este artículo se exponen resultados procedentes de una investigación antropológica titulada «Las familias en Chile: el trabajo de parentesco y la generación de constelaciones familiares». En concreto, en este trabajo se trata de dar respuesta a uno de los objetivos específicos de la investigación señalada, el cual consiste en mostrar cómo el trabajo de parentesco se relaciona con la forma de nombrar a los parientes. Para ello partimos de la definición de trabajo de parentesco de Di Leonardo definida como «la concepción, el mantenimiento y las celebraciones rituales a través de los lazos de parentesco dentro del grupo doméstico, incluyendo visitas, cartas, llamadas telefónicas, regalos y tarjetas recordatorias; la organización de las reuniones por vacaciones (...» (1987: 442, para indagar cómo este trabajo repercute en las formas de nombrar. La metodología utilizada han sido las entrevistas en profundidad las cuales han permitido

  9. Patrón de actividad y abundancia de aves en un relleno sanitario de Chile central Abundance and activity-pattern of birds at a landfill in central Chile

    OpenAIRE

    GABRIEL LOBOS; PATRICIO BOBADILLA; ALEJANDRA ALZAMORA; ROBERTO F THOMSON

    2011-01-01

    Los rellenos sanitarios constituyen un foco de atracción para la avifauna, aunque las implicancias de esta relación no han sido exploradas en el país. Nosotros monitoreamos la actividad de aves en un relleno sanitario ubicado en las proximidades de la ciudad de Santiago, capital administrativa de Chile. Las principales aves en el área fueron la gaviota dominicana (Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein), el tiuque (Milvago chimango Vieillot), la garza boyera {Buculbus ibis Linnaeus) y el águila (Gera...

  10. Radiation protection in pediatric interventional cardiology. Current status and challenges in Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ubeda, Carlos; Miranda, Patricia; Vano, Eliseo; Nocetti, Diego

    2013-01-01

    Further actions to improve radiation safety in this medical practice are discussed. All the X-ray systems used in paediatric IC procedures in Chile have been characterized in terms of dose and image quality. In addition, dose rates of scattered radiation to the position of the eyes and ankles of cardiologists have been measured. In May 2010, in Santiago, Chile, a workshop organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was the starting point for a pilot program on patient dosimetry and medical personnel for Latin America and the Caribbean, with participants from 11 countries. A pilot training course on Radiological Protection was given as part of the program. The first dose values reported for paediatric patients under the pilot program conducted by the IAEA in Latin America and the Caribbean included 70 procedures in Chile later extending to a total of 544 procedures. We think that a fundamental first step to improve IC radiation safety in Chile, would be to revise and update legislation on the use of ionizing radiation, including the implementation of quality assurance programs and training in radiation protection according to those involved in IC procedures

  11. [History of the locations of the Casa de Orates (madhouse) in Santiago, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Osorio A, Carlos G

    2016-03-01

    This work describes the origin of the different locations that Casa de Orates (Madhouse) has occupied in Chile. The locations of this institution at the Yungay and Chimba neighborhoods area are specially analyzed. Moreover, the sad and poorly known incident involving the national Madhouse of Providencia is narrated.

  12. 9 CFR 381.38 - Overtime and holiday inspection service.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Overtime and holiday inspection... Inspection; Overtime and Holiday Service; Billing Establishments § 381.38 Overtime and holiday inspection... Program, at the rate specified in § 391.3, for the cost of the inspection service furnished on any holiday...

  13. School-based intervention to improve the mental health of low-income, secondary school students in Santiago, Chile (YPSA: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cova Felix

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Depression is common and can have devastating effects on the life of adolescents. Psychological interventions are the first-line for treating or preventing depression among adolescents. This proposal aims to evaluate a school-based, universal psychological intervention to reduce depressive symptoms among student's aged 13-14 attending municipal state secondary schools in Santiago, Chile. Study design This is a cluster randomised controlled trial with schools as the main clusters. We compared this intervention with a control group in a study involving 22 schools, 66 classes and approximately 2,600 students. Students in the active schools attended 11 weekly and 3 booster sessions of an intervention based on cognitive-behavioural models. The control schools received their usual but enhanced counselling sessions currently included in their curriculum. Mean depression scores and indicators of levels of functioning were assessed at 3 and 12 months after the completion of the intervention in order to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Direct and indirect costs were measured in both groups to assess the cost-effectiveness of this intervention. Discussion As far as we are aware this is the first cluster randomised controlled trial of a school intervention for depression among adolescents outside the Western world. Trial Registration ISRCTN19466209

  14. Holiday thrombosis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lippi, Giuseppe; Franchini, Massimo; Favaloro, Emmanuel J

    2011-11-01

    The pathogenesis of acute thrombosis, either arterial or venous, is typically multifactorial and involves a variety of factors that may be considered relatively "innocuous" when present alone. When someone is unlucky enough to accumulate several risk factors, compounded in many cases by one or more acute triggers, that person may be propelled over a threshold that precipitates the development of an acute episode of thrombosis. There is now reliable evidence that acute thromboses (both venous thromboembolism and acute coronary syndrome) follow a typical seasonal pattern and particularly display a characteristic spike during holiday periods. Overindulgence and abrupt changes of several lifestyle habits have been described as potential precipitating factors during such periods. Long travels, unhealthy diet, excessive or binge drinking and eating, decreased or increased physical activity, emotional and psychological stress, might all variably contribute to trigger an acute thrombotic event. Although the real causes of this "holiday phenomenon" remain speculative as yet, there is a widespread perception that they might represent preventable events like several other risk factors of both venous and arterial thrombosis. Beside drastic and unrealistic measures, such as canceling such holidays from the calendar, it seems reasonable to at least provide advice to patients about these "dangers," especially those individuals believed to be carrying a higher risk. Many (if not all) patients may ignore such advice and carry on regardless, but they should be given the benefit of informed choice. © Thieme Medical Publishers.

  15. URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN SANTIAGO (CHILE: PROPOSING SUSTAINABLE INDICATORS FROM REMOTE SENSING

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    H. J. Hernández

    2016-06-01

    Full Text Available Latin America is one of the world’s most urbanised regions, with more than 80% of inhabitants living in urban areas and over 50 cities with at least 1 million inhabitants. The concept of urban structure types (UST allows the dynamics of a growing urban environment to be captured in its quantity and quality. They are defined as areas of homogenous appearance in the urban matrix with a recognisable mixture of built-up areas and open spaces. We used the vegetation-impervious-soil (V-I-S model approach to classify and monitor different types of USTs in Santiago (~800 km2, Chile between 1985 and 2015. The V-I-S model is based on a simplification of the large diversity of urban land cover types in three general categories: vegetation, impervious surfaces and soil. These categories were obtained by processing Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images. First, we applied standard radiometric calibration and co-registration methods to all datasets. Second, using a linear spectral unmixing algorithm we performed a soft classification of urban land cover types (end members: trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, soils, buildings, roads and water bodies. All end members were validated using a combination of photointerpretation on high-resolution images (~1 m and field data collection (only for 2015. In each pixel we used the resulting probability scores, logically grouped, to obtain final values for each V-I-S component. Third, we used statistical clustering of V-I-S values to create a set of eight pixel groups, which we interpreted as USTs and mapped them for each date. The overall accuracy for V-I-S components in 1985 and 2015 were 78% and 82%, respectively, and errors did not exhibit any spatial correlation. The main sources of differentiation between USTs were the trade-off proportions between vegetation and impervious components, whereas soil proportions remained near 5% across the city in both dates. To analyse the change in UST spatial configuration between

  16. Urban Morphological Dynamics in Santiago (chile): Proposing Sustainable Indicators from Remote Sensing

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hernández, H. J.; Gutiérrez, M. A.; Acuña, M. P.

    2016-06-01

    Latin America is one of the world's most urbanised regions, with more than 80% of inhabitants living in urban areas and over 50 cities with at least 1 million inhabitants. The concept of urban structure types (UST) allows the dynamics of a growing urban environment to be captured in its quantity and quality. They are defined as areas of homogenous appearance in the urban matrix with a recognisable mixture of built-up areas and open spaces. We used the vegetation-impervious-soil (V-I-S) model approach to classify and monitor different types of USTs in Santiago (~800 km2), Chile between 1985 and 2015. The V-I-S model is based on a simplification of the large diversity of urban land cover types in three general categories: vegetation, impervious surfaces and soil. These categories were obtained by processing Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images. First, we applied standard radiometric calibration and co-registration methods to all datasets. Second, using a linear spectral unmixing algorithm we performed a soft classification of urban land cover types (end members): trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, soils, buildings, roads and water bodies. All end members were validated using a combination of photointerpretation on high-resolution images (~1 m) and field data collection (only for 2015). In each pixel we used the resulting probability scores, logically grouped, to obtain final values for each V-I-S component. Third, we used statistical clustering of V-I-S values to create a set of eight pixel groups, which we interpreted as USTs and mapped them for each date. The overall accuracy for V-I-S components in 1985 and 2015 were 78% and 82%, respectively, and errors did not exhibit any spatial correlation. The main sources of differentiation between USTs were the trade-off proportions between vegetation and impervious components, whereas soil proportions remained near 5% across the city in both dates. To analyse the change in UST spatial configuration between dates, we used a

  17. Electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel with bulk coating holidays

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2006-01-01

    With epoxy coal tar as the coating material, the electrochemical corrosion behavior of Q235 with different kinds of bulk coating holidays has been investigated with EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) in a 3.5vol% NaCl aqueous solution.The area ratio of bulk coating holiday to total coating area of steel is 4.91%. The experimental results showed that at free corrosionpotential, the corrosion of carbon steel with disbonded coating holiday is heavier than that with broken holiday and disbonded & broken holiday with time; Moreover, the effectiveness of Cathodic Protection (CP) of carbon steel with broken holiday is better than that with disbonded holiday and disbonded & broken holiday on CP potential -850 mV (vs CSE). Further analysis indicated that the two main reasons for corrosion are electrolyte solution slowly penetrating the coating, and crevice corrosion at steel/coating interface near holidays. The ratio of impedance amplitude (Z) of different frequency to minimum frequency is defined as K value. The change rate of K with frequency is related to the type of coating holiday.

  18. Mujeres inmigrantes peruanas en Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carolina Stefoni

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo reflexiona en torno a la situación de la migración peruana en Chile, en particular sobre la situación de exclusión social y laboral que enfrentan las mujeres inmigrantes en Santiago. La migración peruana se caracteriza por ser eminentemente femenina y con una alta concentración laboral de este grupo en el trabajo doméstico. ¿Por qué se han vuelto las labores la fuente principal de trabajo para estas mujeres?, ¿basta con señalar que se debe a mano de obra más barata o existen otros argumentos de tipo cultural y social que explican por qué empleadores/as chilenos contratan y prefieren a mujeres peruanas?

  19. 46 CFR 9.5 - Night, Sunday, and holiday defined.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Night, Sunday, and holiday defined. 9.5 Section 9.5... COMPENSATION FOR OVERTIME SERVICES § 9.5 Night, Sunday, and holiday defined. (a) For the purpose of this part... term holiday shall mean only national legal public holidays, viz., January 1, February 22, May 30, July...

  20. Prognosis following cancer surgery during holiday periods.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lagergren, Jesper; Mattsson, Fredrik; Lagergren, Pernilla

    2017-11-15

    Surgery is the mainstay curative treatment in most cancer. We aimed to test the new hypothesis that cancer surgery performed during holiday periods is associated with worse long-term prognosis than for non-holiday periods. This nationwide Swedish population-based cohort study included 228,927 patients during 1997-2014 who underwent elective resectional surgery for a cancer where the annual number of resections was over 100. The 16 eligible cancer sites were grouped into 10 cancer groups. The exposure, holiday periods, was classified as wide (14-weeks) or narrow (7-weeks). Surgery conducted inside versus outside holiday periods was compared regarding overall disease-specific (main outcome) and overall all-cause (secondary outcome) mortality. Cox regression provided hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, hospital volume, calendar period and tumor stage. Surgery conducted during wide and narrow holiday periods were associated with increased HRs of disease-specific mortality for cancer of the breast (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.13 and HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12) and possibly of cancer of the liver-pancreas-bile ducts (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.99-1.20 and HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.99-1.26). Sub-groups with cancer of the colon-rectum, head-and-neck, prostate, kidney-urine bladder and thyroid also experienced statistically significantly worse prognosis following surgery conducted during holiday periods. No influence of surgery during holiday was detected for cancer of the esophagus-stomach, lung or ovary-uterus. All-cause HRs were similar to the disease-specific HRs. The prognosis following cancer surgery might not be fully maintained during holiday periods for all cancer sites. © 2017 UICC.

  1. La manzana de la Catedral en Santiago de Chile: expansión y contrucción urbana, 1874-1913

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Macarena Ibarra

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo examina el proceso de desarrollo morfológico de la manzana de la Catedral Metropolitana de Santiago, entre 1874 y 1913. En este período la manzana sufrió radicales transformaciones y alteraciones, que se vinculan a un fenómeno de expansión y contracción urbana que se reflejan en la paulatina redefinición de los contornos interiores y exteriores de los edificios, las transformaciones de las tipologías de edificación y en la densificación urbana. Asimismo, este fenómeno de expansión se manifestó en la hegemonía que alcanzó la Iglesia como propietaria de gran parte de los solares y edificios de la manzana. Se propone que tanto la totalidad de la manzana como sus edificios más emblemáticos -Catedral Metropolitana, Palacio Arzobispal y Parroquia del Sagrario- fueron permeables a factores sociales y políticos, a los propios cambios de la Iglesia como institución, a las continuas transformaciones edilicias y a la modernización de Santiago a partir de las últimas décadas del siglo XIX.This article examines the process of morphologic development of Santiago's Cathedral block, between 1874 and 1913. During this period the block experienced radical transformations and alterations that were linked to a phenomenon of urban expansion and contraction. This process reflected the gradual redefinition of the interior and exterior contours of the buildings, the transformations of building typologies and of urban densification. This phenomenon of expansion became evident with the hegemony reached by the church as owner of most of the buildings on the block. The article proposes that the entirety of the block, as well as most of its emblematic buildings- Metropolitan Cathedral, Archbishop's Palace and the Sagrario Parish - were permeable to social and political factors, to the changes that were affecting the church as an institution, the permanent transformations in the urban fabric and the modernization of Santiago from the last

  2. Impact of urbanization and industrial development on holiday effect

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tan, P.-H.; Chen, P.-Y.

    2012-04-01

    Our study is to examine the "holiday effect", defined as the difference in air pollutant concentrations between holiday and non-holiday periods, and associated factors controlling the strength of holiday effect in Taiwan. This holiday effect can be applied to other countries with similar national or cultural holidays. Daily surface measurements of six major air pollutants from fifty-four air quality monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) during the Chinese New Year (CNY) and non-Chinese New Year (NCNY) periods of 1994-2008 are used. The air pollutant concentrations are significantly different between the CNY and NCNY periods, in almost all the Taiwan area, except CO in the eastern part which is a relatively less-developed area. The strengths of holiday effects of NOx, CO, NMHC and O3 are larger in the north than in the south, and those of SO2 and PM10 are larger in the south than in the north. Factors controlling the strength of holiday effect such as the degree of urbanization and anthropogenic sources are examined. The population number and motor vehicle number rather than the population number density and motor vehicle number density have a significantly positive relationship with the strengths of holiday effects of NOx, CO and NMHC. The strengths of holiday effects of NOx and CO are mainly contributed from mobile sources and those of SO2 and PM10 are from stationary sources and that of NMHC is from both mobile and stationary sources. As the dominant anthropogenic sources in the air quality division have larger emissions, holiday effect strengths of associated air pollutants are found to be stronger.

  3. La Victoria de Pedro Aguirre Cerda: ideas para una renovación urbana sin gentrificación para Santiago./ La Victoria of Pedro Aguirre Cerda: ideas for an urban renewal without gentrification in Santiago.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ernesto López

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available El modelo de renovación urbana en altura de Santiago, en expansión hacia áreas populares del pericentro, es una forma de acumulación de renta de suelo, con efectos de desplazamiento social, es decir, gentrificación. Sin embargo, el pericentro de Santiago es un espacio donde coexisten amplias necesidades y capacidades de densificación urbana sin desplazamiento. Tomando como caso de estudio el desarrollo urbano histórico y actual de la población La Victoria, en Pedro Aguirre Cerda (PAC, se plantea una investigación enfocada en dos perspectivas: histórica, definiendo este espacio desde la dialéctica entre movimientos sociales urbanos y producción espacial específica; y normativa, como una propuesta espacial que combina aspectos claves de mejoramiento barrial y densificación inclusiva y autosustentable. Se evidencia de esta forma la alta complejidad espacial del pericentro de Santiago de Chile, así como la existencia de alternativas de renovación residencial pericentral que sean social y políticamente inclusivas y de bajo impacto en términos de expulsión./ The model of high-rise urban renewal sprawls towards Santiago de Chile’s inner city. This model can be understood as a form of gentrification based on considerable accumulation of the rent gap, while its externalities generate social displacement and physical dilapidation. Notwithstanding, Santiago’s inner city is also a lived space where both needs and capacities of urban regeneration (without displacement coexist. Focusing on the case of La Victoria población, located in the southern municipality of Pedro Aguirre Cerda (PAC, this article seeks to address the following two topics: historically, the inner city responds to a dialectic of urban social movements and specific spatial production; normatively, as an ongoing research project shows, it is feasible to combine neighbourhood regeneration, urban density increase, and citizen participation. The article substantiates the

  4. Holiday season for a healthy heart.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stamps, Deborah C; Carr, Marcella L

    2012-12-01

    The term "holiday heart" is defined as an acute cardiac arrhythmia or conduction disturbance associated with heavy alcohol intake in individuals with no known heart disease, but in whom heart rhythm is restored to normal with abstinence of alcohol. This article provides a brief overview of the literature on this topic, discusses causes of increased cardiac events during the holiday season, describes a patient profile and the effect on patients' health as well as on their families, and provides suggestions to decrease the risk of holiday heart during the festive season. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. 9 CFR 391.3 - Overtime and holiday rate.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Overtime and holiday rate. 391.3 Section 391.3 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... AND LABORATORY ACCREDITATION § 391.3 Overtime and holiday rate. The overtime and holiday rate for...

  6. Country watch: Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Montoya Leiva, M

    1996-01-01

    Servicio Paz y Justicia (SERPAJ) is a nongovernmental organization (NGO) established in Chile in 1977. It supports fundamental human dignity and rights by fighting discrimination and exclusion based upon individual differences. SERPAJ promotes training, organization, and the political participation of community members as part of the democratic process, working mainly with the at risk women, street children, and youth of Santiago's working-class neighborhoods. Groups participate in workshops and training courses on human rights and development, civic education, and methods of non-violent community action. In 1987, SERPAJ-Sur Oriente began to include the topic of sexuality and AIDS/STDs in courses training working-class women as community human rights agents. The NGO is therefore one of the first mainstream Chilean human rights organizations to incorporate HIV/AIDS issues. A basic facts brochure was developed, followed by a pilot education project developed in one neighborhood which was then systematically replicated in other neighborhoods. The comments of some people who have participated in SERPAJ workshops are presented.

  7. Recent Developments in Ruined Holiday Damage

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Riccardo Campione

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this brief presentation is to evaluate the status of ruined holiday damage (i.e. the loss of enjoyment suffered by a tourist who experiences a holiday of inferior quality in Italian law since the recent case law on moral damages.

  8. Reseña de Libro: Inmigrantes internacionales: Emprendimientos en barrios comerciales de Iquique, Gran Valparaíso y Santiago de Chile (2014 Camilo Arriagada L. (ed. Ceibo Ediciones, Santiago de Chile.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Félix González

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available El libro es el resultado de la investigación elaborada bajo el proyecto FONDECYT Regular 1120914, donde se aborda el fenómeno de la inmigración internacional en Chile. La ciudad global, ya sea desde la exportación, centros financieros o de servicios se transforma en un sector atractivo para nuevos habitantes urbanos en los que se integra el inmigrante. Las estrategias de movilidad de los inmigrantes internacionales urbanos permiten introducirnos a los diversos problemas de la integración social y económica de los migrantes internacionales en grandes ciudades chilenas. El objetivo de este libro es a partir de un análisis estadístico, cartográfico y de entrevistas conocer el fenómeno de la inmigración internacional en ciudades metropolitanas de chile, aportando nuevas miradas desde el enfoque urbano de la segregación y gentrificación, así como el de la vulnerabilidad social, la exclusión y el paradigma de sociedad intercultural.

  9. EL SECUESTRO DE LAS HISTORIAS INDÍGENAS: ITENERARIO Y LIMITACIONES DEL TIEMPO LINEAL EN CHILE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    MAXIMILIANO SALINAS CAMPOS

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available La historia de Chile está cruzada por el conflicto entre la cultura moderna europea y las culturas indígenas. El tiempo lineal impuesto por el Estado nacional ha dejado al descubierto su irresponsabilidad con el tiempo indígena de los Andes. Esta temporalidad expresa una profunda y sustentable «ontología arcaica». Tras el fin de la Guerra Fría, y la postdictadura de Pinochet, esta propuesta se vuelve acuciante con las demandas políticas y los desafíos epistémicos indígenas del siglo XXI. En el «círculo de la vida» estos pueblos reclaman presencia, pasado y futuro: su historia. Este trabajo es resultado del proyecto de investigación de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile sobre la historia y la cultura de los pueblos indígenas en Chile en los siglos XX y XXI (Fondecyt 1121083, 2012-2014.

  10. Planificación territorial y crecimiento urbano: desarticulaciones y desafíos de la sostenibilidad urbano-regional en Santiago metropolitano.

    OpenAIRE

    Cooper Apablaza, Marcelo; Henríquez Ruiz, Cristian

    2010-01-01

    Los instrumentos de planificación territorial de carácter normativo –planes reguladores de nivel comunal y metropolitano–, han manifestado una limitada capacidad para asumir la sostenibilidad del crecimiento urbano, situación que se ha expresado particularmente en procesos de modificación o actualización de los mismos instrumentos en Santiago de Chile. La opción de la población por la vivienda en extensión, a partir del bloqueo ciudadano a las instancias de densificación en altura; el signifi...

  11. The energy requirement of holidays and household reduction options

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Van den Berg, M.; Vringer, K.

    1999-12-01

    Like all consumer products and services, holidays require energy. The aim of this study is to give insight to the energy consumption for holidays of Dutch households and to suggest options to reduce this energy demand. To examine the energy consumption for holidays, nine holiday packages are composed, each representing a large group of Dutch vacationers. The packages describe the destination, means of transport, duration, accommodation and number of vacationers. The average energy requirement for the accommodation and transport for long summer holidays is 12.5 GJ per Dutch household, excluding the energy requirement for food and activities. About 10% of the Dutch households, the ones that travel by plane to their holiday destination, consume 70% of the total amount of energy all households require for holiday purposes. This is mainly due to the distance travelled, rather than to the chosen means of transport. If the travelled distances will be reduced by 50% and all nights are spent in a tent, the average household energy requirement would be 6.1 GJ, a reduction of more than 50%. 36 refs

  12. CONQUISTA Y FUNDACIÓN DE LA CIUDAD TERRENA: EL NACIMIENTO DE SANTIAGO EN LA NARRATIVA DE CARLOS DROGUETT

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roberto Suazo Gómez

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo proporciona una lectura actualizada de las llamadas ‘novelas históricas’ o ‘novelas de ciudad’ de Carlos Droguett. En particular, sus novelas centradas en la conquista y fundación de la ciudad de Santiago (100 gotas de sangre y 200 de sudor y Supay el cristiano señalan la primera coordenada del proyecto narrativo droguettiano orientado a reelaborar y reescribir la historia chilena y latinoamericana, en una historiografía-literaria que busca sus fuentes, su prueba documental, en eenorme archivo conformado por toda esa sangre, por todas esas muertes soslayadas “con silencio o con ruido”. 100 gotas de sangre y 200 de sudor y Supay el cristiano constituyen las primeras páginas de lo que aquí denominaremos “La Historia de Chile según Carlos Droguett”. Pero, además, ambas novelas serían tributarias de la fuente documental previamente elaborada y narrativizada por el historiador Crescente Errázuriz en su Historia de Chile bajo Pedro de Valdivia.The present article provides an up-to-date reading of the so called ‘historical novels’ or ‘city novels’ by Carlos Droguett. In particular, his novels focused on the conquest and founding of the city of Santiago (100 Gotas de Sangre y 200 de Sudor and Supay el cristiano mark the droguettian narrative project first’s coordinate, oriented towards a remaking and rewriting of the Chilean and Latin American history, in a literary-historiography which looks for its sources, its documentary evidence, within the enormous archive conformed by all that blood, all those deaths eluded “with silence or noise”. 100 Gotas de Sangre y 200 de Sudor and Supay el cristiano are the first pages of what we here call Chilean History according to Carlos Droguett. But, in addition, both novels would be tributary of the documentary source previously elaborated by the historian Crescente Errázuriz in his Historia de Chile bajo Pedro de Valdivia.

  13. 5 CFR 550.131 - Authorization of pay for holiday work.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Authorization of pay for holiday work... REGULATIONS PAY ADMINISTRATION (GENERAL) Premium Pay Pay for Holiday Work § 550.131 Authorization of pay for holiday work. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this subpart, an employee who performs holiday work is...

  14. 28 CFR 345.58 - Holiday pay.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Holiday pay. 345.58 Section 345.58... (FPI) INMATE WORK PROGRAMS Inmate Pay and Benefits § 345.58 Holiday pay. An inmate worker in FPI work status shall receive pay at the standard hourly rate, plus longevity where applicable, for all Federal...

  15. Traditional Festivals to Become Legal Holidays

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2007-01-01

    @@ As nearly everyone knows already,the state is going to rearrange the schedule of legal holidays. The four traditional Chinese festivals, inluding Mid-Autumn Day, Dragon Boat Festival,Tomb-Sweeping Day and Spring Festival Eve, will be made into legal holidays. As for the Golden Week system, should it be continued or canceled?

  16. Modelación de episodios críticos de contaminación por material particulado (PM10 en Santiago de Chile: Comparación de la eficiencia predictiva de los modelos paramétricos y no paramétricos Modeling critical episodes of air pollution by PM10 in Santiago, Chile: Comparison of the predictive efficiency of parametric and non-parametric statistical models

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sergio A. Alvarado

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia predictiva de modelos estadísticos paramétricos y no paramétricos para predecir episodios críticos de contaminación por material particulado PM10 del día siguiente, que superen en Santiago de Chile la norma de calidad diaria. Una predicción adecuada de tales episodios permite a la autoridad decretar medidas restrictivas que aminoren la gravedad del episodio, y consecuentemente proteger la salud de la comunidad. Método: Se trabajó con las concentraciones de material particulado PM10 registradas en una estación asociada a la red de monitorización de la calidad del aire MACAM-2, considerando 152 observaciones diarias de 14 variables, y con información meteorológica registrada durante los años 2001 a 2004. Se ajustaron modelos estadísticos paramétricos Gamma usando el paquete estadístico STATA v11, y no paramétricos usando una demo del software estadístico MARS v 2.0 distribuida por Salford-Systems. Resultados: Ambos métodos de modelación presentan una alta correlación entre los valores observados y los predichos. Los modelos Gamma presentan mejores aciertos que MARS para las concentraciones de PM10 con valores Objective: To evaluate the predictive efficiency of two statistical models (one parametric and the other non-parametric to predict critical episodes of air pollution exceeding daily air quality standards in Santiago, Chile by using the next day PM10 maximum 24h value. Accurate prediction of such episodes would allow restrictive measures to be applied by health authorities to reduce their seriousness and protect the community´s health. Methods: We used the PM10 concentrations registered by a station of the Air Quality Monitoring Network (152 daily observations of 14 variables and meteorological information gathered from 2001 to 2004. To construct predictive models, we fitted a parametric Gamma model using STATA v11 software and a non-parametric MARS model by using a demo version of Salford

  17. Comparison of two modes of vitamin B12 supplementation on neuroconduction and cognitive function among older people living in Santiago, Chile: a cluster randomized controlled trial. a study protocol [ISRCTN 02694183

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Brito Alex

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Older people have a high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency; this can lead to varying degrees of cognitive and neurological impairment. CBL deficiency may present as macrocytic anemia, subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, or as neuropathy, but is often asymptomatic in older people. Less is known about subclinical vitamin B12 deficiency and concurrent neuroconduction and cognitive impairment. A Programme of Complementary Feeding for the Older Population (PACAM in Chile delivers 2 complementary fortified foods that provide approximately 1.4 μg/day of vitamin B12 (2.4 μg/day elderly RDA. The aim of the present study is to assess whether supplementation with vitamin B12 will improve neuroconduction and cognitive function in older people who have biochemical evidence of vitamin B12 insufficiency in the absence of clinical deficiency. Methods We designed a cluster double-blind placebo-controlled trial involving community dwelling people aged 70-79 living in Santiago, Chile. We randomized 15 clusters (health centers involving 300 people (20 per cluster. Each cluster will be randomly assigned to one of three arms: a a 1 mg vitamin B12 pill taken daily and a routine PACAM food; b a placebo pill and the milk-PACAM food fortified to provide 1 mg of vitamin B12; c the routine PACAM food and a placebo pill. The study has been designed as an 18 month follow up period. The primary outcomes assessed at baseline, 4, 9 and 18 months will be: serum levels of vitamin B12, neuroconduction and cognitive function. Conclusions In view of the high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in later life, the present study has potential public health interest because since it will measure the impact of the existing program of complementary feeding as compared to two options that provide higher vitamin B12 intakes that might potentially may contribute in preserving neurophysiologic and cognitive function and thus improve quality of life for older

  18. The influence of school holiday timing on epidemic impact.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Eames, K T D

    2014-09-01

    The impact of reactive school closure on an epidemic is uncertain, since it is not clear how an unplanned closure will affect social mixing patterns. The effect of school holidays on social mixing patterns is better understood. Here, we use mathematical models to explore the influence of the timing of school holidays on the final size and peak incidence of an influenza-like epidemic. A well-timed holiday can reduce the impact of an epidemic, in particular substantially reducing an epidemic's peak. Final size and peak incidence cannot both be minimized: a later holiday is optimal for minimizing the final size, while an earlier holiday minimizes peak incidence. Using social mixing data from the UK, we estimated that, had the 2009 influenza epidemic not been interrupted by the school summer holidays, the final size would have been about 20% larger and the peak about 170% higher.

  19. Official CERN holidays | Restaurant opening hours

    CERN Multimedia

    2013-01-01

    Please note that the CERN Restaurants will have the following opening hours during the upcoming holidays: Restaurant #1 will be open from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. on Wednesday 1 May, Thursday 9 May (Ascension Thursday) and Monday 20 May (Pentecost) - on Friday 10 May the restaurant will be open at the usual times. Restaurant #2 will be closed over the 3 official CERN holidays, but will be open on Friday 10 May at the usual times (brasserie will be closed). Restaurant #3 will be closed over the 3 official CERN holidays, as well as Friday 10 May.

  20. Epidemiology of pediatric holiday-related injuries presenting to US emergency departments.

    Science.gov (United States)

    D'Ippolito, Anthony; Collins, Christy L; Comstock, R Dawn

    2010-05-01

    The objective of this study was to calculate injury rates and describe the epidemiology of holiday-related injuries among children who were aged holiday-related injuries obtained from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were analyzed. From 1997 through 2006, an estimated 5,710,999 holiday-related injuries sustained by children who were aged holidays were classified as sports and recreation-related. In addition, home structure-related and home furnishing-related injuries were prevalent. Injuries that were associated with fireworks were more likely to occur on the Fourth of July than any other holiday, yet fireworks accounted for only a small proportion of Fourth of July injuries. Most injuries that were sustained on holidays and required ED treatment were not holiday-specific but were associated with more general activities. Parents should be aware that holidays present a risk not only for holiday-specific injuries but also for more general, "everyday" injuries.

  1. El corredor fluvial del Mapocho como recurso multifacético de Santiago: avances y retrocesos en las concepciones y acciones de un siglo./ The corridor of the Mapocho River as a Opportunity to Santiago: a century of progress and setbacks in its projects.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Isabel Pávez Reyes

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Se revisa en términos generales los avances y retrocesos en las concepciones y acciones sobre el río Mapocho, durante el siglo XX y comienzos del siglo XXI, en la perspectiva de considerar el corredor fluvial como un recurso estructurante mayor y multifacético de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile./ This article reviews the history of the plans for the Mapocho river in the last century. The process varies between making of it a structural element in the planning of the Region Metropolitana or don't.

  2. Santiago de Chile, nueva arquitectura y espacio público. Arquitecturas de fin de crisis. 1999-2004. / Santiago de Chile, new architecture and public space. Architectures at the end of the crisis of 1999-2004.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aránguiz P., Javier

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo trata de un estudio comparado -siempre parcial en estos casos- del estado actual de arquitectura chilena concentrada en la ciudad de Santiago. Su valor estaría en reivindicar lo que denomino común reflexión de ciertos autores entorno a modalidades y gestiones convergentes, superando maneras particulares de hacer y diferentes escalas de intervención. No pretende más que generar, indicar de cierta manera, la conjunción de pensamientos al momento de obrar la arquitectura como objeto urbano. Esta reflexión se realiza en términos de contexto dinámico e inicio de planes operativos, que sin perder las líneas invariantes de analogía y relación a ciertas obras escogidas en este período de tiempo definido, puedan marcar el derrotero de la ciudad de cara a las propuestas de renovación urbana que se avecinan. Para esto utilizaré una escritura, que sin ser texto exhaustivo desde lo académico, se perfila como discurso apriorístico para futuras investigaciones de base objetual y ejercicio crítico. Es un intento también de síntesis de las aportaciones arquitectónicas -en clave de proyectación- refrendadas desde el germen de la economía urbana como matriz ineludible en el concepto de ciudad futura./This article deals with a comparative study of present chilean architecture concentrated in the city of Santiago. It points out the importance of a comprehensive thought process capable of integrating single and unrelated enterprizes to urban systems. This is accomplished by coordinating different scales and functions in order to search for the opportunity to reach a better result in terms of urban morphology and urban functions.

  3. Los indios cuzcos de Chile colonial : estrategias semánticas,usos de la memoria y gestión de identidades entre inmigrantes andinos (siglos XVI-XVII)1

    OpenAIRE

    Valenzuela-Márquez, Jaime

    2010-01-01

    El artículo explora la inmigración de indígenas de los Andes en Chile colonial y las estrategias que desarrollaron para insertarse en el medio urbano de Santiago. En particular, se estudia la emergencia de un gentilicio, el cuzco, como categoría de identidad, como autoreferencia construida por los mismos inmigrantes y heredada por sus descendientes, y como denominación recogida por las instancias coloniales. This article explores the immigration of Indians from the Andes in Chile colonial ...

  4. Integración laboral de inmigrantes haitianos, dominicanos y colombianos en Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Patricia Valenzuela Jeldes

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available En el actual contexto de la globalización, caracterizado por la reestructuración del sistema de producción capitalista y de las relaciones de trabajo, la migración presenta nuevas y particulares características. A nivel mundial, estamos en presencia de una polarización del mercado laboral, donde conviven empleos estables y bien remunerados con otros informales y ocasionales. Sumado a ello, nos encontramos con trabajadores informales en medios formales, lo cual evidencia las nuevas maneras en que se presenta la informalidad. A nivel nacional, desde la vuelta a la democracia, Chile presenta un aumento considerable de población inmigrante latinoamericana, la cual llega con el objetivo principal de integrarse al mercado laboral. En este marco es que se habla de “inmigrantes laborales”. Chile es un país con una baja tasa de informalidad laboral; con una creciente llegada de inmigrantes laborales y una débil presencia del Estado en cuanto a la integración de la población extranjera. La incorporación de éstos al mercado laboral nacional, considerados mano de obra barata, adquiere características particulares que a través de la presente investigación exploratoria con inmigrantes colombianos, haitianos y dominicanos (la “nueva inmigración” se pretenden develar. Este artículo abordará la creciente inserción de estos inmigrantes al mundo laboral chileno, sus problemáticas para trabajar en Chile y el contradictorio juego de inclusión/exclusión social al que se ven enfrentados.

  5. Variation of heart transplant rates in the United States during holidays.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Grodin, Justin L; Ayers, Colby R; Thibodeau, Jennifer T; Mishkin, Joseph D; Mammen, Pradeep P A; Markham, David W; Drazner, Mark H; Patel, Parag C

    2014-08-01

    Some cardiac transplant programs may upgrade listed patients to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) 1A-status during the holidays. Whether more transplants actually occur during holidays is unknown. We assessed rates of single-organ heart transplantation from 2001 to 2010 for recipients age ≥18 yr using the UNOS database. Patients were stratified by transplantation during holiday (±3 d, n = 2375) and non-holiday periods (n = 16 112). Holidays included Easter/Spring break, Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas/New Years (winter holidays). Secondary analysis assessing transplant rates across seasons was also completed. Donor and recipient characteristics were similar between groups. Compared with non-holidays, July 4th had higher transplant rates (5.69 vs. 5.09 transplants/d, p = 0.03) while the winter holiday had lower transplant rates (4.50 vs. 5.09 transplants/d, p < 0.01). There was a trend toward lower transplant rates for all holidays compared with non-holidays (p = 0.06). Transplant rates were significantly different across seasons with greater rates in spring and summer (p < 0.01). Heart transplant rates were higher during the July 4th and lower during the winter holidays. Although there was a higher likelihood of transplantation during the spring and summer seasons, upgrading patients to 1A status during most holidays may not improve their chances for transplantation. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  6. Restaurantes peruanos en Santiago de Chile: construcción de un paisaje de la migración

    OpenAIRE

    Walter Alejandro Imilan

    2014-01-01

    The text addresses the relationship between migration, insertion strategies and transformations of urban space. It argues that the proliferation of Peruvian-cuisine restaurants in Santiago forms a landscape of migration that operates both as a transversal insertion strategy for different segments of the Peruvian population and as a form of recognition of them as "other" on the part of Chilean society. Based on a quantitative and qualitative study, the article describes the main features in th...

  7. Environmental policy, fuel prices and the switching to natural gas in Santiago, Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Coria, Jessica

    2009-01-01

    In this study I analyzed the role of environmental policies and energy cost savings on the pattern of switching to natural gas by stationary sources in Chile. According to the data most of the switching was induced by the lower cost of natural gas, although environmental policies played a small role and showed that sources were more sensitive to the cost of energy than to the environmental regulation. (author)

  8. Manejando por Santiago: Explorando el uso de automóviles por parte de habitantes de bajos ingresos desde una óptica de movilidad sustentable

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    SEBASTIÁN URETA ICAZA

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available En los últimos años, los regímenes actuales de movilidad urbana cotidiana y sus efectos sociales y medioambientales han sido materia de debate y preocupación pública. En el presente artículo pretendemos explorar el tema a través de un caso de estudio específico: el análisis de los motivos y percepciones detrás de la adquisición y el uso de automóviles por parte de habitantes de bajos ingresos de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile. En primer lugar veremos cómo puede ser entendido el automóvil y el tipo de movilidad urbana que genera desde una óptica de teoría social y urbana. En segundo lugar, presentaremos algunas tendencias generales de uso de automóviles en Santiago. Luego se analizarán en detalle los principales argumentos detrás de la adquisición, uso y valoración del automóvil por parte de un grupo de usuarios de bajos ingresos de la ciudad. Finalmente entregaremos, a partir de los análisis presentados, algunas ideas que pueden contribuir al diseño de políticas públicas que incentiven formas de movilidad urbana sustentables en la ciudad.In recent years, existingforms of daily urban mobility and their social and environmental impacts have become issues of debate and public concern. In this article we explore this issue through a specific case study: the analysis of the motives and perceptions that lie behind the acquisition and use of cars by low income residents in Santiago de Chile. Firstly we analyze how the car and the type of urban mobility that is generated are understood in terms of social and urban theory. Secondly, we present some general tendencies of car use in Santiago. Next we look in detail at the principal arguments behind acquisition, use and valuing of the vehicle by a group of low income users in the city. Finally, we offer, based on the analysis, some ideas that can contribute to the design of public policies that incentivize forms of sustainable urban mobility in the city.

  9. [Length of lactational amenorrhea in an urban population of Temuco, Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Valdés, Patricio; Sierralta, Pablo; Ossa, Ximena; Barría, Angélica

    2002-01-01

    Studies done in Santiago, Chile show that menses return before the sixth month of puerperium in 50% of lactating women, even in those that continue with exclusive breast feeding. To study the length of lactational amenorrhea in a group of women living in Southern Chile. One hundred fourteen women giving exclusive breast feeding, were followed from the third postpartum month, to determine the length of lactational amenorrhea. Its relationship with general characteristics of the mothers and children and breast feeding pattern was also studied. Sixty six women (58%) recovered their menses before the 6th postpartum month and their length of lactational amenorrhea was 101 +/- 5 days. In the rest of the sample, the length was 277 +/- 10 days. No differences in characteristics of the mothers and children or breast feeding pattern, were observed between these two groups. A short lactational amenorrhea is common in the Chilean population. Clinical characteristics or pattern of breast feeding do not explain the length of LA in this population.

  10. CAMBIOS CLIMÁTICOS Y CLIMAS URBANOS: Relaciones entre zonas termales y condiciones socioeconómicas de la población de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pamela Smith

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Los climas urbanos son un componente principal de los cambios climáticos y diferentes de los climas de áreas rurales, lo que se manifi esta en la presencia de islas de calor, causadas por la urbanización, y en su vinculación con la composición socioeconómica de los barrios que componen la ciudad. En Chile, los climas urbanos forman parte de diversos mosaicos de paisajes que a su vez, representan profundas desigualdades sociales. Las comunas de Santiago registran zonas climáticas termales, que son producto de sus variados usos y coberturas de suelos, densidades y diseños de las viviendas y coberturas vegetales. Los climas urbanos son, por lo tanto, representaciones de procesos integrados entre la naturaleza y la sociedad. Las áreas más cálidas se observan en áreas de construcciones de edificios sociales de alta densidad y carentes de vegetación, ubicados en municipios donde predominan los sectores de menores ingresos, mientras que las más frías lo hacen en barrios donde residen los grupos de mayores ingresos, caracterizados por el predominio de áreas verdes y bajas densidades residenciales. La planifi cación urbana a escala de barrio debería implementar estrategias y acciones explícitas de mitigación y adaptación de los espacios urbanos ante los procesos de cambio climático.

  11. Is a Change As Good As a Holiday?

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2007-01-01

    Chinese citizens could see a change in their holiday struc- ture from early 2008,if a recent proposal gets the nod from the State Council. A survey conducted by the National Development and Reform Commission asking for public feedback on a proposed change to China’s constitutional holiday system,resulted in a massive 80 percent of 1.55 million netizens responding positively to the suggestion of an annual scheme of 11 holiday days.

  12. 9 CFR 307.5 - Overtime and holiday inspection service.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Overtime and holiday inspection... INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION FACILITIES FOR INSPECTION § 307.5 Overtime and holiday inspection service. (a..., at the rate specified in § 391.3, for the cost of the inspection service furnished on any holiday as...

  13. De la indiferencia a la resistencia. Los sectores populares y la Guerra de Independencia en el norte de Chile (1817-1823

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Goicovic Donoso, Igor

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available Chile’s independence movement was led by the Creole elite of landowners and merchants based in Santiago and its surroundings. The subsequent phase of construction of the state and the nation was an expression of their political project. Nonetheless, popular sectors consisting of laborers, craftsmen and farmers, slaves and Indians, remained aloof from this plan and, in the context of the disruption of colonial society, developed strategies of social and political empowerment. Expressions of this were the montoneras (irregular armed forces, banditry and military desertion. This article analyzes the development of these phenomena in northern Chile between 1817 and 1823.El proceso de Independencia en Chile fue liderado por la élite criolla terrateniente y mercantil radicada en Santiago y en sus inmediaciones. La posterior etapa de construcción del Estado y de la nación fue expresión de su proyecto político. No obstante, los sectores populares constituidos por peones, artesanos y labradores, esclavos e indígenas, se mantuvieron ajenos a esta propuesta y, en el contexto de la desorganización de la sociedad colonial, desplegaron estrategias de autonomización social y política. Expresión de ello fueron las montoneras, el bandolerismo y la deserción. Este artículo analiza el desarrollo de estos fenómenos en el norte de Chile entre 1817 y 1823.

  14. STRATEGI PEMASARAN PAKET WISATA DI BALI EASY HOLIDAY DENPASAR BALI

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Erick Kevin Perangin-Angin

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available This Journal aimed to know the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment and opportunities as well as threats from the external environment and create strategies and marketing programs that can be applied in the Bali Easy Holiday. The technique data collection using observation, interview, questionnaire, the study of literature and documentation study. Sampling techniques using a purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques using qualitative descriptive analysis and Likert scale analysis. The results of this research are obtaining indicators of strengths and weaknesses of internal environment and the opportunities and threats of weaknesses in Bali Easy Holiday. Bali Easy Holiday gains 16 indicators of strengths and 4 indicators of weaknesses in Bali Easy Holiday. Bali Easy Holiday gains 9 indicators of opportunities 5 indicators of threats in Bali Easy Holiday. Marketing strategies can be applied to Bali Easy Holiday, namely : the creation of strategy and product development, market development strategies, promotion strategy, a strategy of improved human resources, the strategy of market penetration strategies, improvement of the quality of products and services and pricing strategies. This research has some advice for Bali Easy Holiday is to increase the intensity of promotion, provide ease reservations and payments to consumers, renew tour packages, provide affordable rates to customers and formed a marketing division.

  15. 5 CFR 550.172 - Relation to overtime, night, and holiday pay.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Relation to overtime, night, and holiday..., and holiday pay. Premium pay for Sunday work is in addition to premium pay for holiday work, overtime... used to compute the pay for holiday work, overtime pay, or night pay differential. Law Enforcement...

  16. 我的寒假%My Winter Holidays

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2008-01-01

    @@ Winter holidays have about twenty days.During winter holidays, I do all kinds of interesting thing.I like climbing the hill,because it can make me heMthy.I like fishing,it can give me a lot of fun.I like visiting some places of interest, it can enlarge my knowledge.

  17. It's a Holiday!!

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ratliff, Michael I.; Mc Shane, Janet M.

    2008-01-01

    This article studies various holiday distributions, the most interesting one being Easter. Gauss' Easter algorithm and Microsoft Excel are used to determine that the Easter distribution can be closely approximated by the convolution of two well-known uniform distributions. (Contains 8 figures.)

  18. Impacto socioespacial de las migraciones intraurbanas en entidades de centro y de nuevas periferias del Gran Santiago

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Ortiz

    2002-12-01

    Full Text Available El artículo se propone dar cuenta de que el paso de una ciudad compacta a una ciudad dispersa es hoy en día uno de los procesos que está presente con mayor intensidad en ciudades de carácter metropolitano. En Chile, la capital nacional no es una excepción a ello, ya que pese a la disminución de la velocidad de crecimiento demográfico alcanzado en los últimos años, Santiago ha mostrado una fuerte tendencia de desarrollo hacia las áreas periféricas. Los factores que lo explican son diversos y complejos; ello no obstante, se reconoce que son las migraciones, en particular las que ocurren al interior de la ciudad, las que han jugado un rol decisivo en el proceso de dispersión urbana. A los impactos derivados en el crecimiento físico se suma la complejización de la geografía social de sus espacios, producto de los atributos asociados de la población migranteThis paper deals with the transformation of compact cities into disperse cities, which is now days one of the process intensively occurring in metropolitan areas. In Chile, the country capital city (with 5.5 million people, is not an exception, nevertheless the demographic growth rates diminish, as is observed in latest years. Santiago has shown a strong oriented growth towards the periphery. The explanatory facts are complex and diverse. Nevertheless the migratory movements, particularly those occurring within the urban sector, are recognize to have a principal and decisive role in this urban process. Besides the physical way of expansion, social geographical aspects of the city are considered too, since these are qualities of the migrant population

  19. Using existing health care systems to respond to the AIDS epidemic: research and recommendations for Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aiken, L H; Smith, H L; Lake, E T

    1997-01-01

    Chile is a country with a relatively low prevalence of HIV infection, where successful prevention has the potential to change the future course of the epidemic. A controversial national prevention strategy based upon public education has emerged in response to characterizations of the epidemic as well-dispersed with a growing involvement of heterosexuals. This characterization is not consistent with the observed facts. There is a comparatively well-organized health care system in Santiago that is doing a good job of detecting HIV infection and already has in place the elements of a targeted intervention scheme. Chile should place priority on the use of the existing health care infrastructure for implementing both the traditional public health interventions for sexually transmitted diseases (contact tracing and partner notification) and the AIDS-necessitated strategy of focused counseling and education.

  20. Study of air pollution in Chile using biomonitors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cortes, Eduardo; Gras, Nuri; Andonie, Oscar; Sepulveda, Susana; Pereira, Iris

    2001-01-01

    A project has been undertaken within the framework of a Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP) supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to carry out a long term study on atmospheric air pollution in Chile using biomonitors. The present paper describes the activities undertaken within the framework of this project. Sampling of different lichens species has been performed in clean areas (native forest), preparation of such samples has been done under controlled, cryogenic conditions and analysed by neutron activation analysis. Participation in an intercomparison run organized by the IAEA for the determination of trace and minor elements in two lichens samples, has also been carried out. Transplant of lichens collected in clean areas has been done in Santiago. (author)

  1. Investigation of air pollution in Chile using biomonitors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cortes, E.

    2004-01-01

    A project has been undertaken to carry out a long term study on atmospheric air pollution in Chile using biomonitors. Samples of different species of lichens were collected in clean areas (native forest), analyzed and transplanted to the Santiago Metropolitan Area. In addition, samples of Tillandsia recurvata were collected in the Metropolitan Area for comparison purposes. The preparation of the samples was done under controlled, cryogenic conditions and analyzed by neutron activation analysis and solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry. As part of the routine QA/QC procedures, the analytical laboratories, have participated in intercomparison runs organized by the IAEA for the determination of trace and minor elements in two lichens samples. Activities carried out within the framework of this project are described. (author)

  2. [The Great European Georg Friedrich Nicolai: physician and pacifist. Berlin, Germany, 1874 - Santiago, Chile, 1964].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cabello C, Felipe

    2013-04-01

    Georg Friedrich Nicolai (1874-1964) was a German physician and physiologist whose pacifism during the First World War led him in 1914 to cosign with W. J. Foerster, A. Einstein and O. Bueck a "Manifesto to the Europeans" against the entry of Germany into the war and the invasion of Belgium. As a result of this appeal and his strong pacifism, Nicolai lost his positions as cardiologist to the German royal family, professor at the University of Berlin and chief of laboratory at the Charite hospital also in Berlin, and was sent as a garrison physician in Graundenz, in today's Poland. There he began to write his book, The Biology of War. It managed to avoid censorship and was published in Leipzig in 1916. He was court-martialed in Danzig in 1916 but escaped to Denmark. Nicolai was reinstated to his faculty positions by the Weimar Republic after the war but was subsequently forced to emigrate from Germany to South America by the pressure of right wing student groups who accused him of being a deserter and a traitor. From 1922 to 1932 Nicolai lived in Argentina, and from 1932 until his death in 1964, in Chile. In this later country Nicolai was professor in the University of Chile and interacted with members of the Chilean intelligentsia, including the poets Vicente Huidobro, Gonzalo Rojas and Pablo Neruda. Through his friendship with Chilean psychiatrist Agustin Tellez, Nicolai influenced the development of phenomenological psychiatric school in Chile. The Chilean novelist Fernando Alegria compared him favorably with Robert J. Oppenheimer and Linus Pauling.

  3. 29 CFR 4.174 - Meeting requirements for holiday fringe benefits.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Meeting requirements for holiday fringe benefits. 4.174... Compensation Standards Compliance with Compensation Standards § 4.174 Meeting requirements for holiday fringe benefits. (a) Determining eligibility for holiday benefits—in general. (1) Most fringe benefit...

  4. ¿Hacia el no-plan de la no-ciudad? / Towards the non-plan non-city?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pavez R. María Isabel

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available Los proyectos de Planes Reguladores de las comunas de Pirque y Peñaflor, en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago -correspondientes a prestaciones de servicios profesionales de los autores, arquitectos del Departamento de Urbanismo de la F.A.U. de la Universidad de Chile- y los cambios estructurales en la Micro-Región de Santiago, sugieren reflexiones sobre la actuación en Urbanismo en Chile en la primera mitad de los años 1990s./ Regulators Plan projects in the communes of Pirque and Peñaflor, in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile and structural changes in the Micro-Region of Santiago, suggest reflections on the role in town planning in Chile in the first half of the 1990s.

  5. Variaciones de un glaciar de montaña en los Andes de Chile central en las últimas dos décadas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    1995-01-01

    Full Text Available VARIATIONS D’UN GLACIER DE MONTAGNE DANS LES ANDES DU CHILI CENTRAL AU COURS DES DEUX DERNIÈRES DÉCENNIES. Les résultats du bilan de masse du glacier Echaurren Norte sont présentés. Il s’agit d’un glacier de montagne de 0,4 km2 situé dans les Andes du Chili central, à 50 km à l’est de Santiago, à une altitude moyenne de 3 750 m. Ce programme de la Direction Générale d’Eaux du Chili a permis de recueillir régulièrement une information sur les bilans de masse pendant 18 ans, entre les années 1975 et 1993. C’est le seul registre de bilan de masse d’un glacier au Chili. L’ablation pendant la période de fonte a été de 252 cm d’eau en moyenne annuelle, avec une accumulation hivernale moyenne de 280 cm d’eau. Le bilan net est positif pour la période, mais on observe une grande variation interannuelle. Le bilan positif du glacier Echaurren Norte contraste avec le recul généralisé des autres glaciers du Chili central. Se presentan resultados del balance de masa del glaciar Echaurren Norte, un glaciar de montaña de 0,4 km2 ubicado a una altitud media de 3 750 m.s.n.m., en los Andes de Chile central, 50 km al este de Santiago. Los datos, recolectados como parte de un programa regular de la Dirección General de Aguas, Chile, cubren un período de 18 años, desde 1975 a 1993 y constituyen el único registro de balance de masa de un glaciar en Chile. La ablación durante el período de deshielo fue de 252 cm eq. en agua anuales en promedio, con una acumulación invernal promedio de 280 cm eq. en agua. El balance neto para el período es positivo, pero existe una gran variación interanual. El balance positivo del glaciar Echaurren Norte contrasta con el retroceso generalizado en otros glaciares de Chile central. VARIATIONS OF A MOUNTAIN GLACIER IN THE CENTRAL CHILEAN ANDES DURING THE LAST TWENTY YEARS. Mass balance results for Echaurren Norte Glacier are presented. This mountain glacier, with an area of 0,4 km2, is located at

  6. Fire Safety During the Holiday Season | Poster

    Science.gov (United States)

    Winter is here, and that means holiday decorations, a warm hearth, and (hopefully) plenty of homecooked meals. Unfortunately, winter also brings numerous fire hazards both at work and around the house. This year, as you shop, decorate, and celebrate, keep these safety tips in mind to ensure a safe and enjoyable holiday season.

  7. Oral rapid test: an alternative to traditional HIV screening in Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lisette Paola Irarrazábal

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of an Oral Rapid Test (ORT to that of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA for HIV testing in Santiago, Chile; to track the number of study participants returning for ELISA testing results; and to analyze the participants' perceptions of the ORT compared to the ELISA. METHODS: A total of 497 people were recruited in Santiago, Chile: 153 had previously tested positive for HIV, and 344 were of unknown status. Participants were tested for HIV using both the ELISA and the ORT to examine and compare specificity and sensitivity. Qualitative data were collected from 22 participants to compare perceptions of the testing experience with ORT versus ELISA. RESULTS: The ELISA reported 184 (37% of the 497 participants as being "positive" for HIV antibodies; the ORT showed 181 (36.4% as being "reactive" for HIV. The ORT showed a sensitivity of 98.4% (95.7%-99.9%, 95% Confidence Interval and specificity of 100%. The Kappa test produced K = 0.983 (P < 0.0001. Of the 344 participants whose HIV status was unknown at the start of the study, 55 failed to return for their ELISA results. Participants positively perceived ORT as having reduced both waiting time and anxiety over obtaining their test results. ORT oral swabbing appeared more practical and less invasive than drawing blood for the ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: The ORT and ELISA were statistically equal in specificity and sensitivity. ORT provides quicker results, potentially ensuring that more people receive them, and does not require handling of or exposure to potentially hazardous blood products. Trial number: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01733927.

  8. Arquitectura de vivienda social y construcción de la ciudad:Una mirada actual del Concurso Internacional: “Área de remodelación en el centro de Santiago de Chile” - U.I.A. 1972 / Social housing architecture and city building: A current view of the International competition: “Redevelopment area in down town Santiago – Chile” – U.I.A. 1972.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Emilio Tomás Sessa

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Uno de los autores del proyecto ganador del Concurso Internacional: “Área de remodelación en el centro de Santiago de Chile” - U.I.A. 1972, el arquitecto Emilio T. Sessa, intenta un relato de su experiencia que es a la vez, informativo, desde el tiempo transcurrido y del recuerdo del acontecimiento, y reflexivo, dado los múltiples sucesos que van desde el origen a su abrupta interrupción y a las proyecciones./One of the authors of the winning project of the International Competition: "Redevelopment area in downtown Santiago de Chile" - UIA 1972, the architect Emilio T. Sessa, tries to make an account of his experience that is both informative, from the time and the memory of the event, and reflective, given the many events ranging from its origin to the sudden interruption and projections.

  9. Current Discussions Between ESO and Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    1995-04-01

    [Joint Press Release by the Government of the Republic of Chile and the European Southern Observatory. The text is issued simultaneously in Santiago de Chile (in Spanish) and at the ESO Headquarters in Garching (in English).] Today, Tuesday, 18 April 1995, at the ESO Headquarters in Garching (Germany), Mr. Roberto Cifuentes, Plenipotentiary Ambassador representing the Government of the Republic of Chile, and the Director General of the European Southern Observatory, Professor Riccardo Giacconi, have signed a Supplementary, Interpretative and Amending Agreement to the Convention of 6 November 1963 which governs the relations between Chile and this International Organisation. This Agreement which in practice signifies a widening and strengthening of the cooperative relations between the Organisation and the Chilean scientific community will hereafter be submitted for ratification by the National Congress of the Republic of Chile (the Parliament) and by the ESO Council. According to the Agreement signed today, Chilean astronomers will have privileged access within up to 10 percent observing time on all present and future ESO telescopes in Chile. Moreover, ESO accepts to incorporate into its labour regulations for Chilean personnel concepts like freedom of association and collective bargaining. This signing of the Supplementary, Interpretative and Amending Agreement to the original Convention of 1963 follows after months of constructive dialogue between the parties. It constitutes an important step towards a solution of some of the pending points on the current agenda for discussions between the Government of Chile and ESO. Among the issues still pending, ESO has informed the Government of Chile that respect for its immunities by the Chilean State is of vital importance for the continuation of the construction of the world's largest telescope at Paranal, as well as the continued presence of the Organisation in Chile. The Chilean Government, on its side, and concerning

  10. Weight and body composition change over a six-week holiday period.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wagner, D R; Larson, J N; Wengreen, H

    2012-03-01

    Change in weight and body composition was assessed over a six-week holiday period. Baseline testing occurred the Monday or Tuesday prior to Thanksgiving Day (November 24 or 25, 2008), and the post-holiday assessment was the Monday or Tuesday after New Year's Day (January 5 or 6, 2009). Thirteen men and 21 women ranging in age from 23-61 years completed the study. The majority of participants (24 of 34) perceived that they had gained weight, and four did gain ≥2 kg. However, despite some changes to dietary and exercise habits, on average there was no difference between pre-holiday weight (74.0±17.8 kg) and post-holiday weight (73.9±18.1 kg), nor between pre-holiday body fat percentage (25.4±9.0%) and post-holiday body fat percentage (25.4±8.9%). Despite a perception of substantial weight gain, body weight and body fat remained unchanged over a six-week holiday period.

  11. Radiological protection in interventional cardiology in Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ramirez, A.; Leyton, F.A.; Farias, E.; Silva, A.M.; Vano, E.; Oyarzun, C.; Gamarra, J.; Ortiz, P.

    2001-01-01

    In September 2000, an expert mission was assigned to Chile, under the regional project named 'International BBS in Medical Practices Radiation Protection and Quality Assurance In Interventional Radiology' (ARCAL XLIX). The objective of the mission was to evaluate the level of radiation protection (RP) and safety in interventional cardiology ( IC ) installations. A team of local cardiologists, medical physicists and technologists was created for this purpose and during one week, several cardiology laboratories were evaluated and some basic quality controls (QC) were carried out. A basic pilot training course in radiation protection was imparted at the Hospital of the University of Chile in Santiago de Chile and some of the key objectives for a future national quality assurance programme were presented during the national congress of IC. In addition, a national survey on radiation protection aspects was circulated and its results evaluated. These activities enabled the local team to become familiar with the methodology of assessment of the level of protection and the organization of a programme, which was illustrated with the examples of similar European programmes. As result of these actions, several proposals were made to both the local authorities and the IAEA. The most important were: a) to initiate a basic QC programme, b) to organize a training in RP for cardiologists in order to formalize their accreditation, c) to improve personal occupational dosimetry, d) to initiate a programme of patient dosimetry, e) to optimize the technical and clinical protocols, f) to create a national registry of incidents with skin injuries. (author)

  12. "Freud for all:" psychoanalysis and mass culture in Chile, 1920-1950.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ruperthuz Honorato, Mariano

    2017-11-01

    This article deals with the circulation and early spread of Freudianism in mass culture in Chilean society at the turn of the twentieth century. It documents the first references to Sigmund Freud in the Chilean media, the announcement of Freudian-style self-help classes, the appearance of psychoanalysts as characters in some fantasy novels, and the open lectures on psychoanalysis given by the first juvenile court judge in Santiago, the lawyer Samuel Gajardo Contreras. It explores the expectations projected onto Freudianism by the Chilean elite, and how Freud's theories contributed to a rethinking of childhood, the family and emotional life in Chile from 1920-1950.

  13. Disciplinamientos femeninos y soledades del trabajo doméstico en un hogar de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Romané Landaeta Sepúlveda

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available El hogar de una familia acomodada en Santiago es el telón de fondo sobre el cual se narra el acontecer cotidiano que sucede entre sus integrantes. De un lado, unos padres profesionales que organizan el día a día junto a sus cuatro hijos que habitan esta gran casa. De otro, una mujer que a pesar de no tener ningún lazo de consanguineidad, ha vivido muchos años junto a ellos; sin embargo, come y habita en un sector paralelo del hogar. He ahí el eje argumental de la película: nos referimos a un...

  14. La expresión de impersonalidad en el español de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    LUZ MARCELA HURTADO CUBILLOS

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Este es un estudio sobre la expresión de impersonalidad en el español hablado en Chile. Con base en la clasificación de María Luisa Hernanz (1990 se analizan como categorías impersonales elUSO dese, uno y las segundas personas usted y tú con referencias generalizadoras. La hipótesis de partida consiste en que el conocimiento de otra lengoa inIluye enla selección dela forma impersonal: en el español deValdivia, los hablantes filvorecen elimpersonal uno para las referencias generalizadoras, posiblemente porinIluencia del alemán, lengoa delos antigoos inmigrantes ylaprimera lengoa demuchos desus descendientes. Para corrobo- raresta hipótesis, se analizan 40 entrevistas recogidas enValdivia yenSantiago (Chile en1988 y2002. Con el enfoque de la lingüística de la variación yla incorporación de algonos delos factores previamente estudiados por Amparo Morales (1995, las oraciones codificadas se sometieron al programa estadistico VarbRul (Análisis de Regla Variable. De esta manera, se analizaron de forma simultánea las variables sociolingüisticas de bilingüismo (mapuche! alemán! inglés, edad, sexo, ocupación, ciudad (Valdivia / Santiago Y fecha de la entrevista (198812002. Los resultados del análisis cuantitativo revelan que las variables de bilingüismo y ocupación determinan el USO deuna forma impersonal especifica. En cuanto ala variable de ciudad elprograma mostró que esta variable notenia ningún efecto.

  15. Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with lifestyle, physical fitness, and mental wellness among 10-y-olds in Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Muros, José Joaquín; Cofre-Bolados, Cristian; Arriscado Alsina, Daniel (UNIR); Zurita, Félix; Knox, Emily

    2017-01-01

    Objective: The aim of this study was to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) within a population of children from Santiago, Chile. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between MD adherence, body composition, physical fitness, self-esteem, and other lifestyle factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of a sample of children (N = 515; 10.6 +/- 0.5 y) was conducted. Weight, body mass index, skinfolds, and waist circumference were measured. Physical fitness was dete...

  16. Waiting list in a public health facility in Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alejandro Letelier

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available Introduction Waiting lists are a well-known problem in public healthcare systems worldwide. For instance, England had over one million people in waiting lists for elective surgical procedures in 2000. Spain had over 360 000 patients in surgical waiting lists in 2007. Chile has been trying to manage waiting times through the GES (Explicit Guarantees in Healthcare plan, which was established by the Chilean government in 2005. Waiting lists for the guaranteed-care diseases in the GES plan had 380 000 patients at the beginning of 2010, and that number was reduced to zero in 2011. Internationally, there are some descriptive studies about waiting lists that focus on variables such as waiting times and number of patients in the list. In Chile, however, this type of study is lacking. Purpose This study aims to describe the characteristics of waiting lists for medical specialties between April and October 2011. It also aims to identify the components of management models in public healthcare centers, and to identify and analyze waiting-time frames of patients referred to a secondary or tertiary healthcare public center from a public primary healthcare center. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study of the waiting list for first-time consultations for medical specialties was carried out. Referred patients were described and grouped using indicators of access to healthcare and waiting time between April and October 2011. Each consultation request or referral of a new patient was included in the waiting list and analyzed. Results There were 15 935 requests for consultations; 5 717 requests were resolved, and 8 544 were not (54% of the total requests for consultation. There was a mean waiting time of 498 days for non-resolved requests for consultation, and a mean of 141 days for resolved requests. The specialties in highest demand were orthopedic surgery and ophthalmology. The main waiting-list management processes were referral and reception of requests

  17. Holiday ornament-related injuries in children.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kimia, Amir; Lee, Lois; Shannon, Michael; Capraro, Andrew; Mays, Donald; Johnston, Patrick; Hummel, David; Shuman, Margot

    2009-12-01

    Holiday ornament injuries in children have not been well documented in the medical literature. Our aim was to investigate the patterns of injuries sustained from these ornaments as a first measure toward prevention. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of all patients examined in an urban pediatric emergency department over a 13-year period ending in March 2008 for holiday ornament-related injuries. Cases were identified using a computer-assisted text query followed by a manual chart review. Data collected from each chart included the child's age, sex, injury characteristics, physical examination findings, radiographic imaging, interventions, and disposition. To analyze injury rates over the years, we used a multiplicative Poisson model allowing varying exposures. Over the study period, we identified 76 eligible patients. The median age was 2 years (interquartile range, 1.17-3.3 years); 44.7% were female. Forty-three of the 76 cases (53.9%) involved ingestions: 35 were of holiday ornaments, and 8 were of light bulbs. All but one of these ornaments were made of glass. In 28%, there was an associated bleed either from the mouth or as a delayed gastrointestinal bleed. Other patients experienced lacerations (27.6%), eye injuries (5.1%), and minor electrocution injury (2.5%). Imaging was performed in 85%. A subspecialty consult was obtained in 23%, primarily addressing a foreign body ingestion or removal after skin exploration. The incidence rate has not changed over the years. Holiday ornament-related injuries primarily involve foreign body ingestions and glass-related injuries. Over half of the injuries involved small light bulbs and ornaments made of glass placed at the level a toddler can reach. Pediatricians are advised to discuss these points with families during holiday season.

  18. [Neighborhood Systematic Social Observation; The Case of Chile and its Perspectives for Social Work.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sanhueza, Guillermo E; Delva, Jorge; Andrade, Fernando H; Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew; Bares, Cristina; Castillo, Marcela

    2011-12-01

    The study of neighborhood characteristics and their effects on individuals has become an area of increasing attention by scholars from various disciplines in developed countries. Although there are various methods to study neighborhoods and their impact on human populations, one of the most used is the Systematic Social Observation -Observación Sistemática de Vecindarios (OSV), in Spanish-because it allows the collection of information about various features of the physical, social, environmental and economic characteristics of neighborhoods. The purpose of this article is to (i) briefly present some research on neighborhood effects influential in the U.S., ii) describe how they Systematic Social Observation was designed and implemented in the city of Santiago, Chile, iii) discuss some facilitators and obstacles of the implementation process and, finally iv) list possible contributions and limitations this approach would offer the profession of social work in Chile.

  19. The Role of Turkish National Holidays in Promoting Character and Citizenship Education

    Science.gov (United States)

    Acikalin, Mehmet; Kilic, Hamide

    2017-01-01

    Purpose: This article introduces the history and development of Turkish national holidays. It also describes how these holidays being celebrated overtime in Turkey. Thus, the purpose of this article is providing fundamental information regarding Turkish national holidays and discussing possible role of these holidays in promoting character and…

  20. 9 CFR 381.39 - Basis of billing for overtime and holiday services.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... holiday services. 381.39 Section 381.39 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE... Inspection; Overtime and Holiday Service; Billing Establishments § 381.39 Basis of billing for overtime and holiday services. (a) Each recipient of overtime or holiday inspection service, or both, shall be billed...

  1. 9 CFR 307.6 - Basis of billing for overtime and holiday services.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... holiday services. 307.6 Section 307.6 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE... overtime and holiday services. (a) Each recipient of overtime or holiday inspection service, or both, shall... his day's assignment and left the premises, or called back to duty during any overtime or holiday...

  2. Air pollution "holiday effect" resulting from the Chinese New Year

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tan, Pei-Hua; Chou, Chia; Liang, Jing-Yi; Chou, Charles C.-K.; Shiu, Chein-Jung

    Our study was an attempt to conduct a comprehensive and systematical examination of the holiday effect, defined as the difference in air pollutant concentrations between holiday and non-holiday periods. This holiday effect can be applied to other countries with similar national or cultural holidays. Hourly and daily surface measurements of six major air pollutants from thirteen air quality monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration during the Chinese New Year (CNY) and non-Chinese New Year (NCNY) periods were used. We documented evidence of a "holiday effect", where air pollutant concentrations were significantly different between holidays (CNY) and non-holidays (NCNY), in the Taipei metropolitan area over the past thirteen years (1994-2006). The concentrations of NO x, CO, NMHC, SO 2 and PM 10 were lower in the CNY than in the NCNY period, while the variation in the concentration of O 3 was reversed, which was mainly due to the NO titration effect. Similar differences in these six air pollutants between the CNY and NCNY periods were also found in the diurnal cycle and in the interannual variation. For the diurnal cycle, a common traffic-related double-peak variation was observed in the NCNY period, but not in the CNY period. Impacts of dust storms were also observed, especially on SO 2 and PM 10 in the CNY period. In the 13-year period of 1994-2006, decreasing trends of NO x and CO in the NCNY period implied a possible reduction of local emissions. Increasing trends of SO 2 and PM 10 in the CNY period, on the other hand, indicated a possible enhancement of long-range transport. These two mechanisms weakened the holiday effect.

  3. 7 CFR 58.39 - Fees for holiday or other nonworktime.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fees for holiday or other nonworktime. 58.39 Section... Dairy Products Fees and Charges § 58.39 Fees for holiday or other nonworktime. If an applicant requests that inspection or grading service be performed on a holiday, Saturday, or Sunday or in excess of each...

  4. 46 CFR 9.7 - Rate for Sunday or holiday services.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Rate for Sunday or holiday services. 9.7 Section 9.7... COMPENSATION FOR OVERTIME SERVICES § 9.7 Rate for Sunday or holiday services. The rate of extra compensation for Sunday or holiday services is hereby fixed at twice the gross daily rate of regular pay of the...

  5. HPV vaginal self-sampling among women non-adherent to Papanicolaou screening in Chile Autotoma vaginal para detección de virus del papiloma humano en mujeres no adherentes a tamizaje con Papanicolaou en Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Javiera Léniz

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To evaluate acceptance, preference and compliance with referral of vaginal self-sampling for the detection of Human papillomavirus (HPV among women non-adherent to Papanicolaou (Pap screening in Santiago, Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using multistage sampling we identified women aged 30-64 years who reported not receiving a Pap test in the previous three years and offered them Pap testing at the health center or vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing at home. Self-collected samples were analyzed with hybrid capture. All HPV+ women were referred for colposcopy, biopsy and treatment when needed. RESULTS: 1 254 eligible women were contacted; 86.5% performed self-sampling and 8.1% refused; 124 women were HPV+ (11.4%: 95%CI 9.6-13.5 of whom 85.5% attended colposcopy; 12 had CIN2+ (1.1%: 95 %CI 0.5-1.7. CONCLUSION: HPV vaginal self-sampling can be easily implemented in Chile and could improve coverage, successfully reaching women who drop out of the screening program.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la aceptación, preferencia y adherencia a seguimiento de la autotoma vaginal para detección del virus del papiloma humano (VPH en mujeres inasistentes a Papanicolaou (Pap en Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Mediante un muestreo polietápico se identificaron mujeres entre 30 y 64 años inasistentes a Pap por < 3 años, invitándolas a realizarse un Pap en su centro de salud o una autotoma vaginal a domicilio. Las muestras fueron analizadas con captura de híbridos. Las mujeres VPH+ fueron referidas a colposcopía, biopsia y tratamiento en caso necesario. RESULTADOS: 1 254 mujeres elegibles fueron contactadas; 86.5% aceptó la autotoma vaginal y 8.1% la rechazó; 124 mujeres resultaron VPH+ (11.4%: IC95% 9.6-13.5 de las que 85.5% asistió a colposcopía; 12 tenían CIN2+ (1.1%: IC95% 0.5-1.7. CONCLUSIÓN: La autotoma vaginal para detección de VPH es implementable en Chile y su utilización podría mejorar la cobertura del programa rescatando a mujeres

  6. Holiday homes - electric power savings; Sommerhuse - elbesparelser her og nu

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kofoed Esbensen, N -U; Roed Rasmussen, E [Esbensen Raadgivende Ingenioerer A/S, Copenhagen (Denmark); Weldingh, P [Lokalenergi, Viby J. (Denmark); Worm, J; Adams Rasmussen, L [Energitjenesten, Aarhus (Denmark); Reuss, M [Elsparefonden, Copenhagen (Denmark); Ellehauge, K; Kjaergaard, C -J [Ellehauge og Kildemoes, Aarhus (Denmark); Jensen, Ole Michael [Aalborg Univ. SBi, Aalborg (Denmark)

    2010-09-15

    A questionnaire survey among 700 holiday home owners was conducted and followed up by interviews with representatives of typical groups of holiday home owners and a number of key persons representing rental, building, electricity supply, regulatory processing and supply of renewable energy facilities to holiday homes. The results of the questionnaire survey and of former surveys on technical savings potential are included in an easy-to-read catalogue of ideas with directions and recommendations for various groups of holiday home users and players. The recommendations are grouped into eight topics of more or less relevance for the various target groups. (LN)

  7. Methods for economic evaluation of a factorial-design cluster randomised controlled trial of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme among healthy older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Walker Damian G

    2009-05-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background In an effort to promote healthy ageing and preserve health and function, the government of Chile has formulated a package of actions into the Programme for Complementary Food in Older People (Programa de Alimentación Complementaria para el Adulto Mayor - PACAM. The CENEX study was designed to evaluate the impact, cost and cost-effectiveness of the PACAM and a specially designed exercise programme on pneumonia incidence, walking capacity and body mass index in healthy older people living in low- to medium-socio-economic status areas of Santiago. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the methods that will be used to estimate the incremental costs and cost-effectiveness of the interventions. Methods and design The base-case analysis will adopt a societal perspective, including the direct medical and non-medical costs borne by the government and patients. The cost of the interventions will be calculated by the ingredients approach, in which the total quantities of goods and services actually employed in applying the interventions will be estimated, and multiplied by their respective unit prices. Relevant information on costs of interventions will be obtained mainly from administrative records. The costs borne by patients will be collected via exit and telephone interviews. An annual discount rate of 8% will be used, consistent with the rate recommended by the Government of Chile. All costs will be converted from Chilean Peso to US dollars with the 2007 average period exchange rate of US$1 = 522.37 Chilean Peso. To test the robustness of model results, we will vary the assumptions over a plausible range in sensitivity analyses. Discussion The protocol described here indicates our intent to conduct an economic evaluation alongside the CENEX study. It provides a detailed and transparent statement of planned data collection methods and analyses. Trial registration ISRCTN48153354

  8. Methods for economic evaluation of a factorial-design cluster randomised controlled trial of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme among healthy older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Walker, Damian G; Aedo, Cristian; Albala, Cecilia; Allen, Elizabeth; Dangour, Alan D; Elbourne, Diana; Grundy, Emily; Uauy, Ricardo

    2009-05-27

    In an effort to promote healthy ageing and preserve health and function, the government of Chile has formulated a package of actions into the Programme for Complementary Food in Older People (Programa de Alimentación Complementaria para el Adulto Mayor - PACAM). The CENEX study was designed to evaluate the impact, cost and cost-effectiveness of the PACAM and a specially designed exercise programme on pneumonia incidence, walking capacity and body mass index in healthy older people living in low- to medium-socio-economic status areas of Santiago. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the methods that will be used to estimate the incremental costs and cost-effectiveness of the interventions. The base-case analysis will adopt a societal perspective, including the direct medical and non-medical costs borne by the government and patients. The cost of the interventions will be calculated by the ingredients approach, in which the total quantities of goods and services actually employed in applying the interventions will be estimated, and multiplied by their respective unit prices. Relevant information on costs of interventions will be obtained mainly from administrative records. The costs borne by patients will be collected via exit and telephone interviews. An annual discount rate of 8% will be used, consistent with the rate recommended by the Government of Chile. All costs will be converted from Chilean Peso to US dollars with the 2007 average period exchange rate of US$1 = 522.37 Chilean Peso. To test the robustness of model results, we will vary the assumptions over a plausible range in sensitivity analyses. The protocol described here indicates our intent to conduct an economic evaluation alongside the CENEX study. It provides a detailed and transparent statement of planned data collection methods and analyses. ISRCTN48153354.

  9. Forensic psychiatry in Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    St Denis, Emily E; Sepúlveda, Enrique; Téllez, Carlos; Arboleda-Flórez, Julio; Stuart, Heather; Lam, Miu

    2012-01-01

    Mental disorders are among the most prevalent of chronic disorders, and a high prevalence of these disorders has been consistently found in jails and prisons. This study was a retrospective case series that described the population of adults charged with a criminal offense who were court ordered to undergo a psychiatric assessment within the Medical Legal Service in Santiago, Chile from 2005 to 2006. Characteristics were explored in order to better understand this population in light of the recent reforms in the judicial and health systems of Chile. Ninety percent of sampled individuals were male, primarily between the ages of 18-39 years. Seventy percent of the evaluations came from the pre-reformed judicial system and 30% were from the reformed system. Approximately 63% of evaluated offenders were considered to have a psychiatric pathology, the most common being the personality disorders. Of the evaluated offenders, approximately 84% were considered by a psychiatrist to be criminally responsible for their crime, 7% were regarded as having diminished criminal responsibility, 4% were considered to be not criminally responsible for their crime, and 4% were cases where criminal responsibility was not applicable. Profession status, municipality of residence, type of residence, ICD-10 diagnosis, treatment recommendation, and criminal responsibility were found to be significantly different between male and female evaluated offenders. Results from this investigation will contribute to knowledge about forensic psychiatry and mental health in Latin America, and will hopefully pave the way for more research and international comparisons. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Snacking Quality Is Associated with Secondary School Academic Achievement and the Intention to Enroll in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study in Adolescents from Santiago, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Correa-Burrows, Paulina; Rodríguez, Yanina; Blanco, Estela; Gahagan, Sheila; Burrows, Raquel

    2017-04-27

    Although numerous studies have approached the effects of exposure to a Western diet (WD) on academic outcomes, very few have focused on foods consumed during snack times. We explored whether there is a link between nutritious snacking habits and academic achievement in high school (HS) students from Santiago, Chile. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 678 adolescents. The nutritional quality of snacks consumed by 16-year-old was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The academic outcomes measured were HS grade point average (GPA), the likelihood of HS completion, and the likelihood of taking college entrance exams. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent associations of nutritious snacking with having completed HS and having taken college entrance exams. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) estimated the differences in GPA by the quality of snacks. Compared to students with healthy in-home snacking behaviors, adolescents having unhealthy in-home snacks had significantly lower GPAs ( M difference: -40.1 points, 95% confidence interval (CI): -59.2, -16.9, d = 0.41), significantly lower odds of HS completion (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.47; 95% CI: 0.25-0.88), and significantly lower odds of taking college entrance exams (aOR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.31-0.88). Unhealthy at-school snacking showed similar associations with the outcome variables. Poor nutritional quality snacking at school and at home was associated with poor secondary school academic achievement and the intention to enroll in higher education.

  11. Impact of urbanization on the air pollution “holiday effect” in Taiwan

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tan, Pei-Hua; Chou, Chia; Chou, Charles C.-K.

    2013-05-01

    The spatio-temporal characteristics of the “holiday effect”, defined as the difference in air pollutant concentrations between the holiday (Chinese New Year) and non-holiday periods during 1994-2008, and its association with the degree of urbanization in Taiwan are examined. Daily surface measurements of six major pollutants from 54 monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration are used. Holiday effects are found for almost all air pollutants in all divisions and individual stations. A widespread holiday effect with consistent signs suggests a high degree of urbanization over Taiwan. Holiday effects are stronger in the west than in the east, due to urban-rural differences, and have a distinct north-south difference in the west, due to different emission sources. In the spatial distribution, as the population (motor vehicle) number in the division increases, holiday effects of NOx, CO and NMHC are intensified. Holiday effects of pollutants can also be stronger when the associated dominant anthropogenic sources in the division have larger emissions. Both imply the association of a stronger holiday effect with a higher degree of urbanization in the division. In the temporal variation, on the other hand, holiday effects and pollutant concentrations tend to weaken and reduce in almost all the urban divisions for all six pollutants except O3. These weakening trends imply possible contributions of other effects, such as the mature state of urbanization for the urban division, the effective pollution-control measures and behavioral pattern changes.

  12. [Socio-demographic characteristics, subjective well-being, and homophobia experienced by a sample of gay men from three cities in Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barrientos-Delgado, Jaime; Cárdenas-Castro, Manuel; Gómez-Ojeda, Fabiola

    2014-06-01

    This article describes the socio-demographic characteristics of a sample of gay men in three cities in Chile, as well as experience with homophobia and subjective well-being. Snowball sampling was used to interview 325 gay men. The main findings included high levels of perceived discrimination and victimization, but interviewees reported higher levels of social well-being compared to studies elsewhere in the country. Age was related to differences in levels of social well-being, but not other variables. Individuals with university education reported higher levels of victimization and greater impact of discrimination on their lives. Gay men in Santiago reported a higher relative impact from incidents of aggression, but better levels of social well-being and happiness compared to those in other regions of Chile.

  13. Is urban agriculture urban green space? A comparison of policy arrangements for urban green space and urban agriculture in Santiago de Chile

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Contesse, Maria; Vliet, van B.J.M.; Lenhart, J.

    2018-01-01

    Urban green spaces are crucial for citizens’ wellbeing. Nonetheless, many Latin American cities struggle to provide sufficient and equitable green space distribution for their citizens. By looking at the Chilean capital Santiago as an example, this paper examines whether the growing urban

  14. International Conference on Innovative Biological Treatment of Toxic Wastewaters Held in Arlington, Virginia on June 24-26, 1986.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1987-04-01

    el Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales," presented at the November 6-11, 1983, X Interamerican Congress of Chemical Engineering, held at Santiago, Chile ...OF SUSPENDED-GROWTH INHIBITED BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Pablo B. Siez. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Catholic University of Chile , Casilla 6177...Santiago, Chile . INTRODUCTION The kinetic of suspended-growth biological processes used in wastewater treatment has continuously been studied during the

  15. El efecto de la distancia al mercado sobre la pobreza rural en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodrigo Pérez

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available La pobreza en Chile ha disminuido notablemente desde 1990. En el año 2006, la incidencia de la pobreza rural cayó bajo la de áreas urbanas, debido en parte a la movilidad poblacional. No obstante, los pobres rurales mantienen niveles educacionales y de ingresos bajos, lo que se explica, en parte, por el mayor aislamiento y el menor acceso que tienen a los mercados. Teniendo eso en consideración, este estudio sostiene que la distancia a áreas urbanas (en tiempo de viaje se encuentra correlacionada con la pobreza, una vez que se controla por otros factores. Usando un modelo econométrico que relaciona información geográfica y socioeconómica de la Región Metropolitana, se concluye que el nivel de pobreza en un sector censal aumenta con la distancia, y que para una determinada distancia, la tasa de pobreza es menor si aumenta el acceso a medios de movilización, al mitigar el efecto de distancia.The national poverty headcount in Chile has declined considerably since 1990. In 2006, rural poverty ratefell below that of urban areas, due in part to population mobility. Rural areas, however, are still characterized by low educational levels and incomes, explained, in part, by low population density, remoteness to services, and limited access to markets for rural-produced products. This study finds that distance (measured as travel time of rural populations to urban areas is associated with the incidence of poverty in rural communities after controlling for other factors. Using an econometric model based on geographical and socioeconomic information of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, the studyfinds that poverty levels in census tracts increase with distance to Santiago, and, for a given distance, access to transportation reduces poverty, through a mitigation of the distance effect.

  16. LA RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE MOVIMIENTO SOCIAL EN BARRIOS CRÍTICOS: EL CASO DE LA "COORDINADORA DE POBLADORES JOSÉ MARÍA CARO" DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leslie Parraguez Sánchez

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available La historia de la población José María Caro es similar a la de otras poblaciones históricas del pericentro de la ciudad de Santiago que en los últimos años fueron de¿ nidas como barrios críticos debido a sus graves problemas de violencia y con¿ ictividad social. En este contexto, ¿cómo se explica que un "barrio crítico" protagonice uno de los movimientos sociales más reconocidos de la última década? A partir del análisis del proceso político protagonizado por la Coordinadora de Pobladores José María Caro (2005-2007, este trabajo aporta elementos para entender esta paradoja, permitiendo una comprensión más compleja de la llamada "fragmentación comunitaria" presente en estos barrios, y de la reconstrucción de movimientos sociales en Chile a 20 años del ¿ n de la dictadura militar. Se concluye que los pobladores no se movilizan para superar una carencia, sino para conservar una ganancia construida colectivamente a lo largo de su historia. Los pobres de ayer adquieren un nuevo status en relación con un "afuera" que se desarrolla con patrones excluyentes: la ciudad neoliberal, que los hace sentir privilegiados de tener algo que defender, pero, paradójicamente, los convierte nuevamente en personas vulnerables. Cuando se dan cuenta de eso, se comienza a reconstruir la acción colectiva.

  17. U.S. holiday travel

    Science.gov (United States)

    2003-11-01

    The Thanksgiving and Christmas/New Years holiday periods are among the busiest long-distance travel periods of the year. During the 6-day Thanksgiving travel period, the number of long-distance trips (to and from a destination 50 miles or more awa...

  18. A 'beautiful death': mortality, death, and holidays in a Mexican municipality.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wilches-Gutiérrez, José L; Arenas-Monreal, Luz; Paulo-Maya, Alfredo; Peláez-Ballestas, Ingris; Idrovo, Alvaro J

    2012-03-01

    Several studies have reported increased mortality during holidays. Using a cultural epidemiological, sequential mixed-methods approach, this study explored holiday-related trends using mortality data from Yautepec (Morelos, Mexico) collected between 1986 and 2008 (N=5027 deaths). This analysis found that mortality increased on Christmas Day and All Saints' Day. Mortality increased on Candlemas Day among women, and increased on New Year's Day among men. More deaths caused by cardiovascular disease among women and traumatic injuries among men occurred during holidays than in non-holiday periods. To ascertain the elements comprising the health/illness/death process in the context of a holiday in this municipality, we conducted semi-structured interviews in March and April 2009 with relatives of seven individuals who had died during holidays in the previous 4 years (N=11); data from these interviews were analyzed from a grounded theory perspective to ascertain common conceptual themes. The "beautiful death" emerged as the main concept in the interpretation of death; this concept was related to the expectation of a good death and the particularly special nature of death during a holiday because of the involvement of religious entities, such as God, the Virgin Mary, and/or a saint, at the moment of death. Quantitative and qualitative results provided information about the important effects of holidays, culture, and religious belief on mortality patterns within a Mexican context, and contributed to a better understanding of the relationships among mortality, the nature of death, and holidays. Our results suggest that, in the studied region, death can be interpreted as a "beautiful process". More research is needed to explore this process in other similar contexts and to address topics related to the care and attention given the dying person and the expectation of a good death. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Motor vehicle-related deaths around two major holidays in South Korea.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sohn, Kitae

    2017-10-01

    South Korea has consistently exhibited high rates of motor vehicle-related deaths (MVDs) since the late 1980s. This study investigated the number of MVDs around two major public holidays in South Korea-Lunar New Year's Day and Thanksgiving Day. MVDs from records of all individual deaths in 1997-2014 were extracted; then, MVDs per day from 14 days before and after each holiday (ie, 29 days in total) were summed across the years. Eventually, the 3-day mean values of MVDs before and after the holiday were compared, when holiday-related traffic peaks. The 3-day mean before Lunar New Year's Day was 385 fatalities, but dropped to 324 after the holiday; the corresponding figures for Thanksgiving Day were 494 and 413. These results are contrary to those of other countries. It appears that the severe congestion of highway traffic around the holidays resulted in a decrease in MVDs. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

  20. SOME RECENT ISSUES REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE ROMANIAN TOWNSPEOPLE DURING THE WINTER HOLIDAYS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    TOMA ANDREI

    2017-04-01

    Full Text Available This paper aims to present several aspects of the behavior of the Romanian townspeople in the recent years, on the occasion of the winter holidays. I made an indirect research, based on secondary data sources. Many sources I used are from past years. Sometimes, the secondary sources can provide very valuable data at a national level. The most important Romanian holidays are the winter ones (Saint Nicholas, Christmas, New Year's Eve. There are also other winter holidays, but of lesser importance. The Romanians are traditionalists; they cherish the winter holidays and the family. Giving holiday gifts (sweets, clothing, footwear, perfumes, cosmetics, toys to family members and to close relatives is a feature of Romanian townspeople behavior during the main winter holidays. Most Romanian townspeople spend the winter holidays at home or at friends. During the economic crisis, reduction of costs included also the expenses intended for winter holidays. Changes in the behavior of Romanian tourists, due to the economic crisis, included especially the reduction in the number of holidays, the reduction of the duration of the holiday, avoidance of foreign destinations. This paper does not refer to all the aspects of the purchasing behavior or consumption of the Romanians townspeople on the occasion of winter holidays, but only to some aspects.

  1. Exploring the Masculine Identity in the Context of HIV Prevention in Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ferrer, Lilian; Cianelli, Rosina; Villegas, Natalia; Reed, Reiley; Bernales, Margarita; Repetto, Paula; Hufstader, Theodore; Lara, Loreto; Irarrázabal, Lisette; Peragallo-Montano, Nilda

    2016-03-01

    This study aims to describe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related knowledge and beliefs, as well as understanding attitudes towards masculinity in the context of HIV prevention, held among Chilean men. This study reports the qualitative findings of a sequential qualitative-quantitative mixed methodology study: Bringing men into HIV Prevention in Chile, NIH R01 TW007674-03. Twenty in-depth interviews using a qualitative, descriptive approach to elicit information for the study were conducted among men residing in two communities of low socio-economic status in Santiago, Chile. Content analysis of interviews revealed three main themes regarding machismo and how it relates to HIV: sexuality and machismo, the changing nature of machismo, and violence against women. Addressing HIV and intimate partner violence through developing education programs tailored to meet the needs of Chilean men are needed to include men in HIV prevention efforts. Specifically, incorporating ideas of what men consider healthy masculinity and working to destigmatize men who have sex with men are important steps in addressing the negative aspects of machismo. © 2016 Sigma Theta Tau International.

  2. Etheostoma brevirostrum (Holiday Darter)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Burkhead, Noel M.

    2015-01-01

    The life history of the Holiday Darter is incompletely known. Only reproductive behavior (Johnston and Shute 1997; Anderson 2009), habitat use, and spawning seasons (Anderson 2009) have been studied. However, based on similarity of life history attributes among snubnose darters (Carney and Burr 1989; Johnston and Haag 1996; Khudamrongsawat et al. 2005), the Holiday darter probably lives 3+ years and matures in the first year. It is likely a benthic omnivore, feeding primarily on chironomid (midge) larvae and other common orders of aquatic insects and occasional microcrustaceans. Spawning occurs from late March to early June, with most activity occurring in April. Based on four females from the Amicalola Creek system, fecundity ranged from 50 to 150 mature eggs, egg sizes ranged from 1.2mm to 1.6mm diameter. The Holiday Darter is an “egg attacher” (sensu Page and Swofford 1984). A spawning female is courted by multiple males, but a dominant (alpha) male aggressively rebuts encroaching males and defends a “roving territory” of the receptive female. The alpha male is the principal spawning partner although satellite males often rush a spawning pair. The receptive female slowly swims along the stream bottom, frequently stopping, apparently to assess substrate attributes, and selects each spawning site where only one or two eggs are spawned. The process is repeated and often covers several meters of stream bottom until the courted female finishes spawning and is abandoned by the alpha male. Water temperatures during spawning in Amicalola Creek and the upper Etowah River ranged 10 to 17° C (Anderson 2009).

  3. Determinants of change in bone mineral density and fracture risk during bisphosphonate holiday.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Xu, L H R; Adams-Huet, B; Poindexter, J R; Maalouf, N M

    2016-05-01

    In a retrospective analysis of 208 osteoporotic patients followed during a bisphosphonate holiday, lower body weight and risedronate use were associated with a more rapid decline in bone mineral density during the bisphosphonate holiday, while bone mineral density (BMD) trends were similar in patients who sustained vs. did not sustain a fracture. A drug holiday has been suggested for some bisphosphonate-treated patients with osteoporosis to minimize potential side effects from prolonged use. However, there is limited information on the evolution of BMD during a bisphosphonate holiday. Our study analyzed the longitudinal course of BMD following bisphosphonate discontinuation and assessed its determinants. Retrospective single-center cohort study of osteoporosis patients treated with alendronate or risedronate for at least 2 years and then discontinued their bisphosphonate for a drug holiday. Patients were stratified by bisphosphonate type and by fracture occurrence during drug holiday. A total of 208 patients were included in this analysis (87.5 % female). At the time of bisphosphonate cessation, mean ± SD age was 66.9 ± 8.9 years and BMI 24.5 ± 4.4 kg/m(2). Duration of bisphosphonate treatment was 5.2 ± 2.3 years, and follow-up during holiday was 3.3 ± 1.7 years. During the first 2 years of the holiday, BMD remained stable at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, but declined significantly at the total hip. BMD declined significantly at all sites thereafter. Significant predictors of BMD decline during bisphosphonate holiday included lower BMI at the start of the holiday and change in body weight during the holiday. BMD decline was more pronounced in former risedronate compared to former alendronate users. BMD trends were similar in patients who sustained vs. did not sustain a fracture during the holiday. BMD at the total hip declines significantly within 1 year of bisphosphonate discontinuation, particularly in lean patients

  4. STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES OF HOLIDAY PLACEMENT ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    User

    of Social Services did not have adequate resources in form of finance, human capital ... through participatory programming is fundamental in strengthening holiday .... involvement in corporate social responsibility programmes in Zimbabwe.

  5. The paradox of public holidays: Hospital-treated self-harm and associated factors.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Griffin, Eve; Dillon, Christina B; O'Regan, Grace; Corcoran, Paul; Perry, Ivan J; Arensman, Ella

    2017-08-15

    Recent research on the patterns of self-harm around public holidays is lacking. This study used national data to examine the patterns of hospital-treated self-harm during public holidays, and to examine associated factors. Data on self-harm presentations to all emergency departments were obtained from the National Self-Harm Registry Ireland. The association between self-harm presentations and public holidays was examined using univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses. A total of 104,371 presentations of self-harm were recorded between 2007 and 2015. The mean number of self-harm presentations was 32 on public holidays. St. Patrick's Day had the highest number of presentations compared to all other public holidays, with a daily mean of 44 presentations. Across all years, self-harm presentations during public holidays had a 24% increased risk of involving alcohol consumption compared to all other days and this effect was most pronounced during the Christmas period. The association with alcohol remained significant at a multivariate level. Presentations on public holidays were more likely to attend out of normal working hours. An increase in male presentations involving self-cutting was observed on public holidays and there was an over-representation of males presenting for the first time. It is likely that extent of alcohol involvement in self-harm presentations reported here is an underestimate, as it was dependent on the information being recorded by the attending clinician. Public holidays are associated with an elevated number of self-harm presentations to hospital, with presentations to hospital involving alcohol significantly increased on these days. Hospital resources should be targeted to address increases during public holidays, including during out-of-hours. Involvement of alcohol may delay delivery of care to these patients in emergency settings. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. “The ghost of the water’s power”: Emil Rathenau and his electrical networks in Chile and Spain

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marion Steiner

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available In 1902, the founder of AEG in Berlin, Emil Rathenau, called water power a “ghost ... that has completed his tour around the world.” The vast majority of electrical systems his company had built at that time were based on the use of coal and, in Spain, its thermal power plants already supplied much of the cities. In Chile, on the contrary, according to contracts signed with the municipalities of Santiago and Valparaiso in 1898 and 1902, AEG was obliged to install hydroelectric systems. This article re-constructs the corresponding disputes between the company and the municipality on the use of hydraulic force in Santiago and contrasts them with the situation in Catalonia. Both cases are contextualized from a global perspective of geopolitical analysis that allows for also explaining the global network of actors involved and the strategies implemented by German electric companies and banks to conquer the world market, up to a little beyond the end of World War I.

  7. Get all the official CERN holidays automatically added to your CERN mailbox calendar

    CERN Multimedia

    CERN Mail Services

    2013-01-01

    A new tool has been created that makes it easy to check the official CERN holidays. These holidays will appear automatically in your calendar. Currently, to check the official CERN holidays, you had to consult either the CERN website or EDH. Now you can see these holidays in your CERN calendar together with absences, meetings and other events. To take advantage of this feature: add yourself as member of the e-group “holidays-to-calendar” here. You can also use this link. Your calendar will be updated the very next day.

  8. The impact of holiday eating cues on self-regulatory bolstering for dieters and non-dieters.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Martins, Chrissy M; Vallen, Beth

    2014-01-01

    Two studies examined the hypothesis that the presence vs. absence of holiday food cues leads dieters to bolster self-regulatory resources and reduce consumption of a snack food. Study 1 evaluated snack-food consumption on a holiday vs. a non-holiday and in Study 2, the proposed underlying mechanism--the bolstering of self-regulatory resources when facing holiday-related cues--was explored. Study 1 followed a quasi-experimental design in which participants (N = 152) consumed candies either on a holiday or a non-holiday. Dieting behaviour was measured and the main outcome measure was consumption quantity. In Study 2, a true experiment, participants (N = 110) read primes associated with holiday eating, holiday history or a neutral topic. Self-regulatory bolstering was assessed as the main outcome measure. Study 1 showed that dieters consume more of a food item on an ordinary day relative to a holiday; the consumption patterns of non-dieters did not vary based on holiday cues. Study 2 demonstrated that dieters, but not non-dieters, bolster self-regulatory resources to a greater extent in the presence vs. absence of a holiday food cue. Dieters are better equipped to defend their diet-related goals when facing strong holiday-related temptations than weaker, everyday temptations.

  9. Santiago Pérez: el dramaturgo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marina Lamus Obregón

    2001-09-01

    Full Text Available La vida de Santiago Pérez como escritor de poemas y dramas fue muy corta y pertenece a sus años de juventud. En la edad madura esta incursión la consideró un pecado que lo hacía ruborizar: por ello compraba los libros editados por la generosidad de Lorenzo María Lleras y los quemaba. Y es que el "señorito" Santiago Pérez, alumno aventajado del colegio del Espíritu Santo y después profesor de literatura y filosofía, recibió también de su maestro, don Lorenzo María Lleras, influencia política, literaria y teatral.

  10. Mujeres que Consumen Sustancias y su Vulnerabilidad frente al VIH en Santiago de Chile (Women Who Consume Substances and Their Vulnerability to HIV in Santiago of Chile).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Irarrázabal, Lisette P; Ferrer, Lilian; Villegas, Natalia; Sanhueza, Sebastián; Molina, Yerko; Cianelli, Rosina

    2016-06-01

    Women represent 15% of the people living with HIV in Chile. Risk behaviors for HIV are: multiple partners, unsafe sex, and exchange of sex for drugs/money. A correlational design was used. A sample of 203 women who were sexually active and consumed substances within the last 3-months were selected for this study. The average age of the participants was 32.4 years (SD = 9.2) and 68.1% were housewives. The substance most commonly used was alcohol (95.1%) and marijuana (49.8%); 23.7% of the women were drunk or drugged before having sex; 74.4% had multiple sexual partners and 95.6% had unprotected sex. There is a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between substance abuse and HIV risk behaviors. It is necessary to develop more research to understand in depth the relationship between substance use and HIV risk among Chilean women. It is important to consider the use of substances to develop and implement HIV prevention programs in the Chilean community. © The Author(s) 2016.

  11. Exploring Intracity Taxi Mobility during the Holidays for Location-Based Marketing

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wen-jun Wang

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Taxi mobility information can be considered as an important source of mobile location-based information for making marketing decisions. So, studying the behavioral patterns of taxis in a Chinese city during the holidays using the global positioning system (GPS can yield remarkable insights into people’s holiday travel patterns, as well as the odd-even day vehicle prohibition system. This paper studies the behavioral patterns of taxis during specific holidays in terms of pick-up and drop-off locations, travel distance, mobile step length, travel direction, and radius of gyration on the basis of GPS data. Our results support the idea of a polycentric city. It is concluded from the reporting results that there are no significant changes in the distribution of pick-up and drop-off locations, travel distance, or travel direction during holidays in comparison to work days. The results suggest that human travel by taxi has a stable regularity. However, the radius of gyration of movement by most of the taxis becomes significantly larger during holidays that indicate more long-distance travels. The current study will be helpful for location-based marketing during the holidays.

  12. Drug Holidays From ADHD Medication: International Experience Over the Past Four Decades.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ibrahim, Kinda; Donyai, Parastou

    2015-07-01

    ADHD is managed by stimulants that are effective but can cause growth retardation. Prescribers should ideally monitor children and trial a "drug holiday" to enable catch-up growth. Our aim was to map the experience of drug holidays from ADHD medication in children and adolescents. A comprehensive search of the literature identified 22 studies published during the period 1972 to 2013. Drug holidays are prevalent in 25% to 70% of families and are more likely to be exercised during school holidays. They test whether medication is still needed and are also considered for managing medication side effects and drug tolerance. The impact of drug holidays was reported in terms of side effects and ADHD symptoms. There was evidence of a positive impact on child growth with longer breaks from medication, and shorter breaks could reduce insomnia and improve appetite. Drug holidays from ADHD medication could be a useful tool with multiple purposes: assessment, management, prevention, and negotiation. © 2014 SAGE Publications.

  13. El ecobarrio: proyecto de sensibilización ambiental. El caso de Villa 4 Álamos de Maipú (Chile)

    OpenAIRE

    Ubeira, Felipe; Quiroga, Carolina

    2001-01-01

    En la presente investigación se analizaron las consecuencias que ha tenido el desarrollo del primer proyecto de eco barrio en los habitantes de la villa 4 Álamos de Maipú, en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. El proyecto es impulsado por la organización comunitaria “Ceibo”, integrada por habitantes de la villa, quienes tras enfrentarse a varios conflictos medioambientales y problemas sociales de distinto tipo, han ido en busca de nuevas maneras de habitar la ciudad, debiendo lidiar con factores...

  14. Expansión Hare Krishna en contextos de crisis: resignificando la movilización social desde una perspectiva religiosa en Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bahamondes González, Luis Andrés

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available This paper focuses on the expansion of the Hare Krishna movement in Santiago, Chile, analysing mobilization discourse and mechanisms adopted in the face of the social upheavals of the new millennium. It seeks to understand not only recent internal transformation of the Hare Krishna movement, but also to identify social action strategies and independent policies concerning social issues in the public arena. We will analyse the active position the religious group has embraced in a context of growing social demands and how its actions are guided by the philosophical and spiritual conception of its doctrine.La presente investigación se focalizará en la expansión del movimiento Hare Krishna en Santiago de Chile, analizando los discursos y mecanismos de movilización que desarrollan sus integrantes frente al escenario de agitación social vivido con la llegada del nuevo milenio. Con ello no solo se buscará vislumbrar las transformaciones internas acaecidas en el movimiento durante el último tiempo, sino además pretendemos identificar estrategias de acción social y políticas independientes frente a inquietudes o problemas sociales instalados en la agenda pública. De esta forma, analizaremos la manera como este grupo religioso se posiciona activamente en un escenario de demandas sociales y guía su accionar desde la particularidad filosófica y espiritual de su doctrina.

  15. Snacking Quality Is Associated with Secondary School Academic Achievement and the Intention to Enroll in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study in Adolescents from Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Paulina Correa-Burrows

    2017-04-01

    Full Text Available Although numerous studies have approached the effects of exposure to a Western diet (WD on academic outcomes, very few have focused on foods consumed during snack times. We explored whether there is a link between nutritious snacking habits and academic achievement in high school (HS students from Santiago, Chile. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 678 adolescents. The nutritional quality of snacks consumed by 16-year-old was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The academic outcomes measured were HS grade point average (GPA, the likelihood of HS completion, and the likelihood of taking college entrance exams. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent associations of nutritious snacking with having completed HS and having taken college entrance exams. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA estimated the differences in GPA by the quality of snacks. Compared to students with healthy in-home snacking behaviors, adolescents having unhealthy in-home snacks had significantly lower GPAs (M difference: −40.1 points, 95% confidence interval (CI: −59.2, −16.9, d = 0.41, significantly lower odds of HS completion (adjusted odds ratio (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.25–0.88, and significantly lower odds of taking college entrance exams (aOR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.31–0.88. Unhealthy at-school snacking showed similar associations with the outcome variables. Poor nutritional quality snacking at school and at home was associated with poor secondary school academic achievement and the intention to enroll in higher education.

  16. Urbanismo pro-empresarial en Chile: políticas y planificación de la producción residencial en altura en el pericentro del Gran Santiago

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel Alberto Meza Corvalán

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Fundamentales para la producción neoliberal del espacio urbano son los ajustes técnico-urbanísticos orientados a la atracción de capital requerido para producir renovación urbana a gran escala, factor preponderante pero poco estudiado en Latinoamérica. Tales operaciones municipales son propias de lo que se conoce como urbanismo pro-empresarial (urban state-entrepreneurialism o la regulación ad hoc del uso e intensidad de la explotación del suelo, con generación de alianzas público-privadas, inyección de lógicas de rentabilidad al interior del discurso y práctica municipal, y accionar especulativo del estado a nivel local. Focalizado en seis comunas del "inner city" de Santiago de Chile, el estudio de caso aquí presentado (período 2000-2011 observa las modificaciones a los instrumentos de regulación y su resultante en producción y localización inmobiliaria, a través de revisión documental, entrevistas a agentes clave y análisis de registro público de propiedades. Se concluye que si bien la alianza público privada no es condición necesaria para la renovación intensiva del suelo, sí lo es un estado general de competencia intercomunal, la capacidad de los gobiernos locales pericentrales de relocalizar áreas de renovación urbana vía modificaciones normativas, y la generación deliberada de movilidad intra y extracomunal de capital inmobiliario.

  17. Espacio Habitacional Colectivo y Mejoramiento en Dos Cités de Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Tapia Z.

    2005-01-01

    Full Text Available En el contexto de aplicación de un proyecto de investigaciónde la Universidad de Chile que tiene como título Vivir en uncité, su equipo de investigadores presenta un avance delmismo y unas primeras conclusiones referidas a esta forma dehabitación urbana popular destacando en él las acciones demejoramiento habitacional que se han llevado a cabo en doscités objeto de estudio, bajo un enfoque interdisciplinariodesde la antropología, la historia y la arquitectura. Se entregaun análisis preliminar a partir de la metodología aplicada y sedescriben unas primeras conclusiones a partir de losresultados obtenidos en un primer año de trabajo.

  18. When "Holiday Magic" Hurts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Goldstein, Karen

    2001-01-01

    Claims that religious messages in public school are not acceptable and are hurtful to kids who do not subscribe to the beliefs expressed in those messages. Describes the author's personal experience in helping a teacher transform the script for "Christmas Magic" into the more inclusive "Holiday Magic." (RS)

  19. Rethinking the Holidays. Teacher's Resources.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Porter, Priscilla H.

    1993-01-01

    Maintains that holidays provide opportunities for teaching about history and cultural diversity. Presents a bibliographic essay of recommended resources for elementary teachers on this topic. Materials include reading resources, activity books, and audiovisual materials. (CFR)

  20. Prevention at school level. Chile: "Education for prevention and non-discrimination".

    Science.gov (United States)

    1993-01-01

    The Ministry of Education in Chile has adopted a policy that guarantees the right of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to be educated. The document, "Educational policy and sexuality," recommends incorporating sex education and AIDS prevention into the school curriculum. In San Bernardo, where one child was not accepted at school, a project, "Education for prevention and non-discrimination," was announced by municipal authorities. Students in public and private schools in the country have been trained as monitors who, in the school environment, educate other children about AIDS. In Santiago, seminars that cover fear of AIDS have begun for teachers, many of whom are afraid. Working groups are being considered for development and communication of prevention strategies in schools.

  1. REVIEW ARTICLE: A comparison of site response techniques using earthquake data and ambient seismic noise analysis in the large urban areas of Santiago de Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pilz, Marco; Parolai, Stefano; Leyton, Felipe; Campos, Jaime; Zschau, Jochen

    2009-08-01

    Situated in an active tectonic region, Santiago de Chile, the country's capital with more than six million inhabitants, faces tremendous earthquake risk. Macroseismic data for the 1985 Valparaiso event show large variations in the distribution of damage to buildings within short distances, indicating strong effects of local sediments on ground motion. Therefore, a temporary seismic network was installed in the urban area for recording earthquake activity and a study was carried out aiming to estimate site amplification derived from horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratios from earthquake data (EHV) and ambient noise (NHV), as well as using the standard spectral ratio (SSR) technique with a nearby reference station located on igneous rock. The results lead to the following conclusions: (1) The analysis of earthquake data shows significant dependence on the local geological structure with respect to amplitude and duration. (2) An amplification of ground motion at frequencies higher than the fundamental one can be found. This amplification would not be found when looking at NHV ratios alone. (3) The analysis of NHV spectral ratios shows that they can only provide a lower bound in amplitude for site amplification. (4) P-wave site responses always show lower amplitudes than those derived by S waves, and sometimes even fail to provide some frequencies of amplification. (5) No variability in terms of time and amplitude is observed in the analysis of the H/V ratio of noise. (6) Due to the geological conditions in some parts of the investigated area, the fundamental resonance frequency of a site is difficult to estimate following standard criteria proposed by the SESAME consortium, suggesting that these are too restrictive under certain circumstances.

  2. Las medidas de sustentabilidad en los planes para Santiago 1960 – 1994: El caso de los corredores del Maipo-Mapocho y Andino Pedemontano.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Isabel Pávez Reyes

    2009-09-01

    It investigates the plans for Santiago de Chile 1960-1994, with emphasis on measures relating to the corridors of Maipo-Mapocho and Andean piedmont. We conclude that there was an early measures of sustainability. The State then addressed especially projects resulting in metropolitan roads and transport, although there was low or no promotion of associational community to help generate and participate in the development of specific projects arising intercommunal scale. Concerning sustainability measures were set aside since 1979, and today the maximum decentralization entails rejecting the neoliberal model "decentralization out" or communal associativity to deal with governments at central issues affecting interregional and / or benefit the local level.

  3. Santiago: territorios, anhelos y temores. Efectos sociales y espaciales de la expansión urbana

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Elena Ducci

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available El artículo se propone examinar cuáles son los tipos de espacios que se generan en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, centrando su interés en aquellas áreas que se despliegan en los límites de la urbe. La periferia se ha ido desarrollando a través de la fuerte expansión experimentada por la ciudad durante las últimas décadas, surgiendo en ella nuevos desarrollos que comienzan a modificar la forma de habitar el territorio. Entre estos identificar zonas residenciales de nivel medio y alto, áreas de vivienda social, "artefactos de la globalización" y nuevas zonas industriales. Dada la importancia de los cambios, se analiza cómo dicho crecimiento desigual, está afectando la vida de los habitantes urbanos y cómo resulta vivir en cada uno de estos fragmentos yuxtapuestos. Adicionalmente se examinan las dinámicas que subyacen a las formas urbanas contemporáneas, las políticas de localización de las personas y actividades, el síndrome de la casa propia, el estatus y el estigma en la ciudad, la ciudad que decimos querer para vivir y el miedo a la violencia y al crimenThe article proposes to examine the types of space being generated in Santiago, Chile, focusing on those areas that spread out on the edges of the city. The periphery has been developing through the strong expansion experienced by the city during the last decades, and new developments are beginning to modify the way in which territory is ocuppied. Among these developments are residential areas of middle and upper social levels, areas of public housing, "artifacts of globalization" and new industrial areas. Given the importance of these changes, the paper analyzes how this unequal growth is affecting the life of city-dwellers and what it is like to live in each one of these juxtaposed fragments. Additionally, the dynamics that underlie contemporary urban forms, the politics of people’s location and activities, the syndrome of ownership , urban status and stigma, the city

  4. Chile Confronts its Environmental Health Future After 25 Years of Accelerated Growth.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pino, Paulina; Iglesias, Verónica; Garreaud, René; Cortés, Sandra; Canals, Mauricio; Folch, Walter; Burgos, Soledad; Levy, Karen; Naeher, Luke P; Steenland, Kyle

    2015-01-01

    Chile has recently been reclassified by the World Bank from an upper-middle-income country to a high-income country. There has been great progress in the last 20 to 30 years in relation to air and water pollution in Chile. Yet after 25 years of unrestrained growth, there remain clear challenges posed by air and water pollution, as well as climate change. The aim of this study was to review environmental health in Chile. In late 2013, a 3-day workshop on environmental health was held in Santiago, Chile, bringing together researchers and government policymakers. As a follow-up to that workshop, here we review the progress made in environmental health in the past 20 to 30 years and discuss the challenges of the future. We focus on air and water pollution and climate change, which we believe are among the most important areas of environmental health in Chile. Air pollution in some cities remains among the highest in the continent. Potable water is generally available, but weak state supervision has led to serious outbreaks of infectious disease and ongoing issues with arsenic exposure in some regions. Climate change modeling in Chile is quite sophisticated, and a number of the impacts of climate change can be reasonably predicted in terms of which areas of the country are most likely to be affected by increased temperature and decreased availability of water, as well as expansion of vector territory. Some health effects, including changes in vector-borne diseases and excess heat mortality, can be predicted. However, there has yet to be an integration of such research with government planning. Although great progress has been made, currently there are a number of problems. We suspect that the Chilean experience in environmental health may be of some use for other Latin American countries with rapid economic development. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE LAS FUNCIONES PSICOSOCIALES Y REDES SOCIALES PERSONALES DE INFRACTORES DE LEY QUE CUMPLEN LIBERTAD VIGILADA ADULTO EN EL CENTRO DE REINSERCIÓN SOCIAL SANTIAGO REGIÓN METROPOLITANA

    OpenAIRE

    HERNÁNDEZ OLMEDO, ISAÍAS ALEJANDRO

    2013-01-01

    La presente investigación se desarrolló enmarcada dentro de temáticas de la Psicología Comunitaria, a través de las nociones de Funcionamiento Psicosocial y Redes Sociales Personales, e intenta introducirse en la problemática de reincidencia delictual de los infractores de ley en la medida alternativa de Libertad Vigilada Adulto, que cumplen su condena en libertad con residencia en algunas de las comunas de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile y que conviven diariamente con miembros de la comunidad...

  6. Where Are Socioeconomically Deprived Immigrants Located in Chile? A Spatial Analysis of Census Data Using an Index of Multiple Deprivation from the Last Three Decades (1992-2012.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrea Vasquez

    Full Text Available Immigrants in Chile have diverse characteristics and include socioeconomically deprived populations. The location of socioeconomically deprived immigrants is important for the development of public policy intelligence at the local and national levels but their areas of residence have not been mapped in Chile. This study explored the spatial distribution of socioeconomic deprivation among immigrants in Chile, 1992-2012, and compared it to the total population.Areas with socioeconomically deprived populations were identified with a deprivation index which we developed modelled upon the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD for England. Our IMD was based upon the indicators of unemployment, low educational level (primary and disability from Census data at county level for the three decades 1992, 2002 and 2012, for 332, 339 and 343 counties respectively. We developed two versions of the IMD one based on disadvantage among the total population and another focused upon the circumstances of immigrants only. We generated a spatial representation of the IMD using GIS, for the overall IMD score and for each dimension of the index, separately. We also compared the immigrants´ IMD to the total population´s IMD using Pearson´s correlation test.Results showed that socioeconomically deprived immigrants tended to be concentrated in counties in the northern and central area of Chile, in particular within the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. These were the same counties where there was the greatest concentration of socioeconomic deprivation for the total population during the same time periods. Since 1992 there have been significant change in the location of the socioeconomically deprived populations within the Metropolitan Region of Santiago with the highest IMD scores for both the total population and immigrants becoming increasingly concentrated in the central and eastern counties of the Region.This is the first study analysing the spatial distribution of

  7. Where Are Socioeconomically Deprived Immigrants Located in Chile? A Spatial Analysis of Census Data Using an Index of Multiple Deprivation from the Last Three Decades (1992-2012).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vasquez, Andrea; Cabieses, Baltica; Tunstall, Helena

    2016-01-01

    Immigrants in Chile have diverse characteristics and include socioeconomically deprived populations. The location of socioeconomically deprived immigrants is important for the development of public policy intelligence at the local and national levels but their areas of residence have not been mapped in Chile. This study explored the spatial distribution of socioeconomic deprivation among immigrants in Chile, 1992-2012, and compared it to the total population. Areas with socioeconomically deprived populations were identified with a deprivation index which we developed modelled upon the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) for England. Our IMD was based upon the indicators of unemployment, low educational level (primary) and disability from Census data at county level for the three decades 1992, 2002 and 2012, for 332, 339 and 343 counties respectively. We developed two versions of the IMD one based on disadvantage among the total population and another focused upon the circumstances of immigrants only. We generated a spatial representation of the IMD using GIS, for the overall IMD score and for each dimension of the index, separately. We also compared the immigrants´ IMD to the total population´s IMD using Pearson´s correlation test. Results showed that socioeconomically deprived immigrants tended to be concentrated in counties in the northern and central area of Chile, in particular within the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. These were the same counties where there was the greatest concentration of socioeconomic deprivation for the total population during the same time periods. Since 1992 there have been significant change in the location of the socioeconomically deprived populations within the Metropolitan Region of Santiago with the highest IMD scores for both the total population and immigrants becoming increasingly concentrated in the central and eastern counties of the Region. This is the first study analysing the spatial distribution of socioeconomic

  8. A Escola de Veterinaria na Universidade de Santiago

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Barral Martínez, Margarita

    2002-12-01

    Full Text Available Although Eugenio Montero Ríos was one of the big onQS primates of the system of dominance by the local boss developed during the stage of the Restoration, his patronage paper in Santiago's city and of patronage in the University of Santiago had a considerable importance, an unknown topic, or even forgotten by all the negative connotations with those that commonly and in a simplistic way they associate to the term cacique. The University of Santiago grew beside the protection that Montero lent him since representative of this district had left in 1886 and his strong influence in the central Government from Madrid it allowed him to reach momentous concessions for this institution, like it has been the case of the School of Veterinary Science.

    [gl] Aínda que Eugenio Montero Ríos foi un dos grandes primates do caciquismo desenvolvido durante a etapa da Restauración, o seu papel de padroado na cidade de Santiago e de mecenado na Universidade compostelá tiveron unha importancia considerable, un tema descoñecido ou mesmo esquecido por tódalas connotacións negativas coas que comunmente e de xeito simplista se asocian ó termo cacique. A Universidade de Santiago medrou ó carón da protección que lie prestou Montero dende que saíra representante deste distrito en 1886 e a súa forte influencia no Gobernó central de Madrid permitiulle acadar concesións trascendentais para dita institución, como foi o caso da Escola de Veterinaria.

  9. ESO and Chile: 10 Years of Productive Scientific Collaboration

    Science.gov (United States)

    2006-06-01

    ESO and the Government of Chile launched today the book "10 Years Exploring the Universe", written by the beneficiaries of the ESO-Chile Joint Committee. This annual fund provides grants for individual Chilean scientists, research infrastructures, scientific congresses, workshops for science teachers and astronomy outreach programmes for the public. In a ceremony held in Santiago on 19 June 2006, the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) and the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs marked the 10th Anniversary of the Supplementary Agreement, which granted to Chilean astronomers up to 10 percent of the total observing time on ESO telescopes. This agreement also established an annual fund for the development of astronomy, managed by the so-called "ESO-Chile Joint Committee". ESO PR Photo 21/06 ESO PR Photo 21/06 Ten Years ESO-Chile Agreement Ceremony The celebration event was hosted by ESO Director General, Dr. Catherine Cesarsky, and the Director of Special Policy for the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Luis Winter. "ESO's commitment is, and always will be, to promote astronomy and scientific knowledge in the country hosting our observatories", said ESO Director General, Dr. Catherine Cesarsky. "We hope Chile and Europe will continue with great achievements in this fascinating joint adventure, the exploration of the universe." On behalf of the Government of Chile, Ambassador Luis Winter outlined the historical importance of the Supplementary Agreement, ratified by the Chilean Congress in 1996. "Such is the magnitude of ESO-Chile Joint Committee that, only in 2005, this annual fund represented 8 percent of all financing sources for Chilean astronomy, including those from Government and universities", Ambassador Winter said. The ESO Representative and Head of Science in Chile, Dr. Felix Mirabel, and the appointed Chilean astronomer for the ESO-Chile Joint Committee, Dr. Leonardo Bronfman, also took part in the

  10. Territorios emergentes, periferias en cambio. Análisis histórico de procesos de radical transformación urbana en Huechuraba, periferia norte de Santiago de Chile.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mg. Arq. Carmín Angélica Rodríguez Soto

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available En la mayoría de las periferias urbanas de las grandes ciudades es posible observar procesos de cambio radical. Espacios que tradicionalmente se consideraban periféricos, emergen como nuevos hábitat para estratos sociales altos, albergando funciones urbanas de carácter central. A pesar de la globalidad del fenómeno, sus efectos siguen siendo locales, por ello esta investigación aborda un caso de estudio en pleno proceso de mutación: la comuna de Huechuraba, en Santiago de Chile. Para conocer estos cambios, se utilizaron tres herramientas metodológicas: a exploración de la historia urbana de la comuna; b análisis de la interrelación entre hitos históricos y aumento de superfcies; y c análisis territorial de indicadores económicos. Todo ello apoyado por la utilización de un Sistema de Información Geográfca. De la aplicación de las herramientas metodológicas se pudo concluir que Huechuraba se encuentra en un proceso de centralización emergente a raíz del emplazamiento de funciones urbanas y artefactos arquitectónicos nunca antes vistos en el sector, lo que conllevaría procesos de homogenización de usos y tejidos urbanos de la comuna. Estos nuevos tejidos se encuentran en plena expansión, lo que produciría estancamiento de los empobrecidos barrios fundacionales y aumento en la polarización social del área de análisis.

  11. Increased incidence of adult pneumococcal pneumonia during school holiday periods

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rodrigo, Chamira; Bewick, Thomas; Sheppard, Carmen; Greenwood, Sonia; McKeever, Tricia M.; Slack, Mary; Lim, Wei Shen

    2017-01-01

    Child contact is a recognised risk factor for adult pneumococcal disease. Peaks in invasive pneumococcal disease incidence observed during winter holidays may be related to changes in social dynamics. This analysis was conducted to examine adult pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) incidence during school holiday periods. Between September 2008 and 2013, consecutive adults admitted to hospitals covering the Greater Nottingham area with a diagnosis of CAP were studied. Pneumococcal pneumonia was detected using culture and antigen detection methods. Of 2221 adults studied, 575 (25.9%) were admitted during school holidays and 643 (29.0%) had pneumococcal CAP. CAP of pneumococcal aetiology was significantly more likely in adults admitted during school holidays compared to term time (35.3% versus 26.7%; adjusted OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.11–1.72, p=0.004). Over the 5-year period, the age-adjusted incidence of hospitalised pneumococcal CAP was higher during school holidays compared to term time (incident rate ratio 1.35, 95% CI 1.14–1.60, pholidays compared to term time (42.0% versus 33.7%, OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.00–2.03, p=0.046). Further study of transmission dynamics in relation to these findings and to identify appropriate intervention strategies is warranted. PMID:28326311

  12. Seasonal foreign bodies: the dangers of winter holiday ornamentation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Trout, Andrew T; Towbin, Alexander J

    2014-12-01

    Foreign bodies, whether ingested, aspirated or retained in the soft tissues, are a particular hazard to pediatric patients. Ornamentation associated with the winter holidays is an uncommon source of foreign bodies in children, and many of these foreign bodies have a distinct appearance on imaging. Knowledge of these appearances and the unusual features of winter holiday foreign bodies might facilitate their identification.

  13. Bisphosphonate drug holidays in postmenopausal osteoporosis: effect on clinical fracture risk.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mignot, M A; Taisne, N; Legroux, I; Cortet, B; Paccou, J

    2017-12-01

    A cohort of 183 postmenopausal women, who had either discontinued or continued bisphosphonates (BPs) after first-line therapy, was used to investigate the relationships between "drug holiday" and clinical fracture. The risk of new clinical fractures was found to be 40% higher in women who had taken a BP "drug holiday." BPs are the most widely used treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. The optimal treatment duration, however, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis after discontinuing BP treatment (BP "drug holiday"). A retrospective analysis was performed at Lille University Hospital (LUH) on postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who had taken a "drug holiday" or continued treatment after first-line BP therapy (3 to 5 years). The occurrence of new clinical fractures during follow-up was also explored. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the relationships between BP "drug holiday" and the occurrence of clinical fractures, while controlling for confounding factors. Survival without new clinical fractures was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. One hundred eighty-three women (mean age: 61.8 years; SD: 8.7) who had previously undergone BP treatment for 3 to 5 years were enrolled in our study. The patients had received alendronate (n = 81), risedronate (n = 73), zoledronic acid (n = 20), and ibandronate (n = 9). In 166 patients ("drug holiday" group: n = 31; continuous-treatment group: n = 135), follow-up ranged from 6 to 36 months (mean duration: 31.8 months; SD: 8.2). The incidences of new clinical fractures during follow-up were 16.1% (5/31) and 11.9% (16/135). After full adjustment, the hazard ratio of new clinical fractures among "drug holiday" patients was 1.40 (95% CI: 1.12-1.60; p = 0.0095). After first-line BP therapy in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, the risk of new clinical fractures was 40% higher in

  14. Holiday Door Decorating Contest Brings Cheer | Poster

    Science.gov (United States)

    By Carolynne Keenan, Contributing Writer Other than the time of year, what do the following have in common: the leg lamp from the movie “A Christmas Story,” a compilation of silly holiday jokes, a gingerbread house, and Santa on a motorcycle? All four were among the individual door winners for the Holiday Door Decorating Contest, held at NCI at Frederick in December. Employees dressed up their office doors, hallways, and even stairwells to participate. Entries for the contest included individual office doors as well as groups. Some employees even “decked the halls” of whole office buildings to participate.

  15. Observation of a "holiday effect": a case of Chinese New Year in Taipei

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tan, P.-H.; Chou, C.; Chen, P.-Y.; Liang, J.-Y.

    2009-04-01

    Our study was an attempt to conduct a comprehensive and systematical examination of the holiday effect, defined as the difference in air pollutant concentrations between holiday and non-holiday periods. This holiday effect can be applied to other countries with similar national or cultural holidays. Hourly and daily surface measurements of six major air pollutants from thirteen air quality monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration during the Chinese New Year (CNY) and non-Chinese New Year (NCNY) periods were used. We documented evidence of a "holiday effect", where air pollutant concentrations were significantly different between holidays (CNY) and non-holidays (NCNY), in the Taipei metropolitan area over the past thirteen years (1994-2006). The concentrations of NOx, CO, NMHC, SO2 and PM10 were lower in the CNY than in the NCNY period, while the variation of O3 was reversed, which was mainly due to the NO titration effect. Similar differences in these six air pollutants between the CNY and NCNY periods were also found in the diurnal cycle and in the interannual variation. For the diurnal cycle, a common traffic-related double-peak variation was observed in the NCNY period, but not in the CNY period. Impacts of dust storms were also observed, especially on SO2 and PM10 in the CNY period. In the 13-year period of 1994-2006, decreasing trends of NOx and CO in the NCNY period implied a possible reduction of local emissions. Increasing trends of SO2 and PM10 in the CNY period, on the other hand, indicated a possible enhancement of long-range transport. These two mechanisms weakened the holiday effect.

  16. 23RD International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, Volume 3

    Science.gov (United States)

    1998-12-01

    Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile *LPMI, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France "**Comision Chilena de Energia Nuclear, Casilla 188-D, Santiago...IV-94 1-190 Bragin V.E. IV-72 Chapelle J. 11-122 Damelincourt J.J. 111-16 Braginskiv O.V. 111-76 Chapput A. IV-142 111-24 Brasile J.P. 11-42 Charles C

  17. Journal of Genetics | Indian Academy of Sciences

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química. Avda. Universidad #330, Placilla-Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Biología. Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #3363, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Facultad de Química y Biología, Estación Central, Santiago, ...

  18. Development and characterization of ten polymorphic microsatellites ...

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    1Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química. Avda. Universidad #330,. Placilla-Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile. 2Departamento de Biología. Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #3363, Universidad de Santiago de Chile,. Facultad de Química y Biología, Estación Central, Santiago ...

  19. [The Revista Médica the Chile and medical education].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Goic, Alejandro

    2002-07-01

    With this issue, Revista Médica de Chile will have been published uninterruptedly, for 130 years. Formal medical education had an early development since Chile became independent from Spain (1817). The first Medical Sciences Course was organized in 1833 by the Irish physician William C Blest. The Santiago Medical Society was founded in 1869 and its journal-Revista Médica de Chile--in 1872. Its first director was Dr. German Schneider. Revista Medica is the oldest serial publication in South America and the second oldest in the Spanish speaking world. This is a remarkable fact for a comparatively young country. With the creation of the Medical Society and Revista Medica, a process of continuous medical education was started and they became a real Graduate School. The Journal has adopted the main changes in knowledge and technology. Some important milestones of its development, during the second half of the 20th century, were the definition of its objectives and structure, the incorporation of peer review of manuscripts (even with foreign reviewers) the adoption of international guidelines for publication, its incorporation into the main biomedical journal indexes, the modernization of its printing process, the making of a computer generated index of all papers published since 1872, its incorporation into a digital library in INTERNET and the active participation of its editors in the World Association of Medical Journal Editors. The success of the journal is influenced by the independence that the Medical Society has conferred to the editors (all outstanding University Professors), as well as to the characteristics of an educational campus "invisible and without tumult" (Ingelfinger).

  20. Carbonaceous Aerosols in Fine Particulate Matter of Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Toro Araya, Richard; Flocchini, Robert; Morales Segura, Rául G. E.; Leiva Guzmán, Manuel A.

    2014-01-01

    Measurements of carbonaceous aerosols in South American cities are limited, and most existing data are of short term and limited to only a few locations. For 6 years (2002–2007), concentrations of fine particulate matter and organic and elemental carbon were measured continuously in the capital of Chile. The contribution of carbonaceous aerosols to the primary and secondary fractions was estimated at three different sampling sites and in the warm and cool seasons. The results demonstrate that there are significant differences in the levels in both the cold (March to August) and warm (September to February) seasons at all sites studied. The percent contribution of total carbonaceous aerosol fine particulate matter was greater in the cool season (53 ± 41%) than in the warm season (44 ± 18%). On average, the secondary organic carbon in the city corresponded to 29% of the total organic carbon. In cold periods, this proportion may reach an average of 38%. A comparison of the results with the air quality standards for fine particulate matter indicates that the total carbonaceous fraction alone exceeds the World Health Organization standard (10 µg/m3) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard (15 µg/m3) for fine particulate matter. PMID:24587753

  1. Carbonaceous Aerosols in Fine Particulate Matter of Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Richard Toro Araya

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Measurements of carbonaceous aerosols in South American cities are limited, and most existing data are of short term and limited to only a few locations. For 6 years (2002–2007, concentrations of fine particulate matter and organic and elemental carbon were measured continuously in the capital of Chile. The contribution of carbonaceous aerosols to the primary and secondary fractions was estimated at three different sampling sites and in the warm and cool seasons. The results demonstrate that there are significant differences in the levels in both the cold (March to August and warm (September to February seasons at all sites studied. The percent contribution of total carbonaceous aerosol fine particulate matter was greater in the cool season (53 ± 41% than in the warm season (44 ± 18%. On average, the secondary organic carbon in the city corresponded to 29% of the total organic carbon. In cold periods, this proportion may reach an average of 38%. A comparison of the results with the air quality standards for fine particulate matter indicates that the total carbonaceous fraction alone exceeds the World Health Organization standard (10 µg/m3 and the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard (15 µg/m3 for fine particulate matter.

  2. Carbonaceous aerosols in fine particulate matter of Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Toro Araya, Richard; Flocchini, Robert; Morales Segura, Rául G E; Leiva Guzmán, Manuel A

    2014-01-01

    Measurements of carbonaceous aerosols in South American cities are limited, and most existing data are of short term and limited to only a few locations. For 6 years (2002-2007), concentrations of fine particulate matter and organic and elemental carbon were measured continuously in the capital of Chile. The contribution of carbonaceous aerosols to the primary and secondary fractions was estimated at three different sampling sites and in the warm and cool seasons. The results demonstrate that there are significant differences in the levels in both the cold (March to August) and warm (September to February) seasons at all sites studied. The percent contribution of total carbonaceous aerosol fine particulate matter was greater in the cool season (53 ± 41%) than in the warm season (44 ± 18%). On average, the secondary organic carbon in the city corresponded to 29% of the total organic carbon. In cold periods, this proportion may reach an average of 38%. A comparison of the results with the air quality standards for fine particulate matter indicates that the total carbonaceous fraction alone exceeds the World Health Organization standard (10 µg/m(3)) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard (15 µg/m(3)) for fine particulate matter.

  3. Holiday heart syndrome: a case report | Garba | Nigerian Journal of ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Alcohol is known to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system. An association has been found between alcohol use and rhythm disturbances, especially binge drinking that may occur on holidays and weekends. Not much literature can be found on the prevalence of Holiday Heart Syndrome ...

  4. Outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1), Los Lagos, Chile, April-June 2009.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pedroni, E; Garcia, M; Espinola, V; Guerrero, A; Gonzalez, C; Olea, A; Calvo, M; Martorell, B; Winkler, M; Carrasco, Mv; Vergara, Ja; Ulloa, J; Carrazana, Am; Mujica, O; Villarroel, Je; Labrana, M; Vargas, M; Gonzalez, P; Caceres, L; Zamorano, Cg; Momberg, R; Munoz, G; Rocco, J; Bosque, V; Gallardo, A; Elgueta, J; Vega, J

    2010-01-07

    On 17 May 2009, the first two cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) were confirmed in the Metropolitan region (Santiago, Chile). On 6 June 2009, Chile reported 500 confirmed cases, seven severe and two fatal. Because six of the severe cases and the two deaths occurred in the region of Los Lagos in southern Chile, a retrospective study was conducted using data on emergency room visits as well as laboratory viral surveillance, during the period from 1 April to 31 May, in order to establish the date of the beginning of the outbreak. From 1 to 27 June, data were collected in real time, to establish the real magnitude of the outbreak, describe its transmission, clinical severity and secondary attack rates. Confirmed cases, their household contacts and healthcare workers were interviewed. This analysis showed that the outbreak in Los Lagos started on 28 April. By 27 June, a total of 14.559 clinical cases were identified, affecting mostly 5-19 year-olds. The effective reproduction number during the initial phase (20 days) was 1.8 (1.6-2.0). Of the 190 confirmed cases with severe acute respiratory infection, 71 (37.4%) presented a risk condition or underlying illness.

  5. Evolution of air quality in Santiago: The role of mobility and lessons from the science-policy interface

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Laura Gallardo

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available Worldwide, urbanization constitutes a major and growing driver of global change and a distinctive feature of the Anthropocene. Thus, urban development paths present opportunities for technological and societal transformations towards energy efficiency and decarbonization, with benefits for both greenhouse gas (GHG and air pollution mitigation. This requires a better understanding of the intertwined dynamics of urban energy and land use, emissions, demographics, governance, and societal and biophysical processes. In this study, we address several characteristics of urbanization in Santiago (33.5°S, 70.5°W, 500 m a.s.l., the capital city of Chile. Specifically, we focus on the multiple links between mobility and air quality, describe the evolution of these two aspects over the past 30 years, and review the role scientific knowledge has played in policy-making. We show evidence of how technological measures (e.g., fuel quality, three-way catalytic converters, diesel particle filters have been successful in decreasing coarse mode aerosol (PM10 concentrations in Santiago despite increasing urbanization (e.g., population, motorization, urban sprawl. However, we also show that such measures will likely be insufficient if behavioral changes do not achieve an increase in the use of public transportation. Our investigation seeks to inform urban development in the Anthropocene, and our results may be useful for other developing countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean where more than 80% of the population is urban.

  6. During the holidays, it was business as usual.

    CERN Multimedia

    2006-01-01

    On the eve of this long weekend for jeûne genevois, many of you are already back from your holidays. The Staff Association hopes you are in fine form for your return to work, which, no doubt, will not be easy. During the holidays, the Staff Association representatives, for their part, carried on with the work they had begun. We would like to inform you about this work by simply running through the list of subjects tackled. This information supplements the three previous editorials.

  7. Rutas literarias en el Camino de Santiago

    OpenAIRE

    Octavio Uña Juarez

    2013-01-01

    Desde los marcos teóricos de la sociología de la literatura y desde la consideración del lenguaje poético se presenta el Camino de Santiago como una gran realización humana y como una construcción simbólica de la sociedad española y europea desde las profundidades de la Edad Media hasta la tardomodernidad. La vía de Santiago ha sido una metáfora viva del encuentro, un signo vertebrador de la conciencia europea. Unas puntuales consideraciones revisan posiciones de filósofos, teólogos, semiólog...

  8. Patrón de actividad y abundancia de aves en un relleno sanitario de Chile central Abundance and activity-pattern of birds at a landfill in central Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    GABRIEL LOBOS

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available Los rellenos sanitarios constituyen un foco de atracción para la avifauna, aunque las implicancias de esta relación no han sido exploradas en el país. Nosotros monitoreamos la actividad de aves en un relleno sanitario ubicado en las proximidades de la ciudad de Santiago, capital administrativa de Chile. Las principales aves en el área fueron la gaviota dominicana (Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, el tiuque (Milvago chimango Vieillot, la garza boyera {Buculbus ibis Linnaeus y el águila (Geranoaetus melanoleucus Swann. La gaviota dominicana alcanzó los valores de abundancia más altos (entre 358 y 1950 individuos por día y destacó por su comportamiento bimodal, directamente relacionado con los niveles de operación en el relleno sanitario. En el caso del águila se registró una conducta carroñera cleptoparásita sobre los tiuques, estos últimos seleccionan desechos orgánicos (pescados, tripas, carne, que les son usurpados por ellas. Finalmente señalamos medidas simples de manejo que deberían disminuir los números de aves en este tipo de actividad industrial.Landfills are considered an attractive habitat for several bird species; however, implications of this condition have not yet been explored in the country. We monitored birds' activity patterns that use a landfill located in the vicinity of Santiago, Chile's capital. Main birds recorded in the area were, Kelp gull (Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, Chimango caracara (Milvago chimango Vieillot, Cattle egret (Buculbus ibis Linnaeus and Black Chested Eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus Swann. Kelp Gull was the most abundant species, (with values between 358 to 1950 individuals per day and that also displayed a bimodal behavior linked directly to the landfill operation levels. In the case of Black Chested Eagle, we observed a kleptoparasitic behavior over Chimango Caracara which selected organic offal (fishes, innards, meat for its feeding and that are stolen by the eagle. Finally we

  9. 76 FR 77119 - Special Local Regulations; Pompano Beach Holiday Boat Parade, Intracoastal Waterway, Pompano...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-12-12

    ...-AA08 Special Local Regulations; Pompano Beach Holiday Boat Parade, Intracoastal Waterway, Pompano Beach... Pompano Beach Holiday Boat Parade on Sunday, December 11, 2011. The marine parade will consist of... Friday, except Federal holidays. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If you have questions on this temporary...

  10. Bisphosphonate Drug Holiday and Fracture Risk: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Adams, Annette L; Adams, John L; Raebel, Marsha A; Tang, Beth T; Kuntz, Jennifer L; Vijayadeva, Vinutha; McGlynn, Elizabeth A; Gozansky, Wendolyn S

    2018-03-12

    Holidays from bisphosphonates (BPs) may help to prevent rare adverse events like atypical femoral fractures, but may be appropriate only if risk of osteoporosis-related fractures does not increase. Our objective was to compare the incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures among women who had a bisphosphonate (BP) holiday to those who continued use BPs. This retrospective cohort study, conducted within 4 Kaiser Permanente integrated health system regions, included 39,502 women aged ≥45 years with ≥3 years exposure to BP. Participants with a BP holiday (≥12 months with no use) were compared to persistent (use with ≥50% adherence) and non-persistent (use with holiday (n = 11,497), non-persistent user (n = 10,882), and persistent user groups (n = 17,123) were observed for 156,657 person-years. A total of 5,199 osteoporosis-related fractures (including 1,515 hip fractures and 2,147 vertebral fractures) were observed. Compared to the persistent use group, there was a slight difference in overall osteoporosis-related fracture risk (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84-0.99)and no difference in hip fracture risk (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83-1.10) for the BP holiday group. A slight reduction in risk of vertebral fracture was observed (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.95). Compared to the non-persistent user group, the BP holiday group was at decreased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.65-0.79), vertebral fractures (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.59-0.78), and hip fractures (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.50-0.70). Women who undertake a BP holiday from BP of ≥12 months duration for any reason after ≥3 years of BP use do not appear to be at greater risk of osteoporosis-related fragility fracture, hip, or vertebral fractures compared to ongoing BP users. In our cohort, BP holiday remains a viable strategy for balancing the benefits and potential harms associated with long-term BP use. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright

  11. The effect of the Thanksgiving Holiday on weight gain

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dinger Mary K

    2006-11-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background More people than ever are considered obese and the resulting health problems are evident. These facts highlight the need for identification of critical time periods for weight gain. Therefore the purpose was to assess potential changes that occur in body weight during the Thanksgiving holiday break in college students. Methods 94 college students (23.0 ± 4.6 yrs, 72.1 ± 14.0 kg, 172.6 ± 9.3 cm, 24.0 ± 3.9 kg/m2 reported to the human body composition laboratory at the University of Oklahoma following a 6-hour fast with testing occurring prior to, and immediately following the Thanksgiving holiday break (13 ± 3 days. Body weight (BW was assessed using a balance beam scale while participants were dressed in minimal clothing. Paired t-tests were used to assess changes in BW pre and post Thanksgiving holiday with additional analysis by gender, body mass index (BMI, and class standing (i.e. undergraduate vs. graduate. Results Overall, a significant (P P P 2 group compared to a non significant 0.2 kg gain in the normal group (2. Conclusion These data indicate that participants in our study gained a significant amount of BW (0.5 kg during the Thanksgiving holiday. While an increase in BW of half a kilogram may not be cause for alarm, the increase could have potential long-term health consequences if participants retained this weight gain throughout the college year. Additionally, because the overweight/obese participants gained the greatest amount of BW, this group may be at increased risk for weight gain and further obesity development during the holiday season.

  12. Symptoms of another life: time, possibility, and domestic relations in Chile's credit economy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Han, Clara

    2011-01-01

    In this article, I explore the synergy and disjunctures of the consumer credit system and care for the mentally ill and addicted in the lifeworlds of the urban poor in Santiago, Chile. In Chile, the expansion of the credit system has had a double-edged effect on the poor. Although it produces perpetual indebtedness, it also is a resource amid unstable labor. Following an extended family over several years, this article examines how women take up credit through a wider field of domestic relations and institutions to care for kin with mental illness and addiction within the home. Such gestures of care enact a temporality of waiting, allowing different, but unpredictable, aspects of others to emerge. Through longitudinal ethnographic research with this family, I demonstrate both how possibility is actualized within the home as symptoms of illness and forms of domestic violence, and how a wider network of dependencies—from neighbors to lending institutions—shapes the temporality of relations within the home. Such a study of care in relation to the credit economy may offer other analytic perspectives on discourses of individualism, consumerism, and cost-effectiveness accompanying the expansion of consumer credit as they are absorbed into the everyday.

  13. The Impact of Climate on Holiday Destination Choice

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bigano, A. [Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan (Italy); Hamilton, J.M. [Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University and Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Hamburg (Germany); Tol, R.S.J. [Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (Netherlands)

    2006-06-15

    The holiday destination choice is analysed for tourists from 45 countries, representing all continents and all climates. Tourists are deterred by distance, political instability and poverty, and attracted to coasts. Tourists prefer countries with a sunny yet mild climate, shun climates that are too hot or too cold. A country's tourists' aversion for poverty and distance can be predicted by that country's average per capita income. The preferred holiday climate is the same for all tourists, independent of the home climate. However, tourists from hotter climates have more pronounced preferences.

  14. Regulaciones públicas y explotación de renta de suelo: el boom inmobiliario de Ñuñoa, Santiago, 2000-2010

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ernesto López-Morales

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Esta investigación presenta un análisis de la renovación urbana del área de Irarrázaval poniente, comuna de Ñuñoa, Santiago, que durante la década pasada experimentó una intensificación de producción privada residencial en altura orientada a segmentos medio-altos. Los resultados muestran el activo rol que juegan, a nivel local, las regulaciones estatales neoliberales en Chile para fijar el más intenso uso del suelo a explotarse exclusivamente por empresas inmobiliarias. Se muestra además el diferencial creciente de rentas de suelo capturadas entre empresas y residentes propietarios tradicionales, lo que implica gentrificación para un segmento minoritario de éstos.

  15. 15 CFR 908.15 - Times for taking action; expiration on Saturday, Sunday, or holiday.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. 908.15 Section 908.15 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to... § 908.15 Times for taking action; expiration on Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. Whenever periods of time... under these rules for taking any action falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or on a Federal holiday, the action...

  16. Entre el Estado y el mercado: resonancias geográficas y sustentabilidad social en Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Sabatini

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available Los autores argumentan que los resultados de las políticas urbanas pro-mercado aplicadas en Santiago después de 1973 han estado fuertemente condicionados por la "resonancia geográfica", o impronta espacial, del intervencionismo estatal previo, así como por los "espacios de borde" que el desarrollo urbano está produciendo entre las áreas pobres de la ciudad y los barrios modernos y zonas comerciales que están expandiéndose hoy. Las políticas urbanas no tienen impactos simples o directos en la ciudad, como parece implícito en el enfoque en boga sobre los "impactos territoriales" de la reestructuración capitalista y la globalización, o en la metodología de evaluación de proyectos o políticas que forma parte de las formas privadas y públicas de gestión urbana. Las resonancias geográficas y los espacios de borde pueden, incluso, impulsar resultados paradójicos, algunos de los cuales se analizan en el artículo. La atención que se dé a estas complejidades espaciales puede facilitar una mejor evaluación de las iniciativas de gestión urbana, así como de las peculiaridades de cada ciudadThe authors argue that the results of the post-1973 market-oriented urban policies in Santiago have been strongly conditioned by the "geographical resonance," or spatial imprint, of the earlier state interventionism, as well as by the "border spaces" product of urban development between the city’s poor areas and today’s expanding modern neighborhoods and commercial areas. Urban policies have no simple or direct impact on the city as implied nowadays by the popular approach of "territorial impacts" of capitalist restructuring and globalization, or in the project or policy assessment methodology, that is part of the private and public forms of urban management. Geographical resonances and border spaces could even further paradoxical results, some of which are discussed in the article. The attention paid to these spatial complexities could provide

  17. Where Are Socioeconomically Deprived Immigrants Located in Chile? A Spatial Analysis of Census Data Using an Index of Multiple Deprivation from the Last Three Decades (1992-2012)

    Science.gov (United States)

    2016-01-01

    Introduction and Purpose of the Study Immigrants in Chile have diverse characteristics and include socioeconomically deprived populations. The location of socioeconomically deprived immigrants is important for the development of public policy intelligence at the local and national levels but their areas of residence have not been mapped in Chile. This study explored the spatial distribution of socioeconomic deprivation among immigrants in Chile, 1992–2012, and compared it to the total population. Material and Methods Areas with socioeconomically deprived populations were identified with a deprivation index which we developed modelled upon the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) for England. Our IMD was based upon the indicators of unemployment, low educational level (primary) and disability from Census data at county level for the three decades 1992, 2002 and 2012, for 332, 339 and 343 counties respectively. We developed two versions of the IMD one based on disadvantage among the total population and another focused upon the circumstances of immigrants only. We generated a spatial representation of the IMD using GIS, for the overall IMD score and for each dimension of the index, separately. We also compared the immigrants´ IMD to the total population´s IMD using Pearson´s correlation test. Results Results showed that socioeconomically deprived immigrants tended to be concentrated in counties in the northern and central area of Chile, in particular within the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. These were the same counties where there was the greatest concentration of socioeconomic deprivation for the total population during the same time periods. Since 1992 there have been significant change in the location of the socioeconomically deprived populations within the Metropolitan Region of Santiago with the highest IMD scores for both the total population and immigrants becoming increasingly concentrated in the central and eastern counties of the Region. Conclusion

  18. Observed Holiday Aerosol Reduction and Temperature Cooling over East Asia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gong, Daoyi; Wang, Wenshan; Qian, Yun; Bai, Wenbing; Guo, Yuanxi; Mao, Rui

    2014-06-16

    The Spring Festival air pollution in China was investigated using the long-term observations from 2001-2012 over 323 stations. During the Spring Festival with nearly half of urban population leaving the cities for holidays, the particulate matter (PM10) concentration is about 24.5μgm-3 (23%) lower than normal days. Associated with the national-wide burning of firework, the PM10 concentration sharply increases to 123.8μgm-3 at Chinese New Year Day (increment of 35%). Similar to PM10, the SO2 and NO2 decrease from high values in normal days to a holiday minimum with reduction of 23.3% and 30.6%, respectively. The NO2 has no peak in New Year Day because of the different emission source. The night mean and minimum temperature co-vary with PM10. Both nighttime mean and minimum temperature decrease by about 2.1°C during the holidays. And in association with the pollution jump at New Year Day the night temperature simultaneously increase by about 0.89°C. The in-phase co-variations between PM10 and night temperature suggest an overall warming effect of holiday aerosol during winter in China.

  19. ENRIQUE LIHN: SANTIAGO, PARÍS, MANHATTAN

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adriana Valdés

    2008-04-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo, se estudia el trauma y el viaje en la poesía de Enrique Lihn, analizando las relaciones entre lo traumático, la escritura y la experiencia cultural que el poeta trabajó, con una perspectiva crítica, en tres lugares clave: Santiago, París y Manhattan. En todos ellos, un extranjero que solo se asienta en el acto de escribir: "días de mi escritura/ solar del extranjero". Extranjero respecto de su ciudad de origen, tanto la primera dimensión traumática de los años de formación, como en su escritura posterior en Santiago durante la dictadura militar. Extranjero en París, ciudad que no reconoce el deseo ferviente de quienes, en otras latitudes, han venerado su cultura. Y extranjero en la Babel moderna, en Manhattan, lugar en que el poeta trabaja el frenético anonimato de una civilización basada en las imágenes efímeras y en el espectáculo.This text studies trauma and travel in Enrique Lihn's poetry, analyzing relationships between trauma, writing and the cultural experience the poet worked on, from a critical perspective, in three key places: Santiago, Paris and Manhattan. In all three, a foreigner, a stranger, whose homeland is not to be found in aplace, but only in the act of writing itself ("días de mi escritura/ solar del extranjero". A stranger in his city of origin, both in the earlier traumatic dimension of his formative years, and in the later writing in Santiago during the military dictatorship. A stranger in Paris, a city that does not recognize the fervent desire of those raised elsewhere, in the veneration of its culture. And a stranger in modern Babel, Manhattan, aplace in which the poet perceives the frantic anonimity of a civilization based on ephemeral images and spectacle.

  20. Electricity consumption in holiday cottages. Projections and scenarios; Elforbrug i sommerhuse. Fremskrivning og scenarier

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andersen, Frits M.; Christensen, Morten; Jensen, Ole Michael; Kofoed, N.U.; Morthorst, P.E.

    2006-07-01

    Relative to the amount of electricity consumed by households, the consumption in holiday cottages is minor. In Denmark however, the past development in electricity consumption in holiday cottages differs significantly from the general trend in household electricity consumption. While the electricity consumption per household has been almost constant since the 1990s, the consumption per holiday cottage has increased 40 %. In addition, many new holiday cottages have been built and since 1990 the total electricity consumption has increased by 55 %. To find the reason for the increasing electricity consumption and to estimate the future demand of electricity for holiday cottages, a multidisciplinary study combining top-down and bottom-up estimations was carried out. In the top-town estimation, econometrics on aggregated data and general past trends analyses were combined. Dealing with statistics of time-series for the total electricity consumption in a number of holiday cottages, it was possible to interpret the past trends and to extrapolate the actual consumption for the year 2005 to the annual consumption in 2015. (BA)

  1. How Do We Resolve Holiday Problems?

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2011-01-01

    Chinese Ministry of Railways statistics show that from September 28 to October 7,the National Day Holiday period,China’s railway networks were used for 67 million trips,an all-time high.On October 1 alone,8.9 million trips

  2. 76 FR 80326 - 2012 Rate Changes for the Basetime, Overtime, Holiday, and Laboratory Services Rates

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-12-23

    ..., Holiday, and Laboratory Services Rates AGENCY: Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA. ACTION: Notice... voluntary, overtime, and holiday inspection and identification, certification, and laboratory services. The 2012 basetime, overtime, holiday, and laboratory services rates will be applied on the first FSIS pay...

  3. Holiday Destination Choice Behavior Analysis Based on AFC Data of Urban Rail Transit

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Chang-jun Cai

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available For urban rail transit, the spatial distribution of passenger flow in holiday usually differs from weekdays. Holiday destination choice behavior analysis is the key to analyze passengers’ destination choice preference and then obtain the OD (origin-destination distribution of passenger flow. This paper aims to propose a holiday destination choice model based on AFC (automatic fare collection data of urban rail transit system, which is highly expected to provide theoretic support to holiday travel demand analysis for urban rail transit. First, based on Guangzhou Metro AFC data collected on New Year’s day, the characteristics of holiday destination choice behavior for urban rail transit passengers is analyzed. Second, holiday destination choice models based on MNL (Multinomial Logit structure are established for each New Year’s days respectively, which takes into account some novel explanatory variables (such as attractiveness of destination. Then, the proposed models are calibrated with AFC data from Guangzhou Metro using WESML (weighted exogenous sample maximum likelihood estimation and compared with the base models in which attractiveness of destination is not considered. The results show that the ρ2 values are improved by 0.060, 0.045, and 0.040 for January 1, January 2, and January 3, respectively, with the consideration of destination attractiveness.

  4. Position Statement: Drug Holiday in Osteoporosis Treatment with Bisphosphonates in South Korea

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lee, Seung Hun; Gong, Hyun Sik; Kim, Tae-Hee; Park, Si Young; Shin, Jung-Ho; Cho, Sun Wook

    2015-01-01

    Bisphosphonates have been widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis with robust data from many placebo-controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy in fracture risk reduction over 3 to 5 years of treatment. Although bisphosphonates are generally safe and well tolerated, concerns have emerged about the adverse effects related to its long-term use, including osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femur fractures. Because bisphosphonates are incorporated into the skeleton and continue to exert an anti-resorptive effect for a period of time after the discontinuation of drugs, the concept of a "drug holiday" has emerged, whereby the risk of adverse effects might be decreased while the patient still benefits from anti-fracture efficacy. As randomized clinical trial evidence is not yet available on who may qualify for a drug holiday, there is considerable controversy regarding the selection of candidates for the drug holiday and monitoring during a drug holiday, both of which should be based on individual assessments of risk and benefit. This statement will provide suggestions for clinicians in South Korea on the identification of possible candidates and monitoring during a bisphosphonate drug holiday. PMID:26713307

  5. Movilidad femenina: los reveses de la utopía socio-espacial en las poblaciones de Santiago de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cristhian Figueroa

    2015-10-01

    Full Text Available Daily displacement is one of the main activities of women in the poor neighborhoods of Latin American cities. Their female status makes heavy demands of them in connection with household support,, accompaniment, maintenance of family relationships and neighborhood social networks, etc. They are consequently obliged to make countless trips both inside and outside their neighborhoods. Through an analysis of the daily travel routines of women in Santa Julia, a poor neighborhood in Santiago, this article shows how the urban design of the political project of “popular promotion” has turned out to be a double-edged weapon. These women’s habitual pathways are being threatened by public space today, a situation which reignites the old debate on whether urban design by itself can transform society.

  6. The effect of weekend and holiday sleep compensation on childhood overweight and obesity.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wing, Yun Kwok; Li, Shirley Xin; Li, Albert Martin; Zhang, Jihui; Kong, Alice Pik Shan

    2009-11-01

    A growing trend in childhood sleep habits is to compensate for the weekday sleep deficit by longer weekend and holiday sleep duration. We aimed to investigate the effect of weekend/holiday sleep compensation in relation to childhood overweight and obesity. This is a community-based cross-sectional study with 5159 children (49.6% boys), mean age of 9.25 years (SD: 1.78), from 13 primary schools in Hong Kong. Data on sleep patterns, lifestyle, body weight, and height of children were obtained from questionnaires. Sleep durations during weekdays, weekends, and holidays were predictor variables. BMI z scores and obesity/overweight status were the outcome measures. Children slept significantly longer during holidays (mean [SD]: 10.20 (0.92) hours) and weekends (school terms) (10.07 [0.93] hours) than during school weekdays (9.18 [0.95] hours). Children with shorter sleep duration had higher BMI z scores regardless of the sleep parameters used in the analysis. Among children who slept holidays had significantly increased risk of overweight/obesity compared with those children with sleep compensation (odds ratios: 2.59 [95% confidence interval: 1.22-5.48] and 2.32 [95% confidence interval: 1.00-5.53], respectively). There was a prominent difference in sleep duration between weekdays and weekends/holidays among school children. Short sleep duration was associated with higher BMI, but compensation of sleep during weekends/holidays may partly ameliorate the risk of childhood overweight/obesity. Further prospective and interventional study is needed to delineate the risk-benefit effect of these increasingly common sleep habits among children and adolescents.

  7. CHILD MIGRATION: the rights to family reunification of peruvian children in Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Iskra Pavez Soto

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available This article aims to analyze the ways migrant Peruvian children in Santiago, Chile experience family reunification. The article considers the various ways in which the multi-national socio-juridical structure influences and, somehow, determines child participation in this process, given children as subjects of rights and social actors. In addition, this paper aims to contribute to the debate that currently exists around the development of a new “immigration policy” in Chile. Recently, the government of President Sebastian Piñera (2010-2014 presented a Preliminary Draft of an Immigration and Nationality Law to the Congress for discussion and modification. Several international legal instruments ratified by the Chilean state promote and guarantee the basic right of children to live with their families. Such is the case of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, due to the complexity of migration processes, sometimes this law is seriously violated due to migratory policies (either by restriction or omission, job insecurity conditions and housing of migrant families, and the decisions that the adults of the family groups that are generally made without the opinion of children. Migrant families inevitably undergo fragmentation, which affects relationships and generational ties. Often children do not have control of the events and decisions that will substantially change their lives.  keywords: child migration, peru, chile, protective laws. --- Migração Infantil: o direito de crianças peruanas no Chile à reunificação familiar  O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as formas como as crianças peruanas migrantes em Santiago, Chile, experienciam a reunificação familiar. O artigo considera as diversas maneiras pelas quais as estruturas multi-nacionais e sócio-jurídicas influenciam e, de

  8. The effect of holiday weight gain on body weight.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schoeller, Dale A

    2014-07-01

    The topic of holiday weight gain has been a frequent subject of the lay media; however, scientific interest has only been recent. Multiple studies in Western societies have reported average weight gains among adults during the period between mid-November and mid-January that were about 0.5 kg. The range in individual weight changes was large, however, and the already overweight and obese gain more weight than those who are healthy weight. When the average gain across the year was also measured, the holiday weight was the major contributor to annual excess weight gain. Efforts patterned to increase awareness to energy balance and body weight have been shown to be successful at reducing such gain. An exception to holiday weight gain being a major contributor to annual excess gain has been children, in whom summer weight gains have been observed to be the major contributor to average excess weight gain. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  9. La Nana o Chile, país « al borde » de la reconciliación

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aude Argouse

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available El filme chileno de Sebastián Silva, La Nana (Sebastián Silva, Chili, 2009, 95 min., es una alegoría viva y pertinente del Chile contemporáneo y de su capital, Santiago, luego de veinte años de Concertación política. La película comienza con un registro que es rápidamente abandonado : el de las barreras sociales y de su devenir en la relación urbana patrón/empleado doméstico. En efecto, cuando los empleados domésticos viven con la familia que los emplea, la territorialidad de los espacios s...

  10. Pilgrimage, Past and Present. Norwegian Perspectives with emphasis on Santiago de Compostela

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roger Jensen

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available In this article, we discuss the phenomenon of pilgrimage from a Norwegian perspective, exemplified by the past and present role and significance of Santiago de Compostela as a holy site and destination for pilgrims. By taking a historical view, the transformation of meaning and role is stressed. In the Middle Ages, Santiago was an important pilgrimage destination for people living in Northern Europe. Following the subsequent Protestant Reformation and the era of confessionalization, Santiago came to exemplify all the problems and challenges related to pilgrimage and the name of the city became a derogatory word. From this background, the present-day rediscovery of pilgrimage in Norway and the role of the city of Santiago, as the foremost example of the renaissance of the pilgrimage phenomena in present day postmodern times, are discussed. It is argued that the “rehabilitation” of Santiago and the new interest in pilgrimage in Norway were made possible due to the redefinition of pilgrimage that has taken place on what can be characterized as an ideological level. It is a redefinition that reflects the postmodern renaissance of pilgrimage and which is documented in recent social scientific empirical studies on the Camino.

  11. Holiday Plants with Toxic Misconceptions

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zabrina N. Evens

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Several plants are used for their decorative effect during winter holidays. This review explores the toxic reputation and proposed management for exposures to several of those, namely poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima, English holly (Ilex aquifolium, American holly (Ilex opaca,bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara, Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum, Americanmistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum, and European mistletoe (Viscum album.

  12. 29 CFR 778.205 - Premiums for weekend and holiday work-example.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Premiums for weekend and holiday work-example. 778.205....205 Premiums for weekend and holiday work—example. The application of section 7(e)(6) may be illustrated by the following example: Suppose an agreement of employment calls for the payment of $7.50 an...

  13. Effect of the Holiday Season on Weight Gain: A Narrative Review.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Díaz-Zavala, Rolando G; Castro-Cantú, María F; Valencia, Mauro E; Álvarez-Hernández, Gerardo; Haby, Michelle M; Esparza-Romero, Julián

    2017-01-01

    Several studies suggest that the holiday season, starting from the last week of November to the first or second week of January, could be critical to gaining weight. This study aims to review the literature to determine the effects of the holidays on body weight. In studies of adults, a significant weight gain was consistently observed during this period (0.4 to 0.9 kg, p 0.05) during this period. Among individuals with obesity who attempt to lose weight, an increase in weight was observed (0.3 to 0.9 kg, significant in some but not in all studies), as well as increase in weight in motivated self-monitoring people (0.4 to 0.6%, p holidays (phone calls and daily mailing) appeared to prevent weight gain, but information is limited. The holiday season seems to increase body weight in adults, even in participants seeking to lose weight and in motivated self-monitoring people, whereas in children, adolescents, and college students, very few studies were found to make accurate conclusions.

  14. Antecedentes geobotánicos de una cuenca andina de Chile Central

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Quintanilla Pérez, V.

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Like any other mountain ecosystem; the Andes Mountains show an outstanding phytoecological specificity. This is because of the influence of ecological conditions; as well as the presence of special vegetation groups. These groups of plants show a well defined structure and functionality; arising from the adaptation of biological behavior to the regional altitude. Nevertheless; despite the rigourous climatic conditions; plants do have access to water supplies. A latitudinal vegetation distribution is proposed; based on three vegetation belts: montane; subandine and andine. A remarkable similarity can be noticed between the montane plant communities and those corresponding to the central lower valleys. In addition; the influence of geomorphological processes on plant life and its distribution is presented. Finally; a case study in the highlands of the Andes; Santiago de Chile; is discussed.

    [fr] Comme tous les systèmes de montagne du monde; les Andes du Chili Central présentent une identité phytoécologique; qui se manifeste par l'action des conditions écologiques très particulières et par la présence de groupements végétaux qui montrent une individualité par rapport à ces caractères structurels et fonctionels; résultant de l'adaptation des plantes aux effets de l'altitude; avec des conditions climatiques difficiles; mais pourtant avec la possibilité de profiter des reserves du sol en eau. Dans ces montagnes on a établi une zonation en altitude; et on peut distinguer trois étages: montagnard; subandin et andin. Les seuils altimétriques des étages changent selon les versants; mais tous présentent une certaine richesse d'espèces endémiques. Cependant on remarque les ressemblances floristiques de l'étage montagnard avec les vallées centrales du pays. On présente aussi un aperçu des effets de la dynamique agressive des processus géomorphologiques de montagne sur la vie des plantes; avec une étude de cas dans les

  15. Purim: Transformation of the role of the holiday in the life of Belgrade Jewish community

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Blagojević Gordana

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available The focus of this research is on the function of the holiday Purim in the life of Belgrade Jewish community. In diachronic perspective we are looking at general and local characteristics of the holiday, and different levels of its celebration (private, public sphere. In the studied community this holiday has undergone a transformation from a religious to a secular feast followed by revitalization of its religious context. This paper analyzes the mechanisms of various levels of recovery and conceptualization of this holiday, on the institutionalized level and in the form of spontaneous personal initiatives. We are looking at different functions of this holiday in broad social context and their diachronic changes. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177027: Multietnicitet, multukulturalizam, migracije savremeni procesi

  16. Safeguarding musical heritage. Memories of the rescue of the Hymn of Santiago de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daylenis Blanco-Lobaina

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available The musicality that highlights Santiago de Cuba as one of its fundamental attractions motivated one of the lines of work of the Escalinata project, focused on communication and promotion of Santiago's heritage. The city treasures several hymns composed in different periods and historical contexts, among them some dedicated to the Virgin of the Charity of the Copper and Santiago Apostle, patron of the city. However, dedicated to the city, Santiago's musical history has revealed the existence of a single anthem, which is why a process of restoration and digitization of its scores began in function of the rescue of this musical composition of the early nineteenth century. This work reveals the process of safeguarding and enhancing the value of this piece of music, considered to be the city's cultural heritage, just 88 years after it was premiered in the Municipal Government of Santiago de Cuba.

  17. Emergency medical admissions, deaths at weekends and the public holiday effect. Cohort study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Smith, Stacy; Allan, Ananda; Greenlaw, Nicola; Finlay, Sian; Isles, Chris

    2014-01-01

    To assess whether mortality of patients admitted on weekends and public holidays was higher in a district general hospital whose consultants are present more than 6 h per day on the acute medical unit with no other fixed clinical commitments. Cohort study. Secondary care. All emergency medical admissions to Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2010. We examined 7 and 30 day mortality for all weekend and for all public holiday admissions, using all weekday and non-public holiday admissions, respectively, as comparators. We adjusted mortality for age, gender, comorbidity, deprivation, diagnosis and year of admission. 771 (3.8%) of 20 072 emergency admissions died within 7 days of admission and 1780 (8.9%) within 30 days. Adjusted weekend mortality in the all weekend versus all other days analysis was not significantly higher at 7 days (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.31; p=0.312) or at 30 days (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.21; p=0.322). By contrast, adjusted public holiday mortality in the all public holidays versus all other days analysis was 48% higher at 7 days (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.95; p=0.006) and 27% higher at 30 days (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57; p=0.031). Interactions between the weekend variable and the public holiday variable were not statistically significant for mortality at either 7 or 30 days. Patients admitted as emergencies to medicine on public holidays had significantly higher mortality at 7 and 30 days compared with patients admitted on other days of the week.

  18. Mario Matus González (2012), Crecimiento sin desarrollo. Precios y salarios reales durante el Ciclo Salitrero en Chile, 1880-1930, Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, 342 pp [Ressenya de llibre

    OpenAIRE

    Yáñez, César

    2013-01-01

    El libro de Mario Matus González, Crecimiento sin desarrollo. Precios y salarios reales durante el Ciclo Salitrero en Chile, 1880-1930, marcará un hito en la historiografía chilena. Un antes y un después que tiene al menos dos pilares. Por una parte, se trata de un sólido análisis de la economía chilena en la época de la « primera globalización », que en el caso de Chile se caracterizó por un largo período de crecimiento apoyado en las exportaciones de salitre que se extraían de las provincia...

  19. Gravity derived depth to basement in Santiago Basin, Chile: implications for its geological evolution, hydrogeology, low enthalpy geothermal, soil characterization and geo-hazards

    OpenAIRE

    Yáñez, Gonzalo; Muñoz, Mauricio; Flores-Aqueveque, Valentina; Bosch, Andrés

    2015-01-01

    A recording of 1,115 gravimetric stations, the review of 368 wells, and the petrophysics measurements of 106 samples from representative outcrops have been used for a comprehensive geological/geophysical study of Santiago Basin. 2.5D and 3D gravimetric modeling, constrained by regional geology, soil and bedrock densities, edge-basin outcrops, depth (minimum) to basement from wells, and detailed modeling of heterogeneous bedrock and midcrustal blocks, provided a well-constrained depth to basem...

  20. 37 CFR 2.196 - Times for taking action: Expiration on Saturday, Sunday or Federal holiday.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ...: Expiration on Saturday, Sunday or Federal holiday. 2.196 Section 2.196 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights... Saturday, Sunday or Federal holiday. Whenever periods of time are specified in this part in days, calendar... taking any action or paying any fee in the Office falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or Federal holiday within...

  1. The many arts in Santiago, by João Moreira Salles

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jacques Fux

    2012-05-01

    Full Text Available This article discusses the documentary Santiago, by João Moreira Salles, exploring the many arts of the main character Santiago. Besides being very rich in its autobiographic approach, the film allows us to establish some connections with literature and some characters of Borges and Flaubert, as it relates to performance and documentary theories. Santiago, disguised as a butler for over four decades, began to accumulate delusions. While working at the residence of the Moreira Salles, he typed 30,000 cards, classified and cataloged his own story and the “history of great men”. His notes are the record of his passage through Literature and History. The film by João Moreira Salles ensures Santiago’s posterity, in the same way that reports of Dante and the creations and inventions of Borges ensure the existence of their characters. Santiago, as a Flaubert’s copyist, lives and is reinvented on the screen through his testimony, memory, art and through the auto fictional documentary by Salles.

  2. From state terrorism to state errorism: post-Pinochet Chile's long search for truth and justice.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wyndham, Marivic; Read, Peter

    2010-02-01

    Patio 29 lies in the northern sector of Santiago's General Cemetery. To the naked eye, it is a grim unweeded field of some twelve hundred rusted tin crosses. But to the families of the 1,197 detained-disappeared during Augusto Pinochet's brutal dictatorship, Patio 29 is both a site of horror and a site of hope. Its story begins in September-December 1973 when 320 early victims of the repression were brought there in makeshift wooden crates that held as many as three bodies each, and buried in unmarked graves. A few years later, two hundred of those graves were exhumed by the military, and the remains presumably cremated. For another decade, the mass grave remained silent, yielding few of its secrets to the families' demands to know: Where are they? Today, nineteen years into the so-called transition to democracy, Patio 29--the most important single finding in relation to Chile's detained-disappeared-still refuses to reveal the identities of those victims, pressing upon the government of Michelle Bachelet a new question: Who are they? First state terror, now state error have conspired to make Patio 29 one of Chile's principal horror-cum-hopescapes.

  3. Official holidays in 2009 and end-of-year closure 2009/2010

    CERN Multimedia

    HR Department

    2009-01-01

    (Application of Articles R II 4.38 and R II 4.39 of the Staff Regulations) Official holidays in 2009 (in addition to the end-of-year holidays): Friday 10 April (Good Friday) Monday 13 April (Easter Monday) Friday 1 May Thursday 21 May (Ascension day) Monday 1 June (Whit Monday) Thursday 10 September ("Jeûne genevois") Annual closure of the site of the Organization during the Christmas holidays and day of special leave granted by the Director-General: The Laboratory will be closed from Saturday 19 December 2009 to Sunday 3 January 2010 inclusive (without deduction of annual leave). The first working day in the New Year will be Monday 4 January 2010. Human Resources Department Tel. 73903

  4. Fasten Your Seatbelts: Holiday Issues with Children and Youth in Residential Treatment

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cotten, Christopher

    2009-01-01

    Employees working in residential treatment know from experience that holidays will be stressful and treacherous for the children and youth placed in their programs (and, consequently, for the staff themselves). Using a multiple systems approach, this article examines risk factors for holiday-related stress and crisis in residential settings…

  5. Need a Last-Minute Gift? Holiday Market Is Coming December 23 | Poster

    Science.gov (United States)

    By Carolynne Keenan, Contributing Writer If you are still looking for the “perfect” gift, mark your calendar for the Holiday Market. The December Holiday Market is set for Tuesday, Dec. 23, in Building 549, from 10:30 a.m. to 2 p.m. (or until vendors sell out).

  6. Leptin levels distribution and ethnic background in two populations from Chile: Caucasian and Mapuche groups.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pérez-Bravo, F; Albala, C; Santos, J L; Yañez, M; Carrasco, E

    1998-10-01

    Leptin, the product of the human ob gene is increased in obese individuals, suggesting resistance to its effect. We examined the relationship of serum leptin levels with respect to obesity, gender and insulin levels in two populations with different ethnic compositions in Chile. Leptin and insulin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and correlated with body mass index (BMI), gender and ethnic background. 79 Caucasian subjects from Santiago and 65 Mapuche natives from the Araucania region, Chile, were included in this study. Leptin concentrations in obese subjects were significantly increased in both ethnic groups in relation to lean status: Caucasian and Mapuche obese 19.3 +/- 11.6 and 10.1 +/- 5.8 (P Mapuche lean 10.4 +/- 5.8 and 4.7 +/- 2.9 (P Mapuche and Caucasian groups, similar leptin levels were observed among the males of the two populations in both metabolic states (lean and obese). In contrast, the leptin level distributions between women showed a marked difference, having a minor value in the Mapuche women with a comparable value with the male group in this ethnic population. The leptin concentrations are associated with obesity in both ethnic groups in Chile. However, the leptin levels between the Mapuche natives were significantly decreased compared to the Caucasian group. The gender distribution does not seem to be important in the Mapuche natives. The ethnic composition seems to be important in the leptin distribution in the analysed populations.

  7. 76 FR 78151 - Special Local Regulations; Boca Raton Holiday Boat Parade, Intracoastal Waterway, Boca Raton, FL

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-12-16

    ...-AA08 Special Local Regulations; Boca Raton Holiday Boat Parade, Intracoastal Waterway, Boca Raton, FL... Raton Holiday Boat Parade on Saturday, December 17, 2011. The marine parade will consist of... through Friday, except Federal holidays. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If you have questions on this...

  8. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leonardo Díaz Collao

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Enrique Cámara de Landa, Matías Isolabella, Leonardo D’Amico, Terada Yoshitaka, eds. Ethnomusicology and Audiovisual Communication: Selected Papers from the MusiCam 2014 Symposium. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, Aula de Música, 2016, 236 pp. Gustavo Celedón Bórquez. Sonido y acontecimiento. Santiago: Ediciones Metales Pesados, 2016, 203 pp. Fondo Nacional de Fomento del Libro y la Lectura, Convocatoria 2016, CNCA. Silvia Andreu Muñoz y Rodrigo Quiroga Provoste. La musicoterapia en Chile: 1955-2014. Santiago de Chile: Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Artes Universidad de Chile, 2015, 100 pp.

  9. Familias de niños con talento académico: una experiencia en Chile a través de escuela para padres

    OpenAIRE

    Raglianti Hidalgo, Mirra

    2011-01-01

    En el documento que expone mi tesis de doctorado en Psicología, se dan a conocer los resultados de un taller de información y formación destinado a padres y madres de niños con talento académico, quienes participan en un programa de desarrollo de talentos en Santiago de Chile. Este taller se llevó a cabo bajo la forma de escuela para padres entre Noviembre y Diciembre del año 2005 y fue evaluado a corto y medio plazo por los participantes, por jueces externos a su desarrollo y por jueces expe...

  10. LA IMAGEN DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA EN EL MERCADO TURÍSTICO ITALIANO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lucrezia Lopez

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available El sector turístico se está convirtiendo en uno de los sectores económicos más importantes en la economía gallega y compostelana. Durante los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevas y exitosas políticas turísticas para diversificar la oferta turística de Santiago y al mismo tiempo para renovar su imagen. En la actualidad, Santiago deja de ser sólo meta religiosa o de peregrinaje, y la presencia turística es cada vez más internacional; por su parte las motivaciones de viaje se van diversificando. Para comprobar el éxito de estas políticas hacia el exterior, el presente trabajo toma en consideración la imagen que la ciudad de Santiago proyecta hacia el mercado italiano (uno de los más importantes en la actualidad gracias a un trabajo de campo mediante encuestas y entrevistas dirigido a los turistas italianos en Santiago.

  11. Observation of a "holiday effect ": a case of Chinese New Year in Taiwan

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tan, Pei-Hua; Chou, Chia; Chen, Pen-Yuan; Sun, Chen-Yi; Wu, Bo-Lin

    2010-05-01

    Our study was an attempt to conduct a comprehensive and systematical examination of the 'holiday effect', defined as the difference in air pollutant concentrations between holiday and non-holiday periods. This holiday effect can be applied to other countries with similar national or cultural holidays. Hourly and daily surface measurements of six major air pollutants from fifty-four air quality monitoring stations of the Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan during the Chinese New Year (CNY) and non-Chinese New Year (NCNY) periods of 1994-2008 were used. The air pollutant concentrations were significantly different between holidays (CNY) and non-holidays (NCNY), in almost all the Taiwan area, except CO in the eastern part which is a relatively less-developed area. The industrial development of Taiwan extends from the north to the south; and then from the west to the east, due to the inconvenient transportation in the east. The difference percentage, defined as the concentration difference of CNY minus NCNY relative to the NCNY concentration, is highly related to the degree of industrialization. The difference percentages of NOx, CO, NMHC, O3, SO2, and PM10 are more in the west than in the east. Over the western part of Taiwan, the difference percentages of NOx, CO, NMHC and O3 are more in the north than in the south; that of SO2basically follows a similar trend but is more in the middle Taiwan, which might be related to emission change of a major coal-fired power plant. The difference percentage of PM10 over the western Taiwan is more in the south than in the north, probably due to stronger dust storm impacts on the northern Taiwan, where the dust storm sometimes occurs to 'pollute' the clean air during the CNY period, and then causes fewer difference percentage.

  12. Thermophysical Modeling of Novel Machinable Ceramic Materials

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-11-01

    ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Gonzalo Gutierrez. Departamento de Fisica , Facultad de Ciencias. L’niversidad de Chile. Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile...Walter Orellana, Departamento de Fisica , Universidad Andres Belio, Chile www.gnm.cl 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES

  13. U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Annual Research Progress Report for Fiscal Year 1989

    Science.gov (United States)

    1989-10-01

    and expiratory gas concentration (N, 02, and CO2 ) were monitored by a medical gas analyzer (MGA-1100, Perkin Elmer). Percutaneous 02 saturation and P02... Santiago , Chile , 17 April 1989. Pruitt BA Jr: The pathophysiology of posttraumatic metabolic changes. Presented at the 3rd Congress of Latin American...Chapters of the American College of Surgeons, Santiago , Chile , 17 April 1989. 491 Pruitt BA Jr: Management of the severely burned patient. Presented

  14. Effect of the Holiday Season on Weight Gain: A Narrative Review

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rolando G. Díaz-Zavala

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Several studies suggest that the holiday season, starting from the last week of November to the first or second week of January, could be critical to gaining weight. This study aims to review the literature to determine the effects of the holidays on body weight. In studies of adults, a significant weight gain was consistently observed during this period (0.4 to 0.9 kg, p0.05 during this period. Among individuals with obesity who attempt to lose weight, an increase in weight was observed (0.3 to 0.9 kg, significant in some but not in all studies, as well as increase in weight in motivated self-monitoring people (0.4 to 0.6%, p<0.001. Programs focused on self-monitoring during the holidays (phone calls and daily mailing appeared to prevent weight gain, but information is limited. The holiday season seems to increase body weight in adults, even in participants seeking to lose weight and in motivated self-monitoring people, whereas in children, adolescents, and college students, very few studies were found to make accurate conclusions.

  15. International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) national favourability studies: Chile

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1977-08-01

    Chile has an area of 740,760 square kilometers. The capital is Santiago. The country is 4,183 km. long and ranges from 22.5 to about 354 km. in width. Its chief topographic features para]lei each other - the Coastal Range, Andes Mountains and Central Valley. The Coastal Range rises to 2,130 meters in the north, but averages from 610 to 700 meters high generally. The range plunges into the Pacific Ocean far south of Valparaiso and reappears in the southern archipelagic islands. The Andes extend along nearly the entire length of Chile and contain 100 volcanoes. Andean peaks range mostly from 3,000 to 6,700 meters in elevation. In southern Chile the Andes are lower, and contain about a dozen major lakes. The mountains disappear in Chilean Patagonia, but reappear at Cape Horn. The Central Valley lies between the Coastal Range and the Andes, being best defined in the midland region as a 64 to 72 km sloping plain. It is the Chilean heartland with three-quarters of the country's population. Salt basins are found over much of northern Chile in the very arid desert, while the region south of the Gulf of Reloncavi consists of unpopulated islands, fjords, channels and heavily forested mountains. The Strait of Magellan, the Tierra del Fuego archipelago and a flat grassland area make up the extreme southern end of the country. Much of Chile is subject to flash floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and avalanches. In September 1976 the Comision Chilena de Energia Nuclear (CCEN) was given exclusive rights to negotiate contracts with private companies for the exploration, development and mining of uranium and other radioactive minerals. The new law provides the CCEN with considerable flexibility in the terms of the contracts. Pre-964 owners of uranium deposits may reach agreements with foreign companies to mine the uranium, but since 1964 all uranium has belonged to the state. Uranium produced in the country can only be exported after Chile's needs have been met. The

  16. Cultural experiences of immigrant nurses at two hospitals in Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gabriel Rodríguez

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: to explore the cultural experiences of nurses who immigrated to Chile. The study´s theoretical framework was the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence.METHOD: Leininger's Observation-Participation-Reflection method was developed at two hospitals in the city of Santiago, and ethnographic interviews were held with 15 immigrant nurses.RESULTS: among Purnell's 12 domains, the following were identified: Overview/heritage, Communication, Workforce issues, Family roles and organization, Biocultural ecology and Health-care practices. The difficulties were related to the language and its semantic meaning, the new responsibilities and the difficult relationship with colleagues. "In search of better horizons - the decision to immigrate", "Gaining confidence and establishing a support network - employability and professional performance" and "Seeking for people´s acceptance - professional adaptation in a new cultural scenario" are cultural themes that represent their experiences.CONCLUSIONS: the competence to offer cultural care demands the development of public policies and continuing education programs at health institutions, specifically focused on immigrant nurses.

  17. Cultural experiences of immigrant nurses at two hospitals in Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rodríguez, Gabriel; Angélica-Muñoz, Luz; Hoga, Luiza Akiko Komura

    2014-01-01

    to explore the cultural experiences of nurses who immigrated to Chile. The study's theoretical framework was the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence. Leininger's Observation-Participation-Reflection method was developed at two hospitals in the city of Santiago, and ethnographic interviews were held with 15 immigrant nurses. among Purnell's 12 domains, the following were identified: Overview/heritage, Communication, Workforce issues, Family roles and organization, Biocultural ecology and Health-care practices. The difficulties were related to the language and its semantic meaning, the new responsibilities and the difficult relationship with colleagues. "In search of better horizons - the decision to immigrate", "Gaining confidence and establishing a support network - employability and professional performance" and "Seeking for people's acceptance - professional adaptation in a new cultural scenario" are cultural themes that represent their experiences. the competence to offer cultural care demands the development of public policies and continuing education programs at health institutions, specifically focused on immigrant nurses.

  18. DENTAL STUDENTS' PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING DURING EXAMINATION PERIOD AND HOLIDAY.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Preoteasa, Cristina Teodora; Imre, Marina; Preoteasa, Elena

    2015-01-01

    Psychological well-being is recognized as an important health component, which influences the behavior, ability to cope with stressful events, work performance, and generally the ability to achieve one's full potential. To comparatively assess the psychological well-being of dental students during the summer semester examination period and summer holiday. A single-arm, prospective study was conducted in second year dental students from the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Bucharest. The psychological well-being was assessed using the WHO-Five Well-being Index. Students' psychological well-being was statistically significantly better during the summer holiday (median=19) than during the summer semester examination period (median = 11.5), Z = 3.69, p holiday, but it was significantly correlated with the WHO-Five Well-being Index score corresponding to the summer holiday, and no association was observed with the WHO-Five Well-being Index score corresponding to the summer semester examination period. Within the limits of this study, psychological well-being is likely to be negatively influenced, on a fairly large scale, by the semester examination period. Therefore, it is recommended to identify the most appropriate methods of examination with regards to the psychological load that might be a threat to the validity of students' evaluation. Additionally, training students about adequate coping strategies, designed as interventions at individual or group level, may be required.

  19. El color a las puertas de Santiago

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García Martínez, Alberto

    1995-08-01

    Full Text Available On the occasion of the Xacobeo 93, within the program of the works carried out to complete the urban infrastructures, Santiago de Compostela decided to undertake the morphological adaptation of the area located in the eastern part of the city, the arrival point of the Pilgrims Road to Santiago. In different parts of Spain, small chromatic actions are being carried out, mostly on the heritage of old buildings; on the contrary, the project which is the object of this article, beside being characteristic for its large scope, also has the peculiarity of referring to a recent architecture, dating from the 60s-70s.

    Dentro del programa de obras realizadas por completar las infraestructuras urbanas, con motivo del Xacobeo 93, Santiago de Compostela decide la adecuación morfológica del barrio situado al Este de la ciudad, llegada del Camino Jacobeo. Si bien en distintos puntos de nuestro país se están produciendo pequeñas actuaciones cromáticas, éstas recaen siempre en el patrimonio edificado antiguo; por el contrario, el proyecto objeto de este artículo, además de la amplitud de su intervención, tiene la particularidad de referirse a una arquitectura reciente, de los años 60-70.

  20. Discrimination and victimization: parade for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) pride, in Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barrientos, Jaime; Silva, Jimena; Catalan, Susan; Gomez, Fabiola; Longueira, Jimena

    2010-01-01

    This article describes the population participating in the LGBT Pride Parade in Santiago, Chile, from discrimination and victimization standpoints. The sample consisted of 488 subjects older than 18 years (M = 25.1), who were interviewed during the 2007 event. For this purpose, a questionnaire from the Latin American Centre of Sexuality and Human Rights (CLAM) was adapted and administered. Approximately 35% of respondents reported having experimented school, religious, or neighborhood discrimination. The more discriminated are transgender people. Approximately three fourths of respondents reported experiencing ridicule and almost 60% reported experiencing insults or threats. Transgender were significantly more likely than gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals to experience discrimination or victimization events. Finally, the parade acquired an important social and political character in the context of a clearly homophobic society.

  1. ‘VALENTONES’, ‘ALCALDES DE BARRIO’ AND PARADIGMS OF CIVILITY.CONFLICTS AND ACCOMODATIONS IN SANTIAGO OF CHILE, XVIII CENTURY.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Verónica Undurraga Schüler

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available This work studies the polisemous universe of the practices and the speeches of violence, civility and social control that circulated in the city of Santiago throughout XVIII century. When analyzing plots of meaning of the narrations of interpersonal violence, related to the construction of a hegemonic masculinity and protected in speeches of honour, the study explores the survival of old practices of private revenge. Also, it examines the tensions and negotiations established between these and the strategies of social control undertaken by the Bourbons’ state and exerted through a microphysics of daily control, incarnated as much in the functions of the ‘Alcaldes de barrio’ like in the socialization of a civility paradigm. The latest allows putting under evaluation the fissures and the strengths of the foundations of the Bourbon’s administration.

  2. Official holidays in 2007 and end-of-year closure 2007/2008

    CERN Document Server

    HR Department

    2007-01-01

    (Application of Articles R II 4.38 and R II 4.39 of the Staff Regulations) Official holidays in 2007 (in addition to the end-of-year holidays): Friday, 6th April (Good Friday) Monday, 9th April (Easter Monday) Tuesday, 1st May (1st May) Thursday, 17th May (Ascension Day) Monday, 28th May (Whit Monday) Thursday, 6th September ('Jeûne genevois') Annual closure of the site of the Organization during the Christmas holidays and days of special leave granted by the Director-General: The Laboratory will be closed from Saturday, 22nd December 2007 to Sunday, 6th January 2008 inclusive (without deduction of annual leave). The first working day in the New Year will be Monday, 7th January 2008. Human Resources Department Tel. 74128

  3. Official holidays in 2006 and end-of-year closure 2006/2007

    CERN Multimedia

    2006-01-01

    (Application of Articles R II 4.33 and R II 4.34 of the Staff Regulations) Official holidays in 2006 (in addition to the end-of-year holidays) : Friday, 14th April (Good Friday) Monday, 17th April (Easter Monday) Monday,1st May Thursday, 25th May (Ascension Day) Monday, 5th June (Whit Monday) Thursday, 7th September ('Jeûne genevois') Annual closure of the site of the Organization during the Christmas holidays and day of special leave granted by the Director-General : The Laboratory will be closed from Saturday, 23rd December 2006 to Sunday, 7th January 2007 inclusive (without deduction of annual leave). The first working day in the New Year will be Monday, 8th January 2007. Human Resources Department Tel. 74128

  4. Official holidays in 2007 and end-of-year closure 2007/2008

    CERN Multimedia

    HR Department

    2007-01-01

    (Application of Articles R II 4.38 and R II 4.39 of the Staff Regulations) Official holidays in 2007 (in addition to the end-of-year holidays) : - Friday, 6th April (Good Friday) - Monday, 9th April (Easter Monday) - Tuesday, 1st May (1st May) - Thursday, 17th May (Ascension Day) - Monday, 28th May (Whit Monday) - Thursday, 6th September ("Jeûne genevois") Annual closure of the site of the Organization during the Christmas holidays and days of special leave granted by the Director-General : The Laboratory will be closed from Saturday, 22nd December 2007 to Sunday, 6th January 2008 inclusive (without deduction of annual leave). The first working day in the New Year will be Monday, 7th January 2008. Human Resources Department Tel. 74128

  5. Official holidays in 2008 and end-of-year closure 2008/2009

    CERN Multimedia

    HR Department

    2007-01-01

    (Application of Articles R II 4.38 and R II 4.39 of the Staff Regulations) Official holidays in 2008 (in addition to the end-of-year holidays) : Friday 21st March (Good Friday); Monday, 24th March (Easter Monday); Thursday,1st May (Ascension day); Friday 2nd May (Compensation of 1st May); Monday, 12th May (Whit Monday); Thursday, 11th September ("Jeûne genevois"). Annual closure of the site of the Organization during the Christmas holidays and day of special leave granted by the Director-General : the Laboratory will be closed from Saturday, 20th December 2008 to Sunday, 4th January 2009 inclusive (without deduction of annual leave). The first working day in the New Year will be Monday, 5th January 2009. Human Resources Department Tel. 73903

  6. Conversación con José Ricardo Morales Malva (Málaga, 1915- Santiago de Chile, 2016 Santiago, 01 de octubre de 2013.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    David Caralt

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available En su brillante trayectoria como escritor –ensayista y celebrado autor dramático- José Ricardo Morales Malva estuvo vinculado de cerca a la arquitectura como profesor titular en la universidad e incluso representó a la arquitectura chilena en congresos internacionales, como el de Monumentos Históricos de la UNESCO (París, 1957 y el de la Unión Internacional de Arquitectos (Londres, 1961, siendo nombrado “Arquitecto Honorario” por el Colegio de Arquitectos de Chile en 1963 en la ciudad de Concepción. En 2003 durante una entrevista declaró: “Hay un cargo que recuerdo con placer: la creación de los departamentos de Humanidades y de Teoría e Historia de la Arquitectura. Nuestra misión era desarrollar en los alumnos el sentido humanístico de la ciencia. Que supieran buscar la causalidad de sus investigaciones; el equilibrio entre ciencia y humanidad, a pensar sobre la técnica y buscar modelos causales

  7. Spatio-Temporal Changes in Structure for a Mediterranean Urban Forest: Santiago, Chile 2002 to 2014

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco J. Escobedo

    2016-06-01

    Full Text Available There is little information on how urban forest ecosystems in South America and Mediterranean climates change across both space and time. This study statistically and spatially analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamics of Santiago, Chile’s urban forest using tree and plot-level data from permanent plots from 2002 to 2014. We found mortality, ingrowth, and tree cover remained stable over the analysis period and similar patterns were observed for basal area (BA and biomass. However, tree cover increased, and was greater in the highest socioeconomic stratum neighborhoods while it dropped in the medium and low strata. Growth rates for the five most common tree species averaged from 0.12 to 0.36 cm·year−1. Spatially, tree biomass and BA were greater in the affluent, northeastern sections of the city and in southwest peri-urban areas. Conversely, less affluent central, northwest, and southern areas showed temporal losses in BA and biomass. Overall, we found that Santiago’s urban forest follows similar patterns as in other parts of the world; affluent areas tend to have more and better managed urban forests than poorer areas, and changes are primarily influenced by social and ecological drivers. Nonetheless, care is warranted when comparing urban forest structural metrics measured with similar sampling-monitoring approaches across ecologically disparate regions and biomes.

  8. FAROS URBANOS, SANTIAGO, CHILE

    OpenAIRE

    Arcos,Verónica; Petitpas,Jean

    2012-01-01

    La apertura de un nuevo paseo en un gran parque urbano demanda la implementación de infraestructura y la construcción de una imagen memorable. Esta propuesta plantea elementos con una triple función: umbráculo, luminaria y sena en el paisaje.

  9. Restaurante Mestizo: Santiago, Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Radic,Smiljan; Correa,Marcela

    2009-01-01

    Como parte integrante del parque Bicentenario en la ribera sur del río Mapocho, el Mestizo se incorpora a su paisaje y geografía. La correspondencia entre arquitectura y escultura se manifiesta a través de grandes espacios y la fluidez entre el suelo y la cubierta que se apoya en irregulares columnas de piedra.

  10. Consumo, características y perfil del consumidor de suplementos nutricionales en gimnasios de Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    C. Jorquera Aguilera; F. Rodríguez-Rodríguez; M.I. Torrealba Vieira; J. Campos Serrano; N. Gracia Leiva

    2016-01-01

    Introducción: Los deportistas son los principales consumidores de suplementos nutricionales; presentan en general la utilización más alta. En Chile existe un creciente interés por consumir estos suplementos, sin tener mucho conocimiento de sus efectos. Objetivos: Determinar el perfil del consumidor, quiénes lo recomiendan, los productos más usados y distinguir posibles diferencias de acuerdo al sexo, la finalidad de su uso y otras variables. Métodos: Se aplica un cuestionario de 19 preg...

  11. Drug Holiday in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated With Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mittal, Kriti; Derosa, Lisa; Albiges, Laurence; Wood, Laura; Elson, Paul; Gilligan, Timothy; Garcia, Jorge; Dreicer, Robert; Escudier, Bernard; Rini, Brian

    2018-01-04

    Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) is noncurative and may be associated with significant toxicities. Some patients may receive treatment breaks as a result of TKI-related adverse effects or planned drug holidays. In this retrospective study, mRCC patients who underwent drug holidays during TKI therapy at 2 different institutions were analyzed. A drug holiday was defined as a period of drug cessation for ≥ 3 months for reasons other than progressive disease. Of the 112 patients, the median duration of the first drug holiday for the overall cohort was 16.8 months (95% confidence interval, 12.5-26.4), and 40 patients (36%) remain on the first drug holiday. Overall, patients received a median of 2 lines of treatment. Complete response before the initial drug holiday (n = 14) was associated with a longer surveillance period (P = .0004). The observed median survival of this cohort was 71.7 months (range, 1.3 to 93+ months). Some selected mRCC patients with a favorable response to TKIs may be eligible for drug holidays. The cohort evaluated in this retrospective study represents a highly selected group of patients with indolent disease biology. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  12. Extra holiday because of ionising radiation not necessary

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    1978-01-01

    The 'regulations for special measures to protect employees working with X-rays and radium radiation' of 21st November 1947, which included a statutory six-week holiday period annually, has now been superceded by 'regulations on special protective measures for work with ionising radiation', issued by the Directorate for Work Inspection on 31st March 1978, effective from 1st May 1978. In addition to removing the requirement for six weeks annual holiday for radiation personnel, routine medical surveillance is only required every third year instead of annually. A number of other changes are mentioned. The basis for these changes is that continuous personnel dosimetry and better knowledge of the effects of ionising radiation allows any necessary measures to be taken on the basis of these. (JIW)

  13. Eso's Situation in Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    1995-02-01

    ESO, the European Southern Observatory, in reply to questions raised by the international media, as well as an ongoing debate about the so-called "Paranal case" in Chilean newspapers, would like to make a number of related observations concerning its status and continued operation in that country [1]. THE ESO OBSERVATORY SITES IN CHILE The European Southern Observatory, an international organisation established and supported by eight European countries, has been operating more than 30 years in the Republic of Chile. Here ESO maintains one of the world's prime astronomical observatories on the La Silla mountain in the southern part of the Atacama desert. This location is in the Fourth Chilean Region, some 600 km north of Santiago de Chile. In order to protect the La Silla site against dust and light pollution from possible future mining industries, roads and settlements, ESO early acquired the territory around this site. It totals about 825 sq. km and has effectively contributed to the preservation of its continued, excellent "astronomical" quality. Each year, more than 500 astronomers from European countries, Chile and elsewhere profit from this when they come to La Silla to observe with one or more of the 15 telescopes now located there. In 1987, the ESO Council [2] decided to embark upon one of the most prestigious and technologically advanced projects ever conceived in astronomy, the Very Large Telescope (VLT). It will consist of four interconnected 8.2-metre telescopes and will become the largest optical telescope in the world when it is ready. It is safe to predict that many exciting discoveries will be made with this instrument, and it will undoubtedly play a very important role in our exploration of the distant universe and its many mysteries during the coming decades. THE VLT AND PARANAL In order to find the best site for the VLT, ESO performed a thorough investigation of many possible mountain tops, both near La Silla and in Northern Chile. They showed

  14. Official holidays in 2005 and end-of-year closure 2005/2006

    CERN Document Server

    Human Resources Department

    2005-01-01

    (Application of Articles R II 4.33 and R II 4.34 of the Staff Regulations) Official holidays in 2005 (in addition to the end-of-year holidays) : Friday 25 March (Good Friday) Monday 28 March (Easter Monday) Thursday 5 May (Ascension Day) Friday 6 May Compensation granted for 1st May (Article R II 4.33 of the Staff Regulations) Monday 16 May (Whit Monday) Thursday 8 September ("Jeûne genevois") Annual closure of the site of the Organization during the Christmas holidays and day of special leave granted by the Director-General : The Laboratory will be closed from Thursday 22 December 2005 to Wednesday 4 January 2006 inclusive (without deduction of annual leave). The first working day in the New Year will be Thursday 5 January 2006. Human Resources Department Tel. 74128

  15. Coro de cisnes, cantos de sirenas: una aproximación a la música en los monasterios del Chile colonial Swan Choirs, Siren Songs: An Approach to the Music in the Monasteries of Colonial Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alejandro Vera

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo explora por vez primera la práctica musical en los monasterios de monjas del Chile colonial. Partiendo de la información inédita recopilada en el archivo del Monasterio de La Victoria de Santiago, se analizan aspectos históricos y musicales tales como la imagen de la monja música en la historiografía tradicional y postmoderna; su estatus social en el período colonial; la evolución de las plantillas musicales (instrumentistas y cantoras, con sus correspondientes cambios estilísticos y la injerencia que tenían los músicos ajenos al monasterio. Por último, se cuestiona la supuesta independencia de género de las monjas y se plantea la hipótesis de que las repetidas censuras a sus prácticas artístico-musicales estuvieron motivadas no sólo por propósitos moralizantes, sino también por la necesidad del clero secular y la autoridad civil de limitar el crecimiento de las instituciones monásticas.This is the first study about the musical practice in convents of Colonial Chile on the basis of new data collected in the archive of the convent of La Victoria in Santiago. It considers historical and musical aspects such as the image of the nun musician in traditional and postmodern historiography, her social status during the colonial period, the evolution of music groups (instrumentalists and singers, the stylistic changes associated with them, and the role played by foreign mule musicians in the monastery. Finally, it questions the assumption that nun musicians enjoyed an independence from masculine gender. Furthermore, it puts forward as a hypothesis that the frequent prohibitions of their musical and artistic practices originated not only in moralistic purposes, but also in the need of the secular clergy and civic authorities of limiting the growth of monastic institutions.

  16. School holiday food provision in the UK: A qualitative investigation of needs, benefits and potential for development

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pamela Louise Graham

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available Access to an adequate supply of nutritious food has been recognized as a basic human right. However, many families across the UK face food insecurity, which is thought to be exacerbated during school holidays. To address this issue, some schools and community groups have chosen to roll out holiday clubs, though research into the effectiveness of such interventions is limited and no studies to date have evaluated holiday clubs being organized through schools. In an effort to address some of the limitations in the research literature, the current qualitative investigation utilized semi-structured interviews with staff involved in holiday clubs in school and community venues with the aim of gauging their views on the need for and benefits of holiday food provision in addition to potential areas for development. The investigation revealed that staff perceived many families to be facing food insecurity and isolation during the school holidays, which may be alleviated through holiday club provision. Holiday clubs were viewed as a valuable source of support for children and adults, providing food, activities and learning experiences. Staff were keen to see them implemented on a wider scale in future but suggested some areas that require attention in any future development of such provision. Findings are discussed in relation to current research, policy and practice surrounding the health and wellbeing of children and families.

  17. School Holiday Food Provision in the UK: A Qualitative Investigation of Needs, Benefits, and Potential for Development.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Graham, Pamela Louise; Crilley, Eilish; Stretesky, Paul B; Long, Michael A; Palmer, Katie Jane; Steinbock, Eileen; Defeyter, Margaret Anne

    2016-01-01

    Access to an adequate supply of nutritious food has been recognized as a basic human right. However, many families across the UK face food insecurity, which is thought to be exacerbated during school holidays. To address this issue, some schools and community groups have chosen to roll out holiday clubs, though research into the effectiveness of such interventions is limited and no studies to date have evaluated holiday clubs being organized through schools. In an effort to address some of the limitations in the research literature, the current qualitative investigation utilized semi-structured interviews with staff involved in holiday clubs in school and community venues with the aim of gaging their views on the need for and benefits of holiday food provision in addition to potential areas for development. The investigation revealed that staff perceived many families to be facing food insecurity and isolation during the school holidays, which may be alleviated through holiday club provision. Holiday clubs were viewed as a valuable source of support for children and adults, providing food, activities, and learning experiences. Staff were keen to see them implemented on a wider scale in future but suggested some areas that require attention in any future development of such provision. Findings are discussed in relation to current research, policy, and practice surrounding the health and wellbeing of children and families.

  18. Temporal settling of holidays and annual customs in villages at the foot of the Avala mountain

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ivanović-Barišić Milina M.

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available The life of rural population in villages at the foot of the Avala Mountain was marked by a constant shift of working days - when the local population had to ensure its existence - and idle days. Various holiday occasions altered the regularities of everyday life. During a holiday celebration the whole village community, as well as individuals, had to adopt a new way of behavior - i.e., to discontinue all work obligations that filled regular working days. In the past, these idle days were equally important for families and their members, and for the rural community in general. On the whole, the holidays appear in an annual cycle, discernible in a parallel mode: 1, Weekly and 2, Annual celebrations. The Weekly cycle is celebrated on Sundays, while the annual cycle celebrated various family' holidays or just days marked as "holidays". During the celebration of holidays participants departed from their everyday existing conditions and attuned to the Holy time, generated during holidays. Various rituals and customs used to be performed that not only added to the holiday ambiance, but also ensured the well-being of the family and rural community, and protected in this way, against misfortune. This period was marked by profound changes in family and community organizations. The changes in rural areas are the result of the rural population mass relocation in search for work and the beginning of urbanization. The process of industrialization along with the influx of the authorities onto traditional folk culture have left permanent consequences in the rural community settings and inherited folk culture.

  19. Perceptions on technology for volunteer respite care for bedridden elders in Chile.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Abarca, Esmeralda; Campos, Solange; Herskovic, Valeria; Fuentes, Carolina

    2018-12-01

     Informal caregivers of bedridden elders need a respite. One form of obtaining a respite is through volunteers who are contacted by means of information and communication technology (ICT).  A qualitative study was carried out in a low-income district in Santiago, Chile, to learn about how caregivers of bedridden elders perceive the possibility of using ICT to access this respite. In-depth interviews were carried out and transcribed verbatim, then analysed using open coding. Results: The results reveal that caregivers are willing to receive a volunteer in their home and use ICT to communicate with them, although a discrepancy exists between the use of devices connected to the Internet and feature phones. Conclusion: This study concludes that informal caregivers of bedridden elders have a favourable disposition towards accessing a respite system by means of ICT based on a peer-to-peer economy.

  20. The 12 Ways to Health Holiday Song

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    2007-12-14

    This song (sung to the tune of The Twelve Days of Christmas) describes how to stay safe and healthy during the holidays and all year long.  Created: 12/14/2007 by CDC Office of Women's Health.   Date Released: 12/23/2007.

  1. The Procession that Travels Inside: Yuyachkani's "Santiago"

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel Rubio Zapata

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available In collaborative theater projects like Yuyachkani , it is hard to define the exact moment when a new project begins. Generally we have a very imprecise idea as our initial point of departure and we explore it more fully in the day-to-day work, where it changes a great deal. Santiago is a project that began as a processional performance piece in the public plazas before premiering as a theatrical work in its current form, as a largely Quechua-language play focusing on permutations of faith in an almost uninhabited Andean village. The final project arrived as a result of this complex process of research and exploration. Santiago has a very long road to its current form, always with the indispensable accompaniment of the writer Peter Elmore, the co-author of the play.

  2. Preliminary study of micro nutrient intake comparison of elementary school children on holiday and schooldays

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Widya Dwi Ariyani; K Oginawati; Muhayatun; Endah Damastuti; Syukria Kurniawati

    2010-01-01

    The dietary pattern has influences on nutritional status. In this activity, we compared micro nutrient intake of elementary school children (7-12 years) as a consequence of dietary pattern difference on holiday and schooldays, due to most of their time was spend in school where the tendency of snack consuming is usually higher at school. Therefore, the comparison of dietary pattern and micro nutrient daily intake of elementary school children on holiday and schooldays was needed to carry out. Food sampling was done by duplicate diet method for 3 days in a row with one day among them was a holiday. The determination of micro nutrient elements concentration was measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). There was a significant difference of daily intake of Na, K, Ca, Fe, and Cr on holiday and schooldays, while for Br, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se and Co were no significant difference. The most significant difference contained on sodium intake with average daily intake was 2578 mg/day on schooldays and 1298 mg/day on holiday. It was caused by the number of high sodium content snacks consumed on schooldays were bigger than on holiday. However, the results of micro nutrient daily intake obtained either on schooldays or on holiday generally were below RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance), except for Na and Cr. It's expected that this result could be used as information about nutrition status of children as next generation on behalf of supporting the formation of high quality human resources. (author)

  3. Bisphosphonate Treatment in Osteoporosis: Optimal Duration of Therapy and the Incorporation of a Drug Holiday.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Villa, Jordan C; Gianakos, Arianna; Lane, Joseph M

    2016-02-01

    Bisphosphonates are the most widely used treatment for osteoporosis. They accumulate in the bone for years, and therefore, their inhibitory effects on osteoclasts may persist after drug discontinuation. The ideal duration of therapy remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to review the literature to determine the (1) indications for drug holiday, (2) the duration of drug holiday, (3) the evaluation during drug holiday, and (4) the proper treatment and maintenance after drug holiday. A review of two electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE) was conducted using the term "(Drug holiday)," in January 29, 2015. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) clinical trials and case control, (2) human studies, (3) published in a peer-review journal, and (4) written in English. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) case reports, (2) case series, and (3) in vitro studies. The literature supports a therapeutic pause after 3-5 years of bisphosphonate treatment in patients with minor bone deficiencies and no recent fragility fracture (low risk) and in patients with moderate bone deficiencies and/or recent fragility fracture (moderate risk). In these patients, a bone health reevaluation is recommended every 1-3 years. Patients with high fracture risk should be maintained on bisphosphonate therapy without drug holiday. The duration and length of drug holiday should be individualized for each patient. Evaluation should be based on serial bone mass measurements, bone turnover rates, and fracture history evaluation. If after drug therapy, assessments show an increased risk of fracture, the patient may benefit from initiating another treatment. Raloxifene, teriparatide, or denosumab are available options.

  4. Leisure and holidays of participants of the movement of the OUN and UIA in Zakerzonnia 1943−1947

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Prokopov, V. Yu.

    2017-03-01

    Full Text Available The article deals with holidays and free time of participants of the movement of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army within the territory of Zakerzonnia (1943-1947. A brief review of historiography and historical sources are represented also. The author starts with telling about few theoretical remarks about leisure and holiday as phenomena of people's and societyʼs life. It is stressed that Ukrainian insurgents had small choice of free time. But even in wartime they were able to rest. It is emphasized that underground soldiers most of all enjoy to celebrate religious holidays, which reminded them the charm of childhood and family feasts. Main account of holidays and description of features of rebelʼs celebration are scrutinized too in this article. Certain attention is paid to the studying of patriotic holidays within the nationalist community. The author emphasizes that patriotic holidays in most cases have features of official ceremonies. In conclusion author says that holiday and leisure performed several important functions in the insurgents' life.

  5. USSR Report, International Affairs

    Science.gov (United States)

    1987-05-06

    NOTAS SOBRE LA ECONOMIA Y EL DESARROLLO. Santiago de Chile , 1985, No 424/425, p 10. 11. For more detail see: LATINSKAYA AMERIKA, No 5, 1984. 12...3.0 $billion. REVISTA DE LA CEPAL. Santiago de Chile , 1983, No 20, 21; INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE. Paris, 25 June 1984. 7. EC0N0MIA DE AMERICA...34 The items in the anthology des - cribe in detail the means and methods of the special services—that secret legion of imperialism which makes active use

  6. Journal of Applied Physics. Volume 63. Number 8. Part 2B. Proceedings of the Annual conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (32nd) Held in Chicago, Illinois on 9-12 November 1987

    Science.gov (United States)

    1988-04-15

    concentrations of divalent cobalt ( Co2 ’ ) preciable variation in the 41rM, and T, with cobalt substitu- in spinel ferrites has been found to be quite...Fisica, Universidad de Santiago de FIG. I. A cut ofthe pinned boundary. The growing boundary moves in the Chile , Camilla 5659, Santiago 2, Chile . + X...glass dynamics in Fe,_Tij _O, R. L. Uchti, S. Kumar, C. Boekema 4354 Energy gap in concentrated spin glasses S. B. Liao, S. M. Bhagat, M. A

  7. 77 FR 56552 - Holiday Mobile Shopping Promotion

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-09-13

    ... POSTAL SERVICE 39 CFR Part 111 Holiday Mobile Shopping Promotion AGENCY: Postal Service \\TM... Postal Service, Domestic Mail Manual (DMM[supreg]) 709.3 to add a new temporary promotion during November... Promotion (``Promotion''), which will take place between November 7, 2012 and November 21, 2012 (``promotion...

  8. Brazos Santiago Inlet, Texas, Shoaling Study

    Science.gov (United States)

    2018-02-01

    Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared...focus of this study was to understand the shoaling process in the BSI and to suggest sand management alternatives to reduce inlet maintenance ...Santiago Inlet Entrance Channel maintenance dredging quantities (normal distribution). ........................................................ 20

  9. La enfermería de la Orden de San Juan de Dios en el Chile colonial

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julia Cristobalina Huaiquián-Silva

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo: describir las prácticas de enfermería en Chile durante la época colonial, prestando especial atención a la influencia de España en dicho proceso. Método: investigación cualitativa de abordaje socio-histórico; las fuentes primarias corresponden a textos históricos de Chile recuperados en la Biblioteca Virtual Memoria Chilena, y a 34 documentos recopilados en el Archivo Museo San Juan de Dios, Casa de los Pisa, en Granada, España, titulados “Listado de los hermanos de San Juan de Dios que vivían en Chile (207 años y un índice de documentos inéditos copiados de los archivos histórico nacional y del antiguo hospital, por Faustino Calvo”. La recolección de la información se efectuó con ficha documental confeccionada por la investigadora, complementada con fotografías. El análisis de los datos se realizó a través de análisis de contenido. Resultados: la Orden de San Juan de Dios llegó a Chile en el año 1617 a los hospitales de Santiago y Concepción y se expandió a las ciudades de La Serena, Valparaíso, San Juan de la Frontera, Talca, Chillan, Concepción y Valdivia. Por más de doscientos años la Orden permaneció en Chile brindando asistencia hospitalaria y de enfermería a través de los cuidados religiosos. Conclusión: con la llegada de la Orden al país mejoró indiscutiblemente la organización de los cuidados de salud al interior de los hospitales, que a partir de esa fecha se administraron de forma organizada, con altos estándares de higiene y limpieza, vigilando sigilosamente la alimentación de sus pacientes y con una gran preocupación por brindar asistencia espiritual a quienes necesitasen de sus servicios.

  10. Modelo de Acompañamiento Académico para estudiantes de alto rendimiento escolar en Contexto en la Universidad de Santiago de Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Miranda Molina, Rafael

    2016-01-01

    En el contexto del Programa de Acceso Inclusivo, Equidad y Permanencia de la Universidad de Santiago, se da cuenta de la articulación de un conjunto de acciones para el acompañamiento de estudiantes beneficiarios de la Beca de Nivelación Académica. Esta política, impulsada por el estado para fomentar la creación de programas de apoyo al estudiante, beneficia a estudiantes de alto rendimiento escolar en contexto, para proveerles de instancias de nivelación y apoyo académico durante el primer a...

  11. The immediate effect of soft tissue manual therapy intervention on lung function in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cruz-Montecinos C

    2017-02-01

    Full Text Available Carlos Cruz-Montecinos,1–3 Diego Godoy-Olave,4 Felipe A Contreras-Briceño,5 Paulina Gutiérrez,4 Rodrigo Torres-Castro,2 Leandro Miret-Venegas,3 Roger M Engel6 1Laboratory of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile; 2Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; 3Unit of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile; 4Departamento de Kinesiología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile; 5Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; 6Department of Chiropractic, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Background and objective: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, accessory respiratory muscles are recruited as a compensatory adaptation to changes in respiratory mechanics. This results in shortening and overactivation of these and other muscles. Manual therapy is increasingly being investigated as a way to alleviate these changes. The aim of this study was to measure the immediate effect on lung function of a soft tissue manual therapy protocol (STMTP designed to address changes in the accessory respiratory muscles and their associated structures in patients with severe COPD.Methods: Twelve medically stable patients (n=12 with an existing diagnosis of severe COPD (ten: GOLD Stage III and two: GOLD Stage IV were included. Residual volume, inspiratory capacity and oxygen saturation (SpO2 were recorded immediately before and after administration of the STMTP. A Student’s t-test was used to determine the effect of the manual therapy intervention (P<0.05.Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.4 years (range 46–77. Nine were male. Residual volume decreased from 4.5 to 3.9 L (P=0.002, inspiratory capacity increased from 2.0 to 2.1 L (P=0.039 and SpO2 increased from 93% to 96% (P=0.001.Conclusion: A single application of an STMTP appears to have the potential to produce

  12. Holiday heart syndrome revisited after 34 years.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tonelo, David; Providência, Rui; Gonçalves, Lino

    2013-08-01

    The cardiovascular effects of alcohol are well known. However, most research has focused on the beneficial effects (the "French paradox") of moderate consumption or the harmful consequences, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, associated with heavy consumption over an extended period. An association between the ingestion of acute alcohol and onset of cardiac arrhythmias was first reported in the early 70's. In 1978, Philip Ettinger described "Holiday heart syndrome" (HHS) for the first time, as the occurrence, in healthy people without heart disease known to cause arrhythmia, of an acute cardiac rhythm disturbance, most frequently atrial fibrillation, after binge drinking. The name is derived from the fact that episodes were initially observed more frequently after weekends or public holidays. Since the original description of HHS, 34 years have passed and new research in this field has increased the volume of knowledge related to this syndrome. Throughout this paper the authors will comprehensively review most of the available data concerning HHS and highlight the questions that remain unresolved.

  13. Changes in growth and sleep across school nights, weekends and a winter holiday period in two Australian schools.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Agostini, Alex; Pignata, Silvia; Camporeale, Roberta; Scott, Kathryn; Dorrian, Jillian; Way, Anne; Ryan, Paul; Martin, James; Kennedy, Declan; Lushington, Kurt

    2018-01-26

    Studies suggest that there may be an association between sleep and growth; however, the relationship is not well understood. Changes in biology and external factors such as school schedule heavily impact the sleep of adolescents, during a critical phase for growth. This study assessed the changes in sleep across school days, weekends and school holidays, while also measuring height and weight changes, and self-reported alterations in food intake and physical activity. The impact of morningness-eveningness (M-E) on height change and weight gain was also investigated. In a sample of 63 adolescents (mean age = 13.13, SD = 0.33, 31 males) from two independent schools in South Australia, height and weight were measured weekly for 4 weeks prior to the school holidays and 4 weeks after the school holidays. Participants also completed a Morningness/Eveningness Scale and 7-day sleep, diet and physical activity diaries prior to, during and after the school holidays. Participants at one school had earlier wake times during the weekends than participants attending the other school, leading to a significantly shorter sleep duration on weekends for those participants. Regardless of school, sleep was significantly later and longer during the holidays (p holiday weeks. For those attending the school with limited sleep in opportunities, growth after the holidays was lower for those with greater evening preference, whereas for those at the other school, growth was greater for those with greater evening preference. The increase in average weight from pre- to post-holidays was greater for those attending the school with limited opportunities to sleep longer. Participants reported greater food intake during the holidays compared to school days and greater physical activity levels on weekends compared to school days, and school days compared to holidays. Results suggest that time of day preference may impact growth, with evening types who cannot sleep in growing at a slower rate

  14. Mujeres que Consumen Sustancias y su Vulnerabilidad frente al VIH en Santiago de Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Irarrázabal, Lisette P.; Ferrer, Lilian; Villegas, Natalia; Sanhueza, Sebastián; Molina, Yerko; Cianelli, Rosina

    2017-01-01

    Introduction Women represent 15% of the people living with HIV in Chile. Risk behaviors for HIV are: multiple partners, unsafe sex, and exchange of sex for drugs/money. Methodology A correlational design was used. A sample of 203 women who were sexually active and consumed substances within the last 3-months were selected for this study. Results The average age of the participants was 32.4 years (SD = 9.2) and 68.1% were housewives. The substance most commonly used was alcohol (95.1%) and marijuana (49.8%); 23.7% of the women were drunk or drugged before having sex; 74.4% had multiple sexual partners and 95.6% had unprotected sex. There is a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between substance abuse and HIV risk behaviors. Conclusion It is necessary to develop more research to understand in depth the relationship between substance use and HIV risk among Chilean women. It is important to consider the use of substances to develop and implement HIV prevention programs in the Chilean community. PMID:27257222

  15. Evangelization and Westernization in the Southern Border of the Kingdom of Chile. The Franciscans of the Colegio de Misiones de Chillán [Mission School of Chillán], XVIII c.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cristián Eduardo Leal Pino

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available This article aims at studying the participation of the Mission School of Chillán in the spiritual conquest of the indigenous communities of the sourthern border of the Kingdom of Chile towards the end of the Colony. Its purpose is to analyze the role accomplished by Seraphic friars in this time and place. Archival sources examined were mission reports, royal orders, travel diaries, letters, certifications and account books in the National Archive of Santiago de Chile. This information enabled us to determine the role played by the Santa Barbara hospice and the School of Naturals in the strategies of evangelization and westernization of indigenous communities. The hypothesis proposed is that until the second half of the XVIII century, in the sourthern border of the Kingdom of Chile, the missionaries of the School of Chillán developed not only a spiritual, but also a political role. Even though this role did not harvest the expected results for the Spanish Crown, it succeeded in generating spaces of communication between the hispanic-criollo authorities and indigenous groups at the border.

  16. A Novel Scheme to Relieve Parking Pressure at Tourist Attractions on Holidays

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    Juan Li

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available Parking is a key component of urban transportation managements and has become a severe problem at many tourist attractions during holidays in China. This paper presents a novel scheme to relieve the holiday parking pressure. Based on the perspectives of the activity-based travel characteristics, we propose an effort to develop parking alternatives by utilizing existing traffic facilities. A conceptual model is employed to explore the influence of additional leisure activity of parking and various options of transportation modes. The results indicate that compared to commuters, the scenery is the major factor affecting tourists’ parking preference, besides parking time and cost. Based on the finding, a tourist-centered strategy is designed to satisfy the peak hours parking demands in order to relieve the parking pressure at tourist attractions during holidays.

  17. CHILE, 1970-1973 UN AULA ABIERTA. ACERCA DE UNA FÁBRICA SIN PATRONES * -- RELATO TESTIMONIO --

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    Carlos Falaschi

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available Érase el año 1972 en Santiago de Chile, el Chile de la Unidad Popular con Salvador Allende como Presidente. Este había obtenido mayoría de votos, había sido confirmado por el Parlamento y asumido el 3 de noviembre de 1970. Los cambios estructurales iban siendo palpables y progresivos para el pueblo, que cantaba en las concentraciones: - ”Luchando, creando, poder popular”. Entre ellos, los planes de  alfabetización, de  nivelación primaria  y  secundaria de  adultos; el  proceso de nacionalización del cobre; la estatización de empresas estratégicas y la constitución del Área Social de la economía; etc. En esta última y a partir de un censo ad-hoc de los trabajadores por el INACAP-Instituto Nacional de Capacitación, se organizaron y pusieron en marcha los cursos para aquellos sin escolaridad o con escolaridad incompleta. Muchos de estos cursos se daban en las propias fábricas, repartiéndose una hora del tiempo de producción de la empresa con otra hora del tiempo libre de los inscriptos.

  18. PRODUCING NEW SALES MATERIAL FOR INTERNATIONAL SALES OF HOLIDAY CLUB KATINKULTA

    OpenAIRE

    Sipilä, Marjo

    2011-01-01

    The aim of this action based thesis was to create new sales material in English for international sales of Holiday Club Katinkulta. The material concentrates on the services offered in the spa hotel side. The spa hotel was sold to its former owner Holiday Club Resorts ltd during the thesis writing process and all sales material required updating after the ownership change. The new sales material is produced for the aid of daily sales work of sales representatives in the field of internati...

  19. Customer Satisfaction at the Hospitality Industry: Holiday Inn Helsinki-Vantaa Airport

    OpenAIRE

    Eld, Anna

    2015-01-01

    The intention of this Bachelor’s Degree thesis was to examine and observe the customer service and especially customer satisfaction in a hotel industry, and Holiday Inn Helsinki-Vantaa Airport was selected to be an example for this survey. This survey and thesis is carried out by the author in collaboration with Holiday Inn Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, which was the commissioner of this Bachelor’s Degree thesis. This hotel was chosen since the author of this thesis did her second internship there...

  20. A Qualitative Evaluation of Holiday Breakfast Clubs in the UK: Views of Adult Attendees, Children, and Staff.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Defeyter, Margaret Anne; Graham, Pamela Louise; Prince, Kate

    2015-01-01

    Across the UK, 1.3 million children access free school meals for around 38 weeks of the year. However, during school holidays, many families face considerable difficulties in providing a consistent and nutritious supply of food for their children, particularly during the extended summer break. In an effort to address this issue, a number of community-based breakfast clubs were set-up across the North West of England and in Northern Ireland where people could access a free breakfast meal during the summer holidays. Qualitative interviews were carried out with 17 children, 18 adult attendees, and 15 breakfast club staff to determine the uses and impacts associated with holiday breakfast club participation and to investigate potential areas for future development of holiday food provision. Findings highlighted a need for holiday food provision and revealed a multitude of nutritional, social, and financial benefits for those who accessed holiday breakfast clubs. Areas for further development and investigation are discussed in addition to implications for UK food and educational policies.