François Grabowski ( 1939–2008 )

CERN Multimedia

2008-01-01

We are saddened by the news that our colleague François Grabowski passed away at the end of April. François joined CERN in February 1968, and as a member of the RF Separators Group in TC Division he participated in the construction of the separator on the beam of the Mirabelle bubble chamber and its installation at Serpukhov (former Soviet Union). He also helped build the shielding for the West Area neutrino beam and the 6 GHz RF separator installed on the separated beam for the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC). During the 80s, as a member of the Superconducting Cavities Group of EF Division (subsequently to become the AT Department), he took part in the development and construction of the LEP200 cavities. Finally, as a member of the SL Division, he went on to work on the superconducting cavities for the LHC. François retired from CERN in July 2004 but was sadly unable to make the most of the time remaining to him as he battled ...

Franšīzes izmantošana uzņēmumā McDonald’s.

OpenAIRE

Žučkova, Alina

2012-01-01

Bakalaura darba tēma ir „Franšīzes izmantošanas uzņēmumā McDonald’s”. Bakalaura darbs sastāv no četrām nodaļām. Pirmās nodaļas saturs ir balstīts uz franšīzes teorētiskā raksturojuma analīzi. Tas sevī ietver gan franšīzes būtību un principus, gan franšīzes attīstību un tās veidus, gan franšīzes iedalījumu pēc formas, kā arī franšīzes devēja un franšīzes ņēmēja ieguvumu un zaudējumu apskatu. Otrajā nodaļā tiek apskatīta Latvijas likumdošanas bāze, kas ir saistīta ar franšīzi. Tre...

François Morel (1923-2007)

OpenAIRE

Corvol, Pierre

2010-01-01

Le 9 mai 2007, François Morel nous quittait à l’âge de 84 ans, après toute une vie consacrée à la recherche sur la physiologie rénale qu’il a réalisée en grande partie au Collège de France où il a été titulaire de la chaire de Physiologie cellulaire de 1967 à 1993. François Morel était né à Genève en 1923. Son père était titulaire de la chaire de Psychiatrie dans cette ville, ce qui l’a sans doute incité à entreprendre des études de médecine. En fait, il n’a jamais exercé la médecine car, trè...

75 FR 13454 - Special Local Regulation, Fran Schnarr Open Water Championships, Huntington Bay, NY

Science.gov (United States)

2010-03-22

...-AA08 Special Local Regulation, Fran Schnarr Open Water Championships, Huntington Bay, NY AGENCY: Coast... navigable waters of Huntington Bay, New York due to the annual Fran Schnarr Open Water Championships. The..., ``Special Local Regulation, Fran Schnarr Open Water Championships, Huntington Bay, NY'' (Docket number USCG...

75 FR 38710 - Special Local Regulation, Fran Schnarr Open Water Championships, Huntington Bay, NY

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-06

...-AA08 Special Local Regulation, Fran Schnarr Open Water Championships, Huntington Bay, NY AGENCY: Coast... Regulation on the navigable waters of Huntington Bay, New York due to the annual Fran Schnarr Open Water... ``Special Local Regulation, Fran Schnarr Open Water Championships, Huntington Bay, NY'' in the Federal...

[Primary care in Belgium].

Science.gov (United States)

Sánchez-Sagrado, T

2017-09-01

Belgium is an attractive country to work in, not just for doctors but for all Spanish workers, due to it having the headquarters of European Union. The health job allure is double; on the one hand, the opportunity to find a decent job, and on the other, because it is possible to develop their professional abilities with patients of the same nationality in a health system with a different way of working. The Belgium health care system is based on security social models. Health care is financed by the government, social security contributions, and voluntary private health insurance. Primary care in Belgium is very different to that in Spain. Citizens may freely choose their doctor (general practitioner or specialist) increasing the lack of coordination between primary and specialized care. This leads to serious patient safety problems and loss of efficiency within the system. Belgium is a European country with room to improve preventive coverage. General practitioners are self-employed professionals with free choice of setting, and their salary is linked to their professional activity. Ambulatory care is subjected to co-payment, and this fact leads to great inequities on access to care. The statistics say that there is universal coverage but, in 2010, 14% of the population did not seek medical contact due to economic problems. It takes 3 years to become a General Practitioner and continuing medical education is compulsory to be revalidated. In general, Belgian and Spaniards living and working in Belgium are happy with the functioning of the health care system. However, as doctors, we should be aware that it is a health care system in which access is constrained for some people, and preventive coverage could be improved. Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Country profiles: Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1991-01-01

Within months, Belgium will have to import practically all of its energy requirements; coal production will stop in 1992. Though nuclear will continue to provide the bulk of the country's power supply, government policy has shifted away from reliance on the atom for electricity generation towards natural gas. With no oil reserves of its own, keeping demand under check has been a priority for governments down the years. The actual level of oil imports runs well above consumption since the refining sector supplies products for the European market. Belgium's own petrol station businesses face considerable rationalisation, with average throughput well below EC levels. (author)

Particules de vie conversation avec François Englert

CERN Document Server

Baré, François

2014-01-01

Ce fut l'événement de l'année 2013 : François Englert obtenait le prix Nobel de physique pour la découverte du boson. Le premier Belge à être honoré par ce prix depuis Ilya Prigogine en 1977. Françoise Baré, journaliste à la RTBF, et Guy Duplat, ingénieur civil physicien, ex-rédacteur en chef du Soir, auteur de Une vague belge (Racine) et journaliste à La Libre Belgique, ont rencontré plusieurs fois, longuement, François Englert, avant son prix et après celui-ci. Ils étaient là lors de l'annonce de la découverte du boson de BEH, lors de l'annonce du prix Nobel et, à Stockholm, lors de la remise du prix par le roi de Suède. À eux, François Englert a accepté de raconter sa chasse au boson, sa vie, ses idées. Au fil de la conversation se dessine alors le portrait attachant d'un homme brillant et libre, habité par un rêve, celui de comprendre, de décortiquer ce monde et de chercher la beauté de ses lois. Avec, en annexe, les grands points scientifiques qui éclairent le travail de F...

Me seisame uue renessansi lävel / Frans Johansson ; interv. Endrik Randoja

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Johansson, Frans

2008-01-01

Ilmunud ka: Delovõje Vedomosti 2. apr. lk. 28. Juhtimismõtleja ja raamatu "Medici efekt" autor Frans Johansson arutleb teemal, kuidas erinevate ideede, tegevusalade, kultuuride ja kompetentside ristamisel luuakse uusi turge ja ärivõimalusi. Lisa: Frans Johansson

FRAN: financial ratio analysis and more (Version 2.0 for Windows)

Science.gov (United States)

Bruce G. Hansen; Arnold J., Jr. Palmer

1999-01-01

FRAN is a computer-based, stand-alone program designed to generate important financial and operating ratios from tax and wage forms filed with the Internal Revenue Service. FRAN generates standard profitability, financial/leverage, liquidity/solvency, and activity ratios, as well as unique measures of workforce and capital cost and acquisition. Information produced by...

Biznesa formāta franšīzes līguma tiesiskais regulējums

OpenAIRE

Gailāns, Andrejs

2009-01-01

Šajā darbā autors analizē tiesisko regulējumu, kas izriet no Biznesa Formāta Franšīzes (BFF) attiecībām. Darbā ir aprakstīta franšīzes līguma izcelšanās vēsture, sniegta Biznesa Formāta Franšīzes līguma definīcija, norādītas galvenās tā pazīmes, un kritēriji, ar kuriem BFF atšķiras no citiem franšīzes modeļiem, kā arī dots īss franšīzes veidu raksturojums. Darbā ir sniegts nozares doktrinālo dokumentu apraksts, kā arī aprakstīti franšīzes līguma nozīmīgākie posmi, tādi kā pirmslīguma attiecīb...

Recent trends in Belgium's gas activities

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cuijpers, Ch.; Woitrin, D.

2010-01-01

This article brings various recent trends together to provide a view of the natural gas activities in Belgium. Belgium has a strategic position as an important nodal point in the North-Western European gas grids. This is illustrated by the high interconnection rate with adjacent networks. Gas volumes are attracted for international transit from border point to border point and to supply the national market. Natural gas represents more than a quarter of Belgium's energy mix and is completely dependent on foreign gas supplies. The Belgian gas market and transmission grid are broken down for H-gas (high calorific value, average of 11,630 kWh/m 3 (n)) and for L-gas (low calorific value, average of 9,769 kWh/m 3 (n)). This article is intended to disclose some statistics in order to contribute to the understanding and benchmarking of Belgium's gas flows, gas consumption, supply diversification and import capacity. (authors)

Grammaire progressive du français niveau intermédiaire

CERN Document Server

Grégoire, Maïa

2017-01-01

Quatrième édition de l'ouvrage de Grammaire de français langue étrangère (FLE), niveau intermédiaire, dans la collection Progressive du français destiné aux grands adolescents et adultes. Ce qui fait le succès de cet ouvrage de Grammaire: une organisation claire : la leçon de grammaire sur la page de gauche; les exercices d'entraînement sur la page de droite 52 chapitres présentant les points généralement abordés aux niveaux A2 et B1 du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues un apprentissage progressif : il suit la progression naturelle des méthodes de français un usage souple : pour la classe ou en auto-apprentissage une préparation adaptée aux certifications : un entreînement efficace pour mieux réussir aux examens NOUVEAU! Appli-web de la Grammaire progressive du français incluse Pour s'entraîner et s'évaluer en ligne en sollicitant toutes les compétences écrites et orales : près de 300 exercices interactifs avec dialogues, instructions, exemples et corrigés ora...

Restorānu franšīzes attīstība Latvijā

OpenAIRE

Zaļā, Magda

2013-01-01

'Jauniem uzņēmējiem, kam trūkst kompetences biznesa uzsākšanai, un uzņēmumiem, kuriem nākas izvērtēt alternatīvas paplašināšanās metodes, risinājums var būt franšīze. Bakalaura darba mērķis ir piedāvāt priekšlikumus restorānu franšīzes uzņēmumu attīstībai Latvijā un ārpus tās. Darbā aprakstīta franšīzes attīstība, veidi; salīdzināti franšīzes restorāni Latvijā, pētīts to potenciāls ārvalstīs un ārvalstu franšīzes potenciāls Latvijā; analizētas priekšrocības; noteikti attīstības faktori;...

Constitution d’un Corpus de Français Langue Etrangère destiné aux Apprenants Allemands

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fauth Camille

2014-07-01

Nationale de la Recherche et Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft attribué à l’équipe Parole du LORIA UMR 7503, Nancy – France et à l’Equipe de Linguistique Computationnelle et de Phonétique FR 4.7 de l’Université de la Sarre Sarrebruck – Allemagne dans lequel le français et l’allemand sont des langues cibles. Pour la paire allemand-français, peu de corpus parallèles sont disponibles. Nous présentons ici l’élaboration d’un corpus de productions orales de locuteurs natifs et non natifs pour la paire allemand-français. Notre corpus entend mettre au jour les déviations phonétiques et phonologiques que les locuteurs allemands produisent lorsqu’ils apprennent le français. Ce travail s’insère dans un projet plus global, Ce projet entend étudier les difficultés que les locuteurs français rencontrent lorsqu’ils apprennent l’allemand, et réciproquement. Aussi, cinquante locuteurs allemands seront recrutés dans des milieux universitaires et scolaires (niveau lycée en Allemagne et cinquante locuteurs français dans les mêmes milieux en France. Il s’agit pour les deux populations de produire d’une part le corpus en langue étrangère (en langue française pour les locuteurs allemands et en langue allemande pour les locuteurs français mais également le corpus en langue maternelle (en allemand pour les allemands et en français pour les français. Les corpus ainsi obtenus devraient nous permettre d’identifier les difficultés que les locuteurs allemands ou français rencontrent lorsqu’ils apprennent le français ou l’allemand. Les données de contrôle sont doubles puisque l’on pourra à la fois se référer aux productions des apprenants dans leur langue maternelle (ici l’allemand, mais également à celles de locuteurs natifs (ici germanophones. Nous ne présenterons ici que la constitution du corpus en français.

Comédie-Française Tallinnas

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2009-01-01

La Comedie-Française Tallinnas 7. ja 8. veebruaril, külalisetendused Draamateatris : Molière'i komöödia "Naeruväärsed eputised" Dan Jemmeti lavastuses ja Spiro Scimone "Pidu", Galin Stoevi lavastuses

Franšīzes izmantošana auto nomas uzņēmumos Latvijā

OpenAIRE

Burtniece, Ramona

2009-01-01

Bakalaura darbs „Franšīzes izmantošana auto nomas uzņēmumos Latvijā”. Darba mērķis: izpētīt preču zīmes nozīmi starptautiskajā tirdzniecībā un franšīzē, analizējot uz franšīzes pamata darbojošos auto nomas uzņēmumu darbību Latvijā, to iespējamās priekšrocības vai zaudējumus salīdzinājumā ar vietējiem uzņēmumiem. Darba ietvaros izpētīts preču zīmes jēdziens, franšīzes būtība, likumdošana, kas to regulē, analizēta un salīdzināta 2 uz franšīzes pamata darbojošos auto nomu darbība un, veicot ...

François Louis (1928-2010)

CERN Multimedia

CERN Bulletin

2010-01-01

François Louis, who was a CERN mathematician from 1957 to 1988, passed away on 23 March 2010.   Everyone who was at CERN in the early years will remember the important role he played before the advent of computers, as well as his skills as a teacher when it became imperative for us all to make use of them. His lessons, at all levels, were remarkable for their precision and clarity. François loved to share his gifts of intelligence and culture with his friends and colleagues. Never turning down a request for help, he imparted his wisdom to the many who sought it with unfailing modesty and wit. We recall with affection his wonderful conversation, where mathematics merged with literature, cinema and his other great passion, music. Indeed he will also be remembered as a gifted pianist. His critical spirit and impeccable manners, born of a bygone era, left an indelible mark on us all. We are deeply saddened by his death. His friends      

François-Ronan Dubois, Introduction aux Porn Studies

OpenAIRE

Garnier, Guillaume

2014-01-01

Partant des débats qui entourent la pornographie et sa consommation (la pornographie est-elle sexiste ? Ou bien féministe ? Qu’en est-il de la moralité et de la législation ?…), François-Ronan Dubois, agrégé de lettres modernes et doctorant en littérature française, s’interroge sur les porn studies discipline novatrice originaire des États-Unis, qui s’est récemment imposée comme essentielle pour apporter un discours compétent sur la pornographie. Les porn studies s’emparant des formes et des ...

Agricultural marketing in Belgium and The Netherlands

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Meulenberg, M.T.G.; Viaene, J.

1993-01-01

Agriculture in Belgium and the Netherlands has a strong export tradition and has been market oriented for a long time. In this article agricultural markeling in Belgium and the Netherlands is analyzed on the basis of the concepts structure, conduct and performance. In our review of market structure

The Belgium debate on tactical nuclear weapons

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dumoulin, Andre

2008-01-01

This publication proposes a discussion about the opinions and positions of the various Belgium political actors and authorities regarding nuclear weapons. After a synthesis of several interviews with different actors, the author analyses the debate content, and more precisely the positions of peace movements, of the government, and of political parties. Several documents are proposed in appendix: a presentation of the evolution on Belgium nuclear missions, a government's answer to parliamentary resolutions regarding non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and a working paper submitted by Belgium, Norway and the Netherlands in the perspective of the 2005 Conference of Parties on the Non-Proliferation Treaty

Hommage à François Morel (1923-2007)

OpenAIRE

Corvol, Pierre

2010-01-01

Le 9 mai 2007, François Morel nous quittait à l’âge de 84 ans, après toute une vie consacrée à la recherche sur la physiologie rénale qu’il a réalisée en grande partie au Collège de France où il a été titulaire de la chaire de Physiologie cellulaire de 1967 à 1993. François Morel était né à Genève en 1923. Son père était titulaire de la chaire de Psychiatrie dans cette ville, ce qui l’a sans doute incité à entreprendre des études de médecine. En fait, il n’a jamais exercé la médecine car, trè...

FRAN KURELAC: »RUNJE / PAHULJICE« IRONICAL AND PASTORAL POEMS MOSTLY FROM DUBROVNIK

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leopoldina Veronika Banaš

1991-01-01

Full Text Available The paper introduces readers to the book of poems »Runje i Pahuljice« by Fran Kurelac giving details and preparations for the book to be published: from manuscript gathering to his editorial work. This paper presents a contribution in remembrance and honour to Fran Kurelac whose book »Fluminensia« has become a trade-mark for our review »Fluminensia«.

Report on the application of INES in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1997-01-01

The report on the application of INES in Belgium discusses the following topics: historical aspects; communication organization; communication policy in Belgium; events with difficulties or learning opportunities; public acceptance of INES issues; problems with the current systems

Frančaizinga izmantošana Latvijas Republikas mazajā un vidējā biznesā

OpenAIRE

Žuks, Vadims

2017-01-01

Diplomdarba tēma ir frančaizinga veikšanas problēmas Latvijas mazajā un vidējā biznesā. Darbā tiek izskatīti frančaizinga veikšanas teorētiskie pamati, tiek analizēta Latvijas frančaizinga biznesa likumdošanas bāze un francāizinga modeļa ieviešanas īpatnības, ka arī konkrēta frančaizinga biznesa uzsākšanas un darbības uzlabošanas pasākumi. Diplomdarbs izpildīts uz 82 lappusēm. Darbs satur 8 attēlus, 12 tabulas un 3 pielikumus. Darba atslēgas vārdi ir: frančaizinga bizness, biznesa veikšanas p...

Franšīzes izmantošana Latvijas uzņēmējdarbības vidē

OpenAIRE

Berdinska, Zane

2014-01-01

Franšīze, kā uzņēmējdarbības veids Latvijā nav padziļināti izpētīta, nav izdota pilnvērtīga literatūra, kas skaidrotu franšīzes būtību un likumdošanā ir robi, kas ietekmē franšīzes izplatību Latvijā. Darba mērķis - izpētīt un izanalizēt franšīzes būtību, noskaidrot uzņēmējdarbības veida priekšrocības un trūkumus, izplatību Latvijas uzņēmējdarbības vidē un sniegt priekšlikumus franšīzes attīstības veicināšanai. Bakalaura darba uzdevumi: izpētīt informāciju par franšīzes vēsturi, izanali...

Euthanasia in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.

Science.gov (United States)

2013-11-01

Each of the Benelux countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands) has enacted legislation that partially decriminalises euthanasia, defined as an act that intentionally terminates someone's life at their request. In the Netherlands and Luxembourg, but not in Belgium, the legislation partially decriminalised assisted suicide at the same time. In all three countries, euthanasia can only be performed by a doctor, in response to the patient's voluntary and well-considered request, and for patients who have an incurable disease that causes unbearable suffering, without any prospect of relief. In the Netherlands, minors can request euthanasia as of the age of 12 years. In 2011, reported euthanasia accounted for about 1% of deaths in Belgium and 3% in the Netherlands. In 75% of cases, cancer was the disease leading to a request for euthanasia. In the Netherlands, the number of cases of euthanasia reported by doctors in surveys matches the number that is officially declared. In Belgium, it is thought that there are as many unreported as reported cases of euthanasia. Since the enactment of euthanasia legislation, fewer deaths involve the intentional administration of lethal drugs without an explicit request from the patient.

La Sociéte Française d'Exobiologie

Science.gov (United States)

Raulin, F.

2010-12-01

L'exobiologie est une jeune science, très pluridisciplinaire qui, de façon générale, a pour objet l'étude de la vie dans l'univers. Plus précisément, elle inclut l'étude des conditions et des processus qui ont permis l'émergence du vivant sur notre planète, et ont pu oumo pourraient le permettre ailleurs, l'étude de l'évolution de la matière organique vers des structures complexes dans l'univers, et les recherches qui concernent la distribution de la vie sous toutes les formes qu'elle pourrait revêtir, et son évolution. La Société Française d'Exobiologie a été fondée en mai 2009. Elle a pour buts principaux de fédérer les recherches en exobiologie au niveau français en facilitant l'établissement de contacts interdisciplinaires entre les chercheurs français et faire connaître et expliquer l'exobiologie pour satisfaire la demande socio culturelle provenant d'un public diversifié, par le biais de conférences, d'ateliers, d'expositions. La SFE est reconnue comme Société savante. Elle compte actuellement 140 membres et vient d'organiser son premier colloque national d'exobiologie à Biarritz.

The Jargon of Authenticity = Autentsuse žargoon / Hilde Heynen

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Heynen, Hilde

2005-01-01

Modernism arhitektuuris ja selle (a)poliitiline positsioon. Karel Teige ja Walter Benjamini modernismitõlgendused. Äärelinliku elustiili mudel Ameerika Ühendriikides ja Euroopas. Hiltoni hotelliketid maailmas. Belgia arhitekti Renaat Braemi (1910-2001) loomingust. Bibliograafia lk. 26-27

Langue française et culture francophone en domaine ibérique nouvelles intersections

CERN Document Server

Garcia Castanyer, Maria Teresa; Desvaux, Alicia Piquer

2016-01-01

Ce volume rassemble divers travaux portant sur les différents enjeux de l'enseignement et l'apprentissage du français langue étrangère, de la traduction et de l'évolution des représentations véhiculées dans la transmission de la culture française et francophone.

Health and social inequities in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Lagasse, R; Humblet, P C; Lenaerts, A; Godin, I; Moens, G F

1990-01-01

This paper presents two different yet complementary on-going studies related to the understanding of the mechanisms leading to social inequalities in health. The first part is devoted to a differential morbidity survey held in southern Belgium. It confirms that striking differences exist in the period around birth between social categories, and between the three districts under study. In a multivariate approach, differences remain between the social categories and between the district samples, which classically studied socio-demographical, behavioural and medical characteristics cannot fully explain. The role of cultural factors is analysed and discussed through the concept of 'health culture' and alternative hypotheses are reviewed in the light of the results. The second part reviews the studies conducted on the so-called avoidable mortality in the EEC and more specifically in Belgium. The concept of avoidable mortality is discussed, as well as its utility from the standpoint of the present concern on social inequalities. Differences between EEC countries are large, and even within Belgium there are important disparities between the districts. The role of health care supply has not been demonstrated yet in these two contexts. For Belgium, it appears that a major part of the unequally distributed mortality is constituted by causes of death considered as avoidable. Moreover, the most discriminating causes of death are overrepresented in socially deprived districts. The two perspectives are confronted in order to delineate perspectives for future research and operational outcomes for policy making and interventions.

FRAN and RBF-PSO as two components of a hyper framework to recognize protein folds.

Science.gov (United States)

Abbasi, Elham; Ghatee, Mehdi; Shiri, M E

2013-09-01

In this paper, an intelligent hyper framework is proposed to recognize protein folds from its amino acid sequence which is a fundamental problem in bioinformatics. This framework includes some statistical and intelligent algorithms for proteins classification. The main components of the proposed framework are the Fuzzy Resource-Allocating Network (FRAN) and the Radial Bases Function based on Particle Swarm Optimization (RBF-PSO). FRAN applies a dynamic method to tune up the RBF network parameters. Due to the patterns complexity captured in protein dataset, FRAN classifies the proteins under fuzzy conditions. Also, RBF-PSO applies PSO to tune up the RBF classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that FRAN improves prediction accuracy up to 51% and achieves acceptable multi-class results for protein fold prediction. Although RBF-PSO provides reasonable results for protein fold recognition up to 48%, it is weaker than FRAN in some cases. However the proposed hyper framework provides an opportunity to use a great range of intelligent methods and can learn from previous experiences. Thus it can avoid the weakness of some intelligent methods in terms of memory, computational time and static structure. Furthermore, the performance of this system can be enhanced throughout the system life-cycle. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Veiksmīgas ārzemju un Latvijas franšīzes piemērs un analīze

OpenAIRE

Kuzina, Jūlija

2015-01-01

Šī diplomdarba tēmas aktualitātes pamatojums ir tāds, ka pastāv vairāki faktori, kas kavē starptautiskā biznesa attīstību. Lai atrisinātu šo problēmu, ir vajadzīgi jauni ekonomiskie mehānismi, viens no kuriem ir franšīze, kas ļauj palielināt rentabilitāti. Diplomdarba mērķis ir noskaidrot franšīzes attīstības iespējas, apskatīt franšīzes ietekmējošus faktorus, kā arī analizēt franšīzes izdevigumu Latvijā uz veiksmīgas ārzemju un Latvijas franšīzes piemēra. Diplomdarbs sastāv no 3 daļām....

Wimpy UK restorānu franšīzes analīze

OpenAIRE

Ogurcova, Inna

2014-01-01

Bakalaura darba tēma ir „Wimpy UK restorānu franšīzes analīze”. Autore Inna Ogurcova. Darba mērķis ir balstoties uz teorētiskajām zināšanām, kā arī uz apkopoto un izpētīto informāciju par Wimpy UK uzņēmumu un tā konkurentiem, analizēt Wimpy UK franšīzes piedāvājumu un noteikt tā pieprasījuma samazināšanās iemeslu, kā arī izstrādāt ierosinājumus uzņēmuma franšīzes pieprasījuma palielināšanai. Bakalaura darba pamatdaļa sastāv no trijām daļām. Pirmajā, teorētiskajā daļā, tiek apskatīts fra...

Energy policies of IEA countries: Belgium 2005 review

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2005-07-01

Belgium continues to make measured progress in its energy policy, particularly with respect to electricity market liberalisation. The country has improved the independent functioning of the electricity market. An electricity exchange will begin operation shortly. However, to enable Belgian customers to fully benefit from energy market liberalisation, more work needs to be done. In 2003, Belgium decided to phase out nuclear power between 2015 and 2025. As nuclear energy supplies about 55% of the country's electricity, this will be a significant challenge. The federal government should conduct more comprehensive long-term studies on the nuclear energy phase-out and its effects on energy security, environmental protection and economic growth. Belgium's natural gas and electricity markets are highly concentrated. Companies owned by the international power group Suez SA dominate at all levels. Belgium has made some efforts to unbundle these industries and reduce their market dominance, but much more must be done to encourage new entry, increase competition and bring real economic benefits to Belgian customers. 50 refs., 40 tabs., 3 annexes.

A familial study of Hallermann–Streiff–François syndrome

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Epée E

2017-06-01

Full Text Available E Epée,1 D Beleho,2 AT Bitang,3 VA Njami,4 C Bengondo,5 Côme Ebana Mvogo1 1Ophthalmology Department, Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; 2Ophthalmology Department, Okola District Hospital, Okola, Cameroon; 3Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; 4Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon; 5Stomatology Department, Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon Abstract: Hallermann–Streiff–François syndrome is a rare sporadic genetic pathology characterized by a phenotype consisting of growth retardation, ocular abnormalities, and a “bird-like head”. We hereby report a case of this syndrome found in three generations of the same family – father, daughter, and grand-daughter – who presented with a short stature and facial dysmorphic features, nystagmus, cataract, and bilateral microphthalmia. The discussion is based on the clinical and genetic aspects, and the challenges in management of this oculo-mandibulo-facial syndrome. The association of congenital cataract, facial dysmorphic features, and microphthalmia, should guide the diagnosis of dysmorphic syndromes such as Hallermann–Streiff–François syndrome. Keywords: Hallermann–Streiff–François syndrome, familial cataract, dysmorphic features, rare, Cameroon

Grammaire progressive du français corrigés : niveau intermédiaire

CERN Document Server

Thiévenaz, Odile

2017-01-01

Quatrième édition des corrigés de l'ouvrage de Grammaire de français langue étrangère (FLE), niveau intermédiaire, dans la collection Progressive du français destiné aux grands adolescents et adultes. Ce qui fait le succès de cet ouvrage de grammaire: Une organisation claire : la leçon de grammaire sur la page de gauche, les exercices d'entraînement sur la page de droite 52 chapitres présentant les points généralement abordés aux niveaux A2 et B1 du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues Un apprentissage progressif : il suit la progression naturelle des méthodes de français Un usage souple : pour la classe ou en auto-apprentissage Une préparation adaptée aux certifications : un entraînement efficace pour mieux réussir aux examens NOUVEAU!​ Appli-Web de la Grammaire progressive du français Pour s'entraîner et s'évaluer en ligne en sollicitant toutes les compétences écrites et orales: près de 300 exercices interactifs avec dialogues, instructions, exemples et corri...

Nuclear fuel activities in Belgium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bairiot, H

1997-12-01

In his presentation on nuclear fuel activities in belgium the author considers the following directions of this work: fuel fabrication, NPP operation, fuel performance, research and development programmes.

Modeling of flow through fractured tuff at Fran Ridge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eaton, R.R.; Ho, C.K.; Glass, R.J.; Nicholl, M.J.; Arnold, B.W.

1996-01-01

Numerical studies have modeled an infiltration experiment at Fran Ridge, using the TOUGH2 code, to aid in the selection of computational models for waste repository performance assessment. This study investigates the capabilities of TOUGH2 to simulate transient flows through highly fractured tuff, and provides a possible means of calibrating hydrologic parameters such as effective fracture aperture and fracture-matrix connectivity. Two distinctly different conceptual models were used in the TOUGH2 code, the dual permeability model and the equivalent continuum model. The field experiments involved the infiltration of dyed ponded water in highly fractured tuff. The infiltration observed in the experiment was subsequently modeled using Fran Ridge fracture frequencies, obtained during post-experiment site excavation. Comparison of the TOUGH2 results obtained using the two conceptual models gives insight into their relative strengths and weaknesses

Purple vests. The origins of plural policing in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Devroe, E.

2015-01-01

This article increases the body of knowledge on the origins of plural policing in a continental setting, more specifically in Belgium. Compared to other European countries, Belgium occupies a unique position, which can be explained by its particular constitutional setting. While non-police public

The radon anomaly of Porcheresse (Ardennes, Belgium). A case study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Charlet, J.M.; Zhu, H.C.; Poffijn, A.

1999-01-01

From a very high radon concentration in a dwelling of the village of Porcheresse (Belgium), the paper discusses on of the significance of the numerous radon indoor anomalies detected in the Southern part of Belgium

Franšīzes uzņēmuma dibināšanas iespējas starptautiskā tirgū.

OpenAIRE

Maklere, Madara

2014-01-01

Bakalaura darba autore: Madara Makere. Bakalaura darba tēma: „Franšīzes uzņēmuma dibināšanas iespējas starptautiskā tirgū”. Darbs sastāv no trim nodaļām. Pirmajā nodaļā tiek aprakstīta teorija par franšīzi un tās veidiem. Otrajā daļā tiek apskatīta informācija par franšīzi vairāk no praktiskā viedokļa, precīzāk, Latvijā esošā franšīzes uzņēmuma apskate un piesaistes uzņēmuma informācija. Trešajā daļā tiek apskatīts franšīzes dibināšanas pamats un ar to saistošā informācija. Bakalaura...

[The story of Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 1809-2009].

Science.gov (United States)

Chast, F

2009-11-01

The Annales pharmaceutiques françaises is 200 years old. Initially, in 1809, the Bulletin de pharmacie was the organ of the Société de pharmacie de Paris. The journal was one of the dynamic events stimulated by the law of Germinal in year XI of the French revolution (1803). Its readership increased tremendously, rapidly making it the first regular journal in the pharmaceutical world. In 1984 it became the Journal de pharmacie et chimie published for a century. It was in 1943 that the journal took on its current name of the Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. The journal is now the official organ of the French National Academy of Pharmacy. The six annual issues are supplemented by an internet diffusion allowing readers access in all French-speaking countries.

L’école historique française du droit a-t-elle existé?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Philippe Sturmel

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Jourdan ou Klimrath, émules français de Savigny dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, sont des noms que les historiens du droit connaissent bien. Mais cela a-t-il toujours été le cas et surtout quelle a été la portée de leur action scientifique au XIXe siècle? Ce sont ces questions auxquelles l’article tente de répondre et cela de deux points de vue: d’une part en examinant la réception en France des thèses de ce que l’on a appelé l’Ecole historique française dans un temps où l’Ecole de l’exégèse exerce une domination sans partage; d’autre part, en observant les réactions allemandes devant cette production juridique historique française qui s’inscrit dans le courant savignien, observation basée notamment sur le dépouillement exhaustif de la Kritische Zeitschrift für Rechtswissenschaft und Gesetzgebung des Auslandes dirigée par Mittermaier. Que constate-t-on? Des deux côtés du Rhin, l’Ecole historique française a été étouffée. Ici, ses adeptes étaient accusés de pro germanisme; là, ils n’étaient finalement que les disciples de Savigny. Et pourtant leur action en faveur des sciences juridique et historique mérite pleinement qu’on voie en eux les fondateurs d’une véritable Ecole historique française du droit.

François Delsarte and Modern Dance: an encounter in physical expression

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elisa Teixeira de Souza

2012-11-01

Full Text Available This study addresses François Delsarte’s system of expression, known as Applied Aesthetics. It presents data related to François Delsarte’s career, such as personal and professional life and his theoretical background. It discusses the laws of gestural expression formulated by Delsarte – Trinity Law, the Law of Correspondence and the Nine Laws of Motion – as well as their dissemination and utilization in modern dance; this discussion mentions some pioneers of modern dance, such as Isadora Duncan, Ruth Saint Denis, Ted Shawn, Vaslav Nijinsky, Rudolf Laban and Mary Wigman.

Ageism in Belgium and Burundi: a comparative analysis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marquet M

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Manon Marquet, Pierre Missotten, Sarah Schroyen, Desiderate Nindaba, Stéphane Adam Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Background: Recent cross-cultural comparisons between Asian and Western cultures have shown that ageism arises more from the lack of availability of social and economic resources for older adults than from the culture itself. We tested this assumption by conducting a survey among people living in a least developed country compared with those living in a developed country.Participants and methods: Twenty-seven Belgians living in Belgium, 29 Burundians living in Belgium, and 32 Burundians living in Burundi were included in this study. Their attitudes toward older adults were assessed using several self-reported measures.Results: Statistical analyses confirmed that older people are more negatively perceived by Burundians living in Burundi than by Burundians and Belgians living in Belgium, whose attitudes did not differ from each other.Conclusion: Consistent with our hypothesis, our results suggest that the level of development of a country and more particularly the lack of government spending on older people (pension and health care systems may contribute to their younger counterparts perceiving them more negatively. Keywords: attitudes toward older adults, cross-cultural differences, socioeconomic development, intergenerational relations

Action Française and culture : Life, Times and Legacy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Catherine Fraixe

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Review of: Olivier Dard, Michel Leymarie, Neil McWilliam (éds, Le maurrassisme et la culture. L’Action française. Culture, société, politique (III, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2010. This book is the result of a collective work on the intellectual hegemony which the Action Française exercised in France in the interwar period. It studies some of the main actors who constructed Maurrassism, the stategies which allowed them to dominate French cultural life from the beginning of the 1920s to the end of World War II and their ideology. It shows how this ideology was disseminated in different fields, history, literature, music, etc. and how this plural approach contributed to the success of a movement whose aim was to disqualify the very idea of democracy.

Income mobility and deprivation dynamics among the elderly in Belgium and the Netherlands

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dirven, H.J.; Fouarge, D.J.A.G.

1996-01-01

This paper analyzes the dynamics of income and deprivation among the elderly in Belgium and the Netherlands between 1985 and 1988. It appears that, in 1985, the average level of deprivation in Belgium and the Netherlands was about the same. However, Belgium saw an increase between 1985 and 1988,

Use of INIS magnetic tapes, in Belgium, with the help of STAIRS

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coster, M. de; Bijnens, A.; Wandeler-Brankaer, M. de; Strubbe-Kuyer, A.

1975-01-01

In the framework of its participation to an international scientific information network, Belgium has developed a computerised sectorial nuclear system based on the use of the INIS magnetic tapes. Our paper describes how the system is operated by the CEN/SCK (Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucleaire, Mol (Belgium)) and the C.T.I. (Centre de Traitement de l'Information du Ministere des Affaires Economiques, Brussels (Belgium)). (authors)

Microbiological Load of Edible Insects Found in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Rudy Caparros Megido; Sandrine Desmedt; Christophe Blecker; François Béra; Éric Haubruge; Taofic Alabi; Frédéric Francis

2017-01-01

Edible insects are gaining more and more attention as a sustainable source of animal protein for food and feed in the future. In Belgium, some insect products can be found on the market, and consumers are sourcing fresh insects from fishing stores or towards traditional markets to find exotic insects that are illegal and not sanitarily controlled. From this perspective, this study aims to characterize the microbial load of edible insects found in Belgium (i.e., fresh mealworms and house crick...

Energy policies of IEA countries: Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1997-01-01

The report contains a comprehensive in-depth assessment of the energy policies of Belgium, including recommendations on future policy. Belgium has been successful in phasing out the exploitation of its high-cost and uncompetitive coal, without major social problems. To enhance its energy supplies, it has developed a nuclear industry based on a high level of technology and promoted natural gas imports. The electricity and gas industries are highly concentrated and integrated, in many cases preventing competition from working to benefit consumers. Structural reforms in the electricity and gas markets are required to create competitive, efficient, and flexible markets. The report also recommends that responsibilities transferred from the federal government to the three governments need to be harmonized, especially those concerning climate change

Robert Cailliau honoured by Belgium

CERN Multimedia

2004-01-01

On 15 November, Robert Cailliau received the distinction of Commandeur de l'Ordre de Léopold from Belgium, his home country, for his pioneering work in developing the World Wide Web. Robert Cailliau worked closely with Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web.

Subinertial response of the Gulf Stream System to Hurricane Fran of 1996

Science.gov (United States)

Xie, Lian; Pietrafesa, Leonard J.; Zhang, Chen

The evidence of subinertial-frequency (with periods from 2 days to 2 weeks) oceanic response to Hurricane Fran of 1996 is documented. Hurricane Fran traveled northward across the Gulf Stream and then over a cool-core trough, known as the Charleston Trough, due east of Charleston, SC and in the lee of the Charleston Bump during the period 4-5 September, 1996. During the passage of the storm, the trough closed into a gyre to form an intense cool-core cyclonic eddy. This cool-core eddy had an initial size of approximately 130 km by 170 km and drifted northeastward along the Gulf Stream front at a speed of 13 to 15 km/day as a subinertial baroclinic wave. Superimposed on this subinertial-frequency wave were near-inertial frequency, internal inertia-gravity waves formed in the stratified mixed-layer base after the passage of the storm. The results from a three-dimensional numerical ocean model confirm the existence of both near-inertial and subinertial-frequency waves in the Gulf Stream system during and after the passage of Hurricane Fran. Model results also showed that hurricane-forced oceanic response can modify Gulf Stream variability at both near-inertial and subinertial frequencies.

François Le Guévellou, L'ésotérisme et les sciences occultes en Russie. Aperçu historique et lexiques.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olivier Santamaria

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Professeur de linguistique russe à l'INALCO, François Le Guévellou s'est fait connaître du public spécialisé par la rédaction de dictionnaires français-russe / russe-français présentant des lexiques quelque peu originaux (Dictionnaire des gros mots russes ; Dictionnaire russe-français des noms d’animaux et de plantes ; Les termes de couleurs en français et en russe. Etude contrastive et lexiques ; Dictionnaire des onomatopées et interjections russes, souvent accompagnés de savantes études in...

Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-Belgium Form: psychometric characteristics and construct validity

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dries, N.; van Esbroeck, R.; van Vianen, A.E.M.; de Cooman, R.; Pepermans, R.

2012-01-01

The Dutch version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-Belgium Form (CAAS-Belgium) consists of four scales, each with six items, which measure concern, control, curiosity, and confidence as psychosocial resources for managing occupational transitions, developmental tasks, and work traumas. A pilot

The Historical Taboo: Colonial Discourses and Postcolonial Identities in Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bobineau Julien

2017-06-01

Full Text Available This article examines so-called colonial discourses in Belgium related to the former Sub-Saharan colony owned by Leopold II of Belgium which today is known as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo or the Congo-Kinshasa. Having introduced the colonial history of the DR Congo from the 15th century until 1910, the study starts with a discussion of Van den Braembussche’s concept of a ‘historical taboo’ and four ways of engaging with such implicit interdictions. Finally, an empirical analysis of colonial discourses in Belgium from the 1890s until today will be presented in conjunction with Belgium’s linguistic-cultural division, taking into account age-related divergence.

75 FR 81309 - Stainless Steel Plate from Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan

Science.gov (United States)

2010-12-27

... (Second Review)] Stainless Steel Plate from Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan AGENCY: United... on stainless steel plate from Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan. SUMMARY: The... on stainless steel plate from Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan would be likely to lead...

L’Institut français de recherche pour l’exploitation de la mer (IFREMER)

OpenAIRE

2014-01-01

Note portant sur l’auteur L’Institut français de recherche scientifique pour le développement en coopération (ORSTOM) et le Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) sont deux organismes français de recherche qui œuvrent au Brésil depuis plus de vingt ans. Cette contribution permet de faire connaître l’éventail des recherches entreprises et leurs aspects originaux ainsi que les résultats obtenus, les apports et les profits mutuels, en deux mot...

Campus 3 méthode de français

CERN Document Server

Pécheur, Jacques; Molinié, Muriel

2003-01-01

Méthode de français pour grands adolescents et adultes sur 3 niveaux. Ce niveau comprend : un livre de l'élève, un cahier d'exercices, un livre du professeur, une vidéo, des cassettes audio collectives au CD, et pour l'élève : une cassette audio individuelle ou CD.

Özkan Bardakçi, François Pugnière (éd.), La Dernière Croisade. Les Français et la guerre de Candie 1669

OpenAIRE

Bernat, Chrystel

2011-01-01

Construit autour de l’édition critique d’un manuscrit inédit, découvert dix ans auparavant par Robert Sauzet, l’ouvrage de Özkan Bardakçi et François Pugnière présente, comme en écho Au Grand Siècle des âmes de leur préfacier (Perrin 2007), une étude de l’expédition française engagée en Crète lors de la cinquième guerre vénéto-ottomane pour tenter, à l’été 1669, de sauver la place de Candie menacée, en ce troisième siège, de tomber aux mains des Turcs. L’affaire, de dimension européenne et à ...

Frans Verbeure (1942 - 2003)

CERN Multimedia

2003-01-01

On 8 June Frans Verbeure, full professor at the University of Antwerpen and Head of the Particle Physics group, passed away after a long illness. Born on 6 February 1942, Verbeure started his research career in the early sixties, under de leadership of Prof. Fernand Grard, at the "Laboratoire des Hautes Energies" in Brussels, a laboratory funded by the Belgian National Science Foundation. His research activity initially centered around the vigorous bubble chamber physics programme which had started in Saclay and continued at CERN. When the Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (UIA) was created in 1972, he became the youngest professor in the Physics Department, and remained there until his untimely death. Recognizing the importance of collaboration on a national, as well as international level, Verbeure associated his research group closely with the other experimental particle physics groups at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). This collaboration has remained ver...

The effect of labour taxes on labour demand: a comparison between Belgium and neighbouring countries

OpenAIRE

Laenen, Wout; Moons, Cindy; Persyn, Damiaan

2011-01-01

This study examines the evolution of labour costs and taxes in Belgium and neighbouring countries. We try to clarify the common issues in the current debate concerning labour costs and labour demand in Belgium and neighbouring countries and investigate the influence of labour costs on employment by using macroeconomic OECD data. We conclude that the tax wedge in Belgium is one of the highest of all OECD countries. Labour costs in Belgium rose at a moderate tempo, but labour productivity evolv...

Evidence and mechanism of Hurricane Fran-Induced ocean cooling in the Charleston Trough

Science.gov (United States)

Xie, Lian; Pietrafesa, L. J.; Bohm, E.; Zhang, C.; Li, X.

Evidence of enhanced sea surface cooling during and following the passage of Hurricane Fran in September 1996 over an oceanic depression located on the ocean margin offshore of Charleston, South Carolina (referred to as the Charleston Trough), [Pietrafesa, 1983] is documented. Approximately 4C° of sea surface temperature (SST) reduction within the Charleston Trough following the passage of Hurricane Fran was estimated based on SST imagery from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA-14 polar orbiting satellite. Simulations using a three-dimensional coastal ocean model indicate that the largest SST reduction occurred within the Charleston Trough. This SST reduction can be explained by oceanic mixing due to storm-induced internal inertia-gravity waves.

ILALOK. Dictionnaire vili–français/Mpisukulu bi kum' bi tshi vili ku tshi mputu.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

P.A. Mavoungou

2011-10-01

Full Text Available On connaît le vif intérêt de l'Institut des Langues Locales au Kouilou pour la promotion des langues maternelles et des cultures dont elles sont le véhicule irremplaçable. La parution aux Éditions L'Harmattan du Dictionnaire vili–fran-çais en 2008 vient couronner des années d'efforts acharnés et de privations. Ce dictionnaire, consacré au civili, poursuit ainsi la tradition des ouvrages lexico-graphiques commencés par les missionnaires. Pour le civili notamment on peut citer les contributions des révérends pères Derouet (n.d. et Marichelle (1902 qui furent imprimés à la vieille imprimerie de Loango. Dans la préface du Dic-tionnaire vili–français (en abrégé DVF dans le reste du texte, le R.P. Marichelle précise que la parution de son dictionnaire vient compléter l'oeuvre du R.P. Derouet auteur du Dictionnaire français–vili. Hormis les travaux lexicographi-ques sur le civili, deux autres ouvrages ont également été publiés. Il s'agit de Proverbes et dictons du Loango en Afrique Centrale de René Mavoungou Pambou (1997 et de Parlons vili de Gervais Loembé (2005. La parution du Dictionnaire vili–français complète parfaitement bien cette série.

L’émigration russe et la naissance d’une orthodoxie française 1925-1953

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Vasileios Pnevmatikakis

2012-06-01

Full Text Available La révolution d’octobre 1917 et la guerre civile qui s’ensuivit en Russie eut comme conséquence l’émigration de millions d’orthodoxes russes vers les pays de l’Europe occidentale et plus particulièrement la France. Persuadés depuis le début du déracinement que leur exile avait un caractère providentiel, les orthodoxes russes de France ont œuvré pour la réalisation d’une synthèse qui permettrait le rapprochement entre les chrétiens d’Orient et d’Occident et aboutirait au dépassement définitif des dilemmes identitaires historiques. Durant la période 1925-1953, la reconnaissance du français comme langue liturgique orthodoxe, la fondation de la première paroisse orthodoxe de langue française, l’acceptation dans l’orthodoxie d’un groupe chrétien français utilisant une ancienne forme liturgique gallicane, la recherche pour la reconstitution dudit « rite des Gaules » et les efforts pour l’organisation ecclésiastique d’une « orthodoxie française » sous l’obédience du patriarcat de Moscou, sont des exemples montrant l’engagement sincère de certains esprits pionniers au sein de l’émigration russe pour la réalisation d’une orthodoxie authentiquement occidentale.

Tax wedge in Croatia, Belgium, Estonia, Germany and Slovakia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ana Gabrilo

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to analyse the taxation of labour income in Croatia, Belgium,Estonia, Germany and Slovakia. Having presented an outline of tax system rules, the paper shows the decomposition of the net average tax wedge for different family types and different income levels based on the OECD methodology. The results show that all observed countries apply a progressive tax schedule, apart from Germany where taxation for higher gross wages is not progressive due to a  cap on the SIC base. When it comes to a taxpayer earning an average gross wage, a Croatian single worker without children has the lowest tax burden, followed by Estonia, Slovakia, Germany and Belgium. However, as regards taxpayers earning 400% of AGW, Estonia has the smallest tax wedge, followed by Slovakia, Germany, Croatia and Belgium. Similar results are obtained by analyzing the tax wedge for couples with two children where one spouse is out of work.

The puzzle of Fran: home healthcare in a hurricane.

Science.gov (United States)

King, D

1998-10-01

A natural disaster in the form of Hurricane Fran resulted not only in stories of ingenuity and compassion, but in a major performance improvement (PI) process for the entire agency. Through this PI process we learned about ourselves as a home health agency and discovered ways to improve our performance. More importantly we discovered ways to improve patient tracking and care during a disaster.

Taxi ! méthode de français : niveau 3

CERN Document Server

Johnson, Anne-Marie

2004-01-01

Taxi ! 3 est une méthode interactive, qui développe non seulement les connaissances, mais aussi les savoir-faire et les savoir-être de l'apprenant, à l'écrit comme à l'oral. La méthode est très simple à utiliser : une leçon = une double page. Taxi ! 3 couvre le niveau Bl du Cadre européen commun de référence pour l'apprentissage, l'enseignement et l'évaluation des langues. La méthode permet de se préparer aux épreuves A3 et A4 du DELF 1er degré. Une progression et des contenus fonctionnels et langagiers solides permettent à l'apprenant d'atteindre rapidement une autonomie en français dans des situations de la vie courante. Taxi ! 3 permet de mieux connaître la France d'aujourd'hui et les comportements des Français à travers une grande variété de documents authentiques (écrit et audio).

A instrução pública na França revolucionária: considerações a partir do Essais sur l’enseignement en general et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier, de Sylvestre-François Lacroix - The public instruction in revolutionary France: some remarks accord

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antonio Vicente Marafioti Garnica

2013-04-01

Full Text Available O artigo aborda o livro Essais sur l'enseignement en général, et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier, de Sylvestre-François Lacroix, publicado originalmente na França em 1805, enfatizando sua primeira parte, na qual o autor discute a instrução pública e, particularmente, as escolas centrais da França revolucionária.Palavras-chave: Sylvestre-François Lacroix (1765-1843, instrução pública, Essais sur l'enseigne-ment en général, et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier, iluminismo, França. The public instruction in revolutionary France: some remarks according to Lacroix’s Essais sur l’enseignement en general et sur celui des mathématiques en particulierAbstractThe article discusses the book Essais sur l'enseignement en général, et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier, by Sylvestre-François Lacroix, originally published in France in 1805. The first part of the book, in which the author discusses public education, and particularly the central schools of revolutionary France, is emphasized.Key-words: Sylvestre-François Lacroix (1765-1843, public instruction, Essais sur l'enseignement en général, et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier, enlightenment, France. Instrucción pública en Francia revolucionaria: consideraciones a la vista del libro Essais sur l’enseignement en general et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier, de Sylvestre-François LacroixResumenEl artículo aborda el libro Essais sur l'enseignement en général, et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier de Sylvestre-François Lacroix, publicado originalmente en Francia, en 1805, haciendo hincapié en su primera parte, en la que el autor habla de la instrucción pública y en particular de las escuelas centrales en Francia en el período revolucionario.Palabras-clave: Sylvestre-François Lacroix (1765-1843, instrucción pública, Essais sur l'enseigne-ment en général, et sur celui des mathématiques en particulier

Naissance d’une notion. La première réception du film d’art français en Italie

OpenAIRE

Alovisio, Silvio

2011-01-01

L’auteur propose une première exploration des discours relatifs au film d’art français dans la presse cinématographique italienne entre 1908 et 1912. Non seulement la réception des premiers films d’art français en Italie influence le développement de nouvelles stratégies de promotion des produits de l’industrie cinématographique, mais elle contribue aussi à l’émergence d’un discours critique jusqu’alors superficiel, en plaçant au centre la question de l’acteur. Le film d’art français offre en...

Les Pronoms Personnels de Troisième Personne en Français et en Italien

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Samuel Bidaud

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Nous étudions dans cet article les pronoms personnels de troisième personne du français et de l'italien dans une perspective psychomécanique. Nous commencerons par voir que les pronoms personnels de troisième personne peuvent être sémiologiquement identiques à des déterminants et qu'ils viennent après ces derniers dans l'idéogénèse, puis nous situerons les pronoms personnels de troisième personne par rapport aux pronoms personnels de première et de deuxième personne, et nous verrons que les pronoms personnels de troisième personne peuvent appartenir au plan nominal ou au plan verbal. Nous étudierons ensuite de façon détaillée les pronoms personnels de troisième personne du français et de l'italien, et nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement aux pronoms français y et italien ci dans une dernière partie.

Non power applications of nuclear technology: The case of Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jaumotte, A.L.

1998-01-01

The historical review and oversight of Belgium activities in applications of nuclear technologies has been presented. Especially attention have been paid on industrial applications as sterilization of surgical tools, medical supplies, drugs, food; radiation induced polymerization and composite materials production; nondestructive testing and application of sealed sources in industry. The detailed review has been done on nuclear medicine development in Belgium covering the range of therapeutic applications as well as diagnostic techniques

Inadequacies of Belgium nuclear emergency plans: lessons from the Fukushima catastrophe have not been learned

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boilley, David; Josset, Mylene

2015-01-01

After having outlined that some Belgium regional authorities made some statements showing that they did not learn lessons neither from the Chernobyl catastrophe, nor from the Fukushima accident, this report aims at examining whether Belgium is well prepared to face a severe nuclear accident occurring within its borders or in neighbouring countries, whether all hypotheses have actually been taken into account, and whether existing emergency plans are realistic. After a presentation of Belgium's situation regarding nuclear plants (Belgium plants and neighbouring French plants), the report presents the content and organisation of the nuclear emergency plan for the Belgium territory at the national, provincial and municipal levels. While outlining inadequacies and weaknesses of the Belgium plan regarding the addressed issues, it discusses the main lessons learned from the Fukushima accident in terms of emergency planning areas, of population sheltering, of iodine-based prophylaxis, of population evacuation, of food supply, of tools (measurement instruments) and human resources, and of public information. In the next parts, the report addresses and discusses trans-border issues, and the commitment of stakeholders

les causes de l'abandon de l'etude du français en form deux au kenya

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Frederick Iraki

réserver ou fixer un rendez vous qui n'est pas agréable et facile dans la culture kenyane. L'Ambassade de France au Kenya a aussi été mentionnée, pour souligner qu'elle a arrêté des bourses et des supports linguistiques surtout pour les professeurs de français et les étudiants de français à l'université. Ils pensent que ...

Report on nuclear energy in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1976-01-01

The findings of a Commission set up in 1975 to report to Belgium's Minister of Economic Affairs on the various aspects of the question of nuclear energy are discussed. The Commission is basically in favour of the increased use of nuclear energy for the production of electricity, but emphasises that the main purpose of its Report is to furnish reasoned judgements to serve as the basis for informed debate. It concludes that the matter is essentially political. Economic, technical, public health and environmental aspects are considered. The present nuclear power programme is briefly reviewed, including reactors planned for up to 1982. The main conclusions of the Report are summarised, including economic and financial considerations. The possibilities of alternative sources of energy are considered, and it is concluded that only coal, oil and natural gas could be important for Belgium in the short or medium term. A policy of diversification should be favoured. (U.K.)

142 Perspective Actionelle Visa-a-Vis L'enseignement du Français ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

NGOZI

29 avr. 2010 ... Français Langue Entrangele au Nigeria : Problem et. Vision. Scholastica .... La langue est conçue comme un instrument de communication et ... langue est un outil fournissant une base commune pour l'enseignement et ...

Mayotte s'ancre dans la république française

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

François Taglioni

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Le champ géographique des compétences de l'administration territoriale française va évoluer en 2011 avec la création du 101e département, celui de Mayotte. Cette départementalisation hors de l'hexagone est le fruit d'un long processus politique commencé en 1975 à la date du premier référendum qui allait par la suite séparer Mayotte du reste de l'archipel des Comores. Cette départementalisation s'inscrit dans un climat d'instabilité sociale et politique particulièrement aigu dans l'ensemble des quatre départements français d'outre-mer depuis plusieurs mois. Elle apparaît ainsi comme un paradoxe dans l'histoire des outre-mers français, et des outre-mers d'autres pays dans le monde, qui cherchent en général à s'affranchir de la puissance tutélaire au lieu d'y être assimilés.The geographical field of the French administration jurisdiction will evolve in 2011 with the creation of the 101st department: Mayotte. This departmentalization outside the hexagon is the result of a long political process begun in 1975 to the date of the first referendum that would thereafter Mayotte separate from the rest of the Comoros archipelago. This departmentalization comes within a social and political instability particularly acute for several months in the French overseas departments. It appears as a paradox in the history of the French overseas, and overseas from other countries in the world, which generally seek to escape the tutelary power instead of being assimilated.

Communication Received from Belgium Concerning its Policies regarding the Management of Plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2012-01-01

The Secretariat has received a note verbale dated 15 October 2012 from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government, in keeping with Belgium's commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available annual figures for holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and the estimated amounts of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel as of 31 December 2011. A declaration concerning the nuclear policy situation in Belgium was also enclosed with the note verbale [es

Communication Received from Belgium Concerning its Policies regarding the Management of Plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2012-01-01

The Secretariat has received a note verbale dated 15 October 2012 from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government, in keeping with Belgium's commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available annual figures for holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and the estimated amounts of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel as of 31 December 2011. A declaration concerning the nuclear policy situation in Belgium was also enclosed with the note verbale

Communication Received from Belgium Concerning its Policies regarding the Management of Plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2012-01-01

The Secretariat has received a note verbale dated 15 October 2012 from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government, in keeping with Belgium's commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available annual figures for holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and the estimated amounts of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel as of 31 December 2011. A declaration concerning the nuclear policy situation in Belgium was also enclosed with the note verbale [fr

2017 Outstanding Contributions to ISCB Award: Fran Lewitter.

Science.gov (United States)

Fogg, Christiana N; Kovats, Diane E; Berger, Bonnie

2017-01-01

The Outstanding Contributions to the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) Award was launched in 2015 to recognize individuals who have made lasting and valuable contributions to the Society through their leadership, service, and educational work, or a combination of these areas. Fran Lewitter is the 2017 winner of the Outstanding Contributions to ISCB Award and will be recognized at the 2017 Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB)/European Conference on Computational Biology, meeting in Prague, Czech Republic being held from July 21-25, 2017.

Les huiles d’olive vierges françaises : évolution, état des lieux

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pinatel Christian

2014-09-01

Full Text Available La production française d’huiles d’olive vierges bien que très modeste (environ 5000 T par rapport à la production mondiale (0,22 %, présente une originalité et une diversité de caractéristiques notamment organoleptiques. Cette diversité se retrouve dans les huit Appellations d’Origine françaises existantes actuellement qui représentent environ 30 % de la production nationale. La production en agriculture biologique, actuellement de l’ordre de 15 %, progresse. Le suivi des indices de qualité (acidité, indice de peroxyde, absorption spécifique en UV K232 et K270, éthyl esters, analyse organoleptique montre une amélioration constante de la qualité des huiles d’olive vierges qui sont conformes aux normes internationales. Toutefois, quelques échantillons présentent des valeurs de K270> 0,22, qui ne correspondent pas à un état d’oxydation élevé mais à une forte teneur en composés phénoliques. De plus, certaines productions françaises particulières (huiles « fruité noir », huiles Corse « à l’ancienne » présentent des typicités appréciées d’une partie des consommateurs et qui méritent d’être conservées et pérennisées, malgré leur classification dévalorisante par les critères règlementaires. Les teneurs en composés phénoliques totaux varient fortement en fonction des différents types de fruités ou de type de récolte. Les profils organoleptiques standards des AOP, AOC et des principales variétés françaises sont décrits par des descripteurs analogiques.

Des résumés en français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bogdan Patrut

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Des résumés en français
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience
CERVEAU. Recherche large en intelligence artificielle et neurosciences
Volume 1, Numéro 4
Juillet 2010: « Automne 2010»
www.brain.edusoft.ro
Sous la direction de: Bogdan Pătruţ

François Dosse

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marieta de Moraes Ferreira

2012-12-01

Full Text Available François Dosse, historiador francês, nasceu em Paris numa família de classe média, e desde cedo se interessou por política, vinculando-se quando jovem ao trotskismo. Estudou sociologia e história na Université de Vincennes - Paris VIII. Aprovado no exame de Agrégation, lecionou vários anos nos liceus de Pontoise e Boulogne-Billancourt. Foi Maître de conférences no IUFM (Instituto de Formação de Mestres de Versailles e no de Nanterre. Foi aprovado no exame para dirigir pesquisas em 2001, quando produziu um trabalho sobre Michel de Certeau e consolidou sua orientação para a área de teoria da história e historiografia. A convite de Henri Rousseau, vinculou-se ao IHTP, onde participou de vários seminários voltados à epistemologia dos estudos sobre o tempo presente. Publicou inúmeros trabalhos nessa área, focalizando especialmente biografias de intelectuais como Paul Ricoeur e Pierre Nora. Atualmente é Professor no IUFM de Créteil.

Drugs used for euthanasia in Flanders, Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Vander Stichele, R H; Bilsen, J J R; Bernheim, J L; Mortier, F; Deliens, L

2004-02-01

Our aim was to describe and assess the medicinal products and doses used for euthanasia in a series of cases, identified within an epidemiological death certificate study in Belgium, where euthanasia was until recently legally forbidden and where guidelines for euthanasia are not available. In a random sample of the deaths in 1998 in Belgium, the physicians who signed the death certificates were identified and sent an anonymous mail questionnaire. The questionnaires of the deaths classified as euthanasia cases were reviewed by a multi-disciplinary panel. A total of 22 among 1925 questionnaires pertained to voluntary euthanasia. In 17 cases, detailed information on the euthanatics (medicinal substances used for euthanasia) used was provided. Opioids were used in 13 cases (in 7 as a single drug). Time between last dose and expiry ranged from 4 to 900 min. The panel judged that only in 4 cases effective euthanatics were used. In the end-of-life decision cases perceived by Belgian physicians as euthanasia, pharmacological practices were disparate, although dominated by the use of morphine, in the very late phase of dying, in doses which were unlikely to be lethal. Most physicians clandestinely engaging in euthanasia in Belgium seemed unaware of procedures for guaranteeing a quick, mild and certain death. Information on the pharmacological aspects of euthanasia should be included in the medical curriculum and continuing medical education, at least in countries with a legal framework permitting euthanasia under specified conditions.

Objectif Express 1 le monde professionnel en français A1/A2

CERN Document Server

Tauzin, Béatrice

2013-01-01

Avec un nouveau look et des contenus actualisés pour prendre en compte les évolutions du monde de l’entreprise française, la nouvelle édition d'Objectif Express 1 propose une parfaite association entre le français de tous les jours et le français de l'entreprise. 10 unités basées sur des thématiques de l'entreprise : Entrez en contact ; Organisez votre journée ; Trouvez un emploi ... Chaque unité propose : - 4 leçons d'apprentissage (1 leçon = 1 double page) basées sur des tâches concrètes et simples, ancrées dans le monde du travail francophone - 1 double page Outils linguistiques - 1 page Entrainez-vous - 1 page Testez-vous - 2 pages Repères dans chaque unité : des repères culturels et des repères professionnels Toutes les 3 unités, un scénario professionnel pour une mise en œuvre des acquis langagiers et une mobilisation des compétences professionnelles de l'apprenant. Une préparation aux diplômes DFP A2, DELF Pro A1 et A2 et au test BULATS En annexes : des tableaux d...

Destruction of Chemical Weapons: Evaluation of the Donovan Contained Detonation Chamber (CDC) Poelkapelle, Belgium

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

DeBisschop, Herbert

2002-01-01

The Royal Military Academy (RMA) of Belgium was requested by the Belgium Minister of Defense to study alternatives to destroy WWI chemical munitions in an environmentally safe manner (RMA Study F0016...

Burden of blood transfusion in knee and hip surgery in the US and Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Blanchette, Christopher M; Joshi, Ashish V; Szpalski, Marek; Gunzburg, Robert; Du Bois, Mark; Donceel, Peter; Saunders, William B

2009-09-01

Transfusion services in orthopaedic surgery can lead to unnecessary complications and increased healthcare costs. The objective of this study was to assess treatments and costs associated with blood and blood product transfusions in a historical cohort of 189,457 inpatients in the US and 34,987 inpatients in Belgium undergoing knee or hip surgery. Descriptive analysis, logistic regression and ordinary least squares regression were used to describe the factors associated with the use and cost of allogeneic blood transfusion. Hospitalisation costs for joint replacement surgery totalled $12,718 (SD=6,356) and averaged 4.33 days in the US, while costs in Belgium were $6,526 (SD=3,192) and averaged 17.1 days. The use of low molecular weight heparin and tranexamic acid was much higher in Belgium than the US (36% and 99% compared to 0% and 40%, respectively). Patients in the US spent 12.7 (pcosts per hospitalisation than patients in Belgium. While hospital costs for patients were greater in the US, length of stay was shorter and patients were less likely to have transfusion services than those patients in Belgium. While this study is limited by factors inherent to observational studies, such as omitted variable bias, misclassification, and disease comorbidity, there are substantial differences in the use of blood products between Belgium and the US.

Communication received from Belgium concerning its policies regarding the management of Plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2008-01-01

The Secretariat has received a Note Verbale dated 10 September 2008 from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government, in keeping with Belgium's commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines) and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available annual figures for holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and the estimated amounts of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel as of 31 December 2007. In addition to these figures, a declaration on MOX fuel in Belgium was under cover of the Note Verbale

Vstop v podjetništvo s pomočjo nakupa franšize na primeru podjetja Tomas Sport 2, d. o. o..

OpenAIRE

Jaušovec, Tamara

2016-01-01

Franšizing je skozi leta razvoja postajal ena izmed najbolj priljubljenih oblik poslovanja podjetja, saj mu omogoča hitro rast in pokritje več trgov. Ravno zaradi prodaje že dodelanega poslovnega modela ta posamezniku omogoči lažji in manj tvegan vstop na trg. V diplomskem projektu se osredotočimo na osnovne pojme franšizinga, njegovo zgodovino in možnosti le-tega v Sloveniji. Razčlenimo franšizne sisteme glede na njegovo mesto v proizvodno prodajni verigi in glede na njegovo dejavnost. P...

Franšaizings kā starptautiskā biznesa iespēja un tā attīstība Latvijā.

OpenAIRE

Dolģe, Daiga

2014-01-01

Arvien biežāk uzņēmumi pielieto franšīzes metodi sava biznesa attīstīšanā, it īpaši, gadījumos, kad uzņēmums vēlas ar minimālu investīciju daudzumu apgūt jaunus tirgus. Savukārt pērkot franšīzi ir iespējams iegūt lielu potenciālo klientu skaitu ar jau pazīstama zīmola palīdzību un atbalstu no franšīzes devēja, kas ir īpaši izdevīgi mazāk pieredzējušiem uzņēmējiem. Baklaura darba mērķis ir sniegt vērtējumu franšīzei kā starptautiskai biznesa iespējai un izdarīt secinājumus un priekšlikumus...

Elementary Particle Physics in Belgium Exhibition

CERN Multimedia

2000-01-01

The experimental activities of the Belgian Universities and Institutes are performed within the framework of large international collaborations. Moreover, the universities whose name is colored in light blue with * on the map of Belgium also take part into theoretical work. (All these activities are mainly supported by the FNRS-FWO research foundations.)

Labelling in the Dictionnaire Français-Mpongwé : A Case Study

African Journals Online (AJOL)

wat

Français–Mpongwé: un cas à l'étude. Les dictionnaires .... words for deceitful people, (5) Labelling for words for sexual orientation, (6). Labelling for some ..... used the tilde ~ or the dash — to substitute the lemma in the illustrative exam- ples.

Franšīzes attīstības iespējas pakalpojumu sektorā Latvijā

OpenAIRE

Cvetkovs, Edgars

2015-01-01

Mūsdienās uzņēmējdarbības attīstīšanai arvien biežāk tiek izmantots franšīzes biznesa modelis. Tādējādi uzņēmējiem īsā laika periodā ļaujot attīstīt uzņēmējdarbību. Bakalaura darba mērķis ir noskaidrot Latvijas tirgus pievilcību franšīzes biznesa modeļa realizācijai, no mazo un vidējo uzņēmumu perspektīvas. Bakalaura darbā var iepazīties ar trim nodaļām, kurās detalizēti tiek apskatīta mazo un vidējo uzņēmumu, kā arī franšīzes teorētiskie aspekti un tirgus analīze Latvijā. Nosl...

Bibliographie d’histoire de l’éducation française

OpenAIRE

2009-01-01

 Les notices contenues dans les numéros Bibliographie d'histoire de l’éducation française sont désormais intégrées dans la base de donnée de la BHEF, actualisée en permanence et accessible en ligne sur le site du Service d'histoire de l’éducation : http://www.inrp.fr/she/bhef/

Acculturation profiles of Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium and their socio-economic adaptation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Grigoryev, Dmitry; van de Vijver, Fons

2017-01-01

This article presents the results of a study on the relationship of acculturation profiles of Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium, the duration of their stay, and their socio-economic adaptation. The data came from a socio-psychological survey of 132 Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium (first

Competitiveness of nuclear power in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Frederick, G.; Gillon, J.P.; Delvoye, J.

1995-01-01

In Belgium, the power utilities have to draw up periodically, for the Belgium Government, a national equipment plan so as to substantiate the investments planned for the ten year period that follows the publication of the plan. The justification of this plan is mainly based on the cost of the kilowatt-hour produced by the different types of power units. The most recently published plan covers the period 1988-1998. The three power generation means considered in Belgium for comparison are nuclear, coal and gas. Taking into account the official calculation criteria (discount rate of 8.6% and book-keeping life of 20 years), nuclear generation is clearly situated between the low and high hypotheses for gas, while coal is more costly. By using more realistic values of the book-keeping life, nuclear and gas are at the same level. Nuclear power generation can be an economic option for base load generation, especially if gas prices go up. This may be the case in the coming years, since 'a dash for gas' is currently being experienced and since the nuclear fuel costs are lower than the conservative price level adopted in the equipment plant in 1988. Despite the advantages of nuclear energy (economic advantages as a result of price stability, ecological advantages with respect to the greenhouse effect and carbon dioxide production, political advantages in terms of energy independence, and industrial advantages in terms of benefits to the domestic economy), it can only be developed in a favourable context if it is accepted by the citizens. This is the reason why the utilities are waiting for a national political consensus before introducing officially new nuclear plants in their planning proposals. (author). 7 figs, 4 tabs

Alternatives to detention: open family units in Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Liesbeth Schockaert

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Preliminary outcomes of an alternative to detention programme in Belgium, based on case management and individual ‘coaches’ for families, are positive and merit consideration by other countries.

Starptautiskas kompānijas franšīze Latvijā - ,,McDonald's"

OpenAIRE

Sīle, Līga

2012-01-01

Bakalaura darbā tiek apskatīta stratēģiskā vadīšana un produktu diferencēšanas stratēģija, kā arī franšīze kā uzņēmējdarbības forma. Tiek analizēts uzņēmums McDonald’s un tā darbība dažādu valstu tirgos diferencēšanas stratēģijas ietvaros, veikta konkurentu analīze Latvijā, izvirzīti secinājumi un izteikti priekšlikumi. Pirmajā nodaļā tiek aprakstīta stratēģiskā vadīšana, tās būtība un līmeņi, kā arī tuvāk aplūkota diferencēšanas stratēģija. Otrajā nodaļā apskatīta franšīzes būtība un veid...

A classic Late Frasnian chondrichthyan assemblage from southern Belgium

Science.gov (United States)

Ginter, Michał; Gouwy, Sofie; Goolaerts, Stijn

2017-09-01

Samples from the Upper Frasnian (Devonian) of Lompret Quarry and Nismes railway section in Dinant Synclinorium, southern Belgium, yielded several chondrichthyan teeth and scales. The teeth belong to three genera: Phoebodus, Cladodoides and Protacrodus. The comparison with selected Late Frasnian chondrichthyan assemblages from the seas between Laurussia and Gondwana revealed substantial local differences of taxonomic composition due to palaeoenvironmental conditions, such as depth, distance to submarine platforms, oxygenation of water, and possibly also temperature. The assemblage from Belgium, with its high frequency of phoebodonts, is the most similar to that from the Ryauzyak section, South Urals, Russia, and the Horse Spring section, Canning Basin, Australia.

History of health technology assessment in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Cleemput, Irina; Van Wilder, Philippe

2009-07-01

This paper gives an overview of health technology assessment (HTA) in Belgium. The information included in the overview is based on legal documents and publicly available year reports of the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). Belgium has a relatively young history in HTA. The principle of evidence-based medicine (EBM) was introduced in the drug reimbursement procedure in 2001, with the establishment of the Drug Reimbursement Committee (DRC). The DRC assesses the efficacy, safety, convenience, applicability, and effectiveness of a drug relative to existing treatment alternatives. For some drugs, relative cost-effectiveness is also evaluated. The activities of the DRC can, therefore, be considered to be the first official HTA activities in Belgium. Later, in 2003, KCE was established. Its mission was to perform policy preparing research in the healthcare and health insurance sector and to give advice to policy makers about how they can obtain an efficient allocation of limited healthcare resources that optimizes the quality and accessibility of health care. This broad mission has been operationalized by activities in three domains of research: HTA, health services research, and good clinical practice. KCE is independent from the policy maker. Its HTAs contain policy recommendations that may inform policy decisions but are not binding. Although the Belgian history of HTA is relatively short, its foundations are strong and the impact of HTA increasing. Nevertheless KCE has many challenges for the future, including continued quality assurance, further development of international collaboration, and further development of methodological guidance for HTA.

Belgium postpones by 2025 the start of phasing out nuclear power

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

2009-01-01

Belgium has two nuclear power plants at Doel and Tihange that supply 55% of electric power. These reactors should closed between 2015 and 2025 but an international group of experts established that the consumption reduction and the development of renewable energy sources in belgium from now to 2020-2030 will not be sufficient to adjust the lack of production. they proposed to extend at ten years the oldest reactors lifetime, that was accepted by the government. (N.C.)

Franšīzes izmantošanas iespējas un efektivitātes novērtēšana Baltijā

OpenAIRE

Li, Nadežda

2016-01-01

Bakalaura tēma ir “Franšīzes izmantošanas iespējas un efektivitātes novērtēšana Baltijā”. Perspektīva biznesa attīstībā ir viens galvenajiem dzinējspēkiem, kurš motivē uzņēmējus, uzsākot savu darbību. Viens no mūsdienās plaši izmantojamajiem biznesa modeļiem ir franšīzes sistēma. Pasaulē bizness uz franšīzes pamata skaitās kā drošs, jo uzņēmējam ir spēja veiksmīgi attīstīt savu komercdarbību bez iepriekšējām zināšanām un pieredzi, jo franšīze paredz ne tikai gatavo biznesa rokasgrāmatu, bet a...

Acculturation Profiles of Russian-Speaking Immigrants in Belgium and Their Socio-Economic Adaptation

Science.gov (United States)

Grigoryev, Dmitry; van de Vijver, Fons

2017-01-01

This article presents the results of a study on the relationship of acculturation profiles of Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium, the duration of their stay, and their socio-economic adaptation. The data came from a socio-psychological survey of 132 Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium (first generation) and were processed using latent…

Jullien François, Le nu impossible

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

André Delobelle

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Bien qu’il ne s’agisse ici que d’esthétique, ce livret intéresse cependant la généralité des sciences humaines par la distinction extrêmement pertinente que l’A. introduit et développe entre les notions de forme externe et de forme interne. En partant du pro­blème posé par la représentation plastique du corps humain, François Jullien note en effet que l’artiste a toujours à choisir entre deux manières fondamentales : ou, comme dans les Idoles cycladiques, se limiter à une « géométrisation du ...

Recruitment barriers for prophylactic vaccine trials: A study in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Harrington, Lauriane; Van Damme, Pierre; Vandermeulen, Corinne; Mali, Stéphanie

2017-12-04

Recruitment of volunteers is one of the main challenges in clinical trial management, and there is little information about recruitment barriers for preventative vaccine trials. We investigated both the recruitment barriers and recruitment strategies for preventive vaccine trials in Belgium. A 10 min survey was used as well as interviews of staff at all clinical trial sites in Belgium that regularly perform vaccine trials. We observed that there are successful recruitment strategies and few recruitment issues for trials involving healthy adults and those over 65 years old. However, challenges face the recruitment of paediatric populations, pregnant women, patients and the very elderly (over 85 years old). From these results, we identified three priority areas to increase recruitment for prophylactic vaccine trials in Belgium. These are: the lack of public knowledge about infectious diseases; the lack of resources of healthcare professionals to take part in clinical trials; and the burden to potential volunteers to take part in a trial. These were discussed with stakeholders and solutions were proposed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A royal visit

CERN Multimedia

Katarina Anthony

2014-01-01

On Wednesday, 21 May, CERN received His Majesty Philippe, King of the Belgians, for a full-day visit of the Laboratory.   From left to right: Tiziano Camporesi, CMS Spokesperson; François Englert, Nobel Prize in Physics 2013; Rolf Heuer, CERN Director-General; His Majesty Philippe, King of the Belgians; Philippe Courard, Belgium's State Secretary for Scientific Policy and Walter Van Doninck, CERN Council Vice-President. Director-General Rolf Heuer welcomed King Philippe to CERN at Point 5 (Cessy). This was to be no small visit, with His Majesty accompanied by a host of diplomats, prominent Belgian physicists - including François Englert - and even members of Belgium's press corps. After quick introductions, the morning began with a tour of the CMS underground experimental area and the LHC tunnel at Point 5, guided by the CMS Collaboration Spokesperson, Tiziano Camporesi, and the Director for Accelerators and Technology, Frédérick Bord...

The foundation for climate services in Belgium: CORDEX.be

Science.gov (United States)

Van Schaeybroeck, Bert; Termonia, Piet; De Ridder, Koen; Fettweis, Xavier; Gobin, Anne; Luyten, Patrick; Marbaix, Philippe; Pottiaux, Eric; Stavrakou, Trissevgeni; Van Lipzig, Nicole; van Ypersele, Jean-Pascal; Willems, Patrick

2017-04-01

According to the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) there are four pillars required to build climate services. As the first step towards the realization of a climate center in Belgium, the national project CORDEX.be focused on one pillar: research modelling and projection. By bringing together the Belgian climate and impact modeling research of nine groups a data-driven capacity development and community building in Belgium based on interactions with users. The project is based on the international CORDEX ("COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment") project where ".be" indicates it will go beyond for Belgium. Our national effort links to the regional climate initiatives through the contribution of multiple high-resolution climate simulations over Europe following the EURO-CORDEX guidelines. Additionally the same climate simulations were repeated at convection-permitting resolutions over Belgium (3 to 5 km). These were used to drive different local impact models to investigate the impact of climate change on urban effects, storm surges and waves, crop production and changes in emissions from vegetation. Akin to international frameworks such as CMIP and CORDEX a multi-model approach is adopted allowing for uncertainty estimation, a crucial aspect of climate projections for policy-making purposes. However, due to the lack of a large set of high resolution model runs, a combination of all available climate information is supplemented with the statistical downscaling approach. The organization of the project, together with its main results will be outlined. The proposed coordination framework could serve as a demonstration case for regions or countries where the climate-research capacity is present but a structure is required to assemble it coherently. Based on interactions and feedback with stakeholders different applications are planned, demonstrating the use of the climate data.

Wingas in natural gas supply in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2003-01-01

Recently Wingas has become active in the transport and supply of natural gas in Belgium and succeeded in entering contracts for the supply of natural gas which cover 6% of the Belgian market. Wingas is a German-Russian joint venture between BASF-daughter Wintershall and OAO Gasprom [nl

75 FR 59744 - Stainless Steel Plate From Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan

Science.gov (United States)

2010-09-28

... (Second Review)] Stainless Steel Plate From Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan AGENCY: United..., and Taiwan. SUMMARY: The Commission hereby gives notice that it will proceed with full reviews... antidumping duty orders on stainless steel plate from Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan would be...

Three-dimensional modeling of flow through fractured tuff at Fran Ridge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eaton, R.R.; Ho, C.K.; Glass, RJ.; Nicholl, M.J.; Arnold, B.W.

1996-09-01

Numerical studies have been made of an infiltration experiment at Fran Ridge using the TOUGH2 code to aid in the selection of computational models for performance assessment. The exercise investigates the capabilities of TOUGH2 to model transient flows through highly fractured tuff and provides a possible means of calibration. Two distinctly different conceptual models were used in the TOUGH2 code, the dual permeability model and the equivalent continuum model. The infiltration test modeled involved the infiltration of dyed ponded water for 36 minutes. The 205 gallon infiltration of water observed in the experiment was subsequently modeled using measured Fran Ridge fracture frequencies, and a specified fracture aperture of 285 microm. The dual permeability formulation predicted considerable infiltration along the fracture network, which was in agreement with the experimental observations. As expected, al fracture penetration of the infiltrating water was calculated using the equivalent continuum model, thus demonstrating that this model is not appropriate for modeling the highly transient experiment. It is therefore recommended that the dual permeability model be given priority when computing high-flux infiltration for use in performance assessment studies

Three-dimensional modeling of flow through fractured tuff at Fran Ridge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eaton, R.R.; Ho, C.K.; Glass, R.J.; Nicholl, M.J.; Arnold, B.W.

1996-01-01

Numerical studies have been made of an infiltration experiment at Fran Ridge using the TOUGH2 code to aid in the selection of computational models for performance assessment. The exercise investigates the capabilities of TOUGH2 to model transient flows through highly fractured tuff and provides a possible means of calibration. Two distinctly different conceptual models were used in the TOUGH2 code, the dual permeability model and the equivalent continuum model. The infiltration test modeled involved the infiltration of dyed ponded water for 36 minutes. The 205 gallon filtration of water observed in the experiment was subsequently modeled using measured Fran Ridge fracture frequencies, and a specified fracture aperture of 285 μm. The dual permeability formulation predicted considerable infiltration along the fracture network, which was in agreement with the experimental observations. As expected, minimal fracture penetration of the infiltrating water was calculated using the equivalent continuum model, thus demonstrating that this model is not appropriate for modeling the highly transient experiment. It is therefore recommended that the dual permeability model be given priority when computing high-flux infiltration for use in performance assessment studies

Comédie-Française: tehtud! Kas ka nähtud? / Margot Visnap

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Visnap, Margot, 1959-

2009-01-01

La Comedie-Française külalisetendustest Eesti Draamateatris Tallinnas (Molière'i komöödia "Naeruväärsed eputised" ja Spiro Scimone "Pidu"), mis jäid artikli autori arvates suhteliselt tagasihoidlikuks

Theoretical chemistry in Belgium a topical collection from theoretical chemistry accounts

CERN Document Server

Champagne, Benoît; De Proft, Frank; Leyssens, Tom

2014-01-01

Readers of this volume can take a tour around the research locations in Belgium which are active in theoretical and computational chemistry. Selected researchers from Belgium present research highlights of their work. Originally published in the journal Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, these outstanding contributions are now available in a hardcover print format. This volume will be of benefit in particular to those research groups and libraries that have chosen to have only electronic access to the journal. It also provides valuable content for all researchers in theoretical chemistry.

It takes two to tango! Belgium, Europe and work-life balance

OpenAIRE

Reyniers, Philippe; Vielle, Pascale

2009-01-01

Today, national and European levels of governance must move in close embrace. This article concerns the usages of European political resources by Belgian actors in the making of family-friendly policies. The history of policy changes that took place in Belgium over the last 20 years in these matters benefit from the analogy with tango. Like tango dancers, Belgium and Europe seem to enjoy a close intimacy. They regularly exchange the roles of leader and follower and there is no room for a rela...

75 FR 61699 - Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium, Italy, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan: Final...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-06

...-831, and A-583-830] Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium, Italy, South Africa, South Korea, and... steel plate in coils (SSPC) from Belgium, Italy, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan, pursuant to... sunset reviews of the antidumping duty orders on SSPC from Belgium, Italy, South Africa, South Korea, and...

Grammaire progressive du français avec 400 exercices : niveau avancé

CERN Document Server

Boularès, Michèle

1997-01-01

La Grammaire progressive du français, de niveau avancé, s'adresse à de grands adolescents et adultes ayant suivi environ 250 heures de cours.Par une méthode progressive, des exemples nombreux et pertinents pour renforcer les règles de grammaire, une langue authentique, cet ouvrage a pour objectif de rendre vivant et stimulant l'apprentissage de la grammaire.Elle présente et explique des points complexes (subjonctif, gérondif, adjectif verbal, participe présent...) et relie résolument la forme et le sens afin de ne pas dissocier grammaire et communication. La Grammaire progressive du français est une grammaire pédagogique: les explications grammaticales sont simples, le plus souvent de l'ordre de la phrase, elles utilisent un minimum de métalangage; des exemples clairs et nombreux illustrent chque explication grammaticale; la langue utilisée dans les exemples et les exercices est authentique. Quand l'exemple illustrant un point grammatical exige un niveau de langage soutenue, celui-ci est signalé...

François Valentijn Antara etika dan estetika

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

R.Z. Leirissa

2008-10-01

Full Text Available A controversial book on the history of the VOC in the seventeenth century waswritten by François Valentijn, a preacher in the payroll of the Dutch East IndiaCompany (VOC. The book (eight volumes, published in 1724-1726, was knownby its popular title Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën. Most of the materials in the bookwere pirated from other sources without acknowledging their authors as isthe proper practice of historiography. But as to its style, a number of Dutchwriters appreciated its esthetic qualities. Beside that, the book is indeed usefulto historians today because some of the materials pirated in the book have nowbeen lost forever.

The Sorrows of Belgium. Introduction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nico Wouters

2014-12-01

Full Text Available On the surface one might assume Martin Conway’s The Sorrows of Belgium. Liberation and political reconstruction 1944-1947 (Oxford, 2012 is exactly what its title implies - a book about the difficult early post-war years in Belgium, and in part this book is exactly that. Conway does offer a detailed cross-sectional analysis of the post-war transition years, ending his story with the Communist departure from the Belgian government in 1947. This book does a lot more than that however, as it attempts to use Belgium to better understand how European state restorations after World War Two in general took shape. In his book Conway confidently merges political, social and economic history that are often still detached schools of research. He brings together elements of institutional reform and the agenda of state elites, social class agency, the fluid dynamics of collective national and regional (or local identities, changing political norms and cultural values, and the role of several key individuals such as the head of state and the prime minister. Such a holistic approach is a rather un-Belgian one, unfortunately. Perhaps this partly explains why the book – although universally well-received – caused debate among some Belgian historians, for example in a debate session on 6thSeptember 2012 at the Brussels based CEGESOMA, where ten Belgian historians and two non-Belgian specialists (Peter Romijn from NIOD and Robert Gerwarth from University College Dublin, who had previously worked with Conway on these issues discussed the book with the author. Some Belgian specialists encountered problems accepting the label ‘conservative’ used by Conway to define Belgian society in 1945-1947, or to understand why he consciously leaves out the post-war purges (the so-called ‘repression’ in Belgium, or accepting that Conway uses 1947 as a terminus instead of 1950-1951 (the formal end of the Belgian Royal Question. This last point loomed over the debate

˝FLUMINENSIA˝ VON FRAN KURELAC

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leopoldina Veronika Banaš

1990-01-01

Full Text Available Das Buch "Fluminensia" (1862 von Fran Kurelac enthält die für die Schulfestlichkeiten geschriebenen Reden, Gelegenheitsgedichte - Ehrengedichte den bedeutenden und verdienstvollen Zeitgenossen gewidmet: dem Bischof von Senj und Modrus" Mirko Ožegović, Bartol Zmajic von Bakar, dem kroatischen Ban Josip Jelačić u.a. Danach folgen Aufrufe ("Proglasi" aus stürmischem 1848, gerichtet auf die Granzlandbewohner, Deutscher, ungarische Kroaten, Rumänen und Slawonier. Die Aufrufe wurden von Kurelac im Namen der Banalregierung beschrieben. Am Ende des Buches steht eine sprachwissenschaftliche Abhandlung über die ubstantivbiegung. Die für die Schulfestlichkeiten geschreibenen Reden sind wissenschaftliche Inhalte, essaystisch-didaktisch gestalltet, mit der Meldung über die Bedeutung der Wisenschaft, über die Bedeutung und Rolle der Sprache und des Buches für den Fortschritt des Volkes. Der Verfasser widmete dieses Buch seinen ehemaligen Schülern. "Fluminensia" nimmt eine wichtige Stelle in literarischer und sprachwissenschaftlicher Schöpfung auf dem Gebiet von Rijeka und Kroatien im 19. Jahrhundert ein.

Le camfranglais, né de l’acclimatement/acclimatation du français, au cœur d’une glottonomie socio-profane

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Venant Eloundou Eloundou

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Cette contribution analyse les perceptions que les internautes des sites Forum Bonaberi.com et Cameroon-Info.Net ont du camfranglais, né du processus d’acclimatement/acclimatation du français au Cameroun. Mettant à contribution les discours des camfranglophones, l’approche glottonomique et l’imaginaire linguistique, l’étude se focalise sur les représentations systémiques et sociolinguistiques du camfranglais. S’agissant du premier axe, l’analyse des interventions discursives révèle les spécificités linguistiques du camfranglais, en l’opposant au pidgin-english-camerounais né de l’anglais et aux variétés de français parlé au Cameroun. Le second axe examine l’imaginaire de la variation sociolangagière du camfrançais. Il en découle que les internautes ont une saisie variationniste de cet parler selon trois niveaux : diachronique, diatopique et diaphasique. Ce camfranglais apparaît dans les discours épilinguistiques analysés comme une langue à part entière : d’où la revendication de ses statuts et ses fonctions officiels ; voire sa prise en compte glottopolitique. Toutes ces représentations faites par ce qu’on peut appeler les acteurs glottonomiques profanes permettent d’aboutir à la conclusion selon laquelle la gestion des problématiques glottopolitiques doit tenir compte de toutes les composantes sociales, pour un développement durable, stimulé par des langues. Par ailleurs, relativement à la linguistique française, cette analyse permet de saisir les tensions sociolinguistiques et les modalités de représentations impliquant le français et le camfranglais. Si le français constitue une langue matrice pour le camfranglais, il ressort de cette réflexion que ses locuteurs construisent des représentations visant à établir une frontière linguistique et sociolinguistique entre la langue mère (français et le camfranglais dérivé.

An analysis on energy efficiency initiatives in the building stock of Liege, Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Singh, Manoj Kumar; Mahapatra, Sadhan; Teller, Jacques

2013-01-01

Built environment is responsible for 60% of total energy consumption in European countries and 128 million BOE of primary energy in Belgium. The average energy consumption in the residential buildings of Belgium is 70% higher than the EU average and stands at 348 kW h/m 2 /year. Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) provides guidelines for energy performance analysis of buildings in Belgium. In this study, a holistic approach has been adopted to analyse the building stock of Liege, Belgium. This analysis is based on ‘General Socio-economic survey 2001’ and ‘Housing quality survey 2006 in Walloon region’ databases. It considers parameters such as buildings age, built-up area, type of heating system, type of fuel used, adjacency, insulation of roofs and walls and energy consumption etc. for an in depth analysis. This study concludes that about 69% of buildings which are constructed before 1945 needs serious renovation towards the improvement of roof and external wall insulation level. It then successfully identifies specific areas which need detailed study to evaluate the comfort status in the existing building stock, improvement of insulation level and its effect on heating energy consumption as well as the economic analysis on energy efficiency measurements. -- Highlights: •Energy efficiency studies of building stock of Liege, Belgium. •Energy Performance Building Directive is used as reference for analysis. •Buildings age, built-up area and energy consumption data are used for analysis. •Identifies the areas to improve energy efficiency of building stock

Communication received from Belgium concerning its policies regarding the management of plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2004-01-01

The Secretariat has received a Note Verbale dated 18 August 2004 from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government, in keeping with Belgium's commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available annual figures for holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and the estimated amounts of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel as of 31 December 2003. In the light of the request expressed by Belgium in its Note Verbale of 1 December 1997 concerning its policies regarding the management of plutonium (INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998), the enclosures to the Note Verbale of 18 August 2004 are attached for the information of all Member States

Communication received from Belgium concerning its policies regarding the management of plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2003-01-01

The Secretariat has received a Note Verbale, dated 8 July 2003, from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government of Belgium, in keeping with its commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available annual figures for holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and the estimated amounts of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel as of 31 December 2002. In the light of the request expressed by Belgium in its Note Verbale of 1 December 1997 concerning its policies regarding the management of plutonium (INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998), the enclosures to the Note Verbale of 8 July 2003 are attached for the information of all Member States

La discussion pacifique comme rapport à la langue Française sur wikilf

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Léda Mansour

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Cet article veut participer aux études sur le rapport des locuteurs à leur propre langue, ici la langue française. Alors que les études sur la langue pointent un lien “passionnel” qui prendra plusieurs formes: rapport puriste (parler sans faire des fautes, rapport a­ ectif (les mythes de beauté, d’ordre et de clarté, rapport idéologique (défendre sa langue, il existe, ailleurs, des lieux “pacifi ques” où la langue n’est pas disputée mais discutée. Nous avons choisi de travailler sur le site de création langagière WikiLf; c’est en créant un nouveau mot que l’on est le plus exposé à notre façon de voir/penser notre langue. Notre analyse se centre sur l’usage du métalangage laissant émerger un certain savoir sur la langue capable de traduire autrement le rapport à sa propre langue. Nous avons démontré qu’il existe un rapport plutôt spontané des locuteurs francophones qui semble dénué de toute passion, éloigné des postures normatives. Les wikistes donnent l’exemple d’une communauté qui pacifi quement met en discussion la langue française, ce qui représente d’abord un objet de réfl exion, mais encore un choix de recherche perme ant de nous positionner afi n de rendre compte (prendre en compte d’une relation plus souple des usagers de la langue française.

Regional energy and environment exploration in Belgium 2000

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ciujpers, C.

1994-01-01

The prospects for energy consumption and related emission of NO x , SO 2 , and CO 2 gases for the year 2000 are reported for three regions (the Flanders, Brussels Metropolitan, and Wallonie region) in Belgium. Two scenarios were developed: a reference scenario in which the policy of 1990 is continued on the one hand and a policy making scenario in which the energy and carbon taxes, proposed by the European Commission are introduced on the other hand. This methodology allows to estimate the impact of the energy and carbon taxes on energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases. In conclusion is stated that at continued policy, primary energy consumption in Belgium will rise 22.4 percent from 1990 to 2000. The introduction of energy and carbon taxes will result in a reduction of the primary energy consumption with 5.9 percent. At a continued policy NO X , SO 2 emissions will reduce respectively 27.2 percent, 18.8 percent while CO 2 emissions will increase 21.4 percent from 1990 till 2000. Compared to the continued scenario, the introduction of energy and carbon taxes in Belgium will lead to additional NO X and CO 2 emissions of respectively 6.5 and 13.6 percent, while the CO 2 emission will be reduced by 9.5 percent in 2000. It is concluded that the proposed energy and carbon taxes are important impulses for the realization of the Belgian objective to reduce the CO 2 -emission from 1990 to 2000 by five percent. (A.S.) 5 Figs. 9 Tabs

Entre crônica e reportagem, familiaridade e exotismo: Françoise em Paris (La Patrie, 1900)

OpenAIRE

Guillaume Pinson

2015-01-01

Por volta de 1900, a imprensa quebequense passa por grandes transformações. Jornais como La Presse, La Patrie e Montreal Star passam a priorizar a informação e a reportagem. Contudo, ainda pouco se conhece sobre a história da reportagem no Québec. Neste artigo, proponho-me a analisar principalmente as crônicas de Françoise (pseudônimo de Robertine Barry), exemplo ímpar da transição poética entre a crônica e a reportagem no Canadá francês. Os textos que Françoise publica em La Patrie por ocasi...

Vers l'integration des textes dans le programme du fran9ais langue ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Au Malawi, on enseigne le fran9ais en tant que langue etrangere depuis une quarantaine d'annees .... !'organisation institutionnelle du systeme educatif du Malawi, le palier secondaire en ... Les objectifs du type : rediger une lettre, decrire une .... nouveau (rheme). Charolles souligne qu'il s'agit d'une performance delicate.

Community nursing in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zee, J. van der; Kramer, K.; Kerkstra, A.; Stevens, F.C.J.; Derksen, A.

1994-01-01

This paper contains a comparative study on community nursing in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, carried out in the region around Maastricht, where the borders of the three countries meet. The well-known problem of comparative studies (the incomparability of concepts and data) has been solved

Vocabulaire progressif du français avec 250 exercices : niveau débutant : corrigés

CERN Document Server

Miquel, Claire

2002-01-01

Pour travailler en autonomie, un complément indispensable au Vocabulaire progressif du français niveau débutant : les corrigés de toutes les activités.Les corrigés sont organisés sur le modèle du livre par chapitres thématiques correspondant à divers domaines de la réalité quotidienne et contemporaine. Le lexique est présenté de façon thématique. Chaque chapitre est constitué de plusieurs séquences assurant un enrichissement progressif. Ce manuel aborde un vocabulaire vivant qui correspond à la réalité des français d'aujourd'hui. Il constitue une véritable initiation aux codes culturels.

In-hospital costs associated with chronic constipation in Belgium: a retrospective database study

OpenAIRE

Chevalier, P; Lamotte, M; Joseph, A; Dubois, D; Boeckxstaens, G

2013-01-01

Background Real-life data on the economic burden of chronic idiopathic constipation are scarce. The objectives of this study were to assess hospitalization resource use and costs associated with chronic constipation and its complications in Belgium. Methods This was a single country, retrospective study using the IMS Hospital Disease Database (2008), which comprises data on 34% of acute hospital beds in Belgium and contains information on patient demographics, length of stay (LOS), billed cos...

Leadership Training Program for Medical Staff in Belgium

Science.gov (United States)

Claes, Neree; Brabanders, Valérie

2016-01-01

Today healthcare is facing many challenges in a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment. There is a need to develop strong leaders who can cope with these challenges. This article describes the process of a leadership training program for healthcare professionals in Belgium (named "Clinical Leadership Program" or…

A life of learning in Leiden. The mathematician Frans van Schooten (1615-1660)

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dopper, J.G.

2014-01-01

Frans van Schooten jr. (1615-1660) was one of the most influential Dutch mathematicians of the seventeenth century. He is best known for his two Latin editions (1649, 1659-61) of the Géométrie (1637) of Descartes, which originally appeared in French as an appendix to the Discours de la Methode. This

Investigation of the passage of a derecho in Belgium

Science.gov (United States)

Hamid, Karim

2012-04-01

From the 7th July, 2010 until 14th July, 2010, a heat wave dominated the weather in Belgium. Three major storm situations occurred during this period and all three caused severe damage. In this paper, we discuss the last storm case of 14th July. That day, a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) crossed parts of France, Belgium and the Netherlands and caused very important wind damages and at least 2 people were killed. Most of the damage was caused by straight-line wind but at least one tornado was observed over the north of the Netherlands. This complex was induced in a very favorable synoptic configuration for severe weather and also the timing of the storm was favorable. In the frame of the Supercell project at the RMI, a damage survey was made of one of the most affected regions, which yielded useful information about the origin of the losses. Careful examination of the radar imagery revealed some connections between internal mesovortices and tracks of enhanced damage. As far as known, this paper is the first description of a derecho in Belgium. It is also the first time a connection is shown between some mesovortices and several damage tracks over the country. During the evolution of the QLCS, several examples of successive vortices were found in front of the system. Several of the vortices were accompanied by a tornado or a funnel cloud and the damage was typically concentrated along elongated tracks.

Communication received from Belgium concerning its policies regarding the management of Plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2006-01-01

The Secretariat has received a Note Verbale dated 18 October 2005 from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government, in keeping with Belgium's commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available annual figures for holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and the estimated amounts of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel as of 31 December 2004

El concepto de límite en el B-Mu de François Roche

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eugenio Pandolfini

2012-12-01

Full Text Available

Resumen

Algunos proyectos, como el Dusty relief/B‐mu (2002 de François Roche demuestran como edificios complejos, que toman distancia desde los modelos mecanicistas para referirse a nuevos paradigmas, se pueden interpretar y comprenderse  mejor gracias a un análisis perceptivo que acerca el proyecto de arquitectura a cuestiones como la relación psicológica del hombre con la arquitectura, el miedo al espacio, y las  patologías  vinculadas a la percepción y a las neurosis modernas.
En este caso, aparte de las repercusiones que la fachada de  polvo podría tener en el ámbito de la ecología urbana, es interesante analizar algunos aspectos ligados a la dicotomía  entre forma externa y volúmenes internos para la que François Roche cita como referencia el raumplan de Adolf Loos, pero que presenta motivos para una reflexión vinculada a los aspectos  perceptivos.
El artículo trata de analizar como François Roche proyecta sus edificios extremando la dicotomía entre interior/visual y  exterior/táctil, desarrollando así una nueva relación con el lugar. Roche diseña la fachada exterior del B‐mu autoimponiéndose  una limitación del sentido de la vista, a favor de una dimensión háptica del proyecto y lo hace envolviendo los ámbitos arquitectónicos más familiares de una interfaz abstracta y táctil.

Palabras clave

edificio, percepción, entorno, envolvente, límite

Abstract

Some projects such as Dusty relief/B‐mu (2002 by François  Roche demonstrate how complex buildings, which distance themselves from the mechanicist models in order to refer  themselves to new paradigms, can be better understood and interpreted thanks to a perceptive analysis.
This analysis brings the architectural project closer to matters  such as man’s psychological relationship to Architecture, the fear of space

Nematode parasitism in adult dairy cows in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Agneessens, J.; Claerebout, E.; Dorny, P.; Borgsteede, F.H.M.; Vercruysse, J.

2000-01-01

Over a period of 1 year, from November 1997 to October 1998, the abomasa, blood and faecal samples of 121 dairy cows in Belgium were collected and examined for nematode infections. Nematodes were present in the abomasa of 110 animals. Ostertagia was found in all 110, Trichostrongylus was seen in 65

Le français de la communication professionnelle

CERN Document Server

Danilo, Michel; Lincoln, M

A partir de 150 heures de français. - Pour acquérir une bonne maîtrise des pratiques professionnelles. - Pour améliorer ses connaissances de la langue tout en se familiarisant avec les pratiques langagières spécifiques du monde du travail. - Pour préparer les examens de la Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Paris. Dix dossiers : - La communication dans les affaires - Le travail administratif - Le téléphone - La communication interne - Le courrier de l'entreprise - L'offre et la commande - Livraison, transport, assurance - La facturation et le règlement - La communication avec les partenaires - Les nouveaux outils de communication Une cassette audio ainsi que des corrigés accompagnent ce livre.

Françoise Battagliola, Histoire du travail des femmes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Barbara Rist

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Initialement paru en 2000, l’ouvrage de Françoise Battagliola vient de bénéficier d’une nouvelle édition : en une centaine de pages denses et bien documentées, l’auteure y brosse un parcours passionnant de l’histoire du travail des femmes en France depuis les débuts de l’industrialisation jus-qu’à la fin du XXe siècle.Le propos s’organise, en gros, selon un axe chronologique, lequel sert de fil conducteur à une problématique voulant éclairer l’histoire, non « des femmes ou du féminin mais des...

L’action française: une matrice européenne et transatlantique des droites radicales?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olivier DARD

2013-05-01

Full Text Available L’action française et le maurrassisme sont indissociables de la figure de maurras. En même temps, ils la dépassent. L’action française renvoie à une réalité polymorphe articulée autour de trois piliers: une doctrine, un quotidien et une ligue. Cet ensemble a eu une influence incontestable non seulement en France mais aussi à l’étranger. Une étude sur ce dernier point permet de mettre en lumière une chronologie sensiblement différente de celle qui a été proposée pour la France. En même temps, l’examen des vecteurs de pénétration et des transferts politiques et culturels à l’œuvre font découvrir les différentes façons d’être maurrassien de l’Europe aux Amériques.

Le français du tourisme dans le contexte universitaire chinois : analyse comparative des besoins

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

LI Lu

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Cette recherche vise à dévoiler la situation de l’enseignement du français du tourisme dans le contexte universitaire chinois. A travers une analyse des besoins, nous tâchons de vérifier si la formation actuelle correspond aux besoins des apprenants ainsi qu’à la demande du marché du travail. Des enquêtes ont été menées auprès d’étudiants, d’enseignants et de professionnels. Les résultats montrent que les publics se diversifient avec des besoins variés et que la rupture de l’ensei gnement avec le secteur professionnel est évidente. Trois propositions sont ainsi formulées en vue de fournir des conseils à l’amélioration et à l’innovation de la formation du français du tourisme dans les universités chinoises.

Draft genome sequences of two commensal Enterococcus cecorum strains isolated from chickens in Belgium

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Dolka, Beata; Boyen, Filip; Butaye, Patrick

2015-01-01

Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two commensal Enterococcus cecorum strains (1710s23 and 1711s24), cultivated from the ceca of healthy laying hens originating from different farms in Belgium.......Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two commensal Enterococcus cecorum strains (1710s23 and 1711s24), cultivated from the ceca of healthy laying hens originating from different farms in Belgium....

Supplemental health insurance and equality of access in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

E. Schokkaert (Schokkaert); T.G.M. van Ourti (Tom); D. de Graeve (Diana); A. Lecluyse (Ann); C. van de Voorde (Carine)

2010-01-01

textabstractThe effects of supplemental health insurance on health-care consumption crucially depend on specific institutional features of the health-care system. We analyse the situation in Belgium, a country with a very broad coverage in compulsory social health insurance and where supplemental

Administrative reform movements and commissions in Belgium 1848-2004

NARCIS (Netherlands)

N. Thijs (Nick); S.G.J. Van de Walle (Steven)

2005-01-01

textabstractCurrent analysis of the public administration’s dysfunctions in Belgium bears remarkable resemblance to the analyses made by numerous authors and commissions in the past 150 years. In this article, we provide an overview of the major administrative reform initiatives in

Emergency Planning and Preparedness in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Degueldre, D.; Maris, M.

1998-01-01

The present Belgian nuclear emergency planning and preparedness is based on experience cumulated since the early eighties. This paper describes the organisation, actuation process, the emergency planning zones and the applicable intervention guidance levels. The role of AVN as on-site inspector, nuclear emergency adviser and emergency assessor is explained as well as its human and technical resources. Finally the paper presents briefly the experience feedback on emergency exercises and training in Belgium as well as AVN's views on some debatable topics. (author)

JINR and Belgium Exhibition Science Bringing Nations Together

CERN Multimedia

2000-01-01

Collaboration of JINR with research centres and universities in Belgium embraces various aspects of nuclear, elementary particle and solid-state physics. Involved in the co-operation with JINR scientists are Belgian colleagues from UIA (Antwerp), ISIPC, ULB, VUB (Brussels), IRMM (Geel) RUG (Gent), KUL (Leuven) IBAA (Louvain-la-Neuve) and the University of Mons.

La gouvernance des villes françaises

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gilles Pinson

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Cet article défend l’idée selon laquelle il n’est plus satisfaisant d’étudier les formes du gouvernement des villes françaises au travers du seul cadre d’analyse des rapports centre-périphérie. La dévolution de compétences aux gouvernements urbains, les transformations du capitalisme et des politiques des États ont fait des villes françaises non plus uniquement des espaces de mise en œuvre des politiques publiques mais des acteurs de l’élaboration de ces politiques et des visions stratégiques qui les inspirent. Les relations « horizontales » qui associent les acteurs urbains peuvent être considérées comme la première explication des formes que prend l’action publique urbaine. Dès lors, il est légitime d’appréhender désormais la gouvernance et les politiques urbaines en France au travers d’outils théoriques qui accordent un rôle de premier plan aux interactions entre acteurs et groupes urbains et aux conflits et logiques de coalition dans lesquels ils sont impliqués. Parmi ces outils théoriques, l’approche en termes de régimes urbains semble particulièrement prometteuse.This article defends the idea according to which it is not satisfactory any more to study the forms of governance of the French cities through the centre-periphery analytical framework. The devolution of new functions to urban governments, the transformations of capitalism and States policies have turned French cities from mere implementation spaces of public policies built at another level to central actors of the production of urban policies and strategies. The «horizontal» relationships linking the urban actors between them can be considered to be the first explanation of the scope and shapes of urban policies. Since then, it is legitimate to study urban governance and policies in French cities through theoretical tools which grant a primary role to the interactions between urban actors and groups and to the conflicts and

Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in injured drivers : comparison between Belgium and The Netherlands.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Legrand, S.-A. Houwing, S. Hagenzieker, M. & Verstraete, A.G.

2013-01-01

The study objective was to compare the prevalence of alcohol and (il)licit drugs in seriously injured drivers in Belgium (BE) and the Netherlands (NL). Injured car and van drivers admitted to the emergency departments of five hospitals in Belgium and three in the Netherlands from January 2008 to May

Communication Received from Belgium Concerning its Policies regarding the Management of Plutonium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2002-01-01

The Secretariat has received a communication, dated 20 September 2002, from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA in the enclosures of which the Government of Belgium, in keeping with its commitment under the Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium (contained in INFCIRC/549 of 16 March 1998 and hereinafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') and in accordance with Annexes B and C of the Guidelines, has made available information on its national holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel, as of 31 December 2000 and 31 December 2001

Ozone and ultraviolet radiation. Observations and research in the Netherlands and Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1997-01-01

An overview of recent scientific research in Belgium and the Netherlands on the title subject is given. After an overall introduction on ozone and ultraviolet radiation in chapter 1 attention is paid to observations and monitoring of ozone and UV-radiation in chapter 2 and recent research projects in the Netherlands and Belgium with respect to those quantities in chapter 3. In chapter 4 the biological effects of UV-radiation are described, while in chapter 5 the international policy to protect the ozone layer is discussed as well as the effects of such policy on the UV burden and public health. 10 refs

Employee workplace representation in Belgium : effects on firm performance

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van den Berg, Annette; van Witteloostuijn, Arjen; Van der Brempt, Olivier

2017-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine whether works councils (WCs) in Belgium have a positive effect on firm performance, notably productivity and profitability, while taking the role of trade unions into account. Design/methodology/approach: The authors first introduce the typical

Aux membres du personnel français détachés au CERN - French version only

CERN Multimedia

2003-01-01

Affiliation au régime de retraite français Le CERN a reçu la lettre suivante de la Mission permanente de la France auprès des Organisations Internationales à Genève au sujet de la récente publication d'un décret concernant la retraite des fonctionnaires français détachés dans les organisations internationales : " .. l'article 20 de la loi 2002-73 du 17 janvier 2002 a mis fin au caractère obligatoire de l'affiliation au régime de retraite français pour les fonctionnaires détachés à l'étranger ou dans les organisations internationales. Le décret 2002-1391 du 21 novembre 2002, publié au Journal Officiel du 28 novembre 2002, a prévu que les fonctionnaires concernés disposent d'un délai de quatre mois à partir de la notification de leur arrêté de détachement pour faire part à leur administration d'origine de leur volonté de continuer à cotiser au régime national. Pour les fonctionnaires ayant déjà reçu la notification de leur arrêté de détachement à la date du 1er décembre 20...

Vocabulaire progressif du français avec 250 exercices : niveau débutant

CERN Document Server

Miquel, Claire

2002-01-01

Le Vocabulaire progressif du français est un ouvrage destiné aux étudiants adolescents et adultes de niveaux débutant et faux débutant. Conçu pour être utilisé comme complément de méthode en classe, ou comme guide pour un auto-apprentissage, il comprend : - sur la page de gauche, une leçon de vocabulaire : les mots sont mis en contexte dans des phrases, des histoires, des dialogues, ou bien encore mis en scène grâce à des illustrations - sur la page de droite, des exercices d'application et des activités de communication classés par ordre de difficulté croissante. Le lexique est présenté de façon thématique. Chaque chapitre est constitué de plusieurs séquences assurant un enrichissement progressif. Ce manuel aborde un vocabulaire vivant qui correspond à la réalité des Français d'aujourd'hui. Il constitue une véritable initiation aux codes culturels. Les corrigés sont disponibles dans un livret séparé (ISBN 2090338792)

The financial viability of the fitness industry in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Breesch, D.; Vos, S.B.; Scheerder, J.

2015-01-01

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the fitness industry in Belgium is financially viable in its position as a growing commercial player within the framework of the European sport model where non-profit and public sport providers still have a strong impact.

A pilot observational survey of hepatitis C in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

de Maeght, S.; Henrion, J.; Bourgeois, N.; de Galocsy, C.; Langlet, P.; Michielsen, P.; Reynaert, H.; Robaeys, G.; Sprengers, D.; Orlent, H.; Adler, M.

2008-01-01

There is a lack of epidemiological data on hepatitis C (HCV) infected patients in Belgium. Therefore our purpose was to address this important question and to evaluate the feasibility of a national HCV observatory. From November 2003 to November 2004, every new patient prospectively seen for HCV

The taxation of diesel cars in Belgium – revisited

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mayeres, Inge; Proost, Stef

2013-01-01

This paper compares the current taxation of diesel and gasoline cars in Belgium with the guidelines for optimal taxation. We find that diesel cars are still taxed much less than gasoline cars, resulting in a dominant market share for diesel cars in the car stock. If the fuel tax is the main instrument to control for externalities and generate revenues, the diesel excise should be much higher than the excise on gasoline for two reasons: diesel is more polluting than gasoline and more importantly, through the better fuel efficiency, diesel cars contribute less fiscal revenues per mile. - Highlights: ► With a correct tax system the diesel excise should be higher than that on gasoline. ► When this is difficult, the fixed annual charge should be higher for diesel cars. ► The current tax structure for gasoline and diesel cars in Belgium is suboptimal. ► It implies that CO 2 emissions are reduced, but in a very cost-inefficient way

Nuclear emergency planning in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Smeesters, P.; Van Bladel, L.

1995-01-01

After a small presentation of the international recommendations supporting decision-making, this paper presents the limits of them. For example, particular groups such as pregnant women, are not taken into account. As a matter of fact, the belgium approach is as follows: take into account the more recent risk evaluation for radiation-induced effects, give priority to protecting public health (instead of purely financial cost/benefit analysis), integrate countermeasures aiming at preventive protection of the food chain... But, it should be stressed that those measures present several problems. The main one concerns the information of the public, which should be given as fast as possible. (TEC)

A sociologia da saúde nos Estados Unidos, Grã-Bretanha e França: panorama geral

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Everardo Duarte Nunes

2003-01-01

Full Text Available O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um panorama geral da sociologia médica/sociologia da saúde nos Estados Unidos, Grã-Bretanha e França, das suas origens até hoje, situando a produção científica mais expressiva desse campo nesses países. A moderna sociologia médica/saúde emerge em diferentes momentos: nos Estados Unidos logo após a Segunda Guerra; na Grã-Bretanha, nos anos 60; e na França, na década de 1970. O estudo dessas trajetórias nacionais mostra que, na atualidade, constitui um campo estabelecido e em franco desenvolvimento com uma temática bastante diversificada e uma pluralidade de abordagens teóricas.

Actual and Potential Electoral Absenteeism in Belgium

OpenAIRE

ACKAERT, Johan; DUMONT, P.; DE WINTER, L.

2007-01-01

During the eighties and nineties of the 20th century, absenteeism increased in Belgium. This evolution ended for all types of elections at the beginning of the current century. This paper offered a number of potential explanations for this puzzle, but we acknowledge that further examination is necessary to provide a clear answer for this change. We showed that potential absenteeists share specific characteristics. Potential turnout (in case of abolishment of compulsory voting) ...

Maîtrise phonétique du français langue étrangère chez les enseignants non-natifs : Décalage entre connaissances théoriques et prononciation effective

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paillereau Nikola

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Cette étude acoustico-perceptive traite de la possibilité de prononcer le français langue étrangère de manière native lorsque son apprentissage débute tardivement. Dix tchécophones, étudiant le français à l’université afin de devenir enseignantes, produisent six voyelles moyennes du français en contexte isolé /ø, œ, o, ɔ, e, ɛ/. L’analyse des formants montre que malgré des connaissances approfondies sur la phonologie du français que toutes les locutrices détiennent, ils existent de grandes variations individuelles dans la réalisation des contrastes entre e/ɛ, ø/œ et o/ɔ. L’identification des voyelles par des auditeurs français natifs montre qu’aucune locutrice ne maîtrise toutes les six qualités vocaliques de manière native. Le rôle des enseignants, traditionnellement supposés être des modèles parfaits, est alors remis en question.

Les relatives en dont du français : études empiriques

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Abeillé Anne

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Les relatives en dont ont fait l’objet de plusieurs études théoriques (Godard 1988 mais ont moins été étudiées d’un point de vue empirique (Gapany 2004. C. Blanche-Benveniste (1995 notait leur rareté dans des corpus oraux, où ils sont principalement compléments de certains verbes. Notre objectif est d’observer le comportement des relatives en dont en français d’un point de vue empirique. Pour ce faire, nous avons en premier lieu étudié les relatives dans deux corpus, le French Treebank (corpus écrit et le Corpus de Français Parlé Parisien des années 2000 (corpus oral. Ces études nous ont permis de confirmer en partie les travaux de C. Blanche-Benveniste (1995 : l’usage de dont en français écrit diffère effectivement de son usage en français oral, mais dont est loin d’être réservé à l’oral à quelques expressions figées. Nous avons pu aussi confirmer l’étude de Godard (1980 : les dont complément de nom (extractions hors de SN ne sont pas marginaux, et les plus frequents sont ceux où le nom est sujet, ce qui considéré comme agrammatical par certaines théories linguistiques comme agrammaticales. De ce point de vue, les corpus nous ont permis de vérifier que les extractions hors du SN sujet ne posent pas de problèmes en français. Leur usage est même plutôt répandu, et inclut les extractions hors de « vrais sujets » de verbes transitifs, contrairement aux prédictions des hypothèses de la grammaire générative. En grammaire générative en effet, les relatives comme les autres structures à extraction sont soumises à des contraintes d’îles (Ross 1957. Selon la contrainte de l’îlot nominal, il est plus difficile d’extraire un complément de nom qu’un complément de verbe. La contrainte de l’îlot sujet exclut quant à elle l’extraction du complément du sujet, qui n’est possible que lorsque le sujet est derivé (passif, moyen… ou argument interne (Chomsky 2008. Or, nous

Ten Lessons from Ten Years PPP Experience in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Willems, T.; Verhoest, K.; Voets, J.; Coppens, T.; van Dooren, W.; van den Hurk, M.

2017-01-01

In 2004 Flanders, the northern region of Belgium launched a range of large public–private partnership (PPP) projects for a total value of 6 billion euros. Ten years later, PPP has become a well-embedded procurement method for long-term public infrastructure projects. This article makes a critical

Burial history of two potential clay host formations in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mertens, J.; Wouters, L.; Van Marcke, Ph.

2004-01-01

When dealing with long term stability of repository host rocks, it is important to consider and learn from all past geological events since the deposition of the formations. The burial history of the Boom Clay and Ypresian Clays, both considered as potential host rocks in Belgium, illustrates that the North Belgian region was tectonically relatively stable since deposition. In Northern Belgium, where both formations are located at a few hundreds meters of depth, tectonic movements were relatively small and no significant uplifts took place. The burial history of the Boom Clay in Mol, where the HADES underground research facility is located illustrates this. On the poster, the burial history for both formations is presented at two locations each: one location in the outcrop region and one research site location, where the formation is currently buried under a few 100 metres of sediment. (authors)

Country policy profile - Belgium. December 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-12-01

In Belgium renewable energy is a regional matter, with exceptions for offshore wind power, hydropower and renewable energy sources used in transport which are governed by national regulations. Electricity from renewable sources is promoted mainly through a quota system based on the trade of certificates. Net metering regulation is in place in the regions Brussels, Flanders and Wallonia. For renewable heating and cooling, companies are eligible for a tax deduction on investment costs. The main support scheme for renewable energy sources used in transport is a quota system (RES-Legal Europe, 2014)

Hantavirus disease (nephropathia epidemica) in Belgium

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Tersago, K.; Verhagen, R.; Servais, A.

2009-01-01

vole (Myodes glareolus) abundance peaks. In Western Europe, these abundance peaks are often related to high tree seed production, which is supposedly triggered by specific weather conditions. We evaluated the relationship between tree seed production, climate and NE incidence in Belgium and show...... that NE epidemics are indeed preceded by abundant tree seed production. Moreover, a direct link between climate and NE incidence is found. High summer and autumn temperatures, 2 years and 1 year respectively before NE occurrence, relate to high NE incidence. This enables early forecasting of NE outbreaks...

Rencontre avec la civilisation française: l’ambassade de Mehmed Efendi

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marie-Monique Bernard

2011-11-01

Full Text Available Resumo: A embaixada de Mehmed Efendi se apresenta como a oportunidade, para a “Sublime Porte”, para renovar as relações diplomáticas com a França, adormecidas há mais de um século. O embaixador chega a Toulon no dia 22 de novembro de 1720, segue para Paris passando por Bordeaux e pelo vale do Loire; permanecendo em Paris de 16 de março a 3 de agosto de 1721; em seguida desce para Sète, passando por Lyon. A Relação na primeira pessoa refere-se principalmente ao visual, já que a comunicação lingüística era das mais limitadas. Ela retém essencialmente realizações concretas, científicas e técnicas que suscitam a admiração: os cenários da ópera, os instrumentos de astronomia, o canal do Midi, ou a “máquina de Marly”... Tantas “maravilhas” contribuirão para a introdução da influência francesa em Constantinopla.Palavras-chave: História; França; Turquia; Mehmed Efendi.Résumé: L’ambassade de Mehmed Efendi est l’occasion, pour la Sublime Porte, de renouer, avec la France, des relations diplomatiques en sommeil depuis plus d’un siècle. L’ambassadeur arrive à Toulon le 22 novembre 1720; il gagne Paris par Bordeaux et la vallée de la Loire; il y séjourne du 16 mars au 3 août 1721; puis regagne Sète par Lyon. La Relation à la premiére personne se réfère principalment au visuel, la communication linguistique étant des plus limitées. Elle retie essentiellement des réalisations concrètes, scientifiques et techniques qui suscitent l’admiration: les décors de l’opéra, les instruments d’astronomie, le canal du Midi, ou encore la “machine de Marly”... Tant de “merveilles” contribueront à introduire l’influence française à Constantinople.Mots-clés: Histoire; France; Turquie; Mehmed Efendi.Keywords: History; France; Turkey; Mehmed Efendi.

Dictionnaire étymologique du français

CERN Document Server

Picoche, Jacqueline

1979-01-01

Cette nouvelle édition du Dictionnaire étymologique du français, largement enrichie, présente l'arbre généalogique de près de 35 000 mots. Savez-vous que concerto, décret et discernement ont la même racine que crible ?. Que chauvin, espiègle et rocambolesque viennent de noms de personnages de la littérature ?. Que le sens premier de amadouer est " frotter avec de l'amadou " pour se jaunir le teint ?. Pour chaque mot, retrouvez sa famille, son origine, son sens originel ou le sens de sa racine, les diverses formes qu'il a prises depuis sa première attestation et les règles phonétiques expliquant son évolution. Des annexes traitent plus particulièrement des mots à syllabes redoublées (coco, zigzag), de ceux formés sur des onomatopées (hennir, ouistiti) et de ceux venant de noms de personnes (dahlia, praline) ou de lieux (bougie, rugby).

Training in the Motor Vehicle Repair and Sales Sector in Belgium. Report for the FORCE Programme. First Edition.

Science.gov (United States)

Denys, Jan; And Others

An international team of researchers studied the following aspects of training in Belgium's motor vehicle repair and sales sector: structure and characteristics; institutional and social context; relationship to Belgium's overall labor market; changing structural, economic, and organizational conditions; and training and recruitment and…

About three cases of ulceroglandular tularemia, is this the re-emergence of Francisella tularensis in Belgium?

Science.gov (United States)

Dupont, E; Van Eeckhoudt, S; Thissen, X; Ausselet, N; Fretin, D; Stefanescu, I; Glupczynski, Y; Delaere, B

2015-10-01

Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis that can be transmitted by several ways to human being and cause different clinical manifestations. We report three clinical cases of tularemia with ulceroglandular presentation in young males acquired during outdoor activities in Southern Belgium. Confirmation of the diagnosis was established by serology. Only three cases of tularemia have been reported in Belgium between 1950 and 2012 by the National Reference Laboratory CODA-CERVA (Ref Lab CODA-CERVA) but re-emergence of tularemia is established in several European countries and F. tularensis is also well known to be present in animal reservoirs and vectors in Belgium. The diagnosis of tularemia has to be considered in case of suggestive clinical presentation associated with epidemiological risk factors.

Information dossier. Return of vitrified wastes from France to Belgium; Dossier d'information. Retour de dechets vitrifies depuis la France vers la Belgique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-02-01

Synatom, a daughter company of Electrabel and Tractebel, is in charge of the fuel management of Belgium nuclear power plants. Contracts were signed with Cogema (France) in the 70's for the reprocessing/recycling of spent fuels. The ultimate residual wastes are vitrified at Cogema-La Hague and sent back to Belgium by rail and road transports. This information dossier presents: the power production in Belgium, the management of the fuel cycle in Belgium (recycling, interim storage of spent fuels at Tihange and Doel sites, political choices, financing), the vitrification process (quality assurance, safety), the transport of vitrified wastes from France to Belgium (handling, packaging, TN 28 VT container, regulations, safety evaluation), interim storage, long-term disposal. (J.S.)

The last Frasnian Atrypida (Brachiopoda) in southern Belgium

OpenAIRE

Godefroid, J.; Helsen, S.

1998-01-01

The last representatives of the order Atrypida on the southern flank of the Dinant Synclinorium (Vaulx-Nismes area) in Belgium belong to Costatrypa, Spinatrypa, Spinatrypina (?Spinatrypina), Spinatrypina (Exatrypa), Iowatrypa, ?Waiotrypa, Desquamatia (Desquamatia) and Desquamatia (?Seratrypa). Among the thirteen described taxa, five are new: Spinatrypa tumuli sp. n., Iowatrypa circuitionis sp. n., ?Waiotrypa pluvia sp. n., Desquamatia (Desquamatia) quieta sp. n. and Desquamatia (?Seratrypa) d...

Risques environnementaux et enjeux à Clipperton (Pacifique français)

OpenAIRE

Jost, Christian

2005-01-01

Sur l’atoll inhabité de Clipperton, quatrième territoire français du Pacifique, les écosystèmes terrestres et lagonaires se dégradent de façon préoccupante tandis que les risques naturels sont majeurs. Depuis les années soixante, un processus de désertification de la couronne a été enclenché suite à l’élimination du porc introduit à la fin du XIXe siècle et à la prolifération consécutive des crabes terrestres omnivores et à celle de milliers d’oiseaux de mer. L’absence de végétation correspon...

O amor cortês pelo avesso: François Villon e o debate sobre o Roman de la rose

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel Padilha Pacheco da Costa

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Resumo: Neste artigo, pretende-se discutir a paródia do amor cortês pelos lamentos burlescos do Testament de François Villon, com base nos preceitos e modelos que orientavam a invenção das letras na época. Complementares ao lamento do próprio testador pelo amor louco da sua juventude, os Regrets de la belle heaulmière utilizam como modelo poético o sermão da Velha do Roman de la rose. A imitação de uma das passagens desse poema mais duramente censuradas por Christine de Pisan evidencia que esses lamentos só podem ser compreendidos à luz do debate sobre o Roman de la rose, realizado no início do séc. XV na França. Dessa perspectiva, a paródia deve ser considerada não como uma recusa da tradição cortês no final da Idade Média, como pela crítica contemporânea, mas como um gênero particular da poesia burlesca visando a ridicularização do amor louco. Palavras-chave: François Villon; paródia; amor cortês; debate sobre o Roman de la rose; lamentos burlescos. Abstract: This paper intends to discuss the parody of courtly love performed by the burlesque regrets of François Villon’s Testament, using the poetic precepts and models based on which the writing was invented at the time. Complementary to the regret of the testator himself for the mad love of his youth, the Regrets de la belle heaulmière use as a poetic model the Old Woman’s sermon of the Romance of the rose. The imitation of one of the passages of this poem most harshly criticized by Christine de Pisan shows that those regrets can only be understood in the light of the debate of the Romance of the rose at the beginning of the XVth century in France. From this point of view, his parody must be considered not as a rejection of the courtly tradition in the late Middle Ages, as it is by contemporary criticism, but as a particular genre of burlesque poetry aiming to mock mad love. Keywords: François Villon; parody; courtly love; debate on the Roman de la rose

Consortia for Electronic Library Provision in Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Julien Van Borm

2001-07-01

Full Text Available E-libraries just like the former paper-based libraries will become increasingly essential and indispensable tools in research and education. Library consortia seem to be the way to get e-libraries started all over the world. However, it is unclear yet whether this is going to be a longlasting workable model. The Belgian research libraries follow the international pattern and are rapidly becoming hybrid libraries especially in business, science, applied sciences and biomedicine (the STM disciplines. Still they have large paper bound collections on board and no library is willing to replace these in the near future by a purely electronic collection of journals. The fear of losing the content and thus the „raison d’être“ of the library and the concern for users not yet familiar with e-information sources are the cornerstone for a prudent, yet conservative policy. Increasingly e-information and e-journals are being taken on board. Paper and electronic go side by side in new hybrid libraries partly also due to the market policy set by the publishers in combining paper and electronic in an attempt to keep or improve the annual turnover reached during the past paper period. The transition from paper to electronic occurred in Belgium somewhat later than in other Western European countries. This confirms the position of Belgium often taking up an average position in Western Europe.

Roman whetstone production in northern Gaul (Belgium and northern France

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Aurélie Thiébaux

2016-10-01

Full Text Available This paper focuses on the latest research on the production of Roman whetstones in northern Gaul. To date, little has been written about this specialised industry. However, three workshops producing whetstones were discovered recently in the north of Gaul in Buizingen (Province of Flemish Brabant, Belgium, Nereth (Province of Liège, Belgium and Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne (Department of Ardennes, France. Production debris and rough-outs recovered at these sites allowed us to reconstruct the operational sequence of manufacture, from the choice of raw material to the finished product. Technological studies enabled us to determine the production stages and highlight the similarities and differences between the three study areas. Analyses of the materials reveal the use of fine-grained sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rocks outcropping near the workshops. All these rocks are linked to the Caledonian inliers of Brabant-London, Stavelot-Venn, and Rocroi. The large amount of waste found at Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne, far more than that recovered at Buizingen and Nereth, is indicative of the economic importance of this whetstone workshop. This importance is reflected in the fact that whetstones from Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne are distributed over a large area throughout Belgium, France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Picardie and Champagne-Ardenne regions, Germany, and the Netherlands. This paper presents the waste and rough-outs from the three production sites. It also defines rock types and their origins and offers insights into whetstone manufacturing processes and techniques.

THE KAJKAVIAN DIALECT IN FRAN GALOVIĆ’S WORKS

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Jela Maresić

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The Paper analyzes the Kajkavian dialect in Fran Galović’s literary works: the unfinished Kajkavian collection of poems Z mojih bregov (1914, the unfinished novel Rastanak (1914, and the unfinished play Sodoma (1911. In these works the author uses, in various ways, the urban Zagrebian Kajkavian dialect and the local Kajkavian dialect of Peteranec. The paper also includes an overview of the general literary tendencies of the literary movement in which Galović took part and which is called ‘Moderna’. The authors also deal with some of the most important editions of Galović’s works, and they base their linguistic analysis on the manuscripts that are kept in the National and University library in Zagreb.

Risk adjustment and the fear of markets: the case of Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Schokkaert, E; Van de Voorde, C

2000-02-01

In Belgium the management and administration of the compulsory and universal health insurance is left to a limited number of non-governmental non-profit sickness funds. Since 1995 these sickness funds are partially financed in a prospective way. The risk adjustment scheme is based on a regression model to explain medical expenditures for different social groups. Medical supply is taken out of the formula to construct risk-adjusted capitation payments. The risk-adjustment formula still leaves scope for risk selection. At the same time, the sickness funds were not given the instruments to exert a real influence on expenditures and the health insurance market has not been opened for new entrants. As a consequence, Belgium runs the danger of ending up in a situation with little incentives for efficiency and considerable profits from cream skimming.

Projected reduction in healthcare costs in Belgium after optimization of iodine intake: impact on costs related to thyroid nodular disease

OpenAIRE

Vandevijvere, Stefanie; Annemans, Lieven; Van Oyen, Herman; Tafforeau, Jean; Moreno-Reyes, Rodrigo

2010-01-01

Background: Several surveys in the last 50 years have repeatedly indicated that Belgium is affected by mild iodine deficiency. Within the framework of the national food and health plan in Belgium, a selective, progressive, and monitored strategy was proposed in 2009 to optimize iodine intake. The objective of the present study was to perform a health economic evaluation of the consequences of inadequate iodine intake in Belgium, focusing on undisputed and measurable health outcomes such as th...

Book review: F. Azouvi, Le Mythe du grand silence: Auschwitz, les Français, la mémoire

OpenAIRE

Cavaletto , Andrea

2014-01-01

International audience; Review of: F. Azouvi, "Le Mythe du grand silence: Auschwitz, les Français, la mémoire", Fayard, 2012. Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas, vol.2, n.4, December 2013

Sonia Gómez-Jordana Ferary, Le Proverbe : vers une définition linguistique. Étude sémantique des proverbes français et espagnols contemporains

OpenAIRE

2010-01-01

Cette thèse de doctorat aborde, d’un point de vue purement linguistique, la forme, la formation et le sens du proverbe en tant que catégorie linguistique homogène, en français et en espagnol contemporains. L’étude se fonde sur deux types de corpus présentés en annexe. D’une part, un corpus de proverbes français et espagnols hors contexte. Le corpus a été élaboré de la façon suivante : au début de notre recherche nous avons réalisé une enquête auprès d’une centaine de sujets parlants français ...

Pour une introduction de la pragmatique dans l’enseignement du français en Espagne

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Leyre Ruiz de Zarobe

2014-12-01

Full Text Available La composante pragmatique est conçue dans le Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (2001 comme une des composantes de la “compétence communicative” que tout étudiant de langue étrangère doit atteindre. Cette composante a été remise en valeur ces dernières années, à la suite de l´interculturalité produite par la globalisation, où le besoin de connaître les langues étrangères du point de vue social, culturel et interculturel est plus grand que jamais. Cet article prétend montrer certains domaines où la pragmatique peut être appliquée à la didactique du Français Langue Étrangère, en visant les différents types d´apprenants et de besoins d´apprentissage qui ont lieu dans nos complexes sociétés actuelles, ce qui met en valeur le besoin d´introduire la pragmatique dans l´enseignement du français.

A Life Course Perspective in the Analysis of Self-Experiences of Female Migrants in Belgium: the Case of Ukrainian and Russian Women in Belgium

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Petra Heyse

2011-08-01

Full Text Available This study analyzes how migration transforms experiences of the self in Russian and Ukrainian women in Belgium, from a retrospective life course perspective. The author particularly focuses on gender identities in interaction with other aspects of the self such as educational and professional background, nationality and legal status. She aims both to highlight variation in gendered responses between Russian and Ukrainian women (inter-subjective variation, and within Russian and Ukrainian women (intra-subjective variation over time and in two life domains (family and the labour market. The present analysis draws on the transversal analysis of the FEMIGRIN-project, a Belgian science policy project on female migration that cross-compared 5 case studies of female migrants in Belgium. The results of this transversal analysis were grouped in the construction of several “characteristic” migration trajectories of female migrants in Belgium. The present article reconstructs these trajectories with the qualitative data of the Russian and Ukrainian case study, from a life course and intersectional theory perspective. The combined life course and intersectional research perspective enabled the author to study how personal goals, aspirations and experiences of the self are continuously interpreted and re-interpreted in the course of migration, in interaction with the surrounding environment. Since women’s migration life courses develop largely according to their legal status and migration type, the author can conclude that female migrants’ opportunities and constraints are highly determined by these social categories. The analysis reveals that women’s life courses seem to be less structured by the investment of individual level capacities than by policy determined categories.

Mesolithic burial place in La Martina Cave (Dinant, Belgium)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dewez, M.; Gilot, E.; Groessens-Van-Dyck, M.C.; Cordy, J.M.

1995-01-01

The ''La Martina'' cave is located near Dinant (Belgium). Although the sediments had been shoveled out in the mid XIXth century, a calcic breccia has provided prehistoric bones. We can distinguish a Pleistocene fauna with cave bear, one Mesolithic burial place with two cromagnoid skeletons, from the 6th millennium BC, and some Holocene faunal remains. (authors). 7 refs

Intimate Relations between Occupiers and Occupied (Belgium and France)

OpenAIRE

Debruyne, Emmanuel

2016-01-01

During the invasion and occupation of 1914-1918, German soldiers had sexual relations with local women in Belgium and France. There were many cases of rape during the invasion, but the occupation itself was more characterized by a rise in prostitution. Other forms of intimate relations also emerged, but they generally did not outlast the war itself.

First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Schaffner, Francis; Van Bortel, Wim; Coosemans, Marc

2004-06-01

The 1st record of Aedes albopictus in Belgium was made in a village in Oost-Vlaanderen Province. Two preimaginal stages were collected on October 31, 2000, in the used tire stock of a recycling company that imports tires from the USA and Japan. The species has reproduced on site, and local environmental conditions make its establishment possible. Anopheles plumbeus was a common companion species found in tires in high densities.

6-[N,S-dimethyl-N'-cyanothioureidomethyl]-6,11-dihydro-5H- dibenz[b,e]azepine hydrochloride (Fran 12): a histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist with pressor properties.

Science.gov (United States)

Law, S C; Guyett, F J; King, R G; Boura, A L; Jackson, W R; Hodgson, W C

1992-01-01

We have synthesized and examined some of the pharmacological properties of 6-[N,S-dimethyl-N'-cyanoisothioureidomethyl]-6,11-dihydro-5H- dibenz(b,e)azepine hydrochloride (Fran 12), a derivative of 6-methylaminomethyl-6,11-dihydro-5H- dibenz[b,e,]azepine. In the guinea-pig isolated ileum, Fran 12 (10(-7)-10(-5) M) caused parallel rightward shifts of the concentration-response curves to histamine. A Schild plot gave a pA2 of 7.48, with a slope not significantly different from -1.0. In the rat stomach fundus strip and in endothelium-denuded aortic rings, Fran 12 inhibited contractile responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in a non-competitive manner. In both chloralose-anaesthetized and pithed rats, it inhibited pressor responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine. It had no effect on depressor responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in anaesthetized rats. In pithed rats, Fran 12 (0.25-2 mg/kg, i.v.) produced dose-dependent increases in blood pressure. These were not inhibited by i.v. phentolamine, prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol, methysergide, pentolinium or atropine but were inhibited by verapamil. These results indicate that Fran 12 is a histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist which also exerts pressor effects via a peripheral action. The pressor action does not appear to be mediated via effects on alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptors, muscarinic or nicotinic cholinoceptors or 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, although calcium channel activation may play a role.

Time trend of clinical cases of Lyme disease in two hospitals in Belgium, 2000-2013.

Science.gov (United States)

De Keukeleire, Mathilde; Vanwambeke, Sophie O; Kabamba, Benoît; Belkhir, Leila; Pierre, Philippe; Luyasu, Victor; Robert, Annie

2017-12-05

As several studies indicated an increase in Lyme disease (LD), notably in neighbouring countries, concerns have arisen regarding the evolution of Lyme disease in Belgium. In order to confirm or infirm the increase of LD in Belgium, we focused on hospital admissions of patients diagnosed with LD between 2000 and 2013 based on hospital admission databases from two hospitals in Belgium. Hospital databases are a stable recording system. We did a retrospective analysis of the medical files of patients hospitalized with Lyme disease in two Belgian hospitals between 2000 and 2013. The annual number of cases of LD for the two studied Belgian hospitals remained stable between 2000 and 2013, ranging from 1 for the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc to 15 for the the Clinique Saint-Pierre. No increasing trend were noted in the estimated annual incidence rate but the average estimated annual incidence rate was higher for the hospital Saint-Pierre (8.1 ± 3.7 per 100,000 inhabitants) than Saint-Luc (2.2 ± 1.5 per 100,000 inhabitants). The number of hospital cases of LD peaked between June and November. Based on hospital admissions with LD, no increasing trend was observed for the period 2000-2013 in the two studied Belgian hospitals. This is in line with other studies carried out in Belgium.

76 FR 25666 - Stainless Steel Plate in Coils from Belgium: Final Results of Full Sunset Review and Revocation...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-05-05

... Corporation and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and... included in the scope of the AD orders on SSPC from Belgium, Italy, South Africa, the Republic of Korea... Certain Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium, Italy, South Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan, and the...

First Do No Harm: Euthanasia of Patients with Dementia in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Cohen-Almagor, Raphael

2016-02-01

In Memory of Ed Pellegrino. Euthanasia in Belgium is not limited to terminally ill patients. It may be applied to patients with chronic degenerative diseases. Currently, people in Belgium wish to make it possible to euthanize incompetent patients who suffer from dementia. This article explains the Belgian law and then explores arguments for and against euthanasia of patients with dementia. It probes the dementia paradox by elucidating Dworkin's distinction between critical and experiential interests, arguing that at the end-of-life this distinction is not clearcut. It argues against euthanasia for patients with dementia, for respecting patients' humanity and for providing them with more care, compassion, and good doctoring. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

The green lacewings in Belgium (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)

OpenAIRE

Bozsik, Andras; Mignon, Jacques; Gaspar, Charles

2002-01-01

There are merely three published sources of information on the green lacewings in Belgium. The first two were written by a Belgian and a Catalan author at the beginning of the 20th century and the third was published in 1980. Interestingly, the most recent study reported the fewest species (11), the most previous contained 12 and the second one showed 17 species, This confused situation and the paucity of data initiated the authors to identify the green lacewing collection of the Gembloux Uni...

Nursing home policies regarding advance care planning in Flanders, Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

de Gendt, C.; Bilsen, J.; van der Stichele, R.; Deliens, L.

2010-01-01

Background: The aim of this study is to discover how many nursing homes (NHs) in Flanders (Belgium) have policies on advance care planning (ACP) and their content regarding different medical end-of-life decisions. Methods: A structured mail questionnaire was sent to the NH administrators of all 594

Conjugaison progressive du français avec 400 exercices

CERN Document Server

Boularès, Michèle

1999-01-01

La Conjugaison progressive du français s'adresse aux grands adolescents et aux adultes de tous niveaux. C'est un ouvrage d'apprentissage des formes verbales. On trouve sur la page de gauche : - la règle de formation de chaque temps ; - les verbes types présentés en tableaux et accompagnés d'une liste de verbes conjugués sur le même modèle ; - des remarques phonétiques ou orthographiques ; - des explications sur les difficultés particulières. La page de droite propose des exercices et des activités de difficulté progressive. C'est également un ouvrage de référence grâce aux nombreux tableaux de conjugaison qu'il contient.

L’Afrique et l’histoire des techniques. Hommage à François Sigaut Africa and the history of techniques. Tribute to François Sigaut

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Monique Chastanet

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Spécialiste de l’histoire et de l’anthropologie des techniques des sociétés préindustrielles, dans le domaine de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, François Sigaut (10 novembre 1940 – 2 novembre 2012 nous a quittés récemment, emporté en deux mois par un cancer, alors qu’il avait encore de nombreux travaux en chantier. Ses recherches étaient centrées sur l’Europe, mais il s’intéressait également aux autres continents, à l’Afrique en particulier. Cet intérêt était lié à sa démarche comparativ...

[Louis-Marie Rousseau and the "Chocolat rationnel des pharmaciens français" (Rational Chocolate of French pharmacists)].

Science.gov (United States)

Raynal, Cécile

2015-03-01

In 1883, the chemist Louis-Marie Rousseau (1849-1930) creats the "Compagnie hygiénique française" (French Hygienic Company). The company manufactures and sells the "Poudre de viande Rousseau" (Rousseau meat powder) and the "Chocolat Rousseau" (Rousseau Chocolate) by methods developed and patented by the pharmacist. Ten years after a successful collaboration, L.-M. Rousseau separates from his associates and founds the "Chocolaterie spéciale d'Ermont" (Special Chocolate factory of Ermont) in the village of Ermont near Paris. Here is manufactured the "Chocolat Rationnel des pharmaciens français" (Rational Chocolate of French pharmacists), hygienic chocolate sold only in pharmacies. The factory is also a pharmaceutical laboratory where is extracted theobromine from waste vegetable substances of cocoa. It then produces the "Théobromine Rousseau cristallisée" (crystallized Rousseau's Theobromine) sold as tablets, then the "Théosol" that will be commercialized until the middle of 1930s.

HBA1c: clinical and biological agreement for standardization of assay methods. Report by the experts of ALFEDIAM (Association de Langue Française pour lEtude du Diabète et des Maladies Métabolique) and SFBC (Société Française de Biologie Clinique).

Science.gov (United States)

Gillery, P; Bordas-Fonfrède, M; Chapelle, J P; Drouin, P; Hue, G; Lévy-Marchal, C; Périer, C; Sélam, J L; Slama, G; Thivolet, C; Vialettes, B

1999-09-01

Glycohaemoglobin, and particularly haemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), assays have been used for many years to retrospectively evaluate the glycaemic control of diabetic patients. Cut-off values have been established for deciding treatment modifications. The techniques used in the laboratories however exhibit varying quality, and all of them are not yet standardized. The consequence is an under-utilization of this test, especially in non-hospital practice. In this context, working groups of Société Française de Biologie Clinique (SFBC), Association de Langue Française pour l'Etude du Diabète et des Maladies Métaboliques (ALFEDIAM) and Société Française d'Endocrinologie (SFE) have met together, in order to analyze the national status, and to propose practical recommendations for implementing a standardization process on the basis of international experiences. It is recommended to exclusively express results as HbA1c percentage, using methods standardized and certified by comparison to reference methods such as those using Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) values. Simultaneously, contacts have been established with manufacturers, and the realisation of periodic quality control surveys was encouraged.

Pertussis Serodiagnosis in Belgium from 1990 to 2009 ▿

Science.gov (United States)

Vincent, Muriel; Rodeghiero, Caroline; Eylenbosch, Romain; Mans, Yvan; Swalus-Steenhouwer, Jeannine; Piérard, Denis; Huygen, Kris; Vanhoof, Raymond

2011-01-01

Diagnosis of pertussis by culture and PCR is most sensitive when performed on nasopharyngeal specimens collected pertussis in Belgium from 1990 to 2009. In total, 13,163 patients were analyzed for Bordetella pertussis-specific antibodies by agglutination, complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. The number of positive pertussis cases detected by serodiagnosis ranged between 50 and 150 annually. The mean age of positive cases increased from 9.9 years in 1990 to 33.9 years in 2009. Whereas from 1990 to 2003, children and young adolescents made up the majority of cases, from 2004 onwards, cases were detected in all age groups and the distribution became bimodal, with a first peak at the age of 10 to 20 years and a second at the age of 35 to 50 years. In contrast, patients diagnosed since 2001 by PCR and/or culture were mostly children younger than 1 year of age. Despite extensive childhood vaccination campaigns, whooping cough is still present in Belgium. Our findings confirm the potential role of adults in the continued transmission of pertussis and strongly warrant booster or cocoon vaccinations in older age groups. PMID:21346057

Resenha de: La vie de la forêt française au XIVè siècle

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Eurípedes Simões de Paula

1963-03-01

Full Text Available DEVÈZE (M.. La vie de Ia forêt française au XIVe siècle. Paris. S. E. V. P. E. N. École Pratique des Hautes Études. Centre de Recharches historiques. VIe section. Coleção "Les hom-mes et la terre". Tomos I e II.

Frans Hals in mennonitischen Brauerkreisen: Die Porträts eines unbekannten Ehepaares im Wallraf-Richartz-Museum

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Grijzenhout, F.; Jonkhoff, I.; Kramer, M.; de Bruijne, D.

2014-01-01

To this day the sitters in Frans Hals’s portraits of a man and a 32-year-old woman (1640) in the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum & Fondation Corboud could not be identified. These could be the portraits mentioned in the 1676 inventory of the estate of the late Geertruijt Gerrits van Santen (1605/1610-1675),

La crise sociale aux Antilles françaises

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Justin Daniel

2009-03-01

Full Text Available La crise sociale qui a récemment secoué les Antilles françaises consacre le retour de la « question sociale » sur les scènes politiques insulaires. Elle s’est également traduite par un dessaisissement du personnel politique dont la parole est devenue inaudible, et une montée en puissance de la société civile. Loin d’avoir réglé les problèmes structurels, elle témoigne cependant d’une évolution significative des rapports entre l’outre-mer et l’Hexagone.The social crisis which recently shook the French West Indies legitimises the return of the “social question” on the insular political scenes. It also resulted in a withdrawal of the political personnel whose discourse became inaudible and in the emergence of civil society. Far from having resolved the structural problems, it reveals a significant change of the relationship between the overseas territories  and the Hexagon.

Communication progressive du français avec 320 exercices : niveau débutant : corrigés

CERN Document Server

Miquel, Claire

2013-01-01

Ce qui fait le succès de cet ouvrage de communication: Une organisation claire: la leçon sur la page de gauche; les exercices et les activités communicatives sur la page de droite 40 fiches présentant les points généralement abordés au niveau A1 du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues Un apprentissage progressif: il suit la progression naturelle des méthodes de français Un usage souple: pour la classe ou en auto-apprentissage Une préparation adaptée aux certifications: un entrainement efficace pour mieux réussir aux examens A découvrir dans cette deuxième édition revue et augmentée: Un CD audio avec 69 documents sonores Un test d'évaluation avec ses corrigés Des illustrations pédagogiques acutelles et colorées 50 nouveaux exercices. Communication Progressive du français niveau débutant, 2ème édition (ISBN 978-209-038132-0).

François Couperin’s Allemandes for Harpsichord: Linguistic Characteristics of 18th Century French Oratory as an Interpretive Resource

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Beatriz Pavan

2016-11-01

Full Text Available This text discusses the linguistic characteristics of French oratory of the eighteenth century as an interpretive resource for François Couperin’s allemandes for harpsichord. The main objective was to investigate the oratory and its equivalence with the musical discourse of this time and place as a tool for interpreting the genre. The methodological approach followed was an analysis of the linguistic variations of French oratory of the eighteenth century and its correspondence with the allemandes of François Couperin contained in the four Livres de pièces de clavecin. Upon establishing the close relationship between the spoken language and musical expression, it was possible to apply the study of the suggested discourse to interpretative decisions.

Euthanasia for Detainees in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Devolder, Katrien

2016-07-01

In 2011, Frank Van Den Bleeken became the first detainee to request euthanasia under Belgium's Euthanasia Act of 2002. This article investigates whether it would be lawful and morally permissible for a doctor to accede to this request. Though Van Den Bleeken has not been held accountable for the crimes he committed, he has been detained in an ordinary prison, without appropriate psychiatric care, for more than 30 years. It is first established that Van Den Bleeken's euthanasia request plausibly meets the relevant conditions of the Euthanasia Act and that, consequently, a doctor could lawfully fulfill it. Next, it is argued that autonomy-based reasons for euthanizing him outweigh complicity-based reasons against doing so, and that, therefore, it is also morally permissible for a doctor to carry out the euthanasia request.

O Brasil literário na França (1950-2000: internacionalização e estudos da recepção

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Jose Lambert

2017-09-01

Full Text Available O presente artigo propõe uma análise da posição das Letras Brasileiras na França. Na verdade, ele é uma continuação dos trabalhos de Pierre Rivas (Rivas, 1976 e Marie-Hélène Torres (Torres, 2001. Sem dúvida, é a eles que devemos a evolução de nossos trabalhos e, ao mesmo tempo, um grande confronto porque parece que a exploração feita por eles das Letras Brasileiras na França merece ser redefinida no tocante à segunda metade do século XX e como um capítulo da globalização das literaturas, especialmente de acordo com os conceitos desenvolvidos por Pascale Casanova (Casanova, 1999. Além da globalização é a “mídia” – ou seja, o papel da televisão cada vez mais central, da internet e de outras novas mídias – que merece, a nosso ver, ser considerada como uma ruptura do monopólio da França na matéria.

Do-not-resuscitate policy on acute geriatric wards in Flanders, Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Gendt, de C.; Bilsen, J.J.; Stichele, van der R.; Lambert, M.; Noortgate, N. Den; Deliens, L.H.J.

2005-01-01

OBJECTIVES: To describe the historical development and status of a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) policy on acute geriatric wards in Flanders, Belgium, and to compare it with the international situation. DESIGN: Structured mail questionnaires. SETTING: All 94 acute geriatric wards in hospitals in Flanders

The politics of labelling youth vernaculars in the Netherlands and Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cornips, L.; Jaspers, J.; de Rooij, V.; Nortier, J.; Svendsen, B.A.

2015-01-01

This chapter critically analyses the labelling of youthful language use in Belgium and the Netherlands. Urban youthful speech practices have in recent years been assigned a variety of labels, some of which have gained currency among insiders as well as outsiders. Linguists have not infrequently

International comparison of results of infection surveillance: The Netherlands versus Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Mertens, R.; van den Berg, J. M.; Veerman-Brenzikofer, M. L.; Kurz, X.; Jans, B.; Klazinga, N.

1994-01-01

To explore the potential benefit of comparing results from two national surveillance networks. Two prospective multicenter cohort studies of surgical wound infections (SWI). Thirty-five and 62 acute-care hospitals in The Netherlands (NL) and Belgium (B), respectively, from October 1, 1991, to June

40 ans de linguistique textuelle et didactisation du français langue étrangère

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lundquist, Lita

2016-01-01

particulièrement l’apprentissage de la lecture de textes académiques en français. En même temps, on montrera comment l’analyse et la compréhension de textes ne s’arrêtent pas au linguistique et au textuel ; bien au contraire, la linguistique textuelle enchainera naturellement sur le cognitif et sur le culturel. En...

Comedie-Française esmakordselt Eestis : Päikesekuninga asutatud maailmakuulus teater ainult kahel õhtul Tallinnas / M[argot] V[isnap

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Visnap, Margot, 1959-

2009-01-01

La Comedie-Française külalisetendused Draamateatris Tallinnas 7. ja 8. veebruaril: Molière'i komöödia "Naeruväärsed eputised" Dan Jemmeti lavastuses ja Spiro Scimone "Pidu" Galin Stoevi lavastuses

Buster Still Speechless: A “Silent” Comic at the Cinémathèque française

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Noah Teichner

2016-02-01

Full Text Available This article seeks to identify the underlying historiographical discourses advanced by the Cinémathèque Française’s recent Buster Keaton retrospective and to question the actor-director’s status as a “silent” comic in light of his wide ranging sound era output. 

An empirical study of the underground economy in the Kingdom of Belgium

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Rezaei, Shahamak; Goli, Marco; Dana, Léo-Paul

2013-01-01

This article investigates the underground economy in Belgium. Although several government initiatives are attempting to combat underground economic activities, we found illegal foreign workers identifying opportunities and fulfilling market needs. Underground employment thus thrives in a variety...

Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vertommen, Tine; Schipper-van Veldhoven, Nicolette; Wouters, Kristien; Kampen, J.K.; Brackenridge, Celia H.; Rhind, Daniel J.A.; Neels, Karel; Eede, Van Den Filip

2016-01-01

The current article reports on the first large-scale prevalence study on interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium. Using a dedicated online questionnaire, over 4,000 adults prescreened on having participated in organized sport before the age of 18 were surveyed

The New Partnership Approach in the 2003 Belgium-Netherlands Tax Treaty

NARCIS (Netherlands)

G.K. Fibbe (Gijsbert); M. Isenbaert (Mathieu)

2004-01-01

textabstractSince 1 January 2003, a new double tax Treaty is applicable between Belgium and the Netherlands. The old Treaty of 1970 already included a specific provision relating to partnerships. Including three distinct provisions has now expanded the tradition and it is the objective of this

O (desconhecimento do rosto do outro: dimensões da (incomunicabilidade em Oswaldo França Júnior e Lya Luft

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Angela Maria Salgueiro Marques

2011-12-01

Full Text Available O presente texto tem como objetivo analisar o tema do desconhecimento do outro em dois contos de escritores brasileiros contemporâneos: “Eu não o conheci”, de Oswaldo França Júnior, e “A Pedra da Bruxa”, de Lya Luft. Ambos refletem sobre a morte de um filho. Procede-se um estudo comparado dos textos no sentido de apontar algumas semelhanças e diferenças tanto entre aspectos formais, tais como conto e miniconto, quanto entre pontos de vista, espaço, tempo, e a questão da incomunicabilidade, à luz do conceito de “Rosto”, explorado por Emmanuel Lévinas e Giorgio Agamben, que nos auxilia a definir a causa do profundo mal-estar exposto pelos narradores desses contos.Palavras-chave: Oswaldo França Júnior; Lya Luft; Conto; Miniconto; Incomunicabilidade; Rosto.

The Presence of Borrelia miyamotoi, A Relapsing Fever Spirochaete, in Questing Ixodes ricinus in Belgium and in The Netherlands.

Science.gov (United States)

Cochez, C; Heyman, P; Heylen, D; Fonville, M; Hengeveld, P; Takken, W; Simons, L; Sprong, H

2015-08-01

Borrelia miyamotoi is a tick-borne bacterium that may cause relapsing fever in humans. As this pathogen has been discovered in Europe only recently, only little is known about its local impact on human health and its spatial distribution. In this study, we show the results of PCR screenings for B. miyamotoi in flagged Ixodes ricinus from Belgium and the Netherlands. B. miyamotoi was detected in nine of thirteen, and three of five locations from the Netherlands and Belgium, respectively. These outcomes indicate that B. miyamotoi is more spread than previously thought. The mean infection rate B. miyamotoi was 1.14% for Belgium and 3.84% for the Netherlands. © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in Belgium: a useful indicator for detecting mild iodine deficiency?

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Stefanie Vandevijvere

Full Text Available It has been proposed that neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH concentrations are a good indicator of iodine deficiency in the population. A frequency of neonatal TSH concentrations above 5 mU/L below 3% has been proposed as the threshold indicating iodine sufficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate feasibility and usefulness of nation-wide neonatal TSH concentration screening results to assess iodine status in Belgium. All newborns born in Belgium during the period 2009-2011 (n = 377713 were included in the study, except those suffering from congenital hypothyroidism and premature neonates. The frequency of neonatal TSH concentrations above 5 mU/L from 2009 to 2011 in Belgium fluctuated between 2.6 and 3.3% in the centres using the same TSH assay. There was a significant inverse association between neonatal TSH level and birth weight. The longer the duration between birth and screening, the lower the TSH level. Neonatal TSH levels were significantly lower in winter than in spring or autumn and significantly lower in spring and summer than in autumn while significantly higher in spring compared to summer. In conclusion, despite that pregnant women in Belgium are mildly iodine deficient, the frequency of neonatal TSH concentrations above 5 mU/L was very low, suggesting that the neonatal TSH threshold proposed for detecting iodine deficiency needs to be re-evaluated. Although neonatal TSH is useful to detect severe iodine deficiency, it should not be recommended presently for the evaluation of iodine status in mildly iodine deficient regions.

Regional emission balances for Belgium in the year 1990

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bouma, J.W.J.

1993-01-01

Regional emission balances are vital with regard to an efficient energy and environmental policy. The emission balances were calculated on the basis of a top-down approach, making use of the regional energy balances for the three regions in Belgium (Wallonie, Brussels, Flanders regions). The emissions of NO X -, SO 2 -and CO 2 -gases in 1990 for the Flanders, the Wallonie and the Brussels region are presented. (A.S.)

Geographic distribution of suicide and railway suicide in Belgium, 2008-2013: a principal component analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Strale, Mathieu; Krysinska, Karolina; Overmeiren, Gaëtan Van; Andriessen, Karl

2017-06-01

This study investigated the geographic distribution of suicide and railway suicide in Belgium over 2008--2013 on local (i.e., district or arrondissement) level. There were differences in the regional distribution of suicide and railway suicides in Belgium over the study period. Principal component analysis identified three groups of correlations among population variables and socio-economic indicators, such as population density, unemployment, and age group distribution, on two components that helped explaining the variance of railway suicide at a local (arrondissement) level. This information is of particular importance to prevent suicides in high-risk areas on the Belgian railway network.

RECHERCHES Une expertise française en microbiologie prévisionnelle : le projet PREVIUS

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Guyonnet Jean-Pierre

2000-09-01

Full Text Available Le projet PREVIUS (une dénomination non encore définitive vise la construction d’une expertise française en microbiologie prévisionnelle (ou « microbiologie quantitative » dans le domaine agro-alimentaire. Mis en chantier depuis un an, cet outil élaboré avec le soutien des pouvoirs publics à l’intention des professionnels et de leurs partenaires (organismes publics, fournisseurs, clients, laboratoires, centres techniques devrait être opérationnel fin 2002.

Trade openness, real exchange rates and job reallocation : Evidence from Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

I. Colantone (Italo)

2012-01-01

textabstractThis paper investigates the impact of real exchange rate movements on job reallocation at the industry level. The analysis focuses on the manufacturing sector of Belgium, using data for 82 NACE 3-digit industries, over the time span 1996-2002. I find that real exchange rate changes do

Impact of rotavirus vaccination on hospitalisations in Belgium: comparing model predictions with observed data.

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Baudouin Standaert

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Published economic assessments of rotavirus vaccination typically use modelling, mainly static Markov cohort models with birth cohorts followed up to the age of 5 years. Rotavirus vaccination has now been available for several years in some countries, and data have been collected to evaluate the real-world impact of vaccination on rotavirus hospitalisations. This study compared the economic impact of vaccination between model estimates and observed data on disease-specific hospitalisation reductions in a country for which both modelled and observed datasets exist (Belgium. METHODS: A previously published Markov cohort model estimated the impact of rotavirus vaccination on the number of rotavirus hospitalisations in children aged <5 years in Belgium using vaccine efficacy data from clinical development trials. Data on the number of rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis hospitalisations in children aged <5 years between 1 June 2004 and 31 May 2006 (pre-vaccination study period or 1 June 2007 to 31 May 2010 (post-vaccination study period were analysed from nine hospitals in Belgium and compared with the modelled estimates. RESULTS: The model predicted a smaller decrease in hospitalisations over time, mainly explained by two factors. First, the observed data indicated indirect vaccine protection in children too old or too young for vaccination. This herd effect is difficult to capture in static Markov cohort models and therefore was not included in the model. Second, the model included a 'waning' effect, i.e. reduced vaccine effectiveness over time. The observed data suggested this waning effect did not occur during that period, and so the model systematically underestimated vaccine effectiveness during the first 4 years after vaccine implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Model predictions underestimated the direct medical economic value of rotavirus vaccination during the first 4 years of vaccination by approximately 10% when assessing

The health-related social costs of alcohol in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Verhaeghe, Nick; Lievens, Delfine; Annemans, Lieven; Vander Laenen, Freya; Putman, Koen

2017-12-16

Alcohol is associated with adverse health effects causing a considerable economic impact to society. A reliable estimate of this economic impact for Belgium is lacking. This is the aim of the study. A prevalence-based approach estimating the direct, indirect and intangible costs for the year 2012 was used. Attributional fractions for a series of health effects were derived from literature. The human capital approach was used to estimate indirect costs, while the concept of disability-adjusted life years was used to estimate intangible costs. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to assess the uncertainty around cost estimates and to evaluate the impact of alternative modelling assumptions. In 2012, total alcohol-attributable direct costs were estimated at €906.1 million, of which the majority were due to hospitalization (€743.7 million, 82%). The indirect costs amounted to €642.6 million, of which 62% was caused by premature mortality. Alcohol was responsible for 157,500 disability-adjusted life years representing €6.3 billion intangible costs. Despite a number of limitations intrinsic to this kind of research, the study can be considered as the most comprehensive analysis thus far of the health-related social costs of alcohol in Belgium.

Lietuvos Yamaha muzikos mokyklų valdymo ypatumai: franšizės metodas

OpenAIRE

Užkuraitienė, Fausta

2007-01-01

Franšizė yra viena iš tarptautinio verslo internacionalizavimo galimybių. Teoretikai ir praktikai pabrėžia šios verslo formos pranašumus prieš alternatyvas eksportą, investicijas ar bendrų kompanijų kūrimą. Tačiau Lietuvos mokslininkų darbuose randame tik fragmentinius šios kontraktinės tarptautinio verslo plėtros formos analizės elementus. Menkai analizuojami valdymo, kontrolės, kultūrinės adaptacijos klausimai. Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti Lietuvos Yamaha muzikos mokyklų valdymo ypatumus, vei...

Dos lienzos firmados por Alonso del Arco en la parisina iglesia Saint-François de Sales

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Delenda, Odile

2004-09-01

Full Text Available El inventario detallado realizado en las iglesias de París por los conservadores des Oeuvres d'Art Religieuses et Civiles del ayuntamiento de la capital francesa, puede reservar gratas sorpresas. Muy recientemente Guénola Groud, conservateur du Patrimoine y su equipo, pudieron localizar en la «Salle des mariages» de la nueva iglesia de Saint-François-de-Sales (Paris, XVIIème dos importantes lienzos de medio punto, la Adoración de los Pastores (Fig. 2 y la Adoración de los Magos (Fig. 1 firmados por el pintor Alonso del Arco (1635-1704 colaborador y discípulo de Antonio Pereda. Existen en efecto dos iglesias Saint-François-de-Sales. La más antigua, de 1873, está situada en la calle Brémontier mientras que la más reciente, construida entre 1911 y 1913, tiene su entrada principal en la calle Ampère…

Balzac peint les français: social satire and construction of ideal types in Les français peints par eux-mêmes.

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Marilisa Moccia

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Tra il 1840 e il 1842, negli stessi anni in cui prendeva forma quella che sarà di lì a poco la Comédie Humaine, furono dati alle stampe nove volumi dell’opera Les Français peints par eux-mêmes, pubblicata da Léon Curmer. L’opera vide la collaborazione di disegnatori e scrittori fra i quali Honoré de Balzac che contribuì al progetto scrivendo due voci l’épicier e la femme comme il faut. Les Français peints par eux-mêmes, definito nel sottotitolo Encyclopédie morale du XIXe siècle, è uno dei maggiori esempi di «letteratura panoramica», come ebbe a definirla Walter Benjamin (Benjamin 1979, e vi si mescolano caricatura e determinismo fisiologico impiegati per ritrarre, e non semplicemente descrivere, i tipi umani e sociali che popolano Parigi e la Provincia. L’introduzione di Léon Curmer e Jules Janin colloca il progetto globale dell’opera sotto l’etichetta di «tableau», già utilizzata da Louis-Sébastien Mercier (Mercier 1782, della società contemporanea messa al servizio della storia dei costumi. Da un lato, il dispositivo umoristico dell’opera scatena dall’idea di classificare gli uomini, svuotati della loro soggettività e degradati a tipi sociali, al pari delle specie animali e vegetali, ricalcando e “scoronando”, dunque, l’intento normalizzante dell’Enciclopedia dei lumi. Per questo motivo, la mise en page (ogni voce dell’opera è strutturata in type, tête de page, cul de lampe, contribuisce a creare un transtesto (Genette 1997, che stringe l’occhio al lettore del tempo, nutrito dalle opere di Buffon e Cuvier.  Dall’altro, però, l’intento dichiaratamente “serio” dell’opera che deve occuparsi di spiegare, con intento pedagogico e attraverso l’escamotage dell’autoritratto, i francesi ai Francesi, suggerisce una seconda ipotesi: la società tutta è risibile perché ridicola è la borghesia del regno di Luigi Filippo. Il contributo si propone di indagare il tipo di satira che

Belgium; Staff Report for the 2001 Article IV Consultation

OpenAIRE

International Monetary Fund

2002-01-01

This 2001 Article IV Consultation highlights that following four years of robust expansion, real GDP growth in Belgium slowed markedly in 2001, as higher oil prices, declining equity values, and the deteriorating external environment adversely affected business investment, household consumption, and exports. The outlook for 2002 depends critically on a recovery in the world economy and, especially, in Belgium’s key European trading partners. Growth for the year is projected by the IMF staff a...

An expanding culture of control? The municipal administrative sanctions Act in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Devroe, E.; Bruinsma, G.; Van, der Beken T.

2016-01-01

This article provides an in-depth study of the Act on Municipal Administrative Sanctions 1999 (MAS), which is the first major piece of legislation regulating antisocial behaviour in Belgium. MAS provides municipalities with an instrument to sanction antisocial behaviour and conduct perceived to

Opinião e espaço público na França e no Brasil: um estudo comparativo

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Dievani Lopes Vital

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Este artigo visa comparar a expansão do espaço público na França de fins do Setecentos com aquela ocorrida em finais do Império no Brasil. Decorrente de uma pesquisa mais ampla, que investiga a apropriação e a ressignificação do ideário francês iluminista e revolucionário sobre as ideias e práticas políticas da chamada “Geração 1870” brasileira, a temática proposta leva em consideração a importância do desenvolvimento da imprensa periódica e a expansão das formas de sociabilidade intelectuais na França e no Brasil nos períodos mencionados. Para este segundo caso, são tomadas as considerações elaboradas pelo teórico Jürgen Habermas, para o qual a opinião pública moderna e o “espaço público político” nasceram da proliferação dos impressos e das formas de sociabilidade do século XVIII. Os conceitos operatórios de “opinião pública” e de “sociabilidade” tornam-se assim basilares na análise dos contextos daquelas sociedades, que experimentavam profundas transformações em suas estruturas políticas, quais sejam elas: a derrocada do Ancien Régime na França e a desestruturação do sistema político-imperial no Brasil.

Roll out of intraveneous artesunate under named patient programmes in the Netherlands, Belgium and France

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Intravenous (IV) artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe malaria. In Europe, this treatment is only available in a few countries via named patient programmes (NPPs). As a case study, the legal and organisational aspects and pharmacovigilance of these NPPs and possibilities for harmonisation within the EU were studied over time and space using IV artesunate (Malacef) in the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Methods The legal base and organisation of NPPs in the Netherlands, Belgium and France were studied. The diffusion and cumulative availability of IV artesunate and the pharmacovigilance components were compared among the three countries using distribution data from the period 2007 through 2012. Results Artesunate has quickly gained acceptance for treating severe malaria in the Netherlands, whereas both Belgium and France have introduced this treatment more hesitantly. This difference in acceptance is due to differences in the implementation of NPP legislation among the countries. France currently has a proactive system in which treatment requires the permission for each patient and an intensive follow-up protocol. On the other hand, Belgium and Dutch NPPs are more dependent on the investigators’ initiative and are therefore potentially faster and more flexible, facilitating the discovery of adverse effects that have not been reported by more formal comparative clinical trials. Conclusions NPPs provide a unique opportunity to study both the benefits and risks of unregistered products for treating rare diseases, provided that the patients are actively vigilated. Thus, we recommend that NPPs should be harmonised throughout Europe in order to ensure equal availability of treatment and therapeutic benefit to all Europeans without compromising patient safety. PMID:24063858

Case Study: Wenduine, Belgium : Vulnerability of buildings on a coastal dike

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Chen, X.; Kothuis, Baukje; Kok, Matthijs

2017-01-01

On coastal dikes in Belgium, many residential buildings are found. Most of the old buildings are masonry structures with two to three floors (Figure 1). The ground floors are always elevated (Figure 2), and the entrances of the basements are closed by shutters

Trace elements in home-produced eggs in Belgium: Levels and spatiotemporal distribution

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Waegeneers, Nadia; Hoenig, Michel; Goeyens, Leo; De Temmerman, Ludwig

2009-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in home-produced eggs, soils and kitchen waste samples of private chicken owners in Belgium, and to determine spatiotemporal differences in trace element contents in eggs. Eggs were sampled in all provinces of Belgium in autumn 2006 and spring 2007. A total number of 59 private chicken owners participated in the study. Trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry except for mercury, which was determined by atomic absorption of mercury vapour. The mean fresh weight concentrations in eggs in autumn and spring respectively were < 8.0 and < 8.0 μg/kg for arsenic, 0.5 and < 0.5 μg/kg for cadmium, 116 and 74 μg/kg for lead, 0.43 and 0.52 mg/kg for copper, 20.3 and 19.2 mg/kg for zinc, and 3.15 and 4.44 μg/kg for mercury. Analysis of variance determined significant differences in some trace element concentrations in eggs among seasons and regions in Belgium. Average concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and mercury corresponded well with values measured in other countries, while copper and zinc concentrations were within the same order of magnitude as in other countries. Average lead concentrations were high compared to concentrations in eggs from other countries and correlated well with lead concentrations in soil, indicating that the soil is an important source. Other sources of trace elements in eggs might be home-grown vegetables and forage (grass and herbs), and indirectly, air pollution.

Local seismic tomography in Belgium - implications for the geological structure.

Science.gov (United States)

Sichien, E.; Camelbeek, T.; Henriet, J.-P.

2009-04-01

We present the results of a local seismic tomography in Belgium using well-located local earthquakes registered by 37 stations of the permanent seismic network and by mobile stations installed by the Royal Observatory of Belgium. Previous studies did not offer a lot of information on the middle and lower crust. The seismic profiles shot in the region (Belcorp, Decorp, Ecors, …) all show an unreflective middle and lower crust. The gravimetric and magnetic data show the presence of a sharp transition between the Brabant Massive and the Ardennes allochtone, furthermore, a broad positive gravimetric anomaly, is interpreted as a Moho uplift underneath the Campine region. Our results confirm the sharp transition between the Brabant Massif (higher than expected velocities) and the Ardennes allochtone (lower than expected velocities). At 27 km of depth lower crust - upper mantle velocities (7.50 km/s) are found underneath the Campine region and the Eifelplume region, confirming the Moho uplifts to 28 km underneath these regions. At 13 km similar velocities (7.50 km/s) are seen underneath the Eifelplume, they correspond to a lower crust-upper mantle that trusted in the crust during the Variscan orogeny.

The Coca-Cola incident in Belgium, June 1999.

Science.gov (United States)

Nemery, B; Fischler, B; Boogaerts, M; Lison, D; Willems, J

2002-11-01

The present paper describes the outbreak of health complaints that occurred in Belgium, in June 1999, among schoolchildren and members of the general public in relation to the consumption of Coca-Cola and other soft drinks. The outbreak took place in the wake of a major food crisis, caused by PCB/dioxin contamination of animal feed, that had erupted shortly before. The clinical features (absence of serious poisoning) and epidemiological characteristics of the Coca-Cola outbreak pointed to mass sociogenic illness, and no subsequent toxicological or other data have refuted this hypothesis.

Low and medium radioactive waste management in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dejonghe, P.; Bonne, A.; Van de Voorde, N.; Detilleux, E.

1986-01-01

This paper summarizes some information on the producers and production of radioactive wastes in Belgium, the evolution of the technical thinking in this area, how the management of radioactive wastes has been and is being organized in the country, and some practical achievements. This paper does not contain much information on new methods and processes and is based primarily on actual experience. Successively the following subjects are discussed: the waste producers; the main objectives in treatment/conditioning and disposal; organization; treatment and conditioning technology; and storage and disposal

Health care reform in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Schokkaert, Erik; Van de Voorde, Carine

2005-09-01

Curbing the growth of public sector health expenditures has been the proclaimed government objective in Belgium since the 1980s. However, the respect for freedom of choice for patients and for therapeutic freedom for providers has blocked the introduction of microeconomic incentives and quality control. Therefore--with some exceptions, particularly in the hospital sector--policy has consisted mainly of tariff and supply restrictions and increases in co-payments. These measures have not been successful in curbing the growth of expenditures. Moreover, there remains a large variation in medical practices. While the structure of health financing is relatively progressive from an international perspective, socioeconomic and regional inequalities in health persist. The most important challenge is the restructuring of the basic decision-making processes; i.e. a simplification of the bureaucratic procedures and a re-examination of the role of regional authorities and sickness funds. Copyright (c) 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Radioactive waste management in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Detilleux, E.

1984-01-01

The first part of this paper briefly describes the nuclear industry in Belgium and the problem of radioactive wastes with regard to their quality and quantity. The second part emphasizes the recent guidelines regarding the management of the nuclear industry in general and the radioactive wastes in particular. In this respect, important tasks are the reinforcement of administrative structures with regard to the supervision and the control of nuclear activities, the establishment of a mixed company entrusted with the covering of the needs of nuclear plants in the field of nuclear fuels and particularly the setting up of a public autonomous and specialized organization, the 'Public Organization for the Management of Radioactive Waste and Fissile Materials', in short 'O.N.D.R.A.F.'. This organization is in charge of the management of the transport, the conditioning, the storage and the disposal of radioactive wastes. (Auth.)

Challenges in physician supply planning: the case of Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Léonard Christian

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Introduction Planning human resources for health (HRH is a complex process for policy-makers and, as a result, many countries worldwide swing from surplus to shortage. In-depth case studies can help appraising the challenges encountered and the solutions implemented. This paper has two objectives: to identify the key challenges in HRH planning in Belgium and to formulate recommendations for an effective HRH planning, on the basis of the Belgian case study and lessons drawn from an international benchmarking. Case description In Belgium, a numerus clausus set up in 1997 and effective in 2004, aims to limit the total number of physicians working in the curative sector. The assumption of a positive relationship between physician densities and health care utilization was a major argument in favor of medical supply restrictions. This new regulation did not improve recurrent challenges such as specialty imbalances, with uncovered needs particularly among general practitioners, and geographical maldistribution. New difficulties also emerged. In particular, limiting national training of HRH turned out to be ineffective within the open European workforce market. The lack of integration of policies affecting HRH was noteworthy. We described in the paper what strategies were developed to address those challenges in Belgium and in neighboring countries. Discussion and evaluation Planning the medical workforce involves determining the numbers, mix, and distribution of health providers that will be required at some identified future point in time. To succeed in their task, health policy planners have to take a broader perspective on the healthcare system. Focusing on numbers is too restrictive and adopting innovative policies learned from benchmarking without integration and coordination is unfruitful. Evolving towards a strategic planning is essential to control the effects of the complex factors impacting on human resources. This evolution requires

Challenges in physician supply planning: the case of Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Stordeur, Sabine; Léonard, Christian

2010-12-08

Planning human resources for health (HRH) is a complex process for policy-makers and, as a result, many countries worldwide swing from surplus to shortage. In-depth case studies can help appraising the challenges encountered and the solutions implemented. This paper has two objectives: to identify the key challenges in HRH planning in Belgium and to formulate recommendations for an effective HRH planning, on the basis of the Belgian case study and lessons drawn from an international benchmarking. In Belgium, a numerus clausus set up in 1997 and effective in 2004, aims to limit the total number of physicians working in the curative sector. The assumption of a positive relationship between physician densities and health care utilization was a major argument in favor of medical supply restrictions. This new regulation did not improve recurrent challenges such as specialty imbalances, with uncovered needs particularly among general practitioners, and geographical maldistribution. New difficulties also emerged. In particular, limiting national training of HRH turned out to be ineffective within the open European workforce market. The lack of integration of policies affecting HRH was noteworthy. We described in the paper what strategies were developed to address those challenges in Belgium and in neighboring countries. Planning the medical workforce involves determining the numbers, mix, and distribution of health providers that will be required at some identified future point in time. To succeed in their task, health policy planners have to take a broader perspective on the healthcare system. Focusing on numbers is too restrictive and adopting innovative policies learned from benchmarking without integration and coordination is unfruitful. Evolving towards a strategic planning is essential to control the effects of the complex factors impacting on human resources. This evolution requires an effective monitoring of all key factors affecting supply and demand, a dynamic

Euthanasia in Belgium: trends in reported cases between 2003 and 2013

Science.gov (United States)

Dierickx, Sigrid; Deliens, Luc; Cohen, Joachim; Chambaere, Kenneth

2016-01-01

Background: In 2002, the Belgian Act on Euthanasia came into effect, regulating the intentional ending of life by a physician at the patient’s explicit request. We undertook this study to describe trends in officially reported euthanasia cases in Belgium with regard to patients’ sociodemographic and clinical profiles, as well as decision-making and performance characteristics. Methods: We used the database of all euthanasia cases reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee on Euthanasia in Belgium between Jan. 1, 2003, and Dec. 31, 2013 (n = 8752). The committee collected these data with a standardized registration form. We analyzed trends in patient, decision-making and performance characteristics using a χ2 technique. We also compared and analyzed trends for cases reported in Dutch and in French. Results: The number of reported euthanasia cases increased every year, from 235 (0.2% of all deaths) in 2003 to 1807 (1.7% of all deaths) in 2013. The rate of euthanasia increased significantly among those aged 80 years or older, those who died in a nursing home, those with a disease other than cancer and those not expected to die in the near future (p euthanasia requests, beyond the legal requirements to do so (p euthanasia request (from 34.0% in 2003 to 42.6% in 2013). These trends were not significant for cases reported in French. Interpretation: Since legalization of euthanasia in Belgium, the number of reported cases has increased each year. Most of those receiving euthanasia were younger than 80 years and were dying of cancer. Given the increases observed among non–terminally ill and older patients, this analysis shows the importance of detailed monitoring of developments in euthanasia practice. PMID:27620630

Attitudes of physicians and pharmacists towards International Non-proprietary Name prescribing in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Van Bever, Elien; Elseviers, Monique; Plovie, Marijke; Vandeputte, Lieselot; Van Bortel, Luc; Vander Stichele, Robert

2015-03-01

International Non-proprietary Name (INN) prescribing is the use of the name of the active ingredient(s) instead of the brand name for prescribing. In Belgium, INN prescribing began in 2005 and a major policy change occurred in 2012. The aim was to explore the opinions of Dutch-speaking general practitioners (GPs) and pharmacists. An electronic questionnaire with 39 five-point Likert scale statements and one open question was administered in 2013. Multivariate analysis was performed with multiple linear regression on a sum score for benefit statements and for drawback statements. Answers to the open question were qualitatively analysed. We received 745 valid responses with a representable sample for both subgroups. Participants perceived the motives to introduce INN prescribing as purely economic (to reduce pharmaceutical expenditures for the government and the patient). Participants accepted the concept of INN prescribing, but 88% stressed the importance of guaranteed treatment continuity, especially in older, chronic patients, to prevent patient confusion, medication non-adherence and erroneous drug use. In conclusion, the current way in which INN prescribing is applied in Belgium leads to many concerns among primary health professionals about patient confusion and medication adherence. Slightly adapting the current concept of INN prescribing to these concerns can turn INN prescribing into one of the major policies in Belgium to reduce pharmaceutical expenditures and to stimulate rational drug prescribing. © 2014 Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society).

Vêtir les souverains français à la Renaissance : les garde-robes d’Henri II et de Catherine de Médicis en 1556 et 1557

OpenAIRE

Paresys, Isabelle

2015-01-01

Vêtir les souverains français à la Renaissance : les garde-robes d’Henri II et de Catherine de Médicis en 1556 et 1557 - Bien que fort lacunaires dans leur conservation, les séries documentaires comptables de l’Argenterie royale du xvie siècle fournissent des milliers d’informations sur les dépenses de la garde-robe des souverains français. Ce domaine de recherche reste pourtant bien peu exploré pour la France, par comparaison avec les études médiévales ou avec les travaux menés en Angleterre...

Une prospective pour la filière française des vins biologiques

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Aigrain Patrick

2017-01-01

Full Text Available La viticulture biologique française est une filière dynamique. Si certaines évolutions de la demande de bio sont similaires à celles observées pour le vin conventionnel (rosé, Bag-in-box, …, d'autres comme la demande de vins sans sulfites ou de vins « vegan » interpellent plus spécifiquement ce segment. La filière des vins bio se trouve à la fois devoir respecter la règlementation viticole et celle de la production en bio, que ce soit par le cahier des charges de production de la matière première « raisin » que de sa transformation en vin. Elle doit satisfaire des consommateurs exigeants et fédérer des producteurs passionnés parfois jusqu'à l'excès. Face à cette forte dynamique de développement soutenue par une demande qui contourne partiellement les circuits classiques de distribution, la filière française des vins bio (France Vins Bio a souhaité mener un exercice de prospective conduit par FranceAgriMer et Montpellier SupAgro. La présente communication va présenter, après un rappel des grands principes et de la méthode de prospective utilisée, les thématiques explorées, les principales hypothèses combinées et l'essentiel des scénarios sur lesquels elles débouchent.

Water availability change in central Belgium for the late 21st century

Science.gov (United States)

Tabari, Hossein; Taye, Meron Teferi; Willems, Patrick

2015-08-01

We investigate the potential impact of climate change on water availability in central Belgium. Two water balance components being precipitation and potential evapotranspiration are initially projected for the late 21st century (2071-2100) based on 30 Coupled Models Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models relative to a baseline period of 1961-1990, assuming forcing by four representative concentration pathway emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5). The future available water is then estimated as the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration projections. The number of wet days and mean monthly precipitation for summer season is projected to decrease in most of the scenarios, while the projections show an increase in those variables for the winter months. Potential evapotranspiration is expected to increase during both winter and summer seasons. The results show a decrease in water availability for summer and an increase for winter, suggesting drier summers and wetter winters for the late 21st century in central Belgium.

Real world cost of human epidermal receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients: a longitudinal incidence-based observational costing study in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Frederix, G W J; Severens, J L; Hövels, A M; van Hasselt, J G C; Hooiveld, M J J; Neven, P; Raaijmakers, J A M; Schellens, J H M

2015-05-01

Currently, no country-specific metastatic breast cancer (MBC) observational costing data are available for the Netherlands and Belgium. Our aim is to describe country-specific resource use and costs of human epidermal receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive MBC in the Netherlands and Belgium, making use of real-world data. The eligibility period for patient selection was from April 2004 to April 2010. Inclusion and retrospective data collection begins at the time of first diagnosis of HER-2-positive MBC during the eligibility period and ends 24 months post-index diagnosis of MBC or at patient death. We identified 88 eligible patients in the Netherlands and 44 patients in Belgium. The total costs of medical treatment and other resource use utilisation per patient was €48,301 in the Netherlands and €37,431 in Belgium. Majority of costs was related to the use of trastuzumab in both countries, which was 50% of the total costs in the Netherlands and 56% in Belgium respectively. Our study provides estimates of resource use and costs for HER-2-positive MBC in the Netherlands and Belgium. We noticed various differences in resource use patterns between both countries demonstrating caution is needed when transferring cost estimates between countries. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Montag e a memória perdida:notas sobre Fahrenheit 451 de François Truffaut

OpenAIRE

Silva, Terezinha Elisabeth da

2003-01-01

The paper analyzes aspects related to books and memory, in François Truffault’s Fahrenheit 451. It discusses issues related to the prohibition and destruction of books by totalitarian regimes. It emphasizes Montag’s trajectory through the movie and his transformation into a book protector and point out characteristics of the society portrayed in the film, specially its fondness for the image and for the oral information.

L'étude des dangers : contenu, limites et spécificités françaises

OpenAIRE

Farret , Régis

2008-01-01

National audience; Il ne s'agit pas aujourd'hui de présenter par le menu ce qu'est une étude de dangers, mais de prendre un peu de recul pour exposer la méthode d'analyse des risques qu'est l'étude de dangers et de montrer les particularités françaises avec un regard sur ce qui passe ailleurs en Europe.

La République de Macédoine dans la presse française

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Toni Glamcevski

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Les médias français s'intéressent à la République de Macédoine quand la Grèce refuse de la reconnaître, mais souvent adoptent des positions progrecques.Malgré son nom illustre, la Macédoine est un pays très mal connu en France. Jusqu’en 1991, très peu de gens connaissaient l’existence de la République de Macédoine. Les médias français commencent à s’intéresser au pays lors du blocus de sa reconnaissance par la Grèce (1991. De nombreux articles, commentaires, interviews tentent alors d’éclaircir la situation du pays, mais il y a eu très peu d’interventions de la part des intellectuels et « experts ». Cette communication montre les grandes lignes des articles parus en France dans la période entre 1991 et 2009. Mais la presse française, en assimilant le peuple macédonien au terme « Slaves », voulait sans doute pendant le conflit du Kosovo et le conflit de 2001, éclaircir la situation, mais l’utilisation de ce terme est aussi comprise comme une tentative de négation de l’existence du peuple macédonien. Le nom de la République de Macédoine bloque le pays dans son passé, c'est aux Macédoniens de définir leur identité, pas à leurs voisins ni aux membres de l'UE.In spite of its famous name, Macedonia is not well-known in France. Till 1991, very few persons even knew the existence of a Republic of Macedonia. The French Medias began to get interested in it with the Greek blocus of Macedonia. A lot of papers, comments, interviews tried then to explain the main lines of the country's situation but with a very light participation of experts or intellectuals. One can find in this paper the main lines of the French press on Macedonia from spring 1999 to September 2001. The French papers, as a whole, assimilating the “Macedonian” people to “Slaves”, perhaps to make a clear difference when explaining the situation during the Kossovo crisis or later, during the crisis inside Macedonia, contributed

Renewable Energy Policy Fact sheet - Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2017-09-01

The EurObserv'ER policy profiles give a snapshot of the renewable energy policy in the EU Member States. Belgium consists of three regions: Brussels, Flanders and Wallonia, each with much autonomy in determining renewable support policies, except for support to offshore wind and hydro power which fall under the competence of the federal government. Electricity from renewable sources is promoted at regional and federal levels mainly through a quota system based on the trade of certificates, complemented by regional support measures. In the three regions small PV installations benefit from net metering. The federal government supports renewable heating and cooling by way of a tax deduction on investment costs. The main support scheme for renewable energy sources used in transport is a quota system under the competence of the federal government

The governance of public-private partnerships in sports infrastructure: Interfering complexities in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van den Hurk, M.; Verhoest, K.

2015-01-01

Although public-private partnership (PPP) in infrastructure development has gained foothold in Flanders (the northern part of Belgium) over time, dissimilar results are evident and the controversy around PPP remains. This paper investigates the contradictory achievements of the Flemish Sports

L’action pédagogique des chefs d’établissements français: opportunités et tensions

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Anne Barrère

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as representações e as convicções dos gestores principais de instituições francesas de ensino médio da região Norte da França e demarcar as principais tensões com as quais esses gestores se confrontam em suas novas missões pedagógicas. O estudo é resultado de pesquisa qualitativa sobre o trabalho dos gestores principais e a partir das experiências de colaboração da autora em vários mestrados profissionais destinados a estes profissionais. Conclui-se que na instituição escolar, apesar de progredir pouco a pouco, a autonomia dos docentes ainda é pouco discutida e, na França, ainda é forte o estabelecimento da burocracia nas relações entre os profissionais que nela atuam. Ainda existe a influência das configurações locais das instituições e diversos fatores envolvidos em favor das novas missões estabelecidas para os gestores principais, objeto de estudo deste artigo.

Sistemas de Documentacion e Informacion Educativa en Belgica, Paises Bajos y Francia (Educational Documentation and Information Systems in Belgium, Holland, and France).

Science.gov (United States)

Rossi Etchelouz, Nelly Yvis

This booklet describes the working and organization of the information and documentation systems in Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. The discussion begins with a look at the Belgium educational system and how information services operate within that system. The central library, specialized services, and specialized information centers are all…

Microbiological Load of Edible Insects Found in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Caparros Megido, Rudy; Desmedt, Sandrine; Blecker, Christophe; Béra, François; Haubruge, Éric; Alabi, Taofic; Francis, Frédéric

2017-01-13

Edible insects are gaining more and more attention as a sustainable source of animal protein for food and feed in the future. In Belgium, some insect products can be found on the market, and consumers are sourcing fresh insects from fishing stores or towards traditional markets to find exotic insects that are illegal and not sanitarily controlled. From this perspective, this study aims to characterize the microbial load of edible insects found in Belgium (i.e., fresh mealworms and house crickets from European farms and smoked termites and caterpillars from a traditional Congolese market) and to evaluate the efficiency of different processing methods (blanching for all species and freeze-drying and sterilization for European species) in reducing microorganism counts. All untreated insect samples had a total aerobic count higher than the limit for fresh minced meat (6.7 log cfu/g). Nevertheless, a species-dependent blanching step has led to a reduction of the total aerobic count under this limit, except for one caterpillar species. Freeze-drying and sterilization treatments on European species were also effective in reducing the total aerobic count. Yeast and mold counts for untreated insects were above the Good Manufacturing Practice limits for raw meat, but all treatments attained a reduction of these microorganisms under this limit. These results confirmed that fresh insects, but also smoked insects from non-European trades, need a cooking step (at least composed of a first blanching step) before consumption. Therefore, blanching timing for each studied insect species is proposed and discussed.

Microbiological Load of Edible Insects Found in Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rudy Caparros Megido

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Edible insects are gaining more and more attention as a sustainable source of animal protein for food and feed in the future. In Belgium, some insect products can be found on the market, and consumers are sourcing fresh insects from fishing stores or towards traditional markets to find exotic insects that are illegal and not sanitarily controlled. From this perspective, this study aims to characterize the microbial load of edible insects found in Belgium (i.e., fresh mealworms and house crickets from European farms and smoked termites and caterpillars from a traditional Congolese market and to evaluate the efficiency of different processing methods (blanching for all species and freeze-drying and sterilization for European species in reducing microorganism counts. All untreated insect samples had a total aerobic count higher than the limit for fresh minced meat (6.7 log cfu/g. Nevertheless, a species-dependent blanching step has led to a reduction of the total aerobic count under this limit, except for one caterpillar species. Freeze-drying and sterilization treatments on European species were also effective in reducing the total aerobic count. Yeast and mold counts for untreated insects were above the Good Manufacturing Practice limits for raw meat, but all treatments attained a reduction of these microorganisms under this limit. These results confirmed that fresh insects, but also smoked insects from non-European trades, need a cooking step (at least composed of a first blanching step before consumption. Therefore, blanching timing for each studied insect species is proposed and discussed.

Exploring Environmental Inequalities in Belgium: a New Theoretical and Empirical Way to Deal with Environmental Conflicts in Urban Areas?

OpenAIRE

Lejeune, Zoé

2013-01-01

Environmental Inequalities (EI) – the unequal distribution of environmental goods and bads among space and population – are a field of research at the crossroads of political science, environmental studies, and urban studies. Unlike US Environmental Justice movement, EI are not seen by actors or studied as a specific frame for action and collective mobilisation in Belgium in environmental matters. Environmental conflicts are however numerous in urban areas in Belgium where industrial activ...

Evaluating the Early Benefit of Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine on Genital Warts in Belgium: A Cohort Study

Science.gov (United States)

Dominiak-Felden, Geraldine; Gobbo, Corrado; Simondon, François

2015-01-01

Genital warts (GWs) are common, with about 5% to 10% of people having at least one episode in their lifetime. They develop about 2–3 months after infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes 6 and 11. The prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV), protects against HPV6/11 infections and diseases. In Belgium, HPV vaccines started to be reimbursed in 2007 and have been fully reimbursed since December 2008 for women 12 to 18 years old. This study aimed at evaluating the real-life benefit of qHPV vaccine introduction in Belgium on GWs by measuring both vaccine impact (VI) at a population level and the direct effect of the qHPV vaccine at an individual level (vaccine effectiveness (VE)), using data from a large sick-fund (MLOZ) reimbursement database. A first reimbursement for imiquimod (most common first-line GWs treatment in Belgium) was used as a surrogate for a first GWs episode; reimbursement of qHPV vaccine was used as surrogate for vaccination. VI was estimated by comparing the incidence of GWs before and after qHPV vaccine introduction in Belgium (ecologic evaluation). VE was assessed by comparing GWs incidences in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated women, among women eligible for HPV vaccination. VI was evaluated in 9,223,384 person-years. Overall, GWs incidence rates decreased significantly between the pre- and post-vaccination periods (-8.1% (95% CI: -15.3; -0.3) for men and women aged 18–59 years. This decrease was highest in women targeted by the HPV vaccination programme (-72.1% (95% CI: -77.9; -64.7) in women aged 16–22 years, with a 43% vaccine uptake in 2013). A significant decrease was also observed in men aged 16-22 years (-51.1%, 95%CI: -67.6; -26.2), suggesting herd-protection. VE was evaluated in 369,881 person-years. Age-adjusted VE for fully vaccinated women was 88.0% (95% CI: 79.4; 93.0). VE was higher when the first dose was given younger and remained high for over 4 years post-vaccination in all ages. High VI and VE of the q

Grammaire progressive du français corrigés : niveau intermédiaire : avec 680 exercices

CERN Document Server

Thiévenaz, Odile

2013-01-01

Les corrigés de la 3e édition de la Grammaire progressive du français - niveau intermédiaire Ce qui fait le succès de cette grammaire : Une organisation claire : la leçon de grammaire sur la page de gauche ; les exercices d'entraînement sur la page de droite ; 52 chapitres présentant les points généralement abordés aux niveaux A2 et B1 du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues ; Un apprentissage progressif : il suit la progression naturelle des méthodes de français ; Un usage souple : pour la classe ou en auto-apprentissage ; Une préparation adaptée aux certifications : un entraînement efficace pour mieux réussir aux examens ; Une large place faite à l'évaluation : de nombreux exercices de révision et des bilans réguliers. À découvrir dans cette troisième édition tout en couleurs (ISBN 978 209 038 124 5) : Un CD audio avec 14 documents sonores ; 80 nouveaux exercices et activités communicatives ; Des chapitres révisés et des exercices plus variés ; Un test d'�...

Late Devonian (Frasnian) phyllopod and phyllocarid crustacean shields from Belgium reinterpreted as ammonoid anaptychi

Science.gov (United States)

Goolaerts, Stijn; Denayer, Julien; Mottequin, Bernard

2017-12-01

The taxonomic affinities of fossils from the Frasnian succession of Belgium previously described as phyllopod and phyllocarid crustacean shields are discussed. The rediscovery of the holotype of Ellipsocaris dewalquei, the type species of the genus Ellipsocaris Woodward in Dewalque, 1882, allows to end the discussion on the taxonomic assignation of the genus Ellipsocaris. It is removed from the phyllopod crustaceans as interpreted originally and considered here as an ammonoid anaptychus. Furthermore, it is considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Sidetes Giebel, 1847. Similarly, Van Straelen's (1933) lower to middle Frasnian record Spathiocaris chagrinensis Ruedemann, 1916, is also an ammonoid anaptychus. Although ammonoids can be relatively frequent in some Frasnian horizons of Belgium, anaptychi remain particularly scarce and the attribution to the present material to peculiar ammonoid species is not possible.

[Ancient methods of animal disease prevention in Belgium].

Science.gov (United States)

Mammerickx, M

1994-06-01

The author describes traditional methods of animal disease control in Belgium and the evolution of these methods up to the present time. Evidence is drawn mainly from Belgian law. The principles of hygienic prophylaxis, which have required little modification over the passage of time, were set out at the beginning of the 18th century by Lancisi and Bates, physicians to Pope Clement XI and King George I of Great Britain, respectively. These principles were immediately incorporated into Belgian law. However, it was not until the second half of the 19th century that they were applied correctly and with success.

Physician-assisted death: attitudes and practices of community pharmacists in East Flanders, Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bilsen, J.J.; Bauwens, M.; Bernheim, J.L.; Stichele, R.V.; Deliens, L.H.J.

2005-01-01

This study investigates attitudes and practices of community pharmacists with respect to physician-assisted death. Between 15 February and 15 April 2002, we sent anonymous mail questionnaires to 660 community pharmacists in the eastern province of Flanders, Belgium. The response rate was 54%

Defining nearly zero-energy housing in Belgium and the Netherlands

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mlecnik, E. [OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5030, 2600 GA Delft (Netherlands)

2012-08-15

Europe expects the housing sector to evolve towards 'nearly zero-energy' dwellings. Meanwhile, general terms and research, marketing and legal definitions considering such dwellings have already been introduced. Appraisal of existing definitions is now needed for further policy development. This paper examines what nearly zero-energy terms can be expected to be adopted in Belgium and the Netherlands. The research method uses an interview method based on innovation diffusion theory. The analysis traces the regional adoption trajectory of relevant definitions and examines the opportunities and barriers for the inclusion of existing definitions in regional energy policy. The analysis shows that - whilst international prominence of the terms 'net zero energy' and 'net zero carbon', in addition to 'low energy' and 'passive house', is observed - in Belgium and the Netherlands 'passive house' and 'energy neutral' are preferred. The research findings indicate that the adoption of already existing definitions for nearly zero-energy houses will depend on the region and can prove a very complex process with several conflicting issues. Terms should be clearly defined and used at all political and marketing levels. It is recommended to enhance the relative advantage, demonstrability, visibility and compatibility of favoured definitions by policy initiatives.

Cartographie interactive sur minitel: l'Atlas télématique des villes françaises

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Philippe WANIEZ

1986-03-01

Full Text Available L'atlas télématique des villes françaises met à la disposition d'un large public des informations statistiques, sous la forme de cartes s'affichant sur l'écran des terminaux minitel. Deux exemples de session d'interrogation illustrent l'usage pouvant être fait de ce nouveau service vidéotex: les élections européennes de 1984, la criminalité en 1982.

The stock market performance of the central banks of Belgium and Japan

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kabir, Mohammed Rezaul; Goldberg, Lawrence G.

2002-01-01

Most central banks issue stock that is held by the government and/or commercial banks and is not tradable. In contrast, stocks of the central banks of Belgium and Japan are traded on the Brussels and Tokyo stock exchanges. The purpose of the paper is to examine this unique phenomenon of stock market

A Dynamic Assessment of the François-Mitterrand Library

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Valerie Vesque-Jeancard

2008-09-01

Full Text Available The François-Mitterrand Library, main site of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF, was built in 1993 by architect Dominique Perrault. The library, which hosts 13 million documents, welcomes 3,500 visitors per day, either for consultation of documents in its majestic reading rooms or for conferences and exhibitions. The evolution of services provided to the library's visitors (increase in electronic resources for instance, the broadening of the BnF's users (from researchers to a broader public, including professionals and young people, the change in the building's environment (public transportation, urban extension, etc. along with the evolution of regulations (facilities for the disabled, etc. or, more recently, increased consideration for sustainable development, led to a continuous adaptation of the building throughout the last 15 years. This dynamic assessment will continue to be a key factor for the library to successfully face future challenges.

Pratiques de la plage en Polynésie française

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Caroline Blondy

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Les plages sont des lieux de coprésence entre touristes et société locale où un double processus d'appropriation territoriale est à l'œuvre. La Polynésie française permet de mettre en évidence les différentes formes de territorialisation entre les plages publiques et les plages privées des hôtels. Les premières connaissent un triple cloisonnement spatial et social des usages de la plage. Elles sont un révélateur de clivages socio-culturels. Quant aux secondes, elles montrent une homogénéité des pratiques et un cloisonnement atténué, posant la question d'une création d'un «entre-soi».

The Components of Income Inequality in Belgium : Applying the Shorrocks-Decomposition with Bootstrapping

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dekkers, G.J.M.; Nelissen, J.H.M.

2001-01-01

We look at the contribution of various income components on income inequality and the changes in this in Belgium.Starting from the Shorrocks decomposition, we apply bootstrapping to construct confidence intervals for both the annual decomposition and the changes over time.It appears that the

First isolation of Trichinella britovi from a wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Belgium.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schynts, F; Giessen, Joke van der; Tixhon, S; Pozio, E; Dorny, P; Borchgrave, J de

2006-01-01

Since 1992, when the European Union Council Directive requires that wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in EU for commercial purpose should be examined for Trichinella, the infection has not been detected in wild boars from Belgium, despite serological evidence of the presence of anti-Trichinella

Optical dating of relict sand wedges and composite-wedge pseudomorphs in Flanders, Belgium

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Buylaert, Jan-Pieter; Ghysels, Günther; Murray, Andrew S.

2009-01-01

We report on quartz Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of the infill of 14 relict sand wedges and composite-wedge pseudomorphs at 5 different sites in Flanders, Belgium. A laboratory dose recovery test indicates that the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) procedure is suitable for...

Physician-assisted death: attitudes and practices of community pharmacists in East Flanders, Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bilsen, J.J.; Bauwens, M.; Bernheim, J.L.; Stichele, R.V.; Deliens, L.H.J.

2005-01-01

This study investigates attitudes and practices of community pharmacists with respect to physician-assisted death. Between 15 February and 15 April 2002, we sent anonymous mail questionnaires to 660 community pharmacists in the eastern province of Flanders, Belgium. The response rate was 54% (n =

Hans Hulshof, Erik Kwakernaak en Frans Wilhelm, Geschiedenis van het talenonderwijs in Nederland. Onderwijs in de moderne talen van 1500 tot heden

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hilda T.A. Amsing

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Hans Hulshof, Erik Kwakernaak en Frans Wilhelm, Geschiedenis van het talenonderwijs in Nederland. Onderwijs in de moderne talen van 1500 tot heden (Groningen: Passage, 2015, 468 pp., isbn 978 90 5452 315 4.

La presse française commente la question macédonienne à l’aube des guerres balkaniques

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nicolas Pitsos

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Comment la presse française, en trois familles idéologiques distinctes, présente la question macédonienne en 1912.L’objectif de cette communication est d’étudier comment la presse française aborda la question macédonienne au commencement de la première guerre balkanique. Une première catégorie de journaux (socialistes, syndicalistes, anarchistes, anticléricaux se prononce pour la paix et soutient soit le maintien du statu quo territorial, soit la création d’une fédération balkanique, en dénonçant en même temps le caractère expansionniste des projets des alliés balkaniques. Une deuxième catégorie (nationalistes de droite, antirépublicains adopte la rhétorique officielle des royaumes balkaniques qui justifiaient leur mobilisation au nom de la défense des droits de leurs coreligionnaires dans l’Empire ottoman et notamment en Macédoine. La plupart de ces plumes ont trempé d’une part dans la haine du Turc et du musulman et sont inspirées d’autre part, par leur volonté revancharde contre l’Allemagne qui aurait équipé l’armée ottomane alors que l’industrie française aurait doté les alliés balkaniques. Enfin, une dernière catégorie (catholiques, bonapartistes considère que le bouleversement du statu quo territorial au profit des royaumes orthodoxes serait préjudiciable pour les intérêts économiques et culturels français.French newspapers comment the Macedonian question at the dawn of the Balkan Wars.The aim of this paper is to study how the French newspapers dealt with the Macedonian question at the beginning of the Balkan Wars. A first group (socialists, trade-unionists, anarchists, anticlerical, backs up a peaceful settlement of the dispute and is in favor of the maintenance of the status quo or the creation of a Balkan federation. It is also denouncing the expansionist character of allies’ projects. A second group (right nationalists, antirepublicans adopts the official rhetoric of the

Plasma selenium levels in healthy blood bank donors in the central-eastern part of Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Van Cauwenbergh, Rudy; Robberecht, Harry; Van Vlaslaer, Veerle; De Smet, Annie; Emonds, Marie-Paule; Hermans, Nina

2007-01-01

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, with Zeeman background correction and after improved matrix modification, was used to measure the plasma selenium content of healthy blood bank donors in the central part of Belgium. The mean plasma selenium concentration of 80 men and 80 women was 79.7+/-4.4ng/mL with a range of 55.0-117.4ng/mL. There was no gender difference observed. Plasma selenium level was significantly highest for the adult group, aged 45-64 years, compared to the others, except the young adults (18-24 years). The mean plasma selenium concentration measured corresponded well with literature data for Belgium. The obtained values were found to be in the medium range, compared with recent literature values for the European countries.

Recent developments of and future prospects for nuclear power plant instrumentation and control in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Naisse, J.C.

1990-01-01

The production of electricity in Belgium is covered for almost 70% by seven nuclear power plants all of pressurized water reactor type. Four major topics are representative of the evolution of nuclear power production in Belgium: The suspentions of the studies for the new Belgian PWR unit (DOEL 5), the commissioning of the simulators in DOEL and TIHANGE, the revamping of the oldest nuclear units, the studies of new storage installations for radioactive waste. The delay imposed on the construction of DOEL 5 will allow to go further into the examination of the implications arising from the new technologies in I and C. The use modern I and C systems for modifications in existing plants will allow a better estimation of their advantages and disadvantages. (author)

[Piet de Somer, the University of Leuven and the Belgium poliovaccine in 1956-57].

Science.gov (United States)

Billiau, A

2011-01-01

In the years following WW II, all 'Western' countries were struck by recurrent epidemics of infantile paralysis (poliomyelitis). In the early 1950s, a vaccine developed by Jonas Salk in Pittsburgh, became available in the U.S. and Canada. In 1953-54 central virology laboratories in Sweden, Denmark and France were already well advanced in setting up local production lines of the vaccine. At that point in time, the Catholic University of Leuven, on the initiative of the young microbiology professor, Piet De Somer, and in collaboration with the pharmaceutical concern R.I.T. (Recherches et Industries Thérapeutiques, Genval, Belgium), erected a new, multidisciplinary medical research institute, the Rega Institute. One of the research units to be headed by De Somer was destined to introduce the relatively new discipline of virology. As a test case, De Somer decided to venture on developing a production line of the Salk vaccine. In less than one year's time, the project was successful, such that Belgium became one of the first European countries to be self-supporting for its vaccine supply and to be able to initiate a large-scale vaccination campaign. The planning, preparation and execution of the project was accompanied by an extensive correspondence of De Somer with experts and other concerned parties in Belgium and abroad. This correspondence has been preserved and allows for a detailed reconstruction of the remarkable achievement.

L’interaction orale en présentiel et à distance : une étude de cas en classe de français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gemma Delgar Farrés

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Dans cet article, nous analysons les différences qui existent entre l’interaction orale directe et l’interaction orale à distance à partir de l’enregistrement d’une tâche d’expression orale réalisée par deux groupes de deux étudiants de français d’un niveau B1 face à face et par visioconférence. Ces deux enregistrements ont été transcrits avec le logiciel CLAN du programme CHILDES et ce logiciel nous a permis de caractériser les deux types d’interaction orale au niveau des pauses, des répétitions, des reformulations, de la longueur des énoncés, de la richesse lexicale, etc. Notre objectif est l’étude de l’influence du dispositif dans la communication orale à distance en cours de français.

Belgium; Technical Note on Stress Testing the Banking and Insurance Sectors

OpenAIRE

International Monetary Fund

2013-01-01

The Belgium Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) stress testing exercise examines a financial sector that remains in a state of transformation. Domestic economic challenges remain sources of continued uncertainty as the banking sector consolidates and reduces funding risks. Insurers face challenges from adverse economic and business conditions. Solvency and funding shocks under different macroeconomic scenarios were assessed. Both banking and insurance tests underscore the importance of...

Organ donation and transplantation statistics in Belgium for 2012 and 2013.

Science.gov (United States)

Desschans, B; Evrard, P

2014-11-01

The 2012 and 2013 solid organ transplantation statistics were presented during the annual meeting of the Belgian Transplant Society. All data presented were collected from Eurotransplant International Foundation and/or from all individual Belgian transplant centers. It was demonstrated that the highest number of deceased donors detected (1310) from which 47.8% were an effective organ donor that corresponded to 29 per million inhabitants (pmi) in 2012 and 27.4 pmi in 2013. Out of 626 effective deceased organ donors, 491 (79%) were donors after brain death (DBD) and 135 (21%) donors after circulatory death (DCD), respectively. The majority (125/135; 93%) of DCD donors were DCD Maastricht category III donors and there were 7 (5%) donations following euthanasia. Family refusal tended to be lower for DCD (10.4%) compared to DBD donors (13.4%). Despite the increasing DCD donation rate, DBD donation remains stable in Belgium. The donor age is still increasing, reaching a median age of 53 years (range 0-90). Spontaneous intracranial bleeding (39.3%) and cranio-cerebral trauma (25%) remained the most frequent reasons of death. The number of living related kidney transplantations (57 in 2012 and 63 in 2013) followed the international trend albeit in Belgium it is still very limited. Nevertheless this activity could explain that the number of patients waiting for kidney transplantation (770) reached an absolute minimum in 2013. Except the reduced waiting list for lung transplantation (from 119 patients in 2011 to 85 in 2013), the waiting list remained stable for the other organs but almost 200 patients still died while on the waiting list. Belgium demonstrated the highest number of effective organ donors that corresponded to 29 per million inhabitants (pmi) in 2012 and 27.4 pmi in 2013. Thus far, and in contrast with other countries, there is no erosion of DBD in the DCD donor organ pool, but it is the important responsibility of all transplant centers and donor hospitals to

Sustainability in the Power Sector. 2010 Update. Belgium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steinweg, T.; Ten Kate, A.; Racz, K.

2010-11-15

This 2010 series of power company and thematic fact sheets aims to raise public awareness about sustainability issues in the electricity sector and to improve the sustainability of power companies operating in the Netherlands. The fact sheet series investigates the companies' performance on incorporating renewable energy sources into their fuel mix for both generation and supply of electricity, and on their investments and future plans with respect to energy sources at both the Dutch and European level. The 2010 fact sheet series is the annual update that is going into its fourth year, and builds on the work from previous years (available at www.somo.nl), but includes a slightly different range of companies due to a number of recent and pending mergers and acquisitions among power companies with operations in the Netherlands. For the first time this year, Essent is fully incorporated in the RWE company profile. SPE, a company covered for the first time, is included in the company profile of its owner EdF. The Vattenfall and Nuon fact sheets were drafted and reviewed separately, and combined into one company profile afterwards. In total, the 2010 series consist of ten company fact sheets; Delta, Dong Energy, E.ON, EdF, SPE, Eneco, Enel, Gdf Suez/Electrabel, Iberdrola, Nuon/Vattenfall and RWE. The company fact sheets form the basis of three separate reports, covering companies active in (1) The Netherlands, (2) Belgium, and an overview of (3) the largest European companies. This report is the version for Belgium, and covers the following companies, all active on the Belgian market: EdF, GDF Suez/Electrabel, RWE, SPE, Vattenfall/Nuon.

Identification and characterization of NORM industries in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vanmarcke, Hans; Paridaens, Johan; Froment, Pascal; Van Cauteren, Jef; Timmermans, Cor; Cosemans, Christian; Sassi, Fiore

2008-01-01

An overview of the Norm issue in the Belgium industry is given, mainly based on a study on behalf of Offender/Nitras, the Belgian agency for radioactive waste. The phosphate industry, which was identified as the main source of enhanced natural radioactivity, is mainly located in F landers, the northern part of Belgium. The five Flemish phosphate plants handled, from 1920 to 2006, 60 M ton of phosphate ore containing 72 TBq of uranium-238 (radium-226) and 3.5 TBq of thorium-232. This resulted in a vast legacy of 500 ha of contaminated sites. In the non-ferro industry high activity-concentrations of the thorium decay series were identified with careerist (tin ore). Zircon sands with high uranium concentrations are applied for the production of precision casting molds. Almost every industry with a large turnover of materials has some problems with Norm, because of the selective concentration of certain radionuclides in by-products, residues or product streams. Examples of a blast furnace and a coal-fired power plant are given. In these cases the natural radioactivity is concentrated in blast furnace slag or fly ash, both of which are used as input material in the cement industry. The extraction and purification of ground water was also identified as a potential source for generating Norm sludges. Finally, ample remains from past Norm practices exist. A number of historical sites, including a former mining area of alum shale in the valley of the Meuse, several coal mining sites, a col tan processing site in Ghent and a radium facility in Olen were contaminated before present standards of radiological protection were developed. (author)

Morphological and physiological profile of elite basketball players in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Boone, Jan; Bourgois, Jan

2013-01-01

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to gain insight into the physiological profile of elite basketball players in Belgium in relation to their position on the field. METHODS: The group consisted of 144 players, divided into 5 groups according to position (point guards [PG], shooting guards [SG], small forwards [SF], power forwards [PF] and centers [C]). The anthropometrics were measured and the subjects underwent fitness tests (incremental running test, 10m-sprint,5x10m,Squat and Counter Move...

Quality control of brachytherapy equipment in the Netherlands and Belgium: current practice and minimum requirements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Elfrink, Robert J.M.; Kolkman-Deurloo, Inger-Karine K.; Kleffens, Herman J. van; Rijnders, Alex; Schaeken, Bob; Aalbers, Tony H.L.; Dries, Wim J.F.; Venselaar, Jack L.M.

2002-01-01

Background and purpose: Brachytherapy is applied in 39 radiotherapy institutions in The Netherlands and Belgium. Each institution has its own quality control (QC) programme to ensure safe and accurate dose delivery to the patient. The main goal of this work is to gain insight into the current practice of QC of brachytherapy in The Netherlands and Belgium and to reduce possible variations in test frequencies and tolerances by formulating a set of minimum QC-requirements. Materials and methods: An extensive questionnaire about QC of brachytherapy was distributed to and completed by the 39 radiotherapy institutions. A separate smaller questionnaire was sent to nine institutions performing intracoronary brachytherapy. The questions were related to safety systems, physical irradiation parameters and total time spent on QC. The results of the questionnaires were compared with recommendations given in international brachytherapy QC reports. Results: The answers to the questionnaires showed large variations in test frequencies and test methods. Furthermore, large variations in time spent on QC exist, which is mainly due to differences in QC-philosophy and differences in the available resources. Conclusions: Based on the results of the questionnaires and the comparison with the international recommendations, a set of minimum requirements for QC of brachytherapy has been formulated. These guidelines will be implemented in the radiotherapy institutions in The Netherlands and Belgium

Establishing specialized health services for professional consultation in euthanasia: experiences in the Netherlands and Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bilsen Johan

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg have adopted laws decriminalizing euthanasia under strict conditions of prudent practice. These laws stipulate, among other things, that the attending physician should consult an independent colleague to judge whether the substantive criteria of due care have been met. In this context initiatives were taken in the Netherlands and Belgium to establish specialized services providing such consultants: Support and Consultation for Euthanasia in the Netherlands (SCEN and Life End Information Forum (LEIF in Belgium. The aim of this study is to describe and compare these initiatives. Methods We studied and compared relevant documents concerning the Dutch and Belgian consultation service (e.g. articles of bye-laws, inventories of activities, training books, consultation protocols. Results In both countries, the consultation services are delivered by trained physicians who can be consulted in cases of a request for euthanasia and who offer support and information to attending physicians. The context in which the two organisations were founded, as well as the way they are organised and regulated, is different in each country. By providing information on all end-of-life care matters, the Belgian LEIF seems to have a broader consultation role than the Dutch SCEN. SCEN on the other hand has a longer history, is more regulated and organised on a larger scale and receives more government funding than LEIF. The number of training hours for physicians is equal. However, SCEN-training puts more emphasis on the consultation report, whereas LEIF-training primarily emphasizes the ethical framework of end-of-life decisions. Conclusion In case of a request for euthanasia, in the Netherlands as well as in Belgium similar consultation services by independent qualified physicians have been developed. In countries where legalising physician-assisted death is being contemplated, the development of such a

French Policies towards the Chinese in Vietnam Les politiques françaises envers les Chinois du Viêt Nam : études des migrations et des réponses du colonisateur

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ramses Amer

2010-07-01

Full Text Available This study examines the patterns of Chinese migration to and from Vietnam as well as the demographic changes relating to the Chinese residing in the country. It also outlines how the French authorities responded to the arrival of the Chinese and how they treated them. The focus is on the period of French control over the whole of Vietnam from 1883 to 1954. The French authorities did pay considerable attention to the Chinese migration to Vietnam. The policies of the French aimed at keeping a close surveillance on the Chinese. To administer the Chinese communities the French opted to maintain the system of indirect control introduced by the Vietnamese Emperors. During the period of French rule the Chinese population grew considerably. Chinese migration to and from Vietnam was influenced by the political evolution in China and by repercussions of international economic developments. Thus, the French authorities could influence the migrants when they arrived or departed, but the decision to migrate was primarily due to other factors.Cette étude examine les modèles de la migration chinoise à destination et en provenance du Viêt Nam de même que les changements démographiques concernant les Chinois résidant dans le pays. Elle précise également les réponses des autorités françaises à l’arrivée des Chinois et le traitement qui leur était réservé. Elle traite tout spécialement la période du contrôle français sur le Viêt Nam de 1883 à 1954. Car les autorités françaises ont porté un intérêt considérable à la migration des Chinois au Viêt Nam. La politique française consistait à surveiller de près les Chinois. Pour l’administration des communautés chinoises les Français ont choisi de conserver le système de contrôle indirect mis en place par les empereurs vietnamiens. La population chinoise connut une croissance considérable pendant la période française. La migration vers et depuis le Viêt Nam était influenc

Impôts Français : CRDS - French version only

CERN Document Server

2003-01-01

Avis de dégrèvements IMPORTANT : Cette note d'information concerne uniquement : - les membres du personnel de nationalité française ou résidents permanents1 , domiciliés en France dans le département de l'Ain et rémunérés par le CERN (titulaires, boursiers, attachés payés et de projet) ; - Les anciens membres du personnel de l'Organisation, bénéficiaires de la Caisse de Pensions du CERN, domiciliés ou ayant été domiciliés en France dans le département de l'Ain. Ces personnes ont récemment reçu, ou sont sur le point de recevoir, un avis de dégrèvement émanant de la Direction des Services Fiscaux de l'Ain (DSFA) et portant sur la Contribution au Remboursement de la Dette Sociale (CRDS). I. Informations général...

Du fonctionnement dialogique de l’insistance pronominale en français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nowakowska Aleksandra

2016-01-01

Full Text Available En appui sur les travaux de Bakhtine, le dialogisme peut être défini comme l’orientation constitutive de tout discours vers d’autres discours. Le présent article examine le fonctionnement dialogique de l’insistance pronominale en français (je travaille, moi !. Est-elle un marqueur ou un signale dialogique ? Nous présenterons dans un premier temps le cadre théorique et méthodologique de notre recherche ainsi que les données sur lesquelles celle-ci est basée. Nous proposerons ensuite une description syntaxique et textuelle de l’insistance pronominale, avant de la relier à la notion de dialogisme pour voir si ce phénomène linguistique est un marqueur ou un signal dialogique au sens attribué à cette distinction par Bres et Mellet 2009.

Christian Marcon, La recherche française en intelligence économique : Bilan et perspectives

OpenAIRE

Moinet, Nicolas

2015-01-01

L’ouvrage « La recherche française en intelligence économique. Bilan et perspectives » que nous propose Christian Marcon est assurément une pierre qui manquait à la construction d’un édifice pour le moins intrigant et longtemps resté un OVNI conceptuel alors qu’il devenait une pratique quotidienne des organisations. Un OVNI désormais bien ancré dans la littérature tant académique que professionnelle ainsi que le démontre notamment la liste des ouvrages parus dans la collection Intelligence éc...

Changements organisationnels, structures industrielles et innovations environnementales : le cas des firmes industrielles françaises

OpenAIRE

Nadel, Simon

2014-01-01

La thèse analyse les déterminants de l’adoption des innovations environnementales dans l’industrie française et ses interactions avec les changements organisationnels, d’une part, et les structures industrielles, d’autre part. Elle offre tout d’abord une revue de la littérature économique qui fonde l’analyse de l’innovation environnementale. Elle propose ensuite une analyse empirique, sur données d’entreprise, du comportement éco-innovateur des firmes autour de trois éclairages. La première p...

Word versus Honor: The Case of Françoise de Rohan vs. Jacques de Savoie

OpenAIRE

McIlvenna, Una

2012-01-01

This paper examines one of the most notorious scandals of sixteenth-century France. In 1557, Françoise de Rohan, a lady-in-waiting to Catherine de Medici, launched a legal battle to get the duke of Nemours, Jacques de Savoie, to recognize their orally-agreed marriage contract and formally recognize the child whom he had fathered with her. Central to Rohan’s case were not only the love-letters Nemours had written to her but also the eye-witness testimonies of her servants, who had overheard th...

Measuring personal exposure from 900MHz mobile phone base stations in Australia and Belgium using a novel personal distributed exposimeter.

Science.gov (United States)

Bhatt, Chhavi Raj; Thielens, Arno; Redmayne, Mary; Abramson, Michael J; Billah, Baki; Sim, Malcolm R; Vermeulen, Roel; Martens, Luc; Joseph, Wout; Benke, Geza

2016-01-01

The aims of this study were to: i) measure personal exposure in the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 900MHz downlink (DL) frequency band with two systems of exposimeters, a personal distributed exposimeter (PDE) and a pair of ExpoM-RFs, ii) compare the GSM 900MHz DL exposures across various microenvironments in Australia and Belgium, and iii) evaluate the correlation between the PDE and ExpoM-RFs measurements. Personal exposure data were collected using the PDE and two ExpoM-RFs simultaneously across 34 microenvironments (17 each in Australia and Belgium) located in urban, suburban and rural areas. Summary statistics of the electric field strengths (V/m) were computed and compared across similar microenvironments in Australia and Belgium. The personal exposures across urban microenvironments were higher than those in the rural or suburban microenvironments. Likewise, the exposure levels across the outdoor were higher than those for indoor microenvironments. The five highest median exposure levels were: city centre (0.248V/m), bus (0.124V/m), railway station (0.105V/m), mountain/forest (rural) (0.057V/m), and train (0.055V/m) [Australia]; and bicycle (urban) (0.238V/m), tram station (0.238V/m), city centre (0.156V/m), residential outdoor (urban) (0.139V/m) and park (0.124V/m) [Belgium]. Exposures in the GSM900 MHz frequency band across most of the microenvironments in Australia were significantly lower than the exposures across the microenvironments in Belgium. Overall correlations between the PDE and the ExpoM-RFs measurements were high. The measured exposure levels were far below the general public reference levels recommended in the guidelines of the ICNIRP and the ARPANSA. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Teacher Evaluation Policy as Perceived by School Principals: The Case of Flanders (Belgium)

Science.gov (United States)

Tuytens, Melissa; Devos, Geert

2018-01-01

In Flanders (Belgium), a new teacher evaluation policy was issued which placed a lot of autonomy with school principals to develop and implement a new teacher evaluation system. In this study, we explore how Flemish principals perceive the new teacher evaluation policy and what influences their perception. Results demonstrate that principals…

Conférence | À quelle distance sommes-nous des Lumières ? | Etienne Klein et François-Xavier Verger | 4 mars

CERN Multimedia

2015-01-01

À quelle distance sommes-nous des Lumières ?, par Etienne Klein et François-Xavier Verger.   Mercredi 4 mars 2015 à 20h30 Globe de la science et de l'innovation Route de Meyrin, 1211 Genève Soirée en français Etienne Klein : L'esprit des Lumières promeut l’autonomie de l’entendement et la primauté de l’esprit scientifique. Il pose également la finalité humaine de nos actes – on ne vise pas Dieu, mais les hommes –, et l’universalité, notamment celle des droits de l’homme. Nous nous considérons volontiers comme les héritiers des Lumières. Mais à quelle distance sommes-nous réellement de leur esprit ? Etienne Klein est physicien, directeur de recherches au CEA et docteur en philosophie des sciences. Il est professeur &a...

Euthanasia and other end-of-life decisions: a mortality follow-back study in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Block, L.; Deschepper, R.; Bilsen, J.J.; Bossuyt, N.; Casteren, van V.; Deliens, L.H.J.

2009-01-01

BACKGROUND: This study compares prevalence and types of medical end-of-life decisions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities of Belgium. This is the first nationwide study that can make these comparisons and the first measurement after implementation of the euthanasia law (2002).

Education, Ethnic Homogenization and Cultural Hybridization (Brussels, Belgium, and Cape Town, South Africa).

Science.gov (United States)

Leman, Johan, Ed.

1999-01-01

The eight chapters of this theme issue examine the ways in which autochthonous communities regard the supply side of education. The supply side is segregational in nature, and immigrants themselves move toward ethnic homogenization. The focus is on urban minorities in Brussels (Belgium). Compares the situation in Cape Town (South Africa). (SLD)

Benign disease in radiation therapy: a survey in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Beauduin, M.; Deneufbourg, J.M.; Deneve, W.; Hermans, J.; Hoornaert, M.T.; Scalliet, P.; Spaas, P.; Vanderick, J.; Dijcke, V.; Van Houtte, P.; Vynckier, S.; Weltens, C.

2001-01-01

In 1996 and 2000, a survey of radiation practice in Belgium was performed by sending a questionnaire to the different centers asking their opinion and number of patients treated. There was a great similarity between the two surveys both for indications and total number of patients irradiated. For the most common indications (prevention of cheloids, heterotopic bone formation, hyperthyroid ophthalmopathy), there was a trend to use similar radiation technique following recent publications. In contrast, if the number of cases of macular degeneration is declining, the prevention of vessels restenosis is becoming more and more an indication. (authors)

The microps group of Lutzomyia França with descriptions of two new species from South America (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D. G. Young

1984-12-01

Full Text Available Six species of phlebotomine sand flies in the genus Lutzomyia França from South America are included in the newly-created species group microps. References and illustrations of the species are given, including descriptions of two new forms - L. nematoducta n.sp., male and female from northern Brazil, and l. preclara n.sp. male from Colombia and Peru. The males in the species group microps are keyed.Seis espécies de flebotomíneos no gênero lutzomyia frança da América do Sul são incluídos no grupo de esécies microps estabelecido aqui. referências e ilustraçãoes são dadas, incluindo a descrição de duas novas espécies - nematoducta n.sp., macho e fêmea do Norte do Brasil, e L. preclara n.sp. macho da Colõmbia e do Peru. Uma chave para diferenciar os machos do grupo de espécies microps é apresentada.

The restart of Belgium reactors of Doel 3 and Tihange 2. Doel 3 and Tihange 2: indications of defects in vessel steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-01-01

In a first part, an IRSN report comments the issue of restarting some Belgium reactors after the detection of defects (due to the presence of hydrogen) in the vessel steel of reactors during the third decennial inspection by Electrabel. The report describes the procedure followed by Electrabel and the Belgium nuclear authority (AFCN) to confirm that the detected defects were not harmful. It comments the defect detection and characterisation, the origin and potential evolution of defects, the assessment of mechanical characteristics of some components, the assessment of the defect harmfulness in terms of failure risk, and additional measurements. The second part contains the AFCN report which addresses: the chronology and scientific context, the actors, the situation of other Belgium reactors, an indication of published reports and press releases

La bêtise, un privilège français ?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Magdalena Cámpora

2012-03-01

Full Text Available Le mot « bêtise » en français est polysémique et graduel et il ne semble pas y avoir en espagnol d'équivalent qui recouvre la totalité de ses acceptions. Cette situation acquiert des proportions considérables lorsqu'il s'agit de traduire Flaubert : en français flaubertien le mot « bêtise » s'étend comme on sait sur toute une gamme de signifiés, et le sens et le degré de nuisance que Flaubert lui attribue changent incessamment selon le contexte. Or une étude suivie des occurrences de « bêtise » dans des éditions argentines montre que ce qui se perd en premier dans le processus de traduction est justement cet emploi répété du mot : “torpeza”, “estupidez”, “barbaridad”, “idiotez”, “necedad”, “tontería” sont quelques unes des équivalences retenues par les traducteurs. Quels sont les effets de ce manque sur la textualité flaubertienne lorsqu'elle est traduite en espagnol ? Et est-ce nécessairement un manque ?The word “bêtise” is in French polysemic and gradual and there does not seem to be an equivalent in Spanish that covers the totality of its occurrences. The problem gets patently worse when translating Flaubert: in Flaubertian French the word “bêtise” spreads, as we know, to a whole range of signifiers, and the meaning and degree of nuisance that Flaubert attributes to it change constantly according to the context. Now the study of the occurrences of “bêtise” in Argentinean editions show that what is lost at first in the translation process is precisely this repeated use of the word: “torpeza”, “estupidez”, “barbaridad”, “idiotez”, “necedad”, “tontería” are a few of the equivalences given by the translators. What are the effects of this deficiency on the Flaubertian text when it is translated into Spanish? And is it necessarily a deficiency?

End-of-Life Care and Circumstances of Death in Patients Dying As a Result of Cancer in Belgium and the Netherlands: A Retrospective Comparative Study

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Meeussen, K.; van den Block, L.; Echteld, M.A.; Boffin, N.; Bilsen, J.; van Casteren, V.; Abarshi-Fatiregun, E.A.B.; Donker, G.; Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.D.; Deliens, L.

2011-01-01

Purpose: To examine and compare end-of-life care in patients with cancer dying in Belgium and the Netherlands. Patients and Methods: A mortality follow-back study was undertaken in 2008 via representative nationwide sentinel networks of general practitioners (GPs) in Belgium and the Netherlands. By

End-of-life care and circumstances of death in patients dying as a result of cancer in Belgium and the Netherlands: a retrospective comparative study.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Meeussen, K.; Block, L. van den; Echteld, M.A.; Boffin, N.; Bilsen, J.; Casteren, V. van; Abarshi, E.; Donker, G.; Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.; Deliens, L.

2011-01-01

Purpose: To examine and compare end-of-life care in patients with cancer dying in Belgium and the Netherlands. Patients and methods: A mortality follow-back study was undertaken in 2008 via representative nationwide sentinel networks of general practitioners (GPs) in Belgium and the Netherlands. By

[The development of clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis in Belgium].

Science.gov (United States)

Cosyn, Jan; De Bruyn, Hugo

2008-01-01

In many disciplines of medicine guidelines are developed for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. These are essentially intended to standardize care and to optimize communication between the general practitioner and the specialist. Guidelines have already been described in the literature for chronic periodontitis. However, given the unique conditions in Belgium, these may not be appropriate for the average dental practice. In this manuscript the development of Belgian clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis is described. Basically, ten clinical questions were used as a basis for a thorough literature search. Evidence-based clinical guidelines were developed and adapted during three peer review sessions. In the final session Belgian specialists, who had all been invited, participated. This made sure that the scientific input was sufficiently transformed into clinical guidelines which are actually feasible today in Belgium.

76 FR 50495 - Stainless Steel Plate From Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan

Science.gov (United States)

2011-08-15

... Review] Stainless Steel Plate From Belgium, Italy, Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan Determinations On the... Africa, and Taiwan would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury to an industry in the United States within a reasonably foreseeable time.\\2\\ The Commission further determines...

A tale of two charters : Political crisis, political realignment and administrative reform in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

S.G.J. Van de Walle (Steven); N. Thijs (Nick); G. Bouckaert (Geert)

2005-01-01

markdownabstractCharters are official commitments to quality and reform. Belgium introduced its Charter of the User of Public Services in 1993. The federal administration’s Copernicus reform began in 1999 and had a strong external outlook. It therefore may be considered as a second User Charter. In

Resenha de: Recherches sur les effectifs des armées françaises des Guerres d'Italie aux Guerres de Religion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eurípedes Simões de Paula

1963-12-01

Full Text Available LOT, Ferdinand. Recherches sur les effectifs des armées fran-çaises des Guerres d'Italie aux Guerres de Religion. Paris. S. E. V. P. E. N. École Pratique des Hautes Études. VIe Sec-tion. Collection Bibliothèque Générale.

Entre Classicisme et Modernité : La Nouvelle Revue Française dans le champ littéraire de la Belle Epoque

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Koffeman-Bijman, M.N.

2003-01-01

The literary review La Nouvelle Revue Française enjoys an enormous prestige in France. In Entre Classicisme et Modernité, Maaike Koffeman explores the origins of this legend of French literary life by means of a historical, literary and sociological analysis of the first years of the review s

ATLANTIS ROLLS OUT TO PAD 39A FOLLOWING HURRICANE FRAN THREAT

Science.gov (United States)

1996-01-01

A view from the flame trench looking up shows the Space Shuttle Atlantis, mounted on the Mobile Launcher Platform and Crawler- Transporter, as it arrives atop the hardstand at Launch Pad 39A. After the Shuttle and launch stand are in position, the crawler will be pulled back. This is the third time Atlantis has completed the journey to Launch Pad 39A in the STS-79 mission flow. The Shuttle was rolled back from the pad in July due to the threat from Hurricane Bertha, then rolled back again earlier this week because of Hurricane Fran. The targeted launch date for Atlantis on Mission STS-79 -- the fourth docking between the U.S. Shuttle and Russian Space Station Mir -- is now Sept. 16 at 4:54 a.m. EDT. The three rollout dates for Atlantis to Pad 39A are: July 1, Aug. 20 and Sept. 5.

Développement touristique et durabilité en Cerdagne française

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Pierre Dérioz

2009-12-01

Full Text Available La conjugaison de la crise climatique et immobilière fait ressortir la fragilité du système touristique cerdan français. Si la question même de sa pérennité ne peut plus être ignorée celle de sa diversification, à défaut de sa reconversion, semble avoir bien du mal à entrer dans un débat public qui s’amorce à peine.The combined effect of problems related toclimate warming and the recent crisis in real estate has underlined the fragility of tourism in the Cerdagne region of southern France. Although the question of the very survival of tourism here can no longer be ignored, the possibility of its diversification, or even its restructuring, seems to be facing serious difficulties in becoming part of a public debate that is barely off the ground.

“Letter to the King” By Jules Destry: from Separatism to Unitarism in Belgium

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Ella V. Ermakova

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Contradictions between the regions of Belgium - Wallonia and Flanders - have a long history associated with uneven political, economic and cultural development of the territories, which in 1830 became parts of an independent state, the Kingdom of Belgium. The "Letter to the King", written by eminent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936 gg., is one of the most interesting sources on the history of Belgium of this period, It became a kind of manifesto of balance between the ideas of separatism and unitarianism. This article includes excerpts from the "Letter to the King", which were given for the first time in the author's Russian translation and conducted historical criticism of the source. The study is based on a set of scientific methods and approaches, including the principle of scientific objectivity and systematic approach, used in historical research. The main methods are problematic and historical-comparative analysis, classification and comparison of political and historical concepts. An external source of criticism included information about the place and the time of the creation of document, the biography of the author studies; internal critic source recreates the idea of the letter and the background of historical events. Prominent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936, highly appreciated the personal qualities of King Albert I, appealed to his experience and political vision, describing all the problems Walloons faced in their opposition to the Flemish. Destree in his letter opposed the unequal development of the regions of Belgium and the protectionist policies of the central government in respect to the detriment of Flanders Wallonia. He summarized and formulated the factors that, in his opinion, interfere with the full development of his country. Destree pays great attention to linguistic differences, which were at the heart of conflicts between Walloons and Flemings, and

Study of the raw materials used in the manufacture of ceramics in Fran Ali (Oued Laou, Marruecos); Estudio de materiales usados en la fabricacion de las ceramicas de Fran Ali (Oued Laou, Marruecos)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barrios Neira, J.; Martin de la Cruz, J. C.; Montealegre Contreras, L.

2012-11-01

The thermal behaviour, mineralogy, texture and micro-structure of the original rocks used as raw materials in the manufacture of ceramics of the potter community in Fran Ali (Oued Laou, Tetouan, Morocco) were studied. The original rocks of the alteration deposit are metapelites and altered philites from the Units Malaguide-Gomaride in the Baetic-Rifian mountain system. The techniques used by local potters and the water used to prepare the ceramic bodies were also studied. Original rocks are metapelites or filadios and raw materials belong to levels caused by exogenous or supergene alteration (quartz-illite and chlorite type clays). The ceramics studied by microscopy exhibit anisotropy. (Author) 15 refs.

Normabweichungen im Zeitungsdeutsch Ostbelgiens (Deviations from the Standard in the Newspaper German of East Belgium)

Science.gov (United States)

Nelde, Peter H.

1974-01-01

Concludes that the German used in the east Belgium newspaper differs fr om standard High German. Proceeds to list these differences in the areas of lexicology, semantics and stylistics, morphology and syntax, orthography e tc. (Text is in German.) (DS)

Distributional and regional economic impact of energy taxes in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vandyck, Toon; Van Regemorter, Denise

2014-01-01

We analyse the macroeconomic and distributional effects of increased oil excises in Belgium by combining a regional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with a microsimulation framework that exploits the rich detail of household-level data. The link between the CGE model and the microlevel is top–down, feeding changes in commodity prices, factor returns and employment by sector into a microsimulation model. The results suggest that policymakers face an equity-efficiency trade-off driven by the choice of revenue recycling options. When the additional revenue is used to raise welfare transfers to households, the reform is beneficial for lower income groups, but output levels decrease in all regions. However, when the energy tax revenue is used to lower distortionary labour taxes, the tax shift is slightly regressive. In this case, national GDP is hardly affected but regional production levels diverge. The impact of the environmental tax reform on income distribution depends strongly on changes in factor prices and welfare payments, whereas sector composition is an important determinant for regional impact variation. - Highlights: • We study the impact of oil excises across regions and households in Belgium. • Lower income groups gain if the revenue is used to raise welfare payments. • If labour taxes are reduced, the reform is only slightly regressive. • The differential impact across households is driven by factor price changes. • Sector composition is a crucial determinant for impact variation across regions

Blaving comme TICE pour ameliorer la fluidite des apprenants de français

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Derly Cervantes Cerra

2016-08-01

Full Text Available L’objectif de cette recherche a été de comparer le niveau de fluidité des étudiants de français de l’Universidad del Atlántico, avant et après avoir utilisé le réseau social Blaving. Pour mener à bien cette comparaison, nous avons fait des interviews, des enquêtes et des enregistrements en vue d’ une activité diagnostique qui consistait à répondre oralement à une question en espagnol et à une autre en français, en une minute. Dans cette activité-là, en premier lieu, on a vu reflété leur manque de fluidité et leurs erreurs de prononciation. Cependant tout de suite avec l’aide du réseau social Blaving, ils ont considérablement amélioré dans ces aspects linguistiques. Autrement dit, les résultats obtenus ont été l’augmentation du nombre de syllabes prononcées en français pendant une minute et l’amélioration de leur prononciation. ResumenEl objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en comparar el nivel de fluidez de los estudiantes de francés de la Universidad del Atlántico, antes y después de utilizar la red social Blaving. Para llevar a cabo esta comparación, realizamos entrevistas, encuestas y grabaciones enfocadas hacia una actividad diagnóstica que consistía en responder oralmente una pregunta en español y otra en francés durante un minuto. En dicha actividad, se reflejó, en primera instancia, su falta de fluidez y sus errores de pronunciación. Pero, luego, con el apoyo de la red social Blaving, los estudiantes mejoraron sustancialmente en estos aspectos lingüísticos. En otras palabras, los resultados obtenidos fueron dos: el aumento del número de sílabas pronunciadas en francés durante un minuto y el mejoramiento de su pronunciación. AbstractThe purpose of this research study was to compare the level of fluency and pronunciation among students of French at the Universidad del Atlántico before and after the use of the social network Blaving. In order to

Premature mortality in Belgium in 1993-2009: leading causes, regional disparities and 15 years change.

Science.gov (United States)

Renard, Françoise; Tafforeau, Jean; Deboosere, Patrick

2014-01-01

Reducing premature mortality is a crucial public health objective. After a long gap in the publication of Belgian mortality statistics, this paper presents the leading causes and the regional disparities in premature mortality in 2008-2009 and the changes since 1993. All deaths occurring in the periods 1993-1999 and 2003-2009, in people aged 1-74 residing in Belgium were included. The cause of death and population data for Belgium were provided by Statistics Belgium , while data for international comparisons were extracted from the WHO mortality database. Age-adjusted mortality rates and Person Year of Life Lost (PYLL) were calculated. The Rate Ratios were computed for regional and international comparisons, using the region or country with the lowest rate as reference; statistical significance was tested assuming a Poisson distribution of the number of deaths. The burden of premature mortality is much higher in men than in women (respectively 42% and 24% of the total number of deaths). The 2008-9 burden of premature mortality in Belgium reaches 6410 and 3440 PYLL per 100,000, respectively in males and females, ranking 4th and 3rd worst within the EU15. The disparities between Belgian regions are substantial: for overall premature mortality, respective excess of 40% and 20% among males, 30% and 20% among females are observed in Wallonia and Brussels as compared to Flanders. Also in cause specific mortality, Wallonia experiences a clear disadvantage compared to Flanders. Brussels shows an intermediate level for natural causes, but ranks differently for external causes, with less road accidents and suicide and more non-transport accidents than in the other regions. Age-adjusted premature mortality rates decreased by 29% among men and by 22% among women over a period of 15 years. Among men, circulatory diseases death rates decreased the fastest (-43.4%), followed by the neoplasms (-26.6%), the other natural causes (-21.0%) and the external causes (-20.8%). The larger

La fiscalité française, un chef-d'œuvre en péril ?

OpenAIRE

Henri Sterdyniak

2007-01-01

La fiscalité au sens large, c'est-à-dire en incluant les cotisations sociales, prélève 44 % du PIB en France. Elle joue donc un rôle crucial, tant par sa masse que par sa structure, pour déterminer les revenus et orienter les comportements des agents économiques. Pour certains, la fiscalité française, trop pesante, trop redistributive, étouffe l’initiative privée ; elle doit être allégée et rendue plus neutre. Pour d’autres, au contraire, il faut l’utiliser pour compenser la croissance des in...

Euthanasia for people with psychiatric disorders or dementia in Belgium: analysis of officially reported cases.

Science.gov (United States)

Dierickx, Sigrid; Deliens, Luc; Cohen, Joachim; Chambaere, Kenneth

2017-06-23

Euthanasia for people who are not terminally ill, such as those suffering from psychiatric disorders or dementia, is legal in Belgium under strict conditions but remains a controversial practice. As yet, the prevalence of euthanasia for people with psychiatric disorders or dementia has not been studied and little is known about the characteristics of the practice. This study aims to report on the trends in prevalence and number of euthanasia cases with a psychiatric disorder or dementia diagnosis in Belgium and demographic, clinical and decision-making characteristics of these cases. We analysed the anonymous databases of euthanasia cases reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee Euthanasia from the implementation of the euthanasia law in Belgium in 2002 until the end of 2013. The databases we received provided the information on all euthanasia cases as registered by the Committee from the official registration forms. Only those with one or more psychiatric disorders or dementia and no physical disease were included in the analysis. We identified 179 reported euthanasia cases with a psychiatric disorder or dementia as the sole diagnosis. These consisted of mood disorders (N = 83), dementia (N = 62), other psychiatric disorders (N = 22) and mood disorders accompanied by another psychiatric disorder (N = 12). The proportion of euthanasia cases with a psychiatric disorder or dementia diagnosis was 0.5% of all cases reported in the period 2002-2007, increasing from 2008 onwards to 3.0% of all cases reported in 2013. The increase in the absolute number of cases is particularly evident in cases with a mood disorder diagnosis. The majority of cases concerned women (58.1% in dementia to 77.1% in mood disorders). All cases were judged to have met the legal requirements by the Committee. While euthanasia on the grounds of unbearable suffering caused by a psychiatric disorder or dementia remains a comparatively limited practice in Belgium, its

‘Sand’s Way’: The Voices of George Sand’s François the Waif in Marcel Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past

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Françoise Grauby

2015-09-01

Full Text Available This paper traces one of the origins of Marcel Proust’s artistic vocation in his fascination for a novel by George Sand, François le Champi (François the Waif. In Remembrance of Things Past, the adult writer explores the gradual recognition of this early phase of his formation: Sand’s novel appears in the ‘Combray’ section in Swann’s Way and it reappears at the moment of apparent illumination regarding his future as a writer in Time Regained. Leaving deliberately aside the psychoanalytic implications of the story, this article will instead emphasise the ‘vocality’ of the story, taken from the oral tradition of the provincial Berry countryside and imbued with colloquial texture, to show how the retelling of this moment in time when the novel was encountered includes a definition of what artistic vocation is for the narrator.

Projected reduction in healthcare costs in Belgium after optimization of iodine intake: impact on costs related to thyroid nodular disease.

Science.gov (United States)

Vandevijvere, Stefanie; Annemans, Lieven; Van Oyen, Herman; Tafforeau, Jean; Moreno-Reyes, Rodrigo

2010-11-01

Several surveys in the last 50 years have repeatedly indicated that Belgium is affected by mild iodine deficiency. Within the framework of the national food and health plan in Belgium, a selective, progressive, and monitored strategy was proposed in 2009 to optimize iodine intake. The objective of the present study was to perform a health economic evaluation of the consequences of inadequate iodine intake in Belgium, focusing on undisputed and measurable health outcomes such as thyroid nodular disease and its associated morbidity (hyperthyroidism). For the estimation of direct, indirect, medical, and nonmedical costs related to thyroid nodular diseases in Belgium, data from the Federal Public Service of Public Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, the National Institute for Disease and Disability Insurance (RIZIV/INAMI), the Information Network about the prescription of reimbursable medicines (FARMANET), Intercontinental Marketing Services, and expert opinions were used. These costs translate into savings after implementation of the iodization program and are defined as costs due to thyroid nodular disease throughout the article. Costs related to the iodization program are referred to as program costs. Only figures dating from before the start of the intervention were exploited. Only adult and elderly people (≥18 years) were taken into account in this study because thyroid nodular diseases predominantly affect this age group. The yearly costs due to thyroid nodular diseases caused by mild iodine deficiency in the Belgian adult population are ∼€38 million. It is expected that the iodization program will result in additional costs of ∼€54,000 per year and decrease the prevalence of thyroid nodular diseases by 38% after a 4-5-year period. The net savings after establishment of the program are therefore estimated to be at least €14 million a year. Optimization of iodine intake in Belgium should be quite cost effective, if only considering its impact on

A paradise for LGBT rights? The paradox of Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Eeckhout, Bart; Paternotte, David

2011-01-01

How is it that a small country such as Belgium, with its reputation of relative conservatism, has jumped to the forefront of LGBT-friendly nations when it comes to the extension of rights to, and implementation of government policies for, its LGBT population? The analysis offered here focuses on a combination of six causes: the impact of wider secularization processes; the political history and culture of the country; the organization of especially the Flemish LGBT movement and reasons for its political effectiveness; mainstream social trends in national scapegoating hierarchies; the overall media environment; and the window of opportunity opened by the political landslide of 1999.

Justifying continuous sedation until death: A focus group study in nursing homes in Flanders, Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Rys, S.; Deschepper, R.; Deliens, L.; Mortier, F.; Bilsen, J.

2013-01-01

Continuous Sedation until Death (CSD), the act of reducing or removing the consciousness of an incurably ill patient until death, has become a common practice in nursing homes in Flanders (Belgium). Quantitative research has suggested that CSD is not always properly applied. This qualitative study

Victims or heroes? Elucidating the Profile of Current Irregular Chinese Migrants in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Pang, Ching Lin

2006-01-01

Agency versus victimhood In anthropology: main focus on migrants strategies, migrants life and migration project In legal studies and criminology, emphasis is on victimhood Methodology: Desk research: -academic articles -government documents -international reports, in particular the Hypocrates report on human trafficking: case study of Belgium -police files and statistics -court cases Interviews: -12 in-depth interviews with undocumented Chinese in Belgian de...

The Influence of François Delsarte’s Ideas on the Modernity of Dance

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Maria Albertina Silva Grebler

2012-11-01

Full Text Available This study discusses the influence François Delsarte’s ideas had on the pioneers of modern dance. Having rejected books on gestural rhetoric of his own time to conduct a rigorous study on human behavior in strong emotional situations, Delsarte established principles and systematized exercises that provided the pioneers of modern dance an alternative method of interpretation and creation, more centered on the subject and on their relationship with the environment, than on the imitation of traditional gestures. Delsarte’s system allowed modern creators to consider the took as a raw material for a research that was no longer defined by traditional techniques, but by the pursuit of a subjective form of corporeality.

Les diatomées et les indices diatomiques dans les réseaux de mesure de la qualité des cours d'eau français : historique et avenir

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PRYGIEL J.

1996-04-01

Full Text Available L'utilisation des diatomées et des indices diatomiques dans les réseaux français de mesure de la qualité des eaux a débuté en 1970, sur la Seine. Un regain d'intérêt s'est manifesté à partir des années 1990, avec des applications sur les bassins Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, Artois- Picardie, Rhin-Meuse et Adour-Garonne. En 1994, les Agences se sont associées avec le CEMAGREF pour mettre au point un indice diatomique applicable en routine sur l'ensemble du territoire français, et pour promouvoir et faciliter son utilisation en réseau de surveillance. Cet indice diatomique doit rejoindre l'Indice Biologique Global Normalisé au sein du volet biologique du futur système d'évaluation de la qualité des cours d'eau, actuellement en cours de réalisation. Les développements doivent désormais porter sur la consolidation de cet indice au niveau français, ainsi que sur des tests dans plusieurs pays européens.

Cooperation under the RES Directive - Case study on a joint project: An offshore wind park in the North Sea (cooperation between the Netherlands, Belgium, UK, and Luxembourg)

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kitzing, Lena; Nysten, Jana; Gephart, Malte

.The joint project consists of a 1000 MW offshore wind park located on Dutch territory, to beconnected to an offshore hub on Belgian territory. Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK will togetherundertake the joint project and share the production and the RES benefits. Belgium will be the drivingforce...... of the joint project, organising the necessary negotiations and initiatives. The country will alsoassume most risks related to the development of the wind park. Therefore, we assume that the jointproject will be shared in the following way: 40% to Belgium, 30% to the Netherlands, and 30% tothe UK. We further...

Determinants of utilisation differences for cancer medicines in Belgium, Scotland and Sweden.

Science.gov (United States)

Ferrario, Alessandra

2017-12-01

Little comparative evidence is available on utilisation of cancer medicines in different countries and its determinants. The aim of this study was to develop a statistical model to test the correlation between utilisation and possible determinants in selected European countries. A sample of 31 medicines for cancer treatment that obtained EU-wide marketing authorisation between 2000 and 2012 was selected. Annual data on medicines' utilisation covering the in- and out-patient public sectors were obtained from national authorities between 2008 and 2013. Possible determinants of utilisation were extracted from HTA reports and complemented by contacts with key informants. A longitudinal mixed effect model was fitted to test possible determinants of medicines utilisation in Belgium, Scotland and Sweden. In the all-country model, the number of indications reimbursed positively correlated with increased consumption of medicines [one indication 2.6, 95% CI (1.8-3.6); two indications 2.4, 95% CI (1.4-4.3); three indications 4.9, 95% CI (2.2-10.9); all P marketing authorisation [1.2, 95% CI (1.02-1.4); p marketing authorisation. Prices had a negative effect on consumption in Belgium and Sweden. The positive impact of financial MEAs in Scotland suggests that the latter may remove the regressive effect of list prices on consumption.

Como se fabricam os anjos?: uma arqueologia do corpo nos manuais escolares de moral e de higiene na França, 1880-1974

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Jacques Gleyse

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A partir de um acervo constituído por 342 manuais escolares de moral e de higiene, o artigo analisa como se constitui um biopoder ou um micropoder no âmbito do discurso escolar. O corpo é ali fabricado, a carne é ali trabalhada como o fora por outras formas de livro (em grego Biblos. Vemos, claramente, aparecer através da arqueologia dos manuais escolares de moral e de higiene na França de fins do século XIX até os anos de 1970 que os preceitos judaico-cristãos, católicos, ou, mais largamente, monoteístas estão vivamente presentes nos manuais. Todavia, é importante sublinhar que esses manuais são parte constitutiva da escola republicana, que, na França, é descrita segundo as leis de 1905, como instituição separada da Igreja e, após as leis elaboradas por Jules Ferry (1880-1882, como instituição laica.

Flexicurity and human resources management for older workers in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bredgaard, Th.; Tros, F.; Blanpain, R.; Dickens, L.

2008-01-01

This article presents the findings of a comparative survey done in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium. Against the background of the European debates on active ageing as well as on flexicurity, the main goal of this survey is to investigate to what extent 'flexicurity arrangements' are

Kettneraspis, Radiaspis and Ceratarges (Trilobita) from the Middle Devonian of the Rochefort area (Ardennes, Belgium)

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Viersen, van A.P.

2007-01-01

The Middle Eifelian trilobite fauna of the Belgian Ardennes shows close affinities with that of the German Eifel. Two trilobite taxa are recorded from Middle Eifelian strata near the town of Jemelle, on the southern border of the Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium. Kettneraspis bayarti sp. nov. is closely

Le grammaire du Français et son historiographie: appréhensions, à deux siècles de distance d'in objet de débats

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Pierre Swiggers

2015-08-01

Full Text Available Dans cet article, consacré àl 'historiographie de la grammaire française, on abordera d'abord le problème de la définition du champ de l'histoire (ou de l'historiographie de la grammaire française (et de la linguistique française. La deuxième partie du texte sera consacrée à un problème central de l 'epistémologie historique de la grammaire française: celui de la "récurrence du fait historique ", problème que je voudrais analyser à travers un cas concret, celui de l 'accueil fait à la grammaire de l 'Académie. L'historiographie de la grammaire/de la linguistique: la question de l'objet Ona tentéde concevoir et, parfois, de définir (ou d'expliciter l'historiographie de la grammaire/linguistique cornme étant dans un rapport d'iconicité partielle avec un objet appelé "l'histoire de la linguistique". Une telle attitude permet d'éluder la difficulté de devoir définir l'objet ou le domaine de cette discipline. Que cet objet ne soit guère donné d'avance, cela ressort déjà de l'histoire mȇme de l'historiographie de la linguistique: il suffira de comparer à ce propos des travaux cornme ceux de Thomsen (1902 et de Pedersen (1916, 1924 à ceux de Robins (19792 ou de Mounin (1967. En fait, cela ne doit guère nous étonner: cornme l'historiographie de la linguistique est une représentation de connaissances à propos de l 'histoire, il est inéluctable que la notion de son objet varie, du moins dans son extension, dans la mesure où les connaissances à propos de l 'histoire de la linguistique se sont élargies, enrichies ou modifiées.

Nationwide inventory of mosquito biodiversity (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium, Europe.

Science.gov (United States)

Versteirt, V; Boyer, S; Damiens, D; De Clercq, E M; Dekoninck, W; Ducheyne, E; Grootaert, P; Garros, C; Hance, T; Hendrickx, G; Coosemans, M; Van Bortel, W

2013-04-01

To advance our restricted knowledge on mosquito biodiversity and distribution in Belgium, a national inventory started in 2007 (MODIRISK) based on a random selection of 936 collection points in three main environmental types: urban, rural and natural areas. Additionally, 64 sites were selected because of the risk of importing a vector or pathogen in these sites. Each site was sampled once between May and October 2007 and once in 2008 using Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus traps. Diversity in pre-defined habitat types was calculated using three indices. The association between species and environmental types was assessed using a correspondence analysis. Twenty-three mosquito species belonging to traditionally recognized genera were found, including 21 indigenous and two exotic species. Highest species diversity (Simpson 0.765) and species richness (20 species) was observed in natural areas, although urban sites scored also well (Simpson 0.476, 16 species). Four clusters could be distinguished based on the correspondence analysis. The first one is related to human modified landscapes (such as urban, rural and industrial sites). A second is composed of species not associated with a specific habitat type, including the now widely distributed Anopheles plumbeus. A third group includes species commonly found in restored natural or bird migration areas, and a fourth cluster is composed of forest species. Outcomes of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed sampling scheme and support the choice of the trap type. Obtained results of this first country-wide inventory of the Culicidae in Belgium may serve as a basis for risk assessment of emerging mosquito-borne diseases.

Belgian citizens' and broiler producers' perceptions of broiler chicken welfare in Belgium versus Brazil.

Science.gov (United States)

Vanhonacker, F; Tuyttens, F A M; Verbeke, Wim

2016-07-01

New EU regulations require more stringent country-of-origin labeling, while imports of broiler meat from non-EU countries are increasing. In light of these trends, we have studied citizens' and producers' perceptions of broiler meat originating from Belgium versus Brazil and their perception of broiler production in Belgium versus Brazil. A particular focus was the association between country of origin and perceived level of animal welfare. We also investigated the perception of scaling-up and outdoor access in terms of perceived level of animal welfare. Cross-sectional survey data was collected among Flemish citizens (n = 541) and broiler producers (n = 114). In accordance with literature on general farm animal welfare, both stakeholder types claimed to allocate great importance to broiler welfare and generally agreed with the Welfare Quality model of broiler welfare. Citizens disagreed with the producers that 1) consumers are not willing to pay more for higher welfare products, 2) that broilers suffer little, 3) that broiler welfare in current Belgian production units is generally non-problematic, 4) that scaling-up production units would not have a positive impact on profitability nor a profoundly negative impact on broiler welfare, and 5) that the impact of providing broilers with outdoor access is negative for consumers, farmers, and broilers. Country of origin had a strong influence on the perception of both broiler production and broiler meat. Belgian citizens, and producers (much more than citizens) considered nearly all aspects related to broiler production and broiler meat to be significantly superior for chicken produced in Belgium compared to Brazil. Further research should focus on how these perceptions influence purchase intentions and production decisions. Future avenues for research are to quantify market opportunities for country-of-origin labeling and to investigate to which extent stakeholders' perceptions correspond with reality. © 2016 Poultry

Mobile gaming and problematic smartphone use: A comparative study between Belgium and Finland.

Science.gov (United States)

Lopez-Fernandez, Olatz; Männikkö, Niko; Kääriäinen, Maria; Griffiths, Mark D; Kuss, Daria J

2018-03-01

Background and aims Gaming applications have become one of the main entertainment features on smartphones, and this could be potentially problematic in terms of dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use among a minority of individuals. A cross-national study was conducted in Belgium and Finland. The aim was to examine the relationship between gaming on smartphones and self-perceived problematic smartphone use via an online survey to ascertain potential predictors. Methods The Short Version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ-SV) was administered to a sample comprising 899 participants (30% male; age range: 18-67 years). Results Good validity and adequate reliability were confirmed regarding the PMPUQ-SV, especially the dependence subscale, but low prevalence rates were reported in both countries using the scale. Regression analysis showed that downloading, using Facebook, and being stressed contributed to problematic smartphone use. Anxiety emerged as predictor for dependence. Mobile games were used by one-third of the respective populations, but their use did not predict problematic smartphone use. Very few cross-cultural differences were found in relation to gaming through smartphones. Conclusion Findings suggest mobile gaming does not appear to be problematic in Belgium and Finland.

The medical practice of euthanasia in Belgium and The Netherlands: legal notification, control and evaluation procedures

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Smets, T.; Bilsen, J.J.; Cohen, J.; Rurup, M.L.; Keyser, E.; Deliens, L.H.J.

2009-01-01

OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare current legal procedures for notifying, controlling and evaluating (NCE-procedures) euthanasia in Belgium and the Netherlands, and to discuss the implications for a safe and controllable euthanasia practice. METHODS: We systematically studied and compared official

O imaginário do sangue e de sua pureza na antiga França

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Arlette Jouanna

2011-01-01

Full Text Available A palavra sangue, na França dos primeiros tempos modernos, por um lado designava o líquido vital que corria nas veias, e por outro a linhagem, a "raça". O sangue era com efeito considerado o veículo das qualidades físicas e morais hereditárias que caracterizavam a personalidade de uma linhagem. Sua pureza devia facilitar o exercício das virtudes. Essa crença permitia explicar a superioridade da nobreza e afirmar que a hierarquia social era justa, já que natural; era igualmente ela que legitimava o poder dos reis, caracterizados pela excelência de seu sangue.

Selection of potential sites in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Damme, R. van den

1976-01-01

The construction of two nuclear power plants of 1000 MW is planned. In the framework of the characteristics of the country (lack of big rivers, population density, etc.) and because of the thermal saturation of the Scheldt and Meuse rivers the two units if installed along these rivers will be cooled in closed circuit. For economic considerations Belgium thought to site them along the coast in open-circuit cooling but for ecological and touristic reasons some opposition arose. A new possible siting could be Doel on the same site of the existing three units with a final concentration of 3000 MW. For the second unit different possible sites exist with some preference for Tihange, where two other units are installed. For the 1985 generation of nuclear power units the siting conditions remain the same: inland siting using cooling towers and coastal sites with open-circuit cooling, with a new possibility of creating artificial islands along the Belgian coast. The technical aspects of this alternative are reviewed. (A.F.)

Orientations pour l'intégration des TICE dans l'enseignement du français en Syrie. L'exemple du centre de documentation pédagogique de Damas.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christelle Demange-Ducrot

2005-09-01

Full Text Available Le secteur éducatif syrien souhaite orienter son action vers les nouvelles technologies de l'information et la sensibilisation du public scolaire aux applications de l'informatique dans le domaine éducatif et en particulier dans le cadre de l'enseignement des langues. Dans l'enseignement-apprentissage des langues, les apports des TICE sont nombreux, mais là où elles apportent sans doute la plus grande plus-value, c'est lors de la mise en place de projets de classe motivants et valorisants, intégrés à des projets de communication authentique. Partant de ce constat, le Centre de Documentation Pédagogique de Damas forme les enseignants de français syriens à l'intégration des TICE dans des projets pédagogiques de classe mettant en œuvre des activités créatives et stimulantes pour communiquer en français. Jusqu'alors, les formations ont centré leurs efforts sur les bases de l'environnement informatique et de la bureautique, avec pour parti pris l'utilisation de logiciels libres. L'année 2005 marquera le lancement et l'expérimentation du dispositif de formation continue à distance destiné aux professeurs de français dans le domaine des TICE.

Age structure of the population in Belgium and social security.

Science.gov (United States)

Dooghe, G

1991-01-01

The effects of demographic aging and of various socioeconomic factors on the social security system in Belgium are explored. "Special attention is given to the impact of the ageing of the population on the pension problem. Based on a simple formula a series of percentages of taxation have been calculated as a function of shifts in the proportion of retired vs. active population and in the proportion of the average income vs. the average amount of pension. One of the conclusions is that the progressive ageing of the population will become the most significant factor in the growth of social expenditures." excerpt

Different measles outbreaks in Belgium, January to June 2016 – a challenge for public health

Science.gov (United States)

Grammens, Tine; Maes, Virginie; Hutse, Veronik; Laisnez, Valeska; Schirvel, Carole; Trémérie, Jean Marie; Sabbe, Martine

2016-01-01

During the first half of 2016, several outbreaks of measles were reported in the three regions of Belgium. Main challenges for public health were severe complications occurring in adults, nosocomial transmission and infection in healthcare workers. Here, we describe those outbreaks and lessons learnt for public health. PMID:27541858

Stability of organic matter in soils of the Belgium Loess Belt upon erosion and deposition

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Wang, X.; Cammeraat, E.; Wang, Z.; Govers, G.; Kalbitz, K.

2011-01-01

Stability of organic matter in soils of the Belgium Loess Belt upon erosion and deposition X. Wang, L.H. Cammeraat, Z. Wang, G. Govers, K. Kalbitz. Abstract: Soil erosion has significant impacts on terrestrial C dynamics, which removes C from topsoil and continually exposes subsoil that has lower C

Brique après brique, construire le latino-américanisme toulousain (et français)

OpenAIRE

Guibert, Martine; Gaignard, Romain

2013-01-01

Introduction Durant plus d’une quarantaine d’années (des années 1960 jusqu’au début des années 2010), Romain Gaignard a posé une à une les briques de l’édifice latino-américaniste toulousain (et français), selon un processus de construction qui a valorisé rencontres, hasards de la vie et exigences politiques des plus hautes instances nationales. Repoussant les frontières académiques et institutionnelles, jouant avec les emboîtements d’échelles, tant spatiales que temporelles, il a ainsi prati...

[François de Lapeyronie, from Montpellier (1678-1747). "Surgery restorer" and universal spirit. The soul, Musc, rooster eggs].

Science.gov (United States)

Fischer, Louis-Paul; Ferrandis, Jean-Jacques; Blatteau, Jean-Eric

2009-01-01

François de Lapeyronie was a master in surgery in 1695 in Paris then in 1717 and rewarded with the rank of Medical Doctor of the University of Reims. The authors try to underline his intelligence and his broadmindedness through three publications about the centre of the soul in the corpus callosum, the anatomical dissection of a kind of stone marten and the scientific research of the so called 'egg of cock'.

Euthanasia in Belgium: legal, historical and political review.

Science.gov (United States)

Saad, Toni C

2017-01-01

This article describes and evaluates the Belgian euthanasia experience by considering its practice and policy, both before and after the formal decriminalisation of euthanasia in 2002. The pre-legal practice of euthanasia, the evolution of euthanasia legislation, criticism of this legislation, the influence of politics, and later changes to the 2002 Act on Euthanasia are discussed, as well as the subject of euthanasia of minors and the matter of organ procurement. It is argued that the Belgian euthanasia experience is characterised by political expedition, and that the 2002 Act and its later amendments suffer from practical and conceptual flaws. Illegal euthanasia practices remain a live concern in Belgium, something which nations who are seeking to decriminalise euthanasia should consider. Copyright © 2017 by the National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent and Disabled, Inc.

La edad de la empatía. Lecciones de la naturaleza para una sociedad más justa y solidaria, por Fran de Waal

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Cecilia Milito Barone

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Rsseña del libro Fran de Waal, La edad de la empatía. Lecciones de la naturaleza para una sociedad más justa y solidaria (Barcelona: Tusquets Editores, 2011, 258 pp. ISBN: 978-84-8383-350-6

Euthanasia in patients dying at home in Belgium: interview study on adherence to legal safeguards

Science.gov (United States)

Smets, Tinne; Bilsen, Johan; Van den Block, Lieve; Cohen, Joachim; Van Casteren, Viviane; Deliens, Luc

2010-01-01

Background Euthanasia became legal in Belgium in 2002. Physicians must adhere to legal due care requirements when performing euthanasia; for example, consulting a second physician and reporting each euthanasia case to the Federal Review Committee. Aim To study the adherence and non-adherence of GPs to legal due care requirements for euthanasia among patients dying at home in Belgium and to explore possible reasons for non-adherence. Design of study Large scale, retrospective study. Setting General practice in Belgium. Method A retrospective mortality study was performed in 2005–2006 using the nationwide Belgian Sentinel Network of General Practitioners. Each week GPs reported medical end-of-life decisions taken in all non-sudden deaths of patients in their practice. GP interviews were conducted for each euthanasia case occurring at home. Results Interviews were conducted for nine of the 11 identified euthanasia cases. Requirements concerning the patient's medical condition were met in all cases. Procedural requirements such as consultation of a second physician were sometimes ignored. Euthanasia cases were least often reported (n = 4) when the physician did not regard the decision as euthanasia, when only opioids were used to perform euthanasia, or when no second physician was consulted. Factors that may contribute to explaining non-adherence to the euthanasia law included: being unaware of which practices are considered to be euthanasia; insufficient knowledge of the euthanasia law; and the fact that certain procedures are deemed burdensome. Conclusion Substantive legal due care requirements for euthanasia concerning the patient's request for euthanasia and medical situation were almost always met by GPs in euthanasia cases. Procedural consultation and reporting requirements were not always met. PMID:20353662

The Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS) : Reliability and validity with French-speaking adolescents in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Delhaye, M.; Beyers, W.; Klimstra, T.A.; Linkowski, P.; Goossens, L.

2012-01-01

The present study examined the reliability and validity of the Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS), an instrument initially developed for use with Dutch-speaking adolescents in Belgium, in French-speaking adolescents living in that same country. The instrument was administered to a

A questão social na França contemporânea: uma experiência de pesquisa

OpenAIRE

ZIONI, Fabiola

2009-01-01

A França passou por conflitos urbanos em seus bairros populares. Incidentes com a polícia marcados pela morte de um morador, geralmente jovem ou adolescente, são seguidos por manifestações violentas: quebra-quebras, incêndios de carros e/ou estabelecimentos públicos e privados, enfrentamentos com a polícia. Nos conflitos da "banlieue" francesa podem ser percebidos elementos comuns a eventos ingleses e/ou americanos de outras décadas.OBJETIVO: consiste em identificar a percepção e as represent...

Congenital jaundice in bovine aborted foetuses: an emerging syndrome in southern Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Delooz, L; Mori, M; Petitjean, T; Evrard, J; Czaplicki, G; Saegerman, C

2015-04-01

Southern Belgium faces an unusual recent increase of icteric bovine aborted foetuses. In the necropsy room, the majority of foetuses presented jaundice and splenomegaly. Despite a wide range of analyses, no definitive cause of abortion has yet been established but some analysis results support the leptospirosis hypothesis. This first description of cases will help veterinary practitioners to recognize more cases and to conduct those to the laboratory for future investigations. © 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Strategic Partnerships and Open Innovation in the Biotechnology Industry in Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jean-Pierre Segers

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Strategic partnerships in the biotechnology industry allow new technology-based firms to gain a foothold in this high-cost, high-risk industry. In this article, we examine the impact of strategic partnerships and open innovation on the success of new biotechnology firms in Belgium by developing multiple case studies of firms in regional biotechnology clusters. We find that, despite their small size and relative immaturity, new biotechnology firms are able to adopt innovative business models by providing R&D and services to larger firms and openly cooperating with them through open innovation.

Constitutional and Judicial Language Protection in Multilingual States: A Brief Overview of South Africa and Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

I. Bambust (Isabelle); A. Kruger (Albert); T. Kruger (Thalia)

2013-01-01

markdownabstract__Abstract__ The purpose of this contribution is to provide a very modest comparison of judicial language protection in South Africa and in Belgium. First of all, the authors sketch briefly the historical context and the constitutional status of languages in both countries. It is

Differentiated Financing of Schools in French-Speaking Belgium: Prospectives for Regulating a School Quasi-Market

Science.gov (United States)

Demeuse, Marc; Derobertmasure, Antoine; Friant, Nathanael

2010-01-01

The school quasi-market in French-speaking Belgium is characterised by segregation. Efforts to apply measures that encourage greater social mixing have met with stiff resistance. In 2008 and 2009, turbulence was caused by the application of the "social mixing" law influencing the registration procedures. The purpose of this article is to…

Spatial analysis of extreme precipitation deficit as an index for atmospheric drought in Belgium

Science.gov (United States)

Zamani, Sepideh; Van De Vyver, Hans; Gobin, Anne

2014-05-01

The growing concern among the climate scientists is that the frequency of weather extremes will increase as a result of climate change. European society, for example, is particularly vulnerable to changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as heat waves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and wind storms, as seen in recent years [1,2]. A more than 50% of the land is occupied by managed ecosystem (agriculture, forestry) in Belgium. Moreover, among the many extreme weather conditions, drought counts to have a substantial impact on the agriculture and ecosystem of the affected region, because its most immediate consequence is a fall in crop production. Besides the technological advances, a reliable estimation of weather conditions plays a crucial role in improving the agricultural productivity. The above mentioned reasons provide a strong motivation for a research on the drought and its impacts on the economical and agricultural aspects in Belgium. The main purpose of the presented work is to map atmospheric drought Return-Levels (RL), as first insight for agricultural drought, employing spatial modelling approaches. The likelihood of future drought is studied on the basis of precipitation deficit indices for four vegetation types: water (W), grass (G), deciduous (D) and coniferous forests (C) is considered. Extreme Value Theory (EVT) [3,4,5] as a branch of probability and statistics, is dedicated to characterize the behaviour of extreme observations. The tail behaviour of the EVT distributions provide important features about return levels. EVT distributions are applicable in many study areas such as: hydrology, environmental research and meteorology, insurance and finance. Spatial Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions, as a branch of EVT, are applied to annual maxima of drought at 13 hydro-meteorological stations across Belgium. Superiority of the spatial GEV model is that a region can be modelled merging the individual time series of

Science–policy challenges for biodiversity, public health and urbanization: examples from Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Keune, H; De Blust, G; Van den Berge, K; Brosens, D; Van Herzele, A; Simoens, I; Kretsch, C; Gilbert, M; Linard, C; Flandroy, L; Versteirt, V; Hartig, T; De Keersmaecker, L; Eggermont, H; Dessein, J; Vanwambeke, S; Prieur-Richard, A H; Wittmer, H; Martens, P; Mathijs, E

2013-01-01

Internationally, the importance of a coordinated effort to protect both biodiversity and public health is more and more recognized. These issues are often concentrated or particularly challenging in urban areas, and therefore on-going urbanization worldwide raises particular issues both for the conservation of living natural resources and for population health strategies. These challenges include significant difficulties associated with sustainable management of urban ecosystems, urban development planning, social cohesion and public health. An important element of the challenge is the need to interface between different forms of knowledge and different actors from science and policy. We illustrate this with examples from Belgium, showcasing concrete cases of human–nature interaction. To better tackle these challenges, since 2011, actors in science, policy and the broader Belgian society have launched a number of initiatives to deal in a more integrated manner with combined biodiversity and public health challenges in the face of ongoing urbanization. This emerging community of practice in Belgium exemplifies the importance of interfacing at different levels. (1) Bridges must be built between science and the complex biodiversity/ecosystem–human/public health–urbanization phenomena. (2) Bridges between different professional communities and disciplines are urgently needed. (3) Closer collaboration between science and policy, and between science and societal practice is needed. Moreover, within each of these communities closer collaboration between specialized sections is needed. (letter)

Nizet Jean, Pichault François, Les performances des organisations africaines : pratiques de gestion en contexte incertain

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

David Laloy

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Cet ouvrage, dirigé par Jean Nizet et François Pichault, propose d’aborder la question du fonctionnement et des performances des organisations africaines en dépassant la posture “radicale” selon laquelle les caractéristiques de la culture africaine (manque d’expérience et de formation des entrepreneurs, clientélisme et corruption, prégnance des cultures traditionnelles et non rationnelles... expliqueraient à elles seules l’inhibition du développement des organisations. Ce type d’approche, qu...

Estimating Soil Organic Carbon stocks and uncertainties for the National inventory Report - a study case in Southern Belgium

Science.gov (United States)

Chartin, Caroline; Stevens, Antoine; Kruger, Inken; Esther, Goidts; Carnol, Monique; van Wesemael, Bas

2016-04-01

As many other countries, Belgium complies with Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Belgium thus reports its annual greenhouse gas emissions in its national inventory report (NIR), with a distinction between emissions/sequestration in cropland and grassland (EU decision 529/2013). The CO2 fluxes are then based on changes in SOC stocks computed for each of these two types of landuse. These stocks are specified for each of the agricultural regions which correspond to areas with similar agricultural practices (rotations and/or livestock) and yield potentials. For Southern Belgium (Wallonia) consisting of ten agricultural regions, the Soil Monitoring Network (SMN) 'CARBOSOL' has been developed this last decade to survey the state of agricultural soils by quantifying SOC stocks and their evolution in a reasonable number of locations complying with the time and funds allocated. Unfortunately, the 592 points of the CARBOSOL network do not allow a representative and a sound estimation of SOC stocks and its uncertainties for the 20 possible combinations of land use/agricultural regions. Moreover, the SMN CARBIOSOL is based on a legacy database following a convenience scheme sampling strategy rather than a statistical scheme defined by design-based or model-based strategies. Here, we aim to both quantify SOC budgets (i.e., How much?) and spatialize SOC stocks (i.e., Where?) at regional scale (Southern Belgium) based on data from the SMN described above. To this end, we developed a computation procedure based on Digital Soil Mapping techniques and stochastic simulations (Monte-Carlo) allowing the estimation of multiple (10,000) independent spatialized datasets. This procedure accounts for the uncertainties associated to estimations of both i) SOC stock at the pixelscale and ii) parameters of the models. Based on these 10,000 individual realizations of the spatial model, mean SOC stocks and confidence intervals can be then computed at

Entre subjectivité et narration : la voix-off dans quelques documentaires français contemporains

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antony Fiant

2011-07-01

Full Text Available À travers l’analyse de sept films documentaires réalisés dans les années 2000 par Chantal Akerman, Vincent Dieutre, Vladimir Léon, Henri-François Imbert et Raymond Depardon, ce texte se propose d’étudier différentes modalités d’utilisation de la voix-off à des fins narratives mais aussi subjectives. Aussi, c’est la fameuse omniscience de la voix-off qui est remise en cause par ces cinéastes qui l’utilisent au contraire pour divulguer leurs doutes et leur fragilité. La voix-off participe alors de l’élaboration de nouvelles formes narratives, en l’occurrence documentaires.

A comparative evaluation of low-energy, passive and zero-energy houses in The Netherlands and Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Mlecnik, E.; Jansen, S.; Schuetze, T.; De Vries, G.

2011-01-01

The presented research aims to evaluate highly energy-efficient dwellings, in particular Passive Houses (PH), in Flanders and in The Netherlands, based on end-user experiences. In the introduction the definition of PH in the Benelux countries Belgium and The Netherlands is compared with the Nordic

Social-cultural factors in end-of-life care in Belgium: A scoping of the research literature

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Andrew, E.V.; Cohen, J.; Evans, N.C.; Menaca, A.; Harding, R.; Higginson, I.; Pool, R.; Gysels, M.

2013-01-01

Background: As end-of-life (EoL) care expands across Europe and the world, service developments are increasingly studied. The sociocultural context in which such changes take place, however, is often neglected in research. Aim: To explore sociocultural factors in EoL care in Belgium as represented

Louse-borne relapsing fever in a refugee from Somalia arriving in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Darcis, Gilles; Hayette, Marie-Pierre; Bontems, Sebastien; Sauvage, Anne-Sophie; Meuris, Christelle; Van Esbroeck, Marjan; Leonard, Philippe

2016-03-01

We report a case of louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) in a refugee from Somalia who had arrived in Belgium a few days earlier. He complained of myalgia and secondarily presented fever. Blood smears revealed spirochetes later identified as Borrelia recurrentis. LBRF should be considered in countries hosting refugees, particularly those who transit through endemic regions. © International Society of Travel Medicine, 2016. All rights reserved. Published by Oxford University Press. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Environmental conditions and Puumala virus transmission in Belgium

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Linard, Catherine; Tersago, Katrien; Leirs, Herwig

2007-01-01

of this study is to better understand the causal link between environmental features and PUUV prevalence in bank vole population in Belgium, and hence with transmission risk to humans. Our hypothesis was that environmental conditions controlling the direct and indirect transmission paths differ....... Based on logistic regressions, we show that PUUV prevalence among bank voles is more linked to variables favouring the survival of the virus in the environment, and thus the indirect transmission: low winter temperatures are strongly linked to prevalence among bank voles, and high soil moisture...... is linked to the number of NE cases among humans. The transmission risk to humans therefore depends on the efficiency of the indirect transmission path. Human risk behaviours, such as the propensity for people to go in forest areas that best support the virus, also influence the number of human cases...

Valeurs bibliophiles dans la langue française presentes en Bucovine (XVII-eme-XVIII-eme siecles

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olimpia Mitric

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Comme on le sait, la Moldavie a été la plus réceptive des trois provinces roumaines à la culture française. Dans cette province-ci, les contacts avec le mouvement d'idées européen ont été plus puissants. La lutte d'affirmation nationale a mené à l'augmentation de la conscience politique de la société moldave et à une participation plus accentuée à la vie politique. Le goût pour la lecture a évolue, aussi, pendant que la mentalité a commencé se transformer; on sollicite et ensuite traduit les oeuvres dans lesquelles apparaissent les idées sociales politiques, l'histoire universelle, la géographie, les conquêtes de la technique ou la littérature philosophique-moralisatrice. Les plus anciennes copies en roumain des oeuvres traduites du français, qui se trouvent dans nos bibliothèques datent de la fin du XVIII-ème siècle. Celles-ci sont des traductions de Voltaire, Marmontel, Ambrosius Marlianus, Francesco Loredano, Fénélon, Johan Thuresson Oxenstiern, Gabriel Pérau, Alain Réné Lesage, André Guillaume Constant d' Orville. Le livre imprimé (inclusivement jusqu' en 1800 provient des ateliers typographiques de Paris, Londres, Genève, Regensburg, Basel et Berlin. Le plus ancien exemplaire, Le tableau de L'Europe, est imprimé à Paris, en 1651. Pour ceux qui s'y intéressent, nous avons organisé la liste de ces livres, sur catégories de détenteurs.

Incentives for market penetration of biosimilars in Belgium and in five European countries.

Science.gov (United States)

Swartenbroekx, N; Farfan-Portet; Espín, J; Gerkens, S

2014-12-01

Biosimilars are products similar to a biological already authorized and no longer protected by a patent. As the biological product, they contain a biological substance produced by or derived from a living organism. Alike with generics, biosimilars are potential tool to ensure savings for health systems. The current lack of market penetration of biosimilars may be seen by national authorities as a lost opportunity in terms of cost- containment. The objective of this paper is therefore to analyze the current situation in Belgium and to identify potential measures to stimulate biosimilar uptake in Belgium through an analysis of the experience in five European countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. This international comparison was performed using a two steps analysis: a structured review of the literature followed by a validation from experts in each country. Potential incentives and constraints were identified, i.e., prescription quotas/target, clinical guidelines, primary substitution, reference price system, fixed payment and public tendering. However, the literature reviewed provided little evaluation of the effectiveness of these policies in terms of biosimilar uptake or potential savings. The impact of these policies on biosimilar related savings is currently based on expectation and assumptions. Such kind of studies is therefore essential in the future.

Media awards for responsible reporting of suicide: Experiences from Australia, Belgium and Denmark

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Meier Michella

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Media awards to encourage responsible reporting of suicide have been introduced in several countries, including Australia, Belgium and Denmark. Aims This study aimed to examine the experiences of Australian, Belgian and Danish award recipients in preparing stories on suicide, and consider the impacts of the awards for these recipients and for media professionals more broadly. Method We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with the majority (14 out of 15 of past recipients of the awards in the three countries of interest. Results Media awards appear to show promise as a method of reinforcing national and international media guidelines on reporting suicide. The recipients of awards were proud to have had their achievements recognized in this way, and had developed a heightened awareness of the issues inherent in reporting suicide. Although relatively few had prepared subsequent stories on suicide, a number had been given opportunities to provide advice to other media professionals about how best to approach this sensitive topic. Recipients viewed the awards as an important means by which good quality reporting can be rewarded, and a springboard for raising community awareness about suicide. Conclusion The experience from Australia, Belgium and Denmark suggests that media awards which recognize responsible reporting of suicide are extremely worthwhile.

Did Large-Scale Vaccination Drive Changes in the Circulating Rotavirus Population in Belgium?

Science.gov (United States)

Pitzer, Virginia E.; Bilcke, Joke; Heylen, Elisabeth; Crawford, Forrest W.; Callens, Michael; De Smet, Frank; Van Ranst, Marc; Zeller, Mark; Matthijnssens, Jelle

2015-01-01

Vaccination can place selective pressures on viral populations, leading to changes in the distribution of strains as viruses evolve to escape immunity from the vaccine. Vaccine-driven strain replacement is a major concern after nationwide rotavirus vaccine introductions. However, the distribution of the predominant rotavirus genotypes varies from year to year in the absence of vaccination, making it difficult to determine what changes can be attributed to the vaccines. To gain insight in the underlying dynamics driving changes in the rotavirus population, we fitted a hierarchy of mathematical models to national and local genotype-specific hospitalization data from Belgium, where large-scale vaccination was introduced in 2006. We estimated that natural- and vaccine-derived immunity was strongest against completely homotypic strains and weakest against fully heterotypic strains, with an intermediate immunity amongst partially heterotypic strains. The predominance of G2P[4] infections in Belgium after vaccine introduction can be explained by a combination of natural genotype fluctuations and weaker natural and vaccine-induced immunity against infection with strains heterotypic to the vaccine, in the absence of significant variation in strain-specific vaccine effectiveness against disease. However, the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis is predicted to remain low despite vaccine-driven changes in the distribution of genotypes. PMID:26687288

The Role of the Company in Generating Skills. The Learning Effects of Work Organisation. Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Delcourt, Jacques; Fusulier, Bernard; Debaty, Pol; Maroy, Christian

Changes in the organization of work and production and in the management and structure of firms have an effect on the development of jobs and the segregation between certain trades and occupations. This macrocontext is a determining factor in the development of training and the acquisition of skill in Belgium. The Flemish region demonstrates the…

[Control of the legal practice of euthanasia in Belgium].

Science.gov (United States)

Englert, M

2015-01-01

The Belgian law legalizing euthanasia under strict conditions came into effect September 22, 2002. Any physician performing euthanasia has to complete a registration document and to send it within four days to a federal commission whose mission is to verify that the legal conditions were fulfilled. From September 22, 2002 to December 31, 2013, 8.767 documents have been registered and analyzed by this commission. They are described in six reports referred to Parliament. The present paper analyzes the work of this commission and answers the criticisms concerning its quality and its efficiency. The allegations that clandestine euthanasia's escaping any control are performed are also discussed. In conclusion, it appears that the legal obligations concerning the practice of euthanasia in Belgium are fully effective.

Regulatory aspects of underground radioactive waste disposal in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1978-01-01

In Belgium, the underground disposal of radioactive waste is subject to two sets of regulations. The licensing system for the construction and operation of a mine includes, notably, consultation with the local authorities involved. Nuclear installations are governed by a Regulation of 28 February 1963 and, in particular, waste management facilities require a licence from either the provincial authorities or the Crown, as appropriate. Applications must be accompanied by detailed plans, and a licence will be granted only if all safety and other regulations have been complied with. Inspections are provided for to ensure continued compliance. Under a law of 5 August 1978, the Government is enabled to take a preponderant part in the management of radioactive waste and to undertake, alone, its storage. (NEA) [fr

A social preference valuations set for EQ-5D health states in Flanders, Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Cleemput, Irina

2010-04-01

This study aimed at deriving a preference valuation set for EQ-5D health states from the general Flemish public in Belgium. A EuroQol valuation instrument with 16 health states to be valued on a visual analogue scale was sent to a random sample of 2,754 adults. The initial response rate was 35%. Eventually, 548 (20%) respondents provided useable valuations for modeling. Valuations for 245 health states were modeled using a random effects model. The selection of the model was based on two criteria: health state valuations must be consistent, and the difference with the directly observed valuations must be small. A model including a value decrement if any health dimension of the EQ-5D is on the worst level was selected to construct the social health state valuation set. A comparison with health state valuations from other countries showed similarities, especially with those from New Zealand. The use of a single preference valuation set across different health economic evaluations within a country is highly preferable to increase their usability for policy makers. This study contributes to the standardization of outcome measurement in economic evaluations in Belgium.

O inventário das curiosidades botânicas da Nouvelle France de Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix (1744 The inventory of botanical curiosities in Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix's Nouvelle France (1744

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michel Kobelinski

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Verifica a extensão dos aportes botânicos de Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix em Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France em relação a trabalhos de pesquisadores anteriores, suas valorações das representações iconográficas e discursivas e aplicabilidade no projeto de colonização francesa. Investiga-se o que o levou a preterir o modelo taxionômico de Lineu e o que pretendia com seu catálogo de curiosidades botânicas. O desenlace de sua trajetória filosófico-religiosa permite compreender seu posicionamento no quadro de classificação da natureza, os sentidos das informações etnológicas, as formas de apropriação intelectual e os usos da iconografia botânica e do discurso como propaganda político-emotiva para incentivar a ocupação colonial.The article explores the botanical contributions of Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix's book Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France vis-à-vis the contributions of previous researchers, his use of iconographic and discursive representations and its relevance to the project of French colonization. It investigates why he refused Linnaeus' taxonomic model and what he intended with his catalogue of botanical curiosities. The unfolding of his philosophical and religious trajectory allows to understand his stance regarding the classification of nature, the meanings of ethnological information, his forms of intellectual appropriation, and his use of discourse and botanical iconography as political and emotional propaganda to encourage colonial settlement.

Cancer mortality among nuclear workers in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Engels, H.; Holmstock, L.; Mieghem, E. Van; Swaen, G.M.; Wambersie, A.

2000-01-01

To investigate long term health effects of chronic exposure to low doses of ionising radiation, the Nuclear Research Center (SCK.CEN) in Mol set up a retrospective cohort study in 5 nuclear facilities in Belgium (SCK.CEN, Belgonucleaire, Belgoprocess, 2 Electrabel nuclear power plants). Cancer mortality among nuclear workers is studied in relation to occupational exposure to ionising radiation. This study is part of the 'International Collaborative Study on Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers', coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), pooling data of 14 countries. During the period 1953-1994, all workers registered in one of the participating facilities were included in the study (n=7361). Data have been collected from different information sources: personnel registries (identification, occupational history), dosimetry records (e.g. annual effective dose), National Population Registry and local authorities (vital status). National Institute of Statistics (causes of death from the death certificates), National Radiation Registry/Ministry of Labour (transfer doses), questionnaires (e.g. smoking habits). Retrospective collection of data and privacy protection regulations specific to Belgium hampered the conduct of this study, causing labour intensive and time consuming procedures. Written informed consent of next-of-kin is required to obtain information from the death certificates. Before 1969 only family reported causes of death are available. Despite the above mentioned constraints, first results of Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) calculations are now available for SCK.CEN workers for the period 1969-1994 (n=3270, vital status ascertainment: 95%, underlying cause of death ascertainment: 80%). Available SMR's can be summarised as follows: male workers, no measurable dose (n=785): SMR all causes=75% (95%CI: 61-91), SMR all tumours=64% (95%CI: 42-93), 2 leukemia deaths were observed, whereas 1 is expected, male workers, measurable

Migratory geese foraging on grassland:Case study in the region of Flanders (Belgium)

OpenAIRE

Van Gils, Bert; De Vliegher, Alex; Huysentruyt, Frank; Casaer, Jim; Devos, Koen

2012-01-01

Every winter nearly 100 000 migratory geese visit Northwestern Flanders (Belgium), including several protected species such as the pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus). The geese mainly forage on agricultural grassland, where they remove all the green parts and leave substantial amounts of droppings. In 2009 several farmers’ concerns about this phenomenon were thoroughly investigated. The main findings revealed that grass production on grazed parcels is reduced by 450 kg DM/ha on average ...

Euthanasia and palliative sedation in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Cohen-Almagor, Raphael; Ely, E Wesley

2018-01-04

The aim of this article is to use data from Belgium to analyse distinctions between palliative sedation and euthanasia. There is a need to reduce confusion and improve communication related to patient management at the end of life specifically regarding the rapidly expanding area of patient care that incorporates a spectrum of nuanced yet overlapping terms such as palliative care, sedation, palliative sedation, continued sedation, continued sedation until death, terminal sedation, voluntary euthanasia and involuntary euthanasia. Some physicians and nurses mistakenly think that relieving suffering at the end of life by heavily sedating patients is a form of euthanasia, when indeed it is merely responding to the ordinary and proportionate needs of the patient. Concerns are raised about abuse in the form of deliberate involuntary euthanasia, obfuscation and disregard for the processes sustaining the management of refractory suffering at the end of life. Some suggestions designed to improve patient management and prevent potential abuse are offered. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

The state of psychiatry in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Hermans, Marc H M; de Witte, Nele; Dom, Geert

2012-08-01

Belgium, at the crossroads of different cultures, developed complex governmental structures hindering the development of comprehensive mental health policies. A total of 10.2% of the gross domestic product is spent on healthcare but only 6.1% of this total expenditure goes to mental health. Although mental healthcare is largely accessible and offers high levels of quality, it is questionable whether this can be maintained, given the economic climate. The collection of epidemiological data is problematic due to the different ways registration takes place within different care systems and the complexity of the state structure and its consecutive constitutional reforms. Coming from a largely hospital-driven psychiatric care, mental healthcare reforms of past decades have created more community-based care and new care pathways, still an on-going process. Psychiatry as a profession is currently challenged. Teaching mental health issues remains extremely limited within medical schools, resources for research are disproportionally limited, and working conditions less favourable, all this compared with other specialisms. Hence few graduates choose a career in psychiatry. Changing the public perception of what psychiatry is about, redefining the identity of psychiatrists as medical specialists, and their work have become important challenges for the next future.

From federated federalism to converging federalism? The case of EU subsidiarity scrutiny in Spain and Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vandamme, T.

2012-01-01

In political science literature, federal systems may be classified as ‘dual’ or ‘co-operative’ polities. This contribution further explores this dichotomy between dual and co-operative systems from the perspective of Spain and Belgium, two EU member states that may be qualified as ‘dual’ systems.

Measuring microbial food safety output and comparing self-checking systems of food business operators in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Jacxsens, L.; Kirezieva, K.; Luning, P.A.; Ingelrham, J.; Diricks, H.; Uyttendaele, M.

2015-01-01

The Belgian food safety authority has provided incentives for food business operators to set-up a certified self-checking system (SCS), based upon good practices and HACCP principles. A selection of food processing companies in Belgium was invited to take part in a self-assessment study to evaluate

LAK 2013 : third international conference on learning analytics and knowledge : Leuven, Belgium, April 08-12, 2013

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Suthers, D.D.; Verbert, K.; Duval, E.; Ochoa, X.

2013-01-01

Welcome to the third edition of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge conference. This year, the medieval and, at the same time, modern city of Leuven, Belgium is the venue where researchers and practitioners of this exciting field come together to discuss current status and future trends. Similar to

Indemnisation des dommages résultant de soins de santé. Phase V : impact budgétaire de la transposition du système français en Belgique

OpenAIRE

Yerna, Benoît-Laurent; Maréchal, Xavier; Denuit, Michel; Closon, Jean-Pierre; Vinck, Imgard

2009-01-01

L’objectif de la présente étude consiste, d’une part, à décrire le système français d’indemnisation des victimes de dommages médicaux et, d’autre part, à calculer l’impact budgétaire de la transposition d’un tel système en Belgique. Les spécificités du système qui sera introduit en Belgique n’étant pas connues au moment de l’étude, le coût a été calculé sur la base des modalités du système en vigueur en France. Les statistiques françaises de fréquences des différents types de dommages (infect...

Prevalence and content of written ethics policies on euthanasia in Catholic healthcare institutions in Belgium (Flanders).

Science.gov (United States)

Gastmans, Chris; Lemiengre, Joke; van der Wal, Gerrit; Schotsmans, Paul; Dierckx de Casterlé, Bernadette

2006-04-01

Euthanasia is performed worldwide, regardless of the existence of laws governing it. Belgium became the second country in the world to enact a law on euthanasia in 2002. Healthcare institutions bear responsibility for guaranteeing the quality of care for patients at the end of life, and for ensuring support for caregivers involved. Therefore, institutional ethics policies on end-of-life decision-making, especially on euthanasia, may be useful. A cross-sectional mail survey of general directors of Catholic hospitals and nursing homes in Belgium was used to describe the prevalence and content of written ethics policies for competent terminally ill, incompetent terminally ill, and non-terminally ill patients. Of the 298 targeted institutions, 81% of hospitals and 62% of nursing homes returned complete questionnaires. Of these, 79% of hospitals and 30% of nursing homes had a written ethics policy on euthanasia. Of hospitals 83% and of nursing homes 85% permitted euthanasia for competent terminally ill patients only in exceptional cases in accordance with legal due care criteria and provisions outlined by the palliative filter procedure. Euthanasia for incompetent terminally ill patients was prohibited by 27% of the hospitals and by 60% of the nursing homes. For non-terminally ill patients, these figures were 43 and 64%, respectively. Catholic healthcare institutions in Belgium (Flanders) made great efforts to develop written ethics policies on euthanasia. Only a small group of institutions completely prohibited euthanasia. Most of the institutions considered euthanasia to be an option if all possible alternatives (e.g., palliative filter procedure, which contains more rigorous criteria than those in the Belgian Euthanasia Act), have been thoroughly investigated.

La littérature française en traduction bambara :l'exemple du Comte de Monte-Cristo

OpenAIRE

Tamari, Tal

2010-01-01

Bakary Tangara, instituteur de formation et directeur d’école, anime depuis 1996 une émission à Faso Kanu (une radio libre de la ville de Banamba) consacrée principalement à la présentation en bambara, l’une des langues nationales du Mali, des ouvrages littéraires composés ou déjà traduits en français. Il interprète les œuvres d’auteurs aussi bien africains qu’européens, ainsi que des récits merveilleux choisis dans la littérature universelle. Nous analysons plus spécialement son adaptation d...

Abstracts of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine congress, 26-30 August 1995, Brussels, Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1995-01-01

The issue contains 888 abstracts of lectures and poster sessions of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress held in Brussels, Belgium, from August 26 to 30, 1995. The key subjects adressed are diagnostic nuclear medicine techniques, especially scintiscanning, SPET and PET and their applications in diagnostic medicine. There is an alphabetic index of author names. (vhe) [de

Echelles de temps et échelles d’objets dans l’histoire de la grammaire française

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Auroux Sylvain

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Les historiens ont coutume d’enraciner leur discipline dans le « récit » et, par conséquent, d’admettre que la « ligne » de l’histoire est celle d’une temporalité linéaire à quoi se résume la chronologie. Les historiens des sciences ont le plus souvent suivi cette tendance générale, et, cela, pour deux raisons principales. D’abord, ils ont suivi la tentation d’une « histoire » des grands hommes de science et, donc, de la suite des générations. Ensuite, la science est un processus dont on attend non seulement un résultat, mais une suite de résultats. Comme « science » nous n’aurions pas la même représentation de la physique si nous n’étions pas capables de faire une liste de « découvertes ». Je ne connais pas une science humaine qui dispose d’une pareille représentation, même si, sur de courtes périodes, et sur des objets précis on peut en approcher (par exemple en linguistique avec les lois de la grammaire comparée. Quand on se trouve devant une « histoire-récit » de la grammaire française, on se trouve le plus souvent confronté à une série (plus ou moins complète d’auteurs et d’ouvrages. Même si on peut parfois l’inférer à la lecture du texte on ne trouve guère de datation, et surtout pas de listes d’ « inventions » ; on ne suit pas des thématiques qui évolueraient comme dans la physique. Tout ce que l’on admet généralement, c’est le progrès quantitatif des phénomènes abordés et des règles, ou de grands changements théoriques qui rendraient caduques les études antérieures. La grammaire française serait-elle une discipline chaotique qui ne relève d’aucun processus de cumulation ? Nous nous proposons, plutôt que de juger une discipline en tirant des conclusions qui relèvent clairement du choix d’un modèle particulier (le « récit » pour l’histoire, d’interroger ce modèle à partir d’une étude des propriétés de notre objet, la grammaire française.

[Recent population policy measures in Belgium, especially with respect to fertility].

Science.gov (United States)

Bosman, E

1985-01-01

Policy measures affecting fertility, recently adopted in Belgium, are reviewed. The author notes that although responsibility for population matters has been delegated to the respective language groups, the responsibility for family law, divorce, abortion, social security, taxation, and labor policy remains a national responsibility. There are currently no measures in these areas adopted primarily for demographic reasons. Differences between the approaches taken by the French- and Dutch-speaking communities are noted. The author suggests that the French-speaking community has focused on problems relating to contraception and abortion, and the Dutch-speaking community has emphasized social welfare and family policy

OBTAINING A PERMIT-TO-FLY FOR A HALE-UAV IN BELGIUM

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. Everaerts

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Ever since 2000, VITO has been working on the Pegasus project. This involves a solar High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (HALE-UAV as a stratospheric platform for Earth Observation. This aircraft, called Mercator, is designed to fly for prolonged duration at altitudes up to 20 km. The technology has been proven by the aircraft’s manufacturer, QinetiQ (UK by a series of test flights over the past years, culminating in a world record flight in duration of over 14 days duration. All test flights, however, were conducted in test ranges, where other air traffic does not pose a concern. Pegasus aims to demonstrate the viability of stratospheric Earth Observation in Belgium, as a proof of concept for other areas around the world. The Belgian air space is completely different from a test range. More than 1 million aircraft movements take place over Belgium and Luxembourg every year, with routes to Amsterdam, Paris, Frankfurt, and London. Although Pegasus will usually be flying above this dense traffic, it does interfere with it during ascent and landing, and needs to be monitored during the cruise phase for safety reasons. Air traffic management in Belgium is a shared responsibility of Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs Belgocontrol (civil, ATCC (military and Eurocontrol MUAC (high altitude. In 2010, VITO applied for a permit-to-fly for a test flight of one day duration. Although the Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (CAA had issued a regulation on UAVs in 2007, it was the first application for a permit to fly in controlled airspace. The Belgian CAA decided to use it as a test for the procedures as well. A prerequisite for flying in controlled airspace was that the aircraft has to carry a mode-S transponder and navigation lights. During first half of 2010, the ANSPs collaborated on a Temporary Operations Instruction and studied the safety impact of this flight on their operations. As an outcome, they decided that the Pegasus

76 FR 66271 - Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium: Notice of Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-26

... production facilities, supplier relationships, management, and customer base of Aperam are substantially... facilities; (3) supplier relationships; and (4) customer base. See, e.g., Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire... Belgium N.V. resulted in little or no change in management, production facility, supplier relationships...

Differences in mortality between different groups of older migrants and non-migrants in Belgium, 2001 to 2009

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Reus-Pons, Matias; Vandenheede, Hadewijch; Janssen, Fanny; Kibele, Eva U.B.

2015-01-01

Background: European societies are rapidly ageing and becoming multicultural, and Belgium is part of the countries ahead in this transition. Differences in mortality between migrants and non-migrants in Europe have been shown to depend on age, sex, socio-economic status, migrant background and

The complex agenda-setting power of protest: demonstrations, media, parliament, government, and legislation in Belgium, 1993-2000

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Walgrave, S.; Vliegenthart, R.

2012-01-01

We conducted pooled time-series analyses to assess how number and size of demonstrations affect the political agenda in Belgium (1993-2000). Taking twenty-five issues into account, this study finds that protest matters for the political agenda setting. This study also advances scholarly

Validation de la traduction française de la SURPS pour une population d’adolescents québécois

Science.gov (United States)

Castonguay-Jolin, Laura; Perrier-Ménard, Eveline; Castellanos-Ryan, Natalie; Parent, Sophie; Vitaro, Frank; Tremblay, Richard E; Garel, Patricia; Séguin, Jean R; Conrod, Patricia J

2013-01-01

Objectif La Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) est un instrument de dépistage des caractéristiques de personnalité qui représentent un risque pour le développement d’une consommation problématique de substances. La SURPS comporte 23 items évaluant 4 dimensions et permet aux intervenants en santé mentale de mieux cibler la prévention. La SURPS a été validée au Canada anglais, au Royaume-Uni, en Chine et au Sri Lanka; l’objectif de cette étude est de valider une traduction française de la SURPS pour des adolescents francophones québécois, en plus d’en tester la sensibilité dans une population clinique. Méthode Deux cent deux jeunes de 15 ans d’un échantillon communautaire ont répondu à la SURPS et à des mesures de la personnalité et de l’utilisation de substances. La cohérence interne, la solution factorielle et la validité concomitante de l’échelle ont été évaluées. Quarante adolescents (âge moyen de 15,7 ans) présentant un diagnostic psychiatrique ont également répondu à la SURPS et les scores ont été comparés aux normes de l’échantillon communautaire. Résultats La traduction française de la SURPS démontre une bonne cohérence interne ainsi qu’une solution factorielle à 4 facteurs semblable à la version originale. Ses 4 souséchelles ont une bonne validité concomitante. De plus, 3 de ses souséchelles sont corrélées avec des mesures relatives à la consommation de substances psychoactives. Finalement, 95 % des participants de l’échantillon clinique ont été identifiés à risque selon les scores limites de la SURPS. Conclusion La version française de la SURPS paraît être une mesure valide et sensible pouvant être utilisée auprès d’une population adolescente, québécoise et francophone. PMID:24099502

Description of cervical cancer mortality in Belgium using Bayesian age-period-cohort models

Science.gov (United States)

2009-01-01

Objective To correct cervical cancer mortality rates for death cause certification problems in Belgium and to describe the corrected trends (1954-1997) using Bayesian models. Method Cervical cancer (cervix uteri (CVX), corpus uteri (CRP), not otherwise specified (NOS) uterus cancer and other very rare uterus cancer (OTH) mortality data were extracted from the WHO mortality database together with population data for Belgium and the Netherlands. Different ICD (International Classification of Diseases) were used over time for death cause certification. In the Netherlands, the proportion of not-otherwise specified uterine cancer deaths was small over large periods and therefore internal reallocation could be used to estimate the corrected rates cervical cancer mortality. In Belgium, the proportion of improperly defined uterus deaths was high. Therefore, the age-specific proportions of uterus cancer deaths that are probably of cervical origin for the Netherlands was applied to Belgian uterus cancer deaths to estimate the corrected number of cervix cancer deaths (corCVX). A Bayesian loglinear Poisson-regression model was performed to disentangle the separate effects of age, period and cohort. Results The corrected age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased regularly from 9.2/100 000 in the mid 1950s to 2.5/100,000 in the late 1990s. Inclusion of age, period and cohort into the models were required to obtain an adequate fit. Cervical cancer mortality increases with age, declines over calendar period and varied irregularly by cohort. Conclusion Mortality increased with ageing and declined over time in most age-groups, but varied irregularly by birth cohort. In global, with some discrete exceptions, mortality decreased for successive generations up to the cohorts born in the 1930s. This decline stopped for cohorts born in the 1940s and thereafter. For the youngest cohorts, even a tendency of increasing risk of dying from cervical cancer could be observed, reflecting

The cost of alcohol in the workplace in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Tecco, Juan; Jacques, Denis; Annemans, Lieven

2013-09-01

It has been suggested that alcohol problems have a major impact in the workplace. It has long been recognized that misuse can have serious consequences for the productivity of workers. The extent of the problem is still an uncalculated cost. Few studies provide clear evidence of a cause, effect or relationship between substance abuse and workplace costs and valuable guidance to employers in evaluating the cost of substance abuse in their workplaces is missing. To estimate the awareness, policies and cost to employers of drinking in the workplace in Belgium and to illustrate the potential gains from drinking cessation provision. Costs vary with type of industry and policy in place; therefore, to estimate these costs, results from a survey were combined with evidence drawn from a review of literature. An Internet survey of 216 workplaces in Belgium, based on a stratified random sample of workplaces with 50 or more employees, was conducted in 2005. Further information was collected from 150 occupational physicians. Additional evidence was compiled from a review of the literature of drinking-related costs. 216 General Directors or HR Directors completed a questionnaire related to awareness, policy and costs. 150 occupational physicians completed a questionnaire related to awareness and policy. Companies are unaware or underestimate alcohol misuse among their employees. At least 84% of companies have no education or information policy about substance abuse. Absenteeism, accidents and turnover account for 0.87% of the wage bill. Reduced productivity/ (presenteeism accounts for 2.8%. The construction industry, postal services, hospitality industry (hotel/restaurants and catering) and sanitation industry (collection, street cleaning) are the most problematic sectors. Awareness: many companies are totally unaware of the impact of substance abuse and those that are aware underestimate the problem. Sectors are heterogeneous; some are more problematic than others. Policy

Prototypes construction from partial rankings to characterize the attractiveness of companies in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Napoles, Gonzalo; Dikopoulou, Zoumpolia; Papageorgiou, Elpiniki; Bello, Rafael; Vanhoof, Koen

2016-01-01

What are the most relevant factors to be considered by employees when searching for an employer? The answer to this question poses valuable knowledge from the Business Intelligence viewpoint since it allows companies to retain personnel and attract competent employees. It leads to an increase in sales of their products or services, therefore remaining competitive across similar companies in the market. In this paper we assess the attractiveness of companies in Belgium by using a new two-stage...

Novel foci of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks infected with Babesia canis and Babesia caballi in the Netherlands and in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Jongejan, Frans; Ringenier, Moniek; Putting, Michael; Berger, Laura; Burgers, Stefan; Kortekaas, Reinier; Lenssen, Jesse; van Roessel, Marleen; Wijnveld, Michiel; Madder, Maxime

2015-04-17

Autochthonous populations of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in the Netherlands were discovered after fatal cases of babesiosis occurred in resident dogs in 2004. The presence of D. reticulatus in the Netherlands has also linked with the emergence of piroplasmosis in the resident horse population. The aim of this study was to put together results of continued surveillance of field sites and hosts for this tick in the Netherlands and also in Belgium and determine their infection status for Babesia and Theileria species. Ticks were collected from the vegetation at 11 locations between 2011 and 2013. D. reticulatus ticks were also collected from different hosts between 2007 and 2013. Ticks were screened by PCR and reverse line blot (RLB). A total of 1368 D. reticulatus ticks were collected from 4 previously known field locations and from 5 new locations in the Netherlands and from 2 sites in Belgium (one old and one new location). A total of 855 ticks collected from 8 locations in the Netherlands and 2 locations in Belgium were tested. Fourteen ticks (1,64%) collected at 4 field locations (Dintelse Gorzen, Rozenburg, Slikken van de Heen and St. Philipsland) were positive for Babesia canis, whereas two ticks were positive for Babesia caballi, one tick in the Dintelse Gorzen in the Netherlands and one tick was found positive in De Panne in Belgium. A further 1092 D. reticulatus ticks were collected between 2007 and 2013 from 40 dogs (132 ticks), two ticks from two humans, 51 ticks from 15 horses, two ticks from two cats, one tick from a roe deer, whereas most ticks (904) were collected from cattle (n = 25). Ticks were found throughout the year on dogs in nearly all provinces of the Netherlands. None of the ticks collected from these hosts were infected. D. reticulatus is continuing its spread into novel areas. The finding that some autochthonous ticks are infected with B. canis and B. caballi poses a threat to the resident dog and horse population and justifies year

Sexual health is dead in my body: participatory assessment of sexual health determinants by refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and The Netherlands.

Science.gov (United States)

Keygnaert, Ines; Vettenburg, Nicole; Roelens, Kristien; Temmerman, Marleen

2014-05-01

Although migrants constitute an important proportion of the European population, little is known about migrant sexual health. Existing research mainly focuses on migrants' sexual health risks and accessibility issues while recommendations on adequate sexual health promotion are rarely provided. Hence, this paper explores how refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and The Netherlands define sexual health, search for sexual health information and perceive sexual health determinants. Applying Community-based Participatory Research as the overarching research approach, we conducted 223 in-depth interviews with refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and The Netherlands. The Framework Analysis Technique was used to analyse qualitative data. We checked the extensiveness of the qualitative data and analysed the quantitative socio-demographic data with SPSS. Our results indicate that gender and age do not appear to be decisive determinants. However, incorporated cultural norms and education attainment are important to consider in desirable sexual health promotion in refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and The Netherlands. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that these migrants have a predominant internal health locus of control. Yet, most of them feel that this personal attitude is hugely challenged by the Belgian and Dutch asylum system and migration laws which force them into a structural dependent situation inducing sexual ill-health. Refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and The Netherlands are at risk of sexual ill-health. Incorporated cultural norms and attained education are important determinants to address in desirable sexual health promotion. Yet, as their legal status demonstrates to be the key determinant, the prime concern is to alter organizational and societal factors linked to the Belgian and Dutch asylum system. Refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants

The informal economy in Belgium's hotel and catering sector: survival strategy and crime risk

OpenAIRE

Klima, Noel

2012-01-01

This paper reports on explanatory qualitative research into the illegal economy within the hotel and catering industry in Belgium. Low profitability, exacerbated by pricing pressures customers and suppliers, predispose hotel and catering entrepreneurs to attempting a variety of non-legal modes of economic survival, including involvement in a ‘black market’ (‘off the books’ trading) between providers, suppliers and some customers. There are similar arrangements for the highly fluid workforce, ...

Utilitarian cycling in Belgium: a cross-sectional study in a sample of regular cyclists.

OpenAIRE

de Geus, B.; Degraeuwe, B.; Vandenbulcke, G.; INT PANIS, Luc; Thomas, I.; Aertsens, Joris; De Weerdt, Y.; Torfs, R.; Meeusen, R.

2014-01-01

Background: For an accurate estimation of health benefits and hazards of utilitarian cycling, a prospective collection of bicycle usage data (exposure) is fundamental. Individual and environmental correlates are necessary to guide health promotion and traffic safety issues. Firstly, this study aims to report on utilitarian bicycle usage in Belgium, using a prospective data collection in regular adult commuter cyclists. Secondly, the association is explored between the individual variation in ...

[Euthanasia 2002-2014: The situation in Belgium].

Science.gov (United States)

Lossignol, D

2016-10-01

Since 2002, Belgian law has authorized the practice of euthanasia under certain clear conditions. All cases have to be reported to the Assessment and Control Commission (ACC). To date, more than 9000 cases have been reported. To make a statement about the Belgian experience requires consideration of several different essential points: detailed data and information from the ACC reports, their analysis, consequences on medical practice, problems experienced, legal and medical perspectives, criticism and attacks. The concept of individual and institutional conscience is also considered. Euthanasia for minors has been permitted since March 2014 but, to date, no case has been reported. In the light of what has happened in Belgium, we propose to analyse the legal situation in France. The Belgian experience is much more than an example and shows that, in difficult and painful situations, it is possible to meet the expectations of patients experiencing intolerable suffering with great respect and without imposing dogmatically something they do not wish. Copyright © 2015 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Uranium series disequilibrium measurements at Mol, Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ivanovich, M.; Wilkins, M.A.

1985-02-01

The contract just completed has funded two parallel uranium series disequilibrium studies and the aims of and the progress to completion of these studies are given in this report. The larger study was concerned with the measurement of uranium series disequilibrium in ground waters derived from sand layers above and below the Boom Clay formation in North East Belgium. The disequilibrium data are analysed in terms of uranium, thorium and radium isotopic geochemistries and in terms of water types and their mixing in the regional groundwater system. It is concluded that most sampled waters are mixtures of younger and older waters. No true old water end-members have been sampled. Simple considerations of the uranium isotopic data indicate that the longest residence times of the sampled waters are not much in excess of 1 to 10 x 10 3 y. Detailed mixing patterns could not be established from this limited data set particularly in the absence of more detailed modelling in conjunction with groundwater hydraulic pressure and flow direction data. (author)

Oil and Gas Security. Emergency Response of IEA Countries - Belgium 2010 update

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-08-12

This publication provides a detailed look at the specific systems in Belgium for responding to an oil supply crisis. Initially prepared as a chapter in the overarching publication on the emergency response mechanisms in various IEA member countries, the IEA has started a new cycle of reviews which now includes reviewing gas emergency policies. Rather than waiting for the completion of the current review cycle to renew the full larger publication, the IEA will be making available updates to the country chapters as these become available following the country's review.

Satellite derived forest phenology and its relation with nephropathia epidemica in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Barrios, José Miguel; Verstraeten, Willem W; Maes, Piet; Clement, Jan; Aerts, Jean-Marie; Haredasht, Sara Amirpour; Wambacq, Julie; Lagrou, Katrien; Ducoffre, Geneviève; Van Ranst, Marc; Berckmans, Daniel; Coppin, Pol

2010-06-01

The connection between nephropathia epidemica (NE) and vegetation dynamics has been emphasized in recent studies. Changing climate has been suggested as a triggering factor of recently observed epidemiologic peaks in reported NE cases. We have investigated whether there is a connection between the NE occurrence pattern in Belgium and specific trends in remotely sensed phenology parameters of broad-leaved forests. The analysis of time series of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index revealed that changes in forest phenology, considered in literature as an effect of climate change, may affect the mechanics of NE transmission.

Acquérir le vocabulaire juridique français par la construction d’un glossaire collaboratif sur Moodle : un défi innovant pour des étudiants chinois à l’université française

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jocelyne Sourisseau

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Les traditions d’apprentissage de l’étudiant chinois, fondées sur la mémorisation, sont difficiles à appliquer dans le cadre de l’étude du vocabulaire juridique français. Cet article présente la mise en place d’un nouvel outil : la construction collaborative d’un glossaire en ligne, à partir des fiches de droit, pour favoriser l’entraide, le partage du travail et une plus grande implication des apprenants dans la construction de leurs savoirs. Une enquête réalisée auprès des étudiants chinois à la fin du semestre nous informera sur les points forts et les points à améliorer de ce dispositif innovant.

Literaire strategieën: de drie satellieten van La Nouvelle Revue Française (1910-1914

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Maaike Koffeman

2000-12-01

Full Text Available La Nouvelle Revue Française, opgericht in 1908 door een groep schrijvers rond André Gide, is het belangrijkste Franse literaire maandblad van het interbellum geweest. In de jaren voorafgaand aan de Eerste Wereldoorlog is de reputatie van het tijdschrift nog relatief bescheiden, maar er is al wel een duidelijke progressie te constateren. Deze is niet alleen toe te schrijven aan de inhoudelijke kwaliteit van de bijdragen, maar vooral ook aan de manier waaorp de redactie het tijdschrift promoot. De oprichters bedienen zich van een 'mutimedia-strategie': zij ontwikkelen rond de NRF verschillende nevenactiviteiten om de naamsbekendheid van het tijdschrift te vergroten en zijn literatuuropvattingen onder een breder publiek te verspreiden. 

Queneau, Perec, Duras : Trois manières de boire dans le roman français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Véronique Montémont

2009-09-01

Full Text Available L’alcool et les alcools sont des thèmes étroitement associés au monde littéraire : si l’on en doutait, une recherche dans la base Frantext, qui comporte près de 3952 textes français et francophones, suffirait à nous en convaincre : une requête sur le lemme alcool ne ramène pas moins de 3338 occurrences. Si l’on élargit l’isotopie considérée, on trouve 23 372 occurrences de vin, 2953 mentions de bière, 1436 d’eau-de-vie, 834 de Champagne, 122 de cognac… ainsi que quelques dizaines de cuites, r...

Changes in dietary habits following temporal migration. The case of international students in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Perez-Cueto, Federico; Verbeke, Wim; Lachat, Carl; Remaut-De Winter, Anne Marie

2009-02-01

This paper reports findings from a cross-sectional survey carried out in April-May 2006 among international students enrolled at Ghent University in Belgium. The aim of the study was to assess their knowledge and attitudes related to nutrition, perceived changes in dietary habits, perceived barriers to healthy eating and the determinants of dietary changes since their arrival in Belgium. In total, 235 students from 60 countries participated. Following the reported dietary changes, which were factor-analyzed into "less energy-dense" foods, "more fruits and vegetables" and "less processed" foods, three clusters could be identified. Cluster 1 composed of students who increased their fruits, vegetables and fiber intake. Cluster 2, the largest, reported dietary changes overall and in particular towards less processed foods. Cluster 3 composed of students who changed in the main towards less energy-dense foods. Gender differences were observed in healthy dietary changes, particularly in males. Healthier choices were hindered by a perceived unavailability of healthy food products. Gender and availability of healthy foods should be taken into consideration when informing temporal migration populations, such as international students in this study, about the healthy food options available during their stay in a different cultural, food and dietary environment.

La messagerie pratique de la communication commerciale en français

CERN Document Server

Descotes-Genon, Christiane; Szilagyi, Elisabeth

1990-01-01

Ce manuel s'adresse à : - des étudiants qui se destinent à des carrières commerciales ou au secrétariat, - des professionnels désirant " rafraîchir " leurs connaissances en français commercial. Il peut être utilisé dès le niveau intermédiaire. Les objectifs Son objectif est de permettre à un public non francophone d'apprendre à : - rédiger des lettres commerciales, - utiliser les nouveaux outils de la télématique (minitel, télex, téléfax...), - communiquer efficacement par téléphone. Le contenu Cet ouvrage est constitué : - de lettres commerciales authentiques à analyser, - d'exercices progressifs visant à l'acquisition du savoir-écrire commercial : les normes, le vocabulaire, les paragraphes standards, - de simulations et de jeux de rôles à partir de situations enregistrées pour donner les moyens de communiquer par le téléphone, le minitel, le télex et le télécopieur, - d'informations pratiques sur la réalité technique de ces nouveaux outils, - de répertoires alphabétiqu...

Does fish origin matter to European consumers? Insights from a consumer survey in Belgium, Norway and Spain

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vanhonacker, F.; Altintzoglou, T.; Luten, J.B.; Verbeke, W.

2011-01-01

Purpose – This study aims to gain insights into the relevance and market potential of fish origin (farmed or wild) among consumers in Belgium, Norway and Spain. Design/methodology/approach – Cross-sectional data were collected through a consumer survey (n=1,319), conducted in November-December 2007

Reliability and validity of the Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-8) with Dutch-speaking adolescents in Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Goossens, Luc; Klimstra, Theo; Luyckx, Koen; Vanhalst, Janne; Teppers, Eveline

2014-01-01

The internal consistency and construct validity of the RULS-8, a brief measure of loneliness for use with adolescents, was examined in three samples of Dutch-speaking adolescents in Belgium (for a total of N = 6,236). The measure showed high levels of internal consistency (ranging between .80 and

Assessment of personal exposure from radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields in Australia and Belgium using on-body calibrated exposimeters.

Science.gov (United States)

Bhatt, Chhavi Raj; Thielens, Arno; Billah, Baki; Redmayne, Mary; Abramson, Michael J; Sim, Malcolm R; Vermeulen, Roel; Martens, Luc; Joseph, Wout; Benke, Geza

2016-11-01

The purposes of this study were: i) to demonstrate the assessment of personal exposure from various RF-EMF sources across different microenvironments in Australia and Belgium, with two on-body calibrated exposimeters, in contrast to earlier studies which employed single, non-on-body calibrated exposimeters; ii) to systematically evaluate the performance of the exposimeters using (on-body) calibration and cross-talk measurements; and iii) to compare the exposure levels measured for one site in each of several selected microenvironments in the two countries. A human subject took part in an on-body calibration of the exposimeter in an anechoic chamber. The same subject collected data on personal exposures across 38 microenvironments (19 in each country) situated in urban, suburban and rural regions. Median personal RF-EMF exposures were estimated: i) of all microenvironments, and ii) across each microenvironment, in two countries. The exposures were then compared across similar microenvironments in two countries (17 in each country). The three highest median total exposure levels were: city center (4.33V/m), residential outdoor (urban) (0.75V/m), and a park (0.75V/m) [Australia]; and a tram station (1.95V/m), city center (0.95V/m), and a park (0.90V/m) [Belgium]. The exposures across nine microenvironments in Melbourne, Australia were lower than the exposures across corresponding microenvironments in Ghent, Belgium (p<0.05). The personal exposures across urban microenvironments were higher than those for rural or suburban microenvironments. Similarly, the exposure levels across outdoor microenvironments were higher than those for indoor microenvironments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Climate index for Belgium - Methodology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2006-01-01

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, an estimated 25% of the GNP is affected by weather-related events. The variations in temperature - even small ones - can also have long-lasting effects on the operational results of a company. Among other, the Energy supply sector is sensitive to weather risks: a milder or harsher than usual winter leads to a decrease or increase of energy consumption. The price of electricity on power trading facilities like Powernext is especially sensitive to odd changes in temperatures. Powernext and Meteo-France (the French meteorological agency) have joined expertise in order to promote the use of weather indices in term of decision making or underlying of hedging tools to energy actors, end users from any other sector of activity and specialists of the weather risk hedging. The Powernext Weather indices are made from information collected by Meteo-France's main observation network according to the norms of international meteorology, in areas carefully selected. The gross data are submitted to a thorough review allowing the correction of abnormalities and the reconstitution of missing data. Each index is fashioned to take into account the economic activity in the various regions of the country as represented by each region's population. This demographic information represents a fair approximation of the weight of the regional economic activity. This document presents the calculation methodology of average, minimum and maximum weather indexes with the winter and summer regression equations for the different economical regions of Belgium. (J.S.)

Radioactive waste management in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dejonghe, P.

1977-01-01

In 1975 the research association BELGOWASTE was founded in order to prepare a technical and administrative plan for radioactive waste management in Belgium and to take the preliminary steps for establishing an organization which would be responsible for this activity. The association made a survey of all forecasts concerning radioactive waste production by power reactors and the fuel cycle industry based on various schemes of development of the nuclear industry. From the technical point of view, the reference plan for waste management envisages: Purification at the production site of large volumes of low-level effluents; construction of a central facility for the treatment and intermediate storage of process concentrates (slurries, resins, etc.) and medium-level waste; centralization assumes the making of adequate arrangements for transporting waste before final treatment; maximum recovery of plutonium from waste and treatment of resiudal material by incineration at very high temperatures; treatment at the production site of high-level effluents from irradiated fuel reprocessing; construction of an underground long-term storage site for high-level treated waste and plutonium fuel fabrication waste; deep clay formations are at present preferred; disposal of low-level treated waste into the Atlantic ocean. It is intended to entrust the entire responsibility for treatment, disposal and storage of treated waste to a single body with participation by the State, the Nuclear Energy Research Centre (CEN/SCK), the electricity companies and Belgonucleaire. The partners intend to set up their facilities and services in the area of Mol [fr

The energy market in Flanders, Belgium, in 2006

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2007-05-01

The Flemish Regulation Entity for the Electricity and Gas market (VREG) aims at becoming the knowledge centre of the liberalised energy market in Flanders, Belgium. Knowledge must be obtained and made available to the public with respect to the market for energy. This does not only involve aspects pertaining to the physical connection of grids across the borders of districts and countries, but also the effects of economic, political and financial decisions and tendencies in Flanders and surrounding area. In the past, data on the energy market were publishes as part of the annual report. As of 2006, reporting is separated. This Energy Market Report is built up based on data that was made available by the market parties. It focuses on the various actors and their market positions as well as on the specific historical and future evolutions. Moreover, market forces are portrayed. The price evolutions of the past years are analysed. Finally, attention is paid to the growing market of certificates.(mk) [nl

Plant life management in Belgium: an integrated project

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wacquier, W.; Smet, M. de; Hennart, J.C.; Greer, J.L.; Breesch, Ch.; Havard, P.

2001-01-01

In Belgium, a specific plant life management project, named ''Continuous Operation of Belgian NPPs'' is currently developing. Its final objective is to centralize all safety and economic aspects of plant life management in order to determine, for each NPP unit, the optimal actions required to maintain their safe and reliable operation. As the lifetime of safety-related active components is permanently controlled by the current maintenance programs, the project focuses only on passive safety-related components and on non-safety components important for the availability of the plants. These structures and components were evaluated and compared on the basis of a set of weighted criteria in order to measure their criticality and to identify those which must be considered in the project. The selection and the ranking of those components is based on the KBM TM methodology (Knowledge Based Maintenance). This methodology facilitates the collection, formalization and exchange of know-how and gives immediate results thanks to a sequential and systematic step by step analysis. (author)

Plutonium-enriched thermal fuel production experience in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

LeBlanc, J.M.

1983-01-01

Taking into account the strategic aspects of nuclear energy such as availability and sufficiency of resources and independence of energy supply, most countries planning to use plutonium look mainly to its use in fast reactors. However, by recycling the recovered uranium and plutonium in light water reactors, the saving of the uranium that would otherwise be required could already be higher than 35%. Therefore, until fast reactors are introduced, for macro- or microeconomic reasons, the plutonium recycle option seems to be quite valuable for countries having the plutonium technology. In Belgium, Belgonucleaire has been developing the plutonium technology for more than 20 yr and has operated a mixed oxide fuel fabrication plant since 1973. The past ten years of plant operation have provided for many improvements and relevant new documented experiences establishing a basis for new modifications that will be beneficial to the intrinsic quality, overall safety, and economy of the fuel

Systematic study of the phosphate industry in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poffijn, A.

2002-01-01

Three major phosphate-processing industries have been investigated in Belgium. In one of them the activity concentration of 226 Ra in the ore was quite high, almost 1,100 Bq/kg, and the concentration in the silt waste was exceeding 7,000 Bq/kg. The radon concentration at ground level in the silt basin was more than 500 Bq/m 3 and in some of the buildings radon levels of up to 800 Bq/m 3 were measured. Gamma radiation levels from 0.1 to 4.4 μSv/h were found. The area downstream from one of the plants is being investigated. The riverbanks have been found to be highly contaminated up to 5 to 10m from the river. The radium concentration at 30 cm depth ranged between 400 to 4,000 Bq/kg and in river sediments between 400 to 2,000 Bq/kg. The gamma radiation levels reached 2 μSv/h

Formas plurais no franchising de alimentos: evidências de estudos de caso na França e no Brasil

OpenAIRE

Silva, Vivian Lara S.; Azevedo, Paulo Furquim de

2007-01-01

O problema de formas plurais é importante tema de interesse na literatura dedicada ao franchising. A coexistência de lojas próprias e unidades franqueadas em uma mesma rede é fato bem conhecido, merecendo a grande atenção que vem recebendo dos pesquisadores. Acontece, porém, que formas organizacionais no franchising são mais diferenciadas do que sugere a literatura. De fato, informações oriundas de 21 estudos de caso, realizados na França e no Brasil, evidenciam a existência, em acréscimo à h...

Centralized treatment facility for low level radioactive waste produced in Belgium. The CILVA project

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Renard, Cl.; Detilleux, M.; Debieve, P.

1993-01-01

Due to rather limited amount of waste produced and the small size of the Belgian territory (30 x 10 3 km 2 ), ONDRAF/NIRAS strategy aims at centralizing treatment conditioning and storage of radioactive waste. ONDRAF/NTRAS has decided to set up a new infrastructure: the CILVA unit. The CILVA facility is focused on the supercompaction and the incineration treatment, so that ONDRAF/NIRAS can safely manage all radioactive wastes produced in Belgium. (2 figs.)

Naturalization and impact of a horticultural species, Cotoneaster horizontalis (Rosaceae) in biodiversity hotspots in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Piqueray, Julien; Mahy, Grégory; Vanderhoeven, Sonia

2008-01-01

Cultivation of ornamental plant species has been recognized to foster plant naturalization of exotics by counteracting environmental stochasticity and continuously providing propagules. As a preliminary attempt to describe the invasion status of C horizontalis, we gathered information on the occurrence of the species in Belgium by compiling various databases. We assessed the naturalization status of C. horizontalis in Belgian calcareous grasslands, high-value habitats recognized as biodiversi...

Les discours de François Hollande (2009-2012: la force axiologico-affective du changement

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Maria Immacolata Spagna

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Abstract – Within the field of argumentative analysis, our purpose is to underline the function and the effectiveness of the axiological-emotional content of the change proposed by François Hollande in his speeches (2009-2012.On the basis of the emotional orientation, given in a dysphoric register towards the previous government and in a euphoric one towards the auspicious future, the argumentation of the change claimed by the “normal” president is based on values. To not change would mean to accept the current situation and therefore all its negative values.Putting the reader in a condition of emotional tension with the aim of energizing him to find a remedy, Hollande’s proposition becomes, thus, a call to action, an implicit request for social, politic and moral engagement, to change the course of history and to realize a better future. Keywords: Argumentation, political discourse, emotion, axiological, change.  Résumé – Dans le cadre de l’analyse argumentative, cet article vise à souligner la fonction et l’efficacité de la charge axiologico-affective du changement proposé par François Hollande dans ses discours (2009-2012.Sur la base de l’orientation émotionnelle, donnée dans un registre dysphorique à l’égard du gouvernement passé et euphorique vers l’avenir prometteur, l’argumentation du changement invoqué par le président “normal” se fonde sur les valeurs. Ne pas changer signifierait accepter la situation actuelle et, par là, toutes ces valeurs négatives.Mettant le lecteur dans une condition de tension émotive pour le motiver à trouver un remède, la proposition de Hollande devient ainsi un appel à agir, une requête implicite d’engagement social, politique et moral pour changer le cours de l’histoire et réaliser un futur meilleur. Mots clés: argumentation, discours politique, émotion, axiologique, changement. 

Cultural differences affecting euthanasia practice in Belgium: One law but different attitudes and practices in Flanders and Wallonia

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cohen, J.; van Wesemael, Y.; Smets, T.; Bilsen, J.; Deliens, L.

2012-01-01

Since 2002, Belgium has had a national law legalising euthanasia. The law prescribes several substantive due care requirements and two procedural due care requirements, i.e. consultation with an independent physician and reporting of euthanasia to a Federal Control Committee. A large discrepancy in

Taxation of Capital Gains in Spanish Tax Treaties: The Belgium-Spain Double Taxation Convention on Income and Capital

OpenAIRE

Ribes Ribes, Aurora

2004-01-01

This paper is intended to analyse the treatment of capital gains in Spanish tax treaties. In particular, the author focuses on the new provision on the taxation of capital gains as a consequence of the alienation of shares in the Belgium-Spain double tax treaty.

De l’harmonie dans la construction des mots français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roché Michel

2016-01-01

Full Text Available La formation des gentilés, particulièrement sensible aux contraintes d’euphonie, permet de mettre en évidence, pour le français, deux manifestations complémentaires de la contrainte dissimilative. L’une, négative, tend à éviter la consécution à faible distance du même phonème ou de deux phonèmes proches. Elle explique la sous-représentation des deux principaux suffixes, -ais et -ois, après une accroche en sifflante, à cause de la sifflante conte-nue par le suffixe au féminin, ainsi que la sous-représentation de -ais après /E/ et de -ois après /A/. L’autre, positive, favorise entre les voyelles une harmonie fondée sur les contrastes. De-vant les suffixes dont la voyelle est une voyelle d’avant moyenne ou haute (-ais, -ain, -in, -ier…, sont privilégiés les radicaux dont la dernière voyelle est une voyelle d’arrière moyenne ou basse, et de préférence un /O/ plutôt qu’un /A/. Devant les suffixes dont la voyelle est une voyelles d’arrière moyenne ou basse (-ois, -ot, -on, -and, -at, -ard…, sont privilégiés les radi-caux dont la dernière voyelle est une voyelle d’avant moyenne ou haute, et de préférence un /i/ plutôt qu’un /E/. Pour cela, un yod au contact du suffixe joue le même rôle qu’un /i/ dans la syllabe précédente. Cette harmonie est obtenue soit par la sélection du suffixe, soit par un aménagement – substitution, épenthèse, troncation, insertion d’un interfixe, etc. – du radical fourni par la base. On observe d’autre part une harmonisation de l’accroche consonantique du radical avec la voyelle du suffixe. Devant -ois, sont privilégiées les attaques en labiale ou en vélaire, en accord avec le double caractère du /w/ propre à ce suffixe. Devant -ais et -ain, ce sont les attaques en dentale. Devant -ot, -on, -and, -at, -ard, la tendance à rapprocher l’articu-lation de la consonne de celle de la voyelle peut aller jusqu’aux vélaires mais elle s’arrête sou

Economic effects of a carbon tax: with a general equilibrium illustration for Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Proost, S.; Regemorter, D. Van

1992-01-01

The feasibility and efficiency arguments of an international and a national carbon tax are analysed. It is argued that an internationally organized carbon tax can be a good instrument for implementing an international CO 2 abatement strategy. Less efficient instruments like national CO 2 reduction emission objectives are more likely to be implemented. A national carbon tax is analysed as a policy instrument to reach such an internationally agreed national CO 2 emission reduction objective. This is done for Belgium using a dynamic general equilibrium model. (author)

Wither Aut Dedere? The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute after the ICJ's Judgment in Belgium v. Senegal

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Nollkaemper, A.

2013-01-01

In this article I explore a narrow question that was raised, but not fully addressed, in the Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v Senegal) case: does a state that has custody over a person who is suspected of the crime of torture, but that is unwilling or unable

Wither Aut Dedere? The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute after the ICJ's Judgment in Belgium v Senegal

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Nollkaemper, A.

2013-01-01

In this article I explore a narrow question that was raised, but not fully addressed, in the Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v Senegal) case: does a state that has custody over a person who is suspected of the crime of torture, but that is unwilling or unable

Satellite Derived Forest Phenology and Its Relation with Nephropathia Epidemica in Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Miguel Barrios

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The connection between nephropathia epidemica (NE and vegetation dynamics has been emphasized in recent studies. Changing climate has been suggested as a triggering factor of recently observed epidemiologic peaks in reported NE cases. We have investigated whether there is a connection between the NE occurrence pattern in Belgium and specific trends in remotely sensed phenology parameters of broad-leaved forests. The analysis of time series of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index revealed that changes in forest phenology, considered in literature as an effect of climate change, may affect the mechanics of NE transmission.

Courts, privacy and data protection in Belgium : Fundamental rights that might as well be struck from the constitution

NARCIS (Netherlands)

de Hert, Paul; Brkan, Maja; Psychogiopoulou, Evangelia

2017-01-01

Through critical analysis of case law in Belgium courts, this chapter reveals the significant role courts play in the protection of privacy and personal data within the new technological environment. It addresses the pressing question from a public who are increasingly aware of their privacy rights

Structure et fonctionnement des écosystèmes du Haut-Rhône français.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

KRAIEM M. M.

1980-07-01

Full Text Available L'examen qualitatif de contenus stomacaux de Barbeaux du Haut-Rhône français met en évidence un régime alimentaire assez varié, essentiellement zoophage, avec une composante permanente constituée, par ordre de dominance décroissante, de larves de Diptères, d'Ephéméroptères, de Trichoptères et de Nématodes. Ce régime parait, d'autre part, davantage lié à la taille, à l'âge du poisson et au faciès du cours d'eau, qu'à la composition de la faune benthique. Le Barbeau est planctonophage et microbenthophage pendant son jeune âge ; il devient essentiellement benthophage en vieillissant.

Mastering French Cuisine, Espousing French Identity Epouser la cuisine et l'identité françaises: récits de transformation d'Américaines mariées à des Français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christy Shields-Argelès

2010-12-01

Full Text Available This paper draws from a series of comprehensive and life story interviews with twelve middle and upper class Franco-American couples (six in each country. In it we recount and analyze the narratives of two American wives (Linda and Beth who tell, in very different ways, the story of their rencontre with France as one that profoundly changes their relationship to food and their own identity. Taken as ideal types, Linda’s narrative, like those of other women who return home, is one of reintegration, while Beth’s narrative, like those of other expatriate spouses, is one of exile. Despite the differences in their perspectives, French gastronomic discourse and American nutrition discourse delineate national boundaries and shape individual subjectivities in both narratives, allowing us, in a final analysis, to explore the interweaving of daily food practices, emotion and national identity.Cet article s’appuie sur des entretiens compréhensifs et des récits de vie menés auprès de douze couples franco-américain vivant en France et aux Etats-Unis (six par pays. Il relate et analyse les « récits de transformation » de deux Américaines mariées à des Français (Linda et Beth, qui racontent, de façon très différente, l’histoire de leur rencontre avec la France comme un processus ayant profondément changé leur relation à l’alimentation et leur propre identité. Vu comme idéal-type, le récit de Linda, à l’instar d’autres femmes rentrées dans leur pays, est un récit de réintégration, celui de Beth, à l’instar d’autres femmes expatriées, un récit d’exil. Malgré leurs perspectives différentes, le discours gastronomique français et le discours nutritionnel américain dessinent des frontières nationales et informent les subjectivités individuelles dans les deux récits, ce qui nous permet, en conclusion, d’explorer l’imbrication des pratiques alimentaires quotidiennes, l’émotion et l’identité nationale.

Le Grand Prix de l’image française, une existence éphémère

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thierry Crépin

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Du long parcours de la reconnaissance de la bande dessinée, on retient généralement quelques faits : la création du Club des bandes dessinées animé par Francis Lacassin dans les années 1960, puis celle du festival d’Angoulême et du CNBDI dans la décennie suivante. Mais il est une initiative qui est oubliée : la création, à l’initiative d’Auguste Liquois et du Syndicat des dessinateurs de journaux d’enfants, d’un Grand Prix de l’image française qui entendait doter les auteurs de bande dessinée d’un dispositif de consécration comparable à ceux que connaissent les écrivains. Voyant le jour en 1946, ce prix se solde par un échec à la mesure de la place occupée dans la culture d’alors par une bande dessinée accusée de tous les maux qui frappent la jeunesse.Some important facts mark the recognition of comic art in France and Europe: the creation of a Comics Club hosted by Francis Lacassin in the 1960s, and the International festival of Angoulême and of the National Center of Image and Comic Book (CNBDI in the next decade. But an initiative is curentlly forgotten: the creation, at the initiative of Auguste Liquois and of the Union of newspaper cartoonists of children (SDJE, of the French Image Award (Grand Prix de l’Image Française which was intended to give comics authors a consecration device similar to those dedicated to writers. Created in 1946, this award results in a failure that reflects the problematic place that occupy comic books in the culture of the time.

Entre crônica e reportagem, familiaridade e exotismo: Françoise em Paris (La Patrie, 1900

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Guillaume Pinson

2015-11-01

Full Text Available Por volta de 1900, a imprensa quebequense passa por grandes transformações. Jornais como La Presse, La Patrie e Montreal Star passam a priorizar a informação e a reportagem. Contudo, ainda pouco se conhece sobre a história da reportagem no Québec. Neste artigo, proponho-me a analisar principalmente as crônicas de Françoise (pseudônimo de Robertine Barry, exemplo ímpar da transição poética entre a crônica e a reportagem no Canadá francês. Os textos que Françoise publica em La Patrie por ocasião da Exposição Universal de 1900 se mostram ao mesmo tempo como crônica mundana expatriada, crítica cultural, narrativa de viagem e reportagem. Esta é a hibridez genérica que pretendemos investigar a partir da reflexão sobre diversos aspectos deste corpus: o de ter sido escrito por uma mulher jornalista, grande figura ligada ao gênero mais antigo da crônica, praticante de uma reportagem que não se anuncia como tal. Há nesses textos uma série de traços característicos dos primórdios da reportagem quebequense, que se baseia em empréstimos de gêneros mais familiares como a crônica e se interessa por objetos culturalmente e linguisticamente próximos, mas geograficamente distantes. A partir desse estudo, poderemos, portanto, compreender como a reportagem se impôs progressivamente adotando alguns procedimentos típicos da crônica.     This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

The Politics of Deception and the French Lais in the Roman de Fauvel, Manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds français 146

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Marinescu, R.C.I.

2014-01-01

The interpolated version of the French allegorical satire, the Roman de Fauvel, transmitted in manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds français 146 (produced in Paris ca. 1317), targets the corruption within the French royal court in the last years of the rule of King Philip IV of

Methodology for heritage conservation in Belgium based on multi-temporal interferometry

Science.gov (United States)

Bejarano-Urrego, L.; Verstrynge, E.; Shimoni, M.; Lopez, J.; Walstra, J.; Declercq, P.-Y.; Derauw, D.; Hayen, R.; Van Balen, K.

2017-09-01

Soil differential settlements that cause structural damage to heritage buildings are precipitating cultural and economic value losses. Adequate damage assessment as well as protection and preservation of the built patrimony are priorities at national and local levels, so they require advanced integration and analysis of environmental, architectural and historical parameters. The GEPATAR project (GEotechnical and Patrimonial Archives Toolbox for ARchitectural conservation in Belgium) aims to create an online interactive geo-information tool that allows the user to view and to be informed about the Belgian heritage buildings at risk due to differential soil settlements. Multi-temporal interferometry techniques (MTI) have been proven to be a powerful technique for analyzing earth surface deformation patterns through time series of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. These techniques allow to measure ground movements over wide areas at high precision and relatively low cost. In this project, Persistent Scatterer Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PS-InSAR) and Multidimensional Small Baseline Subsets (MSBAS) are used to measure and monitor the temporal evolution of surface deformations across Belgium. This information is integrated with the Belgian heritage data by means of an interactive toolbox in a GIS environment in order to identify the level of risk. At country scale, the toolbox includes ground deformation hazard maps, geological information, location of patrimony buildings and land use; while at local scale, it includes settlement rates, photographic and historical surveys as well as architectural and geotechnical information. Some case studies are investigated by means of on-site monitoring techniques and stability analysis to evaluate the applied approaches. This paper presents a description of the methodology being implemented in the project together with the case study of the Saint Vincent's church which is located on a former colliery zone. For

The soil remediation fund for petrol stations in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Naeyer, F. de; Van Dyck, E.; Janssens, J.P.; Duliere, A.; Fondaire, D.; Bodart, O.

2005-01-01

In the Flemish, Brussels-Capital and Walloon Region, petrol stations are subjected to strict operating standards, to avoid soil contamination as much as possible in the future. Besides these operating requirements, regional authorities also issued regulations regarding the remediation of contaminated soils. For many petrol stations operators, land owners and users, these rules and regulations are a heavy financial burden. As a result, the soil contamination threaten to become a public charge, due to a lack of adequate remediation by the stakeholders. After years of negotiating between the petroleum industry and the government the negotiations finally resulted in a cooperation agreement between the Federal Government, the Flemish, Walloon and Brussels-Capital Regions regarding the execution and financing of the remediation of contaminated soil at petrol stations. The cooperation agreement, signed in Brussels on 13 December 2002 and approved by all Regions and the Federal Government, makes it possible to provide a structured approach for the remediation of the soil contamination at petrol stations in Belgium. In the cooperation agreement the establishment of an Inter-regional Soil Remediation Committee is provided to guarantee the fund's independence and to observe the fund's operation. The official start is given through the accreditation of BOFAS by the Inter-regional Soil Remediation Committee. To calculate the amount that would be necessary for the remediation of the soil contamination at petrol stations and the contribution to the fund, an economical research has been carried out. This research indicated that the total cost for the remediation of the soil contamination at petrol stations in Belgium is situated between 400 and 450 million EUR. BOFAS has calculated that 5.000 petrol stations can comply with the conditions mentioned in the cooperation agreement. Operators, Owners or Actual users can submit an application if they comply with the legally established

The soil remediation fund for petrol stations in Belgium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Naeyer, F. de; Van Dyck, E. [OVAM, Mechelen (Belgium); Janssens, J.P.; Duliere, A. [BIM, Brussel (Belgium); Fondaire, D. [DGRNE, Liege (Belgium); Bodart, O. [Governement Wallon, Namur (Belgium)

2005-07-01

In the Flemish, Brussels-Capital and Walloon Region, petrol stations are subjected to strict operating standards, to avoid soil contamination as much as possible in the future. Besides these operating requirements, regional authorities also issued regulations regarding the remediation of contaminated soils. For many petrol stations operators, land owners and users, these rules and regulations are a heavy financial burden. As a result, the soil contamination threaten to become a public charge, due to a lack of adequate remediation by the stakeholders. After years of negotiating between the petroleum industry and the government the negotiations finally resulted in a cooperation agreement between the Federal Government, the Flemish, Walloon and Brussels-Capital Regions regarding the execution and financing of the remediation of contaminated soil at petrol stations. The cooperation agreement, signed in Brussels on 13 December 2002 and approved by all Regions and the Federal Government, makes it possible to provide a structured approach for the remediation of the soil contamination at petrol stations in Belgium. In the cooperation agreement the establishment of an Inter-regional Soil Remediation Committee is provided to guarantee the fund's independence and to observe the fund's operation. The official start is given through the accreditation of BOFAS by the Inter-regional Soil Remediation Committee. To calculate the amount that would be necessary for the remediation of the soil contamination at petrol stations and the contribution to the fund, an economical research has been carried out. This research indicated that the total cost for the remediation of the soil contamination at petrol stations in Belgium is situated between 400 and 450 million EUR. BOFAS has calculated that 5.000 petrol stations can comply with the conditions mentioned in the cooperation agreement. Operators, Owners or Actual users can submit an application if they comply with the legally

Statut, menaces et conservation des oiseaux endémiques terrestres de Polynésie française

OpenAIRE

Serra, Fabienne

2007-01-01

Avec pas moins de 28 espèces d'oiseaux endémiques terrestres, la Polynésie française peut être considérée comme un hot spot de la biodiversité. Cette avifaune se répartit sur 118 îles éparpillées sur près de 5 millions de km2. Sur 28 espèces, cinq sont en danger critique d'extinction, et sept autres sont considérées comme en danger. Compte tenu de la faiblesse du nombre d'individus et de la petite taille des îles, ces oiseaux endémiques peuvent très vite passer au stade critique par le fait d...

First molecular evidence of potentially zoonotic Babesia microti and Babesia sp. EU1 in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Lempereur, Laetitia; De Cat, Ann; Caron, Yannick; Madder, Maxime; Claerebout, Edwin; Saegerman, Claude; Losson, Bertrand

2011-02-01

We report the first molecular evidence of the presence of Babesia sp. EU1 and Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Belgium. A 1-year national survey collected 1005 ticks from cats and dogs. A polymerase chain reaction technique amplifying a part of the 18S rRNA gene detected Babesia spp. in 11 out of 841 selected and validated tick extracts. Subsequent sequencing identified Ba. microti (n=3) and Babesia sp. EU1 (n=6). This study has demonstrated a low infection rate (1.31% with 95% CI: 0.65-2.33) of Babesia spp. carriage in I. ricinus ticks in Belgium but, for the first time, reports two potentially zoonotic species belonging to this genus. Coinfection with Ba. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto also was demonstrated. In addition, this study clearly demonstrates that inhibitors of polymerase chain reaction amplification are present in engorged ticks.

Radioactive waste management in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dejonghe, P.

1977-01-01

In 1975 the research association BelgoWaste was founded in order to prepare a technical and administrative plan for radioactive waste management in Belgium and to take the preliminary steps for establishing an organization which would be responsible for this activity. The association made a survey of all forecasts concerning radioactive waste production by power reactors and the fuel cycle industry based on various schemes of development of the nuclear industry. From the technical point of view, the reference plan for waste management envisages: purification at the production site of large volumes of low-level effluents; construction of a central facility for the treatment and intermediate storage of process concentrates (slurries, resins, etc.) and medium-level waste, centralization assuming that adequate arrangements are made for transporting waste before final treatment; maximum recovery of plutonium from waste and treatment of residual material by incineration at very high temperatures; treatment at the production site of high-level effluents from irradiated fuel reprocessing; construction of an underground long-term storage site for high-level treated waste and plutonium fuel fabrication waste (deep clay formations are at present preferred); and disposal of low-level treated waste into the Atlantic Ocean. It is intended to entrust the entire responsibility for treatment, disposal and storage of treated waste to a single body with participation by the State, the Nuclear Energy Research Centre (CEN/SCK), the electricity companies and Belgonucleaire. The partners intend to set up their facilities and services in the area of Mol. (author)

Phylogenetic analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus strains from naturally infected cats in Belgium and The Netherlands.

Science.gov (United States)

Roukaerts, Inge D M; Theuns, Sebastiaan; Taffin, Elien R L; Daminet, Sylvie; Nauwynck, Hans J

2015-01-22

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a major pathogen in feline populations worldwide, with seroprevalences up to 26%. Virus strains circulating in domestic cats are subdivided into different phylogenetic clades (A-E), based on the genetic diversity of the V3-V4 region of the env gene. In this report, a phylogenetic analysis of the V3-V4 env region, and a variable region in the gag gene was made for 36 FIV strains isolated in Belgium and The Netherlands. All newly generated gag sequences clustered together with previously known clade A FIV viruses, confirming the dominance of clade A viruses in Northern Europe. The same was true for the obtained env sequences, with only one sample of an unknown env subtype. Overall, the genetic diversity of FIV strains sequenced in this report was low. This indicates a relatively recent introduction of FIV in Belgium and The Netherlands. However, the sample with an unknown env subtype indicates that new introductions of FIV from unknown origin do occur and this will likely increase genetic variability in time. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Peeters, Hans; Tavernier, Wouter De

2015-01-01

, family history and pension regulations can provide greater insight into the mechanisms that produce poverty among elderly women in Belgium. To that end, we make use of register data on some 9,000 women aged 65-71. Data on the poverty risk of these women is linked to career and family data, spanning over...... 45 years. We find that pension policy can indeed account for the higher poverty risk of some groups of elderly women (e.g. divorcees) as compared to others (e.g. widows). Similarly, pension policy can, to a large extent, directly or indirectly explain how previous lifecourse events, such as marital...... dissolution or childbirth, affect old-age poverty risk. However, our study also reveals some unexpected findings. Most notably, pension regulations fail to account for the beneficial situation of married women. Indeed, our analyses suggest that capital (income) may prove more decisive than pension rights...

UBER DIE SCHREIBUNG UND RECHTSCHREIBUNG MIT BESONDERER RÜCKSICHT AUF DIE RECHTSCHREIBUNGSLÖSUNGEN IN "FLUMINENSIA" VON FRAN KURELAC

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lada Badurina

1990-01-01

Full Text Available Im Artikel sind zunächst Grundsetzen der Schreibung und der Rechtschreibung dargestellt, demnach die Schreibung und die Rechtschreibung in "Fluminensia" von Fran Kurelac. Die von Kurelac vorgeschlagenen Lösungen sind mit den Lösungen seiner unmittelbaren Vorgänger und Zeitgenossen vergleicht, sowie mit der heutigen Rechtschreibungspraxis. Für die von Kurelac vorgeschlagne Schreibung ist festgestellt, daß es sich um ein beständiges System handelt, das von der Tradition ausgeht und das sich nur in eingen Lösungen von heutigen unterscheidet. In der Rechtschreibung überwiegt der morphologische Grundsatz, was leicht in Verbindung mit den Grundgedanken der Philologischen Schule in Rijeka zu steilen ist.

Stepping from Belgium to the United States and back: the conceptualization and impact of the Harvard Step Test, 1942-2012.

Science.gov (United States)

Vangrunderbeek, Hans; Delheye, Pascal

2013-06-01

This article examines the contribution of the Belgian-American exercise physiologist Lucien Brouha in developing the Harvard Step Test (HST) at the'pioneering Harvard Fatigue Laboratory (HFL) during the Second World War and provides a better understanding of the importance of transnational relations concerning scientific progress. Analysis of sources in the University Archives of the State University in Liege (Belgium), the Archives and Documentation Centre of the Sportimonium at Hofstade (Belgium), the Harvard Business School Archives at Baker Library (Cambridge, MA), the Harvard Medical School Archives at Countway Library (Cambridge, MA), and the Brouha and Shaler private family archives (Sutton, VT). The outbreak of the Second World War shifted research at the interdisciplinary HFL toward the field of military physiology and resulted in the transfer of Brouha from Belgium to the HFL. Brouha's personal and academic experiences made him the right man in the right place to develop the HST in 1942. The HST--which has celebrated its 70th anniversary--was of immediate academic and practical significance during and after the war. Brouha' s case demonstrates the importance of personal experiences, transnational relations, and interdisciplinary research settings for the establishment of scientific (sub)disciplines. Studying internal scientific evolutions in relation to personal and work experiences of "mobile" and therefore often "forgotten" researchers like Brouha is necessary to better understand and interpret evolutions in science and corresponding processes of academic and social mobility.

Microstructural Analyses of Topopah Spring Tuff from the Large Block Test at Fran Ridge, Nevada

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roberts, J.J.

2000-01-01

Microstructural information (e.g., porosity, pore size distribution, and surface area) of porous media is critical to understanding water transport mechanisms and physical properties and their bearing on geophysical measurements. We report microstructural data obtained by mercury injection porosimetry (MIP) on 33 samples of densely welded Topopah Spring tuff from Fran Ridge, Yucca Mountain, Nevada Test Site (NTS), Nevada. The characterization of these samples is also important for the interpretation and analysis of the Large Block Test (LBT) performed in support of the Yucca Mountain Project (YMP). This report includes previously published data on samples from the same location (Roberts and Lin, 1996). We also present information from the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (YMSCP/LLNL) Large Block Test Engineering Plan (Wilder, 1995) to allow correlation of our data directly to various planes within the Large Block

Antimicrobial resistance prevalence of pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli in food-producing animals in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Chantziaras, Ilias; Dewulf, Jeroen; Boyen, Filip; Callens, Benedicte; Butaye, Patrick

2014-01-01

In this article, detailed studies on antimicrobial resistance to commensal E. coli (in pigs, meat-producing bovines, broiler chickens and veal calves) and pathogenic E. coli (in pigs and bovines) in Belgium are presented for 2011. Broiler chicken and veal calf isolates of commensal E. coli demonstrated higher antimicrobial resistance prevalence than isolates from pigs and bovines. Fifty percent of E. coli isolates from broiler chickens were resistant to at least five antimicrobials, whereas s...

Assessing Dutch and English Immersion Education in French-Speaking Belgium: Linguistic, Cognitive and Educational Perspectives

OpenAIRE

Hiligsmann, Philippe; Van Mensel, Luk; American Association for Applied Linguistics

2016-01-01

Our paper aims to present a 5-year multidisciplinary research project on immersion education in French-speaking Belgium. Our project starts from the premise that although recently published surveys have confirmed that immersion learners outperform traditional L2 learners as far as target language test scores are concerned, it nonetheless remains largely unclear to what extent, in what respect and thanks to which (internal and external) processes and factors immersion students show increased l...

Une voix dans un chœur risque de n’être point entendue. André Gide et La Nouvelle Revue française, 1908-1914

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Koffeman, M.N.; Wittmann, Jean-Michel

2017-01-01

Cet article étudie la tension entre l’individualisme gidien et la collectivité littéraire que forme la première Nouvelle revue française. Entreprise commune par excellence, la revue gagne à être considérée dans son ensemble. Une lecture des sommaires de la NRF relativise le rôle de Gide et met en

Radiotherapy access in Belgium: How far are we from evidence-based utilisation?

Science.gov (United States)

Lievens, Y; De Schutter, H; Stellamans, K; Rosskamp, M; Van Eycken, L

2017-10-01

Underutilisation of radiotherapy has been observed worldwide. To evaluate the current situation in Belgium, optimal utilisation proportions (OUPs) adopted from the European SocieTy for Radiotherapy and Oncology - Health Economics in Radiation Oncology (ESTRO-HERO) project were compared to actual utilisation proportions (AUPs) and with radiotherapy advised during the multidisciplinary cancer team (MDT) meetings. In addition, the impact of independent variables was analysed. AUPs and advised radiotherapy were calculated overall and by cancer type for 110,810 unique cancer diagnoses in 2009-2010. Radiotherapy utilisation was derived from reimbursement data and distinguished between palliative and curative intent external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and/or brachytherapy (BT). Sensitivity analyses regarding the influence of the follow-up period, the survival length and patient's age were performed. Advised radiotherapy was calculated based on broad treatment categories as reported at MDT meetings. The overall AUP of 37% (39% including BT) was lower than the OUP of 53%, but in line with advised radiotherapy (35%). Large variations by tumour type were observed: in some tumours (e.g. lung and prostate cancer) AUP was considerably lower than OUP, whereas in others there was reasonable concordance (e.g. breast and rectal cancer). Overall, 84% of treatments started within 9 months following diagnosis. Survival time influenced AUP in a cancer type-dependent way. Elderly patients received less radiotherapy. Although the actually delivered radiotherapy in Belgium aligns well to MDT advices, it is lower than the evidence-based optimum. Further analysis of potential barriers is needed for radiotherapy forecasting and planning, and in order to promote adequate access to radiotherapy. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Which transition comes first? Urban and demographic transitions in Belgium and Sweden

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Philippe Bocquier

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Background: Several theories compete to explain the main drivers of urbanisation, past and present, in relation to both demographic transition and economic development. One hypothesis is that rural-to-urban migration is the driver of urbanisation; another is that urban mortality decline actually triggered urban transition. Objective: This paper reconsiders the relationship between demographic (vital migration and urban transitions by analysing the long-term contribution of natural and migratory movements to urban transition. The respective contributions of birth, death, and migration and their timing will indicate whether economic development, through labour force migration, or vital transition mainly determines urban transition. Methods: After examining the spatial dimension of the demographic transition theory, we use 19th and 20th century series on Sweden and Belgium to better identify the migration component of urban transition through the computation of growth difference between urban and rural areas, accounting for the often neglected reclassification effect. Results: In both Sweden and Belgium, migration is the direct or indirect (through reclassification engine of urban transition and its contribution precedes the onset of vital transition, while the vital transition has a secondary, unstable, and negative role in the urban transition. Conclusions: Changes in the economic sphere are reinstated as the underlying cause of population change, acting through the shift of human capital in space. Methodological consequences are then drawn for analysing vital and urban transitions in an increasingly interdependent world. Contribution: The paper contributes to the theoretical literature on urban and demographic transitions in relation to economic development. The proposed method evaluates migration contribution without having to measure it.

Un dictionnaire espagnol/français de la Deuxième partie : utilité, questionnement

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sophie HIREL-WOUTS

2008-05-01

Full Text Available Il s’agit de faire le point sur l’élaboration du premier dictionnaire espagnol-français de la Deuxième partie d’Alphonse X, menée dans le cadre de l’atelier de traduction du texte juridique alphonsin. Le caractère éminemment pragmatique de l’entreprise ne doit pas faire oublier la complexe relation qu’entretenaient Alphonse X et ses collaborateurs avec les mots. Les Sept parties s’offrent en effet à nous tout à la fois comme une traduction de sources latines, grecques ou arabes, qu’il nous revient à notre tour de traduire, et comme un corpus lexicographique d’une exceptionnelle richesse dont nous devons comprendre les soubassements idéologiques si nous voulons respecter le « sens » du mot alphonsin et le reporter dans notre propre lexique espagnol-français. C’est de cette double mise en abyme et de ses implications pratiques pour notre projet dont il sera ici question.Se trata de hacer el balance sobre la elaboración del primer diccionario español-francés de la Segunda partida de Alfonso X, realizada en el marco de la traducción del texto jurídico alfonsí. El carácter sumamente pragmático de tal empresa no debe ocultar la compleja relación del rey Sabio y sus colaboradores con la palabra. Las Siete partidas constituyen de hecho no sólo una traducción de fuentes latinas, griegas o árabes que nos toca traducir, sino un corpus lexicográfico de tremenda riqueza, cuyas bases ideológicas tenemos que percibir si queremos reflejar adecuadamente la significación de la palabra alfonsí en nuestro propio diccionario. El presente artículo propone algunas reflexiones sobre esta doble mise en abyme y sus implicaciones prácticas para nuestro proyecto.

Climate policy in Belgium and the Flemish District

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sereno, M.

2001-01-01

According to the agreement of the Environment Ministers' Council of the European Union Belgium will have to reduce its overall greenhouse gas emissions by 7,5 % during the first commitment period (2008-2012) in relation to the reference year 1990. International climate change policy is implemented by Belgian federal authorities responsible for fiscal, labelling and product policies and regional authorities (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels) responsible for energy, environmental and agricultural policies. This article discusses the important issues raised by Belgian federal and Flemish regional climate change policy. It focuses onto the Belgian national climate change plan' and the Flemish Region's policies as laid down in its regional Environmental Policy Plan. The overall context of this article is given in by the international climate change negotiations in The Hague during the sixth Conference of the Parties in execution of the United Nation's Framework on Climate Change. In conclusion of this article a brief overview of the Belgian point of view on the failed negotiations in The Hague is given. 6 refs

The Cartesian doctor, François Bayle (1622-1709), on psychosomatic explanation.

Science.gov (United States)

Easton, Patricia

2011-06-01

There are two standing, incompatible accounts of Descartes' contributions to the study of psychosomatic phenomena that pervade histories of medicine, psychology, and psychiatry. The first views Descartes as the father of "rational psychology" a tradition that defines the soul as a thinking, unextended substance. The second account views Descartes as the father of materialism and the machine metaphor. The consensus is that Descartes' studies of optics and motor reflexes and his conception of the body-machine metaphor made early and important contributions to physiology and neuroscience but otherwise his impact was minimal. These predominately negative assessments of Descartes' contributions give a false impression of the role his philosophy played in the development of medicine and psychiatry in seventeenth-century France and beyond. I explore Descartes' influence in the little-known writings of a doctor from Toulouse, François Bayle (1622-1709). A study of Bayle gives us occasion to rethink the nature and role of psychosomatic explanation in Descartes' philosophy. The portrait I present is of a Cartesian science that had an actual and lasting effect on medical science and practice, and may offer something of value to practitioners today. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

François Arago a 19th century French humanist and pioneer in astrophysics

CERN Document Server

Lequeux, James

2016-01-01

François Arago, the first to show in 1810 that the surface of the Sun and stars is made of incandescent gas and not solid or liquid, was a prominent physicist of the 19th century. He used his considerable influence to help Fresnel, Ampere and others develop their ideas and make themselves known. This book covers his personal contributions to physics, astronomy, geodesy and oceanography, which are far from negligible, but insufficiently known. Arago was also an important and influential political man who, for example, abolished slavery in the French colonies. One of the last humanists, he had a very broad culture and range of interests. In parallel to his biography, this title also covers the spectacular progresses of science at the time of Arago, especially in France: the birth of physical optics, electromagnetism and thermodynamics. Francois Arago’s life is a fascinating epic tale that reads as a novel.

Communication progressive du français avec 320 exercices : niveau débutant

CERN Document Server

Miquel, Claire

2013-01-01

Ce qui fait le succès de cete ouvrage de communication: Une organisation claire: la leçon sur la page de gauche; les exercices et les activités communicatives sur la page de droite 40 fiches présentant les points généralement abordés au niveau A1 du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues Un apprentissage progressif: il suit la progression naturelle des méthodes de français Un usage souple: pour la classe ou en auto-apprentissage Une préparation adaptée aux certifications: un entrainement efficace pour mieux réussir aux examens A découvrir dans cette deuxième édition revue et augmentée: Un CD audio avec 69 documents sonores Un test d'évaluation avec ses corrigés Des illustrations pédagogiques acutelles et colorées 50 nouveaux exercices. Un livret de corrigés est proposé à part (ISBN 978-209-038133-7).

Internalization of external cost for the production and distribution of electricity in Flanders, Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Torfs, R.; De Nocker, L.; Schrooten, L.; Aernouts, K.; Liekens, I.

2005-04-01

This report elaborates the external costs of electricity production and distribution in Flanders, Belgium, and tests them against prices and taxes for electricity use. The authors examined whether these external costs decrease in time and whether such a decrease leads to internalization in the price for the users through taxes, levies or other economic instruments. The external costs mainly include external environmental costs caused by air pollution and greenhouse gases, but also damage caused by accidents, hindrance and radioactive substances that may be released. [nl

Geological slow evolution scenari, applied on clay site of Mol (Belgium)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vandenberghe, Noel

1981-01-01

In the frame of safety assessment studies concerning radioactive waste disposal in a clay layer, the analysis of tertiary and quaternary geological history of the area involved at Mol, Belgium, showed that amongst slow natural phenomena, major climatic changes (e.g. glaciations) and epeirogenetic movements are the most important. These two phenomena result in glacio-eustatic movements, fluviatile, marine and glacial erosion etc. On the basis of their intensities and frequencies, observed in the past, several possible scenarios of future geological evolution have been considered for the coming 200.000 years. This approach contributed to evaluate the failure possibilities of the geological barrier, due to the direct action of these processes. It also demonstrates the geological frame to be taken into account in a consequence analysis

The Moderation of Cultural Difference on Consumer Relationship Management in Belgium, the United States, and China

OpenAIRE

He, Xun

2017-01-01

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a strategic approach aiming to create and improve shareholder value by creating and managing suitable relationships with their corresponding customer segments. As national culture is one of the fundamental factors that distinguishes customers from one country to another, the objective of this study is to explore how cultural factors influence CRM. Empirically, this study tests how different cultural dimensions from Belgium, the United States, and Chin...

Vers une approche fonctionnelle de l'enseignment de la terminologie: Action recherche en classe de Français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mojca Jarc

2015-11-01

Full Text Available L'article se propose d'étudier les différents paramètres de l'enseignement de la terminologie dans le cadre du cours de Français langue étrangère à la Faculté des Sciences Sociales de Ljubljana (FSS afin de jeter des ponts entre l’évolution de théorie dans le domaine de la terminologie descriptive et la pratique de l’enseignement dans un contexte du cours de français sur objectifs spécifiques (FOS. Les résultats d’une action recherche menée au sein d’un groupe d’étudiants en sciences sociales montrent que les solutions théoriques pour la constitution de glossaires thématiques ne sont pas automatiquement transposables dans la pratique pédagogique et que des solutions adaptées, axées sur une approche fonctionnelle s’imposent dans une classe de langue étrangère. ----- The purpose of the paper is to study different parameters in terminology teaching within the framework of a French language course offered at the Faculty of Social Sciences (FSS in Ljubljana, in order to better integrate the theoretical developments in the field of descriptive terminology with the teaching practice of French for specific purposes (FSP. The results of an action research carried out in a group of students of social sciences suggest that the theoretical solutions applied for glossary compilation, and the use of terminological record sheets to describe terms cannot be viewed as automatically transferable into the classroom practice, and that consequently, each classroom situation has direct implications for the use of terminological record sheets in terminology teaching, which calls for adapted solutions, based on the functional approach to teaching foreign language for specific purposes.

The Paradoxical Visions of Multilingualism in Education: The Ideological Dimension of Discourses on Multilingualism in Belgium and Canada

Science.gov (United States)

Hambye, Philippe; Richards, Mary

2012-01-01

In this article, we will examine some contrasted discourses on multilingualism that circulate nowadays in the field of education. Focusing on the cases of French-speaking Belgium and of the Franco-Ontarian community in Canada, we will show the existence of two discourses on multilingualism: one that insists on the positive value of multilingualism…

How Tracking Structures Attitudes towards Ethnic Out-Groups and Interethnic Interactions in the Classroom: An Ethnographic Study in Belgium

Science.gov (United States)

Van Praag, Lore; Boone, Simon; Stevens, Peter A. J.; Van Houtte, Mieke

2015-01-01

The influence of the ethnic composition of schools on interethnic relations and attitudes has been studied extensively and has received ample interest from policy makers. However, less attention has been paid to the structures and processes inside schools that organize interethnic relations and attitudes. In Flanders (Belgium), secondary education…

Cross-Cultural Findings on Community Violence Exposure and Internalizing Psychopathology: Comparing Adolescents in the United States, Russia, and Belgium

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schwab-Stone, M.; Koposov, R.; Vermeiren, R.R.J.M.; Ruchkin, V.

2013-01-01

The study aimed to investigate cross-cultural differences in the relation between community violence and psychopathology. A self-report survey was conducted in a representative sample of 3,309 14-17 year old adolescents from urban communities in the US (N = 1,343), Belgium (N = 946) and Russia (N =

The radon problem in schools and public buildings in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poffijn, A.; Uyttenhove, J.; Tondeur, F.

1992-01-01

Owing to differences in geology, radon in Belgium is recognised to be a more serious problem in the southern part of the country than in the northern part. From national and regional surveys, it became clear that in the province of Luxembourg indoor radon concentrations exceeding the European reference level of 400 Bq.m -3 frequently occur. As many people (children as well as adults) spend an important part of the day indoors at school or at work, it was decided by the local authorities to conduct a more systematic survey. In all schools and public buildings, measurements with integrating etched track devices have been performed. The results of these campaigns are discussed and a limiting scheme for radon in schools and public buildings, based mainly upon the existing Belgian regulations for protecting against ionising radiation is presented. (author)

Lessons learnt in establishing a first national inventory of decommissioning liabilities in Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Braeckeveldt, M.

2004-01-01

Like all countries that use nuclear power for producing electricity or have other nuclear activities for peaceful purposes, Belgium is faced with an important challenge: the safe management of all the radioactive materials present in these industries and activities, in both the short and long term. Of course there is a price to pay for this management, which in accordance with the ethical principle of inter-generational fairness should be borne mainly by the generations which benefit from these activities, in other words by current generations. However, it is possible that when the moment has come, the financial resources to cover the costs of decommissioning and remediation of these installations, so that they no longer need to be subject to institutional control, prove to be insufficient or even completely non-existent: this then results in a nuclear liability. This kind of situation can have several causes, such as an underestimation of the actual costs by the operator or the owner of the nuclear installation or by the holder or the owner of the radioactive materials, negligence, transfer of ownership of the nuclear installation or the nuclear site without transfer of the corresponding provisions, a reduction in the operating time, a bankruptcy, as well as ignorance. Because it wishes to avoid the occurrence of new nuclear liabilities, the Belgian legislator, by virtue of article 9 of the programme law of 12 December 1997, charged the 'Nationale instelling voor radioactief afval and verrijkte splijtstoffen' (ONDRAF/NIRAS) [Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials] with collecting all the elements that are necessary in order to examine to which degree the decommissioning and remediation costs can be actually covered when the time comes. After five years collaboration between ONDRAF/NIRAS and the operators of nuclear installations and holders of radioactive substances, the government today has at its disposal a first general overview

Cross-border reproductive care among French patients: experiences in Greece, Spain and Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Rozée Gomez, Virginie; de La Rochebrochard, Elise

2013-11-01

What are the characteristics, motivation and experience of French patients seeking cross-border reproductive care (CBRC)? French patients seeking CBRC are same-sex couples, single women who are not eligible for assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) in France and heterosexual couples seeking oocyte donation due to extremely limited access to this technique in France, while their choice of Greece as a destination is influenced by financial issues. CBRC is a new, increasing, complex and poorly understood phenomenon. A few studies have investigated UK, German or Italian CBRC patients, but none have specifically investigated French patients although France is one of the top four countries of origin of CBRC patients in Europe. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2010-2012 in three ART centres in Greece, Belgium and Spain in order to investigate French patients treated in these centres. Recruitment was prospective in Greece and Belgium and retrospective in Spain. The overall response rate was 68%, with 128 French patients participating. French patients filled in a questionnaire. Information was collected on their socio-economic characteristics and their search for ART treatment in France and in other countries. In the Belgian centre, 89% of French patients used sperm donation whereas oocyte donation was used by 100% of patients in the Greek centre and 74% of patients in the Spanish centre. The majority (94%) of French patients using sperm donation in Belgium were not legally eligible for access to ART in France as they were same-sex couples or single women, and the main criterion of choice of centre was its geographical proximity (71%). Most of the French patients using oocyte donation in Greece and Spain fulfilled criteria for fully reimbursed oocyte donation treatment in France as they were heterosexual couples (99%) with the woman aged ART centres and these too may not be representative. CBRC among French patients had been thought to reflect mainly law

Economic consequences of legal and illegal drugs: The case of social costs in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Lievens, Delfine; Vander Laenen, Freya; Verhaeghe, Nick; Putman, Koen; Pauwels, Lieven; Hardyns, Wim; Annemans, Lieven

2017-06-01

Legal and illegal drugs impose a considerable burden to the individual and to society. The misuse of addictive substances results in healthcare and law enforcement costs, loss of productivity and reduced quality of life. A social cost study was conducted to estimate the substance-attributable costs of alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs and psychoactive medication to Belgian society in 2012. The cost-of-illness framework with prevalence-based and human capital approach was applied. Three cost components were considered: direct, indirect and intangible costs related to substance misuse. The direct and indirect cost of addictive substances was estimated at 4.6 billion euros in Belgium (419 euros per capita or 1.19% of the GDP) and more than 515,000 healthy years are lost due to substance misuse. The Belgian social cost study reaffirms that alcohol and tobacco impose the highest cost to society compared to illegal drugs. Health problems are the main driver of the social cost of legal drugs. Law enforcement expenditure exceed the healthcare costs but only in the case of illegal drugs. Estimating social costs of addictive substances is complex because it is difficult to determine to what extent the societal harm is caused by substances. It can be argued that social cost studies take only a 'snapshot' of the monetary consequences of substance misuse. Nevertheless, the current study offers the most comprehensive analysis thus far of the social costs of substance misuse in Belgium. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe: Results for Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Dubois, Benedicte; Kobelt, Gisela; Berg, Jenny; Capsa, Daniela; Gannedahl, Mia

2017-08-01

In order to estimate the value of interventions in multiple sclerosis (MS) - where lifetime costs and outcomes cannot be observed - outcome data have to be combined with costs. This requires that cost data be regularly updated. This study is part of a cross-sectional retrospective study in 16 countries collecting data on resource consumption and work capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prevalent symptoms for patients with MS. Descriptive analyses are presented by level of severity, from the societal perspective, in EUR 2015. A total of 1856 patients (mean age: 54 years) participated in Belgium; 66% were below retirement age, and of these, 44% were employed. Employment was related to disease severity, and MS affected productivity at work in 85% of the patients. Overall, 95% and 72% of the patients experienced fatigue and cognitive difficulties, respectively, as a problem. Mean utility and annual costs were 0.703 and €26,400 at Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0-3, 0.478 and €45,300 at EDSS 4-6.5, and 0.193 and €62,000 at EDSS 7-9. The mean cost of a relapse was estimated to be €3000. This study provides current data on MS in Belgium that are important for development of health policies and for estimating the value of current and future treatments.

The diet and consumption of dominant fish species in the upper Scheldt estuary, Belgium

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Maes, J.; De Brabandere, Loreto; Ollevier, F.

2003-01-01

Seasonal changes in the diet composition and trophic niche overlap were examined for the dominant members of the fish assemblage of the turbid low-salinity zone of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium). Samples of fish were taken in the cooling water of a power plant. Juveniles of eight species dominated...... of trophic niche overlap showed that, in general, niche overlap between individuals of the same species was significantly higher than overlap between individuals from different species, suggesting that the available food resources were partitioned. The total annual prey consumption by the dominant fish...

Ethics policies on euthanasia in nursing homes: a survey in Flanders, Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Lemiengre, Joke; Dierckx de Casterlé, Bernadette; Verbeke, Geert; Van Craen, Katleen; Schotsmans, Paul; Gastmans, Chris

2008-01-01

In many European countries there is a public debate about the acceptability and regulation of euthanasia. In 2002, Belgium became the second country after the Netherlands to enact a law on euthanasia. Although euthanasia rarely occurs, the complexity of the clinical-ethical decision making surrounding euthanasia requests and the need for adequate support reported by caregivers, means that healthcare institutions increasingly need to consider how to responsibly handle euthanasia requests. The development of written ethics policies on euthanasia may be important to guarantee and maintain the quality of care for patients requesting euthanasia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, development, position, and communication of written ethics policies on euthanasia in Flemish nursing homes. Data were obtained through a cross-sectional mail survey of general directors of all Catholic nursing homes in Flanders, Belgium. Of the 737 nursing homes invited to participate, 612 (83%) completed the questionnaire. Of these, only 15% had a written ethics policy on euthanasia. Presence of an ethics committee and membership of an umbrella organization were independent predictors of whether a nursing home had such a written ethics policy. The Act on Euthanasia and euthanasia guidelines advanced by professional organizations were the most frequent reasons (76% and 56%, respectively) and reference sources (92% and 64%, respectively) for developing ethics policies on euthanasia. Development of ethics policies occurred within a multidisciplinary context. In general, Flemish nursing homes applied the Act on Euthanasia restrictively by introducing palliative procedures in addition to legal due care criteria. The policy was communicated to the consulting general practitioner and nurses in 74% and 89% of nursing homes, respectively. Although the overall prevalence of ethics policies on euthanasia was low in Flemish nursing homes, institution administrators displayed growing

Indéfinis épistémiques en français et en japonais

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kaneko Makoto

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Cette étude vise à approfondir nos connaissances sur les indéfinis épistémiques (ceux qui expriment la lecture d’ignorance et manifestent une propriété sémantique "variation modale" à travers l’examen du “quelque” au singulier en français et l’indéfini prénominal en japonais. Les études précédentes sur les indéfinis épistémiques dans les autres langues montrent que certains d’entre eux transmettent aussi la lecture de polarité négative et/ou celle de libre choix dans les environnements différents, et proposent, afin de rendre compte d’une telle divergence, soit 1 une approche pragmatique qui consiste à analyser, en réduisant la sémantique d’un indéfini à celle de la disjonction d’alternatives, les différentes lectures comme des implicatures conversationnelles dérivées de la disjonction, soit 2 une approche sémantique qui les traite comme des implicatures conventionnelles. Après avoir montré qu’aucune des deux approches n’explique pas pleinement toute seule les distributions des indéfinis épistémiques en japonais et en français, il est d’abord soutenu, pour l’indéfini prénominal du japonais, qu’en raison des facteurs diachroniques, il reçoit deux interprétations dans les différents environnements, parallèlement à l’ambiguïté d’une particule (interrogative ou disjonctive qui en fait partie : i interprétation de la question indirecte parenthétique, qui entraîne, dans une phrase épisodique ou avec la modalité épistémique, la lecture d’ignorance comme une implicature conventionnelle ; ii interprétation de la disjonction d’alternatives, qui dérive, avec la modalité déontique, la lecture de libre choix comme une implicature conversationnelle. La lecture de polarité négative n’est véhiculée par aucune des deux interprétations, étant donné i l’incongruité de demander l’identité du référent dont l’existence est niée et ii la portée n

Three cases of imported dengue virus infection from Madeira to Belgium, 2012.

Science.gov (United States)

Cnops, Lieselotte; Franco, Leticia; Van Meensel, Britt; Van den Ende, Jef; Paz Sanchez-Seco, Maria; Van Esbroeck, Marjan

2014-01-01

We report three laboratory-confirmed dengue virus (DENV) infections imported to Belgium by travelers returning from Madeira (Portugal). Despite the use of a mosquito-repellent spray as reported by two patients, the infection could not be prevented. Diagnosis was made by antigen detection and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in two cases and by serology 1 month after onset of symptoms in a third one. The responsible virus was identified as DENV serotype 1, American/African genotype (genotype V). The close relationship to isolates from Colombia supports the previous findings that a South American strain originated the outbreak in Madeira in 2012. © 2014 International Society of Travel Medicine.

The Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS): Reliability and Validity with French-Speaking Adolescents in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Marie Delhaye; Wim Beyers; Theo A Klimstra; Paul Linkowski; Luc Goossens

2012-01-01

The present study examined the reliability and validity of the Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS), an instrument initially developed for use with Dutch-speaking adolescents in Belgium, in French-speaking adolescents living in that same country. The instrument was administered to a sample of French-speaking adolescents ('N' = 625) and a carefully matched sample of Dutch-speaking adolescents ('N' = 630). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), factor structure, and mean scores...

Adaptation of forest management to climate change as perceived by forest owners and managers in Belgium

OpenAIRE

Sousa-Silva, Rita; Ponette, Quentin; Verheyen, Kris; Van Herzele, Ann; Muys, Bart

2016-01-01

Background Climate change is likely to cause significant modifications in forests. Rising to this challenge may require adaptation of forest management, and therefore should trigger proactive measures by forest managers, but it is unclear to what extent this is already happening. Methods The survey carried out in this research assesses how forest stakeholders in Belgium perceive the role of their forest management in the context of climate change and the impediments that limit their...

Espace et identité à travers la métaphore d’orientation devant-derrière : cas du français et de l’arabe standard et dialectal

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rim Ben Yacoub

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Le présent article propose une étude sémantique et pragmatique de l’espace en tant que concept traduisible dans le langage quotidien par le recours à des expressions reflétant une orientation spatiale. Dans cette perspective, l’analyse se fera selon le concept des métaphores d’orientation proposées par la théorie cognitiviste. Elle se focalisera sur l’orientation devant-derrière et ce, à partir de l’étude d’un exemplier contrastif (français et arabe standard et dialectal puisé dans deux sociétés différentes, à savoir, la société tunisienne et la société française. Cette orientation sera traitée en rapport avec l’ancrage culturel et social qu’imposent les représentations mentales, culturelles et sociales circulant dans les sociétés dans lesquelles ces usages ont été répertoriés.

In-hospital costs associated with chronic constipation in Belgium: a retrospective database study.

Science.gov (United States)

Chevalier, P; Lamotte, M; Joseph, A; Dubois, D; Boeckxstaens, G

2014-03-01

Real-life data on the economic burden of chronic idiopathic constipation are scarce. The objectives of this study were to assess hospitalization resource use and costs associated with chronic constipation and its complications in Belgium. This was a single country, retrospective study using the IMS Hospital Disease Database (2008), which comprises data on 34% of acute hospital beds in Belgium and contains information on patient demographics, length of stay (LOS), billed costs, drug use, diagnoses, and procedures. Stays with a primary diagnosis of constipation, or a secondary diagnosis of constipation and a concomitant diagnosis of a constipation-related complication, were selected. Patients with diagnoses of colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, or who had stays involving potentially constipation-inducing procedures, were excluded as having secondary constipation. Patients receiving opioids, calcium-antagonists, antipsychotics or antidepressants were excluded as having drug-induced constipation. In total, 1541 eligible patients were identified. The average unadjusted cost per day in hospital for idiopathic constipation was €441 (€311 ± 1.4 in day clinic visits without overnight stays; €711 ± 14.0 in full hospitalizations with complications). The average LOS in a full hospitalization setting was 7.0 and 4.0 days in stays with and without complications, respectively. The most frequent drug and procedural treatments were osmotically acting laxatives (with complications: 42.61%; without complications: 35.69%), and transanal enema (2.32% and 2.03%), respectively. The burden of constipation is often underestimated; it is a condition reflected by hospital-related costs comparable to such indications as migraine, which increase when associated with complications. © 2013 The Authors. Neurogastroenterology & Motility Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A partial braincase and other skeletal remains of Oligocene angel sharks (Chondrichthyes, Squatiniformes) from northwest Belgium, with comments on squatinoid taxonomy

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Mollen, F.H.; Bakel , van B.W.M.; Jagt, J.W.M.

2016-01-01

A detailed redescription of a chondrocranium from the basal Boom Clay Formation (Rupelian, Upper Oligocene) at the SVK clay pit, Sint-Niklaas (province of Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium), previously assigned to the sawshark Pristiophorus rupeliensis, is presented. The chondrocranium is re-identified as

The influence of environmental changes on local and regional vegetation patterns at Rieme (NW Belgium): implications for Final Palaeolithic habitation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bos, J.A.A.; Verbruggen, F.; Engels, S.; Crombé, P.

2012-01-01

Late-glacial vegetation changes were studied at Rieme, NW Belgium. Human occupation of this cover sand area occurred from the Final Palaeolithic onwards. The research area is situated on the northern side of a large cover sand ridge in an undulating landscape with small ridges and depressions. The

Le Petit Robert dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française

CERN Document Server

Rey, Alain

2014-01-01

60 000 mots, 300 000 sens 35 000, citations. Retrouvez le français vivant, les mots et expressions d'aujourd'hui : astroparticule, biothèque, caméo, clivant, coltan, dim sum, fadette, itinérance, locavore, microbiote, modeux, street art, transgénérationnel ...Vérifiez l'usage de chaque mot : l'orthographe, la prononciation, les nuances de sens, les homonymes. Découvrez l'histoire des mots et leur étymologie Passez d'une idée à l'autre, allez du connu vers l'inconnu, en suivant les liens entre les mots : synonymes, analogies, contraires... Rencontrez les auteurs classiques et contemporains, par leurs citations : Olivier Adam, Emmanuel Carrère, Jean Echenoz, Annie Ernaux, Alice Ferney, Le Clézio, Carole Martinez, Patrick Modiano, Marie NDiaye, Amélie Nothomb, Daniel Pennac, Pascal Quignard, Michel Tournier, Michel Tremblay, Delphine de Vigan ... Voyagez dans la francophonie et partez à la découverte de ses richesses.

Consumption patterns and living conditions inside Het Steen, the late medieval prison of Malines (Mechelen, Belgium)

OpenAIRE

Troubleyn, L.; Kinnaer, F.; Ervynck, A.; Beeckmans, L.; Caluwé, D.; Cooremans, B.; de Buyser, F.; Deforce, K.; Desender, K.; Lentacker, A.; Moens, J.; Van Bulck, G.; Van Dijck, M.; Van Neer, W.; Wouters, W.

2009-01-01

Excavations at the Main Square (Grote Markt) of Malines (Mechelen, Belgium) have unearthed the building remains of a tower, arguably identifiable as the former town prison: Het Steen. When this assumption is followed, the contents of the fills of two cesspits dug out in the cellars of the building illustrate aspects of daily life within the early 14th-century prison. An integrated approach of all find categories, together with the historical context available, illuminates aspects of the mater...

Demand in the context of trafficking in human beings in the domestic work sector in Belgium

OpenAIRE

CAMARGO MAGALHÃES, Beatriz

2016-01-01

Belgian anti-THB policy is often pointed as exemplary given its broad definition of the crime of trafficking for labour exploitation, as being the work or service carried out in conditions contrary to human dignity, in which the coercion element is not compulsory. However, hardly any policy initiatives in Belgium tackle specifically demand-side aspects in labour exploitation and THB in the domestic work sector. Recent policy changes in the domain of domestic work at diplomatic households and ...

The effects of siblings on the migration of women in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands, 1829-1940

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bras, H.; Neven, M.

2007-01-01

This study explores the extent to which the presence and activities of siblings shaped the chances of women migrating to rural and urban areas in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands during the second half of the nineteenth and first decades of the twentieth century. Shared-frailty Cox

Antibiotic prescribing in dental practice in Belgium.

Science.gov (United States)

Mainjot, A; D'Hoore, W; Vanheusden, A; Van Nieuwenhuysen, J-P

2009-12-01

To assess the types and frequency of antibiotic prescriptions by Belgian dentists, the indications for antibiotic prescription, and dentists' knowledge about recommended practice in antibiotic use. In this cross-sectional survey, dental practitioners were asked to record information about all antibiotics prescribed to their patients during a 2-week period. The dental practitioners were also asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire regarding demographic data, prescribing practices, and knowledge about antibiotic use. A random sample of 268 Belgian dentists participated in the survey. During the 2-week period, 24 421 patient encounters were recorded; 1033 patients were prescribed an antibiotic (4.2%). The median number of prescriptions per dentist for the 2 weeks was 3. Broad spectrum antibiotics were most commonly prescribed: 82% of all prescriptions were for amoxycillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and clindamycin. Antibiotics were often prescribed in the absence of fever (92.2%) and without any local treatment (54.2%). The most frequent diagnosis for which antibiotics were prescribed was periapical abscess (51.9%). Antibiotics were prescribed to 63.3% of patients with periapical abscess and 4.3% of patients with pulpitis. Patterns of prescriptions were confirmed by the data from the self-reported practice. Discrepancies between observed and recommended practice support the need for educational initiatives to promote rational use of antibiotics in dentistry in Belgium.

O capelão do rei, o livreiro da Sorbonne, o advogado da corte: livros, bibliotecas e leitura da história na França do século XVI

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fernando Nicolazzi

Full Text Available RESUMO Este ensaio trata do tema da leitura da história no século XVI, articulando uma reflexão sobre a emergência da imprensa na França e sobre o papel das bibliotecas humanistas nesse contexto, a partir da relação estabelecida entre três personagens que viveram na França quinhentista: o capelão Gaston Olivier, o livreiro Galliot du Pré e o advogado Pierre Droict de Gaillard. Como pano de fundo para a reflexão proposta, o texto sugere pensar a historiografia não apenas a partir de suas dimensões epistemológicas, mas também considerando sua realidade material ou livresca, isto é, o livro como condição para a prática da leitura da História e, portanto, para o próprio conhecimento histórico.

Reactivation hazard mapping for ancient landslides in West Belgium

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

O. Dewitte

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Several examples in western Europe have shown that, at least for deep-seated rotational slides, reactivation of formerly slipped masses is a more frequent phenomenon than the occurrence of new landslides, therefore representing a higher hazard. We selected a study area comprised of 13 landslides located in the Flemish Ardennes (West Belgium and predicted the hazard related to scarp retreat. The scarp reactivations were identified from the comparison of DTMs produced for 1952 and 1996. Robust results were obtained with the Gamma operator of a fuzzy set approach and a combination of geomorphic, topographic and land use data. We built first a prediction model from the relations linking the 1952–1996 retreat events to the conditioning parameters of 1952. The prediction rate of the resulting susceptibility map is estimated by a cross-validation procedure. We then applied the statistics of this model to the data of 1996 in order to produce a susceptibility map responding to the present-day conditions. Finally, we estimated the conditional probabilities of occurrence of future reactivations for the period 1996–2036.

Development of gridded solar radiation data over Belgium based on Meteosat and in-situ observations

Science.gov (United States)

Journée, Michel; Vanderveken, Gilles; Bertrand, Cédric

2013-04-01

Knowledge on solar resources is highly important for all forms of solar energy applications. With the recent development in solar-based technologies national meteorological services are faced with increasing demands for high-quality and reliable site-time specific solar resource information. Traditionally, solar radiation is observed by means of networks of meteorological stations. Costs for installation and maintenance of such networks are very high and national networks comprise only few stations. Consequently the availability of ground-based solar radiation measurements has proven to be spatially and temporally inadequate for many applications. To overcome such a limitation, a major effort has been undertaken at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI) to provide the solar energy industry, the electricity sector, governments, and renewable energy organizations and institutions with the most suitable and accurate information on the solar radiation resources at the Earth's surface over the Belgian territory. Only space-based observations can deliver a global coverage of the solar irradiation impinging on horizontal surface at the ground level. Because only geostationary data allow to capture the diurnal cycle of the solar irradiance at the Earth's surface, a method that combines information from Meteosat Second Generation satellites and ground-measurement has been implemented at RMI to generate high resolution solar products over Belgium on an operational basis. Besides these new products, the annual and seasonal variability of solar energy resource was evaluated, solar radiation climate zones were defined and the recent trend in solar radiation was characterized.

Cooking up a culinary identity for Belgium. Gastrolinguistics in two Belgian cookbooks (19th century).

Science.gov (United States)

Parys, Nathalie

2013-12-01

The notion of cookbooks as socio-historic markers in a society is generally accepted within food studies. As both representations and prescriptions of food practices, perceived habits and attitudes towards food, they represent a certain identity for their readers. This paper investigates the nature of the identity that Belgian cookbooks constructed through their rhetoric. An important part of this study is to explore how and to what extent explicit reference to Belgium was made. To this end recipe titles/labels and recipe comments used in two leading bourgeois cookbooks from nineteenth-century Belgium were subjected to a quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The analysis showed that clear attention was paid to national culinary preferences. In terms of a domestic culinary corpus, it became apparent that both the Dutch and French editions of these cookbooks promoted dishes that were ascribed a Belgian origin. Internationality, however, was also an important building block of Belgian culinary identity. It was part of the desire of Belgian bourgeoisie to connect with an international elite. It fit into the 'search for sophistication', which was also expressed through the high representation of the more costly meats and sweet dishes. In addition, other references associated with bourgeois norms and values, such as family, convenience and frugality, were additional building blocks of Belgian culinary identity. Other issues such as tradition, innovation and health, were also matters of concerns to these Belgian cookbooks. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experiência e Utopia em Theodor W. Adorno, André Gorz e François Dubet

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sílvio César Camargo

2007-01-01

sociedade contemporânea. Conceito bastante complexo quanto a sua possibilidade de apreensão pela sociologia, experiência se refere tanto a problemas relativos ao conhecimento e suas possibilidades, mas também para as possibilidades de transformação da sociedade. Entende-se que há três teóricos da sociedade contemporânea, que partindo de bases epistemológicas diferentes, problematizam a emancipação humana a partir de uma singular atenção ao conceito de experiência. Theodor W. Adorno, André Gorz e François Dubet representam três formas de pensamento sobre a sociedade bastante diferentes, mas que possuem em comum o interesse normativo, e seu confronto nos mostra a importância do conceito de experiência para a compreensão da sociedade contemporânea e para pensar-se a utopia.

The BINA collaboration: science at the Royal Observatory of Belgium

Science.gov (United States)

De Cat, Peter; Cuypers, Jan; Blomme, Ronny; Frémat, Yves; Groenewegen, Martin; Lampens, Patricia; Lobel, Alex; Pauwels, Thierry; Van de Steene, Griet; van Hoof, Peter

2018-04-01

The Belgo-Indian Network for Astronomy and Astrophysics (BINA) is a collaboration between Indian and Belgian astronomical institutes with the main aim to optimize the scientific output of the Indo-Belgian telescopes, being the 4.0-m International Liquid Mirror Telescope and the 3.6-m Devasthal Optical Telescope. These new facilities are both located at the Devasthal Observatory near Nainital, India. In this contribution, we introduce projects that are of scientific interest for colleagues of the department "Astronomy and Astrophysics" of the Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB). It serves as an invitation for Indian astronomers to participate. We highlight how these projects could benefit from observations with the Indo-Belgian telescopes by using instruments from the first-generation (currently offered) and/or the next-generation (development or design phase). We show that, from an ROB point-of-view, the BINA would be the most successful if the 3.6-m DOT would be equipped with an efficient optical high-resolution spectrograph.

Cocaine and metabolites in waste and surface water across Belgium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nuijs, Alexander L.N. van [Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (Ukraine), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp (Belgium)], E-mail: alexander.vannuijs@ua.ac.be; Pecceu, Bert [Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Ukraine), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Theunis, Laetitia; Dubois, Nathalie; Charlier, Corinne [Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege, (ULg), CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liege (Belgium); Jorens, Philippe G. [Department of Clinical Pharmacology/Clinical Toxicology, University of Antwerp (Ukraine), University Hospital of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp (Belgium); Bervoets, Lieven; Blust, Ronny [Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Ukraine), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Neels, Hugo [Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (Ukraine), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp (Belgium); Laboratory of Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, 2060 Antwerp (Belgium); Covaci, Adrian [Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (Ukraine), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp (Belgium); Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Ukraine), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp (Belgium)

2009-01-15

Cocaine abuse, a growing social problem, is currently estimated from population surveys, consumer interviews and crime statistics. A new approach based on the analysis of cocaine (COC) and metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), in water samples was applied to 28 rivers and 37 waste water treatment plants in Belgium using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. While EME was undetectable, COC and BE were detectable with concentrations ranging from <1 to 753 ng/L and <1 to 2258 ng/L, respectively. BE concentrations were employed to calculate the local amount of abused cocaine. The highest values (up to 1.8 g/day cocaine per 1000 inhabitants) were found in large cities and during weekends. The estimation of cocaine abuse through water analysis can be executed on regular basis without cooperation of patients. It also gives clear geographical information, while prevention campaigns can easily be implemented and evaluated. - Cocaine consumption can be evaluated through analysis of waste and surface water.

Cocaine and metabolites in waste and surface water across Belgium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nuijs, Alexander L.N. van; Pecceu, Bert; Theunis, Laetitia; Dubois, Nathalie; Charlier, Corinne; Jorens, Philippe G.; Bervoets, Lieven; Blust, Ronny; Neels, Hugo; Covaci, Adrian

2009-01-01

Cocaine abuse, a growing social problem, is currently estimated from population surveys, consumer interviews and crime statistics. A new approach based on the analysis of cocaine (COC) and metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), in water samples was applied to 28 rivers and 37 waste water treatment plants in Belgium using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. While EME was undetectable, COC and BE were detectable with concentrations ranging from <1 to 753 ng/L and <1 to 2258 ng/L, respectively. BE concentrations were employed to calculate the local amount of abused cocaine. The highest values (up to 1.8 g/day cocaine per 1000 inhabitants) were found in large cities and during weekends. The estimation of cocaine abuse through water analysis can be executed on regular basis without cooperation of patients. It also gives clear geographical information, while prevention campaigns can easily be implemented and evaluated. - Cocaine consumption can be evaluated through analysis of waste and surface water