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Sample records for relativa distribucion altitudinal

  1. Altitudinal zonation among lizards of the genus Liolaemus: questions answered and unanswered questions Zonación altitudinal en lagartijas del género Liolaemus: preguntas respondidas y pendientes

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    JOHN H. CAROTHERS

    2001-06-01

    Full Text Available We review factors influencing Liolaemus distributions in the central Chilean Andes and suggest areas of future research. Our previous studies reveal that lizard parasites (ectoparasitic mites and ticks, and the endoparasite Plasmodium do not set Liolaemus altitudinal limits. Thermal tolerances do not appear to limit altitudinal distributions, although cold ambient temperatures dictate that only live-bearing species can occur above 2,400 m elevation. Three Liolaemus species specialize on elevationally restricted microhabitats. Liolaemus tenuis is found exclusively in or at the base of trees, which are typically below 1,800 m. Liolaemus leopardinus specializes on large rocky outcrops found at high altitudes. Liolaemus monticola uses smaller rocks: oviparity set its upper distributional limit on two transects, but on one transect this lizard and its rocky habitat virtually disappeared above 1,500 m. Interspecific competition among Liolaemus appeared unrelated to elevational distribution. We found no instances of parapatric distributions among pairs of Liolaemus species having similar niche requirements. Other researchers have found that predation does not correlate with elevation: its role in determining lizard species distributions depends on both predator and prey identities. We conclude that factors setting distributional limits of Liolaemus species vary depending on individual circumstances in time and space: where physiology may be relevant on one transect, preferred microhabitat availability may be important in anotherRevisamos los factores que influyen sobre las distribuciones de Liolaemus en los Andes del centro de Chile y sugerimos futuras avenidas de investigación. Nuestros estudios previos revelan que los parásitos (garrapatas y ácaros ectoparásitos y el endoparásito Plasmodium no influyen sobre los límites altitudinales de Liolaemus. Las tolerancias térmicas tampoco parecen limitar dichas distribuciones altitudinales, aunque las

  2. Casos de Estudio de Distribuciones de Probabilidad para Turismo

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    Fernández Morales, Antonio

    2016-01-01

    Este trabajo propone diversos casos de estudio para el estudio de las distribuciones de probabilidad aplicadas a la investigación y la práctica profesional en el ámbito del turismo. Se afronta el estudio de distribuciones de probabilidad, tanto de variables aleatorias discretas como continuas.

  3. Distribuciones simuladas de valores de d13c de colágeno humano: implicancias para los estudios paleodietarios

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    Barrientos, Gustavo

    2005-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los primeros resultados derivados de la aplicación de un programa de simulación de distribuciones de valores de δ13C de colágeno humano (DeltaCarb130.0, desarrollado por los autores. DeltaCarb130.0 es un programa simple que simula la composición isotópica (δ13C del colágeno de huesos humanos obtenida a través de una dieta de composición variable, constituida por tres ingestas diarias, durante un período de 1825 días (5 años. La composición de la dieta y los valores de δ13C de cada recurso dietario (vegetales C3 y C4, carne de herbívoros consumidores de C3 y C4, de mamíferos marinos, de peces y moluscos se obtienen, en cada etapa de la simulación, a través de un proceso aleatorio a partir de datos de abundancia relativa y rangos de valores de δ13C de cada tipo de recurso. Se analizarán estadísticamente las distribuciones de valores de δ13C obtenidas a partir de n corridas del programa para cada combinación dietaria, con la finalidad de obtener medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión asociadas a cada tipo de dieta y calcular la probabilidad de obtener valores "outliers", un rasgo frecuente en el estudio de casos arqueológicos.

  4. Propiedades de las distribuciones beta y Dirichlet de matrices complejas

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    Bedoya Macías, Elizabeth

    2007-01-01

    Las distribuciones multivariadas complejas juegan un papel importante en varios campos de investigación. La distribución Gaussiana compleja fue introducida por Wooding [66], Turin [61], y Goodman [16]. La distribución Wishart fue definida por Goodman [16] para aproximar la distribución de un estimativo de la matriz de densidad espectral para un proceso Gaussiano estacionario vectorial. En análisis de series de tiempo las distribuciones complejas se usan para describir estimadores de parámetro...

  5. Altitudinal distribution limits of aquatic macroinvertebrates

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Madsen, Philip B.; Morabowen, Andrés; Andino, Patricio

    2015-01-01

    1. Temperature and oxygen are recognised as the main drivers of altitudinal limits of species distributions. However, the two factors are linked, and both decrease with altitude, why their effects are difficult to disentangle. 2. This was experimentally addressed using aquatic macroinvertebrates...... relatively small differences in temperature and oxygen may produce effects explaining ecological patterns, and depending on the taxon, either water temperature or oxygen saturation, without clear interacting effects, are important drivers of altitudinal limits....

  6. Altitudinal vegetation belts in the high-Andes of central Chile (33°S Pisos altitudinales de vegetación en los Andes de Chile central (33°S

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    Lohengrin A. Cavieres

    2000-06-01

    Full Text Available The limits of alpine vegetation belts have been established mainly based on physiognomic criteria. However, a more objective approach for fixing limits of vegetation belts are methods based on species composition and relative abundance of each species. While these methods are more time consuming, they are more detailed and permit the detection of physical factors affecting the limits of vegetation belts. In this paper we: 1 describe the altitudinal changes of vegetation above timberline, 2 compare vegetation belts defined with physiognomy and two floristic methods (a qualitative one based on altitudinal changes in species composition, and a quantitative one based on changes in dominant species; and 3 detect some environmental factors responsible for the altitudinal distribution of alpine vegetation between 2100 and 3700 masl in the Andes of Santiago, central Chile (33°S. There was a complete agreement between the different methods in delimiting the subalpine belt. However, in the lower alpine belt (the cushion's belt floristic methods subdivided it in 2-3 sub-belts. In the floristic methods, elevations 3500-3700 that formed the higher alpine belt segregated in separate ways because they have no species in common. Physiognomic descriptions lose relevant information about species distribution, especially at higher elevations. Mean annual temperature and nitrogen content of soil are the main environmental factors affecting the altitudinal limits of vegetation belts in the central Chilean AndesLa delimitación de los pisos altitudinales de vegetación andina se ha basado principalmente en criterios fisionómicos. Sin embargo, un criterio más objetivo para la delimitación es usar métodos basados en la composición y abundancia relativa de las especies presentes. Mientras estos métodos requieren de un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo, son más detallados y permiten detectar factores físicos involucrados en la delimitación altitudinal de la vegetaci

  7. Distribution electric system simulator to support decision-making for CFE (Federal Electric Commission) Distribution Control Centers; Simulador del Sistema Electrico de Distribucion para apoyo en la toma de decisiones en Centros de Control de Distribucion de la CFE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espinosa Reza, Alfredo; Quintero Reyes, Agustin; Garcia Mendoza, Raul; Calleros Torres, Tito Manuel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Borjas Diaz, Jesus Fidel; Sierra Rodriguez, Benjamin; Torres Abrego, Rafael [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2011-07-01

    This article presents the physical, logical and functional architecture designed to integrate the Electric Distribution System (EDS) simulator developed for the CFE and the electric energy Distribution Control Centers in Mexico. The objective of the EDS simulator is to integrate engineering distribution functions (power flow, short circuit, optimal reconfiguration and reliability, among others) and an expert system (Case-based Reasoning) to aid the process of information analysis, decision-making and the capacity-building of the CFE's Regional and Zonal Distribution Control Centers. The EDS simulator has been installed, updated and is operational in the Tampico Zone and the Gulf Division Distribution Center, as an established product that continually evolves along with the actual operating dynamics. [Spanish] Se presenta la arquitectura fisica, logica y funcional disenada para integrar el simulador del Sistema Electrico de Distribucion (SED) desarrollado para la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y los Centros de Control de Distribucion de energia electrica en Mexico. El objetivo del simulador del SED es integrar funciones de ingenieria de distribucion (flujo de potencia, corto circuito, reconfiguracion optima, confiabilidad, entre otras) y un sistema experto (Razonamiento Basado en Casos) para apoyar el proceso de analisis de informacion, la toma de decisiones y la capacitacion en los Centros de Control de Distribucion Zonales y Regionales de CFE. El Simulador del SED se encuentra instalado, actualizado y en operacion en la Zona Tampico y en la Division de Distribucion Golfo Centro como un producto consolidado y en constante evolucion a la par de la dinamica operativa real.

  8. Abundance of Royle’s pika (Ochotona roylei along an altitudinal gradient in Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya

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    Sabuj Bhattacharyya

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available Abstract The relative abundance of Royle’s pika (Ochotona roylei was studied in a part of the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand, West Himalaya along an altitudinal gradient from 2900 to 3650 m a.s.l. Pikas’ detection probability and relative abundance per month and habitat were recorded by monthly surveys consisting of three sampling sessions of four hours each. Food plant species were identified by visual observation and quantified by a standard quadrat method. The highest relative abundance was observed at man-made walls and surroundings in the alpine zone and on broken slopes in the sub-alpine one, whereas alpine meadows showed the lowest abundance. A total of 26 plant species were found to be consumed by pikas. The proportion of forage plants was the highest (77.4% on the rocky slopes of the timberline zone The results of multiple regressions suggest that rock cover is the main factor affecting the relative abundance of Royle’s pika. Rocky areas probably offer both nest-sites and temporary refuges to escape from predators.
    Riassunto Abbondanza relativa del pica di Royle (Ochotona roylei lungo un gradiente altitudinale in Uttarakhand, Himalaya occidentale. In un’area del Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (Uttarakhand, Himalaya occidentale, é stata stimata l’abbondanza relativa del pika di Royle (Ochotona roylei lungo un gradiente altitudinale compreso tra 2900 e 3650 m. Sono stati identificate tre fasce altitudinali e 10 habitat complessivi. La probabilità di osservazione e l’abbondanza relativa dei pika per ciascun mese e habitat sono state stimate tramite censimenti mensili consistenti in tre periodi di 4 ore ciascuno. Le specie vegetali consumate sono state identificate tramite osservazione diretta; la disponibilità è stata quantificata tramite rilievo fitosociologico standard. L’abbondanza relativa maggiore è stata riscontrata nella

  9. Species richness and trait composition of butterfly assemblages change along an altitudinal gradient.

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    Leingärtner, Annette; Krauss, Jochen; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf

    2014-06-01

    Species richness patterns along altitudinal gradients are well-documented ecological phenomena, yet very little data are available on how environmental filtering processes influence the composition and traits of butterfly assemblages at high altitudes. We have studied the diversity patterns of butterfly species at 34 sites along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 600 to 2,000 m a.s.l. in the National Park Berchtesgaden (Germany) and analysed traits of butterfly assemblages associated with dispersal capacity, reproductive strategies and developmental time from lowlands to highlands, including phylogenetic analyses. We found a linear decline in butterfly species richness along the altitudinal gradient, but the phylogenetic relatedness of the butterfly assemblages did not increase with altitude. Compared to butterfly assemblages at lower altitudes, those at higher altitudes were composed of species with larger wings (on average 9%) which laid an average of 68% more eggs. In contrast, egg maturation time in butterfly assemblages decreased by about 22% along the altitudinal gradient. Further, butterfly assemblages at higher altitudes were increasingly dominated by less widespread species. Based on our abundance data, but not on data in the literature, population density increased with altitude, suggesting a reversed density-distribution relationship, with higher population densities of habitat specialists in harsh environments. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for significant shifts in the composition of butterfly assemblages and for the dominance of different traits along the altitudinal gradient. In our study, these changes were mainly driven by environmental factors, whereas phylogenetic filtering played a minor role along the studied altitudinal range.

  10. Presentación 3.1: Características de las distribuciones de frecuencias

    OpenAIRE

    Mora Catalá, Rafael

    2011-01-01

    Primera parte de la presentación del capítulo 3. Las características más importantes de las distribuciones de frecuencias. Medidas de tendencia central y la variación o dispersión de una distribución.

  11. Animal Fascioliasis: Perspectives from high altitudinal regions.

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    Lyngdoh, Damanbha; Sharma, Sunil; Roy, Bishnupada; Tandon, Veena

    2016-12-15

    The parasitic flukes of the genus Fasciola (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Digenea) cause fascioliasis or liver-rot disease in ruminant livestock in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Classically, two species of Fasciola- F. hepatica and F. gigantica, are universally recognized as taxonomically valid species. Our survey studies on ovid and bovid animals including yak and mithun from high altitudinal mountainous regions in Northeast India revealed the occurrence of Fasciola gigantica and also Fasciola sp.- an intermediate form, at altitudes between 5000 and 14,085 feet above sea level (asl). Two morphotypes- F. hepatica - like and F. gigantica - like, of Fasciola species were reported from the high altitudinal areas of Northeast India; most of these locales constitute new-locality and first records for the occurrence of these liver flukes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  12. Strong altitudinal partitioning in the distributions of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a short (300 m) elevation gradient

    OpenAIRE

    Jarvis, Susan G.; Woodward, Steve; Taylor, Andy F.S.

    2015-01-01

    • Changes in species richness and distributions of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities along altitudinal gradients have been attributed to changes in both host distributions and abiotic variables. However, few studies have considered altitudinal relationships of ECM fungi associated with a single host to identify the role of abiotic drivers. To address this, ECM fungal communities associated with one host were assessed along five altitudinal transects in Scotland. • Roots of Scots pin...

  13. Atlas de aves: Un metodo para documentar distribucion y seguir poblaciones

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    Robbins, C.S.; Dowell, B.A.; Dawson, D.K.; Alvarez-Lopez, Humberto; Kattan, Gustavo; Murcia, Carolina

    1988-01-01

    Los Atlas de Aves son proyectos nacionales o regionalies para trazar en mapas la distribucion en reproduccion de cada especie de ave. Ese procedimiento se esta usando en Europa, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Norteamerica, y partes de Africa. El tama?o de los cuadrados varia de medio grado de latitud y Iongitud hasta 5 x 5 km. El trabajo de campo de cada proyecto exige aproxlmadamente cinco a?os, pero los aficionados pueden llevar a cabo la mayor parte del trabajo. Es posible almacenar los resultados en un computador personal. Hay muchos beneficios: (I) se presenta la distribucion corriente de las aves de la nacion, del estado, o de la Iocalidad; (2) se desarrolla nueva informacion especialmente sobre especies raras o en peligro; (3) se descubren areas que tienen una avlfauna sobresaliente o habitats raros y ayuda a su proteccion, (4) se documentan cambios de dlstribucion; (5) se pueden usar para documentar cambios de poblacion, especialmente en los tropicos donde otros metodos son mas dificiles de usar porque hay muchas especies y no hay muchos observadores calificados en la identificacion de sonidos de las aves; (6) son proyectos buenos de investigacion para estudiantes graduados; (7) los turistas y los jefes de excursiones de historia natural pueden contribuir con muchas informaciones

  14. Evaluation of the impact of frost resistances on potential altitudinal limit of trees.

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    Charrier, Guillaume; Cochard, Hervé; Améglio, Thierry

    2013-09-01

    Winter physiology of woody plants is a key issue in temperate biomes. Here, we investigated different frost resistance mechanisms on 1-year-old branches of 11 European tree species from November until budburst: (i) frost hardiness of living cells (by electrolyte leakage method), (ii) winter embolism sensitivity (by percentage loss of conductivity: PLC) and (iii) phenological variation of budburst (by thermal time to budburst). These ecophysiological traits were analyzed according to the potential altitudinal limit, which is highly related to frost exposure. Seasonal frost hardiness and PLC changes are relatively different across species. Maximal PLC observed in winter (PLCMax) was the factor most closely related to potential altitudinal limit. Moreover, PLCMax was related to the mean hydraulic diameter of vessels (indicating embolism sensitivity) and to osmotic compounds (indicating ability of living cells to refill xylem conducting elements). Winter embolism formation seems to be counterbalanced by active refilling from living cells. These results enabled us to model potential altitudinal limit according to three of the physiological/anatomical parameters studied. Monitoring different frost resistance strategies brings new insights to our understanding of the altitudinal limits of trees.

  15. Compositional changes in bee and wasp communities along Neotropical mountain altitudinal gradient.

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    Lucas Neves Perillo

    Full Text Available Climate conditions tend to differ along an altitudinal gradient, resulting in some species groups' patterns of lower species richness with increasing altitude. While this pattern is well understood for tropical mountains, studies investigating possible determinants of variation in beta-diversity at its different altitudes are scarce. We sampled bee and wasp communities (Hymenoptera: Aculeata along an altitudinal gradient (1,000-2,000 m.a.s.l. in a tropical mountainous region of Brazil. Trap nests and Moericke traps were established at six sampling points, with 200 m difference in altitude between each point. We obtained average climate data (1970-2000 from Worldclim v2 for altitudes at each sampling site. Nest traps captured 17 bee and wasp species from six families, and Moericke traps captured 124 morphospecies from 13 families. We found a negative correlation between altitude and species richness and abundance. Temperature, precipitation, water vapor pressure, and wind speed influenced species richness and abundance, and were correlated with altitude. β-diversity was primarily determined by species turnover as opposed to nestedness, and Aculeate community similarity was higher for more similar altitudinal ranges. Moericke traps seem to be more efficient for altitudinal surveys compared to nest traps. We found high occurrence of singleton and doubleton species at all altitudes, highlighting the need for long-term studies to efficiently assess hymenopteran diversity in these environments.

  16. Bilateral occipital lobe infarction with altitudinal field loss following radiofrequency cardiac catheter ablation

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    Chen Celia S

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Bilateral stroke following radiofrequency catheter ablation is an unusual complication and may result in bilateral altitudinal visual field defects. Bilateral altitudinal visual field defects usually result from prechiasmal pathology causing damage to both retinas or optic nerves and rarely from bilateral symmetric damage to the post chiasmal visual pathways. Case presentation A 48-year-old man complained of visual disturbance on wakening following radiofrequency catheter ablation. The patient had a CHADS score of 1 pre-operatively and no complications were noted intra-operatively. Examination revealed a bilateral superior altitudinal defect and MRI of the brain showed multifocal areas of infarction predominantly involving the occipital lobes which correlated to with the visual deficits. Conclusion While the risk of thromboembolism and perioperative stroke during radiofrequency catheter ablation is small, it is not insignificant.

  17. Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and composition in streams along an altitudinal gradient in Southeastern Brazil

    OpenAIRE

    Henriques-Oliveira, Ana Lucia; Nessimian, Jorge Luiz

    2010-01-01

    Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and composition in streams along an altitudinal gradient in Southeastern Brazil. A study concerning taxonomic richness and composition of the aquatic insect fauna in streams within the same catchment basin along an altitudinal gradient in Southeast Brazil, was conducted to test the hypothesis that there is a faunal discontinuity in the biocenotic composition, related to differences in altitude and latitude. In Southeastern Brazil, around latitude 22°, this ...

  18. Edades relativas de cúmulos globulares

    Science.gov (United States)

    Miller Bertolami, M.; Forte, J. C.

    El trabajo de Rossemberg et al (1999), estudia las edades relativas de cúmulos globulares galácticos mediante el análisis de ciertos parámetros morfológicos de los diagramas color-magnitud de dichos cúmulos. Este trabajo se centra en tres puntos: analizar la consistencia de los resultados obtenidos por Rossemberg et al (1999) al emplear observaciones en el sistema fotométrico de Washington, más precisamente, las magnitudes C y T1 en lugar de las magnitudes V e I utilizadas por dichos autores. De la existencia de colores integrados, metalicidad y edad (relativa) para 21 de los cúmulos utilizados en dicho trabajo, se analiza la consistencia de estos resultados con las dependencias de color integrado como función de la edad y la metalicidad que se desprenden de los modelos teóricos de luz integrada por Worthey (1994), Schulz (2002) y Lee et al (2002). Por último se lleva a cabo una breve comparación de la morfología de los diagramas color-magnitud de los cúmulos globulares y de las isocronas utilizadas, a fin de intentar identificar algunas de las posibles causas de las diferencias observadas en los incisos anteriores.

  19. Altitudinal patterns of plant diversity on the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, southwestern China.

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    Xu, Xiang; Zhang, Huayong; Tian, Wang; Zeng, Xiaoqiang; Huang, Hai

    2016-01-01

    Understanding altitudinal patterns of biological diversity and their underlying mechanisms is critically important for biodiversity conservation in mountainous regions. The contribution of area to plant diversity patterns is widely acknowledged and may mask the effects of other determinant factors. In this context, it is important to examine altitudinal patterns of corrected taxon richness by eliminating the area effect. Here we adopt two methods to correct observed taxon richness: a power-law relationship between richness and area, hereafter "method 1"; and richness counted in equal-area altitudinal bands, hereafter "method 2". We compare these two methods on the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, which is the nearest large-scale altitudinal gradient to the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that seed plant species richness, genus richness, family richness, and species richness of trees, shrubs, herbs and Groups I-III (species with elevational range size 500 m, respectively) display distinct hump-shaped patterns along the equal-elevation altitudinal gradient. The corrected taxon richness based on method 2 (TRcor2) also shows hump-shaped patterns for all plant groups, while the one based on method 1 (TRcor1) does not. As for the abiotic factors influencing the patterns, mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and mid-domain effect explain a larger part of the variation in TRcor2 than in TRcor1. In conclusion, for biodiversity patterns on the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, method 2 preserves the significant influences of abiotic factors to the greatest degree while eliminating the area effect. Our results thus reveal that although the classical method 1 has earned more attention and approval in previous research, method 2 can perform better under certain circumstances. We not only confirm the essential contribution of method 1 in community ecology, but also highlight the significant role of method 2 in eliminating the area effect, and call for more

  20. Anfibios de las Sierras Pampeanas Centrales de Argentina: diversidad y distribución altitudinal

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    Julián N. Lescano

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Amphibians from Sierras Pampeanas Centrales of Argentina: diversity and altitudinal distribution. Sierras Pampeanas Centrales (SPC mountains are located in Córdoba and San Luis provinces (Argentina and represent an area of unique biogeographic importance. In this paper we provide a synthesis about the knowledge of diversity and altitudinal distribution of anurans that inhabit SPC mountains. We compiled a species list through different information sources (field data, biological collections and bibliography. Using this information we characterize altitudinal distribution range of each species and analyze associations between species richness and composition and altitude gradient. We recorded 24 amphibians species belonging to five families. These species are heterogeneously distributed over the altitude gradient of SPC. We detect a linear negative relationship between altitude and species richness and defined assemblages associated with different altitude sectors. The results obtained in the paper represent basic information that will be useful to evaluate anthropogenic impact on this particular and fragile mountain system.

  1. Valuación de opciones de tipo de cambio asumiendo distribuciones a-estables

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    Román Rodríguez Aguilar

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar la valuación de opciones europeas a través del método probabilista utilizando distribuciones α-estables como una alternativa de valuación de opciones en el mercado mexicano. El uso de estas distribuciones para la modelación de series financieras permite superar la principal debilidad de la valuación clásica que supone normalidad al captar los efectos de las colas pesadas y la asimetría propias de las series financieras. Uno de los principales resultados que se encontró se refiere a los diferenciales en la valuación de opciones entre ambos modelos y el efecto de los parámetros de la distribución en los precios; para mostrar esta diferencia, se realiza la valuación de una opción de compra y una opción de venta sobre el tipo de cambio peso-dólar. De igual forma se calcularon las medidas de sensibilidad básicas de las opciones (delta, gama y rho y se analizó el efecto del parámetro de estabilidad α en la volatilidad implícita de las opciones al asumir la valuación α-estable como el precio de mercado.

  2. Por que Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera, Apidae forrageia sob alta umidade relativa do ar?

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    Marília D. e Silva

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Há evidências de que a temperatura do ar e a umidade relativa afetam a atividade de voo de espécies de abelhas sociais Meliponini. Em particular, as espécies grandes do gênero Melipona Illiger, 1806 responderiam de maneira mais estreita à variação na umidade relativa. Neste estudo defende-se o argumento de que a umidade relativa seja uma variável de confusão. Nesta linha de argumentação, também foi analisado o papel da coleta de pólen sobre o ritmo diário de forrageio. A robusta Melipona scutellaris (Latreille, 1811 foi usada como modelo e a atividade diária de voo e de forrageio de pólen foi medida em 12 colônias (4 colônias/hábitat, em três tipos de hábitats, que variam principalmente quanto à pluviosidade, na área de distribuição natural desta espécie (Floresta Pluvial, Floresta Sazonal e Transição Floresta Tropical-Cerrados. A maioria da atividade de voo acontece durante a manhã. A atividade de forrageio das colônias foi mais elevada nas primeiras horas do alvorecer, quando a umidade relativa também era alta, frequentemente associada a picos de coleta de pólen. A atividade de voo decresceu abruptamente durante as temperaturas altas ao redor do meio dia. A relação da atividade de voo com a umidade relativa foi altamente significativa e linear, contrastando com a relação significativa e unimodal com a temperatura. Na relação com o forrageio de M. scutellaris, a umidade relativa se configura como uma variável contingente, em hábitats tropicais úmidos, considerando os padrões diários de variação do microclima e de forrageio de pólen. Este último padrão também sustenta a hipótese de partição temporal de fontes florais de pólen.

  3. Body Size Adaptations to Altitudinal Climatic Variation in Neotropical Grasshoppers of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)

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    2015-01-01

    Altitudinal clines in body size can result from the effects of natural and sexual selection on growth rates and developing times in seasonal environments. Short growing and reproductive seasons constrain the body size that adults can attain and their reproductive success. Little is known about the effects of altitudinal climatic variation on the diversification of Neotropical insects. In central Mexico, in addition to altitude, highly heterogeneous topography generates diverse climates that can occur even at the same latitude. Altitudinal variation and heterogeneous topography open an opportunity to test the relative impact of climatic variation on body size adaptations. In this study, we investigated the relationship between altitudinal climatic variation and body size, and the divergence rates of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in Neotropical grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium using a phylogenetic comparative approach. In order to distinguish the relative impact of natural and sexual selection on the diversification of the group, we also tracked the altitudinal distribution of the species and trends of both body size and SSD on the phylogeny of Sphenarium. The correlative evidence suggests no relationship between altitude and body size. However, larger species were associated with places having a warmer winter season in which the temporal window for development and reproduction can be longer. Nonetheless, the largest species were also associated with highly seasonal environments. Moreover, large body size and high levels of SSD have evolved independently several times throughout the history of the group and male body size has experienced a greater evolutionary divergence than females. These lines of evidence suggest that natural selection, associated with seasonality and sexual selection, on maturation time and body size could have enhanced the diversification of this insect group. PMID:26684616

  4. Seasonal and altitudinal variation in roe deer (Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus diet on Jeju Island, South Korea

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    Pradeep Adhikari

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available In order to understand the feeding ecology and dietary differences of roe deer (Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus in different seasons and altitudes, this study was carried out at three altitudinal sites (Songdang 250–270 m above sea level (ASL, Aradong 330–370 m ASL, Mt. Hallasan 1100 m ASL on Jeju Island, South Korea. Altogether, 205 plants taxa of six categories of foods (forbs-climbers, graminoids, trees, shrubs, conifers, and ferns were identified using morphological and molecular analyses. The highest number of dietary plants was found in summer (93 taxa and at Aradong (124 taxa and lowest at Songdang (71 taxa and in winter (51 taxa. Food categories were significantly different among the seasons (F = 15.646, p < 0.05 and altitudinal sites (F = 3.941, p < 0.05. This study revealed that dietary selectivity of roe deer shifted with seasonal and altitudinal variations and preferred to the nutritive and low fibers food.

  5. Variation and Genetic Structure in Platanus mexicana (Platanaceae along Riparian Altitudinal Gradient

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dulce M. Galván-Hernández

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Platanus mexicana is a dominant arboreal species of riparian ecosystems. These ecosystems are associated with altitudinal gradients that can generate genetic differences in the species, especially in the extremes of the distribution. However, studies on the altitudinal effect on genetic variation to riparian species are scarce. In Mexico, the population of P. mexicana along the Colipa River (Veracruz State grows below its reported minimum altitude range, possibly the lowest where this tree grows. This suggests that altitude might be an important factor in population genetics differentiation. We examined the genetic variation and population structuring at four sites with different altitudes (70, 200, 600 and 1700 m a.s.l. using ten inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR markers. The highest value for Shannon index and Nei’s gene diversity was obtained at 1700 m a.s.l. (He = 0.27, Ne = 1.47, I = 0.42 and polymorphism reached the top value at the middle altitude (% p = 88.57. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA and STRUCTURE analysis indicated intrapopulation genetic differentiation. The arithmetic average (UPGMA dendrogram identified 70 m a.s.l. as the most genetically distant site. The genetic structuring resulted from limited gene flow and genetic drift. This is the first report of genetic variation in populations of P. mexicana in Mexico. This research highlights its importance as a dominant species, and its ecological and evolutionary implications in altitudinal gradients of riparian ecosystems.

  6. La jurisprudencia sobre las excepciones relativas a la seguridad en el acuerdo gatt

    OpenAIRE

    Vásquez Arango, Carolina

    2012-01-01

    Este artículo revisa la jurisprudencia relativa a las excepciones reguladas en el Artículo XXI del antiguo GATT de 1947, y también del GATT de 1994, que permitían a las Partes Contratantes del GATT, y actualmente a los miembros de la OMC, apartarse de sus obligaciones conforme al acuerdo GATT en aras de proteger intereses esenciales de seguridad. Dentro de las excepciones relativas a la seguridad en el GATT se hace én-fasis en la más controversial, esto es, la referida a las medidas aplicadas...

  7. The distribution systems of the Luz y Fuerza del Centro; Sistemas de distribucion en Luz y Fuerza del Centro

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espinosa y Lara, Roberto [Luz y Fuerza del Centro, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    In this document are described the distribution systems that have been utilized in Mexico, to satisfy the electric energy demand. Mention is made of the areas of influence these systems have, its structure, the electric infrastructure that Luz y Fuerza del Centro has to satisfy the demand and in this way be in position of planning the distribution networks. As in other activities the aspects related to the protection of the environment exert a growing influence on the development of the energy sector, for this reason three themes are mentioned to which special attention must be paid. A table is shown with the per capita consumption, another one with the number of transformers and its capacity. Also the underground networks in operation and under construction are shown and a flow diagram of the distribution system planning [Espanol] En este documento se describen los sistemas de distribucion que se han realizado en Mexico, para satisfacer la demanda electrica, se mencionan las areas de influencia que tienen estos sistemas, su estructuracion, la infraestructura electrica con la que cuenta Luz y Fuerza del Centro para satisfacer las demandas y asi poder planear las redes de distribucion. Como en otras actividades, los aspectos relacionados con el cuidado del ambiente ejercen una influencia creciente sobre el desenvolvimiento del sector de energia, es por eso que se mencionan tres temas a los que se les debe de poner especial atencion. Se muestra una tabla de consumo per capita, otra del numero de transformadores y su capacidad. Tambien se ilustran las redes subterraneas en operacion y construccion y un flujograma de planeacion del sistema de distribucion

  8. Cálculo de coeficientes de fourier en dos variables, una versión distribucional

    OpenAIRE

    Ulate R., Carlos Manuel

    2015-01-01

    En el presente artículo, a partir de la fórmula distribucional de sumación del tipo de Euler-Maclaurin y una adecuada elección de la distribución, se obtienen representaciones para los coeficientes de Fourier en dos variables. Estas representaciones pueden ser usadas para la evaluación numérica de los coeficientes. The present article, by considering the distributional summations of Euler-Maclaurin and a suitable choice of the distribution, results in representations for the Fourier coeffi...

  9. Medicinal Plants Density Along an Altitudinal Gradient in and Around Ayubia National Park

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tariq, A.; Adnan, M.; Begum, S.

    2016-01-01

    Medicinal plants are an essential source of livelihood for many rural populations and are currently facing several threats of extinction in temperate Himalaya, such as excessive grazing and collection along altitudinal gradients. The present study was designed to investigate the species density of medicinal plants at different mid-altitude levels (2200, 2300, 2400, and 2500 m above the sea level (a.s.l.) between two forest-use types and to examine the possible association between medicinal plant densities and forest-stand structural variables along the altitudinal gradient. Factorial design analysis of variance showed that the densities of all medicinal plants differed significantly between the forest-use types (p<0.00) and elevation (p<0.00). Moreover, a significant interaction (p<0.04) was also observed between the forest-use types and elevation. In the old-growth forest, density of medicinal plants was 290/40 m/sup 2/ at the higher altitude (2500 m a.s.l.), approximately 1.5-fold less than the 475/40 m/sup 2/ density observed at lower altitude (2200 m a.s.l.). However, in derived woodland, density of medicinal plants at higher altitude was approximately 4-fold less than that at the lower altitude. At these altitudinal levels, medicinal plants densities, such as Valeriana jatamansi, were significantly higher under old-growth forest compared to derived woodland, where they were almost nonexistent. A rapid vulnerability assessment has also shown that Valeriana jatamansi and Viola canescens were highly vulnerable species. Litter cover was the influential variable that was most likely related to medicinal plant density. In conclusion, abundance of medicinal plants decreased along mid-altitude levels in both of the forest-use types. However, this decrease was extremely marked in the derived woodland, and this decline may be due to human activity. Hence, these factors must be considered in future studies to suggest protective measures that can be applied along

  10. Changes of arthropod diversity across an altitudinal ecoregional zonation in Northwestern Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrea X. González-Reyes

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available This study examined arthropod community patterns over an altitudinal ecoregional zonation that extended through three ecoregions (Yungas, Monte de Sierras y Bolsones, and Puna and two ecotones (Yungas-Monte and Prepuna of Northwestern Argentina (altitudinal range of 2,500 m, and evaluated the abiotic and biotic factors and the geographical distance that could influence them. Pitfall trap and suction samples were taken seasonally in 15 sampling sites (1,500–4,000 m a.s.l during one year. In addition to climatic variables, several soil and vegetation variables were measured in the field. Values obtained for species richness between ecoregions and ecotones and by sampling sites were compared statistically and by interpolation–extrapolation analysis based on individuals at the same sample coverage level. Effects of predictor variables and the similarity of arthropods were shown using non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the resulting groups were evaluated using a multi-response permutation procedure. Polynomial regression was used to evaluate the relationship between altitude with total species richness and those of hyperdiverse/abundant higher taxa and the latter taxa with each predictor variable. The species richness pattern displayed a decrease in species diversity as the elevation increased at the bottom wet part (Yungas of our altitudinal zonation until the Monte, and a unimodal pattern of diversity in the top dry part (Monte, Puna. Each ecoregion and ecotonal zone evidenced a particular species richness and assemblage of arthropods, but the latter ones displayed a high percentage of species shared with the adjacent ecoregions. The arthropod elevational pattern and the changes of the assemblages were explained by the environmental gradient (especially the climate in addition to a geographic gradient (the distance of decay of similarity, demonstrating that the species turnover is important to explain the beta diversity along the

  11. Characteristics of soils in selected maize growing sites along altitudinal gradients in East African highlands

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    Elijah Njuguna

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Maize is the main staple crop in the East African Mountains. Understanding how the edaphic characteristics change along altitudinal gradients is important for maximizing maize production in East African Highlands, which are the key maize production areas in the region. This study evaluated and compared the levels of some macro and micro-elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and P and other soil parameters (pH, organic carbon content, soil texture [i.e. % Sand, % Clay and % Silt], cation exchange capacity [CEC], electric conductivity [EC], and water holding capacity [HC]. Soil samples were taken from maize plots along three altitudinal gradients in East African highlands (namely Machakos Hills, Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro characterized by graded changes in climatic conditions. For all transects, pH, Ca, K and Mg decreased with the increase in altitude. In contrast, % Silt, organic carbon content, Al and water holding capacity (HC increased with increasing altitude. The research provides information on the status of the physical–chemical characteristics of soils along three altitudinal ranges of East African Highlands and includes data available for further research.

  12. Construcción de Distribuciones Multivariadas con Marginales Dependientes Usando Cópulas en R

    OpenAIRE

    Jaramillo-Elorza, M. C; Lozano, J. A

    2014-01-01

    Las cópulas se han convertido en una herramienta popular para la construcción de modelos multivariados en campos donde la dependencia multivariada es de gran interés. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar las cópulas tanto en su concepto teórico, como en su implementación en el software estadístico R y profundizar en la construcción de distribuciones multivariadas con marginales dependientes, usando la clase mvdc del paquete copula, la cual permite utilizar varias y diferentes marginales ...

  13. Novo registro altitudinal de Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae no Brasil = New altitudinal record of Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae in Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Samuel Campos Gomides

    2009-07-01

    Full Text Available Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae é uma espécie de caranguejo que habita rios e riachos montanhosos em altitudes até aproximadamente 500 m. Sua distribuição ocorre na América do Sul, desde as bacias costeiras da faixa leste do Brasil até a bacia do alto Paraná e na Argentina. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi registrar a ocorrência de T. fluviatilis em uma Unidade de Conservação de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, e fornecer um novo registro altitudinal dessa espécie noBrasil. As amostras foram obtidas de outubro de 2004 a julho de 2005. Foram coletados três indivíduos vivos, dois machos e uma fêmea da espécie. Também foram analisados 16 regurgitos estomacais do cágado Hydromedusa maximiliani, dos quais, em seis foram encontrados partes corporais deste crustáceo. Muitas espécies de caranguejos do Brasil dafamília Trichodactylidae vivem em regiões acima de 500m do nível do mar. No presente estudo, T. fluviatilis foi coletado a 770 m de altitude, ampliando assim a faixa de distribuição altitudinal dessa espécie no Brasil. Até o presente estudo não existiam relatos de T. fluviatilis no município de Juiz de Fora, portanto este estudo também se constitui em um novo registro desse tricodatilídeo em Minas Gerais. Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae is a crab species that lives in mountainous rivers and streams at altitudes up to 500m. Its distribution ranges from South America from the Basins of eastern coast of Brazil to basins of the Upper Paraná River and Argentina. The main objective of this study was to register a new occurrence of T. fluviatilis at a Conservation Unit in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais and provide a new altitudinal record for this species in Brazil. The samples were taken between October 2004 and July 2005. We collected three live T. fluviatilis individuals – two males and one female. We also analyzed the stomach contents of 16

  14. Tree growth and its climate signal along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients: comparison of tree rings between Finland and the Tibetan Plateau

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    L. Lyu

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Latitudinal and altitudinal gradients can be utilized to forecast the impact of climate change on forests. To improve the understanding of how these gradients impact forest dynamics, we tested two hypotheses: (1 the change of the tree growth–climate relationship is similar along both latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, and (2 the time periods during which climate affects growth the most occur later towards higher latitudes and altitudes. To address this, we utilized tree-ring data from a latitudinal gradient in Finland and from two altitudinal gradients on the Tibetan Plateau. We analysed the latitudinal and altitudinal growth patterns in tree rings and investigated the growth–climate relationship of trees by correlating ring-width index chronologies with climate variables, calculating with flexible time windows, and using daily-resolution climate data. High latitude and altitude plots showed higher correlations between tree-ring chronologies and growing season temperature. However, the effects of winter temperature showed contrasting patterns for the gradients. The timing of the highest correlation with temperatures during the growing season at southern sites was approximately 1 month ahead of that at northern sites in the latitudinal gradient. In one out of two altitudinal gradients, the timing for the strongest negative correlation with temperature at low-altitude sites was ahead of treeline sites during the growing season, possibly due to differences in moisture limitation. Mean values and the standard deviation of tree-ring width increased with increasing mean July temperatures on both types of gradients. Our results showed similarities of tree growth responses to increasing seasonal temperature between latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. However, differences in climate–growth relationships were also found between gradients due to differences in other factors such as moisture conditions. Changes in the timing of the most

  15. Carbon stocks of three secondary coniferous forests along an altitudinal gradient on Loess Plateau in inland China

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Ning; Nan, Hongwei

    2018-01-01

    Natural forests in inland China are generally distributed in montane area and secondary due to a semi-arid climate and past anthropogenic disturbances. However, quantification of carbon (C) stock in these forests and the role of altitude in determining C storage and its partition among ecosystem components are unclear. We sampled 54 stands of three secondary coniferous forests (Larix principis-rupprechtii (LP) forest, Picea meyerii (PM) forest and Pinus tabulaeformis (PT) forest) on Loess Plateau in an altitudinal range of 1200-2700m a.s.l. C stocks of tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer, coarse wood debris, forest floor and soil were estimated. We found these forests had relatively high total C stocks. Driven by both higher vegetation and soil C stocks, total C stocks of LP and PM forests in the high altitudinal range were 375.0 and 368.4 t C ha-1 respectively, significantly higher than that of PT forest in the low altitudinal range (230.2 t C ha-1). In addition, understory shrubs accounted for about 20% of total biomass in PT forest. The proportions of vegetation to total C stock were similar among in the three forests (below 45%), so were the proportions of soil C stock (over 54%). Necromass C stocks were also similar among these forests, but their proportions to total C stock were significantly lower in LP and PM forests (1.4% and 1.6%) than in PT forest (3.0%). Across forest types, vegetation biomass and soil C stock simultaneously increased with increasing altitude, causing fairly unchanged C partitioning among ecosystem components along the altitudinal gradient. Soil C stock also increased with altitude in LP and PT forests. Forest floor necromass decreased with increasing altitude across the three forests. Our results suggest the important role of the altitudinal gradient in C sequestration and floor necromass of these three forests in terms of alleviated water conditions and in soil C storage of LP and PM forests in terms of temperature change. PMID

  16. Perfil altitudinal de la temperatura media del aire en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eslava Jesus

    1992-10-01

    Full Text Available

    Se establecen ecuaciones que relacionan la temperatura media anual del aire en

    Colombia con la altitud. Por medio de ellas se posibilita estimar los valores de esa temperatura en cualquier lugar, con el requisito de conocer únicamente el dato de su altitud y ubicación regional; también se determinan los gradientes altitudinales que, a su vez, posibilitan conocer cualquier otro dato de temperatura del aire,  conociendo los datos de otro sitio o estación base. Las ecuaciones muestran que los valores a nivel del mar y la variación altitudinal de la temperatura del aire en Colombia no son únicos, sino que cambian según las condiciones físicas de cada región o subregión y se diferencias sustancialmente de los valores propuestos con anterioridad por otros autores.

    Equations that establish relations between annual average temperature and altitude are defined for Colombia. These equations allow to estimate temperature values at any place, just by knowing altitude and regional location data. It is also possible to determine altitudinal gradients, which in turn allows to know the temperature of a given place, from the data for a base. The defined equations show that temperature is not a unique function of altitudinal changes, but it also depends on specific physical conditions for each region or subregion.

  17. Distribution of grasses along an altitudinal gradient in a Venezuelan paramo Distribución de gramíneas a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en un páramo de Venezuela

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    EDJULY J. MÁRQUEZ

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available In Venezuelan paramos grasses, after Asteraceae, are the second family in numerical importance. We studied their distribution in an altitudinal gradient located in Venezuela, Sierra de La Culata, between 2,500 and 4,200 m of altitude. Twenty one 32 m parallel line transects every 50 m were placed along the gradient, perpendicular to the main slope. Each line was divided into contiguous 50 x 50 cm sampling units. Grass species occurrence inside each sample unit was considered to determine their frequency in each line or altitude. The peak and altitudinal amplitude was determined through the weighted averaging method. A total of 47 grass species were found along the gradient. Agrostis was the best-represented genus in the gradient. Considering the distribution ranges, we assume that there are different biotic and abiotic processes determining the distribution patterns. The species occurring at the highest altitudes were temperate elements, while those in the lowest areas were tropical and subtropical elements. Seven species in the gradient are endemic to the Venezuelan paramos. Grass distribution patterns in the paramo may be related to phytogeographical origin. In order to better understand the plant altitudinal distribution pattern is necessary to consider the plant responses to low temperatures, high incoming radiation, water stress and slope aspectEn los páramos de Venezuela las gramíneas son la segunda familia numéricamente más importante, después de las Asteraceae. Nosotros estudiamos su distribución en un gradiente altitudinal ubicado en Venezuela, Sierra de La Culata, entre 2.500 y 4.200 m de altitud. Para esto colocamos 21 transectas de 32 m de longitud a lo largo del gradiente, ubicados de manera perpendicular a la pendiente, cada 50 m en altitud. Cada transecta estaba dividida en unidades de muestreo contiguas de 50 x 50 cm. Para estimar la frecuencia de las especies en cada transecta o altitud, consideramos la ocurrencia de las

  18. Temperatura y humedad relativas en un secador solar de plantas para la salud

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diego Chaverri

    2016-03-01

    Full Text Available Se describen las características de un secador solar pasivo, tipo invernadero, que se utiliza para el secado de plantas para la salud en la zona norte de Costa Rica. Se analiza el régimen de temperaturas en función de la radiación solar global recibida durante el proceso de secado. También se analiza el comportamiento de la humedad relativa interna comparada con la humedad relativa ambiente y su relación con las características físicas del secador. El secador presenta características que le permiten mantener un régimen de secado para las plantas.

  19. COMPRENSIÓN DE LAS DISTRIBUCIONES MUESTRALES EN UN CURSO DE ESTADÍSTICA PARA INGENIEROS UNDERSTANDING OF SAMPLE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR A COURSE ON STATISTICS FOR ENGINEERS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lidia Retamal P

    2007-04-01

    Full Text Available Se describe una propuesta didáctica de enseñanza contextualizada y con uso del programa @risk de las distribuciones muestrales en el aula de estadística para ingenieros de segundo año universitario. Apropiándonos de la teoría de las funciones semióticas, desarrollada en la Universidad de Granada-España, caracterizamos los elementos de significados de las propiedades importantes de las distribuciones muestrales y evaluamos, mediante campos de problemas algebraicos y de simulación, los errores o dificultades que los alumnos ponen de manifiesto en las aplicaciones de simulación de procesos en las ciencias de la ingeniería. Como consecuencia, al considerar los elementos de significados adquiridos en las respuestas de los estudiantes, proponemos la simulación para muestras pequeñas y grandes de forma intuitiva, como primer acercamiento del alumno hacia la construcción del significado de las distribuciones muestrales, usando el lenguaje gráfico con apoyo del computador, para posteriormente analizar con los estudiantes su forma algebraica según la naturaleza de las variables aleatorias Se describe una propuesta didáctica de enseñanza contextualizada y con uso del programa @risk de las distribuciones muestrales en el aula de estadística para ingenieros de segundo año universitario. Apropiándonos de la teoría de las funciones semióticas, desarrollada en la Universidad de Granada-España, caracterizamos los elementos de significados de las propiedades importantes de las distribuciones muestrales y evaluamos, mediante campos de problemas algebraicos y de simulación, los errores o dificultades que los alumnos ponen de manifiesto en las aplicaciones de simulación de procesos en las ciencias de la ingeniería. Como consecuencia, al considerar los elementos de significados adquiridos en las respuestas de los estudiantes, proponemos la simulación para muestras pequeñas y grandes de forma intuitiva, como primer acercamiento del alumno

  20. Studies on Colombian cryptogams XX. A transect analysis of the bryophyte vegetation along an altitudinal gradient on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Reenen, van G.B.A.; Gradstein, S.R.

    1983-01-01

    Along an altitudinal transect on the northern slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, 500-4100 m, five altitudinal bryophyte zones are distinguished – four forest zones and one páramo zone – based on ecosystem relevé analysis concerning species presence, substrate preference and

  1. Asymmetric changes of growth and reproductive investment herald altitudinal and latitudinal range shifts of two woody species.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Matías, Luis; Jump, Alistair S

    2015-02-01

    Ongoing changes in global climate are altering ecological conditions for many species. The consequences of such changes are typically most evident at the edge of the geographical distribution of a species, where range expansions or contractions may occur. Current demographical status at geographical range limits can help us to predict population trends and their implications for the future distribution of the species. Thus, understanding the comparability of demographical patterns occurring along both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients would be highly informative. In this study, we analyse the differences in the demography of two woody species through altitudinal gradients at their southernmost distribution limit and the consistency of demographical patterns at the treeline across a latitudinal gradient covering the complete distribution range. We focus on Pinus sylvestris and Juniperus communis, assessing their demographical structure (density, age and mortality rate), growth, reproduction investment and damage from herbivory on 53 populations covering the upper, central and lower altitudes as well as the treeline at central latitude and northernmost and southernmost latitudinal distribution limits. For both species, populations at the lowermost altitude presented older age structure, higher mortality, decreased growth and lower reproduction when compared to the upper limit, indicating higher fitness at the treeline. This trend at the treeline was generally maintained through the latitudinal gradient, but with a decreased growth at the northern edge for both species and lower reproduction for P. sylvestris. However, altitudinal and latitudinal transects are not directly comparable as factors other than climate, including herbivore pressure or human management, must be taken into account if we are to understand how to infer latitudinal processes from altitudinal data. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  2. Madicolous Chironomidae from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a checklist with notes on altitudinal distributions (Diptera, Insecta)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shimabukuro, Erika Mayumi; Trivinho-Strixino, Susana

    2018-01-01

    Abstract Thin layers of water running over rocky surfaces are characteristic of madicolous habitats, which harbor a peculiar Chironomidae community. However, information on the identity, distribution, and ecology of madicolous chironomids in the Neotropical region are still sparse. The main purpose of this research is to reveal and contribute to the ecology of madicolous Chironomidae species, especially regarding their altitudinal distribution in the Atlantic Forest. Sampling was performed using our own designed emergence traps deployed from 0 to 2700 m a.s.l. in 70 sites in three mountains in southeastern Brazil. Sixty taxa of chironomids were collected and identified, of which only 22 are known to science. Most of the species showed a wider distribution than previously known, both in terms of geographic and altitudinal ranges, while others showed significant association with particular altitudinal bands (as evidenced by the indicator species analysis). Atlantic Forest mountainous regions are known to harbor one of the richest fauna in the world and have been suffering from several types of environmental impacts, including climate change, which will especially affect taxa living in specialized habitats. The narrow range of tolerance to environmental conditions verified for mountain species, and the fact that many of them are rare and endemic, make the conservation efforts in these areas indispensable. PMID:29706784

  3. The distribution of the electric energy consumed in the World Trade Center building; La distribucion de la energia electrica consumida en el edificio World Trade Center

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gaona de la Fuente, Alvaro; Carrillo Borja, Angel [Luz y Fuerza del Centro, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This document describes the distribution of the electric energy in the World Trade Center building. Also called the Business International Capital, it is a modern international concept that integrates under the same roof services and supports required by the foreign commerce, with a great 50 stories high building, information network, a business center, a commercial center, an international center for exhibits and conventions and a luxury hotel. It is a modern building equipped with a numberless technological advancements an a total installed electrical load of 35000 kVA. The distribution structures utilized for high buildings are described, the structure that was decided to adopt in the World Trade Center, the requirement for the execution of the distribution electric work, the Luz y Fuerza installations in the buildings conglomerate, the operation and maintenance of the distribution network of this building and the basic needs for new installations of this type of buildings [Espanol] En el presente documento se describe la distribucion de la energia electrica del edificio World Trade Center de la ciudad de Mexico. Llamado tambien la capital internacional de los negocios es un moderno concepto internacional que integra bajo un mismo techo servicios y apoyos que se requieren para el comercio exterior contando con una gran torre de 50 pisos, red de informacion, un centro de negocios, un centro comercial, un centro internacional de exposiciones y convenciones y un hotel de lujo. Es un edificio moderno equipado con un sinnumero de adelantos tecnologicos y con una carga total instalada de 35000 kVA. Se describen las estructuras de distribucion utilizadas en edificios altos, la estructura que se decidio implantar en el World Trade Center, los requerimientos para la ejecucion de la obra electrica de distribucion, las instalaciones de Luz y Fuerza en el conjunto de dicho edificio, la operacion y mantenimiento de la red de distribucion de este edificio, y las necesidades

  4. Selection by pollinators on floral traits in generalized Trollius ranunculoides (Ranunculaceae along altitudinal gradients.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zhi-Gang Zhao

    Full Text Available Abundance and visitation of pollinator assemblages tend to decrease with altitude, leading to an increase in pollen limitation. Thus increased competition for pollinators may generate stronger selection on attractive traits of flowers at high elevations and cause floral adaptive evolution. Few studies have related geographically variable selection from pollinators and intraspecific floral differentiation. We investigated the variation of Trollius ranunculoides flowers and its pollinators along an altitudinal gradient on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and measured phenotypic selection by pollinators on floral traits across populations. The results showed significant decline of visitation rate of bees along altitudinal gradients, while flies was unchanged. When fitness is estimated by the visitation rate rather than the seed number per plant, phenotypic selection on the sepal length and width shows a significant correlation between the selection strength and the altitude, with stronger selection at higher altitudes. However, significant decreases in the sepal length and width of T. ranunculoides along the altitudinal gradient did not correspond to stronger selection of pollinators. In contrast to the pollinator visitation, mean annual precipitation negatively affected the sepal length and width, and contributed more to geographical variation in measured floral traits than the visitation rate of pollinators. Therefore, the sepal size may have been influenced by conflicting selection pressures from biotic and abiotic selective agents. This study supports the hypothesis that lower pollinator availability at high altitude can intensify selection on flower attractive traits, but abiotic selection is preventing a response to selection from pollinators.

  5. System for the design of electrical distribution substations; Sistema para el diseno de subestaciones electricas de distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zayas Perez, Benjamin Eddie; Islas Perez, Eduardo; Bahena Rada, Jessica Liliana; Romero Lima, Jesus [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Sierra Rodriguez, Benjamin; Moreno Diaz, Humberto [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2011-07-01

    llevan a cabo en las Divisiones de Distribucion de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) en dos procesos por separado: elaboracion de planos de ingenieria con software para diseno asistido por computadora (CAD, Computer-Aided Design) y calculo de la volumetria para la elaboracion del presupuesto base, con hojas de calculo convencionales. Los documentos se elaboran manualmente y de forma individual, sin existir alguna funcionalidad que permita actualizar automaticamente las modificaciones del diseno en todos los planos, y el correspondiente presupuesto base, resultando un proceso tardado, laborioso y factible de inconsistencia entre los documentos. Con la finalidad de optimizar el proceso de diseno de la obra civil y electromecanica de subestaciones electricas (SE) en un ambiente grafico tridimensional (3D), la Gerencia de Supervision de Proceso del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), en coordinacion con la Subdireccion de Distribucion de la CFE, desarrollo el Sistema para el Diseno de Subestaciones Electricas de Distribucion (DiDSED), el cual aprovecha las ventajas de la tecnologia CAD3D para el desarrollo de la ingenieria de detalle, ingenieria de costos para el calculo del presupuesto base y realidad virtual para navegacion tridimensional interactiva. Cabe destacar que actualmente, este sistema se encuentra en la etapa de implantacion en la Subdireccion de Distribucion de la CFE. En este articulo se describen brevemente las etapas principales del desarrollo del proyecto, asi como la funcionalidad y los componentes principales del sistema.

  6. Efectos del cambio climático sobre especies de plantas vasculares del sur de los Andes Centrales: un estudio en el noroeste de Argentina (NOA)

    OpenAIRE

    Godoy Bürki, Ana Carolina

    2017-01-01

    La región de los Andes Tropicales es considerada como una región muy vulnerable al cambio climático porque presenta una alta diversidad y endemismo y porque posee una gran variabilidad altitudinal. Si bien se ha efectuado un gran número de predicciones sobre los cambios que ocurrirán en el clima, pocos estudios evaluaron el impacto que éste tendrá sobre las distribuciones de las especies. En este estudio se estima el efecto del cambio climático sobre la distribución y la conservación de espec...

  7. DESCRIÇÃO DISCURSIVO-FUNCIONAL DO NÚCLEO NOMINAL DA ORAÇÃO RELATIVA EM PORTUGUÊS.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aliana Lopes Câmara

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma descrição das orações relativas na lusofonia com base no arcabouço teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional. O objetivo é analisar como o tipo de núcleo nominal (lexical, configuracional, vazio ou ausente relaciona-se à distinção entre relativa restritiva e relativa apositiva. O universo de pesquisa, representativo de todas as variedades oficiais da língua portuguesa falada, é composto por ocorrências reais de fala, extraídas do córpus oral Português Falado, produzido pelo Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa em parceria com as Universidades de Toulouse-le-Mirail e de Provence - Aix-Marseille. Este obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.

  8. Floristic-functional variation of tree component along an altitudinal gradient in araucaria forest areas, in Southern Brazil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Soboleski, Vanessa F; Higuchi, Pedro; Silva, Ana Carolina DA; Silva, Mariele A F DA; Nunes, Amanda S; Loebens, Rodineli; Souza, Karine DE; Ferrari, Jheniffer; Lima, Carla L; Kilca, Ricardo V

    2017-01-01

    We aimed to investigate the taxonomic and functional variations of tree component of Araucaria Forest (AF) areas located along an altitudinal gradient (700, 900 and 1,600 m asl), in the southern region of Brazil. The functional traits determined were leaf area, specific leaf area, wood density, maximum potential height and dispersal syndromes and deciduousness. The data were analyzed through a functional and taxonomic dissimilarity dendrograms, community-weighted mean trait values, parametric and nonparametric tests, and Principal Component Analysis. The largest floristic-structural similarity was observed between the lower altitude areas (700 and 900 m asl), whose Bray-Curtis distance was 0.63. The area at 700 m asl was characterized by a predominance of deciduous and semi-deciduous species, with a high number of self- and wind-dispersed species, whereas the area at 1,600 m asl exhibited a predominance of animal-dispersed and evergreen species. It was also observed that there were significant variations for leaf traits, basic wood density and maximum potential height. Over all altitudinal gradient, the ordinations indicated that there was no evidence of functional differentiation among dispersal and deciduousness groups. In conclusion, the evaluated Araucaria Forest areas presented high floristic-functional variation of the tree component along the altitudinal gradient.

  9. Temperature sensitivity and enzymatic mechanisms of soil organic matter decomposition along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Kilimanjaro

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blagodatskaya, Еvgenia; Blagodatsky, Sergey; Khomyakov, Nikita; Myachina, Olga; Kuzyakov, Yakov

    2016-02-01

    Short-term acceleration of soil organic matter decomposition by increasing temperature conflicts with the thermal adaptation observed in long-term studies. Here we used the altitudinal gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro to demonstrate the mechanisms of thermal adaptation of extra- and intracellular enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose, chitin and phytate and oxidize monomers (14C-glucose) in warm- and cold-climate soils. We revealed that no response of decomposition rate to temperature occurs because of a cancelling effect consisting in an increase in half-saturation constants (Km), which counteracts the increase in maximal reaction rates (Vmax with temperature). We used the parameters of enzyme kinetics to predict thresholds of substrate concentration (Scrit) below which decomposition rates will be insensitive to global warming. Increasing values of Scrit, and hence stronger canceling effects with increasing altitude on Mt. Kilimanjaro, explained the thermal adaptation of polymer decomposition. The reduction of the temperature sensitivity of Vmax along the altitudinal gradient contributed to thermal adaptation of both polymer and monomer degradation. Extrapolating the altitudinal gradient to the large-scale latitudinal gradient, these results show that the soils of cold climates with stronger and more frequent temperature variation are less sensitive to global warming than soils adapted to high temperatures.

  10. Altitudinal and seasonal differences of tick communities in dogs from pastoralist tribes of Northern Kenya

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    D'Amico, G.; Dumitrache, M.O.; Široký, P.; Albrechtová, K.; Sloboda, M.; Domsa, C.; Sándor, A.D.; Balázsi, R.; Kanyari, P. W. N.; Modrý, David; Mihalca, A. D.

    2015-01-01

    Roč. 212, 3-4 (2015), s. 318-323 ISSN 0304-4017 Institutional support: RVO:60077344 Keywords : Altitudinal distribution * Rhipicephalus sanguineus * Rhipicephalus pulchellus * Rhipicephalus armatus Subject RIV: GJ - Animal Vermins ; Diseases, Veterinary Medicine Impact factor: 2.242, year: 2015

  11. Changes in structure and composition of evergreen forests on an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Guayana Shield

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lionel Hernández

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available There have been several ecological studies in forests of the Guayana Shield, but so far none had examined the changes in structure and composition of evergreen forests with altitude. This study describes and analyzes the structure, species composition and soil characteristics of forest stands at different altitudinal zones in Southeastern Venezuelan Guayana, in order to explain the patterns and the main factors that determine the structure and composition of evergreen forests along the altitudinal gradient. Inventories of 3 948 big (>10cm DBH and 1 328 small (5-10cm DBH woody stems were carried out in eleven plots, ranging from 0.1 to 1.0ha, along a 188km long transect with elevations between 290 and 1 395masl. It has been found that 1 hemiepihytes become more dominant and lianas reduce their dominance with increasing altitude and 2 the forest structure in the study area is size-dependent. Five families and 12 genera represented only 9% of the total number of families and genera, respectively, recorded troughout the gradient, but the two groups of taxa comprised more than 50% of the Importance Value (the sum of the relative density and the relative dominance of all measured stems. Moreover, the results suggest that low species richness seems to be associated with the dominance of one or few species. Stand-level wood density (WD of trees decreased significantly with increasing elevation. WD is an indicator of trees’life history strategy. Its decline suggests a change in the functional composition of the forest with increasing altitude. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA indicated a distinction of the studied forests on the basis of their altitudinal levels and geographic location, and revealed different ecological responses by the forests, to environmental variables along the altitudinal gradient. The variation in species composition, in terms of basal area among stands, was controlled primarily by elevation and secondarily by rainfall

  12. Anthocyanin Profile in Berries of Wild and Cultivated Vaccinium spp. along Altitudinal Gradients in the Alps.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zoratti, Laura; Jaakola, Laura; Häggman, Hely; Giongo, Lara

    2015-10-07

    Vaccinium spp. berries provide some of the best natural sources of anthocyanins. In the wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), a clear increasing trend in anthocyanin biosynthesis has been reported toward northern latitudes of Europe, but studies related to altitude have given contradictory results. The present study focused on the anthocyanin composition in wild bilberries and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Brigitta Blue) growing along altitudinal gradients in the Alps of northern Italy. Our results indicate an increasing accumulation of anthocyanins in bilberries along an altitudinal gradient of about 650 m. The accumulation was due to a significant increase in delphinidin and malvidin glycosides, whereas the accumulation of cyanidin and peonidin glycosides was not affected by altitude. Seasonal differences, especially temperature, had a major influence on the accumulation of anthocyanins in blueberries.

  13. The genus morpho in colombia: I. species present in colombia, and their geographic and altitudinal distribution El genero Morpho en Colombia: I. especies presentes en Colombia, distribución geográfica y altitudinal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodríguez Claudia

    1994-06-01

    Full Text Available This work puts together the results of six studies carried out in Colombia on the genus Morpho, with a revised description of. the species found in Colombia based on color patterns and mal e
    genitalia. Biological and ecological data are included, such as geographic and altitudinal distribution, habitat, habits and behavior, and annotated comments on each of the 24 species.
    The work features drawings of genitalia for each species, some of which had not been published before. This first issue covers the distribution of species found in Colombia.En este trabajo, se presentan los resultados de los estudios sobre el género Morphoen Colombia recopilados (6, con una redescripción de las especies del género que habitan en Colombia, con base en las características de patrones de
    coloración y genitalias. Simultáneamente, se incluyen datos biológicos y ecológicos, como: distribución geográfica y altitudinal, hábitos, hábitat y comportamiento, además de otras anotaciones y comentarios de cada una de las 24 especies; se adicionan gráficos simplificados de las genitalias de cada una de las especies, muchas de las cuales no habían sido ilustradas anteriormente y, finalmente, se incluyen los registros de diferentes colecciones. En esta primera entrega, se señala la distribución geográfica y altitudinal de las especies que habitan en Colombia.

  14. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics of soil and litter along an altitudinal gradient in Atlantic Forest

    Science.gov (United States)

    Piccolo, M. D.; Martins, S. C.; Camargo, P. B.; Carmo, J. B.; Sousa Neto, E.; Martinelli, L. A.

    2008-12-01

    The Ombrophylus Dense Forest or Atlantic Forest is the second most important Biome in extension of Brazil, and it is considered a hot-spot in terms of biodiversity. It is localized in Brazilian Coast, and it covered originally 1.2 million km2, but currently only 8% of the original forest remains. The study was carried out in Sao Paulo State, Brazil (23° 24' S and 45° 11' W). The studied areas were: Restinga Vegetation (RV), 5 m above sea level; Low Altitude Ombrophylus Dense Forest (LAODF), 100 m asl; Submontane Ombrophylus Dense Forest (SODF), 600m asl and; Montane Ombrophylus Dense Forest (MODF), 1000 m asl. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of altitudinal gradient, with specific phytophysiognomies, on C and N dynamics in the soil and litter at Atlantic Forest. A sampling area of 1 ha was subdivided in contiguous sub- parcels (10 x 10 m). The forest floor litter accumulated (0.06 m2) was collected monthly (n=60), during 12 months, in each phytophysiognomies. Soils samples (0-0.05m depth) were collected (n=32) from square regular grids, 30 m away from each other. Changes in litter contents of C and N were not detected along the altitudinal gradient, and the values observed were 400 and 15g kg-1 for C and N, respectively. Litter ä13C values did not change significantly with the altitudinal gradient and were represented by C3 plants values. The C and N stocks were high in the clay soils (LAODF, SODF and MODF) when compared to sandy soil (RV). The soil C stocks (24 to 30 Mg ha-1) were similar among the altitudinal gradients, except RV (16 Mg ha-1). The areas of elevated altitude (MODF and SODF) showed high N stocks (2.3 Mg ha-1), followed by LAODF (1.8Mg ha-1) and RV (0.9Mg ha-1). In all altitudes there was 13C enrichment with soil depth, and it can be explained by the different fractions of the organic matter distributed along the soil profile, and also due the effect of the isotopic dilution between the forest floor litter and the soil.

  15. Computerized procedure for protection coordination in distribution primary circuits; Procedimiento computarizado para coordinacion de protecciones en circuitos primarios de distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carrillo, Victor M; Velazquez Sanchez, Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    Nowadays, the method employed to study the protection coordination are based in the hand outlining of curves time- current and in the visual comparison in log sheets. Due to the large amount of distribution circuits, the engineer makes a considerable effort to perform this type of studies, which besides are routinist and time consuming. In this article a program for the computer aided design for the protection coordination in primary distribution circuits is presented. Such a program -carried out in the Transmission and Distribution Department of the Power Systems Division of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE)- substitutes in an efficient manner, the manual procedures that are performed in the protection coordination studies. The coordination principles, suggested by the equipment manufacturers, were respected, trying, at the same time, to keep the procedures of the Comision Federal de Electricidad personnel (CFE) emerged from the field experience. The algorithm basically consists of an iterative process in the selection of the adjustments taking as a reference the of three-phase short- circuit and of phase to ground, values, as well as the operating times. [Espanol] Actualmente, los metodos que se emplean para estudiar la coordinacion de protecciones se basan en el trazado manual de curvas de tiempo-corriente y en la comparacion visual sobre hojas logaritmicas. Debido a la gran cantidad de circuitos de distribucion, el ingeniero hace un esfuerzo considerable para realizar este tipo de estudios, los que ademas, son rutinarios y tardados. En este articulo, se presenta un programa para el diseno asistido por computadora del proceso de coordinacion de protecciones en circuitos primarios de distribucion. Dicho programa -realizado en el Departamento de Transmision y Distribucion, de la Division de Sistemas de Potencia, del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE)- sustituye de manera eficaz los procedimientos manuales que se efectuan en los estudios

  16. Computerized procedure for protection coordination in distribution primary circuits; Procedimiento computarizado para coordinacion de protecciones en circuitos primarios de distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carrillo, Victor M.; Velazquez Sanchez, Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    Nowadays, the method employed to study the protection coordination are based in the hand outlining of curves time- current and in the visual comparison in log sheets. Due to the large amount of distribution circuits, the engineer makes a considerable effort to perform this type of studies, which besides are routinist and time consuming. In this article a program for the computer aided design for the protection coordination in primary distribution circuits is presented. Such a program -carried out in the Transmission and Distribution Department of the Power Systems Division of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE)- substitutes in an efficient manner, the manual procedures that are performed in the protection coordination studies. The coordination principles, suggested by the equipment manufacturers, were respected, trying, at the same time, to keep the procedures of the Comision Federal de Electricidad personnel (CFE) emerged from the field experience. The algorithm basically consists of an iterative process in the selection of the adjustments taking as a reference the of three-phase short- circuit and of phase to ground, values, as well as the operating times. [Espanol] Actualmente, los metodos que se emplean para estudiar la coordinacion de protecciones se basan en el trazado manual de curvas de tiempo-corriente y en la comparacion visual sobre hojas logaritmicas. Debido a la gran cantidad de circuitos de distribucion, el ingeniero hace un esfuerzo considerable para realizar este tipo de estudios, los que ademas, son rutinarios y tardados. En este articulo, se presenta un programa para el diseno asistido por computadora del proceso de coordinacion de protecciones en circuitos primarios de distribucion. Dicho programa -realizado en el Departamento de Transmision y Distribucion, de la Division de Sistemas de Potencia, del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE)- sustituye de manera eficaz los procedimientos manuales que se efectuan en los estudios

  17. Calidad de vida relativa a salud en la población urbana de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodolfo Jova Morel

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el 2010, de 5 936 personas de 15 años y más como muestra representativa del país, con muestreo por conglomerado en varias etapas, con vistas a determinar la calidad de vida relativa a salud en la población urbana de Cuba. Las variables sociodemográficas utilizadas resultaron ser: edad, sexo y color de la piel; las del cuestionario genérico EuroQol: movilidad, cuidado personal, actividades cotidianas, dolor/malestar y ansiedad/depresión. La mayoría de las personas presentaron movilidad, cuidado personal y actividades cotidianas conservadas. Se concluye que los mestizos del sexo masculino menores de 45 años, mostraron mayor calidad de vida relativa a salud y que dicho cuestionario puede ser válido para describir este indicador en la citada población.

  18. Morphological and colour morph clines along an altitudinal gradient in the meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Köhler, Günter; Samietz, Jörg; Schielzeth, Holger

    2017-01-01

    Many animals show altitudinal clines in size, shape and body colour. Increases in body size and reduction in the length of body appendices in colder habitats are usually attributed to improved heat conservation at lower surface-to-volume ratios (known as Bergmann's and Allen's rule, respectively). However, the patterns are more variable and sometimes reversed in small ectotherms that are affected by shortened growing seasons. Altitude can also affect colouration. The thermal melanism hypothesis predicts darker colours under cooler conditions because of a thermoregulatory advantage. Darker colours may also be favoured at high altitudes for reasons of UV protection or habitat-dependent crypsis. We studied altitudinal variation in morphology and colour in the colour-polymorphic meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus based on 563 individuals from 17 populations sampled between 450 and 2,500 m asl. Pronotum length did not change with altitude, while postfemur length decreased significantly in both sexes. Tegmen (forewing) length decreased in males, but not in females. The results indicate that while body size, as best quantified by pronotum length, was remarkably constant, extended appendices were reduced at high altitudes. The pattern thus follows Allen's rule, but neither Bergmann's nor converse Bergmann's rule. These results indicate that inference of converse Bergmann's rule based on measurements from appendices should be treated with some caution. Colour morph ratios showed significant changes in both sexes from lowland populations dominated by green individuals to high-altitude populations dominated by brown ones. The increase of brown morphs was particularly steep between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl. The results suggest shared control of colour in males and females and local adaptation along the altitudinal gradient following the predictions of the thermal melanism hypothesis. Interestingly, both patterns, the reduction of body appendices and the higher

  19. El efecto de la edad relativa en el fútbol español

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan José Salinero Martín

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar si se produce el efecto de la edad relativa en el fútbol profesional en España, equipos filiales y sus categorías inferiores, donde el corte de edad actual para la formación de las diferentes categorías es el del año natural. El análisis ha incluido a todos los futbolistas de la primera división española de la temporada 2009-2010, así como a 16 equipos filiales y a la cantera de 11 de estos equipos (total N=2.116. El resultado de nuestro estudio confirma un efecto de la edad relativa en todos los grupos, con un descenso significativo desde las categorías inferiores hasta los equipos filiales y la primera división. Se hace patente replantear los sistemas de competición y la detección de talentos de cara a evitar este sesgo que limita las posibilidades de los deportistas nacidos en los últimos meses del año.

  20. Differences between tree species seedling and adult altitudinal distribution in mountain foests during the recent warm period (1986-2006)

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Lenoir, Jonathan; Gégout, Jean-Claude; Pierrat, Jean-Claude

    2009-01-01

    Spatial fingerprints of climate change on tree species distribution are usually detected at latitudinal or altitudinal extremes (arctic or alpine tree line), where temperatures play a key role in tree species distribution. However, early detection of recent climate change effects on tree species...... distribution across the overall temperature gradient remains poorly explored. Within French mountain forests, we investigated altitudinal distribution differences between seedling (≤50 cm tall and >1 yr old) and adult (>8 m tall) life stages for 17 European tree taxa, encompassing the entire forest elevation...... range from lowlands to the subalpine vegetation belt (50-2250 m a.s.l.) and spanning the latitudinal gradient from northern temperate to southern Mediterranean forests. We simultaneously identified seedlings and adults within the same vegetation plots. These twin observations gave us the equivalent...

  1. Distribución y diversidad de colémbolos (Hexapoda: Collembola en el gradiente altitudinal de un bosque templado en México

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Arturo García-Gómez

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available Los colémbolos son fragmentadores importantes de la hojarasca, presentan diferentes patrones de distribución a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la diversidad y distribución de Collembola en el volcán Iztaccíhuatl. Para ello, se realizaron cuatro muestreos, a lo largo de un año en cuatro pisos altitudinales (I=2 753, II=3 015, III=3 250 y IV=3 687m.s.n.m. y se calcularon los índices de diversidad de Shannon, equitatividad de Pielou y dominancia de Simpson, para compararlos mediante una prueba de t modificada. Los resultados muestran al piso III como el más diverso, y la mayor equitatividad se encuentra en el II. Además, se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los pisos II-III (t0.01, 187=4.11, pDistribution and diversity of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola on the altitudinal gradient of a temperate forest in Mexico. Mountain ecosystems have shown slow mineralization activity due to weather conditions, and to some groups with arthropods with special roles. The Collembola is an important group for litter fragmentation, showing different distribution patterns. The objective of the present study was to determine the diversity of Collembola along a volcano altitudinal gradient. For this, four sampling expeditions evaluated four altitudinal levels (I=2 753, II=3 015, III=3 250 and IV=3 687 masl in Iztaccihuatl Volcano, from November 2003, and March, June and August 2004. Shannon diversity (H’, Pielou evenness (J’ and Simpson dominance (1/λ indices were calculated. The similarity between the associations of springtails between the sampling sites was evaluated by a cluster analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient, as distance and the unpaired arithmetic averages (UPGMA as amalgamation method. A total of 24 075 springtails, distributed in 12 families, 46 genera and 86 species was collected. The higher species abundance was found at the altitudinal area II. The lowest

  2. Vegetation composition and altitudinal distribution of Andean rain forests in El Angel and Guandera reserves, northern Ecuador

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Moscol Olivera, M.C.; Cleef, A.M.

    2009-01-01

    Patterns of vascular plant species composition and structure of the remaining rain forest of the Andean Cordillera in northern Ecuador were studied in two reserves: Guandera and El Angel. Thirty three plots located between 3300 and 3700 in were examined along two altitudinal transects crossing the

  3. Vegetation composition and altitudinal distribution of Andean rain forests in El Angel and Guandera reserves, northern Ecuador

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Moscol Olivera, M.C.; Cleef, A.M.

    2009-01-01

    Patterns of vascular plant species composition and structure of the remaining rain forest of the Andean Cordillera in northern Ecuador were studied in two reserves: Guandera and El Angel. Thirty three plots located between 3300 and 3700 m were examined along two altitudinal transects crossing the

  4. Altitudinal variation in soil organic carbon stock in coniferous subtropical and broadleaf temperate forests in Garhwal Himalaya

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kumar Munesh

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background The Himalayan zones, with dense forest vegetation, cover a fifth part of India and store a third part of the country reserves of soil organic carbon (SOC. However, the details of altitudinal distribution of these carbon stocks, which are vulnerable to forest management and climate change impacts, are not well known. Results This article reports the results of measuring the stocks of SOC along altitudinal gradients. The study was carried out in the coniferous subtropical and broadleaf temperate forests of Garhwal Himalaya. The stocks of SOC were found to be decreasing with altitude: from 185.6 to 160.8 t C ha-1 and from 141.6 to 124.8 t C ha-1 in temperature (Quercus leucotrichophora and subtropical (Pinus roxburghii forests, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study lead to conclusion that the ability of soil to stabilize soil organic matter depends negatively on altitude and call for comprehensive theoretical explanation

  5. Altitudinal, seasonal and interannual shifts in microbial communities and chemical composition of soil organic matter in Alpine forest soils

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Siles, J.A.; Cajthaml, Tomáš; Filipová, Alena; Minerbi, S.; Margesin, R.

    2017-01-01

    Roč. 112, SEP 2017 (2017), s. 1-13 ISSN 0038-0717 Institutional support: RVO:61388971 Keywords : Elevational (altitudinal) gradient * Forest * Microbial communit Subject RIV: EE - Microbiology, Virology OBOR OECD: Microbiology Impact factor: 4.857, year: 2016

  6. Basic semantic architecture of interoperability for the intelligent distribution in the CFE electrical system; Arquitectura base de interoperabilidad semantica para el sistema electrico de distribucion inteligente en la CFE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espinosa Reza, Alfredo; Garcia Mendoza, Raul; Borja Diaz, Jesus Fidel; Sierra Rodriguez, Benjamin [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2010-07-01

    The physical and logical architecture of the interoperability platform defined for the distribution management systems (DMS), of the Distribution Subdivision of Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) in Mexico is presented. The adopted architecture includes the definition of a technological platform to manage the exchange of information between systems and applications, sustained in the Model of Common Information (CIM), established in norms IEC61968 and IEC 61970. The architecture based on SSOA (Semantic Services Oriented Architecture), on EIB (Enterprise Integration Bus) and on GID (Generic Interface Definition) is presented, as well as the sequence to obtain the interoperability of systems related to the Distribution Management of the of electrical energy in Mexico. Of equal way it is described the process to establish a Semantic Model of the Electrical System of Distribution (SED) and the creation of instances CIM/XML, oriented to the interoperability of the information systems in the DMS scope, by means of the interchange of messages conformed and validated according to the structure obtained and agreed to the rules established by Model CIM. In this way, the messages and the information interchanged among systems, assure the compatibility and correct interpretation in an independent way to the developer, mark or manufacturer of the system source and destiny. The primary target is to establish the infrastructure semantic base of interoperability, cradle in standards that sustain the strategic definition of an Electrical System of Intelligent Distribution (SEDI) in Mexico. [Spanish] Se presenta la arquitectura fisica y logica de la plataforma de interoperabilidad definida para los sistemas de gestion de la distribucion (DMS por sus siglas en ingles), de la Subdireccion de Distribucion de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) en Mexico. La arquitectura adoptada incluye la definicion de una plataforma tecnologica para gestionar el intercambio de informacion

  7. Morphological and colour morph clines along an altitudinal gradient in the meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Günter Köhler

    Full Text Available Many animals show altitudinal clines in size, shape and body colour. Increases in body size and reduction in the length of body appendices in colder habitats are usually attributed to improved heat conservation at lower surface-to-volume ratios (known as Bergmann's and Allen's rule, respectively. However, the patterns are more variable and sometimes reversed in small ectotherms that are affected by shortened growing seasons. Altitude can also affect colouration. The thermal melanism hypothesis predicts darker colours under cooler conditions because of a thermoregulatory advantage. Darker colours may also be favoured at high altitudes for reasons of UV protection or habitat-dependent crypsis. We studied altitudinal variation in morphology and colour in the colour-polymorphic meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus based on 563 individuals from 17 populations sampled between 450 and 2,500 m asl. Pronotum length did not change with altitude, while postfemur length decreased significantly in both sexes. Tegmen (forewing length decreased in males, but not in females. The results indicate that while body size, as best quantified by pronotum length, was remarkably constant, extended appendices were reduced at high altitudes. The pattern thus follows Allen's rule, but neither Bergmann's nor converse Bergmann's rule. These results indicate that inference of converse Bergmann's rule based on measurements from appendices should be treated with some caution. Colour morph ratios showed significant changes in both sexes from lowland populations dominated by green individuals to high-altitude populations dominated by brown ones. The increase of brown morphs was particularly steep between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl. The results suggest shared control of colour in males and females and local adaptation along the altitudinal gradient following the predictions of the thermal melanism hypothesis. Interestingly, both patterns, the reduction of body appendices and

  8. [Altitudinal patterns of species richness and species range size of vascular plants in Xiaolong- shan Reserve of Qinling Mountain: a test of Rapoport' s rule].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zheng, Zhi; Gong, Da-Jie; Sun, Cheng-Xiang; Li, Xiao-Jun; Li, Wan-Jiang

    2014-09-01

    Altitudinal patterns of species richness and species range size and their underlying mechanisms have long been a key topic in biogeography and biodiversity research. Rapoport's rule stated that the species richness gradually declined with the increasing altitude, while the species ranges became larger. Using altitude-distribution database from Xiaolongshan Reverse, this study explored the altitudinal patterns of vascular plant species richness and species range in Qinling Xiaolongshan Reserve, and examined the relationships between species richness and their distributional middle points in altitudinal bands for different fauna, taxonomic units and growth forms and tested the Rapoport's rule by using Stevens' method, Pagel's method, mid-point method and cross-species method. The results showed that the species richness of vascular plants except small-range species showed a unimodal pattern along the altitude in Qinling Xiaolongshan Reserve and the highest proportion of small-range species was found at the lower altitudinal bands and at the higher altitudinal bands. Due to different assemblages and examining methods, the relationships between species distributing range sizes and the altitudes were different. Increasing taxonomic units was easier to support Rapoport's rule, which was related to niche differences that the different taxonomic units occupied. The mean species range size of angiosperms showed a unimodal pattern along the altitude, while those of the gymnosperms and pteridophytes were unclearly regular. The mean species range size of the climbers was wider with the increasing altitude, while that of the shrubs which could adapt to different environmental situations was not sensitive to the change of altitude. Pagel's method was easier to support the Rapoport's rule, and then was Steven's method. On the contrary, due to the mid-domain effect, the results of the test by using the mid-point method showed that the mean species range size varied in a unimodal

  9. Predictive analysis on the electric energy distribution systems reliability: applying the synerGEE system; Analisis predictivo de la confiabilidad en los sistemas de distribucion de energia electrica: aplicando el sistema synerGEE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez Andrade, Carlos

    2008-12-15

    Electrical distribution systems ought to deliver electric power as economical as possible with an acceptable degree of service quality and continuity. Nevertheless, their faults represent one of the main causes of customer's unavailability. At the moment, a wide range of determinist criteria in the improvement of systems reliability based on past behavior are used, but they do not respond to the stochastic nature of system behavior, and are applied without an adequate balance between reliability and economy. In order to obtain this balance a minimum cost planning methodology that considers the predictive analysis of different investment alternatives in addition to the past behavior of the system is required, which guarantees that the economic resource available and limited will be used to gather the greater possible reliability degree. In this work this problem is approached with the fundamentals and methodologies needed to assess the design effects and operative criteria over the main reliability indexes used by the main utilities around the world, with emphasis on the need to optimize economical resources. The use of the system SynerGEETM, is investigated, probing it as a useful tool for the predictive reliability analysis. Due to the lack of experience that exists in Mexico with this type of analysis, distribution engineers has to become familiar with the concepts of the reliability engineering, their application to establish distribution systems models, and acquiring the ability to use the modern simulation tools, allowing them to evaluate the behavior of these systems with enough analytical rigor. In this sense a serial of well known study cases are presented to help them in this labor. [Spanish] Los sistemas de distribucion de energia electrica deben satisfacer la demanda de energia electrica de la forma mas economica posible, con un grado de calidad y continuidad aceptable. Sin embargo, sus fallas son una de las principales causas de indisponibilidad en

  10. Soil carbon stocks along an altitudinal gradient in different land-use categories in Lesser Himalayan foothills of Kashmir

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shaheen, H.; Saeed, Y.; Abbasi, M. K.; Khaliq, A.

    2017-04-01

    The carbon sequestration potential of soils plays an important role in mitigating the effect of climate change, because soils serve as sinks for atmospheric carbon. The present study was conducted to estimate the carbon stocks and their variation with altitudinal gradient in the Lesser Himalayan foothills of Kashmir. The carbon stocks were estimated in different land use categories, namely: closed canopy forests, open forests, disturbed forests, and agricultural lands within the altitudinal range from 900 to 2500 m. The soil carbon content was determined by the Walkley-Black titration method. The average soil carbon stock was found to be 2.59 kg m-2. The average soil carbon stocks in closed canopy forests, open forests, and disturbed forests were 3.39, 2.06, and 2.86 kg m-2, respectively. The average soil carbon stock in the agricultural soils was 2.03 kg m-2. The carbon stocks showed a significant decreasing trend with the altitudinal gradient with maximum values of 4.13 kg m-2 at 900-1200 m a.s.l. and minimum value of 1.55 kg m-2 at 2100-2400 m a.s.l. The agricultural soil showed the least carbon content values indicating negative impacts of soil plowing, overgrazing, and soil degradation. Lower carbon values at higher altitudes attest to the immature character of forest stands, as well as to degradation due to immense fuel wood extraction, timber extraction, and harsh climatic conditions. The study indicates that immediate attention is required for the conservation of rapidly declining carbon stocks in agricultural soils, as well as in the soils of higher altitudes.

  11. Floristic diversity and distribution pattern of plant communities along altitudinal gradient in Sangla Valley, Northwest Himalaya.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sharma, Pankaj; Rana, J C; Devi, Usha; Randhawa, S S; Kumar, Rajesh

    2014-01-01

    Himalayas are globally important biodiversity hotspots and are facing rapid loss in floristic diversity and changing pattern of vegetation due to various biotic and abiotic factors. This has necessitated the qualitative and quantitative assessment of vegetation here. The present study was conducted in Sangla Valley of northwest Himalaya aiming to assess the structure of vegetation and its trend in the valley along the altitudinal gradient. In the forest and alpine zones of the valley, 15 communities were recorded. Study revealed 320 species belonging to 199 genera and 75 families. Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, and Ranunculaceae were dominant. Among genera, Artemisia followed by Polygonum, Saussurea, Berberis, and Thalictrum were dominant. Tree and shrub's density ranged from 205 to 600 and from 105 to 1030 individual per hectare, respectively, whereas herbs ranged from 22.08 to 78.95 individual/m(2). Nearly 182 species were native to the Himalaya. Maximum altitudinal distribution of few selected climate sensitive species was found to be highest in northeast and north aspects. This study gives an insight into the floristic diversity and community structure of the fragile Sangla Valley which was hitherto not available.

  12. Altitudinal gradient effect on morphometric variation and leaf symmetry of Platanus mexicana Moric

    OpenAIRE

    Dulce Ma. Galván-Hernández; J. Armando Lozada-García; Norma Flores-Estévez; Jorge Galindo-González; S. Mario Vázquez-Torres

    2015-01-01

    La variación morfométrica y simetría foliar de una población de Platanus mexicana se caracterizaron en un gradiente altitudinal ripario del estado de Veracruz. Ocho caracteres morfométricos se evaluaron en 1,800 hojas provenientes de 15 individuos por sitio (70, 200, 600 y 1,700 m de altitud). Las diferencias morfométricas entre sitios (F(24, 5189) = 21.1, P < 0.05) se determinaron con un análisis de funciones discriminantes. Los caracteres relacionados con el largo y ancho de las hojas deter...

  13. Altitudinal divergence in maternal thermoregulatory behaviour may be driven by differences in selection on offspring survival in a viviparous lizard

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Uller, Tobias; While, Geoffrey M.; Cadby, Chloe D.; Harts, Anna; O'Connor, Katherine; Pen, Ido; Wapstra, Erik

    Plastic responses to temperature during embryonic development are common in ectotherms, but their evolutionary relevance is poorly understood. Using a combination of field and laboratory approaches, we demonstrate altitudinal divergence in the strength of effects of maternal thermal opportunity on

  14. Americo Vespucio - el Nuevo Mundo - Cartas relativas a sus viajes y descubrimientos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Thomaz Oscar Marcondes de Souza

    1952-03-01

    Full Text Available "AMERICO VESPUCIO - EL NUEVO MUNDO - CARTAS RELATIVAS A SUS VIAJES Y DESCRUBIEMENTOS - TEXTOS EM ITALIANO, ESPANOL, INGLEZ. ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR DE ROBERTO LEVILLIER" (Primeiro Parágrafo do Artigo A "Editorial Nova" de Buenos Aires, acaba de publicar na sua "Biblioteca Americanista", todas as cartas atribuidas a Americo Vespucci, precedidas de um prefácio do ilustre historiador argentino professor dr. Roberto Levillier, personalidade esta bastante conhecida no nosso meio intelectual através do seu erudito trabalho América la bien llamada.

  15. Eficiencia relativa assintotica : definições e comparações

    OpenAIRE

    Helena Harumi Otani Sakamoto

    1981-01-01

    Resumo: Este trabalho tem como finalidade apresentar definições de eficiência relativa assintótica devidas a Pitman e a Bahadur; estabelecer as relações existentes entre elas e procurar, através da análise da razão entre o poder do teste F e o poder do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, verificar se os resultados assintóticos dessas eficiências são aplicáveis também a casos finitos. No Capítulo I é feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto. No Capítulo II é feita uma aplicação ao caso dos testes ...

  16. Lingual and fusiform gyri in visual processing: a clinico-pathologic study of superior altitudinal hemianopia.

    OpenAIRE

    Bogousslavsky, J; Miklossy, J; Deruaz, J P; Assal, G; Regli, F

    1987-01-01

    A macular-sparing superior altitudinal hemianopia with no visuo-psychic disturbance, except impaired visual learning, was associated with bilateral ischaemic necrosis of the lingual gyrus and only partial involvement of the fusiform gyrus on the left side. It is suggested that bilateral destruction of the lingual gyrus alone is not sufficient to affect complex visual processing. The fusiform gyrus probably has a critical role in colour integration, visuo-spatial processing, facial recognition...

  17. Altitudinal patterns in breeding bird species richness and density in relation to climate, habitat heterogeneity, and migration influence in a temperate montane forest (South Korea).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kim, Jin-Yong; Lee, Sanghun; Shin, Man-Seok; Lee, Chang-Hoon; Seo, Changwan; Eo, Soo Hyung

    2018-01-01

    Altitudinal patterns in the population ecology of mountain bird species are useful for predicting species occurrence and behavior. Numerous hypotheses about the complex interactions among environmental factors have been proposed; however, these still remain controversial. This study aimed to identify the altitudinal patterns in breeding bird species richness or density and to test the hypotheses that climate, habitat heterogeneity (horizontal and vertical), and heterospecific attraction in a temperate forest, South Korea. We conducted a field survey of 142 plots at altitudes between 200 and 1,400 m a.s.l in the breeding season. A total of 2,771 individuals from 53 breeding bird species were recorded. Altitudinal patterns of species richness and density showed a hump-shaped pattern, indicating that the highest richness and density could be observed at moderate altitudes. Models constructed with 13 combinations of six variables demonstrated that species richness was positively correlated with vertical and horizontal habitat heterogeneity. Density was positively correlated with vertical, but not horizontal habitat heterogeneity, and negatively correlated with migratory bird ratio. No significant relationships were found between spring temperature and species richness or density. Therefore, the observed patterns in species richness support the hypothesis that habitat heterogeneity, rather than climate, is the main driver of species richness. Also, neither habitat heterogeneity nor climate hypotheses fully explains the observed patterns in density. However, vertical habitat heterogeneity does likely help explain observed patterns in density. The heterospecific attraction hypothesis did not apply to the distribution of birds along the altitudinal gradient. Appropriate management of vertical habitat heterogeneity, such as vegetation cover, should be maintained for the conservation of bird diversity in this area.

  18. Bionomics of Anopheline species and malaria transmission dynamics along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Toto Jean-Claude

    2010-05-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Highland areas of Africa are mostly malaria hypoendemic, due to climate which is not appropriate for anophelines development and their reproductive fitness. In view of designing a malaria control strategy in Western Cameroon highlands, baseline data on anopheline species bionomics were collected. Methods Longitudinal entomological surveys were conducted in three localities at different altitudinal levels. Mosquitoes were captured when landing on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray catches. Sampled Anopheles were tested for the presence of Plasmodium circumsporozoite proteins and their blood meal origin with ELISA. Entomological parameters of malaria epidemiology were assessed using Mac Donald's formula. Results Anopheline species diversity and density decreased globally from lowland to highland. The most aggressive species along the altitudinal transect was Anopheles gambiae s.s. of S molecular form, followed in the lowland and on the plateau by An. funestus, but uphill by An. hancocki. An. gambiae and An. ziemanni exhibited similar seasonal biting patterns at the different levels, whereas different features were observed for An. funestus. Only indoor resting species could be captured uphill; it is therefore likely that endophilic behaviour is necessary for anophelines to climb above a certain threshold. Of the ten species collected along the transect, only An. gambiae and An. funestus were responsible for malaria transmission, with entomological inoculation rates (EIR of 90.5, 62.8 and zero infective bites/human/year in the lowland, on the plateau and uphill respectively. The duration of gonotrophic cycle was consistently one day shorter for An. gambiae as compared to An. funestus at equal altitude. Altitudinal climate variations had no effect on the survivorship and the subsequent life expectancy of the adult stage of these malaria vectors, but most probably on aquatic stages. On the contrary increasing altitude

  19. UREDINALES (RUST FUNGI BIOTA OF THE PARQUE NACIONAL DO ITATIAIA, BRAZIL: AN ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITION, SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Salazar Yepes Mauricio

    2013-07-01

    Full Text Available The present study analyzed the composition, species diversity, and altitudinal distributionof rust fungi (Uredinales collected in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Brazil.Results were compared with other Atlantic Forest locations, the São Paulo Cerradoand some other tropical regions. The Uredinales collections were made over thecourse of two years, covering the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, from500 to 2600m above the sea level. The Uredinales Biota is composed of 38 genera(32 teleomorphs and 6 anamorphs and 207 species, 178 of which were teleomorphicand 29 anamorphic. The genera Puccinia, Uromyces and Phakopsora contained ahigh number of species (58% combined. A hundred and ninety-two hosts belongingto 63 botanical families were recorded. The rust/host ratio for ten of the richestfamilies in number of species was 1:8. A high similarity (50% was found betweentwo altitudinal ranges. The results provide a strong additional argument for the needto preserve and continue studies in such areas

  20. Modelización de un sistema para control automático de temperatura y humedad relativa

    OpenAIRE

    Mantz, Ricardo J.; Tacconi, Eugenio J.

    1987-01-01

    En el presente trabajo se plantea un modelo matemático para un sistema de temperatura y humedad relativa en vista a investigar técnicas autoajustables para su control. Se plantean también una serie de consideraciones para la estimación de los parámetros del sistema a lazo cerrado.

  1. Analyses of the relative abundance and reproductive activity of bats in southwestern Colombia Analyses of the relative abundance and reproductive activity of bats in southwestern Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Arata Andrew A.

    1970-09-01

    Full Text Available Aproximadamente 1600 murciélagos fueron recolectados en el Departamento del Valle del Cauca durante julio y agosto de 1964, en el curso de un reconocimiento de agentes patógenos de estos animales.  Se presentan los datos sobre la reproducción y abundancia relativa de 1365 animales (que representan 6 familias, 18 géneros y 25 especies.  Se consideran las ratas de embarazo y lactancia de las hembras.  Se presentan estimados relativos de abundancia y distribucion como también sugerencias sobre la interpretación de datos ecológicos pertenecientes a los murciélagos tropicales.

  2. A influência da animacidade no processamento de cláusulas relativas no Português Brasileiro = The influence of animacy on relative clause processing in Brazilian Portuguese

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cabral, Althiere Frank Valadares

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Neste trabalho, reportamos dois experimentos que realizamos por meio da técnica experimental de leitura automonitorada cujo foco foi a influência do traço da animacidade em Cláusulas Relativas de Sujeito e de Objeto. No primeiro experimento, com cláusulas com sujeitos e objetos animados, os resultados demonstraram que as cláusulas de sujeito foram lidas num tempo significativamente menor do que as relativas de objeto. No segundo experimento, controlamos a animacidade, construindo cláusulas relativas de sujeito e de objeto, sendo metade delas com termos animados e metade inanimados e, embora tenhamos encontrado efeito de interação entre o tipo de relativa e o traço da animacidade, não houve efeito principal quanto a esses dois fatores. Ou seja, esses resultados demonstram que o traço da animacidade é acessado pelo parser já no início do processo da compreensão de uma frase e por isso mesmo o processador sintático não estaria restrito a informações puramente sintáticas

  3. Parallel altitudinal clines reveal trends in adaptive evolution of genome size in Zea mays

    Science.gov (United States)

    Berg, Jeremy J.; Birchler, James A.; Grote, Mark N.; Lorant, Anne; Quezada, Juvenal

    2018-01-01

    While the vast majority of genome size variation in plants is due to differences in repetitive sequence, we know little about how selection acts on repeat content in natural populations. Here we investigate parallel changes in intraspecific genome size and repeat content of domesticated maize (Zea mays) landraces and their wild relative teosinte across altitudinal gradients in Mesoamerica and South America. We combine genotyping, low coverage whole-genome sequence data, and flow cytometry to test for evidence of selection on genome size and individual repeat abundance. We find that population structure alone cannot explain the observed variation, implying that clinal patterns of genome size are maintained by natural selection. Our modeling additionally provides evidence of selection on individual heterochromatic knob repeats, likely due to their large individual contribution to genome size. To better understand the phenotypes driving selection on genome size, we conducted a growth chamber experiment using a population of highland teosinte exhibiting extensive variation in genome size. We find weak support for a positive correlation between genome size and cell size, but stronger support for a negative correlation between genome size and the rate of cell production. Reanalyzing published data of cell counts in maize shoot apical meristems, we then identify a negative correlation between cell production rate and flowering time. Together, our data suggest a model in which variation in genome size is driven by natural selection on flowering time across altitudinal clines, connecting intraspecific variation in repetitive sequence to important differences in adaptive phenotypes. PMID:29746459

  4. Seasonal and altitudinal variation in roe deer (Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus) diet on Jeju Island, South Korea

    OpenAIRE

    Adhikari, Pradeep; Park, Seon-Mi; Kim, Tae-Wook; Lee, Jun-Won; Kim, Ga-Ram; Han, Sang-Hyun; Oh, Hong-Shik

    2016-01-01

    In order to understand the feeding ecology and dietary differences of roe deer (Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus) in different seasons and altitudes, this study was carried out at three altitudinal sites (Songdang 250–270 m above sea level (ASL), Aradong 330–370 m ASL, Mt. Hallasan 1100 m ASL) on Jeju Island, South Korea. Altogether, 205 plants taxa of six categories of foods (forbs-climbers, graminoids, trees, shrubs, conifers, and ferns) were identified using morphological and molecular ana...

  5. Analysis of the altitudinal structure of Storm-enhanced density using Total Electron Content data of space-borne and ground-based GPS receivers

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yukari Goi

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available The altitudinal structure of Storm-enhanced density (SED was studied using the Total Electron Content (TEC data of the GPS receiver on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE satellite and the ground-based GPS receivers. The GRACETEC-data are derived from the GPS receiver on the GRACE satellite. A SED is a high-electron density phenomenon that extends from the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA toward the north-west in the northern hemisphere during geomagnetic disturbed time. TwoSEDs were observed as TEC variations in the GRACE-TEC data and in the ground-GPS TEC data. The ground-GPS TEC data is the TEC data between the ground GPS receiver and the GPS satellites. The SED observed in the GRACE-TEC data appeared at higher latitudes than that in the ground-GPS TEC data. We concluded detected that the altitudinal structure of the SED would be different between at lower than at higher latitudes due to the effects of the eastward E×B drift.

  6. Effects of phylogeny, leaf traits, and the altitudinal distribution of host plants on herbivore assemblages on congeneric Acer species.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nakadai, Ryosuke; Murakami, Masashi; Hirao, Toshihide

    2014-08-01

    Historical, niche-based, and stochastic processes have been proposed as the mechanisms that drive community assembly. In plant-herbivore systems, these processes can correspond to phylogeny, leaf traits, and the distribution of host plants, respectively. Although patterns of herbivore assemblages among plant species have been repeatedly examined, the effects of these factors among co-occurring congeneric host plant species have rarely been studied. Our aim was to reveal the process of community assembly for herbivores by investigating the effects of phylogeny, leaf traits, and the altitudinal distribution of closely related host plants of the genus Acer. We sampled leaf functional traits for 30 Acer species in Japan. Using a newly constructed phylogeny, we determined that three of the six measured leaf traits (leaf thickness, C/N ratio, and condensed tannin content) showed a phylogenetic signal. In a field study, we sampled herbivore communities on 14 Acer species within an elevation gradient and examined relationships between herbivore assemblages and host plants. We found that herbivore assemblages were significantly correlated with phylogeny, leaf traits, phylogenetic signals, and the altitudinal distribution of host plants. Our results indicate that the interaction between historical and current ecological processes shapes herbivore community assemblages.

  7. Novo registro altitudinal de Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae no Brasil - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i3.785 New altitudinal record of Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae in Brazil - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i3.785

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bernadete Maria Sousa

    2009-07-01

    Full Text Available Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae é uma espécie de caranguejo que habita rios e riachos montanhosos em altitudes até aproximadamente 500 m. Sua distribuição ocorre na América do Sul, desde as bacias costeiras da faixa leste do Brasil até a bacia do alto Paraná e na Argentina. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi registrar a ocorrência de T. fluviatilis em uma Unidade de Conservação de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, e fornecer um novo registro altitudinal dessa espécie no Brasil. As amostras foram obtidas de outubro de 2004 a julho de 2005. Foram coletados três indivíduos vivos, dois machos e uma fêmea da espécie. Também foram analisados 16 regurgitos estomacais do cágado Hydromedusa maximiliani, dos quais, em seis foram encontrados partes corporais deste crustáceo. Muitas espécies de caranguejos do Brasil da família Trichodactylidae vivem em regiões acima de 500m do nível do mar. No presente estudo, T. fluviatilis foi coletado a 770 m de altitude, ampliando assim a faixa de distribuição altitudinal dessa espécie no Brasil. Até o presente estudo não existiam relatos de T. fluviatilis no município de Juiz de Fora, portanto este estudo também se constitui em um novo registro desse tricodatilídeo em Minas Gerais.Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Latreille, 1828 (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae is a crab species that lives in mountainous rivers and streams at altitudes up to 500m. Its distribution ranges from South America from the Basins of eastern coast of Brazil to basins of the Upper Paraná River and Argentina. The main objective of this study was to register a new occurrence of T. fluviatilis at a Conservation Unit in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais and provide a new altitudinal record for this species in Brazil. The samples were taken between October 2004 and July 2005. We collected three live T. fluviatilis individuals – two males and one female. We also analyzed the stomach contents of 16

  8. Guía para la localización de fuentes relativas al País Vasco en el Archivo Secreto Vaticano [RESEÑA

    OpenAIRE

    Ferrer-del-Río, E. (Estefanía)

    2015-01-01

    Reseña de "Valeria BEOLCHINI – Marta PAVÓN RAMÍREZ, Guía para la localización de fuentes relativas al País Vasco en el Archivo Secreto Vaticano. Documentación medieval. Díaz de Durana, José Ramón; Jular Pérez-Alfaro, Cristina (coords.), Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao 2014, 91 pp." y "Marta PAVÓN RAMÍREZ, Guía para la localización de fuentes relativas al País Vasco en el Archivo Secreto Vaticano. Documentación de época moderna (1458-1830) Porres Marijuán, Rosario et al. (coords.), Unive...

  9. La etiología de la migración internacional: privación relativa y demanda laboral (el ejemplo tamaulipeco

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Simón Pedro Izcara Palacios

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available Las teorías de privación relativa y demanda laboralofrecen una explicación antagónica de la etiología de los procesos migratorios internacionales. La primera acentúa los factores colocados del lado de la oferta laboral y enfatiza las fuerzas de expulsión; mientras que la última subraya los elementos situados dellado de la demanda laboral y resalta las fuerzas de atracción. Sin embargo, ambas ofrecen una explicación complementaria de los mismos. En este artículo se parte de los postulados de las teorías de privación relativa y demanda laboral para entender por qué los jornaleros de Tamaulipas emigran a los Estados Unidos, tanto de modo ilegal como con visas H-2A, en busca empleos temporales enel sector agrario.

  10. Revisión de la hipótesis de la renta relativa en la demanda agregada de consumo

    OpenAIRE

    Hernández Mendoza, Luis

    1993-01-01

    La tesis ha reelaborado la hipótesis de la renta relativa que estaba formulada de forma incompleta porque unicamente considera un tipo de interdependencia entre las utilidades de los individuos, cuando en la realidad existen otros tipos de interdependencias que afectan al consumo, tales como el efecto SNOB y el efecto verbal

  11. Modelling decomposition of standard plant material along an altitudinal gradient: A re-analysis of data of Coûteaux et al.

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Braakhekke, W.G.; Bruijn, de A.M.G.

    2007-01-01

    We explored an alternative method to analyse data of Cou¿teaux et al. [2002, Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34, 69-78] on the decomposition of a standard organic material in six soils along an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Andes (65-3968 m a.s.l.). Cou¿teaux et al., fitted separate

  12. Las frecuencias relativas y sus propiedades en los textos españoles de bachillerato

    OpenAIRE

    Ortiz, Juan Jesús; Batanero, Carmen; Serrano, Luis

    1996-01-01

    En este trabajo analizamos la presentación del concepto de frecuencia relativa en once textos de matemáticas para primer curso de bachillerato, publicados durante el período 1975-1991. Esta investigación se justifica por la importancia que tiene la correcta comprensión de este concepto en el estudio de la probabilidad. Como consecuencia, se describen criterios para el desarrollo del tema en futuros libros de texto y para la acción didáctica en el aula de matemáticas. A pesar de la especificid...

  13. Resultados de un control de calidad de datos de temperatura superficial del aire y humedad relativa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Luis Araya López

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta un estudio básico sobre control de calidad de datos de temperatura y humedad relativa. Este trabajo fue efectuado en el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN de Costa Rica. El objetivo fue determinar de una forma objetiva, cual es la calidad de los datos generados por la red de estaciones meteorológicas. Los programas de control de calidad marcaron datos sospechosos y erróneos de temperatura que pasaron desapercibidos en los niveles anteriores del control de calidad. Los resultados muestran que existen valores atípicos infiltrados que escaparon a la detección del método de revisión manual tradicionalmente aplicado. De forma general, el porcentaje de valores atípicos de humedad relativa fue mayor que el encontrado para datos de temperatura. Dicho porcentaje nunca fue mayor al 20% del total de datos de la serie cronológica correspondiente. Los resultados de este trabajo también muestran cómo los programas desarrollados mejoran la eficiencia del protocolo actual de control de calidad.

  14. AVALIAÇÃO AUTOMÁTICA DA ACURÁCIA RELATIVA DE DADOS LIDAR AEROTRANSPORTADO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gabriel Dresch

    Full Text Available Neste trabalho é proposto um método automático para o controle da acurácia relativa de dados LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging aerotransportados usando superfícies planas, linhas retas e pontos. Primeiramente, é realizada uma filtragem dos dados LiDAR, através do filtro morfológico progressivo e o filtro RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus. Em seguida, as superfícies planas são extraídas automaticamente sobre os telhados encontrados nas faixas adjacentes através do algoritmos crescimento de região. Posteriormente, as correspondências entre as feições extraídas em cada faixa são estabelecidas e os parâmetros de transformação são estimados através de uma variante do método ICP. Finalmente, para avaliar simultaneamente a acurácia plani-altimétrica dos dados LiDAR são empregadas linhas retas extraídas a partir da interseção de planos adjacentes. Para avaliar o método proposto foi conduzido um experimento com dados LiDAR obtidos numa região urbanizada recoberta por 2 faixas com densidade de 1 ponto/m². A avaliação da acurácia relativa desses dados é realizada automaticamente e os resultados obtidos com o método proposto mostraram que a média das distâncias ponto-a-plano é de -0,0019 cm e a raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático é de 6,04 cm.

  15. ZONIFICACIÓN ALTITUDINAL PROVISIONAL DE Abies religiosa EN UN ÁREA CERCANA A LA RESERVA DE LA BIÓSFERA DE LA MARIPOSA MONARCA, MICHOACÁN

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dante Castellanos-Acuña

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available E l objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la existencia de diferenciación morfológica (como indicador de variación genética entre poblaciones de Abies religiosa , con la finalidad de delimitar una zonificación altitudinal para decidir el movimiento de semillas en los progra - mas de reforestación. Se recolectaron y analizaron morfológicamente ramas y conos de 11 in - dividuos de 15 poblaciones de A. religiosa en el cerro de San Andrés, municipio de Hidalgo, Michoacán (cercano a la Reserva de la Biósfera de la Mariposa Monarca, a lo largo de un transecto altitudinal (2,850-3,550 m, una población cada 50 m. La diferenciación morfológica significativa entre poblacio - nes se determinó a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal; las poblaciones de baja altitud tienen acículas más cortas y conos más largos que las poblaciones de elevada altitud. Se sugiere delimitar tres zonas altitu - dinales provisionales: 2,800 a 3,050; 3,050 a 3,300; y 3,300 a 3,550 m. Ignorando el cambio climático, se sugiere reforestar cada zona con planta originada de la semilla en la misma zona. Considerando el cambio climático, se sugiere realizar migración asistida altitudinalmente, plantando sitios en la zona inmediata superior a la zona donde la semilla se recolecte.

  16. Distribution pattern of the threatened Himalayan serow (Capricornis thar) in western midhills of Nepal. An insight for conservation along an altitudinal gradient

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Paudel, Prakash K.; Kindlmann, Pavel

    2012-01-01

    Roč. 20, č. 3 (2012), s. 177-180 ISSN 1617-1381 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) ED1.1.00/02.0073 Institutional support: RVO:67179843 Keywords : Capricornis thar * Himalaya n serow * Nepal * Midhills * Habitat fragmentation * Altitudinal gradient Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour Impact factor: 1.535, year: 2012

  17. Indicadores de eficiencia relativa del proceso de gestión de crédito en un banco colombiano, mediante análisis envolvente de datos (DEA)

    OpenAIRE

    Sánchez-Gooding, Sandra Paola; Rodríguez-Lozano, Gloria Isabel

    2016-01-01

    El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo medir la eficiencia relativa de las unidades que participan en el proceso de gestión de crédito de un banco colombiano, mediante la utilización del análisis envolvente de datos (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA). Mediante un doble proceso de optimización, esta metodología de programación lineal avanzada genera un único índice de eficiencia relativa para cada una de las unidades estudiadas, aunque es capaz de incluir múltiples recursos y múltiples salidas....

  18. Are altitudinal limits of equatorial stream insects reflected in their respiratory performance?

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jacobsen, Dean; Brodersen, Klaus Peter

    2008-01-01

    .6 between genera at 17 °C, and from 1.3 to 2.5 at 5 °C. Q10 values for this temperature interval ranged 1.5-2.9 (mean 2.3). The two "high-altitude" genera had higher respiration rates at low temperature and oxygen saturation, and their respiration rate saturated at lower temperatures, than three of the four......-term physiological tolerance of low temperature and oxygen concentration. 5. Multiple regressions (based on respiration experiments and previously obtained relationships between water temperature, oxygen saturation and altitude) were used to predict how respiration rates should vary with altitude. At the upper limit...... saturation. Further quantitative and long-term studies on survival and recruitment in populations and communities are needed to determine the importance of temperature and oxygen for altitudinal limits of aquatic insects....

  19. Altitudinal and temporal distribution of Plagiometriona Spaeth, 1899 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) in a tropical forest in southeast Brazil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Flinte, Vivian; de Freitas, Sama; de Macedo, Margarete Valverde; Monteiro, Ricardo Ferreira

    2011-01-01

    Species richness and abundance of seven Plagiometriona species on their host plants were studied along a single trail in the mountainous Serra dos Órgãos National Park in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Six sites were chosen along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 1300 m to 2050 m, where all Solanaceae host plants were inspected in search of adults every two months from June 2006 to June 2007. Species richness did not vary clearly with altitude, but abundance increased up to 1800 m, where the highest mean host plant density was found, and abruptly decreased at the last elevational site. Most species showed a restricted distribution and just one occurred across the entire gradient. For at least four species, altitudinal distribution seems to be strongly related to host plant availability, while for the others it is difficult to access which factors are decisive, due to their low numbers. Only in October all species were found in the field, although February was the month with the highest total abundance. Over the course of the study, the greatest abundances were recorded from October to February, comprehending the hottest and rainiest months, and the lowest abundances were found from June to August, which include the coldest and driest months. Thus, species seasonal distribution, supported by other studies in the same area, seems to be related to the local climate.

  20. Parasite loads and altitudinal distribution of Liolaemus lizards in the central Chilean Andes Cargas parasitarias y distribución de lagartijas Liolaemus en los Andes de Chile central

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    JOHN H. CAROTHERS

    2001-09-01

    Full Text Available This study compared the distributions of ten species of Liolaemus lizards in the central Chilean Andes to the distributions of four types of parasites: malaria-causing Plasmodium, gut nematodes, ticks, and mites. We wanted to see if parasite numbers might be a factor in determining distributional limits of the lizards. We found that there was no evidence of malarial infestation of the lizards, that ticks were almost absent, that more often than not mite numbers decreased at the distributional limits of the lizards, and that gut nematodes confined to the herbivorous lizards in our sample may well be beneficial rather than detrimental. Rather than parasitism, other biotic interactions (e.g., predation or competition are more likely candidates as factors influencing lizard elevational distributions, as are abiotic characteristics such as microhabitat availabilities and thermal factorsEste estudio compara las distribuciones de diez especies de lagartijas Liolaemus en los Andes de Chile central, con las distribuciones de cuatro tipos de parásitos: Plasmodium causantes de malaria, nemátodos intestinales, garrapatas y ácaros. Quisimos verificar si los números de parásitos pudieran ser un factor determinante de los límites de distribución de las lagartijas. Encontramos que no había evidencia de infestación por malaria en las lagartijas; que las garrapatas estaban casi ausentes; que los números de ácaros más a menudo decrecían que aumentaban en los límites distribucionales de las lagartijas; y que los nemátodos intestinales confinados a las lagartijas herbívoras en nuestra muestra bien podían ser beneficiosos antes que dañinos. Más bien que parasitismo, otras interacciones bióticas (e.g., depredación o competencia son candidatos más probables como factores que influyen las distribuciones altitudinales de las lagartijas, además de características abióticas tales como la disponibilidad de microhábitats y los factores térmicos

  1. Effect of the technology in transmission, distribution and in the final uses; Efecto de la tecnologia en transmision, distribucion y en los usos finales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rivas, Elena [ed.; Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    At the moment one looks for the application of the superconductivity in the generation, transformation, transmission and storage of electrical energy. In this article recent technologies are briefly described , their advantages and their effects on the transmission and distribution networks. In some cases specific reference is made of the effect that they will have in Mexico. [Spanish] Actualmente se busca la aplicacion de la superconductividad en la generacion, transformacion, transmision y almacenamiento de energia eletrica. En este articulo se describen brevemente tecnologias recientes, sus ventajas y sus efectos sobre las redes de transmision y distribucion. En algunos casos se hace referencia especifica al efecto que tendran en Mexico.

  2. Exploring climatic controls on blanket bog litter decomposition across an altitudinal gradient

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bell, Michael; Ritson, Jonathan P.; Clark, Joanna M.; Verhoef, Anne; Brazier, Richard E.

    2016-04-01

    The hydrological and ecological functioning of blanket bogs is strongly coupled, involving multiple ecohydrological feedbacks which can affect carbon cycling. Cool and wet conditions inhibit decomposition, and favour the growth of Sphagnum mosses which produce highly recalcitrant litter. A small but persistent imbalance between production and decomposition has led to blanket bogs in the UK accumulating large amounts of carbon. Additionally, healthy bogs provide a suite of other ecosystems services including water regulation and drinking water provision. However, there is concern that climate change could increase rates of litter decomposition and disrupt this carbon sink. Furthermore, it has been argued that the response of these ecosystems in the warmer south west and west of the UK may provide an early analogue for later changes in the more extensive northern peatlands. In order to investigate the effects of climate change on blanket bog litter decomposition, we set-up a litter bag experiment across an altitudinal gradient spanning 200 m of elevation (including a transition from moorland to healthy blanket bog) on Dartmoor, an area of hitherto unstudied, climatically marginal blanket bog in the south west of the UK. At seven sites, water table depth and soil and surface temperature were recorded continuously. Litter bags filled with the litter of three vegetation species dominant on Dartmoor were incubated just below the bog surface and retrieved over a period of 12 months. We found significant differences in the rate of decomposition between species. At all sites, decomposition progressed in the order Calluna vulgaris (dwarf shrub) > Molinia caerulea (graminoid) > Sphagnum (bryophyte). However, while soil temperature did decrease along the altitudinal gradient, being warmer in the lower altitudes, a hypothesised accompanying decrease in decomposition rates did not occur. This could be explained by greater N deposition at the higher elevation sites (estimated

  3. Species presence frequency and diversity in different patch types along an altitudinal gradient: Larix chinensis Beissn in Qinling Mountains (China

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Minyi Huang

    2016-03-01

    Full Text Available Forest communities are mosaic systems composed of patches classified into four different developmental patch types: gap patch (G, building patch (B, mature patch (M and degenerate patch (D. To study the mechanisms maintaining diversity in subalpine coniferous forests, species presence frequency and diversity in the four distinct patch types (G, B, M and D of Larix chinensis conifer forests at three altitudinal gradients in the Qinling Mountains were analyzed. Our results were as follows: (1 Different species (or functional groups had distinct presence frequencies in the four different patch types along the altitudinal gradient; (2 Some species or functional groups (species groups sharing similar traits and responses to the environment only occurred in some specific patches. For seed dispersal, species using wind mainly occurred in G and D, while species using small animals mainly occurred in B and M; (3 Species composition of adjacent patch types was more similar than non-adjacent patch types, based on the lower β diversity index of the former; (4 The maximum numbers of species and two diversity indices (D′ and H′ were found in the middle altitudes. Various gap-forming processes and dispersal limitation may be the two major mechanisms determining species diversity in Larix chinensis coniferous forests at the patch scale.

  4. HPTLC detection of altitudinal variation of the potential antivenin stigmasterol in different populations of the tropical ethnic antidote Rauvolfia serpentina.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dey, Abhijit; Pandey, Devendra Kumar

    2014-09-01

    To determine the altitudinal variation of stigmasterol, a potential antivenin, in roots from seven populations of Rauvolfia serpentina (L). Benth. ex Kurz. (Apocynaceae) (R. serpentina), an important herb found in Indian subcontinent which has long been used in the treatment of snakebite, blood pressure and schizophrenia. Altitudinal variation of stigmasterol content in R. serpentina roots was analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography. Chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 F254 thin layer chromatography plates with benzene-acetone 86:14 (v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric analysis was done at λ=366 nm after derivatization with vanillin-10% (v/v) sulphuric acid alcohol reagent. The method was validated for precision and recovery. The present experiment demonstrates a simple, rapid, precise and sensitive high performance thin layer chromatography protocol for qualitative and quantitative determination of stigmasterol from different populations of R. serpentina. Results demonstrated that in root samples stigmasterol was present at Rf value of 0.44. This investigation demonstrates that stigmasterol content in R. serpentina roots varies in different altitudes. Popular ethnomedicinal use of this herb against snakebite may be contributed by the occurrence of stigmasterol in its roots. Copyright © 2014 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. A new species of Anacroneuria Klapálek 1909 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and notes on the altitudinal distribution of the genus in Costa Rica.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gutiérrez-Fonseca, Pablo E; Springer, Monika

    2015-12-18

    Anacroneuria is the most widespread genus of Perlidae throughout the Neotropical region and 30 species have been reported from Costa Rica. In this paper, we describe and illustrate a new species from a high elevation cloud forest, A. quetzali sp.n., increasing to 31 the number of described species for Costa Rica. In addition, we examine the altitudinal distribution of Anacroneuria in Costa Rica to determine possible patterns, using the data available on its altitudinal range (10-2700 masl). We divided the elevational range in seven categories, using 500 m intervals. We found that most species (90.3%) are distributed in elevations that range from 500 to 1500 masl, followed by low-elevations (35.5%). Interestingly, despite the fact that Plecoptera are known to inhabit clean, fast flowing water at high elevations, only 16.1% of the species have been found at high elevations in Costa Rica (above 2000 masl). Thus, it seems that most Anacroneuria species are distributed in middle elevations, which are the areas that have a high diversity of freshwater habitats.

  6. Cross-continental comparison of the functional composition and carbon allocation of two altitudinal forest transects in Ecuador and Rwanda.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Verbeeck, Hans; Bauters, Marijn; Bruneel, Stijn; Demol, Miro; Taveirne, Cys; Van Der Heyden, Dries; Kearsley, Elizabeth; Cizungu, Landry; Boeckx, Pascal

    2017-04-01

    Tropical forests are key actors in the global carbon cycle. Predicting future responses of these forests to global change is challenging, but important for global climate models. However, our current understanding of such responses is limited, due to the complexity of forest ecosystems and the slow dynamics that inherently form these systems. Our understanding of ecosystem ecology and functioning could greatly benefit from experimental setups including strong environmental gradients in the tropics, as found on altitudinal transects. We setup two such transects in both South-America and Central Africa, focussing on shifts in carbon allocation, forest structure, nutrient cycling and functional composition. The Ecuadorian transect has 16 plots (40 by 40 m) and ranges from 400 to 3000 m.a.s.l., and the Rwandan transect has 20 plots (40 by 40 m) from 1500 to 3000 m.a.s.l. All plots were inventoried and canopy, litter and soil were extensively sampled. By a cross-continental comparison of both transects, we will gain insight in how different or alike both tropical forests biomes are in their responses, and how universal the observed altitudinal adaption mechanisms are. This could provide us with vital information of the ecological responses of both biomes to future global change scenarios. Additionally, comparison of nutrient shifts and trait-based functional composition allows us to compare the biogeochemical cycles of African and South-American tropical forests.

  7. Distribution transformer with automatic voltage adjustment - performance; Transformador de distribucion con ajuste automatico de tension - desempeno

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Ruiz, Gustavo A.; Delgadillo Bocanegra, Alfonso; Betancourt Ramirez, Enrique [PROLEC-GE, Apodaca, Nuevo Leon (Mexico)]. E-mail: gustavo1.hernandez@ge.com; alfonso.delgadillobocanegra@ge.com; enrique.betancourt@ge.com; Ramirez Arredondo, Juan M. [CINVESTAV-Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco (Mexico)]. E-mail: jramirez@gdl.cinvestav.mx

    2010-11-15

    In the electric power distribution systems, the power quality is strongly linked with the service stability voltage. In the radial kind systems, it is virtually impossible to achieve a flat voltage along the lines, so it is desirable to count with transformers that can adjust automatically the turns ratio. In this work, it is described the development and the performance of a transformer with an integrated electronic tap changer, that allows to change the turns ratio along the standard range of +/-5%, and it was identified the application limits of the technology. [Spanish] En los sistemas de distribucion de energia electrica, la calidad del suministro de energia esta fuertemente ligada con la estabilidad del voltaje de servicio. En sistemas de tipo radial, es virtualmente imposible mantener uniforme la tension a lo largo de las lineas, por lo que se hace deseable contar con transformadores que puedan ajustar automaticamente la relacion de transformacion. En este trabajo, se describe el desarrollo y desempeno de un transformador con switch electronico integrado, que permite variar la relacion de transformacion dentro del rango estandarizado de +/-5%, y se identifican los limites de aplicacion de la tecnologia.

  8. Species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens along an altitudinal gradient in western Norway

    Science.gov (United States)

    Grytnes, John Arvid; Heegaard, Einar; Ihlen, Per G.

    2006-05-01

    Species richness patterns of ground-dwelling vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens were compared along an altitudinal gradient (310-1135 m a.s.l.), in western Norway. Total species richness peaked at intermediate altitudes, vascular plant species richness peaked immediately above the forest limit (at 600-700 m a.s.l.), bryophyte species richness had no statistically significant trend, whereas lichen richness increased from the lowest point and up to the forest limit, with no trend above. It is proposed that the pattern in vascular plant species richness is enhanced by an ecotone effect. Bryophyte species richness responds to local scale factors whereas the lichen species richness may be responding to the shading from the forest trees.

  9. VARIACIÓN ALTITUDINAL ENTRE ESPECIES Y PROCEDENCIAS DE Pinus pseudostrobus, P. devoniana y P. leiophylla. ENSAYO DE VIVERO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dante Castellanos-Acuña

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Los bosques de pino-encino de la comunidad de Nuevo San Juan, Michoacán, están dominados por Pinus pseudostrobus, P. devoniana y P. leiophylla. Los patrones de variación genética de estas especies no se conocen lo suficiente, particularmente los de P. leiophylla, lo cual limita la creación de lineamientos para el movimiento de semillas y plántulas para reforestación y su adaptación al cambio climático. Las especies se recolectaron en cuatro o cinco procedencias a lo largo de un transecto altitudinal (1,650 a 2,500 m para el establecimiento de un ensayo en vivero, con el objetivo de cuantificar la variación genética entre y dentro de las especies. La altura de la planta (tres y cinco meses de edad fue significativamente diferente (P < 0.0001 entre especies. Entre procedencias hubo diferencias significativas para P. devoniana (P < 0.0001 y P. leiophylla (P = 0.0352. La especie P. devoniana mostró un pronunciado patrón de crecimiento asociado con la altitud de origen, donde las plantas con mayor crecimiento procedían de una menor altitud. Las poblaciones de P. leiophylla fueron diferentes sólo a los tres meses de edad, sin un patrón altitudinal estadísticamente significativo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre poblaciones de P. pseudostrobus.

  10. Altitudinal and temporal distribution of Plagiometriona Spaeth, 1899 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae in a tropical forest in southeast Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vivian Flinte

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Species richness and abundance of seven Plagiometriona species on their host plants were studied along a single trail in the mountainous Serra dos Órgãos National Park in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Six sites were chosen along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 1300 m to 2050 m, where all Solanaceae host plants were inspected in search of adults every two months from June 2006 to June 2007. Species richness did not vary clearly with altitude, but abundance increased up to 1800 m, where the highest mean host plant density was found, and abruptly decreased at the last elevational site. Most species showed a restricted distribution and just one occurred across the entire gradient. For at least four species, altitudinal distribution seems to be strongly related to host plant availability, while for the others it is difficult to access which factors are decisive, due to their low numbers. Only in October all species were found in the field, although February was the month with the highest total abundance. Over the course of the study, the greatest abundances were recorded from October to February, comprehending the hottest and rainiest months, and the lowest abundances were found from June to August, which include the coldest and driest months. Thus, species seasonal distribution, supported by other studies in the same area, seems to be related to the local climate.

  11. Growth response of Larix hybrids between L. kaempferi and L. gmelinii var. japonica with altitudinal gradient

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kisanuki, Hiromitsu; Kurahashi, Akio; Takahashi, Yasuo [Tokyo Univ. Forest, Hokkaido (Japan)

    1995-12-31

    To test the adaptability of Japanese larch, Dahurian larch and their hybrid to the environment in Hokkaido, these three materials were planted and surveyed of their survival and growth for 30 years at four elevation in central Hokkaido, northern Japan. Japanese larch showed low adaptation with high mortality affected by voles at every elevation. Dahurian larch has high vole resistance but showed high mortality caused by the infection of Armillaria root rot. Hybrid could persist through low to high elevation. Only hybrid showed enough growth at the highest elevation. Stress tolerance of hybrid was confirmed under high altitudinal condition. 12 refs, 4 figs, 3 tabs

  12. Growth response of Larix hybrids between L. kaempferi and L. gmelinii var. japonica with altitudinal gradient

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kisanuki, Hiromitsu; Kurahashi, Akio; Takahashi, Yasuo [Tokyo Univ. Forest, Hokkaido (Japan)

    1996-12-31

    To test the adaptability of Japanese larch, Dahurian larch and their hybrid to the environment in Hokkaido, these three materials were planted and surveyed of their survival and growth for 30 years at four elevation in central Hokkaido, northern Japan. Japanese larch showed low adaptation with high mortality affected by voles at every elevation. Dahurian larch has high vole resistance but showed high mortality caused by the infection of Armillaria root rot. Hybrid could persist through low to high elevation. Only hybrid showed enough growth at the highest elevation. Stress tolerance of hybrid was confirmed under high altitudinal condition. 12 refs, 4 figs, 3 tabs

  13. Integrating the EMPD with an Alpine altitudinal training set to reconstruct climate variables in Holocene pollen records from high-altitude peat bogs

    Science.gov (United States)

    Furlanetto, Giulia; Badino, Federica; Brunetti, Michele; Champvillair, Elena; De Amicis, Mattia; Maggi, Valter; Pini, Roberta; Ravazzi, Cesare; Vallé, Francesca

    2016-04-01

    Temperatures and precipitation are the main environmental factors influencing vegetation and pollen production. Knowing the modern climate optima and tolerances of those plants represented in fossil assemblages and assuming that the relationships between plants and climate in the past are not dissimilar from the modern ones, fossil pollen records offer many descriptors to reconstruct past climate variables. The aim of our work is to investigate the potential of high-altitude pollen records from an Alpine peat bog (TBValter, close to the Ruitor Glacier, Western Italian Alps) for quantitative paleoclimate estimates. The idea behind is that high-altitude ecosystems are more sensitive to climate changes, especially to changes in July temperatures that severely affect the timberline ecotone. Meantime, we met with difficulties when considering the factors involved in pollen dispersal over a complex altitudinal mountain pattern, such as the Alps. We used the EMPD-European Modern Pollen Database (Davis et al., 2013) as modern training set to be compared with our high-altitude fossil site. The EMPD dataset is valuable in that it provides a large geographic coverage of main ecological and climate gradients (at sub-continental scale) but lacks in sampling of altitudinal gradients and high-altitude sites in the Alps. We therefore designed an independent altitudinal training set for the alpine valley hosting our fossil site. 27 sampling plots were selected along a 1700m-elevational transect. In a first step, each plot was provided with (i) 3 moss polsters collected following the guidelines provided by Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2009) and analyzed separately to account for differences in pollen deposition at small scale, (ii) morphometrical parameters obtained through a high-resolution DEM, and (iii) temperature and precipitation were estimated by means of weighted linear regression of the meteorological variable versus elevation, locally evaluated for each site (Brunetti et al

  14. Pattern of NDVI-based vegetation greening along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and its response to global warming.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Haidong; Jiang, Jiang; Chen, Bin; Li, Yingkui; Xu, Yuyue; Shen, Weishou

    2016-03-01

    The eastern Himalayas, especially the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve (YNR), is a global hotspot of biodiversity because of a wide variety of climatic conditions and elevations ranging from 500 to > 7000 m above sea level (a.s.l.). The mountain ecosystems at different elevations are vulnerable to climate change; however, there has been little research into the patterns of vegetation greening and their response to global warming. The objective of this paper is to examine the pattern of vegetation greening in different altitudinal zones in the YNR and its relationship with vegetation types and climatic factors. Specifically, the inter-annual change of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and its variation along altitudinal gradient between 1999 and 2013 was investigated using SPOT-VGT NDVI data and ASTER global digital elevation model (GDEM) data. We found that annual NDVI increased by 17.58% in the YNR from 1999 to 2013, especially in regions dominated by broad-leaved and coniferous forests at lower elevations. The vegetation greening rate decreased significantly as elevation increased, with a threshold elevation of approximately 3000 m. Rising temperature played a dominant role in driving the increase in NDVI, while precipitation has no statistical relationship with changes in NDVI in this region. This study provides useful information to develop an integrated management and conservation plan for climate change adaptation and promote biodiversity conservation in the YNR.

  15. Lake Chapala, Mexico: lead distribution in water, sediment and bacteria; Escenarios de la distribucion de plomo en agua, sedimentos y bacterias del lago de Chapala, Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hansen, Anne M. [Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua, Jiutepec, Morelos (Mexico); Villa-Navia, Adriana [Interventor Ambiental de Occidental de Colombia, Inc. (Colombia); Afferden, Manfred van [Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua, Jiutepec, Morelos (Mexico)

    2006-04-15

    To evaluate the distribution of lead in the natural resources of lake Chapala, the adsorption of this metal in bacteria was analyzed and, through published data and the application of a chemical equilibrium model, the risk associated with the consumption of fish and water was estimated. Adsorption experiments of lead in three bacterial strains and simulations of the distribution of lead in the water-sediment-bacteria system indicate that the distribution of lead in the lake depends on variations of water quality such as suspended solids, lead and biomass concentrations. Considering only the lead contained in the bottom sediments, the simulations suggest that concentrations do not exceed the limits nor the criteria for use and protection of water, sediments, and biota. Considering an additional source of lead that locally increases the concentration by a factor of ten, the amount of lead in water and sediments may exceed these limits. The bioaccumulation of lead in lake Chapala was evaluated through calculation of bioconcentration and biomagnification factors, using simulated and published data on lead in fish (Ayla Jay y Ford, 2001). The results indicate that lead may be concentrated 721 and 6,195 times in bacteria and fish, respectively. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of lead in the lake may occur mainly as bioconcentration in fish rather than biomagnification in the food chain. [Spanish] Para evaluar la distribucion de plomo en los recursos naturales en el lago de Chapala se analizo la adsorcion de este metal en bacterias y, mediante datos publicados en la literatura y modelacion numerica, se estimo el riesgo asociado al consumo de peces y agua. Experimentos de adsorcion en tres cepas de bacterias y simulaciones de la distribucion en un sistema agua-sedimentos-bacterias indican que la distribucion del plomo en el lago depende de variaciones en calidad del agua tales como solidos suspendidos totales, plomo total y biomasa. Considerando unicamente el plomo contenido

  16. Can variation in risk of nest predation explain altitudinal migration in tropical birds?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Boyle, W Alice

    2008-03-01

    Migration is among the best studied of animal behaviors, yet few empirical studies have tested hypotheses explaining the ultimate causes of these cyclical annual movements. Fretwell's (1980) hypothesis predicts that if nest predation explains why many tropical birds migrate uphill to breed, then predation risk must be negatively associated with elevation. Data from 385 artificial nests spanning 2,740 m of elevation on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica show an overall decline in predation with increasing elevation. However, nest predation risk was highest at intermediate elevations (500-650 m), not at lowest elevations. The proportion of nests depredated by different types of predators differed among elevations. These results imply that over half of the altitudinal migrant bird species in this region migrate to safer breeding areas than their non-breeding areas, suggesting that variation in nest predation risk could be an important benefit of uphill migrations of many species.

  17. EVALUACIÓN DE UN MODELO PARA ESTIMAR LA TEMPERATURA Y HUMEDAD RELATIVA EN EL INTERIOR DE INVERNADERO CON VENTILACIÓN NATURAL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Audberto Reyes-Rosas

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Un modelo climático fue evaluado para estimar la evolución horaria de la temperatura del aire y la humedad relativa al interior de un invernadero con ventilación natural de tipo cenital, en función del clima externo. La evaluación se efectuó en el invierno 2008-2009 en un invernadero comercial con producción de tomate, localizado en Tlahualilo, Durango, México. El modelo incorporó los efectos de la ventilación natural para enfriar el invernadero. El resultado de la evaluación en dos días analizados en forma separada mostró un ajuste adecuado para la estimación de la temperatura del aire, y menor ajuste para humedad relativa. Es necesario mejorar la capacidad del modelo para simular el clima del invernadero con la finalidad de utilizarlo en un futuro como una herramienta de apoyo para la toma de decisiones en la operación de invernaderos de este tipo.

  18. Ampliación del ámbito geográfico-altitudinal y uso de hábitats suburbanos por la mascarita pico grueso (Geothlypis poliocephala Geographic-altitudinal range extension and suburban habitat use of the Grey-crowned Yellowthroat (Geothlypis poliocephala

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ian MacGregor-Fors

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta el primer registro de la mascarita pico grueso (Geothlypis poliocephala para la región del Eje Neovolcánico Transversal, México. Los sitios donde registramos/capturamos esta especie se encuentran en los suburbios de la ciudad de Morelia, 427 m arriba del ámbito altitudinal descrito para la especie. Esto puede deberse a 2 factores: 1 la urbanización que genera hábitats propicios para la especie en su periferia, y 2 el incremento de la temperatura en la región en la que se encuentra la ciudad de Morelia. Ambos factores facilitan que esta especie de tierras bajas pueda habitar en áreas de mayor altitud. Así, nuestros registros sugieren que la mascarita pico grueso puede catalogarse como especie potencial a utilizar hábitats suburbanos cuando éstos son similares a los hábitats en los que se distribuye de manera natural.The first record of the Grey-crowned Yellowthroat (Geothlypis poliocephala in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt biogeographic region (Mexico, within the Morelia city suburbs is presented. Sites were this parulid was sighted / captured were located 427 m higher than its described altitudinal range. This could be due to 2 factors: 1 urbanization generates suitable habitats for this species in periurban areas, and 2 temperature values have increased in the region where the city of Morelia is located. These factors allow that a lowland bird species can inhabit in more elevated areas. Thus, our records suggest that the Grey-crowned Yellowthroat can be catalogued as potential to use suburban environments when these are similar to those used by the species on its natural distribution area.

  19. Forest filter effect versus cold trapping effect on the altitudinal distribution of PCBs: a case study of Mt. Gongga, eastern Tibetan Plateau.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Xin; Li, Jun; Zheng, Qian; Bing, Haijian; Zhang, Ruijie; Wang, Yan; Luo, Chunling; Liu, Xiang; Wu, Yanhong; Pan, Suhong; Zhang, Gan

    2014-12-16

    Mountains are observed to preferentially accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at higher altitude due to the cold condensation effect. Forest soils characterized by high organic carbon are important for terrestrial storage of POPs. To investigate the dominant factor controlling the altitudinal distribution of POPs in mountainous areas, we measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different environmental matrices (soil, moss, and air) from nine elevations on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, the highest mountain in Sichuan Province on the Tibetan Plateau. The concentrations of 24 measured PCBs ranged from 41 to 510 pg/g dry weight (dw) (mean: 260 pg/g dw) in the O-horizon soil, 280 to 1200 pg/g dw (mean: 740 pg/g dw) in moss, and 33 to 60 pg/m(3) (mean: 47 pg/m(3)) in air. Soil organic carbon was a key determinant explaining 75% of the variation in concentration along the altitudinal gradient. Across all of the sampling sites, the average contribution of the forest filter effect (FFE) was greater than that of the mountain cold trapping effect based on principal components analysis and multiple linear regression. Our results deviate from the thermodynamic theory involving cold condensation at high altitudes of mountain areas and highlight the importance of the FFE.

  20. Location and determination of steps of capacitors in shunt for distribution power lines; Localizacion y determinacion de pasos de capacitores en derivacion para lineas de distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pampin Vergara, Gabriela; Sarmiento Uruchurtu, Hector [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2001-07-01

    A methodology is presented to determine the optimal location of the capacitor banks in shunt for distribution networks. The proposed tool allows knowing the bank type to install (fixed, disconnect able or of pass), as well as the electrical parameters of the feeder and the economic benefit that the banks of capacitors represent, with a minimum of input data. Its development in a spreadsheet allows the analysis of numerous alternatives in an easy way. The method is based on that the structure of the feeders of distribution is, generally, of radial type, with which, and by means of an iterative process, the optimal location of the capacitor banks in shunt is looked for. The type of bank is determined based of the demand, as well as the number of steps. The results of the analysis in feeders of the network of the central area are shown. [Spanish] Se presenta una metodologia para determinar la localizacion optima de los bancos de capacitores en derivacion en redes de distribucion. La herramienta propuesta permite conocer el tipo de banco a instalar (fijo, desconcectable o de paso), asi como los parametros electricos del alimentador y el beneficio economico que representan los bancos de capacitores, con un minimo de datos de entrada. Su desarrollo en una hoja de calculo permite el analisis de numerosas alternativas de manera facil. El metodo se basa en que la estructura de los alimentadores de distribucion es, por lo general, de tipo radial, con lo cual, y por medio de un proceso iterativo, se busca la localizacion optima de los bancos de capacitores en derivacion. Se determina el tipo de banco en funcion de la demanda, asi como el numero de pasos. Se muestran resultados del analisis en alimentadores de la red del area central.

  1. Fototrampeo de mamíferos en la Sierra Nanchititla, México: abundancia relativa y patrón de actividad

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Octavio Monroy-Vilchis

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available La conservación de las especies y su manejo adecuado dependen de la disponibilidad de información sobre sus poblaciones, por ello es importante estudiar aspectos como la abundancia y el patrón de actividad. En esta investigación se utilizaron trampas-cámara para obtener índices de abundancia relativa y establecer el patrón de actividad de los mamíferos medianos y grandes de la Sierra Nanchititla, México. El trabajo se llevó a cabo durante el periodo de diciembre de 2003 a mayo de 2006, con un esfuerzo total de 4 305 días-trampa. Se obtuvieron 897 fotografías de 19 especies, las más abundantes fueron: Nasua narica, Sylvilagus floridanus y Urocyon cinereoargenteus, de acuerdo con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR, número de registros independientes/100 días trampa, coincidiendo con estudios basados en métodos indirectos. El patrón de actividad de las especies registradas mostraron que el 67% son de hábitos nocturnos. Algunas especies mostraron diferencias con los patrones mencionados por otros autores, las cuales se relacionan principalmente con la estacionalidad, la disponibilidad de recursos y el sexo de los individuos

  2. Discusión acerca de modelos para la estimación de la humedad relativa: estudio de caso de la costa brasileña frente la influencia en la durabilidad del hormigón

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ronaldo de Medeiros-Junior

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available En la ingeniería, la humedad relativa es muy importante para diferentes aplicaciones, entre ellas la durabilidad de las estructuras en hormigón. Sin embargo, se ha observado que en algunas ciudades no existen estaciones meteorológicas que reúnan datos completos de las series de tiempo. El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir los modelos disponibles en la literatura para estimar la humedad relativa y comprobar su comportamiento para entornos marinos. La metodología utilizada consiste en el análisis comparativo de la humedad relativa predicha por los modelos y de los valores medidos por las estaciones meteorológicas durante un período de treinta años. Se analizaron dos modelos en dieciséis ciudades de la costa brasileña. Para el análisis y la comparación de los datos, se evaluó el comportamiento estadístico de los resultados. En los resultados de los análisis estadísticos practicados, se observa que uno de los modelos ha demostrado ser mejor para estimar la humedad relativa de los medio ambientes marinos. De igual forma, se identificó la necesidad de desarrollar un modelo más apropiado para este tipo de ambiente.

  3. How do two Lupinus species respond to temperature along an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Andes? ¿Cómo responden dos especies de Lupinus a la temperatura en un gradiente altitudinal en los Andes venezolanos?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    FERMÍN RADA

    2008-09-01

    Full Text Available Temperature determines plant formations and species distribution along altitudinal gradients. Plants in the tropical high Andes, through different physiological and morphological characteristics, respond to freezing night temperatures and high daytime energy inputs which occur anytime of the year. The main objective of this study was to characterize day and night temperature related responses of two Lupinus species with different altitudinal ranges (L. meridanus, 1,800-3,600 and L. eromonomos, 3,700-4,300 m of altitude. Are there differences in night low temperature resistance mechanisms between the species along the gradient? How do these species respond, in terms of optimum temperature for photosynthesis, to increasing altitude? Lupinus meridanus shows frost avoidance, in contrast to L. eromonomos, which tolerates freezing at higher altitudes. Optimum temperature for photosynthesis decreases along the gradient for both species. Maximum C0(2 assimilation rates were higher in L. meridanus, while L. eromonomos showed decreasing C0(2 assimilation rates at the higher altitude. In most cases, measured daily leaf temperature is always within the 80 % of optimum for photosynthesis. L. meridanus7 upper distribution limit seems to be restricted by cold resistance mechanisms, while L. eromonomos7 to a combination of both cold resistance and to C0(2 assimilation responses at higher altitudes.La temperatura determina las formaciones vegetales y la distribución de especies a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales. Las plantas en los altos Andes tropicales, a través de diferentes características morfológicas y fisiológicas, responden a temperaturas congelantes nocturnas y altas entradas energéticas durante el día en cualquier momento del año. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue caracterizar las respuestas relacionadas con temperaturas diurnas y nocturnas en dos especies de Lupinus con diferente distribución altitudinal (L. meridanus, 1

  4. Nutrient addition modifies phosphatase activities along an altitudinal gradient in a tropical montane forest in Southern Ecuador

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Karla eDietrich

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available Atmospheric nutrient deposition and climate change are expected to endanger the diversity of tropical forest ecosystems. Nitrogen (N deposition might influence nutrient fluxes beyond the N cycle by a concomitant increased demand for other nutritional elements such as phosphorus (P. Organisms might respond to the increased P demand by enhanced activity of enzymes involved in releasing inorganic P from organic matter (OM. Our aims were to assess the effect of i climate shifts (approximated by an altitudinal gradient, and ii nutrient addition (N, P, N+P on phosphatase activity (PA in organic layer and mineral soil of a tropical montane rainforest in Southern Ecuador. A nutrient manipulation experiment (NUMEX was set up along an altitudinal gradient (1000, 2000, and 3000 m a.s.l.. We determined PA and inorganic and total P concentrations. PA at 1000 m was significantly lower (mean ± standard error: 48 ± 20 µmol p-NP g-1 dm h-1 as compared to 2000 m and 3000 m (119 ± 11 and 137 ± 19, respectively. One explanation might be that very rapid decomposition of OM at 1000 m results in very thin organic layers reducing the stabilization of enzymes and thus, resulting in leaching loss of enzymes under the humid tropical climate. We found no effect of N addition on PA neither in the organic layer nor in mineral soil, probably because of the low nutrient addition rates that showed ambiguous results so far on productivity measures as a proxy for P demand. In the organic layers of P and N+P treatments, we found decreased PA and increased concentrations of inorganic P. This indicates that the surplus of inorganic P reduced the biosynthesis of phosphatase enzymes. PA in megadiverse montane rainforests is likely to be unaffected by increased atmospheric N deposition but reduced upon atmospheric P deposition.

  5. Altitudinal patterns and controls of trace metal distribution in soils of a remote high mountain, Southwest China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Rui; Bing, Haijian; Wu, Yanhong; Zhou, Jun; Xiang, Zhongxiang

    2018-02-01

    The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of regional human activity on trace metal accumulation in remote alpine ecosystems under long-distance atmospheric transport. Trace metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) in soils of the Mt. Luoji, Southwest China, were investigated along a large altitudinal gradient [2200-3850 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] to elaborate the key factors controlling their distribution by Pb isotopic composition and statistical models. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in the surface soils (O and A horizons) were relatively low at the altitudes of 3500-3700 m a.s.l. The enrichment factors of trace metals in the surface soils increased with altitude. After normalization for soil organic matter, the concentrations of Cd still increased with altitude, whereas those of Pb and Zn did not show a clear altitudinal trend. The effects of vegetation and cold trapping (CTE) (pollutant enrichment by decreasing temperature with increasing altitude) mainly determined the distribution of Cd and Pb in the O horizon, whereas CTE and bedrock weathering (BW) controlled that of Zn. In the A horizon, the distribution of Cd and Pb depended on the vegetation regulation, whereas that of Zn was mainly related to BW. Human activity, including ores mining and fossil fuels combustion, increased the trace metal deposition in the surface soils. The anthropogenic percentage of Cd, Pb, and Zn quantified 92.4, 67.8, and 42.9% in the O horizon, and 74.5, 33.9, and 24.9% in the A horizon, respectively. The anthropogenic metals deposited at the high altitudes of Mt. Luoji reflected the impact of long-range atmospheric transport on this remote alpine ecosystem from southern and southwestern regions.

  6. The roles of genetic drift and natural selection in quantitative trait divergence along an altitudinal gradient in Arabidopsis thaliana.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Luo, Y; Widmer, A; Karrenberg, S

    2015-02-01

    Understanding how natural selection and genetic drift shape biological variation is a central topic in biology, yet our understanding of the agents of natural selection and their target traits is limited. We investigated to what extent selection along an altitudinal gradient or genetic drift contributed to variation in ecologically relevant traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. We collected seeds from 8 to 14 individuals from each of 14 A. thaliana populations originating from sites between 800 and 2700 m above sea level in the Swiss Alps. Seed families were grown with and without vernalization, corresponding to winter-annual and summer-annual life histories, respectively. We analyzed putatively neutral genetic divergence between these populations using 24 simple sequence repeat markers. We measured seven traits related to growth, phenology and leaf morphology that are rarely reported in A. thaliana and performed analyses of altitudinal clines, as well as overall QST-FST comparisons and correlation analyses among pair-wise QST, FST and altitude of origin differences. Multivariate analyses suggested adaptive differentiation along altitude in the entire suite of traits, particularly when expressed in the summer-annual life history. Of the individual traits, a decrease in rosette leaf number in the vegetative state and an increase in leaf succulence with increasing altitude could be attributed to adaptive divergence. Interestingly, these patterns relate well to common within- and between-species trends of smaller plant size and thicker leaves at high altitude. Our results thus offer exciting possibilities to unravel the underlying mechanisms for these conspicuous trends using the model species A. thaliana.

  7. ESTRUCTURA DE UNA COMUNIDAD DE LÍQUENES Y MORFOLOGIA DEL GÉNERO STICTA (STICTACEAE EN UN GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Benicia Watteijne Ceron

    2009-09-01

    Full Text Available La distribución y el crecimiento de los líquenes están condicionados por diferentes factores ambientales, entre estos la variación en gradientes altitudinales. En la cordillera Oriental de los Andes de Colombia, no se han realizado estudios sobre zonación altitudinal de líquenes. En este trabajo se estudiaron las variaciones en la estructura de la comunidad de líquenes epifitos en un gradiente altitudinal (2000-2600 m en el PNN Tatamá. Se encontró que con el aumento en altura hay una disminución en riqueza y diversidad, siendo esto una desviación del patrón encontrado generalmente en otros trabajos sobre líquenes y gradientes altitudinales. La comunidad a bajas alturas se compone principalmente de líquenes fruticosos (cobertura de 30% a 2070 m y 0% a 2560 m y a mayores alturas de líquenes foliosos (cobertura de 15% a 2070 m y 43% a 2560 m. La altura, además de influenciar la estructura de la comunidad de los líquenes, puede afectar el desarrollo y la morfología de estos. En el género folioso Sticta se presentaron variaciones intraespecificas en la densidad de cifelas (órganos de intercambio gaseoso asociadas a la altura, encontrándose un efecto significativo de la altura sobre la densidad de cifelas en las especies S. andensis  y S. gyalocarpa (ANOVA, valor p= 0.008 y 0.05 respectivamente. Esto muestra un mecanismo de adaptación a los cambios ambientales que se dan con la altura.

  8. Effects of climate and geochemistry on soil organic matter stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions along altitudinal transects in different mountain regions

    Science.gov (United States)

    Griepentrog, Marco; Bodé, Samuel; Boudin, Mathieu; Dercon, Gerd; Doetterl, Sebastian; Matulanya, Machibya; Msigwa, Anna; Vermeir, Pieter; Boeckx, Pascal

    2017-04-01

    Terrestrial ecosystems are strongly influenced by climate change and soils are key compartments of the global carbon (C) cycle in terms of their potential to store or release significant amounts of C. This study is part of the interregional IAEA Technical Cooperation Project ``Assessing the Impact of Climate Change and its Effects on Soil and Water Resources in Polar and Mountainous Regions (INT5153)'' aiming to improve the understanding of climate change impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) in fragile polar and high mountainous ecosystems at local and global scale for their better management and conservation. The project includes 13 benchmark sites situated around the world. Here we present novel data from altitudinal transects of three different mountain regions (Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Mount Gongga, China; Cordillera Blanca, Peru). All altitudinal transects cover a wide range of natural ecosystems under different climates and soil geochemistry. Bulk soil samples (four field replicates per ecosystem) were subjected to a combination of aggregate and particle-size fractionation followed by organic C, total nitrogen, stable isotope (13C, 15N) and radiocarbon (14C) analyses of all fractions. Bulk soils were further characterized for their geochemistry (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Si, P) and incubated for 63 days to assess greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, NO, N2O). Further, stable C isotopic signature of CO2 was measured to determine the isotopic signature of soil respiration (using Keeling plots) and to estimate potential respiration sources. The following four ecosystems were sampled at an altitudinal transect on the (wet) southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro: savannah (920m), lower montane rain forests with angiosperm trees (2020m), upper montane cloud forest with gymnosperm trees (2680m), subalpine heathlands (3660m). Both forests showed highest C contents followed by subalpine and savannah. The largest part of SOC was found in particulate organic matter

  9. Methodology for locating faults in the Eastern distribution system PDVSA, Punta de Mata and Furrial Divisions; Metodologia para la localizacion de fallas en el sistema de distribucion de PDVSA Oriente, Divisiones Punta de Mata y Furrial

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez, F [Universidad Nacional Experimental Politecnica, Antonio Jose de Sucre, Guayana, Bolivar (Venezuela)]. E-mail: fco_martinez@outlook.com; Vasquez, C [Petroleos de Venezuela S.A., Maturin, Monagas (Venezuela)]. E-mail: vasquezcp@pdvsa.com

    2013-03-15

    Fault location in distribution systems has received a lot of attention in recent years in order to increase the availability of electricity supply. Due to the characteristics of distribution networks, fault location is a complicated task, so methods have been developed based on the variation of current and voltage values measured at the source substation, in normal operating condition and under the occurrence of short circuits. This article presents the implementation in MATLAB of a fault location algorithm applied to distribution systems, based on graphical analysis of the fault reactance which is determined by the minimum value of the reactance, using serial impedance matrix and fault/prefault voltage and current metering. Developed Tool Accuracy was verified by comparing the results obtained through it with actual recorded event data (Multilin SR 760) and distance to a known failure point. Additionally the method was applied to an experimental case that was compared with network fault simulation using ETAP Software. For both evaluated cases, the absolute error did not exceed 7%. [Spanish] La localizacion de fallas en sistemas de distribucion ha recibido atencion en los ultimos anos con el fin de aumentar la disponibilidad del suministro de energia electrica. Debido a las caracteristicas propias de las redes de distribucion, la ubicacion de fallas resulta una tarea complicada, por lo que se han desarrollado metodos basados en la variacion de los valores de corriente y voltaje medidos en la subestacion fuente, en condicion normal de operacion y ante la ocurrencia de cortocircuitos. Este articulo presenta la implementacion en MATLAB de un algoritmo de localizacion de fallas en sistemas de distribucion que se fundamenta en el analisis grafico de la reactancia de falla, mediante el cual se determina el minimo valor de la reactancia, utilizando la matriz de impedancia serie y la medicion de los voltajes y corrientes de prefalla y falla. Se verifico la precision de la

  10. Avaliação da biodisponibilidade relativa de duas formulações contendo levocetirizina em voluntarios sadios

    OpenAIRE

    Milena Rodrigues Morita

    2008-01-01

    Resumo: Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar um método analítico para quantificação de levocetirizina em plasma humano. Além disso, a biodisponibilidade relativa de uma formulação contendo 5 mg de dicloridrato de levocetirizina (formulação teste e formulação referência produzida por Farmalab Indústrias Químicas e Farmacêuticas Ltda.) foi avaliada em trinta e seis voluntários sadios de ambos os sexos. Método: O plano de estudo utilizado foi aberto, randomizado, cruzado com um intervalo de washout d...

  11. Biomass and selected ecological factors of epiphytic bryophyte along altitudinal gradients in Southern Thailand

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sahut Chantanaorrapint

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Biomass of epiphytic bryophytes was investigated along three altitudinal transects in southern Thailand: TarutaoNational Park (25-700 m, Khao Nan National Park (400-1,300 m, and Khao Luang National Park (400-1,500 m. The dry weightof epiphytic bryophytes per surface area increased from 1.15 g/m2 in the lowland to a maximum 199 g/m2 at the lower montaneforests. The estimation of dry weight per hectare increased along transect from 2.4 to 620 kg. The water storing capacity ofepiphytic bryophytes was about 1.2 to 2.4 times as dry weight and was generally higher in the lower montane forest (up to1,500 l/ha than in the lowland forests. The bark pH of host trees range between 3.19 and 6.84, and show negative correlationwith the altitude (r=-0.635, p<0.05. Air temperature gradually decreases with the increasing altitude ca 0.6°C per 100 m elevation.

  12. Discusión acerca de modelos para la estimación de la humedad relativa: estudio de caso de la costa brasileña frente la influencia en la durabilidad del hormigón

    OpenAIRE

    Ronaldo de Medeiros-Junior; Maryangela de Lima; Marcelo de Medeiros

    2014-01-01

    En la ingeniería, la humedad relativa es muy importante para diferentes aplicaciones, entre ellas la durabilidad de las estructuras en hormigón. Sin embargo, se ha observado que en algunas ciudades no existen estaciones meteorológicas que reúnan datos completos de las series de tiempo. El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir los modelos disponibles en la literatura para estimar la humedad relativa y comprobar su comportamiento para entornos marinos. La metodología utilizada consiste en el aná...

  13. Phyllostomidae assemblage (Chiroptera: Mammalia in altitudinal forests at the Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Southeast of Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodrigo M. Mello

    Full Text Available ABSTRACT Many studies have demonstrated the ecological relevance and great biodiversity of bats in Brazil. However, mountainous areas have been disproportionately less sampled, mainly in the Southeast. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the richness and diversity of Phyllostomidae, the most diverse bat family, in different forest types in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, trying to understand the causes of possible differences. The Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca is inserted in the Serra da Mantiqueira's domain, in an Atlantic Forest region known as "Zona da Mata", state of Minas Gerais, with an altitudinal range between 1200-1784 meters. The study was conducted in two forest types, classified as "Nanofloresta Nebular" and "Floresta Nebular", whose respective data on richness and diversity were compared. The bats were captured with 8-10 mist nets for 14 months (April 2011 to May 2012 and four nights per month totaling 62,171.25 m2h of capture effort. A total of 392 captures (12 species belonging to the Phyllostomidae family were obtained. The most abundant species were Sturnira lilium (59.9%, Platyrrhinus lineatus (11.3%, Artibeus lituratus (8.7% and Carollia perspicillata (7.6%. The two sampled areas presented differences in bat richness, diversity and species composition, and this difference was predominantly influenced by S. lilium. It is likely that the observed difference in the assembly of bats between the two study sites depends on the variation in floristic composition. The records of A. lituratus and P. lineatus in a few months of the year and close to Ficus mexiae bearing ripe fruits suggests that at least these species move to the park for a few periods of the year in search of food resources, possibly moving through the altitudinal landscapes.

  14. ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL POTENTIALS OF HIGH ALTITUDINAL NEPALESE LICHENS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bijaya Laxmi Maharjan

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available Lichens and lichen products have been used in traditional medicines for centuries. The lichens of the high altitudinal meadow of MCA (Manaslu Conservation Area have remained unexplored for which this research has been conducted with an aim of unveiling the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of lichens present there. Four densely populated lichen species namely Usnea longifolia, Setraria spp, Parmotrema reticulatum and Evernastrium nepalense were chosen for the study. The extracts of these species were obtained in 6 different solvents viz. hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and water by soxhlet extraction method and the antimicrobial assay was carried out by agar well diffusion method. The extract yield varied from 0.07 -29.4%. The extracts obtained showed the presence of volatile oil, saponins, coumarins and quinines, flavonic glycosides and carotenoids. The ethyl acetate fraction of E. nepalense and U. longifolia were found to be most effective against all the 8 clinical bacterial pathogens and 5 phytopathogenic fungi tested. The extracts of Cetraria spp and P. milghenensis were found to be specifically inhibiting the fungal pathogens compared to the bacterial pathogens. Generally the lichen extracts tested demonstrated antimicrobial effect which suggests a possibility of their use in treatment of various diseases caused by these and similar microorganisms.

  15. Latitudinal and altitudinal controls of Titan's dune field morphometry

    Science.gov (United States)

    Le Gall, A.; Hayes, A. G.; Ewing, R.; Janssen, M. A.; Radebaugh, J.; Savage, C.; Encrenaz, P.; the Cassini Radar Team

    2012-01-01

    Dune fields dominate ˜13% of Titan's surface and represent an important sink of carbon in the methane cycle. Herein, we discuss correlations in dune morphometry with altitude and latitude. These correlations, which have important implications in terms of geological processes and climate on Titan, are investigated through the microwave electromagnetic signatures of dune fields using Cassini radar and radiometry observations. The backscatter and emissivity from Titan's dune terrains are primarily controlled by the amount of interdune area within the radar footprint and are also expected to vary with the degree of the interdunal sand cover. Using SAR-derived topography, we find that Titan's main dune fields (Shangri-La, Fensal, Belet and Aztlan) tend to occupy the lowest elevation areas in Equatorial regions occurring at mean elevations between ˜-400 and ˜0 m (relative to the geoid). In elevated dune terrains, we show a definite trend towards a smaller dune to interdune ratio and possibly a thinner sand cover in the interdune areas. A similar correlation is observed with latitude, suggesting that the quantity of windblown sand in the dune fields tends to decrease as one moves farther north. The altitudinal trend among Titan's sand seas is consistent with the idea that sediment source zones most probably occur in lowlands, which would reduce the sand supply toward elevated regions. The latitudinal preference could result from a gradual increase in dampness with latitude due to the asymmetric seasonal forcing associated with Titan's current orbital configuration unless it is indicative of a latitudinal preference in the sand source distribution or wind transport capacity.

  16. Sistema automatizado para aquisição de dados de umidade relativa do ar Automated system for relative humidity data acquisition

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Késia O. da Silva

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available Devido à importância do ambiente na produção animal e vegetal e, portanto, controle ambiental adequado, o trabalho propõe como objetivo a construção de um sistema de aquisição automatizada de dados de umidade relativa do ar, utilizando-se de microcontrolador de dimensões reduzidas e de baixo custo. A calibração do sensor de umidade relativa foi realizada em três etapas de simulação desenvolvidas em laboratório: caixas perfuradas, dessecador sem tampa contendo sílica-gel em seu fundo e psicrometria. As etapas de calibração, utilizando situações naturais e artificiais, bem como as metodologias desenvolvidas, apresentaram resultados que permitem concluir que o sistema pode ser utilizado com segurança no monitoramento dessa variável.Due the importance of the environment in animal and crop production and therefore an appropriate environmental control, the main objective of this work is the construction of an automated system for relative humidity data acquisition, using a controller with reduced dimensions and low cost. Calibration was performed under natural and artificial conditions. The methodology showed results that the system can be used for monitoring this environmental factor.

  17. Contrasting growth forecasts across the geographical range of Scots pine due to altitudinal and latitudinal differences in climatic sensitivity.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Matías, Luis; Linares, Juan C; Sánchez-Miranda, Ángela; Jump, Alistair S

    2017-10-01

    Ongoing changes in global climate are altering ecological conditions for many species. The consequences of such changes are typically most evident at the edge of a species' geographical distribution, where differences in growth or population dynamics may result in range expansions or contractions. Understanding population responses to different climatic drivers along wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradients is necessary in order to gain a better understanding of plant responses to ongoing increases in global temperature and drought severity. We selected Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a model species to explore growth responses to climatic variability (seasonal temperature and precipitation) over the last century through dendrochronological methods. We developed linear models based on age, climate and previous growth to forecast growth trends up to year 2100 using climatic predictions. Populations were located at the treeline across a latitudinal gradient covering the northern, central and southernmost populations and across an altitudinal gradient at the southern edge of the distribution (treeline, medium and lower elevations). Radial growth was maximal at medium altitude and treeline of the southernmost populations. Temperature was the main factor controlling growth variability along the gradients, although the timing and strength of climatic variables affecting growth shifted with latitude and altitude. Predictive models forecast a general increase in Scots pine growth at treeline across the latitudinal distribution, with southern populations increasing growth up to year 2050, when it stabilizes. The highest responsiveness appeared at central latitude, and moderate growth increase is projected at the northern limit. Contrastingly, the model forecasted growth declines at lowland-southern populations, suggesting an upslope range displacement over the coming decades. Our results give insight into the geographical responses of tree species to climate change

  18. COMPARACION DE 13 INTERVALOS DE CONFIANZA PARA LOS PARAMETROS DE LA DISTRIBUCION MULTINOMIAL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Difariney González-Gómez

    2015-07-01

    Full Text Available La distribución multinomial es fundamental para la descripción de fenómenos en los que pueden ocurrir k > 2 eventos excluyentes, cada uno con probabilidad π = (π1, π2, . . . , πk. Algunos ejemplos de esta distribución incluyen la calidad de un producto o encuestas de selección múltiple. Un problema de gran interés en inferencia estadística es la construcción de intervalos de confianza los parámetros para π. En este trabajo se comparan, a través de un estudio de simulación, 13 metodologías para la construcción de intervalos de confianza para dicha distribución. Utilizando como criterios de comparación el nivel de confianza nominal, la longitud del intervalo y una combinación de estos, se encuentra que los intervalos de confianza basados en el Teorema del Límite Central no presentan el mejor desempeño. Finalmente se recomiendan los métodos basados en la distribución F (Leemis, 1996, seguido del método de verosimilitud relativa (Kalbfleish, 1985 y Quesenberry & Hurst (1964.

  19. DISTRIBUIÇÃO E RIQUEZA DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS RARAS EM FRAGMENTOS DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA AO LONGO DE UM GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL, EM SANTA CATARINA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tiago de Souza Ferreira

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available RESUMOEste estudo teve por objetivo analisar como a distribuição e riqueza de espécies raras em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista ocorrem ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal. Para isso, espécies arbóreas (diâmetro à altura do peito > 5 cm foram amostradas em 10 fragmentos florestais localizados em diferentes pisos altitudinais do Planalto Sul-Catarinense, em uma área total de 10 ha. As espécies que apresentaram número de indivíduos igual ou inferior a 2 em pelo menos um fragmento foram classificadas como raras. A distribuição das espécies foi verificada por meio de dendrograma construído a partir do índice de distância florística de Jaccard e do algoritmo de agrupamento UPGMA. A riqueza total de espécies por fragmento e o número de espécies raras foram comparados entre as subformações montana e alto-montana, por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney (U. As relações entre altitude e os valores de riqueza total e número de espécies raras em cada fragmento foram determinadas por regressões lineares simples. Os resultados indicaram a formação de dois grandes grupos de espécies raras em função do piso altitudinal. Apesar de a riqueza total das comunidades reduzir com o aumento da altitude, o número de espécies raras não apresentou alterações significativas. Conclui-se que na região do Planalto Sul-Catarinense os fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista apresentam diferentes conjunto de espécies arbóreas raras de acordo com a altitude e que a diminuição da riqueza das comunidades com o aumento do piso altitudinal não é acompanhada pela redução do número de espécies raras.

  20. Alta precisión relativa en problemas de álgebra lineal numérica en matrices con estructura

    OpenAIRE

    Ceballos Cañón, Johan Armando

    2016-01-01

    Esta tesis se enmarca dentro del campo de la Alta Precisión Relativa (HRA) en Álgebra Lineal Numérica (ALN). Sus líneas maestras son dos. Por un lado, el diseño y análisis de algoritmos que permitan resolver problemas de Álgebra Lineal con más precisión de la habitual para matrices con estructura. Y por otro el estudio de la teoría específica de perturbaciones necesaria para tratar los problemas que nos ocupan. En nuestra investigación hemos tratado dos: La obtención de soluciones precisas de...

  1. Consideraciones Legales Relativas a la Privacidad en Proyectos de Cloud Computing en el Exterior de Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Cruz González Allonca

    2014-02-01

    Full Text Available El modelo de prestación de servicios de cómputo en la nube (cloud computing ofrece múltiples ventajas tanto técnicas como económicas para las empresas y organismos que deciden implementarla. Este modelo, sin embargo, requiere tener consideraciones de carácter legal y de cumplimiento normativo desde el inicio del proyecto. Este estudio se propone recorrer la normativa argentina relativa a la protección de datos personales bajo esta plataforma, brindándole al lector un panorama sobre el cuerpo normativo vigente que debe ser aplicado a servicios de cloud computing en el exterior del país. A su vez identifica los riesgos asociados a estos servicios que deben ser contemplados con el fin de evitar responsabilidades.

  2. Optimal restoration strategies based on heuristic techniques for electrical distribution networks; Estrategias de restablecimiento optimas basadas en tecnicas heuristicas para redes de distribucion electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cruz Castrejon, J. A; Islas Perez, E; Espinosa Reza, A; Garcia Mendoza, R [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mails: adrian.cruz@iie.org.mx; eislas@iie.org.mx; aer@iie.org.mx; rgarcia@iie.org.mx

    2013-03-15

    In this paper we present a proposed solution to the problem of finding alternatives to reset faults in radial distribution networks power systems. This solution uses a deterministic method based on the definition of heuristics and whose main objectives are to improve execution time and solution quality. This search is based on the alternate repetition of two stages: a stage that attempts to reset the unconnected areas and other areas trying ballasting overloaded. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta una propuesta de solucion al problema de busqueda de alternativas de restablecimiento para fallas en redes de distribucion radiales en sistemas electricos de potencia. Esta solucion utiliza un metodo deterministico basado en la definicion de heuristicas y cuyos objetivos principales son: mejorar el tiempo de ejecucion y calidad de la solucion. Esta busqueda se basa en la repeticion alternada de dos etapas: una etapa que intenta restablecer las areas desconectadas y otra que intenta deslastrar las areas sobrecargadas.

  3. Do American dippers obtain a survival benefit from altitudinal migration?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Green, David J; Whitehorne, Ivy B J; Middleton, Holly A; Morrissey, Christy A

    2015-01-01

    Studies of partial migrants provide an opportunity to assess the cost and benefits of migration. Previous work has demonstrated that sedentary American dippers (residents) have higher annual productivity than altitudinal migrants that move to higher elevations to breed. Here we use a ten-year (30 period) mark-recapture dataset to evaluate whether migrants offset their lower productivity with higher survival during the migration-breeding period when they occupy different habitat, or early and late-winter periods when they coexist with residents. Mark-recapture models provide no evidence that apparent monthly survival of migrants is higher than that of residents at any time of the year. The best-supported model suggests that monthly survival is higher in the migration-breeding period than winter periods. Another well-supported model suggested that residency conferred a survival benefit, and annual apparent survival (calculated from model weighted monthly apparent survival estimates using the Delta method) of residents (0.511 ± 0.038SE) was slightly higher than that of migrants (0.487 ± 0.032). Winter survival of American dippers was influenced by environmental conditions; monthly apparent survival increased as maximum daily flow rates increased and declined as winter temperatures became colder. However, we found no evidence that environmental conditions altered differences in winter survival of residents and migrants. Since migratory American dippers have lower productivity and slightly lower survival than residents our data suggests that partial migration is likely an outcome of competition for limited nest sites at low elevations, with less competitive individuals being forced to migrate to higher elevations in order to breed.

  4. Leaf morphology and phenology of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are linked to environmental conditions depending on the altitudinal origin

    Science.gov (United States)

    Capdevielle-Vargas, Renee; Schuster, Christina; Estrella, Nicole; Menzel, Annette

    2014-05-01

    differences in SLA were found among the altitudinal levels in any of the transects, significant differences were found in biomass among the two highest sites of the two transects. The length of the lamina differed significantly between 900 to 1100-1400 m.a.s.l. in the south facing transect, while in the north facing transect the lamina width showed significant differences between the highest and the lower sites. A higher percentage of germination of seeds originating from higher altitudinal sites may points to a developed sensitivity to environmental changes and a rapid and more favorable response. Our results suggest, contrary to what has been reported, (leaf size differentiation among altitudinal sites under natural conditions), that the altitude of origin doesn't have an overriding impact on leaf morphological responses when growing under the same conditions, indicating that leaf morphology and phenology may have an adaptive significance linked to climate.

  5. Development of a prototype of a Master Central Unit (MCU) for the automation of Distribution Control Centers; Desarrollo de un prototipo de Unidad Central Maestra (UCM) para la automatizacion de Centros de Control de Distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Uribe Blanco, Carlos Eduardo; Mata Almanza, Rafael; Picasso Blanquel, Cuitlahuac [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2011-07-01

    For the purpose of contributing to the strategic plan and to the improvement of productivity and competitiveness levels, the Federal Electric Commission (CFE, Spanish acronym) is making a significant investment in human resources and materials to modernize electric energy supply systems, including monitoring, protection and automatic control for operating all the elements of the electrical process, from generating plants to transmission lines, distribution systems and commercial applications. With this modernization, the CFE is also creating the infrastructure for the interoperability and interconnectivity of the above systems, in such a way to enable it to broaden, continue and complement the functional integration of the linked institutional systems of the latest generation. The total integration of the systems will allow the CFE to move toward Intelligent Electric Networks. Therefore, the CFE requested help from the Electric Research Institute (IIE, Spanish acronym) to develop part of the infrastructure to modernize the automation of distribution. This consists of the development of a prototype of the supervision and control system, using interoperable open technology owned by the CFE which enables using the functions of a SCADA system (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) to supervise and control electric distribution networks. [Spanish] Con el proposito de contribuir al plan estrategico y mejoramiento de los niveles de productividad y competitividad, la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) esta invirtiendo fuertemente en recursos humanos y materiales para la modernizacion de los sistemas de suministro de energia electrica, incluyendo el monitoreo, proteccion y control automatico para la operacion de todos los elementos del proceso electrico, desde los centros de generacion hasta las lineas de transmision, los sistemas de distribucion y las aplicaciones de comercializacion. Con dicha modernizacion, la CFE tambien esta generando la infraestructura para la

  6. La declinación relativa de la agricultura en el proceso de desarrollo: alguna evidencia para la economía argentina

    OpenAIRE

    Lanteri, Luis N.

    2005-01-01

    El análisis de las causas que explican la declinación relativa de la agricultura en la economía es uno de los desafíos centrales del desarrollo económico. Sobre el particular, la literatura suele poner énfasis en los argumentos que descansan en el lado de la demanda, tal como la ley de Engel. Más recientemente, estas explicaciones han sido desafiadas por otros enfoques que destacan principalmente las diferencias en las dotaciones de factores (efecto Rybczynski), los cambios en los precios rea...

  7. Methodology for the electric energy distribution systems planning of small and rural zones of Comision Federal de Electricidad; Metodologia para la planeacion de sistemas de distribucion de energia electrica de zonas pequenas y rurales de Comision Federal de Electricidad

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ochoa Gomez, Miguel Armando

    2008-12-15

    institutional procedures, the standards, the commercial programs and the programs developed by the Management of Planning, used in the CFE to make the electric distribution systems planning. In the same way, in Chapter 4 a methodology for the optimization of the electrical grids in low tension is proposed, standing out some errors that are commonly committed in the design of these types of networks, doing recommendations to correct them with low cost investments. Because of the importance in the design of medium tension lines, in Chapter 3 the set of economic conductors for 23 kV was determined for urban and rural areas, system type A (3F-4H, 2F-3H, 1F-2H), by means of the Modified Method. With this information we will be able to select the conductor that offers the best economy in the time, in each extension of the network. In Chapter 5 the proposed methodology in the planning of the electrical system of distribution of the Zapotlan Zone was applied, as much in substations as in the high and medium tension network. In this chapter analyses of optimization of the network were performed, capacitor banks application, attention to the incremental demand, power losses, contingencies by fault and reliability of the provision. Finally the obtained conclusions of the investigation and the work carried out are presented; as well as the recommendations for future facilities. [Spanish] Las 13 Divisiones de Distribucion en las cuales la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) tiene estructurada, administrativa y tecnicamente, la distribucion de la energia electrica en su territorio atendido, estan constituida a su vez por un total de 120 Zonas de Distribucion, clasificadas conforme al producto de su numero de clientes, por su volumen de ventas anuales, en media y baja tension, como zonas tipo I, II y III. Ejemplos de zonas tipo III son las Zona Guadalajara y la Zona Metropolitana Monterrey Norte, Oriente y Poniente (metropolis), la tipo II son zonas predominantemente urbanas como Queretaro

  8. VOLATILITY MODELING IN PERIODS OF CRISIS: ANALYSES OF ALTERNATIVE DISTRIBUTIONS IN BRIC AND THE US MODELADO DE LA VOLATILIDAD EN PERIODOS DE CRISIS: ANÁLISIS DE LAS DISTRIBUCIONES ALTERNATIVAS EN LOS BRIC Y EEUU MODELAGEM DA VOLATILIDADE EM PERÍODOS DE CRISE: ANÁLISE DAS DISTRIBUIÇÕES ALTERNATIVAS NO BRIC E NOS EUA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernanda Galvão de Barba

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available The real estate market crisis in North America in 2007 has strongly affected the capital markets in the US and Europe. Financial crises of the magnitude of that of 2007/2008 bring up important issues about financial markets. This paper investigates how distribution specification influences volatility modeling in the period including the financial crisis of 2007/2008.  Analysis was carried out by using weekly index data from the main stock exchanges of  BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China and the United States, using the APARCH model. The modeling is done in three subdivisions of  the sample considering six different distributions, normal, skewed normal, t-student, skewed  t-student, generalized and skewed generalized. Results of this research showed a variation in the distribution better adjusted during the crisis period, for almost all countries. Variation  in the distributions as well as in the significances and magnitudes of the coefficients can lead to the conclusion  that periods of financial oscillation and instability can influence the modeling of financial series, changing the magnitude and significance of coefficients, and be due to the  contagion  effect.La  crisis en el mercado inmobiliario norte-americano, en 2007, alcanzó estrechamente los mercados de capitales de los EEU y de los países europeos. Crisis financieras con la magnitud de la crisis de 2007/2008 traen a tono importantes cuestiones relativas a los mercados financieros. Este trabajo desea investigar como la especificación de la distribución influenció el modelado de la volatilidad en el periodo que alcanzó la crisis financiera de 2007/2008. Para el análisis fueron utilizados datos semanales de los índices de las principales bolsas del BRIC (Brasil, Rusia, India y China y de los Estados Unidos, usándose el modelo APARCH. El modelado se realiza en  tres subdivisiones de la muestra, suponiéndose seis distribuciones distintas: normal

  9. Do American dippers obtain a survival benefit from altitudinal migration?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    David J Green

    Full Text Available Studies of partial migrants provide an opportunity to assess the cost and benefits of migration. Previous work has demonstrated that sedentary American dippers (residents have higher annual productivity than altitudinal migrants that move to higher elevations to breed. Here we use a ten-year (30 period mark-recapture dataset to evaluate whether migrants offset their lower productivity with higher survival during the migration-breeding period when they occupy different habitat, or early and late-winter periods when they coexist with residents. Mark-recapture models provide no evidence that apparent monthly survival of migrants is higher than that of residents at any time of the year. The best-supported model suggests that monthly survival is higher in the migration-breeding period than winter periods. Another well-supported model suggested that residency conferred a survival benefit, and annual apparent survival (calculated from model weighted monthly apparent survival estimates using the Delta method of residents (0.511 ± 0.038SE was slightly higher than that of migrants (0.487 ± 0.032. Winter survival of American dippers was influenced by environmental conditions; monthly apparent survival increased as maximum daily flow rates increased and declined as winter temperatures became colder. However, we found no evidence that environmental conditions altered differences in winter survival of residents and migrants. Since migratory American dippers have lower productivity and slightly lower survival than residents our data suggests that partial migration is likely an outcome of competition for limited nest sites at low elevations, with less competitive individuals being forced to migrate to higher elevations in order to breed.

  10. Modeling ecological niches and predicting geographic distributions: a test of six presence-only methods Modelado de nichos ecológicos y predicción de distribuciones geográficas: comparación de seis métodos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel A. Ortega-Huerta

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Modeling ecological niches of species as a means to predict geographic distributions is a growing field that has been applied to numerous challenges of importance in ecology, systematics, and human well-being. The increasing availability and variety of such predictive algorithms requires testing their performance. In this study, we compare 6 such algorithms (Maxent, BioMapper, DOMAIN, FloraMap, the genetic algorithm GARP, and weights of evidence as regards their ability to predict the geographic distributions of 10 species of Mexican birds for which ample distributional data are available. The results of this study nevertheless led to reflections on how model quality should be evaluated.La predicción de las distribuciones geográficas de las especies obtenida mediante el modelado de sus nichos ecológicos, representa una línea de investigación en expansión, la cual ha sido aplicada en múltiples áreas de conocimiento tales como ecología, sistemática y salud pública. La creciente disponibilidad y variedad de tales métodos y algoritmos de predicción determina su evaluación como necesaria. En este estudio, comparamos 6 algoritmos (Maxent, BioMapper, Domain, FloraMap, GARP, Weights of Evidence con respecto a su habilidad para predecir las distribuciones geográficas de 10 especies de aves de México, para las cuales se cuenta con suficientes datos distribucionales. No obstante, los resultados de nuestro estudio sugieren la necesidad de elaborar nuevos criterios para la evaluación de modelos.

  11. Altitudinal patterns of diversity and functional traits of metabolically active microorganisms in stream biofilms

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wilhelm, Linda; Besemer, Katharina; Fragner, Lena; Peter, Hannes; Weckwerth, Wolfram; Battin, Tom J

    2015-01-01

    Resources structure ecological communities and potentially link biodiversity to energy flow. It is commonly believed that functional traits (generalists versus specialists) involved in the exploitation of resources depend on resource availability and environmental fluctuations. The longitudinal nature of stream ecosystems provides changing resources to stream biota with yet unknown effects on microbial functional traits and community structure. We investigated the impact of autochthonous (algal extract) and allochthonous (spruce extract) resources, as they change along alpine streams from above to below the treeline, on microbial diversity, community composition and functions of benthic biofilms. Combining bromodeoxyuridine labelling and 454 pyrosequencing, we showed that diversity was lower upstream than downstream of the treeline and that community composition changed along the altitudinal gradient. We also found that, especially for allochthonous resources, specialisation by biofilm bacteria increased along that same gradient. Our results suggest that in streams below the treeline biofilm diversity, specialisation and functioning are associated with increasing niche differentiation as potentially modulated by divers allochthonous and autochthonous constituents contributing to resources. These findings expand our current understanding on biofilm structure and function in alpine streams. PMID:25978543

  12. Initial Pressure Distribution in the Geothermal Field of Los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico; Distribucion de presion inicial en el campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arellano, Victor M.; Izquierdo, Georgina; Aragon, Alfonso; Barragan, Rosa Maria; Garcia, Alfonso [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (Mexico); Pizano, Arturo [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2001-09-01

    To obtain the undisturbed distribution of pressures of a field flow, a significant amount of data concerning geological, geochemical, geophysical, and field drilling and engineering aspects, from 42 wells located at the geothermal field of Los Humeros, was analysed. Based on the studied data, models of the field pressure distribution in its initial state were developed. The models reveal the existence of at least two deposits. One of them, the most superficial, is located between 1025 and 1600 meters over the sea level, and from its excellent congruence with the pressure profile of a boiling water column, it may be considered as a predominantly liquid field. The pressure profile of this field is that of a boiling water column, at a temperature of about 300-330 Celsius degrees. The second field is below 850 meters over the sea level and from the known data it reaches at least 100 meters over the sea level. It is considered a low-liquid saturated field. The temperatures of the wells supplied by this field were estimated to be about 300-40 Celsius degrees. [Spanish] Para inferir las distribuciones de presion no perturbadas del fluido del yacimiento, se analizo una considerable cantidad de informacion relacionada con los aspectos geologicos, geoquimicos, geofisicos, de perforacion e ingenieria de yacimientos, correspondiente a 42 pozos del camo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla. Sobre la base de los datos analizados se desarrollaron modelos de distribucion de la presion del yacimiento en su estado inicial. Dichos modelos revelan la existencia de, cuando menos, dos yacimientos. El primero y mas superficial se encuentra localizado entre 1,600 y 1,025 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm), y dada su excelente concordancia con el perfil de presion correspondiente a una columna de agua en ebullicion, puede afirmarse que se trata de un yacimiento de liquido dominante. El perfil de presion de este yacimiento corresponde a una columna de agua en ebullicion de 300 a 330

  13. Valoración de la presencia de dimensiones éticas en el estudio de la Calidad de Vida Relativa a la Salud

    OpenAIRE

    Ubaldo González Pérez; Alina Alerm González

    2011-01-01

    La Calidad de Vida Relativa a la Salud (CVRS) tiene carácter valorativo, lo cual es importante en las decisiones clínicas. Se exploró la presencia de dimensiones bioéticas en instrumentos y en la práctica médica mediante la revisión documental y las opiniones de expertos. Se examinaron 7 instrumentos genéricos, se aplicaron cuestionarios con preguntas cerradas a 15 expertos y se realizaron entrevistas a 5 de ellos. En las encuestas se estimó la frecuencia de respuestas afirmativas sobre la pr...

  14. Predicted altitudinal shifts and reduced spatial distribution of Leishmania infantum vector species under climate change scenarios in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    González, Camila; Paz, Andrea; Ferro, Cristina

    2014-01-01

    Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania infantum (=Leishmania chagasi), and is epidemiologically relevant due to its wide geographic distribution, the number of annual cases reported and the increase in its co-infection with HIV. Two vector species have been incriminated in the Americas: Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia evansi. In Colombia, L. longipalpis is distributed along the Magdalena River Valley while L. evansi is only found in the northern part of the Country. Regarding the epidemiology of the disease, in Colombia the incidence of VL has decreased over the last few years without any intervention being implemented. Additionally, changes in transmission cycles have been reported with urban transmission occurring in the Caribbean Coast. In Europe and North America climate change seems to be driving a latitudinal shift of leishmaniasis transmission. Here, we explored the spatial distribution of the two known vector species of L. infantum in Colombia and projected its future distribution into climate change scenarios to establish the expansion potential of the disease. An updated database including L. longipalpis and L. evansi collection records from Colombia was compiled. Ecological niche models were performed for each species using the Maxent software and 13 Worldclim bioclimatic coverages. Projections were made for the pessimistic CSIRO A2 scenario, which predicts the higher increase in temperature due to non-emission reduction, and the optimistic Hadley B2 Scenario predicting the minimum increase in temperature. The database contained 23 records for L. evansi and 39 records for L. longipalpis, distributed along the Magdalena River Valley and the Caribbean Coast, where the potential distribution areas of both species were also predicted by Maxent. Climate change projections showed a general overall reduction in the spatial distribution of the two vector species, promoting a shift in altitudinal distribution for L

  15. Influencia térmica e higroscópica en la permitividad relativa de material cerámico crudo utilizado en el proceso de fabricación de baldosas para piso

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodríguez P., O.

    2003-08-01

    Full Text Available In the presently work is demonstrated the thermal behavior and the degree of absorption of water for sample of raw ceramic material used in the process of production of tiles for floor. The experimental work demonstrated that the pressure of having pressed is not such an excellent factor as the relative humidity H, in the behavior of the samples to the direct action of the light and their influence in the relative electric permitivity.

    En el presente trabajo se demuestra el comportamiento térmico e higroscópico de muestras de material cerámico crudo utilizadas en el proceso de fabricación de baldosas para piso. El trabajo experimental demostró que la presión de prensado no es un factor tan relevante como la humedad relativa H, en el comportamiento de las muestras a la acción directa de la luz y su influencia en la permitividad eléctrica relativa.

  16. Nuevas coordenadas en materia de publicidad relativa a medicamentos: instrumentos éticos de tutela del consumidor en internet

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    David López Jiménez

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available En internet pueden adquirirse todo tipo de bienes y/o servicios. Entre los productos que, con relativa facilidad pueden obtenerse, se encuentran los medicamentos. Ahora bien, si resultan adquiridos, sin garantías, se plantean riesgos para los potenciales consumidores. Para suplir tal handicap, la propia industria farmacéutica de España se ha autorregulado. Gracias a estas últimas, se han elaborado un conjunto de reglas éticas que van más allá de la normatividad. En virtud de las mismas, el consumidor podrá adquirir estos productos con un alto grado de confianza. De esta manera, la propia industria aprueba un conjunto de reglas deontológicas que benefician a la empresa farmacéutica, pero también al destinatario último de los productos.

  17. Ignored fungal community in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants: diversity and altitudinal characteristics.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Niu, Lihua; Li, Yi; Xu, Lingling; Wang, Peifang; Zhang, Wenlong; Wang, Chao; Cai, Wei; Wang, Linqiong

    2017-02-01

    Fungi are important contributors to the various functions of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs); however, the diversity and geographic characteristics of fungal populations have remained vastly unexplored. Here, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and 454 pyrosequencing were combined to investigate the abundance and diversity of the activated sludge fungal communities from 18 full-scale municipal WWTPs in China. Phylogenetic taxonomy revealed that the members of the fungal communities were assigned to 7 phyla and 195 genera. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant phyla, dominated by Pluteus, Wickerhamiella, and Penicillium. Twenty-three fungal genera, accounting for 50.1 % of the total reads, were shared by 18 WWTPs and constituted a core fungal community. The fungal communities presented similar community diversity but different community structures across the WWTPs. Significant distance decay relationships were observed for the dissimilarity in fungal community structure and altitudinal distance between WWTPs. Additionally, the community evenness increased from 0.25 to 0.7 as the altitude increased. Dissolved oxygen and the C/N ratio were determined to be the most dominant contributors to the variation in fungal community structure via redundancy analysis. The observed data demonstrated the diverse occurrence of fungal species and gave a marked view of fungal community characteristics based on the previously unexplored fungal communities in activated sludge WWTPs.

  18. Corridor- and stopover-use of the Hawaiian goose (Branta sandvicensis), an intratropical altitudinal migrant

    Science.gov (United States)

    Leopold, Christina R.; Hess, Steven C.

    2014-01-01

    We outfitted six male Hawaiian geese, or nene (Branta sandvicensis), with 45-g solar-powered satellite transmitters and collected four location coordinates d−1 from 2010 to 2012. We used 6193 coordinates to characterize migration corridors, habitat preferences and temporal patterns of displacement for 16 migration events with Brownian bridge utilization distributions (BBUD). We used 1552 coordinates to characterize stopovers from 37 shorter-distance movement events with 25% BBUDs. Two subpopulations used a well-defined common migration corridor spanning a broad gradient of elevation. Use of native-dominated subalpine shrubland was 2.81 times more likely than the availability of this land-cover type. The nene differed from other tropical and temperate-zone migrant birds in that: (1) migration distance and the number of stopovers were unrelated (Mann–Whitney test W = 241, P movements were not unidirectional suggesting that social interactions may be more important than refuelling en route; but like other species, nene made more direct migrations with fewer stopovers in return to breeding areas (0.58 ± 0.50) than in migration away from breeding areas (1.64 ± 0.48). Our findings, combined with the direction and timing of migration, which is opposite that of most other intratropical migrants, suggest fundamentally different drivers of altitudinal migration.

  19. Medición de la eficiencia técnica relativa de las fincas asociadas a Coounión en Guasca Cundinamarca

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wilson Oviedo G.

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. Medir la eficiencia técnica relativa en las fincas asociadas a la cooperativa COOUNIÓN mediante Data Envelopment Analysis DEA (Análisis Envolvente de Datos. Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron como muestra las doce fincas asociadas a la Cooperativa Coounión en el municipio de Guasca (Cundinamarca. La información se obtuvo durante el período comprendido entre el 1º de junio del 2008 y el 31 de mayo del 2009. Los datos se estructuraron en seis variables, de las cuales se plantean dos modelos, ambos con cuatro variables y que están orientados a las entradas con rendimientos constantes a escala (CRS. El primer modelo consta de tres entradas: nutrición, mantenimiento, ordeño, y una salida: leche; mientras que el segundo modelo cuenta con dos entradas: nutrición, mantenimiento y dos salidas: carne, crías. Resultados. De las doce fincas solo una presentó, la mejor eficiencia tanto en el modelo 1 como en el modelo 2. Por esta razón, se determinaron las mejores prácticas de esta finca con el fin de replicarlas en las demás. Conclusiones. Aplicar la metodología DEA en las fincas ganaderas es viable porque permite enfocarse principalmente en aquellas variables que son controlables por el ganadero como los insumos. Por consiguiente, la evaluación de la eficiencia técnica relativa se desarrolló orientada a estos; así se demostró que las fincas pueden mantener sus niveles de producción actuales haciendo reducciones significativas en sus costos.

  20. Methodology for energy diagnosis in distribution steam lines; Metodologia para diagnostico de energia en lineas de distribucion de vapor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Almanza, M; Ambriz, J J; Romero P, H [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    This paper shows a methodology that results of great advantage in the development of the energy analysis of an industrial facility that utilizes steam as a mean of energy transport and where the steam operated equipment is physically located in a remote place, away from the generation site. Mention is made here of the equipment characteristics that can be used for such purpose, the most important parameters to identify in a rapid and efficient way the faults presented in the steam distribution system in the industrial plants and the formats that contribute to keep the corresponding records for efficiently maintain in operation the steam pipeline net in conjunction with the involved accessories. [Espanol] En el presenta trabajo se muestra una metodologia que resulta de gran utilidad en el desarrollo del analisis energetico de una planta industrial, en la cual se emplee el vapor como medio de transporte de la energia y en donde el equipo que utiliza el vapor se encuentre fisicamente en un lugar apartado de la zona de generacion. Aqui se mencionan las caracteristicas del equipo que se puede utilizar para dicho diagnostico, los parametros de mayor importancia para identificar en forma rapida y eficiente las fallas que se presentan en el sistema de distribucion de vapor en las plantas industriales y los formatos que contribuyen a llevar los registros correspondientes para mantener operando eficientemente la red de vapor, en conjunto con los accesorios que en ella se involucran.

  1. Methodology for energy diagnosis in distribution steam lines; Metodologia para diagnostico de energia en lineas de distribucion de vapor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Almanza, M.; Ambriz, J. J.; Romero P, H. [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1992-12-31

    This paper shows a methodology that results of great advantage in the development of the energy analysis of an industrial facility that utilizes steam as a mean of energy transport and where the steam operated equipment is physically located in a remote place, away from the generation site. Mention is made here of the equipment characteristics that can be used for such purpose, the most important parameters to identify in a rapid and efficient way the faults presented in the steam distribution system in the industrial plants and the formats that contribute to keep the corresponding records for efficiently maintain in operation the steam pipeline net in conjunction with the involved accessories. [Espanol] En el presenta trabajo se muestra una metodologia que resulta de gran utilidad en el desarrollo del analisis energetico de una planta industrial, en la cual se emplee el vapor como medio de transporte de la energia y en donde el equipo que utiliza el vapor se encuentre fisicamente en un lugar apartado de la zona de generacion. Aqui se mencionan las caracteristicas del equipo que se puede utilizar para dicho diagnostico, los parametros de mayor importancia para identificar en forma rapida y eficiente las fallas que se presentan en el sistema de distribucion de vapor en las plantas industriales y los formatos que contribuyen a llevar los registros correspondientes para mantener operando eficientemente la red de vapor, en conjunto con los accesorios que en ella se involucran.

  2. Distribucion geografica de Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, vector de la batonellosis humana en el Peru Geographical distribution of Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae vector of human bartonellosis in Peru

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abraham G. Caceres

    1993-12-01

    Full Text Available Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913 (Diptera: Psychodidae, vector natural de la verruga peruana o enfermedad de Carrión es una especie propia del Perú. Su distribución geográfica esta entre los paralelos 5º y 13º25' de latitud Sur, se encuentra en los valles Occidentales e Interandinos de los Andes. La distribución altitudinal de Lu. verrucarum en los diversos valles es variable; asi: Occidentales, desde 1100 hasta 2980 msnm e Interandinos, de 1200 a 3200 msnm. En ciertas áreas verrucógenas no hay correlación entre la presencia de Lu. verrucarum y la enfermedad de Carrión lo que suguiere la existencia de vectores secundarios.Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913 (Diptera: Psychodidae; the natural vector of Bartonella bacilliformis, agent of human bartonellosis (peruvian verruga or Carrion's disease, is a native specie of Peru; its geographic distribution occurres between latitudes 5º and 13º 25' South: in the Occidental and Interandean valleys of the Andean. The altitudinal distribution of Lu. verrucarum in the different valleys is as follows: Occidental between 1100 and 2980 m sea level and Interandean from 1200 to 3200 m sea level. Some discrepancies between the distribution of Carrion's disease and Lu. verrucarum suggest the existence of secondary vectors in certain areas where Lu. verrucarum is not present

  3. EVOLUCIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN IBEROAMERICANA RELATIVA AL TAEKWONDO Y SU IMPACTO EN EL ÁMBITO DEPORTIVO: APROXIMACIÓN BIBLIOMÉTRICA

    OpenAIRE

    Mikel Pérez-Gutiérrez; Pablo Antonio Valdés-Badilla

    2015-01-01

    La presente investigación tiene por objetivo principal desarrollar un análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica iberoamericana relativa al taekwondo publicada en las principales bases de datos hispanohablantes y lusohablantes. La muestra está compuesta por artículos de investigación relativos al taekwondo, extraídos de las bases de datos Dialnet, SciELO y Redalyc, publicados en español o portugués, sin importar la fecha de su publicación. La búsqueda y extracción de información fue r...

  4. Expressão relativa de fator semelhante a insulina (IGFI e receptor do homômonio folículo estimulante (FSHR em folículos e tecido ovariano de Bos primigenius (Nelore

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Luís Ferreira

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available O aperfeiçoamento das técnicas que objetivam a exploração do potencial reprodutivo das fêmeas requer a compreensão mais ampla dos mecanismos de controle de desenvolvimento folicular. Uma alternativa de estudo nesta esfera, é a quantificação da expressão relativa de genes envolvidos nos processos de recrutamento, seleção e desenvolvimento folicular, pelo emprego da técnica de transcrição - reversa associado a reação em cadeia pela polimerase (RT - PCR. O presente trabalho objetivou quantificar a expressão relativa dos genes insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I e do receptor do hormônio folículo estimulante (FSHR, tendo como controle interno o gene da gliceraldeído 3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH. Foram utilizados ovários bovinos de animais de matadouro em diferentes fases do ciclo estral. O RNA total dos folículos e tecido ovarianos foi purificado por TRIZOL. As reações de RT-PCR foram realizadas com o "kit" SuperScriptTM First-Strand. Os produtos de PCR foram analisados em gel de agarose e as bandas submetidas à análise densitométrica. Todos os genes foram amplificados observando-se a curva exponencial de amplificação, a validação do método foi realizada através de análise de regressão, sendo estabelecido o coeficiente de amplificação (E. A expressão relativa de mRNA para cada gene de interesse foi calculada pela fórmula estabelecida por Prelle et al.12. Em todos os tecidos analisados, todos os genes foram expressos, sobressaltando-se diferenças nos diferentes ciclos estudados. Com relação os dados referentes ao coeficiente de amplificação (E, observou-se tanto para gene controle (GAPDH, como para o gene IGF-I concordância nos valores encontrados para as diferentes classes analisadas. Quanto ao gene IGF-I, a interpretação dos achados para a expressão relativa de mRNA pode está relacionada ao caráter constitutivo dessa proteína ou devido os transcritos não serem dependentes dos níveis de FSH

  5. Nordic Walking, modalidad terapéutica contra la fatiga relativa al cáncer

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cristina González Castro

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Existe evidencia de que el ejercicio físico puede mejorar los síntomas de los pacientes y supervivientes de cáncer y en especial la fatiga relativa al cáncer (FRC. El Nordic Walking (NW es una novedosa forma de ejercicio físico que presenta ventajas fisiológicas y psicológicas significativas respecto de la marcha normal. Este artículo propone el NW como tratamiento terapéutico alternativo contra la FRC. 

  6. Formas reificadas de referenciação relativas a personagens de narrativas afiliadas ao lendário amazônico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Heliud Luis Maia MOURA

    Full Text Available RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, a partir dos pressupostos da Linguística Textual e do Sociocognitivismo, formas reificadas de referenciação relativas a personagens de narrativas afiliadas ao lendário amazônico. Tomo como fundamento teórico as postulações de Marcuschi (2007, Fillmore (1976, 1977, 1982, 1985, Feltes (2007, Goffman (1974, 1988, Tomasello (1988, 1992a, 1995a, 2003, Koch (2004, 2006, Geertz (2008, Ferreira (1986, Abbagnano (1962, para os quais, sob diversas perspectivas teóricas, as formas-processos referencial-reificatórios são resultados de reconstruções sociocognitivas e culturais de entidades e eventos em mobilização nas narrativas em estudo.

  7. Seasonal and Altitudinal Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Buffalo in Eastern Nepal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramesh Prasad Sah

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other multipurpose uses distributed densely from southern tarai to northern mid-hills in Nepal. Among several internal parasitic diseases fascioliasis is highly economic one caused by Fasciola in buffaloes. However, there are only few studies carried on prevalence of fascioliasis emphasizing buffaloes in relation to seasonal (summer and rainy, and winter and altitudinal variations. Therefore, we examined prevalence of fascioliasis seasonally and vertically. For the purpose, we selected two districts of eastern Nepal and sampled from low altitude area known as Madhesha ranging from 175-200, Dhankuta from 800-1200 m, and Murtidhunga from 1800-2200 m elevation from the sea level, representing tarai, mid hills and high hills, respectively. Altogether from February 2013 to January 2014 at every two months interval we collected 798 fecal samples from buffaloes; 282 from Murtidhunga, 239 from Dhankuta and 277 from Madhesha. The samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Fasciola eggs using sedimentation technique. Results showed that overall prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was 39.9% (319/798, ranging highest 42.6%in Madhesha followed by 39.7% in Murtidhunga and 37.2% in Dhankuta, respectively. The prevalence of fascioliasis was found to be significantly (p <0.05 high in winter (44.9% comparing to rainy season (34.4%. The prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was relatively higher in low altitude than high altitude, although it was not statistically significant (p <0.05. In our findings the female buffaloes showed higher prevalence for fascioliasis than in male. Since the fascioliasis in buffaloes is highly endemic, thus strategic deworming in high risk period is recommended along with measure to prevent pasture contamination with buffalo feces.

  8. Análise comparativa de legislações relativas à qualidade da água para consumo humano na América do Sul

    OpenAIRE

    Vivian Gemiliano Pinto

    2006-01-01

    O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar e discutir comparativamente as legislações relativas à potabilidade, controle e vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano em países sulamericanos, verificando sua abrangência e atualidade. Na maioria dos países as exigências de controle, além do padrão de potabilidade, restringemse ao estabelecimento de planos de amostragem. E rara é a regulamentação das atividades típicas de vigilância da qualidade da água. Na realidade, poucos são os países em...

  9. Supervisory control system based on PC applied to substations automatization of and to regional operation centers of distribution networks; Sistema de control supervisorio basado en PC aplicado en automatizacion de subestaciones y centros de operacion regional de redes de distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Picasso B, Cuitlahuac [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Astorga Q, Clemente [Luz y Fuerza del Centro (Mexico)

    2003-07-01

    In order to increase the services quality in the electrical energy, to improve the process of identification of energy losses, to increase the equipment efficiency, to count on more complete statistics of profiles of load consumptions, among other applications, the Compania de Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LyFC) carries out the modernization in automatization of substations and regional operation centers of distribution networks. The technological base to make these programs requires automating the operative schemes of the substation and distribution centers that supervise the events of the electrical process. In this article the main results of the development and integration of master stations based on PC, that were made in the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) and that have been integrated in the electrical company LyFC are presented. [Spanish] Con el proposito de incrementar la calidad de los servicios en la energia electrica, mejorar el proceso de identificacion de perdidas de energia, aumentar la eficiencia de los equipos, contar con estadisticas mas completas de perfiles de consumos de carga, entre otras aplicaciones, la Compania de Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LyFC) lleva a cabo la modernizacion en automatizacion de subestaciones y centros de operacion regional de redes electricas de distribucion. La base tecnologica para realizar estos programas, requiere de automatizar los esquemas operativos de la subestacion y centros de distribucion que supervisan los eventos del proceso electrico. En este articulo se presentan los principales resultados del desarrollo e integracion de estaciones maestras basadas en PC, que se realizaron en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) y que se han integrado en la compania electrica LyFC.

  10. Training system for the maintenance of power lines of the distribution network, ALEn3D; Sistema para la capacitacion y entrenamiento para el mantenimiento de lineas de la red de distribucion, ALEn3D

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Galvan Bobadilla, Israel; Perez Ramirez, Miguel; Ayala Garcia, Andres; Munoz Roman, Jaime Javier; Rodriguez Gallegos, Eric; Salgado Martinez, Marco Antonio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Sierra Rodriguez, Benjamin [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2011-07-01

    The maintenance of power lines is a complex activity with many inherent risks. Therefore, training of personnel in this area is a priority for electric energy companies. This article presents a capacity-building system based on virtual reality developed by the Federal Electric Commission (CFE), called ALEn3D. This allows maintenance technicians to train in risk-free interactive 3D environments and to later use that knowledge with an actual installation. The work was validated by expert electricians and, therefore, the system represents a wealth of knowledge and best practices for the maintenance of distribution lines. ALEn3D was designed as a tool for self capacity-building for adults, and therefore includes usability and e-learning elements to facilitate learning and automate the students' ongoing progress. The system can be run by a personal computer, is low-cost, optimized and user friendly. It is being used in the 16 distribution divisions of the CFE. [Spanish] El mantenimiento en lineas energizadas es un actividad compleja y con muchos riesgos inherentes, por lo que la capacitacion del personal en esta area es una prioridad para las empresas de energia electrica. Este articulo presenta un sistema de capacitacion basado en realidad virtual desarrollado para la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), denominado ALEn3D, el cual permite a los tecnicos de mantenimiento capacitarse en ambientes 3D interactivos libes de riesgos, para posteriormente usar esos conocimientos en una instalacion real. El trabajo fue validado por expertos electricistas, por lo tanto, el sistema es un acervo de conocimientos y mejores practicas del mantenimiento a lineas de distribucion. ALEn3D fue disenado como una herramienta de autocapacitacion para adultos, por lo que se incluyeron aspectos de usabilidad y e-learning que facilitan el aprendizaje y automatizan el seguimiento del estudiante. El sistema puede ser ejecutado en una computadora personal y es utilizado en las 16

  11. Un Algoritmo de Estimación de Distribuciones copulado con la Distribución Generalizada de Mallows para el Problema de Ruteo de Autobuses Escolares con Selección de Paradas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Pérez-Rodríguez

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available Resumen: Aunque los algoritmos de estimación de distribuciones fueron originalmente diseñados para resolver problemas con dominio de valores reales o enteros, en esta contribución se utilizan para la resolución de un problema basado en permutaciones. El ruteo de autobuses escolares con selección de paradas es resuelto utilizando la distribución generalizada de Mallows como un intento para describir y obtener una distribución de probabilidad explicita sobre un conjunto de rutas de autobuses escolares. Además, un operador de mutación es considerado para mejorar la estimación de la permutación central, un parámetro de la distribución de Mallows. Diferentes y diversas instancias sirvieron como parámetro de entrada y prueba para mostrar que problemas basados en permutaciones tales como el ruteo de autobuses escolares con selección de paradas pueden ser resueltos por medio de un modelo de probabilidad, y mejorar la estimación de la permutación central ayuda al desempeño del algoritmo. Abstract: Although the estimation of distribution algorithms were originally designed for solving integer or real-valued domains, this contribution applies the algorithms mentioned to deal with a permutation-based problem, called school bus routing problem with bus stop selection, using the generalized Mallows distribution as an attempt to describe and obtain an explicit probability distribution over a set of school bus routes. In addition, a mutation operator is considered for improving the estimation of the central permutation, a parameter of the Mallows distribution. Different and diverse instances served as input and test parameters in order to show that permutation-based optimization problems such as the school bus routing problem with bus stop selection can be solved by means of a probability model, and improving the estimation of the central permutation helps the performance of the algorithm. Palabras clave: Algoritmo de estimación de

  12. Eficiência relativa de fertilizantes fosfatados no crescimento inicial de eucalipto cultivado em solos do cerrado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J.L. Gava

    1997-09-01

    Full Text Available Tendo como objetivo avaliar a eficiência relativa do superfosfato simples (SS, fosfato parcialmente acidulado (FAPS e termofosfato magnesiano (TERM como fonte de P e outros nutrientes para o cultivo de plantações de eucalipto, em dois solos da região dos Cerrados, uma areia quartzosa (50 g kg-1 de argila álica e um latossolo vermelho-escuro (230 g kg-1 de argila álico, foi realizado este experimento, sob condições de casa de vegetação, na ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba (SP, em 1993. Subamostras do AQ receberam 0, 75, 150 e 300 mg kg-1 de P e, do LE, 0, 125, 250 e 500 mg kg-1 de P no solo. As doses de P foram estimadas com base na solubilidade dos adubos; SS e FAPS, em citrato de amônio, e TERM, em ácido cítrico 20 g L-1. Em cada vaso (5 kg de solo, deixou-se uma planta de Eucalyptus grandis por 90 dias após a emergência e desbaste das plântulas. Paralelamente ao experimento em casa de vegetação, subamostras de todos os tratamentos, com 2 kg de solo, foram incubadas no interior de sacos plásticos por 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias. Ao término de cada período de incubação, os solos eram amostrados e analisados. Mediante o cálculo de índices de eficiência relativa entre os adubos, verificou-se que o TERM foi superior 64% ao SS e 57% ao FAPS no solo AQ. No LE, o SS foi superior 55% ao TERM e 34% ao FAPS. O TERM foi a fonte de P que promoveu os maiores acréscimos do nível de fertilidade dos solos, com expressiva elevação do pH do solo, redução das concentrações de Al e aumento daquelas de Ca e Mg. Os ganhos de produção das mudas de eucalipto foram altamente correlacionados com a absorção de P, K, Ca, Mg e Zn. O TERM proporcionou as maiores absorções desses nutrientes no solo AQ e, as menores, de P, Ca e Zn no LE. As distintas respostas de crescimento para os adubos avaliados, em ambos os solos, sobretudo para TERM e SS, foram atribuídas, em grande parte, aos efeitos secundários das fontes de P sobre a fertilidade dos

  13. Optimization of enrichment distributions in nuclear fuel assemblies loaded with Uranium and Plutonium via a modified linear programming technique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cuevas Vivas, Gabriel Francisco

    1999-12-01

    number of enrichments is accomplished with this methodology. [Spanish] Se ha desarrollado y probado una metodologia para optimizar las distribuciones de enriquecimiento de ensambles de combustible nuclear en Reactores de Agua Ligera (LWR). La tecnica de optimizacion empleada es el metodo revisado simplex de programacion linear y el desempeno del ensamble de combustible se evalua con un codigo de transporte de neutrones que tambien se utiliza en el calculo de los coeficientes de susceptibilidad. El procedimiento de optimizacion de la distribucion del enriquecimiento empieza desde una distribucion de enriquecimiento de un solo-valor (plano) hasta que se logra una meta factor pico de la maxima potencia local. La distribucion optima de barras para el enriquecimiento, con 1.00 para el factor de pico de maxima potencia local y teniendo cada barra su propio enriquecimiento, se calcula en una etapa intermedia del analisis. Posteriormente, las mejores ubicaciones y valores para un reducido numero de enriquecimiento de barras, se obtiene como una funcion del factor pico de la maxima potencia local, mediante la aplicacion de la sensibilidad al cambio de tecnicas. Finalmente, se lleva a cabo un proceso de barajar que asigna enriquecimiento individual entre los grupos de enriquecimiento de barras. La potencia relativa de distribucion de barras de potencia se modifica entonces ligeramente y se redefine el agrupamiento de barras hasta que se logra una configuracion optima. Para verificar la precision de la disposicion de barras.

  14. Regional Analysis of Precipitation by Means of Bivariate Distribution Adjusted by Maximum Entropy; Analisis regional de precipitacion con base en una distribucion bivariada ajustada por maxima entropia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Escalante Sandoval, Carlos A.; Dominguez Esquivel, Jose Y. [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico)

    2001-09-01

    The principle of maximum entropy (POME) is used to derive an alternative method of parameter estimation for the bivariate Gumbel distribution. A simple algorithm for this parameter estimation technique is presented. This method is applied to analyze the precipitation in a region of Mexico. Design events are compered with those obtained by the maximum likelihood procedure. According to the results, the proposed technique is a suitable option to be considered when performing frequency analysis of precipitation with small samples. [Spanish] El principio de maxima entropia, conocido como POME, es utilizado para derivar un procedimiento alternativo de estimacion de parametros de la distribucion bivariada de valores extremos con marginales Gumbel. El modelo se aplica al analisis de la precipitacion maxima en 24 horas en una region de Mexico y los eventos de diseno obtenidos son comparados con los proporcionados por la tecnica de maxima verosimilitud. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que la tecnica propuesta representa una buena opcion, sobre todo para el caso de muestras pequenas.

  15. Cultivable bacterial diversity along the altitudinal zonation and vegetation range of tropical Eastern Himalaya

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nathaniel A. Lyngwi

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available The Northeastern part of India sprawls over an area of 262 379km² in the Eastern Himalayan range. This constitutes a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of biodiversity and endemism; unfortunately, is also a poorly known area, especially on its microbial diversity. In this study, we assessed cultivable soil bacterial diversity and distribution from lowlands to highlands (34 to 3 990m.a.s.l.. Soil physico-chemical parameters and forest types across the different altitudes were characterized and correlated with bacterial distribution and diversity. Microbes from the soil samples were grown in Nutrient, Muller Hinton and Luria-Bertani agar plates and were initially characterized using biochemical methods. Parameters like dehydrogenase and urease activities, temperature, moisture content, pH, carbon content, bulk density of the sampled soil were measured for each site. Representative isolates were also subjected to 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A total of 155 cultivable bacterial isolates were characterized which were analyzed for richness, evenness and diversity indices. The tropical and sub-tropical forests supported higher bacterial diversity compared to temperate pine, temperate conifer, and sub-alpine rhododendron forests. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that Firmicutes was the most common group followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Species belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the most abundant. Bacterial CFU showed positive but insignificant correlation with soil parameters like pH (r=0.208, soil temperature (r=0.303, ambient temperature (r=0.443, soil carbon content (r=0.525, soil bulk density (r=0.268, soil urease (r=0.549 and soil dehydrogenase (r=0.492. Altitude (r=0.561 and soil moisture content (r=-0.051 showed negative correlation. Altitudinal gradient along with the vegetation and soil physico-chemical parameters were found to influence bacterial diversity and distribution. This study points out

  16. Atividade relativa da catalase de losna-branca (Parthenium hysterophorus comparada à de outras espécies daninhas Catalase relative activity of ragweed (Parthenium hysterophorus compared to that of other weed species

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    S.J.P. Carvalho

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade relativa da catalase em extrato aquoso de losna-branca (Parthenium hysterophorus, bem como comparála à atividade da catalase de outras espécies daninhas. O trabalho constou de três fases, que envolveram a padronização do método, comparação da atividade relativa da catalase de plantas da família Asteraceae e comparação com outras 11 espécies daninhas, sendo estas: Euphorbia heterophylla, Alternanthera tenella, Cenchrus echinatus, Panicum maximum, Amaranthus viridis, Ipomoea hederifolia, Galinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa, Sonchus oleraceus, Cyperus rotundus e Commelina benghalensis. Observou-se resposta linear crescente da reação entre extrato aquoso de losna-branca e peróxido de hidrogênio, em razão da concentração do extrato vegetal. Em todas as fases, a atividade relativa da catalase de extrato de losna-branca foi superior à atividade da catalase das demais espécies daninhas. Com os dados obtidos nas três fases, conclui-se que a maior atividade relativa observada para a catalase da losnabranca contribui significativamente para a tolerância dessa espécie ao herbicida paraquat. Essa maior atividade pode ser consequência da maior concentração enzimática nas células ou devido à maior atividade intrínseca da enzima (afinidade enzima-substrato, havendo necessidade de estudos mais precisos para essa conclusão.This work was carried out to evaluate catalase relative activity of ragweed (Parthenium hysterophorus aqueous extract, as well as to compare it with catalase activity of other weed species. It consisted of three phases, involving method standardization, comparison of the catalase relative activity in Asteraceae family plants and that of ragweed catalase activity with the following 11 weed species: Euphorbia heterophylla, Alternanthera tenella, Cenchrus echinatus, Panicum maximum, Amaranthus viridis, Ipomoea hederifolia, Galinsoga parviflora

  17. DESEMPEÑO PRODUCTIVO, COMPOSICIÓN Y BIODISPONIBILIDAD RELATIVA DE SELENIO EN TILAPIA NILÓTICA -Oreochromis niloticus- SUPLEMENTADA CON SELENIO ORGÁNICO E INORGÁNICO

    OpenAIRE

    J. E. Vinchira; G. A. Wills; A. P. Muñoz

    2014-01-01

    Se evaluó el desempeño productivo, la composición corporal y la biodisponibilidad relativa de selenio en tilapia nilótica ( Oreochromis niloticus ) suplementada con selenio dietario. Una dieta basal fue suplementada con selenio en forma de selenito de sodio o seleno-levadura en niveles crecientes de suplementación (0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80 y 1.60 mg/kg de dieta). Un total de 336 individuos de tilapia nilótica, con un peso inicial de 13.41±0.12 g, fueron distribuidos de forma aleatori...

  18. Comparação dos métodos soma constante e análise conjunta de fatores para estimar a importância relativa

    OpenAIRE

    Dias, Adriana

    2010-01-01

    A proposta deste trabalho foi comparar os métodos Soma Constante (SC) e Análise Conjunta de Fatores (ANCF) para estimar a importância relativa ((IR%)) dos fatores em estudos da preferência do consumidor. O objetivo principal foi verificar se o método SC pode ser utilizado para avaliar as estimativas de IR (%) obtidas pela ANCF. Foi realizado um estudo para avaliar a intenção de compra de uma bebida láctea sabor café com base na embalagem. Utilizou-se uma amostra de 192 julgadores residentes n...

  19. Um projeto em linguagem LOGO para elicitar a produção de estruturas relativas em português

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Axt, Margarete

    1990-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho preliminar, utilizando a linguagem LOGO de programação, constitui um "kernel" de representação do conhecimento das quatro estruturas básicas concernentes ao processo de relativização, em Língua Portuguesa. A utilização da linguagem LOGO deu-se no intuito de explorar as suas potencialidades e seus limites enquanto linguagem voltada para a inteligência artificial. Nesse sentido, construímos duas pequenas gramáticas de cláusulas definidas, inspiradas nas idéias de N. Rowe (Roselló, 86, para a montagem e análise de orações, a par de um conjunto de procedimentos que interage como sujeito, fazendo-lhe perguntas que possam completar o aprendizado do programa sobre o conhecimento do mesmo. O objetivo do "kernel" é possibilitar a construção de um sistema mais complexo que possa acompanhar a aquisição de estruturas relativas pela criança

  20. Distribution and diversity of Tardigrada along altitudinal gradients in the Hornsund, Spitsbergen (Arctic

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Krzysztof Zawierucha

    2015-02-01

    Full Text Available Two transects were established and sampled along altitudinal gradients on the slopes of Ariekammen (77°01′N; 15°31′E and Rotjesfjellet (77°00′N; 15°22′E in Hornsund, Spitsbergen. In total 59 moss, lichen, liverwort and mixed moss–lichen samples were collected and 33 tardigrade species of Hetero- and Eutardigrada were found. The α diversity ranged from 1 to 8 per sample; the estimated number of species based on all analysed samples was 52±17 for the Chao 2 estimator and 41 for the incidence-based coverage estimator. According to the results of detrended canonical correspondence analysis, altitude and type of substratum were the most important factors influencing tardigrade communities in the investigated area. Macrobiotus crenulatus, M. hufelandi hufelandi and Hypsibius pallidus dominated in the lower elevations, whereas Echiniscus wendti and E. merokensis merokensis prevailed in samples from higher plots. Macrobiotus islandicus islandicus was collected most often from mosses collected from rock whereas Isohypsibius coulsoni from mosses collected from soil. Analyses of covariance were employed to test for differences in species richness between the transects in relation to altitude. Contrary to expectations, there were significant differences in species richness between the transects, but richness was not significantly related to altitude. Interestingly, significant effects of colonies of seabirds, little auk (Alle alle, on the tardigrades communities were detected. Additionally, in one of the samples first ever males of Milnesium asiaticum were found. Their measurements and microphotographs are provided herein.

  1. Differences between Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Open Angle Glaucoma with Altitudinal Visual Field Defect.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Han, Sangyoun; Jung, Jong Jin; Kim, Ungsoo Samuel

    2015-12-01

    To investigate the differences in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) change and optic nerve head parameters between non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and open angle glaucoma (OAG) with altitudinal visual field defect. Seventeen NAION patients and 26 OAG patients were enrolled prospectively. The standard visual field indices (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation) were obtained from the Humphrey visual field test and differences between the two groups were analyzed. Cirrus HD-OCT parameters were used, including optic disc head analysis, average RNFL thickness, and RNFL thickness of each quadrant. The mean deviation and pattern standard deviation were not significantly different between the groups. In the affected eye, although the disc area was similar between the two groups (2.00 ± 0.32 and 1.99 ± 0.33 mm(2), p = 0.586), the rim area of the OAG group was smaller than that of the NAION group (1.26 ± 0.56 and 0.61 ± 0.15 mm(2), respectively, p field defects, optic disc head analysis of not only the affected eye, but also the unaffected eye, by using spectral domain optical coherence tomography may be helpful.

  2. O DEBATE CHOMSKY-PIAGET REVISITADO: UM ESTUDO A FAVOR DA ESTRUTURA RELATIVA COMO UMA ESTRATÉGIA COGNITIVA NA SLA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gislaine Machado Jerônimo

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Resumo: O presente trabalho lida com o conceito de relativização, o qual trata da aquisição de estruturas complexas - orações relativas restritivas por aprendizes brasileiros de Inglês como língua estrangeira (LE. A estrutura relativa foi escolhida porque é considerada uma das estruturas mais importantes usada nas línguas de todo mundo por ter o recurso de encaixamento, podendo variar consideravelmente em termos de sua distribuição e forma sintática. O principal objetivo é diagnosticar estratégias, empregadas pelos aprendizes já mencionados, para a resolução de determinadas tarefas, aqui chamadas de desafios. Tais desafios convidam ao uso de estruturas que alternam em sujeito-sujeito (SS, sujeito-objeto (SO, objeto-sujeito (OS e objeto-objeto (OO. Estas estruturas são caracterizadas por uma diversidade sintática que ocorre de acordo com a posição dos personagens dos desafios (come- come. Como alternativa para relativização, os sujeitos das atividades (aprendizes de Inglês utilizaram estratégias como apassivação de uma das orações, uso de orações adverbiais, emprego de orações coordenadas aditivas e de duas orações independentes. Anterior a coleta de dados foi aplicado um pré-teste com professores graduados de Língua Inglesa e com alunos do nível pós-avançado de um curso de Inglês, para validar o instrumento. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram alunos de 3°ano do Ensino Médio entre 15 e 17 anos de idade. Aspectos como idade e experiência no exterior foram levados em consideração. Dentre as estratégias, a estrutura aditiva foi a mais utilizada, seguida da relativização. Os resultados mostraram que estes aprendizes fizeram uso do seu conhecimento cognitivo para desenvolver formas alternativas no que tange à resolução de cada desafio. O referencial teórico foi baseado, principalmente, em AXT (1994.

  3. Análisis de eficiencia relativa de hospitales públicos de Costa Rica.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Melvin Morera-Salas

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available El análisis de eficiencia relativa hospitalaria resulta un tema trascendental para la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, dado que le permite determinar cuáles de los hospitales presentan un mejor desempeño relativo y cuáles podrían mejorar el uso de los recursos. El objetivo es analizar la eficiencia técnica hospitalaria en Costa Rica. Se utilizaron datos del 2012-2013 para los hospitales generales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. Para determinar la eficiencia hospitalaria se utiliza el análisis envolvente de datos con dos insumos: gasto en hospitalización y las camas y tres productos: actividad hospitalaria ajustada por casuística, índice de funcionamiento e índice de mortalidad intrahospitalaria ajustada por riesgo. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de eficiencia varía sustancialmente entre los 23 hospitales analizados. En 2013, un 30% de los hospitales resultó ser eficiente técnicamente, situación que mejoró levente respecto a 2012. Este trabajo es una primera aproximación del análisis de eficiencia de los hospitales públicos de Costa Rica. Se realizó un esfuerzo para homogenizar los datos, al ajustar las variables para considerar la complejidad y el riesgo de los casos que maneja cada hospital, de tal forma que los resultados sean comparables entre centros de diferentes tamaño y complejidad. Como conclusión se tiene que el 70% de los hospitales puede mejorar el uso de los recursos.

  4. Análisis de eficiencia relativa de hospitales públicos de Costa Rica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Melvin Morera-Salas

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available El análisis de eficiencia relativa hospitalaria resulta un tema trascendental para la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, dado que le permite determinar cuáles de los hospitales presentan un mejor desempeño relativo y cuáles podrían mejorar el uso de los recursos. El objetivo es analizar la eficiencia técnica hospitalaria en Costa Rica. Se utilizaron datos del 2012-2013 para los hospitales generales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. Para determinar la eficiencia hospitalaria se utiliza el análisis envolvente de datos con dos insumos: gasto en hospitalización y las camas y tres productos: actividad hospitalaria ajustada por casuística, índice de funcionamiento e índice de mortalidad intrahospitalaria ajustada por riesgo. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de eficiencia varía sustancialmente entre los 23 hospitales analizados. En 2013, un 30% de los hospitales resultó ser eficiente técnicamente, situación que mejoró levente respecto a 2012. Este trabajo es una primera aproximación del análisis de eficiencia de los hospitales públicos de Costa Rica. Se realizó un esfuerzo para homogenizar los datos, al ajustar las variables para considerar la complejidad y el riesgo de los casos que maneja cada hospital, de tal forma que los resultados sean comparables entre centros de diferentes tamaño y complejidad. Como conclusión se tiene que el 70% de los hospitales puede mejorar el uso de los recursos.

  5. Solución de un problema de secuenciamiento en configuración jobshop flexible utilizando un Algoritmo de Estimación de Distribuciones.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    R. Pérez

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Resumen: El problema de secuenciamiento en configuración jobshop flexible se refiere en asignar operaciones de diversos trabajos a un conjunto de equipos disponibles. La asignación mencionada busca generalmente minimizar el tiempo de culminación de todos los trabajos conocido en la literatura como ‘makespan’. Se propone un Algoritmo de Estimación de Distribuciones para Secuenciamiento, AEDS por simplicidad y funcionalidad. El AEDS intenta encontrar una relación o interacción entre las variables de entrada, trabajos, operaciones y turnos de trabajo, para optimizar la variable de salida de procesos de manufactura reales, el makespan. En este sentido el algoritmo AEDS es usado para guiar la búsqueda y resolver el problema. En el marco del algoritmo, tres modelos gráficos fueron usados para encontrar mejores soluciones. Establecer horas fuera de servicio para los operadores antes de iniciar sus actividades en cada turno de trabajo como parámetro de entrada y su desarrollo a través del algoritmo AEDS constituye una novedad de esta investigación respecto los trabajos existentes. La comparación entre AEDS y un algoritmo genético muestra la efectividad del AEDS resolviendo el problema enunciado. Usando el AEDS propuesto, el desempeño de procesos de manufactura reales mejora notablemente cuando diferentes equipos disponibles son asignados a diferentes programas de producción. Abstract: The flexible jobshop scheduling problem permits the operation of each job to be processed by more than one machine. The configuration mentioned generally seeks to minimize the completion time of all jobs known in the literature as ‘makespan’. We propose an Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Sequencing, AEDS for simplicity and functionality. The AEDS attempts to find a relationship or interaction between the input variables, jobs, operations and shifts to optimize the output variable of real

  6. Modelo de simulação da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior de estufa plástica Simulation model of air temperature and relative humidity in to plastic greenhouses

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Edilson Costa

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available A simulação dos parâmetros climáticos de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior de uma estufa plástica, por meio do balanço de energia, pode propiciar ao produtor uma ferramenta de auxílio na tomada de decisão. Nesse propósito, realizou-se uma simulação das condições no interior de estufa plástica, em função de parâmetros externos e internos a ela. A simulação revelou uma temperatura no interior da estufa plástica de 23,6 ºC, e os sensores revelaram um valor médio de 24,1 ºC para o período de cultivo da alface. Para a umidade relativa no interior da estufa plástica, o valor simulado foi de 61,6%, e o obtido com o auxílio de sensores foi de 66,0%. Os valores simulados apresentaram-se próximos dos valores obtidos pelos sensores, mostrando que o modelo pode ser usado para a estimativa da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior da estufa plástica.Simulation of climatic parameters inside air temperature and relative humidity of plastic greenhouse, trough energy balance, allows to growers a good technical tool on the decision making to improve the performance of inside environments. A simulation of internal conditions based on external and internal parameters was evaluated. The results showed the inside mean temperature of 23.6 ºC in comparison with the experimental value of 24.1 ºC, for the cultivated period. The simulated relative humidity presented a value of 61.6% against 66.0% obtained by the sensors. The simulated values were closed to the values obtained by the sensors, which means that the model can be used to determine the internal conditions of plastic greenhouses.

  7. La eficiencia relativa del sector real vs. la del sector financiero de la economía colombiana

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gloria Isabel Rodriguez Lozano

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar las empresas del sector real de la economía y las entidades del sector financiero colombiano para el año 2014, en términos de eficiencia relativa, mediante la aplicación de la metodología Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA. Para un país como Colombia, perteneciente a las economías emergentes, es importante la realización de este estudio para determinar hasta dónde estos dos sectores son eficientes o ineficientes, dada la importancia que tienen en la generación de desarrollo y en la disminución de las desigualdades sociales. Se toman como fuente de información la Superintendencia de Sociedades y la Superintendencia Financiera. Se analizaron 26.799 empresas del sector real y 254 entidades del sector financiero, lo que dio como resultado mejores indicadores para el sector financiero y, dentro de este, se destacó la industria aseguradora. Sin embargo, es necesario que estos dos sectores mejoren su desempeño, ya que solo el 2,6 % de las empresas y entidades estudiadas es eficiente.

  8. Calculation of the temperature distribution and thermal stresses in a gas turbine nozzle cooled by air film; Calculo de la distribucion de temperaturas y esfuerzos termicos en una tobera de turbina de gas enfriada por pelicula de aire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez R, Alejandro; Garcia I, Rafael; Mazur C, Zdislaw [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2004-07-01

    The analysis begins with the generation of a computational geometric model of the gas turbine nozzle using reverse engineering techniques. For the obtaining of the original geometry of the blade, a measurement machine by coordinates and computerized numerical control was used. Next, the computational model is converted into a three-dimensional mesh. In advance, a study of boundary conditions was made of the nozzle material as well as of the turbine operating conditions during non-operating cycles, start-ups and shut-downs. On the other hand, with the boundary conditions imposed to the model, the distributions of the temperature and pressures on the aerofoil profile of the nozzle blade were calculated. These results had to be manipulated to be exported to a finite element software (ANSYS); at this point, another nozzle model was elaborated to be able to import the temperature distribution. With the temperatures correctly imported, the simulations for the calculation of the thermal stresses were made in the nozzle. [Spanish] El analisis inicia con la generacion de un modelo geometrico computacional de la tobera de la turbina de gas utilizando tecnicas de ingenieria inversa. Para la obtencion de la geometria original del alabe, se utilizo una maquina de medicion por coordenadas y control numerico computarizado. A continuacion, el modelo computacional es convertido en una malla tridimensional. Con antelacion, se realizo un estudio de las condiciones de frontera, tanto del material de la tobera como de las condiciones de operacion de la turbina, durante ciclos de paro, arranque y disparo. Por otra parte, con las condiciones de frontera impuestas al modelo, se calcularon las distribuciones de las temperaturas y presiones sobre el perfil aerodinamico de la paleta de la tobera. Estos resultados tuvieron que ser manipulados para ser exportados a un software de elemento finito (ANSYS); en este punto, se elaboro otro modelo de la tobera para poder importar la distribucion de

  9. Timing and duration of European larch growing season along altitudinal gradients in the Swiss Alps.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moser, Lea; Fonti, Patrick; Büntgen, Ulf; Esper, Jan; Luterbacher, Jürg; Franzen, Julia; Frank, David

    2010-02-01

    The 2007 European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) growing season was monitored along two elevational transects in the Lötschental valley in the Swiss Alps. Phenological observations and weekly microcore sampling of 28 larch trees were conducted between April and October 2007 at seven study sites regularly spaced from 1350 to 2150 m a.s.l. on northwest- and southeast-facing slopes. The developmental stages of nearly 75,000 individual cells assessed on 1200 thin sections were used to investigate the links between the trees' thermal regimes and growth phases including the beginning and ending of cell enlargement, wall thickening and maturation of the stem wood. Needles appeared approximately 3-4 weeks earlier than stem growth. The duration of ring formation lasted from mid-May to the end of October, with the length of the growing season decreasing along elevation from 137 to 101 days. The onset of the different growing seasons changed by 3-4 days per 100 m elevation; the ending of the growing season, however, appeared minimally related to altitude. If associated with the monitored altitudinal lapse rate of -0.5 degrees C per 100 m, these results translate into a lengthening of the growing season by approximately 7 days per degree Celsius. This study provides new data on the timing and duration of basic growth processes and contributes to quantification of the impacts of global warming on tree growth and productivity.

  10. MAMÍFEROS PEQUEÑOS EN LA DIETA DE LA LECHUZA TYTO ALBA (STRIGIFORMES: TYTONIDAE EN DOS LOCALIDADES DEL OCCIDENTE DE ECUADOR, CON AMPLIACIÓN DISTRIBUCIONAL DE ICHTHYOMYS HYDROBATES (RODENTIA: CRICETIDAE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    JORGE BRITO M.

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente estudio a partir de 107 egagrópilas de la lechuza, determinamos el consumo de 300 presas agrupadas en 21 especies, las egagrópilas fueron colectadas en dos localidades de diferente ambiente Los Santiagos y La Ciénaga, en las provincias de Chimborazo y Manabí, al occidente de Ecuador. Nuestros análisis revelaron una dieta compuesta mayoritariamente de mamíferos pequeños, sobre todo roedores, quienes constituyeron el 80%. Entre las presas más abundantes se encontró a Oligoryzomys sp. que representó el 38.7% de la dieta en las muestras de Los Santiagos y Sigmodon peruanus 33.6% en La Ciénaga, siendo el 22,5% y 41% respectivamente de la biomasa total consumida para cada sitio. La rata cangrejera Ichthyomys hydrobates es reportada por primera vez en la dieta de la lechuza y también en la localidad de Los Santiagos, ampliando el rango distribucional de este roedor para el centro-sur al occidente de Ecuador en aproximadamente 200 km.

  11. Assessment of variations in taxonomic diversity, forest structure, and aboveground biomass using remote sensing along an altitudinal gradient in tropical montane forest of Costa Rica

    Science.gov (United States)

    Robinson, C. M.; Saatchi, S. S.; Clark, D.; Fricker, G. A.; Wolf, J.; Gillespie, T. W.; Rovzar, C. M.; Andelman, S.

    2012-12-01

    This research sought to understand how alpha and beta diversity of plants vary and relate to the three-dimensional vegetation structure and aboveground biomass along environmental gradients in the tropical montane forests of Braulio Carrillo National Park in Costa Rica. There is growing evidence that ecosystem structure plays an important role in defining patterns of species diversity and along with abiotic factors (climate and edaphic) control the phenotypic and functional variations across landscapes. It is well documented that strong subdivisions at local and regional scales are found mainly on geologic or climate gradients. These general determinants of biodiversity are best demonstrated in regions with natural gradients such as tropical montane forests. Altitudinal gradients provide a landscape scale changes through variations in topography, climate, and edaphic conditions on which we tested several theoretical and biological hypotheses regarding drivers of biodiversity. The study was performed by using forest inventory and botanical data from nine 1-ha plots ranging from 100 m to 2800 m above sea level and remote sensing data from airborne lidar and radar sensors to quantify variations in forest structure. In this study we report on the effectiveness of relating patterns of tree taxonomic alpha diversity to three-dimensional structure of a tropical montane forest using lidar and radar observations of forest structure and biomass. We assessed alpha and beta diversity at the species, genus, and family levels utilizing datasets provided by the Terrestrial Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network. Through the comparison to active remote sensing imagery, our results show that there is a strong relationship between forest 3D-structure, and alpha and beta diversity controlled by variations in abiotic factors along the altitudinal gradient. Using spatial analysis with the aid of remote sensing data, we find distinct patterns along the environmental gradients

  12. The Effect of Altitudinal Gradient on the Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Coastal Atlantic Forest of Southeast Brazil

    Science.gov (United States)

    Piccolo, M. D.; Martins, S. C.; Camargo, P. B.; Almeida, D. Q.; Correa, L. O.; Carmo, J. B.; Martinelli, L. A.

    2009-12-01

    The Brazilian Atlantic forest is a vast heterogeneous region with 1.5 million km2, encompassing a large variety of forest physiognomies and compositions, containing large number of species. These forests are distributed in different topographic and climatic conditions, with high levels of precipitation. The rate of deforestation is high, approaching 350 km2 per year, showing be highly fragmented with a large number of species in extinction. The aim of this study was to understanding of the basic biogeochemistry functioning of the coastal Atlantic Forest. The study was carried out in São Paulo State, Brazil (23° 24' S and 45° 11' W). The studied areas were: Restinga Forest at sea level; Lowland Ombrophylus Dense Forest at 100m of altitude asl; Submontana Ombrophylus Dense Forest at 400m of altitude asl and; Montane Ombrophylus Dense Forest at 1000m of altitude asl. A sampling area of 1 ha in each phytophysiognomies was subdivided in contiguous sub-parcels (10 x 10m). The forest floor litter accumulated (0.06m2) was collected monthly (n=15), during 12 months, in each phytophysiognomies. Soils samples (0-0.05m depth) were collected (n=32) from square regular grids, 30m away from each other. Techniques of multivariate like principal components analysis (PCA) were used to determine correlations between the variable. The ordination graphs make possible to observe frequent of standards, representing a significant ratio of the variability of the data. The two first PCA axes cumulatively explained 60% of the total variance of the litter variables. Litter C and δ13C values were strongly influenced by altitude at 1000m. The N and δ15N of litter were influenced by altitude at 100 and 400m. The C/N relation was influenced by altitude at 0m. The lignin was elevated (p<0.01) at sea level in comparison with the other phytophysiognomies. The cellulose values did not vary significantly along the altitudinal gradient. Soil C and N concentrations progressively increased along the

  13. Altitudinal and chiral signature of persistent organochlorine pesticides in air, soil, and spruce needles (Picea abies) of the Alps.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shen, Heqing; Henkelmann, Bernhard; Levy, Walkiria; Zsolnay, Adam; Weiss, Peter; Jakobi, Gert; Kirchner, Manfred; Moche, Wolfgang; Braun, Katharina; Schramm, Karl-Werner

    2009-04-01

    The present study investigated the distribution, transportation, and biodegradation of the selected chiral persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in the Alps. In the complex environment, we found the movement and fate of OCP could be defined by many factors. Taking HCE as an example, below the timberline its accumulation from air into SPMD increased with altitude and seasonally changed, but the trends reversed above the timberline. In soil, the tendency of HCE concentrations vs organic materials followed a sigmoid curve, and HCE concentration-altitude correlations are positive in central Alps but negative in southern Alps. The HCE enantiomeric ratios (ERs) in soil correlated to HCE isomers concentrations, the humus pH values, and the sampling site altitudes. HCE shift from humus to mineral soil can also be traced by ERs. The altitudinal and longitudinal trends in needles suggested that alpha-HCH has a more complex movementthan HCE in Alps. In conclusion, altitude conducted condensation, plant canopies, organic material in soil, and geographic specific precipitations may affect OCP distributions and transportation, whereas altitude conducted temperature and soil pH could dictate their fate in the environment.

  14. Assessment of lettuce quality during storage at low relative humidity using Global Stability Index methodology Avaliação da qualidade da alface durante o armazenamento em baixa umidade relativa usando o Índice Global da Estabilidade

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Roberta Ansorena

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available During postharvest, lettuce is usually exposed to adverse conditions (e.g. low relative humidity that reduce the vegetable quality. In order to evaluate its shelf life, a great number of quality attributes must be analyzed, which requires careful experimental design, and it is time consuming. In this study, the modified Global Stability Index method was applied to estimate the quality of butter lettuce at low relative humidity during storage discriminating three lettuce zones (internal, middle, and external. The results indicated that the most relevant attributes were: the external zone - relative water content, water content , ascorbic acid, and total mesophilic counts; middle zone - relative water content, water content, total chlorophyll, and ascorbic acid; internal zone - relative water content, bound water, water content, and total mesophilic counts. A mathematical model that takes into account the Global Stability Index and overall visual quality for each lettuce zone was proposed. Moreover, the Weibull distribution was applied to estimate the maximum vegetable storage time which was 5, 4, and 3 days for the internal, middle, and external zone, respectively. When analyzing the effect of storage time for each lettuce zone, all the indices evaluated in the external zone of lettuce presented significant differences (p Durante a pós-colheita a alface é exposta a condições adversas (baixa umidade relativa que reduzem a qualidade do vegetal. A fim de avaliar sua vida útil, um grande número de índices de qualidade tem que ser analisado, requerendo um cuidadoso delineamento experimental e um longo consumo de tempo. Neste trabalho, o método modificado do Índice Global da Estabilidade foi aplicado para estimar a qualidade da alface manteiga a uma baixa umidade relativa durante o armazenamento diferenciando três zonas (interna, média e externa. Os resultados indicaram que, para a zona externa, os índices mais relevantes foram o conte

  15. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon along an altitudinal gradient from Norway spruce forest to the mountain birch/alpine ecotone in Norway

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Clarke, N.; Roesberg, I.; Aamlid, D.

    2005-07-01

    Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil water from the base of the soil organic layer were determined at three forest plots along an altitudinal gradient in eastern Norway. The lowest plot, at 830 m above sea level (a.s.l.), was in Norway spruce forest and there were additional plots at the ecotone between Norway spruce and mountain birch at 925 m a.s.l. and at the forest line (1000 m a.s.l.). DOC concentrations in soil water did not decrease uniformly with altitude although tree biomass, above-ground litterfall and the soil C pool all did so. Significant correlations between DOC and (H{sup +}) or electrical conductivity may reflect the contribution of DOC to solution acidity and the anionic charge, respectively. If mean temperature during the growing season increases, tree growth at any given altitude will tend to increase and the spruce-birch ecotone may move to a higher altitude than at present. Increased C inputs as litter to the soil might then lead to increasing DOC concentrations and fluxes in surface waters. (orig.)

  16. Fototrampeo de mamíferos en la Sierra Nanchititla, México: abundancia relativa y patrón de actividad

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Octavio Monroy-Vilchis

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available La conservación de las especies y su manejo adecuado dependen de la disponibilidad de información sobre sus poblaciones, por ello es importante estudiar aspectos como la abundancia y el patrón de actividad. En esta investigación se utilizaron trampas-cámara para obtener índices de abundancia relativa y establecer el patrón de actividad de los mamíferos medianos y grandes de la Sierra Nanchititla, México. El trabajo se llevó a cabo durante el periodo de diciembre de 2003 a mayo de 2006, con un esfuerzo total de 4 305 días-trampa. Se obtuvieron 897 fotografías de 19 especies, las más abundantes fueron: Nasua narica, Sylvilagus floridanus y Urocyon cinereoargenteus, de acuerdo con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR, número de registros independientes/100 días trampa, coincidiendo con estudios basados en métodos indirectos. El patrón de actividad de las especies registradas mostraron que el 67% son de hábitos nocturnos. Algunas especies mostraron diferencias con los patrones mencionados por otros autores, las cuales se relacionan principalmente con la estacionalidad, la disponibilidad de recursos y el sexo de los individuosMammals’ camera-trapping in Sierra Nanchititla, Mexico: relative abundance and activity patterns. Species conservation and their management depend on the availability of their population behavior and changes in time. This way, population studies include aspects such as species abundance and activity pattern, among others, with the advantage that nowadays new technologies can be applied, in addition to common methods. In this study, we used camera-traps to obtain the index of relative abundance and to establish activity pattern of medium and large mammals in Sierra Nanchititla, Mexico. The study was conducted from December 2003 to May 2006, with a total sampling effort of 4 305 trap-days. We obtained 897 photographs of 19 different species. Nasua narica, Sylvilagus floridanus and Urocyon cinereoargenteus

  17. Cálculo automatizado de la supervivencia relativa vía web: El proyecto WAERS del Instituto Catalán de Oncología Automatic calculation of relative survival through the web: The WAERS project of the Catalan Institute of Oncology

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramon Clèries

    2005-02-01

    Full Text Available La medida utilizada habitualmente para estimar la supervivencia del cáncer es la supervivencia relativa, definida como el cociente entre la supervivencia observada y la esperada. La supervivencia esperada se calcula a partir de la mortalidad de una población de referencia. La disponibilidad y la preparación de tablas de mortalidad de la población general no es siempre posible y requiere software específico para su cálculo. A tal efecto, el Instituto Catalán de Oncología (ICO ha desarrollado la aplicación WAERS, una aplicación web que proporciona la estimación de la supervivencia relativa para una cohorte de pacientes. El usuario debe preparar los datos en un formato específico y enviarlos a un servidor remoto que se encuentra en el ICO. Este servidor calcula la supervivencia relativa y devuelve los resultados en un fichero a una dirección que ha indicado el usuario. Mediante esta aplicación, los registros de cáncer de base hospitalaria y poblacional y los registros de otras enfermedades pueden estimar la supervivencia relativa de sus cohortes seleccionando a la población de referencia que consideren (provincia o comunidad autónoma. También puede ser útil para estudios de mortalidad en cohortes.The most commonly used measure to estimate cancer survival is relative survival, defined as the ratio between observed and expected survival. Expected survival is computed on the basis of the mortality of a reference population. Mortality tables for the general population are not always available and their calculation requires specific software. For that purpose, the Catalan Institute of Oncology developed WAERS (Web-Assisted Estimation of Relative Survival, a web-based application that estimates the relative survival for a cohort of patients. The user prepares data in a specific format and sends them to a remote server located at the Catalan Institute of Oncology. This server computes relative survival and returns a file with the

  18. Toughness of the Virunga mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) diet across an altitudinal gradient.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Glowacka, Halszka; McFarlin, Shannon C; Vogel, Erin R; Stoinski, Tara S; Ndagijimana, Felix; Tuyisingize, Deo; Mudakikwa, Antoine; Schwartz, Gary T

    2017-08-01

    The robust masticatory system of mountain gorillas is thought to have evolved for the comminution of tough vegetation, yet, compared to other primates, the toughness of the mountain gorilla diet is unremarkable. This may be a result of low plant toughness in the mountain gorilla environment or of mountain gorillas feeding selectively on low-toughness foods. The goal of this paper is to determine how the toughness of the mountain gorilla diet varies across their habitat, which spans a large altitudinal range, and whether there is a relationship between toughness and food selection by mountain gorillas. We collected data on the following variables to determine whether, and if so how, they change with altitude: leaf toughness of two plant species consumed by mountain gorillas, at every 100 m increase in altitude (2,600-3,700 m); toughness of consumed foods comprising over 85% of the gorilla diet across five vegetation zones; and toughness of unconsumed/infrequently consumed plant parts of those foods. Although leaf toughness increased with altitude, the toughness of the gorilla diet remained similar. There was a negative relationship between toughness and consumption frequency, and toughness was a better predictor of consumption frequency than plant frequency, biomass, and density. Consumed plant parts were less tough than unconsumed/infrequently consumed parts and toughness of the latter increased with altitude. Although it is unclear whether gorillas select food based on toughness or use toughness as a sensory cue to impart other plant properties (e.g., macronutrients, chemicals), our results that gorillas maintain a consistent low-toughness dietary profile across altitude, despite toughness increasing with altitude, suggest that the robust gorilla masticatory apparatus evolved for repetitive mastication of foods that are not high in toughness. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  19. Forest structure, diversity and regeneration potential along altitudinal gradient in Dhanaulti of Garhwal Himalaya

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Saha, S.; Rajwar, G.S.; Kumar, M.

    2016-07-01

    Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was to understatnd the forest composition, structure, diversity and regeneration potential along altitudinal gradient. Area of study: The study was carried out in Dhanaulti forest which falls under temperate region of Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand state, India. Material and Methods: Vegetation analysis was carried out using 10 quadrats at each altitude using a quadrate size of 10×10 m2. In each quadrate, categories of trees >30 cm cbh were considered as trees, 10-30cm cbh as saplings and <10 cm cbh as seedlings. The data were quantitatively analyzed. Main results: In upper and middle altitudes, Cedrus deodara was reported dominant tree whereas, in lower altitude Quercus leucotrichophora was reported dominant. Tree density was highest in lower altitude which reduced middle and upper altitudes whereas, total basal cover increased with increasing altitude. The increasing total basal cover with altitude could be because of the presence of Cedrus deodara trees having higher girth classes. In tree, sapling and seedling layers, diversity (H) and equitabiltiy (EC) decreased with increasing altitude. However, concentrations of dominace (CD) and beta diversity (BD have shown reverse trend with H and EC which increased with increasing altitudes, in each layer of tree, sapling and seedling. The distribution pattern of most species in all layers of trees, saplings and seedlings was contagious. The regeneration potential of the species has shown that some of the species in the absence of tree layer are still regenerating particularly, Rhododendron arboreum, Benthamidia capitata, Neolitsea pallens etc. It indicates that most of the species are shifting upward as they are getting suitable conditions. Research highlights: Altitude influence species composition, diversity and regeneration potential of species. (Author)

  20. Efeito do gradiente altitudinal/latitudinal sobre espécies de aves florestais da família Furnariidae na Bacia do Rio Tibagi, Paraná, Brasil Effect of altitudinal/latitudinal gradient about forest ovenbirds species (Aves: Furnariidae in the Tibagi river basin, Paraná, Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernando de L. Fávaro

    2006-03-01

    Full Text Available Variações na riqueza e abundância de Furnariidae florestais foram analisadas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal/latitudinal da bacia do rio Tibagi (BRT, Paraná, Brasil. A Floresta Ombrófila Mista (1060 m a.n.m. é a formação dominante no sul da BRT, enquanto que a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (298 m a.n.m., ocorre no norte. O número total de espécies obtidas na BRT foi 14. A riqueza e a abundância de Furnariidae foram maiores no sul (12 espécies, IPA = 2,01 do que no norte (cinco espécies, IPA = 0,45 da BRT. As similaridades também foram altas entre o sul e o centro da BRT. A estrutura da comunidade de Furnariidae também apresentou correlação positiva entre o sul e o centro da BRT (coeficiente de correlação por postos de Spearman; r s = 0,96, r s = 0,89, r s = 1,00. As relações evolutivas de alguns representantes de Furnariidae com o sul da América do Sul e com os Andes podem explicar a maior presença desta família no sul da BRT. Um outro aspecto que também pode ajudar a explicar os resultados apresentados por Furnariidae são as semelhanças entre a Floresta Ombrófila Mista do sul da BRT e outras florestas temperadas da América do Sul.Variations in richness and abundance of forest ovenbirds (Aves: Furnariidae were studied along an altitudinal/latitudinal gradient of the Tibagi river basin (TRB, southern Brazil. Mixed Temperate Rain Forest (1060 m a.s.l. is the dominant forest in the southern TRB while Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (298 m a.s.l. occurs in the northern. The total number of species obtained in the TRB was 14. Richness and Abundance of Furnariidae were greater in the southern (12 species, IPA = 2.01 than in the northern (five species, IPA = 0.45 TRB. Similarities were also greatest in the southern and in the middle TRB. The community structure of Furnariidae also presented a positive correlation between the southern and the middle TRB (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient; r s = 0.96, r s = 0.89, r s

  1. Hemoglobin function and allosteric regulation in semi-fossorial rodents (family Sciuridae) with different altitudinal ranges

    Science.gov (United States)

    Revsbech, Inge G.; Tufts, Danielle M.; Projecto-Garcia, Joana; Moriyama, Hideaki; Weber, Roy E.; Storz, Jay F.; Fago, Angela

    2013-01-01

    SUMMARY Semi-fossorial ground squirrels face challenges to respiratory gas transport associated with the chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia of underground burrows, and such challenges are compounded in species that are native to high altitude. During hibernation, such species must also contend with vicissitudes of blood gas concentrations and plasma pH caused by episodic breathing. Here, we report an analysis of hemoglobin (Hb) function in six species of marmotine ground squirrels with different altitudinal distributions. Regardless of their native altitude, all species have high Hb–O2 affinities, mainly due to suppressed sensitivities to allosteric effectors [2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and chloride ions]. This suppressed anion sensitivity is surprising given that all canonical anion-binding sites are conserved. Two sciurid species, the golden-mantled and thirteen-lined ground squirrel, have Hb–O2 affinities that are characterized by high pH sensitivity and low thermal sensitivity relative to the Hbs of humans and other mammals. The pronounced Bohr effect is surprising in light of highly unusual amino acid substitutions at the C-termini that are known to abolish the Bohr effect in human HbA. Taken together, the high O2 affinity of sciurid Hbs suggests an enhanced capacity for pulmonary O2 loading under hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions, while the large Bohr effect should help to ensure efficient O2 unloading in tissue capillaries. In spite of the relatively low thermal sensitivities of the sciurid Hbs, our results indicate that the effect of hypothermia on Hb oxygenation is the main factor contributing to the increased blood–O2 affinity in hibernating ground squirrels. PMID:24172889

  2. Competitividade relativa entre cultivares de arroz irrigado e biótipo de capim-Arroz (Echinochloa spp. Relative competitivity between flooded rice cultivars and Echinochloa spp.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    D. Agostinetto

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available As espécies pertencentes ao gênero Echinochloa se destacam como principais infestantes das lavouras de arroz irrigado do Rio Grande do Sul, causando dano econômico à cultura devido à elevada competitividade pelos recursos do ambiente. O trabalho teve por objetivo comparar as habilidades competitivas relativas entre dois cultivares de arroz e um biótipo de capim-arroz. Para isso, foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação na estação de crescimento 2006/07, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em série substitutiva, com cinco proporções de plantas de arroz e do competidor (100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; e 0:100, mantendo a população constante de 24 plantas vaso-1 das espécies associadas. O arroz foi representado pelos cultivares IRGA 417 ou BR-IRGA 410, e o competidor, pelo biótipo de capim-arroz. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicados a experimentos substitutivos e através de índices de competitividade relativa. As variáveis estudadas foram área foliar e massa seca aérea das plantas. Os resultados mostram que houve competição entre os cultivares de arroz IRGA 417 ou BR-IRGA 410 com o capim-arroz, independentemente da proporção de plantas na associação, com redução na área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea dos competidores. O capim-arroz apresenta menor perda de produtividade relativa, reduz as variáveis morfológicas do arroz e demonstra possuir superioridade competitiva, comparativamente aos cultivares de arroz.The Echinochloa species are among the most important weeds in flooded rice fields of Rio Grande do Sul, causing economic losses to the culture, due to its high competivity for environmental resources. The objective of this study was to compare the relative competitive abilities between two rice cultivars and an Echinochloa spp. biotype. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006

  3. Taxonomic study of Onobrychis transcaspica V. Nikitin (Fabaceae in northeastern of Iran with emphasis on altitudinal effect on morphological characters using floristic marker

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zeinab Toluei

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available Onobrychis Miller is the second largest genus of Fabaceae in Iran with nearly 60 species. These species are used as valuable forage plants. Onobrychis sect. Onobrychis with nearly 15 species in Iran is one of the important sections of the genus. Onobrychis transcaspica V. Nikitin, is one of the species of this section that is distributed in NE of Iran. To determine intraspecific variations in O. transcaspica from taxonomic point of view and effective ecological factor, data were collected using special station method. In this way, four special stations were recognized for O. transcaspica in NE of Iran. Results from floristic data (Floristic composition of each special station analysis with MVSP software by PCO method, led to identification of 3 separate groups that was indicative of existence of intraspecific diversity. Morphometric data analysis of individual collected from each special station, by using 65 vegetative and reproductive characters, with PCO and UPGMA methods, confirmed 3 mentioned floristic groups. Ecologic data analysis with CCA Method showed the presence of 3 phenoecodeme based on 3 morphologic groups resulting from altitudinal variations.

  4. Variación de parámetros de calidad del grano y aceite de girasol almacenado a diferentes humedades relativas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Motta, A.

    1991-10-01

    Full Text Available Commercial samples of sunflower were exposed to different relative humidities (75%, 80%, 84%, 92% and 98% for two months. In addition to the kinetic rehydratation in standard and treated samples, the following parameters were measured: humidity, fat content, germinative power, acidity index, iodine number and fatty acids composition. Fatty acids composition, iodine number and fat content, did not change significantly. Only the acidity index and the germinative power were an index of the damage.

    Muestras comerciales de girasol fueron sometidas a distintas humedades relativas ambiente (75%, 80%, 84%, 92% y 98% durante dos meses. Además de la rehidratación cinética, en las muestras testigos y tratadas, se midieron los siguientes parámetros: humedad, riqueza grasa, poder germinativo, índice de acidez, índice de iodo y composición en ácidos grasos. La composición en ácidos grasos, el índice de iodo y la riqueza grasa no sufrieron variaciones significativas. Los parámetros más sensibles que pusieron en evidencia el deterioro fueron el índice de acidez y el poder germinativo.

  5. Soil microbial biomass, activity and community composition along altitudinal gradients in the High Arctic (Billefjorden, Svalbard)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kotas, Petr; Šantrůčková, Hana; Elster, Josef; Kaštovská, Eva

    2018-03-01

    The unique and fragile High Arctic ecosystems are vulnerable to global climate warming. The elucidation of factors driving microbial distribution and activity in arctic soils is essential for a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem functioning and its response to environmental change. The goals of this study were to investigate microbial biomass and activity, microbial community structure (MCS), and their environmental controls in soils along three elevational transects in the coastal mountains of Billefjorden, central Svalbard. Soils from four different altitudes (25, 275, 525 and 765 m above sea level) were analyzed for a suite of characteristics including temperature regimes, organic matter content, base cation availability, moisture, pH, potential respiration, and microbial biomass and community structure using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). We observed significant spatial heterogeneity of edaphic properties among transects, resulting in transect-specific effects of altitude on most soil parameters. We did not observe any clear elevation pattern in microbial biomass, and microbial activity revealed contrasting elevational patterns between transects. We found relatively large horizontal variability in MCS (i.e., between sites of corresponding elevation in different transects), mainly due to differences in the composition of bacterial PLFAs, but also a systematic altitudinal shift in MCS related to different habitat preferences of fungi and bacteria, which resulted in high fungi-to-bacteria ratios at the most elevated sites. The biological soil crusts on these most elevated, unvegetated sites can host microbial assemblages of a size and activity comparable to those of the arctic tundra ecosystem. The key environmental factors determining horizontal and vertical changes in soil microbial properties were soil pH, organic carbon content, soil moisture and Mg2+ availability.

  6. Soil microbial biomass, activity and community composition along altitudinal gradients in the High Arctic (Billefjorden, Svalbard

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    P. Kotas

    2018-03-01

    Full Text Available The unique and fragile High Arctic ecosystems are vulnerable to global climate warming. The elucidation of factors driving microbial distribution and activity in arctic soils is essential for a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem functioning and its response to environmental change. The goals of this study were to investigate microbial biomass and activity, microbial community structure (MCS, and their environmental controls in soils along three elevational transects in the coastal mountains of Billefjorden, central Svalbard. Soils from four different altitudes (25, 275, 525 and 765 m above sea level were analyzed for a suite of characteristics including temperature regimes, organic matter content, base cation availability, moisture, pH, potential respiration, and microbial biomass and community structure using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs. We observed significant spatial heterogeneity of edaphic properties among transects, resulting in transect-specific effects of altitude on most soil parameters. We did not observe any clear elevation pattern in microbial biomass, and microbial activity revealed contrasting elevational patterns between transects. We found relatively large horizontal variability in MCS (i.e., between sites of corresponding elevation in different transects, mainly due to differences in the composition of bacterial PLFAs, but also a systematic altitudinal shift in MCS related to different habitat preferences of fungi and bacteria, which resulted in high fungi-to-bacteria ratios at the most elevated sites. The biological soil crusts on these most elevated, unvegetated sites can host microbial assemblages of a size and activity comparable to those of the arctic tundra ecosystem. The key environmental factors determining horizontal and vertical changes in soil microbial properties were soil pH, organic carbon content, soil moisture and Mg2+ availability.

  7. Efficiency of oxygen: absorbing sachets in different relative humidities and temperatures Eficiência de absorvedores de oxigênio sob diferentes umidades relativas e temperaturas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Renato Souza Cruz

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available The main objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of oxygen - absorbing sachets at relative humidity of 75%, 80% and 85% and different temperatures, 10±2 ºC and 25±2 ºC. The experiment consisted in determining the O2 absorption under these conditions. A sachet was placed in desiccators with an internal air homogenization system. Aliquots of air were removed at pre-established time intervals and analyzed for oxygen content. The results showed that oxygen absorption by the sachet increased as the relative humidity increased for both temperature. Therefore the oxygen - absorbing sachets were most active under 25±2ºC and 85% relative humidity. At ambient condition (25±2ºC/75%RH the rate of oxygen absorbed was 50 mL/day and 18,5 mL/day for 10±2ºC. It was used a totally casualized design with three replicates.O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de sachês absorvedores de oxigênio a 75%, 80% e 85% de umidade relativa e diferentes temperaturas, 10±2 ºC e 25±2 ºC. O experimento consiste em determinar a absorção de O2 sob essas condições. Um sachê foi colocado dentro de um dessecador contendo um sistema de homogeneização do ar interno. Alíquotas de ar são retiradas dos dessecadores em intervalos de tempos pré-estabelecido e seu conteúdo de oxigênio analisado. Os resultados mostraram que a absorção de oxigênio pelos saches aumentaram com o aumento da temperatura para ambas as temperaturas. No entanto, os sachês mostraram uma maior eficiência para 85% de umidade relativa e 25±2ºC de temperatura. Na condição ambiente (25±2ºC/75%RH, a taxa de absorção dos sachês foi de 50 mL/dia e 18,5 mL/dia para 10±2ºC. O experimento foi conduzido com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições.

  8. DESEMPEÑO PRODUCTIVO, COMPOSICIÓN Y BIODISPONIBILIDAD RELATIVA DE SELENIO EN TILAPIA NILÓTICA -Oreochromis niloticus- SUPLEMENTADA CON SELENIO ORGÁNICO E INORGÁNICO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J. E. Vinchira

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Se evaluó el desempeño productivo, la composición corporal y la biodisponibilidad relativa de selenio en tilapia nilótica ( Oreochromis niloticus suplementada con selenio dietario. Una dieta basal fue suplementada con selenio en forma de selenito de sodio o seleno-levadura en niveles crecientes de suplementación (0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80 y 1.60 mg/kg de dieta. Un total de 336 individuos de tilapia nilótica, con un peso inicial de 13.41±0.12 g, fueron distribuidos de forma aleatoria en 48 acuarios de vidrio (80 l, 4 réplicas, 7 peces por acuario. No se detectó selenio en el agua de abastecimiento. Los peces fueron alimentados hasta saciedad aparente 3 veces al día por un período de 9 semanas. El desempeño productivo de la tilapia nilótica no se vio afectado ( P >0.05 por la suplementación con selenio dietario. El selenio corporal se incrementó de forma lineal ( P <0.05 con la suplementación de selenio orgánico e inorgánico. La composición corporal de selenio fue menor ( P <0.05 en los peces suplementados con selenito de sodio (1.67±0.14 mg/kg en comparación con la seleno-levadura (1.95±0.21 mg/kg. A partir de la relación entre pendientes se estimó que la biodisponibilidad relativa de la seleno- levadura para la composición de selenio corporal fue de 155.72±0,10%, con relación al selenito de sodio (fijada en 100%. De acuerdo con los resultados, la concentración basal de selenio dietario (0.21 mg/kg no limitó el desempeño productivo de tilapia nilótica. La suplementación con selenio orgánico (seleno-levadura e inorgánico (selenito de sodio entre 0.10 y 1.60 mg/kg no afectó el desempeño productivo de la tilapia nilótica.

  9. Análise da importância relativa de atributos de nível de serviço em um terminal de cargas aeroportuário

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luiz Antonio Tozi

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available

    Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa com clientes do terminal de cargas do Aeroporto Internacional de Campinas/Viracopos, que busca identificar a importância relativa entre atributos do nível de serviço oferecido. Técnicas de análise multivariada são empregadas para desenvolver as análises, mais especificamente a análise conjunta. Foram desenvolvidos 16 cenários montados a partir da combinação de três fatores sub-categorizados, os quais foram apresentados aos entrevistados. Os resultados da análise demonstram que o atributo mais importante é o tempo de processamento, com uma importância relativa de 56%. Demais resultados e análises de sensibilidade são apresentados ao longo do texto. Os  resultados obtidos e conclusões apresentadas são de grande importância a operadores aeroportuários e empresas aéreas, de forma a indicar as necessidades e anseios dos clientes, o que poderia levar a novas políticas e critérios de alocação de investimentos em tecnologia, novos processos e infraestrutura.

    Abstract: This work presents the results of a survey with customers of Campinas International Airport, intended to identify the relative importance of level of service attributes. Statistical multivariate techniques are employed to develop the analyses, mainly conjoint analysis. 16 scenarios were developed through combination of three factors, which were presented to interviewees. The results show that processing time is the most important attribute, with a relative importance of 56%. Additional results and sensibility analysis are presented throughout the text. The obtained results and presented conclusions are of great importance to airport operators and airlines, in order to indicate customers’ needs and wishes, which could lead to new policies and criteria to allocate investments in technology, new processes and infrastructure.

  10. Diversity and altitudinal distribution of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera in Peregrina Canyon, Tamaulipas, Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Uriel Jeshua Sánchez-Reyes

    2014-06-01

    species assemblages of Chrysomelidae. The highest abundance was obtained during the late dry season, whereas diversity indices were highest during the early wet season. The present work represents the first report of the altitudinal variation in richness, abundance, and diversity of Chrysomelidae in Mexico. These results highlight the importance of conservation of this heterogeneous habitat and establish baseline data for Chrysomelidae richness and diversity for the region.

  11. Diversity of bees and their floral resources at altitudinal areas in the Southern Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Araújo, Vinícius A; Antonini, Yasmine; Araújo, Ana P A

    2006-01-01

    The Southern Espinhaço Range consists of large areas covered by quartzitic or metaliferous tropical altitudinal fields. The Espinhaço Range ecosystems are endangered by anthropic high impacts, particularly due to mining and urbanization. We conducted a one-year inventory of the bee flora and fauna at the quartzitic Ouro Branco Mountains and a two-year survey of the metaliferous Ouro Preto fields. The samples were collected twice a month, from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. The bees (677) belonged to 91 species, five families. The family Apidae was the richest and most abundant, followed by the Halictidae and Megachilidae. The bees visited 46 flowering plant species; the most visited plants were the Asteraceae (n = 220), the Malpighiaceae (n = 95), the Melastomataceae (n = 94), the Fabaceae (n = 78), and the Solanaceae (n = 63). Diversity was higher in Ouro Branco (H = 1.47) than in Ouro Preto (H = 1.17). The low richness and abundance of bees in our research site when compared to other Brazilian "Cerrado" areas can be due to the high altitude, low temperature, and low availability of flowers we found. "Canga" and rupestrian areas house fauna and flora species that are rare and threatened by extinction. The southern Espinhaço areas can, therefore, be given the status of permanent biodiversity preservation area.

  12. ANUROS DEL GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL DE LA ESTACIÓN EXPERIMETAL Y DEMOSTRATIVA EL RASGÓN (SANTANDER, COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    SUÁREZ-BADILLO HENRY A.

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Se caracterizó la fauna de anuros sobre un gradiente altitudinal de 2200 a 3200 mabarcando tres formaciones vegetales, Selva Andina, Bosque Altoandino ySubpáramo, sobre la cordillera Oriental colombiana. Se realizaron 43 sesiones detrabajo entre Agosto de 2000 y Febrero de 2002 aplicando búsqueda libre porinspección visual y transectos. Se registraron doce de las especies conocidas de lazona y una más indescrita que constituye un nuevo registro y se suma a las dosespecies indescritas previamente registradas. Las abundancias absolutas fuerondiferentes entre las 3 formaciones vegetales y entre las épocas de muestreo.Contrariamente, no hubo diferencias entre el número de individuos obtenidos enlos meses secos contrastados con los meses lluviosos. La mayoría de especies eindividuos utilizaron el estrato herbáceo y parece no haber un uso diferencial delestrato vertical. E. prolixodiscus mostró preferencia por las bromelias como sustrato.Las curvas de acumulación de especies mostraron que el inventario está casicompleto en la Selva Andina y está en sus inicios en el Bosque Altoandino y elSubpáramo. Se observó una diversidad â baja entre los sitios evaluados.Eleutherodactylus anolirex, E. prolixodiscus y Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 sedistribuyen de forma continua en el gradiente, mientras que E. douglasi, E. lutitus,E. merostictus y Eleutherodactylus sp. 3 llegan hasta su parte media. E. douglasiy E. prolixodiscus aumentaron sus cotas altitudinales superiores (en 350 y 710 mrespectivamente. La disminución de la riqueza a lo largo del gradiente (quince,siete y tres especies es reflejo de una tendencia conocida, acentuada por elsubmuestreo de las partes media y alta de El Rasgón.

  13. The altitudinal temperature lapse rates applied to high elevation rockfalls studies in the Western European Alps

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nigrelli, Guido; Fratianni, Simona; Zampollo, Arianna; Turconi, Laura; Chiarle, Marta

    2018-02-01

    Temperature is one of the most important aspects of mountain climates. The relationships between air temperature and rockfalls at high-elevation sites are very important to know, but are also very difficult to study. In relation to this, a reliable method to estimate air temperatures at high-elevation sites is to apply the altitudinal temperature lapse rates (ATLR). The aims of this work are to quantify the values and the variability of the hourly ATLR and to apply this to estimated temperatures at high-elevation sites for rockfalls studies. To calculate ATLR prior the rockfalls, we used data acquired from two automatic weather stations that are located at an elevation above 2500 m. The sensors/instruments of these two stations are reliable because subjected to an accurate control and calibration once for year and the raw data have passed two automatic quality controls. Our study has yielded the following main results: (i) hourly ATLR increases slightly with increasing altitude, (ii) it is possible to estimate temperature at high-elevation sites with a good level of accuracy using ATLR, and (iii) temperature plays an important role on slope failures that occur at high-elevation sites and its importance is much more evident if the values oscillate around 0 °C with an amplitude of ±5 °C during the previous time-period. For these studies, it is not enough to improve the knowledge on air temperature, but it is necessary to develop an integrated knowledge of the thermal conditions of different materials involved in these processes (rock, debris, ice, water). Moreover, this integrated knowledge must be acquired by means of sensors and acquisition chains with known metrological traceability and uncertainty of measurements.

  14. Experiences on energy saving in Comision Federal Electricidad (CFE) buildings; Experiencias de ahorro de energia en edificios de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Alvarez Velasco, Jorge E [Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    This document describes the developed saving projects in buildings and generating power stations in 2004 by the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). The projects considered are: buildings of the oficinas nacionales, Divisions of distribution office buildings, office buildings of production regions, construction deputy manager's office building, buildings of transmission and transformation, generating power stations, investments and savings of the projects in oficinas nacionales, divisions of distribution and construction subdivision buildings. From these projects the ones concluded in the 2004 were: Distribution Divisions, Gulf-Center Division, Center-West Distribution Division. The developing projects of 2005: oficinas nacionales, distribution divisions, Construction Subdivision, Generating Power Stations, Transmission Areas and office buildings. And finally, the projects concluded in the 2005 are the distribution divisions, the construction subdivision, the generating power stations, the office buildings, the minisplit units and their advantages with respect to the air conditioning window units. [Spanish] Este documento describe los proyectos de ahorro desarrollados en inmuebles y centrales generadoras en el ano 2004 por la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), los proyectos tratados son: inmuebles de oficinas nacionales, inmuebles de divisiones de distribucion, inmuebles de regiones de produccion, inmuebles de la subdireccion de construccion, inmuebles de transmision y transformacion, centrales generadoras, inversiones y ahorros de los proyectos en inmuebles de oficinas nacionales y divisiones de distribucion y subdireccion de construccion. De dichos proyectos se tiene que los proyectos concluidos en el 2004 fueron: Divisiones de Distribucion, Division Golfo Centro, Division de Distribucion Centro Occidente. Los proyectos en desarrollo del 2005: oficinas nacionales, divisiones de distribucion, Subdireccion de Construccion, Centrales Generadoras, Areas de

  15. Experiences on energy saving in Comision Federal Electricidad (CFE) buildings; Experiencias de ahorro de energia en edificios de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Alvarez Velasco, Jorge E. [Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    This document describes the developed saving projects in buildings and generating power stations in 2004 by the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). The projects considered are: buildings of the oficinas nacionales, Divisions of distribution office buildings, office buildings of production regions, construction deputy manager's office building, buildings of transmission and transformation, generating power stations, investments and savings of the projects in oficinas nacionales, divisions of distribution and construction subdivision buildings. From these projects the ones concluded in the 2004 were: Distribution Divisions, Gulf-Center Division, Center-West Distribution Division. The developing projects of 2005: oficinas nacionales, distribution divisions, Construction Subdivision, Generating Power Stations, Transmission Areas and office buildings. And finally, the projects concluded in the 2005 are the distribution divisions, the construction subdivision, the generating power stations, the office buildings, the minisplit units and their advantages with respect to the air conditioning window units. [Spanish] Este documento describe los proyectos de ahorro desarrollados en inmuebles y centrales generadoras en el ano 2004 por la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), los proyectos tratados son: inmuebles de oficinas nacionales, inmuebles de divisiones de distribucion, inmuebles de regiones de produccion, inmuebles de la subdireccion de construccion, inmuebles de transmision y transformacion, centrales generadoras, inversiones y ahorros de los proyectos en inmuebles de oficinas nacionales y divisiones de distribucion y subdireccion de construccion. De dichos proyectos se tiene que los proyectos concluidos en el 2004 fueron: Divisiones de Distribucion, Division Golfo Centro, Division de Distribucion Centro Occidente. Los proyectos en desarrollo del 2005: oficinas nacionales, divisiones de distribucion, Subdireccion de Construccion, Centrales Generadoras, Areas

  16. Modificaciones en la distribución espacial de la temperatura y la humedad relativa como resultado del crecimiento urbano: el caso de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    F. Ferrelli

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available El crecimiento de las ciudades genera modificaciones en la atmósfera local que pueden afectar la confortabilidad y calidad de vida de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar la evolución de la isla de calor de verano e invierno entre los años 1985 y 2014 en Bahía Blanca (Argentina. Esta ciudad ha sufrido un importante aumento de la población y de las actividades industriales en los últimos años. Se estudió el aumento de la zona urbana construida, las variaciones espaciales de temperatura y humedad relativa y el crecimiento de la población. Se calcularon índices de confort climático (Humidex, Termohigrométrico y Temperatura Equivalente. La zona urbana construida se extendió más de 110 km² y el incremento de la población fue de 22,4 %. Las modificaciones en el espacio urbano, junto con una mayor densidad de edificios, generaron cambios en las temperaturas de verano de 1985 y 2014. En la primera el centro de la ciudad fue más cálido que las zonas periféricas. La zona más confortable fue la costera. En 2014, en el centro de la ciudad se presentaron las temperaturas más altas y las zonas más confortables fueron las periféricas y los parques. Las mediciones de invierno no registraron diferencias considerables entre sí en las mediciones nocturnas. Los resultados demostraron que el crecimiento de las edificaciones y el incremento de la población de Bahía Blanca modificaron la distribución espacial de la temperatura y la humedad relativa y generaron situaciones de desconfort. Estos resultados generaron información necesaria para futuros planes de desarrollo urbano.

  17. Ubicación temporal relativa de sitios funerarios arqueológicos de la Depresión del Unare, Estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela - Relative temporary location in Unare Depression´s archeological funerary sites, Anzoategui State, Venezuela

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rebeca Judith Requena Bustios

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available En la presente investigación se construyó una secuencia cronológica relativa de sitios arqueológicos funerarios ubicados en la región de Depresión del Unare, mediante la aplicación del Método alternativo de datación relativa por Colágeno Residual, en los restos óseos de los individuos que conformaron esos contextos funerarios prehispánicos indígenas. Se ubicaron temporalmente 6 muestras, proveniente de 3 sitios arqueológicos de la zona del Bajo Unare. Una vez definidos los índices de incandescencia (que mide la cantidad de colágeno restante en el hueso, de cada sitio, se procedió hacer una secuencia en un eje cartesiano con cada resultado ubicándolos de mayor a menor, ya que los índices más altos (>500 revelan muestras tempranas mientras los índices bajos ( 500 reveal early signs, while low levels (<500 reveal recent samples in time scales. Four phases of temporary occupation of these sites were determined, placing the site “Guara” as the oldest in terms of occupation, among those who inhabited this area. Also various ranges in rates filament were observed, which indicates that there was a constant presence of the natives on these sites, observing a permanent occupation by the time these ancient communities lived in this area.

  18. Cultivable bacterial diversity along the altitudinal zonation and vegetation range of tropical Eastern Himalaya

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nathaniel A. Lyngwi

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available The Northeastern part of India sprawls over an area of 262 379km² in the Eastern Himalayan range. This constitutes a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of biodiversity and endemism; unfortunately, is also a poorly known area, especially on its microbial diversity. In this study, we assessed cultivable soil bacterial diversity and distribution from lowlands to highlands (34 to 3 990m.a.s.l.. Soil physico-chemical parameters and forest types across the different altitudes were characterized and correlated with bacterial distribution and diversity. Microbes from the soil samples were grown in Nutrient, Muller Hinton and Luria-Bertani agar plates and were initially characterized using biochemical methods. Parameters like dehydrogenase and urease activities, temperature, moisture content, pH, carbon content, bulk density of the sampled soil were measured for each site. Representative isolates were also subjected to 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A total of 155 cultivable bacterial isolates were characterized which were analyzed for richness, evenness and diversity indices. The tropical and sub-tropical forests supported higher bacterial diversity compared to temperate pine, temperate conifer, and sub-alpine rhododendron forests. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that Firmicutes was the most common group followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Species belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the most abundant. Bacterial CFU showed positive but insignificant correlation with soil parameters like pH (r=0.208, soil temperature (r=0.303, ambient temperature (r=0.443, soil carbon content (r=0.525, soil bulk density (r=0.268, soil urease (r=0.549 and soil dehydrogenase (r=0.492. Altitude (r=0.561 and soil moisture content (r=-0.051 showed negative correlation. Altitudinal gradient along with the vegetation and soil physico-chemical parameters were found to influence bacterial diversity and distribution. This study points out

  19. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition affected by original elevation rather than translocation along an altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yang, Wei; Zheng, Yong; Gao, Cheng; Duan, Ji-Chuang; Wang, Shi-Ping; Guo, Liang-Dong

    2016-11-01

    Elucidating arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal responses to elevation changes is critical to improve understanding of microbial function in ecosystems under global asymmetrical climate change scenarios. Here we examined AM fungal community in a two-year reciprocal translocation of vegetation-intact soil blocks along an altitudinal gradient (3,200 m to 3,800 m) in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. AM fungal spore density was significantly higher at lower elevation than at higher elevation regardless of translocation, except that this parameter was significantly increased by upward translocation from original 3,200 m to 3,400 m and 3,600 m. Seventy-three operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of AM fungi were recovered using 454-pyrosequencing of 18S rDNA sequences at a 97% sequence similarity. Original elevation, downward translocation and upward translocation did not significantly affect AM fungal OTU richness. However, with increasing altitude the OTU richness of Acaulosporaceae and Ambisporaceae increased, but the OTU richness of Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae decreased generally. The AM fungal community composition was significantly structured by original elevation but not by downward translocation and upward translocation. Our findings highlight that compared with the short-term reciprocal translocation, original elevation is a stronger determinant in shaping AM fungal community in the Qinghai-Tibet alpine meadow.

  20. Measurement of the $Z$ transverse momentum distribution in $\\bar{p} p \\to Z \\to e^+ e-$ events with the D0 detector

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Magana-Mendoza, Leonel [Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Inst., Mexico City (Mexico)

    1997-10-01

    La medicion de la distribucion de momento longitudinal en eventos p$\\bar{p}$ → Z → e+e-constituye una prueba para las parametrizaciones de las funciones de distribucion partonica, al mismo tiempo que proporciona un nuevo conjunto de datos que pueden ser empleados como parametros de entrada en los ajustes globales encaminados a mejorar dichas parametrizaciones.

  1. Módulo de enseñanza de la estadística para el ciclo del segundo nivel académico

    OpenAIRE

    Buñay Bravo, Miguel Angel

    2001-01-01

    Introduction. General. Distributions. Measures of central tendency. Graphic representation of frequency distributions. Frequency curve. Measures of dispersion or variability. Odds. Further reading. Bibliography. Introducción. Generalidades. Distribuciones. Medidas de tendencia central. Representación gráfíca de distribuciones de frecuencias. Curva de frecuencias. Medidas de dispersión o variabilidad. Probabilidades. Lecturas complementarias. Bibliografía.

  2. Critical Survey of the Analysis of Microscopic Distribution of some Bone-Seeking Radionuclides and Assessment of Absorbed Dose; Analyse de la Distribution Microscopique de Radionucleides Osteophiles et Determination de la Dose Absorbee; Kriticheskij obzor dannykh analiza mikroskopicheskogo raspredeleniya otkladyvayushchikhsya v kostyakh radioizotopov i opredelenie pogloshchennoj dozy; Estudio Critico de la Distribucion Microscopica de Algunos Radionuclidos Osteofilos y Evaluacion de la Dosis Absorbida

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jee, W. S.S.

    1964-10-15

    des rayonnements emis par le plutonium depose en surface sur les diverses parties de la zone distale du femur sont les suivants: trabecule metaphysaire, 3; periode interne, 2,6; trabecule epiphysaire, 1,5; canaux de Havers, 1,2; perioste externe, 1. Le depot en surface maximum localise pour les trabecules des vertebres est 35 a 66 fois plus important que la moyenne calculee de debit de dose du a la retention dans le corps. Les auteurs discutent les modifications de la localisation initiale non uniforme du radium et du plutonium en fonction du temps dans leurs rapports avec la nature du remodelage cellulaire de l'os et avec la perte du radionucleide par echange a long terme. Enfin, dans un exemple avec des mesures de la dose de rayonnements locale du plutonium et du radium, faites compte tenu du volume des cellules irradiees, la retention du corps et l'incidence des tumeurs sont mises en correlation et utilisees pour obtenir une toxicite relative du plutonium par rapport au radium et demontrer la valeur d'une certaine connaissance de la distribution microscopique des doses de rayonnements. (author) [Spanish] Los estudios detallados sobre la distribucion microscopica de la dosis proporcionan informacion sobre la distribucion no uniforme de las radiaciones, a diferencia de la distribucion supuesta uniforme, que se deduce de los datos relativos a la retencion en todo el organismo. En ausencia de cierto conocimiento de la distribucion microscopica de la dosis, tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo, se corre el riesgo, al tratar de acopiar datos comparativos sobre la toxicidad, de llegar a deducciones erroneas y pasar por alto conclusiones importantes. A causa de la complejidad del problema, los datos publicados sobre la medicion de la distribucion microscopica de la dosis de irradiacion son muy escasos. Las tecnicas actuales recurren a la autorradiografia y son muy laboriosas. Exigen el recuento de trazas y trabajos de micro- densitometria. La determinacion de la

  3. Precipitation and air temperature control the variations of dissolved organic matter along an altitudinal forest gradient, Gongga Mountains, China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hu, Zhaoyong; Wang, Genxu; Sun, Xiangyang

    2017-04-01

    Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) contribute significantly to C and N cycling in forest ecosystems. Little information is available on the variations in the DOC and DON concentrations and depositions in bulk and stand precipitation within forests along an altitudinal gradient. To determine the temporal variations in the DOC and DON concentrations and depositions in different forests and the spatial variations along the elevation gradient, the DOC and DON concentrations and depositions were measured in bulk precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow within three forest types, i.e., broadleaf forest (BLF), broadleaf-coniferous forest (BCF), and coniferous forest (CF), during the wet season (May to October) on Gongga Mountain, China, in 2015. The concentrations of bulk precipitation in BLF, BCF, and CF were 3.92, 4.04, and 2.65 mg L -1 , respectively, for DOC and were 0.38, 0.26, and 0.29 mg L -1 , respectively, for DON. BCF had the highest DOC deposition both in bulk precipitation (45.12 kg ha -1 ) and stand precipitation (98.52 kg ha -1 ), whereas the highest DON deposition was in BLF (3.62 kg ha -1 bulk precipitation and 4.11 kg ha -1 stand precipitation) during the study period. The meteorological conditions of precipitation and air temperature significantly influenced the dissolved organic matter (DOM) depositions along the elevation gradient. The leaf area index did not show any correlation with DOM depositions during the growing season.

  4. Características de la avifauna en un gradiente altitudinal de un bosque nublado andino en La Paz, Bolivia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Omar Martínez

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo analiza la diversidad y composición de la avifauna en tres localidades ubicadas dentro del Parque Nacional y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado de Cotapata, La Paz, Bolivia. Las tres localidades se distribuyeron en gradiente altitudinal y tres tipos de bosques húmedos andinos (ceja de monte a 3170 m, bosque nublado a 2620 m y bosque nublado secundario a 1850 m de la zona Yungas. Se realizó un esfuerzo total de 3286 horas-red niebla, 324 horas de caminatas y 216 horas de conteos por puntos en los tres lugares de estudio. Un total de 220 especies fueron registradas, la mayoría capturadas en redes (100 spp., 45%. Veinticinco familias fueron representadas en las capturas por redes y 42 mediante los censos. Tyrannidae y Thraupidae fueron las más representativas mediante ambos métodos. Las curvas acumulativas de especies fueron similares en todos los sitios. La riqueza de especies para la ceja de monte, bosque nublado y bosque secundario a partir de las capturas y censos fueron de 44, 40, 44 especies y 69, 57, 86 especies, respectivamente. Un total de 16 especies de rango restringido fueron registradas (p.e. Odontophorus balliviani, Andigena cucullata. La diversidad para la ceja de monte fue H´= 1,41; para el bosque nublado (H´= 0,98 y el bosque nublado secundario (H´= 0,96. La diversidad beta fue 0,74 basada en datos de capturas con redes y 0,79 basada en datos de censos en las tres alturas.

  5. Growth and physiological responses to drought and elevated ultraviolet-B in two contrasting populations of Hippophae rhamnoides

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yongqing Yang; Yinan Yao; Gang Xu [Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Inst. of Biology, Chengdu (China); Chunyang Li [Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China)

    2005-08-01

    In the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), which is a thorny nitrogen-fixing deciduously perennial shrub, has been widely used in forest restoration as the pioneer species. In our study, two contrasting populations from the low and high altitudinal regions were employed to investigate the effects of drought, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and their combination on sea buckthorn. The experimental design included two watering regimes (well watered and drought stressed) and two levels of UV-B (with and without UV-B supplementation). Drought significantly decreased total biomass, total leaf area and specific leaf area (SLA), and increased root/shoot ratio, fine root/coarse root ratio and abscisic acid content (ABA) in both populations. However, the high altitudinal population was more responsive to drought than the low altitudinal population. On the other hand, elevated UV-B induced increase in anthocyanins in both populations, whereas he accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds occurred only in the low altitudinal population. The drought-induced enhancement of ABA in the high altitudinal population was significantly suppressed in the combination of drought and elevated UV-B. Moreover, significant drought x UV-B interaction was detected on total biomass in both populations, total leaf area and fine root/coarse root in the low altitudinal population, and SLA in the high altitudinal population. These results demonstrated that there were different adaptive responses between two contrasting populations, the high altitudinal population exhibited higher tolerance to drought and UV-B than the low altitudinal population. (au)

  6. Altitudinal distribution and advertisement call of Colostethus latinasus (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae), endemic species from eastern Panama and type species of Colostethus , with a molecular assessment of similar sympatric species.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ibáñez, Roberto D; Griffith, Edgardo J; Lips, Karen R; Crawford, Andrew J

    2017-04-12

    We conducted a molecular assessment of Colostethus-like frogs along an elevational gradient in the Serranía de Pirre, above Santa Cruz de Cana, eastern Panama, aiming to establish their species identity and to determine the altitudinal distribution of C. latinasus. Our findings confirm the view of C. latinasus as an endemic species restricted to the highlands of this mountain range, i.e., 1350-1475 m.a.s.l., considered to be type locality of this species. We described the advertisement call of C. latinasus that consists of a series of 4-18 single, short and relatively loud "peep"-like notes given in rapid succession, and its spectral and temporal features were compared with calls of congeneric species. For the first time, DNA sequences from C. latinasus were obtained, since previously reported sequences were based on misidentified specimens. This is particularly important because C. latinasus is the type species of Colostethus, a genus considered paraphyletic according to recent phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data.

  7. Barbel species arrangement in a regional Natura 2000 network (Emilia Romagna, Northern Italy: An altitudinal perspective

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    Federica Piccoli

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available Southern Europe hosts a large number of critical catchments for freshwater biodiversity, including endemic fish species. Unfortunately, these areas are severely threatened due to direct and indirect anthropogenic effects. In this context, with the aim to improve the effectiveness of threatened fish protection, the Life project BARBIE (LIFE13 NAT/IT/001129 started in 2014 and focused on three congeneric species of the genus Barbus: two of “priority interest” sensu Habitats Directive [Barbus caninus (Bonaparte, 1839, and B. plebejus (Bonaparte, 1839], and one alien [Barbus barbus (Linnaeus, 1758]. Our main objective was to assess the contribution of a complex of protected areas included in the Natura 2000 network – located in the provinces of Parma, Piacenza and Reggio Emilia (Norther Italy – to support the presence of the three barbel species in analysis. Additionally, we explored the role of a set of environmental variables (i.e., physical, chemical, biological, and land-use descriptors to drive the current conditions of the study sites and the responses of Barbus species. As a general rule, the present study confirmed a clear decline of the local native barbel populations, and confirmed the existence of a zonation pattern of the barbel taxa. Hence, we observed a strong altitude segregation between native vs. alien species, with the exotic B. barbus currently limited to plain and only sporadically present in the Apennine areas as genetic introgression. These evidences mirrored the altitudinal gradients of anthropogenic disturbance. The main causes were the progressive disappearance of well-structured riparian stripes, and the intense land use change, ranging from semi-natural patches (mountain and hill sectors to land clearing for intensive agriculture (lowland sectors. This highlights the need to take into account the spatial dynamics of alien invasive species in programming recovery actions that could have unexpected impacts to the

  8. Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forests along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and a meta-analysis of global data.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tashi, Sonam; Singh, Balwant; Keitel, Claudia; Adams, Mark

    2016-06-01

    High-altitude soils potentially store a large pool of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). The assessment of total C and N stocks in soils is vital to understanding the C and N dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we examined effects of altitude and forest composition on soil C and N along a transect from 317 to 3300 m a.s.l. in the eastern Himalayas. We used meta-analysis to establish the context for our results on the effects of altitude on soil C, including variation with depth. Total C and N contents of soils significantly increased with altitude, but decreased with soil depth. Carbon and N were similarly correlated with altitude and temperature, and temperature was seemingly the main driver of soil C along the altitudinal gradient. Altitude accounted for 73% of the variation in C and 47% of the variation in N stocks. Soil pH and cation exchange capacity were correlated with both soil C and N stocks. Increases in soil C and N stocks were related to forest composition, forest basal area as well as quantity of leaf litter that were in turn influenced by altitude and temperature. Concentrations of C in foliage increased by 2.1% for every 1000 m rise in altitude, while that in leaf litter increased by 2.3%. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  9. Potential of Gdgts as Temperature Proxies Along Altitudinal Transects in East Africa

    Science.gov (United States)

    Coffinet, Sarah; Huguet, Arnaud; Omuombo, Christine; Williamson, David; Fosse, Céline; Anquetil, Christine; Derenne, Sylvie

    2014-05-01

    Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are lipids of high molecular weight and include the isoprenoid GDGTs (iGDGTs) produced by Archaea and the branched GDGTs (brGDGTs) produced by unknown bacteria. Several indices were developed to describe the relationship between GDGT distribution and environmental parameters: the TEX86 (tetraether index of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbons), based on the relative abundances of iGDGTs in sediments, and the MBT (methylation index of branched tetraethers) and CBT (cyclisation ratio of branched tetraethers), based on the relative abundance of brGDGTs in soils. The TEX86 was shown to correlate well with water surface temperature, and the MBT and CBT with mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and soil pH. The GDGTs are increasingly used as temperature proxies. In this study, 41 surface soils were sampled along two altitudinal transects, from 500 to 2800 meters in Mount Rungwe (South western, Tanzania) and from 1897 to 3268 meters in Mount Kenya (Central Kenya). MAAT was reconstructed along the two transects using the MBT/CBT proxies. A linear correlation between the MBT/CBT-derived temperatures and the altitude (R2=0.83) was obtained by combining results of the two transects. The reconstructed temperature lapse rate (0.5 ° C/100 m) was consistent with the one determined from temperature measurements at six altitudes. These results show that the MBT/CBT is a suitable and robust temperature proxy in East Africa. In Mt. Rungwe soil samples, the TEX86 index, which was mainly used to reconstruct water surface temperatures until now, was found to vary linearly with altitude (R2=0.50). Such a relationship between TEX86 and altitude in organic soils has also been recently noticed in Mt. Xiangpi, China (Liu et al., 2013; R2=0.68). The adiabatic cooling of air with altitude could explain the TEX86 variation with altitude. If such a relationship is confirmed, the use of the TEX86 as a temperature proxy could be extended to soil

  10. Reprodutibilidade e validade relativa do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar do ELSA-Brasil Reproducibilidad y validez relativa del Cuestionario de Frecuencia Alimentaria del ELSA-Brasil Reproducibility and relative validity of the Food Frequency Questionnaire used in the ELSA-Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lívia Manato

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available Avaliou-se a reprodutibilidade e a validade do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA utilizado no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil. Foram aplicados três registros alimentares e um QFA em dois momentos no período de um ano (n = 281. Valores de energia e nutrientes dos registros alimentares foram deatenuados e Log transformados. Para avaliação da reprodutibilidade e validade foi aplicado o teste de correlação intraclasse (CCI e calculados percentuais de concordância do consumo de nutrientes após categorização por tercis. Na avaliação da reprodutibilidade, coeficientes de CCI variaram de 0,55-0,83 para proteína e vitamina E, respectivamente; na avaliação da validade, variaram de 0,20-0,72 para selênio e cálcio, respectivamente. Concordâncias exata e adjacente entre métodos variaram de 82,9% para vitamina E a 89% para lipídio e cálcio (média = 86%. Foi encontrada uma discordância média de 13,6%. Conclui-se que o QFA ELSA-Brasil apresenta confiabilidade satisfatória para todos nutrientes e validade relativa razoável para energia, macronutrientes, cálcio, potássio e vitaminas E e C.Se evaluó la reproducibilidad y la validez del Cuestionario de Frecuencia Alimentaria (QFA, utilizado en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud de Adultos (ELSA-Brasil. Se aplicaron tres registros alimentarios y un QFA en dos momentos durante el período de un año (n = 281. Valores de energía y nutrientes de los registros alimentarios se realizaron sin atenuación y log transformados. Para la evaluación de la reproducibilidad y validez se aplicó el test de Correlación Intraclase (CCI y se calcularon los porcentajes de concordancia del consumo de nutrientes tras la categorización por terciles. En la evaluación de la reproducibilidad, coeficientes de CCI variaron de 0,55-0,83 en el caso la proteína y vitamina E, respectivamente; en la evaluación de la validez, variaron de 0,20-0,72 en el selenio y calcio

  11. Foliar δ13C Showed No Altitudinal Trend in an Arid Region and Atmospheric Pressure Exerted a Negative Effect on Plant δ13C

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zixun Chen

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available Previous studies have suggested foliar δ13C generally increases with altitude. However, some observations reported no changes or even decreased trends in foliar δ13C. We noted that all the studies in which δ13C increased with elevation were conducted in the human regions, whereas those investigations in which δ13C did not vary or decreased were conducted in areas with water stress. Thus, we proposed that the pattern of increasing δ13C with elevation is not a general one, and that δ13C may remain unchanged or decrease in plants grown in arid environments. To test the hypothesis, we sampled plants along altitude gradients on the shady and sunny slopes of Mount Tianshan characterized by arid and semiarid climates. The measurements of foliar δ13C showed no altitudinal trends for the plants grown on either of the slopes. Therefore, this study supported our hypothesis. In addition, the present study addressed the effect of atmospheric pressure on plant δ13C by accounting for the effects of temperature and precipitation on δ13C. This study found that the residual foliar δ13C increased with increasing altitude, suggesting that atmospheric pressure played a negative role in foliar δ13C.

  12. Seasonal and altitudinal variations in snow algal communities on an Alaskan glacier (Gulkana glacier in the Alaska range)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Takeuchi, Nozomu

    2013-01-01

    Snow and ice algae are cold tolerant algae growing on the surface of snow and ice, and they play an important role in the carbon cycles for glaciers and snowfields in the world. Seasonal and altitudinal variations in seven major taxa of algae (green algae and cyanobacteria) were investigated on the Gulkana glacier in Alaska at six different elevations from May to September in 2001. The snow algal communities and their biomasses changed over time and elevation. Snow algae were rarely observed on the glacier in May although air temperature had been above 0 ° C since the middle of the month and surface snow had melted. In June, algae appeared in the lower areas of the glacier, where the ablation ice surface was exposed. In August, the distribution of algae was extended to the upper parts of the glacier as the snow line was elevated. In September, the glacier surface was finally covered with new winter snow, which terminated algal growth in the season. Mean algal biomass of the study sites continuously increased and reached 6.3 × 10 μl m −2 in cell volume or 13 mg carbon m −2 in September. The algal community was dominated by Chlamydomonas nivalis on the snow surface, and by Ancylonema nordenskiöldii and Mesotaenium berggrenii on the ice surface throughout the melting season. Other algae were less abundant and appeared in only a limited area of the glacier. Results in this study suggest that algae on both snow and ice surfaces significantly contribute to the net production of organic carbon on the glacier and substantially affect surface albedo of the snow and ice during the melting season. (letter)

  13. Altitudinal variations of ground tissue and xylem tissue in terminal shoot of woody species: implications for treeline formation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chen, Hong; Wang, Haiyang; Liu, Yanfang; Dong, Li

    2013-01-01

    1. The terminal shoot (or current-year shoot), as one of the most active parts on a woody plant, is a basic unit determining plant height and is potentially influenced by a variety of environmental factors. It has been predicted that tissues amount and their allocation in plant stems may play a critical role in determining plant size in alpine regions. The primary structure in terminal shoots is a key to our understanding treeline formation. The existing theories on treeline formation, however, are still largely lacking of evidence at the species level, much less from anatomy for the terminal shoot. 2. The primary structures within terminal shoot were measured quantitatively for 100 species from four elevation zones along the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain, southwestern China; one group was sampled from above the treeline. An allometric approach was employed to examine scaling relationships interspecifically, and a principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to test the relation among primary xylem, ground tissue, species growth form and altitude. 3. The results showed that xylem tissue size was closely correlated with ground tissue size isometrically across species, while undergoing significant y- or/and x-intercept shift in response to altitudinal belts. Further, a conspicuous characteristic of terminal shoot was its allocation of contrasting tissues between primary xylem and ground tissues with increasing elevation. The result of the PCA showed correlations between anatomical variation, species growth form/height classes and environment. 4. The current study presents a comparative assessment of the allocation of tissue in terminal shoot across phylogenically and ecologically diverse species, and analyzes tissue, function and climate associations with plant growth forms and height classes among species. The interspecific connection between primary xylem ratio and plant size along an elevation gradient suggests the importance of primary xylem in explaining

  14. Altitudinal variations of ground tissue and xylem tissue in terminal shoot of woody species: implications for treeline formation.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hong Chen

    Full Text Available 1. The terminal shoot (or current-year shoot, as one of the most active parts on a woody plant, is a basic unit determining plant height and is potentially influenced by a variety of environmental factors. It has been predicted that tissues amount and their allocation in plant stems may play a critical role in determining plant size in alpine regions. The primary structure in terminal shoots is a key to our understanding treeline formation. The existing theories on treeline formation, however, are still largely lacking of evidence at the species level, much less from anatomy for the terminal shoot. 2. The primary structures within terminal shoot were measured quantitatively for 100 species from four elevation zones along the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain, southwestern China; one group was sampled from above the treeline. An allometric approach was employed to examine scaling relationships interspecifically, and a principal components analysis (PCA was performed to test the relation among primary xylem, ground tissue, species growth form and altitude. 3. The results showed that xylem tissue size was closely correlated with ground tissue size isometrically across species, while undergoing significant y- or/and x-intercept shift in response to altitudinal belts. Further, a conspicuous characteristic of terminal shoot was its allocation of contrasting tissues between primary xylem and ground tissues with increasing elevation. The result of the PCA showed correlations between anatomical variation, species growth form/height classes and environment. 4. The current study presents a comparative assessment of the allocation of tissue in terminal shoot across phylogenically and ecologically diverse species, and analyzes tissue, function and climate associations with plant growth forms and height classes among species. The interspecific connection between primary xylem ratio and plant size along an elevation gradient suggests the importance of primary

  15. From frugivore to folivore: Altitudinal variations in the diet and feeding ecology of the Bioko Island drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Owens, Jacob R; Honarvar, Shaya; Nessel, Mark; Hearn, Gail W

    2015-12-01

    Variation in the quality and availability of food resources can greatly influence the ecology, behavior, and conservation of wild primates. We studied the influence of altitudinal differences in resource availability on diet in wild drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. We compared fecal samples (n = 234) collected across three consecutive dry seasons for drills living in lowland (0-300 m asl) forest with nearby (18 km distance) drills living in montane forest (500-1000 m asl) in the Gran Caldera Southern Highlands Scientific Reserve. Lowland forest drills had a frugivorous diet very similar to that reported from studies on nearby mainland drills (M. l. leucophaeus) and mandrills (M. sphinx), with fruits comprising 90% of their dried fecal samples. However drills living in montane forest had a more folivorous diet, with herbaceous pith, leaves and fungi comprising 74% of their dried fecal samples and fruit becoming a minor component (24%). Furthermore, a dietary preference index indicated that the differences in the proportion of fruit and fibrous vegetation in the diets of lowland compared to montane drills was not simply a result of relative availability. Montane drills were actively consuming a higher mass of the available fruits and fibrous vegetation, a condition reflected in the greater mass of their fresh feces. Our results demonstrate the unexpected flexibility and complexity of dietary choices of this endangered species in two adjacent habitat types, a comparison of considerable importance for many other limited-range species faced with habitat loss and climate change. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  16. Altitudinal gradients, midwinter melt, and wind effects on snow accumulation in semiarid midlatitude Andes under La Niña conditions

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ayala, A.; McPhee, J.; Vargas, X.

    2014-04-01

    The Andes Cordillera remains a sparsely monitored and studied snow hydrology environment in comparison to similar mountain ranges in the Northern Hemisphere. In order to uncover some of the key processes driving snow water equivalent (SWE) spatial variability, we present and analyze a distributed SWE data set, sampled at the end of accumulation season 2011. Three representative catchments across the region were monitored, obtaining measurements in an elevation range spanning 2000 to 3900 m asl and from 32.4° to 34.0°S in latitude. Climatic conditions during this season corresponded to a moderate La Niña phenomenon, which is generally correlated with lower-than normal accumulation. Collected measurements can be described at the regional and watershed extents by altitudinal gradients that imply an increase by a factor of two in snow depth between 2200 and 3000 m asl, though with significant variability at the upper sites. In these upper sites, we found north-facing, wind-sheltered slopes showing 25% less average SWE values than south-facing, wind-exposed ones. This suggests that under these conditions, solar radiation dominated wind transport effects in controlling end-of-winter variability. Nevertheless, we found clusters of snow depth measurements above 3000 m asl that can be explained by wind exposure differences. This is the first documented snow depth data set of this spatial extent for this region, and it is framed within an ongoing research effort aimed at improving understanding and modeling of snow hydrology in the extratropical Andes Cordillera.

  17. Práticas de autoatenção relativas à alimentação de crianças do meio rural

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daiane Toebe

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available RESUMO Objetivo descrever as práticas de autoatenção relacionadas à alimentação de crianças do meio rural e suas interações com os modelos de atenção à saúde. Métodos estudo qualitativo, descritivo, realizado em comunidades rurais do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com sete famílias, totalizando dez mulheres. Na produção dos dados utilizaram-se a observação e entrevistas abertas. Analisaram-se os dados por meio da análise temática de Leininger. Resultados “O leite materno é bom, mas não basta” e “Minha família influenciou nas minhas decisões: eu consegui amamentar” são os temas emergentes no estudo. Dos temas emerge a necessidade de compreensão dos significados simbólicos dessas práticas para a produção de saúde das crianças, mediante ações culturalmente congruentes e eficazes. Conclusões O aleitamento materno misto destaca-se dentre as práticas de autoatenção relativas à alimentação da criança do meio rural. Essas práticas transitam entre os conhecimentos do Modelo Médico Hegemônico e dos familiares e comunidade.

  18. Promediando curvas de permeabilidad relativa en yacimientos de metano en mantos de carbón con flujo bifásico en Queensland, Australia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Ordóñez

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se propone el uso de un único set de curvas de permeabilidad a ser empleado en los estudios de simulación y caracterización de yacimientos de gas en mantos de carbón (CBM, en vez del uso común de un set de curvas para cada estrato individual. Para comprobar la aplicabilidad de este procedimiento, se simula un yacimiento usando ambos métodos: el resultado de producción debe ser similar en ambas simulacionesEl modelo para promediar la permeabilidad absoluta en un flujo monofásico, fue usado para el caso de predecir un promedio de permeabilidad relativa para un yacimiento con flujo bifásico. Luego de correr varios casos y corroborar que la ecuación propuesta no cumplía las expectativas, el enfoque del trabajo fue explicar el por qué del no funcionamiento de la ecuación propuesta. Una posible explicación fue la no consideración de la gravedad, que acorde a varias simulaciones presentadas, es un parámetro principal en las curvas de producción. La saturación de agua tampoco puede excluirse de la ecuación que prediga este promedio.  Por tanto si se quiere presentar una ecuación para el cálculo de promedio de permeabilidades relativas, es fundamental que tanto la gravedad como la saturación de agua estén incluidas en esta ecuación. Abstract  This paper tries to average relative permeability in a way that instead of using different sets of relative permeability curves to different layers, one single set could be used in one single layer, and to get similar production results as if different layers and different relative permeability were used instead. The model to average absolute permeability in a single-phase flow system was used to predict two-phase flow average relative permeability. After running different cases and corroborating that the equation proposed did not match the expectations. The focus of this work was changed in order to explain why the equation was not working. A possible explanation of

  19. Alimentación del pez insectívoro neotropical Creagrutus bolivari (Pisces: Characidae según los métodos gráfico y de importancia relativa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mario Ortaz

    2006-12-01

    Full Text Available Se estudió la alimentación de un pez neotropical (Creagrutus bolivari usando diferentes métodos: el método gráfico de Cortés (1997 y dos índices de importancia relativa (George y Hadley, 1979 (% RIi y Cortés, 1997 (% IRIi. Sólo las presas discretas (invertebrados acuáticos y terrestres se emplearon en el análisis de dieta. Se estimó ara cada ítem, las frecuencias de aparición (% A, numérica (% N y gravimétrica (% G. Se analizó un total de 240 ejemplares (intervalo de talla desde 25.3 hasta 64.7 mm de longitud estándar. Para valores de % A > 50 %, el % IRIi resultó mayor al obtenido para el % RIi, con una tendencia opuesta (hasta 130 veces para valores de % A por debajo del 50 %. El % IRIi sobreestimó la importancia relativa de las presas para valores altos de % A, mientras que subestimó la importancia relativa de las presas para valores bajos de % A y mostró un comportamiento no lineal a medida que varió el % A. Las variables empleadas en el método gráfico de Cortés son insuficientes para evaluar la estrategia alimentaria del depredador (generalismo-especialismo. De este modo, se sugiere incluir otras variables como el ancho de nicho trófico poblacional e individual así como un adecuado registro de campo. Es necesario un amplio registro de campo para clasificar a las presas como escasa o dominante de acuerdo a la clasificación de Cortés. Los índices compuestos que incluyen las variables: masa, número y aparición proporcionan una descripción más precisa de la dieta y permiten realizar estudios comparativos. El análisis gráfico es fácil de interpretar y ayuda a evaluar aspectos como la importancia de la presa y la estrategia alimentaria del depredadorThe diet of the neotropical insectivorous fish Creagrutus bolivari (Pisces: Characidae according to the "graphic" and "relative importance" methods. The diet of a neotropical fish species (Creagrutus bolivari was studied using different methods: the Cortés 1997

  20. Selection of a conventional power distribution transformer as a voltage source for saline chambers; Seleccion de un transformador de distribucion convencional como fuente de voltaje en camaras salinas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garza Macias, Anibal [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1988-12-31

    In the Mexico`s Gulf Coast and in the North East part of the country there are severe pollution problems on the electric distribution power systems insulators. To solve this problem, in specialized laboratories are reproduced the pollution conditions for their quantitative and qualitative analyses. In general terms, for this purpose special voltage transformers have been used that, for being imported, are very expensive; furthermore there is no defined selection criterion that allows the voltage source to supply the current recommended by the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). In this article, a proposal is presented to select a transformer that fulfills the IEC requirements. This equipment, because of its acquisition easiness and economy, permits that any teaching or research institution have a voltage source that allows the experimentation of the pollution phenomena at a minimum cost. [Espanol] En la costa del Golfo de Mexico y en el noroeste del pais hay severos problemas de contaminacion en los aisladores de los sistemas electricos de distribucion. Para solucionar este problema, se reproducen, en laboratorios especializados, las condiciones de contaminacion para su analisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. En general, con este proposito se han utilizado transformadores especiales de voltaje que por ser de importacion son muy costosos; ademas, no existe un criterio definido de seleccion que permita suministrar a la fuente de voltaje la corriente recomendada por el IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). En este articulo se presenta una propuesta para seleccionar un transformador que cumpla con los requerimientos del IEC. Esta, por su facilidad de adquisicion y economia, permite que cualquier institucion docente o de investigacion cuente con una fuente de voltaje que permita la experimentacion de los fenomenos contaminantes con un costo minimo.

  1. Efectos de diferentes intensidades relativas, volúmenes, tiempos de recuperación entre repeticiones y pérdida de velocidad en la serie sobre el rendimiento en sprint, salto vertical con cargas y sin cargas y la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores

    OpenAIRE

    Mora Custodio, Ricardo

    2017-01-01

    Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte En la presente tesis doctoral se llevaron a cabo cuatro estudios y tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos producidos por diferentes configuraciones del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre el rendimiento en sprint, salto vertical y la fuerza máxima. En el Estudio I se analizó el efecto producido por dos programas de entrenamiento de fuerza equivalentes en todas sus variables excepto en la intensidad relativa (Cargas bajas 40...

  2. Shrub type dominates the vertical distribution of leaf C : N : P stoichiometry across an extensive altitudinal gradient

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhao, Wenqiang; Reich, Peter B.; Yu, Qiannan; Zhao, Ning; Yin, Chunying; Zhao, Chunzhang; Li, Dandan; Hu, Jun; Li, Ting; Yin, Huajun; Liu, Qing

    2018-04-01

    Understanding leaf stoichiometric patterns is crucial for improving predictions of plant responses to environmental changes. Leaf stoichiometry of terrestrial ecosystems has been widely investigated along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. However, very little is known about the vertical distribution of leaf C : N : P and the relative effects of environmental parameters, especially for shrubs. Here, we analyzed the shrub leaf C, N and P patterns in 125 mountainous sites over an extensive altitudinal gradient (523-4685 m) on the Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that the shrub leaf C and C : N were 7.3-47.5 % higher than those of other regional and global flora, whereas the leaf N and N : P were 10.2-75.8 % lower. Leaf C increased with rising altitude and decreasing temperature, supporting the physiological acclimation mechanism that high leaf C (e.g., alpine or evergreen shrub) could balance the cell osmotic pressure and resist freezing. The largest leaf N and high leaf P occurred in valley region (altitude 1500 m), likely due to the large nutrient leaching from higher elevations, faster litter decomposition and nutrient resorption ability of deciduous broadleaf shrub. Leaf N : P ratio further indicated increasing N limitation at higher altitudes. Interestingly, drought severity was the only climatic factor positively correlated with leaf N and P, which was more appropriate for evaluating the impact of water status than precipitation. Among the shrub ecosystem and functional types (alpine, subalpine, montane, valley, evergreen, deciduous, broadleaf, and conifer), their leaf element contents and responses to environments were remarkably different. Shrub type was the largest contributor to the total variations in leaf stoichiometry, while climate indirectly affected the leaf C : N : P via its interactive effects on shrub type or soil. Collectively, the large heterogeneity in shrub type was the most important factor explaining the overall leaf C : N : P variations

  3. Potential and Limitations of Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Systems for Monitoring Altitudinal Vegetation Phenology in the Tropics

    Science.gov (United States)

    Silva, T. S. F.; Torres, R. S.; Morellato, P.

    2017-12-01

    Vegetation phenology is a key component of ecosystem function and biogeochemical cycling, and highly susceptible to climatic change. Phenological knowledge in the tropics is limited by lack of monitoring, traditionally done by laborious direct observation. Ground-based digital cameras can automate daily observations, but also offer limited spatial coverage. Imaging by low-cost Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) combines the fine resolution of ground-based methods with and unprecedented capability for spatial coverage, but challenges remain in producing color-consistent multitemporal images. We evaluated the applicability of multitemporal UAS imaging to monitor phenology in tropical altitudinal grasslands and forests, answering: 1) Can very-high resolution aerial photography from conventional digital cameras be used to reliably monitor vegetative and reproductive phenology? 2) How is UAS monitoring affected by changes in illumination and by sensor physical limitations? We flew imaging missions monthly from Feb-16 to Feb-17, using a UAS equipped with an RGB Canon SX260 camera. Flights were carried between 10am and 4pm, at 120-150m a.g.l., yielding 5-10cm spatial resolution. To compensate illumination changes caused by time of day, season and cloud cover, calibration was attempted using reference targets and empirical models, as well as color space transformations. For vegetative phenological monitoring, multitemporal response was severely affected by changes in illumination conditions, strongly confounding the phenological signal. These variations could not be adequately corrected through calibration due to sensor limitations. For reproductive phenology, the very-high resolution of the acquired imagery allowed discrimination of individual reproductive structures for some species, and its stark colorimetric differences to vegetative structures allowed detection of the reproductive timing on the HSV color space, despite illumination effects. We conclude that reliable

  4. Will Climate Change, Genetic and Demographic Variation or Rat Predation Pose the Greatest Risk for Persistence of an Altitudinally Distributed Island Endemic?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alison Shapcott

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Species endemic to mountains on oceanic islands are subject to a number of existing threats (in particular, invasive species along with the impacts of a rapidly changing climate. The Lord Howe Island endemic palm Hedyscepe canterburyana is restricted to two mountains above 300 m altitude. Predation by the introduced Black Rat (Rattus rattus is known to significantly reduce seedling recruitment. We examined the variation in Hedyscepe in terms of genetic variation, morphology, reproductive output and demographic structure, across an altitudinal gradient. We used demographic data to model population persistence under climate change predictions of upward range contraction incorporating long-term climatic records for Lord Howe Island. We also accounted for alternative levels of rat predation into the model to reflect management options for control. We found that Lord Howe Island is getting warmer and drier and quantified the degree of temperature change with altitude (0.9 °C per 100 m. For H. canterburyana, differences in development rates, population structure, reproductive output and population growth rate were identified between altitudes. In contrast, genetic variation was high and did not vary with altitude. There is no evidence of an upward range contraction as was predicted and recruitment was greatest at lower altitudes. Our models predicted slow population decline in the species and that the highest altitude populations are under greatest threat of extinction. Removal of rat predation would significantly enhance future persistence of this species.

  5. Altitudinal and thermal gradients of hepatic Cyp1A gene expression in natural populations of Salmo trutta from high mountain lakes and their correlation with organohalogen loads

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jarque, Sergio; Gallego, Eva [Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain); Bartrons, Mireia; Catalan, Jordi [Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acces Cala St. Francesc 14, 17300-Blanes, Catalonia (Spain); Grimalt, Joan O. [Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain); Pina, Benjamin, E-mail: bpcbmc@cid.csic.e [Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain)

    2010-05-15

    The biomarker of xenobiotic exposure cytochrome p450A1 (Cyp1A) was used to analyze the biological response to chemical pollution in Salmo trutta (brown trout) from nine high mountain European lakes in Norway, Tatras, Tyrol, and central Pyrenees. Hepatic Cyp1A mRNA levels correlated both with the reciprocal of absolute annual average air temperatures of the sampled lakes and with muscle concentrations of several hydrophobic organohalogen compounds (OC), including chlorinated polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), DDE, and DDT. The correlation between Cyp1A expression and OC content was observed across the whole temperature range (between -0.7 deg. C and +6.2 deg. C), but also in the absence of any thermal gradient. We concluded that airborne pollutants accumulate in high mountain lake fish at concentrations high enough to increase Cyp1A expression, among other possible effects. As geographical distribution of semi-volatile OC is strongly influenced by air temperatures, future climate modifications will potentially enhance their physiological effects in lake ecosystems. - Altitudinal gradients of hepatic Cyp1A gene expression in mountain trout correlate with geographic and individual organohalogen distribution.

  6. Avaliação da eficácia relativa de duas intervenções psicoeducativas dirigidas à prevenção da SIDA e promoção da saúde em mulheres com risco para o VIH

    OpenAIRE

    Costa, Eleonora Cunha Veiga

    2007-01-01

    Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia da Saúde. Este estudo teve como objectivo testar a eficácia relativa de duas intervenções psicoeducativas dirigidas à prevenção da SIDA e promoção da saúde em mulheres com risco para o VIH: uma de carácter informativo (Intervenção Didáctica) e outra que engloba, além da informação, o treino de um conjunto de competências sociais, cognitivas e comportamentais, consideradas importantes para a prevenção do VIH (Intervenção ACCENT, isto é, c...

  7. Frecuencia relativa de carcinoma escamoso y adenocarcinoma esofágicos en una serie de biopsias endoscópicas realizadas en Rosario, Argentina Relative frequency of esophageal squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in a series of endoscopic biopsies performed in Rosario, Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ariel Enrique Naves

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Determinar en una serie de biopsias endoscópicas esofágicas consecutivas registradas en un laboratorio de anatomía patológica de la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina, la frecuencia relativa de adenocarcinoma y carcinoma escamoso, comparando los períodos 1992-1999 y 2000-2006. Verificar si se observa un aumento en la frecuencia relativa de adenocarcinoma esofágico con respecto al carcinoma escamoso, similar al notificado en otros países occidentales. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron las biopsias endoscópicas esofágicas con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma y carcinoma escamoso infiltrantes, y de esófago de Barrett (EB realizadas entre 1992 y 2006. Se compararon las frecuencias relativas de estos cánceres en los períodos 1992-1999 y 2000-2006 por la prueba de la Z y se analizó la distribución por edad y sexo mediante la prueba de la ji2, con un nivel de significación (alfa de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron, en total, 125 carcinomas escamosos y adenocarcinomas infiltrantes. La frecuencia relativa adenocarcinoma/carcinoma escamoso fue 0,33/0,67 en toda la serie, 0,28/0,72 en el período 1992-1999 y 0,38/0,62 en el período 2000-2006. Las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Los hombres representaron 75,6% de los casos de adenocarcinoma y 57,1% de los de carcinoma escamoso; esta diferencia resultó significativa (POBJECTIVES: To determine the relative frequency of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma in a series of endoscopic biopsies of the esophagus registered in consecutive order in a pathology laboratory in the city of Rosario, Argentina, during two time periods: 1992-1999 and 2000-2006. To determine if the relative frequency of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased over that of squamous carcinoma, in keeping with the trends noted in other Western countries. METHODS: We studied the endoscopic esophageal biopsies diagnosed with infiltrating adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma and Barrett's esophagus (BE between

  8. The Let Distribution of Dose in Some Tissue Cylinders; Repartition de la Dose en Fonction du TLE dans Quelques Modeles Cylindriques de Tissus; Raspredelenie linejnoj peredachi ehnergii dozy v nekotorykh tkanevykh tsilindrakh; Distribucion de la Dosis en Funcion de la TLE en Algunos Modelos Cilindricos de Tejidos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Snyder, W. S. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

    1964-03-15

    spectre de la dose delivree par des faisceaux de neutrons monoenergetiques a des modeles cylindriques de tissus simulant une souris, un rat, un cobaye, un chien et un homme. On a admis que ces tissus consistaient en H, C, N et C dans les memes proportions que pour l'homme standard. Les sections efficaces de H etaient sensiblement identiques a celles qui sont donnees dans BNL-325 et les sections efficaces de 0 ,N et C ont ete reprises de NDA 2111-3 (volume A ), ORNL-2389 et NDA 12-16, respectivement. On a calcule egalement le cas d'un modele irradie par le spectre de fission modifie utilise par Neary. Les valeurs ainsi obtenues de la repartition de la dose en fonction du TLE, associees aux valeurs de l'EBR recommandees par la CIPR, permettent d'interpreter les effets biologiques de l'exposition aux neutrons. Ces valeurs ont ete comparees aux donnees sur les effets biologiques des neutrons obtenues a la suite de certaines experiences; elles confirment, du moins en partie, les hypotheses generalement admises sur la relation fonctionnelle entre l'EBR et le TLE, par exemple que la possibilite de guerison et l'effet d'oxygene se manifestent essentiellement par les doses a faible TLE. Bien que ces interpretations revetent encore un caractere preliminaire, la repartition de la dose en fonction du TLE pourra servir de base a de nouvelles experiences sur la relation entre l'EBR et le TLE. (author) [Spanish] Cuando un modelo de tejido se expone a neutrones, los nucleos de retroceso formados presentan un espectro energetico continao. Aun en el caso de los neutrones monoenergeticos, se observaran distribuciones continuas de energia para los distintos nucleos de retroceso y, por lo tanto, tambien sera continua la distribucion de la dosis en funcion de la TLE. Utilizando un programa tipo Montecarlo en la calculadora 'Controlled Data 1604', el autor calculo, en funcion de la TLE, el espectro de la dosis proporcionada por haces monoenergeticos'de neutrones a modelos cilindricos de tejidos

  9. ¿Claúsulas relativas o construcciones de realce? Información conocida y sobreespecificación.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Claudia Borzi

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} El presente trabajo, enmarcado en la Gramática Cognitiva (Langacker (1987 analiza cláusulas semejantes a (1 ¿Y vos viste la casa ? en contraste con cláusulas semejantes a (1´ ¿Viste la casa que construyeron el mes pasado en Rodríguez Peña? Se sostiene que (1 es una construcción de realce en la que el hablante, además de levantar el ‘antecedente’ para realzarlo con ‘una mano’ a la izquierda (un determinante distinto de artículo indefinido y ‘una mano’ a la derecha (una forma que, orienta al interlocutor hacia dicho ‘antecedente’ presentando en la cláusula de que información redundante. Se afirma que en tanto (1 y (1’ son usadas con diferentes objetivos comunicativos, corresponde clasificarlas en distintos tipos de cláusulas. En consecuencia, (1 queda clasificada con las estrategias enfáticas que presentan iconicidad de la sintaxis con el acto de levantar algo y estructura tripartita, (1’ por el contrario queda clasificada como una cláusula relativa (adjetiva.

  10. Distribución espacial de una comunidad de anuros de las Yungas Andinas de Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vaira, Marcos

    2001-08-01

    Full Text Available Se determina la distribución espacial de una comunidad de anuros en las selvas subtropicales de montaña del NW de Argentina (Yungas Andinas y su relación con el gradiente altitudinal y la disponibilidad de ambientes acuáticos para la reproducción. Un total de 19 especies fueron detectadas en los muestreos efectuados en trece sitios diferentes. La riqueza de especies disminuyó con el incremento de la altitud, registrándose cambios en la composición entre los sectores bajos y altos. Ninguna de las especies se distribuyó en forma regular en todos los sitios analizados ni utilizó todas las clases de ambientes acuáticos disponibles para la reproducción. Una gran proporción de la especies utilizó principalmente ambientes lénticos. Las distribuciones restringidas de la mayoría de las especies no parece explicarse exclusivamente por la ausencia de ambientes potenciales para su reproducción o por efectos de la competencia interespecífica. La composición y distribución de las especies en este sector de selvas podría entenderse mejor si se consideran además de las restricciones ecológicas y ambientales los patrones globales de distribución de las especies. La determinación de la distribución de las especies permitiría aplicar medidas de conservación más eficaces para las poblaciones locales del sector de Yungas Andinas estudiado. The spatial distribution and its relationship with altitudinal gradient and aquatic breeding sites availability were determined for an anuran assemblage of an area of Subtropical Montane Forest in northwest Argentina (Andean Yungas. Nineteen species were recorded in 13 sites sampled. Species richness decreased at upper sites and species composition differed from lowland to upland. None of any of the species was distributed regularly within the sites and no species was found at each of the aquatic breeding sites studied. Most species breed in temporary or permanent lentic waters, and a few breeds

  11. Multi-source analysis reveals latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in range of Ixodes ricinus at its northern distribution limit

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kristoffersen Anja B

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background There is increasing evidence for a latitudinal and altitudinal shift in the distribution range of Ixodes ricinus. The reported incidence of tick-borne disease in humans is on the rise in many European countries and has raised political concern and attracted media attention. It is disputed which factors are responsible for these trends, though many ascribe shifts in distribution range to climate changes. Any possible climate effect would be most easily noticeable close to the tick's geographical distribution limits. In Norway- being the northern limit of this species in Europe- no documentation of changes in range has been published. The objectives of this study were to describe the distribution of I. ricinus in Norway and to evaluate if any range shifts have occurred relative to historical descriptions. Methods Multiple data sources - such as tick-sighting reports from veterinarians, hunters, and the general public - and surveillance of human and animal tick-borne diseases were compared to describe the present distribution of I. ricinus in Norway. Correlation between data sources and visual comparison of maps revealed spatial consistency. In order to identify the main spatial pattern of tick abundance, a principal component analysis (PCA was used to obtain a weighted mean of four data sources. The weighted mean explained 67% of the variation of the data sources covering Norway's 430 municipalities and was used to depict the present distribution of I. ricinus. To evaluate if any geographical range shift has occurred in recent decades, the present distribution was compared to historical data from 1943 and 1983. Results Tick-borne disease and/or observations of I. ricinus was reported in municipalities up to an altitude of 583 metres above sea level (MASL and is now present in coastal municipalities north to approximately 69°N. Conclusion I. ricinus is currently found further north and at higher altitudes than described in

  12. Violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes: características relativas à vitimização nas relações familiares

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Márcia Aparecida Ribeiro

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as características relativas às vitimizações sexuais intrafamiliares cometidas contra grupos etários categorizados segundo o critério de idade estabelecido pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente,atendidos no Centro de Referência da Criança e do Adolescente e nos Conselhos Tutelares de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, no período de 1995 a 2000. Identificou-se 234 agressões cometidas por 217 agressores contra 210 famílias e 226 vítimas. Foram vitimizadas 131 crianças (48,7% e 95 adolescentes (41,2% com predomínio do sexo feminino. Crianças com idade entre dez anos e um mês e 12 anos incompletos foram as mais atingidas (19,5% e nos adolescentes, entre 12 e 14 anos completos (17,3%. A maioria das vítimas reside com famílias que possuem três (19,9% ou quatro filhos (17,7%, sendo os primogênitos os mais agredidos (33,6%. Agressores únicos vitimizaram em sua maioria apenas uma vítima (86,7%. Pais (34,2% e padrastos (30,3% foram os que mais agrediram, com os primeiros vitimizando mais crianças (19,7% e os segundos, adolescentes (17,1%.

  13. Long distance dispersal, local adptation and long term persistence in bryophytes : studies in the moss Bryum argenteum= Dispersión a larga distancia, adaptación local y persistencia a largo plazo en briófitos: estudios en el musgo Bryum argenteum

    OpenAIRE

    Pisa Martín, Sergio

    2015-01-01

    Los briófitos, en comparación con las plantas con semilla, se dispersan a mayores distancias, tienen mayor amplitud ecológica, menos endemismos y distribuciones geográficas más amplias. Dos hipótesis se han discutido tradicionalmente para explicar sus amplias y disyuntas distribuciones. La primera lo interpreta como resultado de la fragmentación de una antigua distribución continua (vicarianza). La segunda lo explica como consecuencia de la dispersión intercontinental. En general, los estudio...

  14. Reproducción espectral de valores triestímulo mediante descripciones B-Spline: evaluación del error en el color

    OpenAIRE

    Pizarro Bondia, Carlos; Arasa Marti, Jose; de Lasarte, Marta; Pujol Ramo, Jaume; Arjona Carbonell, Mª Montserrat; Vilaseca Ricart, Meritxell

    2008-01-01

    La principal motivación de este trabajo es la búsqueda de una única expresión matemática que permita reproducir distribuciones espectrales de forma general. Para ello se consideran polinomios B-Spline rotacionales de segundo orden como expresión matemática base para dicha reproducción. El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es, por tanto, la determinación de los coeficientes de los polinomios B-Spline que permitan reproducir distribuciones espectrales, así como la evaluación de la exactit...

  15. A comparative assessment of the biological properties of soils in the cultural and native cenoses of the Central Caucasus (using the example of the Terskii variant of altitudinal zonality in Kabardino-Balkaria)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gorobtsova, O. N.; Gedgafova, F. V.; Uligova, T. S.; Tembotov, R. Kh.

    2016-01-01

    The biological properties of the most widespread automorphic and hydromorphic soils of cultural and native cenoses in the Terskii variant of the altitudinal zonality (Kabardino-Balkaria) are compared. The data on the humus reserves in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer and those on the carbon content in the microbial biomass calculated on the basis of the results of substrate-induced respiration measurements are presented. The share of carbon in the microbial biomass of the total organic carbon in the soils was determined. Long-term (more than 70 years) farming on the studied soils significantly changed their biological properties. The humus content and its reserves became lower by 25-40%. The physiological activity of the microbial biomass in the cultural soils decreased by more than 60%. Presently, the soils of the cultural cenoses function as an entire natural system, but at a lower level of fertility; the loss of more than 30% of the bioorganic potential (the critical threshold of soil system stability) indicates the disturbance of soil ecological functions, their stability, and the capability of self-restoration.

  16. Evidence of Facilitation Cascade Processes as Drivers of Successional Patterns of Ecosystem Engineers at the Upper Altitudinal Limit of the Dry Puna.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Malatesta, Luca; Tardella, Federico Maria; Piermarteri, Karina; Catorci, Andrea

    2016-01-01

    Facilitation processes constitute basic elements of vegetation dynamics in harsh systems. Recent studies in tropical alpine environments demonstrated how pioneer plant species defined as "ecosystem engineers" are capable of enhancing landscape-level richness by adding new species to the community through the modification of microhabitats, and also provided hints about the alternation of different ecosystem engineers over time. Nevertheless, most of the existing works analysed different ecosystem engineers separately, without considering the interaction of different ecosystem engineers. Focusing on the altitudinal limit of Peruvian Dry Puna vegetation, we hypothesized that positive interactions structure plant communities by facilitation cascades involving different ecosystem engineers, determining the evolution of the microhabitat patches in terms of abiotic resources and beneficiary species hosted. To analyze successional mechanisms, we used a "space-for-time" substitution to account for changes over time, and analyzed data on soil texture, composition, and temperature, facilitated species and their interaction with nurse species, and surface area of engineered patches by means of chemical analyses, indicator species analysis, and rarefaction curves. A successional process, resulting from the dynamic interaction of different ecosystem engineers, which determined a progressive amelioration of soil conditions (e.g. nitrogen and organic matter content, and temperature), was the main driver of species assemblage at the community scale, enhancing species richness. Cushion plants act as pioneers, by starting the successional processes that continue with shrubs and tussocks. Tussock grasses have sometimes been found to be capable of creating microhabitat patches independently. The dynamics of species assemblage seem to follow the nested assemblage mechanism, in which the first foundation species to colonize a habitat provides a novel substrate for colonization by other

  17. DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LOS COLEÓPTEROS ACUÁTICOS EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO COELLO (TOLIMA, COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ARIAS-DÍAZ DIEGO MAURICIO

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available En marzo, mayo, julio-agosto y septiembre de 2003 se realizó el estudio de lacomposición y la dinámica espacio-temporal de los coleópteros acuáticos en lacuenca del río Coello. Se colectó un total de 3071 individuos correspondientes ados subórdenes, diez familias y 27 géneros. Se registran por primera vez para elTolima y Colombia, los géneros Oulimnius y Gonielmis (Elmidae. Los génerosCopelatus, Andogyrus, Hexacylloepus, Hexanchorus, Neocylloepus, Promoresia,Pseudodisersus, Scirtes, Prionocyphon, Dryops, Pelonomus y Tetraglosa constituyennuevos registros para el departamento del Tolima. La familia Elmidae fue la másabundante (92,91% y diversa con 14 géneros, mientras que Dytiscidae y Lampyridaefueron las menos diversas y abundantes con un género y dos organismos cada una.Los géneros más representativos en términos de abundancia fueron Microcylloepus,Heterelmis, Cylloepus, Phanocerus, Tetraglosa y Psephenops. Los géneros conmenor rango de distribución altitudinal y espacial a lo largo de la cuenca fueronScirtes, Berosus y Copelatus. La estación RCOP (1275 msnm presentó la mayorabundancia relativa (24,35%, mientras que las estaciones RBA (1820 m y RAB(1778 m registraron el menor número de organismos (0,06% cada una. En marzo,periodo de transición a lluvias, se registró la mayor abundancia relativa (46,20%,mientras que mayo, período de lluvias, presentó la menor abundancia (14,62%. Elanálisis de correlación mostró que las variables físicas y químicas individuales noinfl uyen signifi cativamente en la estructura de la comunidad de coleópteros. Sinembargo, se encontró que a bajos niveles de oxígeno disuelto, la diversidad y laabundancia de los coleópteros acuáticos disminuye notablemente.

  18. COSTOS DE GARANTÍA PARA UN SISTEMA K DE N BAJO APROXIMACIÓN ESTADÍSTICA Y FÍSICA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    LUZ ADRIANA PEREIRA

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo se comparan y estudian vía simulación los efectos del nivel de información sobre los procesos de costos de garantía y sus distribuciones, para un sistema coherente de componentes independientes e idénticamente distribuídos (iid en una estructura k de n, cuando los procesos de falla/reparo son observados bajo la aproximación de caja negra o estadística vs. la aproximación física. Las políticas de garantías consideradas corresponden a la política tipo reparación/sustitución gratuita (FRW con renovación y la política de prorrateo (PRW. El modelo de falla estudiado sigue el modelo de falla general de Block et al. (1985. Las comparaciones de los procesos de costos y sus distribuciones bajo las dos aproximaciones citadas son realizadas a través de pruebas estadísticas para igualdad distribucional, hallándose diferencias estadísticas significativas.

  19. Abundancia relativa, estructura poblacional, preferencia de hábitat y patrones de actividad del tapir centroamericano Tapirus bairdii (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae, en la Selva de Los Chimalapas, Oaxaca, México

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Iván Lira-Torres

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available El tapir centroamericano (Tapirus bairdii está en peligro de extinción debido principalmente a la pérdida y fragmentación de su hábitat, y a la cacería sin control en toda su área de distribución. Una de las regiones terrestres prioritarias para la conservación de esta especie en la zona norte de su distribución se encuentra en la Selva de los Chimalapas, Oaxaca. Por lo que el objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la abundancia relativa, estructura poblacional, preferencia de hábitat y patrones de actividad del tapir centroamericano (Tapirus bairdii en la Selva de los Chimalapas, Oaxaca, México, mediante el uso de cámaras trampa. Se realizaron cinco periodos de muestreo fotográfico entre 2009 y 2013 con un total de 30 cámaras trampa en cada periodo. El factor de diseño fue la intensidad de caza entre dos sitios. Con un esfuerzo total de muestreo de 9 000 días/trampa se estimó un índice de abundancia relativa (IAR de 6.77/1 000 trampas-noche (n=61, variando significativamente entre estaciones de muestreo (Mann-Whitney, p<0.01. Durante la temporada de secas, los tapires fueron más abundantes y utilizaron con mayor intensidad el bosque tropical perennifolio sin cacería (x², p<0.5. Mientras que en la temporada de lluvia, el bosque tropical perennifolio con cacería y la vegetación secundaria con cacería fueron los hábitat significativamente más utilizados que lo esperado (x², p<0.5. Con respecto a la estructura poblacional se obtuvo un 95.08% de registros fotográficos de animales adultos (n=58. Se registraron tres tipos de patrones de actividad para la especie, siendo el patrón nocturno el que presentó mayor porcentaje de registros; 88.33% (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05. Finalmente, con base al número de registros fotográficos y a los resultados obtenidos es posible considerar a la Selva de los Chimalapas como la segunda eco-región terrestre prioritaria en importancia; después de la Selva Maya (Campeche

  20. Plan Estratégico Megatire

    OpenAIRE

    Molano, Pablo Alejandro; Niño Llanos, Oscar Jairo

    2016-01-01

    Megatire (Distribuciones Andinas Bien Hechas de Colombia S.A.S.) sede Occidente, es una empresa que nace en Cali con el señor Jairo Niño Llanos en el año 2013, quien con sus más de 20 años de experiencia en el mercado de llantas, ha sido elegido por el proveedor exclusivo de Goodyear en Colombia (Distribuciones Andinas Bien Hechas de Colombia S.A.S. Megatire de Bucaramanga) para atender la zona de occidente en el segmento mayorista. Dada esta dinámica de negociación, Goodyear como proveedor p...

  1. Una relación entre la distribución de Hofmann y distribución de Panjer

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Alfredo Jiménez Moscoso

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Uno de los objetivos principales de la teoría del riesgo actuarial es modelar el número de reclamaciones por una distribución de probabilidad clásica; pero debido al mal ajuste estadístico obtenido a veces, en la literatura actuarial se propone utilizar la familia de distribuciones de Panjer, ya que para valores específicos de sus parámetros se pueden generar algunas distribuciones discretas. Este artículo muestra que la distribución de Panjer es un caso particular de la distribución de Hofmann.

  2. Initial temperature distribution in Los Humeros, Mexico, geothermal field; Distribucion de temperatura inicial en el campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia, A; Arellano, V; Aragon, A; Barragan, R.M; Izquierdo, G [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico); Pizano, A [Comision federal de Electricidad, Los Humeros, Puebla (Mexico)

    2000-12-01

    presentan dos secciones geologicas longitudinales y una transversal en las que se ilustra la distribucion de temperaturas del campo, las unidades litologicas, su espesor, el sistema de fallas, la topografia de basamento y los pozos que se encuentran en cada seccion, y se indica la localizacion de su principal zona de alimentacion. Finalmente se incluye una simulacion del pozo H-26 en la cual se reproducen los perfiles de la ultima serie de registros de temperatura medidos en ese pozo en presencia de las perdidas de circulacion del pozo. La condicion termica inicial es un perfil supuesto, el cual se modifica hasta reproducir, por prueba y error, los perfiles medidos. El ultimo perfil de temperatura inicial obtenido se considera como la mejor aproximacion al perfil de temperatura inicial del yacimiento alrededor del pozo H-26 y se compara con las temperaturas estaticas obtenidas con los metodos de Horner y de la Esfera.

  3. Reduction of the harmonic propagation in three-phase systems using active compensation; Reduccion de la propagacion armonica en sistemas trifasicos empleando compensacion activa

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Contreras Ordaz, Marco Antonio

    2007-08-15

    filter in the ring network in order to get the best reduction with the smallest power capacity. The research includes topic related with the detection of characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics, the use of shunt active filters connected directly to the network, and harmonic reduction in electric systems. [Spanish] Con el desarrollo de dispositivos semiconductores y la proliferacion de cargas no lineales basadas en convertidores de potencia estaticos, la calidad de la energia electrica en sistemas de transmision, distribucion y consumo se ha visto afectada. Los armonicos de tension presentes en un sistema de distribucion son principalmente el resultado de las corrientes armonicas generadas por las cargas no lineales y su efecto sobre la impedancia del sistema de distribucion. Existen varios problemas generados por la presencia de armonicos de corriente y tension en sistemas de distribucion de potencia; uno de estos problemas es el fenomeno de la propagacion armonica que ha tomado relevancia en los sistemas de distribucion y consumo. Este fenomeno se ha manifestado por la amplificacion de armonicos de tension en lineas de distribucion, generando niveles de distorsion que afectan a la instalaciones electricas, y afectando la vida util de algunos equipos (motores de CA, transformadores, bancos de capacitores, etc.). Ademas hay una reduccion en la capacidad de transmision de potencia en las lineas de distribucion. La propagacion armonica es causada principalmente por la resonancia serie/paralelo entre la impedancia de la linea, los transformadores y los bancos de correccion de factores de potencia instalados a lo largo de la linea de distribucion y los equipos de los consumidores. Los filtros pasivos no han sido una solucion suficiente porque la propagacion armonica puede ocurrir cuando no existe carga en la red electrica, y las frecuencias de resonancia pueden no corresponder a armonicos caracteristicos. Este problema ha sido resuelto por medio del uso de filtros

  4. Evidence of Facilitation Cascade Processes as Drivers of Successional Patterns of Ecosystem Engineers at the Upper Altitudinal Limit of the Dry Puna.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luca Malatesta

    Full Text Available Facilitation processes constitute basic elements of vegetation dynamics in harsh systems. Recent studies in tropical alpine environments demonstrated how pioneer plant species defined as "ecosystem engineers" are capable of enhancing landscape-level richness by adding new species to the community through the modification of microhabitats, and also provided hints about the alternation of different ecosystem engineers over time. Nevertheless, most of the existing works analysed different ecosystem engineers separately, without considering the interaction of different ecosystem engineers. Focusing on the altitudinal limit of Peruvian Dry Puna vegetation, we hypothesized that positive interactions structure plant communities by facilitation cascades involving different ecosystem engineers, determining the evolution of the microhabitat patches in terms of abiotic resources and beneficiary species hosted. To analyze successional mechanisms, we used a "space-for-time" substitution to account for changes over time, and analyzed data on soil texture, composition, and temperature, facilitated species and their interaction with nurse species, and surface area of engineered patches by means of chemical analyses, indicator species analysis, and rarefaction curves. A successional process, resulting from the dynamic interaction of different ecosystem engineers, which determined a progressive amelioration of soil conditions (e.g. nitrogen and organic matter content, and temperature, was the main driver of species assemblage at the community scale, enhancing species richness. Cushion plants act as pioneers, by starting the successional processes that continue with shrubs and tussocks. Tussock grasses have sometimes been found to be capable of creating microhabitat patches independently. The dynamics of species assemblage seem to follow the nested assemblage mechanism, in which the first foundation species to colonize a habitat provides a novel substrate for

  5. La importancia relativa en auditoría. Las nuevas normas internacionales en comparación con la normativa vigente en Iberoamérica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Javier Martínez García

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Como se sabe, actualmente estamos inmersos en una profunda crisis financiera internacional. Ante esta situación, resulta necesario introducir, entre otras medidas, mayores y mejores mecanismos de control para lograr una información contable plenamente transparente. En este sentido, la Federación Internacional de Contadores (ifac está revisando y actualizando las Normas Internacionales de Auditoría (nias, que constituyen el referente mundial más importante de los principios y requisitos que deben seguir los auditores para cumplir de la forma más adecuada su función como agentes que garanticen la fiabilidad de la información contable publicada por las empresas. De las nias existentes, se revisaron particularmente la 320 y la 450, las cuales regulan la aplicación de la importancia relativa por los auditores, dada la importancia del concepto en la planeación, ejecución y finalización de las auditorías y las críticas que su inapropiada utilización ha recibido en los últimos años. Específicamente, analizamos el contenido actualizado de ambas normas, que entrarán en vigor a partir del 15 de diciembre de 2009, y las comparamos con sus análogas en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, España, México y Portugal. Debido a la aceptación mundial de las nias, es necesario que los organismos reguladores en estos países emprendan el camino hacia su adopción o convergencia.

  6. EVOLUCIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN IBEROAMERICANA RELATIVA AL TAEKWONDO Y SU IMPACTO EN EL ÁMBITO DEPORTIVO: APROXIMACIÓN BIBLIOMÉTRICA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mikel Pérez-Gutiérrez

    2015-08-01

    Full Text Available La presente investigación tiene por objetivo principal desarrollar un análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica iberoamericana relativa al taekwondo publicada en las principales bases de datos hispanohablantes y lusohablantes. La muestra está compuesta por artículos de investigación relativos al taekwondo, extraídos de las bases de datos Dialnet, SciELO y Redalyc, publicados en español o portugués, sin importar la fecha de su publicación. La búsqueda y extracción de información fue realizada en marzo de 2014.Los resultados indican que se han escrito 44 artículos científicos desde 1995 hasta el 2013, de manera irregular en el tiempo. Las áreas más estudiadas corresponden a la psicología, la biomecánica, la medicina del deporte y la fisiología, sumando un 70,5%. Las revistas más utilizadas corresponden a publicaciones que no estudian las artes marciales o deportes de combate como tema principal. Los países que más investigan corresponden a España, Cuba, Brasil y México, que producen más del 80% de lo publicado en Iberoamérica. Por último, los países con mayor productividad parecieran conseguir los mejores resultados en juegos olímpicos, situación que refuerza la idea de que futuros estudios deberían centrar su atención sobre la relación entre investigación y resultados deportivos en taekwondo.

  7. Connectivity dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum in the northern Andes: a pollen-driven framework to assess potential migration

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Flantua, S.G.A.; Hooghiemstra, H.; van Boxel, J.H.; Cabrera, M.; González-Carranza, Z.; González-Arango, C.; Stevens, W.D.; Montiel, O.M.; Raven, P.H.

    2014-01-01

    We provide an innovative pollen-driven connectivity framework of the dynamic altitudinal distribution of North Andean biomes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Altitudinally changing biome distributions reconstructed from a pollen record from Lake La Cocha (2780 m) are assessed in terms of their

  8. Sandfly species diversity in association with human activities in the Kani tribe settlements of the Western Ghats, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Srinivasan Ranganathan

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available Sandfly prevalence in the Kani tribe settlements of Western Ghats in India was investigated. A total of 1,279 sandflies comprising 17 species was obtained. Sandfly abundance showed a negative correlation (r = -0.97, p = 0.003 with increase in altitudinal ranges from 0-1,000 m. When sandfly samples were grouped according to landscape characteristics of the location, the estimated Shannon-Weiner index (H and species richness index (S were high and species evenness index (J was low in settlements located at 0-300 m altitudinal range. On the contrary, the values of H and J were high, while S was low at 301-600 m altitudinal range. With further increase in altitude, species diversity, S and J were low. Though the relative abundance of sandflies decreased with increase in altitude, the influence of altitudinal variation could not be attributed to determine sandfly diversity, since the number of sampling units were not uniform at all the altitudinal gradients due to nonavailability of suitable resting shelters. Sandfly species showed great aggregation at 0-300 m altitude interval, where not only the number of settlements were maximum (n = 19, but also the environmental conditions favoured sandfly abundance due to the concentration of tribal settlements, human dwellings and his activities.

  9. Sandfly species diversity in association with human activities in the Kani tribe settlements of the Western Ghats, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ranganathan, Srinivasan; Swaminathan, Subramanian

    2015-04-01

    Sandfly prevalence in the Kani tribe settlements of Western Ghats in India was investigated. A total of 1,279 sandflies comprising 17 species was obtained. Sandfly abundance showed a negative correlation (r = -0.97, p = 0.003) with increase in altitudinal ranges from 0-1,000 m. When sandfly samples were grouped according to landscape characteristics of the location, the estimated Shannon-Weiner index (H) and species richness index (S) were high and species evenness index (J) was low in settlements located at 0-300 m altitudinal range. On the contrary, the values of H and J were high, while S was low at 301-600 m altitudinal range. With further increase in altitude, species diversity, S and J were low. Though the relative abundance of sandflies decreased with increase in altitude, the influence of altitudinal variation could not be attributed to determine sandfly diversity, since the number of sampling units were not uniform at all the altitudinal gradients due to nonavailability of suitable resting shelters. Sandfly species showed great aggregation at 0-300 m altitude interval, where not only the number of settlements were maximum (n = 19), but also the environmental conditions favoured sandfly abundance due to the concentration of tribal settlements, human dwellings and his activities.

  10. Shrub type dominates the vertical distribution of leaf C : N : P stoichiometry across an extensive altitudinal gradient

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    W. Zhao

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available Understanding leaf stoichiometric patterns is crucial for improving predictions of plant responses to environmental changes. Leaf stoichiometry of terrestrial ecosystems has been widely investigated along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. However, very little is known about the vertical distribution of leaf C : N : P and the relative effects of environmental parameters, especially for shrubs. Here, we analyzed the shrub leaf C, N and P patterns in 125 mountainous sites over an extensive altitudinal gradient (523–4685 m on the Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that the shrub leaf C and C : N were 7.3–47.5 % higher than those of other regional and global flora, whereas the leaf N and N : P were 10.2–75.8 % lower. Leaf C increased with rising altitude and decreasing temperature, supporting the physiological acclimation mechanism that high leaf C (e.g., alpine or evergreen shrub could balance the cell osmotic pressure and resist freezing. The largest leaf N and high leaf P occurred in valley region (altitude 1500 m, likely due to the large nutrient leaching from higher elevations, faster litter decomposition and nutrient resorption ability of deciduous broadleaf shrub. Leaf N : P ratio further indicated increasing N limitation at higher altitudes. Interestingly, drought severity was the only climatic factor positively correlated with leaf N and P, which was more appropriate for evaluating the impact of water status than precipitation. Among the shrub ecosystem and functional types (alpine, subalpine, montane, valley, evergreen, deciduous, broadleaf, and conifer, their leaf element contents and responses to environments were remarkably different. Shrub type was the largest contributor to the total variations in leaf stoichiometry, while climate indirectly affected the leaf C : N : P via its interactive effects on shrub type or soil. Collectively, the large heterogeneity in shrub type was the most

  11. Análisis de la distribución de las tasas de retorno accionarias haciendo uso de la distribución g y h de Tukey

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jiménez Moscoso José Alfredo

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available En el artículo se presentan algunas propiedades y limitaciones de la familia de distribuciones g y h de Tukey. Se desarrolla la función de densidad cuando los parámetros g y h no son constantes, lo cual es un gran avance considerando la recurrencia de este aspecto en las aplicaciones sobre el comportamiento de las distribuciones de los activos financieros. Estos desarrollos teóricos permiten hacer un análisis más detallado en el sector accionario cuando se desea conocer y describir el comportamiento de la distribución de las tasas de retorno.

  12. Predicting migratory flight altitudes by physiological migration models

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Liechti, F.; Klaassen, M.R.J.; Bruderer, B.

    2000-01-01

    Using the altitudinal profiles of wind, temperature, pressure, and humidity in three flight models, we tried to explain the altitudinal distributions of nocturnal migrants recorded by radar above a desert in southern Israel. In the simplest model, only the tailwind component was used as a predictor

  13. A reconstruction of Colombian biomes derived from modern pollen data along an altitude gradient

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Marchant, R.; Berrío, J.C.; Cleef, A.M.; Duivenvoorden, J.; Helmens, K.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Kuhry, P.; Melief, B.; Schreve-Brinkman, E.; Geel, van B.; Reenen, van G.; Hammen, van der T.

    2001-01-01

    Biomes are reconstructed in Colombia from modern (core-top) pollen data derived from 22 sites along an altitudinal gradient (2000–4100 m) that encompasses the tree line. The `biomization' methodology is described in a stepwise manner that details the reconstruction of vegetation along an altitudinal

  14. Integrating evolutionary and functional tests of adaptive hypotheses: a case study of altitudinal differentiation in hemoglobin function in an Andean Sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cheviron, Zachary A; Natarajan, Chandrasekhar; Projecto-Garcia, Joana; Eddy, Douglas K; Jones, Jennifer; Carling, Matthew D; Witt, Christopher C; Moriyama, Hideaki; Weber, Roy E; Fago, Angela; Storz, Jay F

    2014-11-01

    In air-breathing vertebrates, the physiologically optimal blood-O2 affinity is jointly determined by the prevailing partial pressure of atmospheric O2, the efficacy of pulmonary O2 transfer, and internal metabolic demands. Consequently, genetic variation in the oxygenation properties of hemoglobin (Hb) may be subject to spatially varying selection in species with broad elevational distributions. Here we report the results of a combined functional and evolutionary analysis of Hb polymorphism in the rufous-collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis), a species that is continuously distributed across a steep elevational gradient on the Pacific slope of the Peruvian Andes. We integrated a population genomic analysis that included all postnatally expressed Hb genes with functional studies of naturally occurring Hb variants, as well as recombinant Hb (rHb) mutants that were engineered through site-directed mutagenesis. We identified three clinally varying amino acid polymorphisms: Two in the α(A)-globin gene, which encodes the α-chain subunits of the major HbA isoform, and one in the α(D)-globin gene, which encodes the α-chain subunits of the minor HbD isoform. We then constructed and experimentally tested single- and double-mutant rHbs representing each of the alternative α(A)-globin genotypes that predominate at different elevations. Although the locus-specific patterns of altitudinal differentiation suggested a history of spatially varying selection acting on Hb polymorphism, the experimental tests demonstrated that the observed amino acid mutations have no discernible effect on respiratory properties of the HbA or HbD isoforms. These results highlight the importance of experimentally validating the hypothesized effects of genetic changes in protein function to avoid the pitfalls of adaptive storytelling. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please

  15. Prepublicaciones: distribucion centralizada vs. descentralizada.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Barrueco, José Manuel

    2000-06-01

    Full Text Available Prepublications are accounts of research results that are distributed prior to formal publication in scientific journals. They are the form of scholarly communication that has taken more advantage of the advances in telecommunication and information technologies. Their electronic distribution has taken a different form within the disciplines. In this paper we compare the decentralized model of Economies with the centralized model of Physics.

    Las Prepublicaciones, borradores de trabajos distribuídos antes de su publicacion formal en revistas, han sido el proceso de comunicación científica que más se ha beneficiado de los avances en telecomunicaciones. Su distribución electrónica adopta diferentes modelos dependiendo de la disciplina a que se refieran. En el presente trabajo realizamos un estudio comparativo de su distribución en Economía (modelo descentralizado y Física (modelo centralizado.

  16. Mass and Charge Distribution in Low-Energy Fission; Repartition des Masses et des Charges dans la Fission a Basse energie; 0420 0410 0421 041f 0420 0415 0414 0415 041b 0415 041d 0418 0415 041c 0410 0421 0421 042b 0418 0417 0410 0420 042f 0414 0410 041f 0420 0418 0414 0415 041b 0415 041d 0418 0418 , 0412 042b 0417 0412 0410 041d 041d 041e 041c 0427 0410 0421 0422 0418 0426 0410 041c 0418 041c 0410 041b 041e 0419 042d 041d 0415 0420 0413 0418 0418 ; Distribucion de Masas y de Cargas en la Fision a Bajas Energias

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wahl, A. C. [Washington University, St. Louis, MO (United States)

    1965-07-15

    que la fission de {sup 235}U par neutrons thermiques - qui sont etudies comprennent la fission de {sup 233}U et de {sup 239} Pu par neutrons thermiques, la fission spontanee de {sup 240}Pu et de {sup 252}Cf, la fission de {sup 235} U et de {sup 238}U par des neutrons de 14 MeV, la fission de {sup 226}Ra par des protons de 1 MeV, et la fission de {sup 209}Bi par des deuterons de 22 MeV. (author) [Spanish] El autor examina con bastante detalle la distribucion de las masas y de las cargas en la fision del {sup 235}U inducida por neutrones termicos, comparandola seguidamente con las distribuciones observadas en otros procesos de fision a bajas energias. Entre las cuestiones que estudia en relacion con la distribucion de las masas en la fision binaria, figura la posicion de los picos y del valle, asi como la estructura fina en una curva de rendimiento masico respecto de las capas nucleares completas y los desplazamientos que se producen al cambiar el nucleo que se'fisiona y la energia de excitacion. Tambien estudia la distribucion de las masas en la fision ternaria. Tanto en el caso de la fision binaria como en el de la fision ternaria, formula observaciones acerca de la distribucion masica de los fragmentos primarios emitidos (antes de la evaporacion de neutrones) y de los productos de fision (emitidos despues de esa evaporacion). Examina la distribucion de las cargas atendiendo a la dispersion de estas entre los productos de fision de igual numero de masa, y a la variacion, en funcion de este numero de masa, de Zp, esto es, la ''carga mas probable'' (valor no entero) para un numero de masa dado. Aunque la informacion directa acerca de la distribucion de las cargas se limita a los productos de fision, el autor evalua tambien la distribucion de las cargas para los fragmentos de fision primarios. Los datos conocidos y los calculados, relativos a la distribucion de las masas y de las cargas en un proceso de fision, permiten calcular el rendimiento de todos los productos o

  17. Invasion of the tropical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Rhinodrilidae, Oligochaeta in temperate grasslands

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    Diana Ortiz-Gamino

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available The tropical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Rhinodrilidae, Oligochaeta presents a broad distribution (e.g., 56 countries from four continents. It is generally assumed that temperature appears to limit the success of tropical exotic species in temperate climates. However, the distribution range of this species could advance towards higher elevations (with lower temperatures where no tropical species currently occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil and climatic variables that could be closely associated with the distribution of P. corethrurus in four sites along an altitudinal gradient in central Veracruz, Mexico. We predicted that the distribution of P. corethrurus would be more related to climate variables than edaphic parameters. Five sampling points (in the grassland were established at each of four sites along an altitudinal gradient: Laguna Verde (LV, La Concepción (LC, Naolinco (NA and Acatlán (AC at 11–55, 992–1,025, 1,550–1,619 y 1,772–1,800 masl, respectively. The climate ranged from tropical to temperate along the altitudinal gradient. Ten earthworm species (5 Neotropical, 4 Palearctic and 1 Nearctic were found along the gradient, belonging to three families (Rhinodrilidae, Megascolecide and Lumbricidae. Soil properties showed a significant association (positive for Ngrass, pH, permanent wilting point, organic matter and P; and negative for Total N, K and water-holding capacity with the abundance of the earthworm community. Also there seems to be a relationship between climate and earthworm distribution along the altitudinal gradient. P. corethrurus was recorded at tropical (LV and LC and temperate sites (NA along the altitudinal gradient. Our results reveal that soil fertility determines the abundance of earthworms and site (climate can act as a barrier to their migration. Further research is needed to determine the genetic structure and lineages of P. corethrurus along altitudinal gradients.

  18. Abundancia relativa y uso de microhábitat de la rana Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Strabomantidae en dos hábitats en Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

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    Vera Martínez Baños

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available La rana Geobatrachus walkeri pertenece a un género monotípico y endémico del área de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. La especie habita en el bosque secundario natural y en una plantación de pino (dominada por Pinus patula. Para comparar la abundancia relativa y el uso del microhábitat en estos dos hábitat y durante los períodos de máxima y mínima precipitación, se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 30 cuadrantes en cada bosque sobre los que se registraron el número de individuos y los microhábitats ocupados. Además se reconocieron otros aspectos de la historia natural mediante muestreo por encuentros casuales (VES, se incluye en los dos hábitats áreas no muestreadas por los cuadrantes. La mayor abundancia de ranas se obtuvo en la plantación de pino y durante la época de lluvias. El microhábitat más usado fue la hojarasca de pino. Geobatrachus walkeri es una especie exitosa en las plantaciones de pino, asociada permanentemente a su hojarasca en donde parece desarrollar todo su ciclo de vida. Las claras modificaciones derivadas de la introducción de las plantaciones de pino en el suelo y el agua, parecen no haber afectado la supervivencia y mantenimiento exitoso de esta especie categorizada como en peligro de extinción.

  19. Asociación entre la Corriente de Deriva de los Vientos del Oeste y la abundancia relativa del pez espada (Xiphias gladius frente a la costa de Chile Relationship between the West Wind Drift and swordfish (Xiphias gladius relative abundance off Chile

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    Claudio Gatica

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Se analizó la relación entre los niveles de abundancia relativa de pez espada (Xiphias gladius frente a la costa de Chile y la posición latitudinal de la Corriente de Deriva de los Vientos del Oeste (CDO desde una perspectiva de macroescala espacial en el período 1989-1996. La posición del eje del borde oriental de la CDO, fue estimada mediante la determinación de la latitud a la cual se bifurcan las isotermas obtenidas desde promedios mensuales de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM. Se utilizó la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE de la flota artesanal redera como índice de abundancia relativa del recurso. El análisis entre las series de tiempo de la CDO y CPUE fue realizado a escala mensual con diferentes retardos entre las series. Se aplicaron dos enfoques metodológicos para determinar la existencia de relación entre estas dos series de tiempo. Primero, se utilizó la metodología propuesta por Pyper & Peterman (1998 para corrección de los grados de libertad efectivos en la prueba de hipótesis de correlación cruzada y segundo, se analizó la correlación a diferentes retardos de dos series estacionarias. Los dos enfoques metodológicos indicaron una relación significativa entre la posición latitudinal de la CDO y la CPUE en una escala mensual. La relación encontrada entre la CDO y la abundancia relativa de pez espada sugiere que la CDO constituye un posible indicador de macroescala de la variabilidad oceanógrafica meteorológica, frente a la cual este especie presenta patrones de distribución y cambios en su disponibilidad.The relationship between the relative abundance of swordfísh (Xiphias gladius off the Chilean coast and the latitudinal location of the West Wind Drift (WWD was analyzed from a macro scale standpoint for the period between 1989 and 1996. The position of the axis of the eastern boundary of the WWD was estimated by determining the latitude of the bifurcation of the isotherms obtained from the average

  20. Cinética de rehidratación y deterioro biológico en Zea mays almacenado a una Humedad Relativa del Aire Intergranular (HRAI del 92%

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    Eguiazu, G. M.

    1993-12-01

    Full Text Available Maize grains (Zea mays var indurata «Plata» tipe destined to commercialization were submitted to a relative humidity of the intergranular air of 92% during 120 days to 25 °C. The kinetics of rehydration, humidity and biological damage («mouldy» «blue eye» and «spoiled» was determined. After 14 to 17 days, the sample rehydrates on the basis of commercialization of 14,5% of humidity and in the same period a degree of standard of commercial quality is lost. It is established that the basis of commercialization of 14,5% is very near the limit which favours the biological damage.Granos de maíz (Zea mays var. indurata tipo «Plata», destinado a comercialización, fueron sometidos a una Humedad Relativa del Aire Intergranular del 92% a 25 °C durante 120 días. Se determinó la cinética de rehidratación, humedad y el deterioro biológico («Verdín» y «Dañado». Se observó que luego de 14 a 17 días la muestra se rehidrató por sobre la base de comercialización del 14,5% de humedad y en el mismo periodo se pierde un grado en el estandard de calidad comercial. Se plantea que la base de comercialización del 14,5% se halla muy cercana al límite que favorece el deterioro biológico.

  1. The Time Analysis and Frequency Distribution of Caesium-137 Fall-Out in Muscle Samples; Analyse en Fonction du Temps et Distribution des Frequences de Cesium 137 du aux Retombees de Cesium 137 Contenues dans des Echantillons de Tissu Musculaire; 0410 041d 0414 ; Analisis Temporal y Distribucion de Frecuencias del Cesio-137 Procedente de la Precipitacion Radiactiva en Muestras de Tejido Muscular

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ellett, W. H.; Brownell, G. L [Physics Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 14, MA (United States)

    1964-11-15

    augmente et, en ete 1963, a atteint le quadruple du niveau minimum de 1962. On a etabli des histogrammes independants du temps en ajustant un polynome aux donnees brutes (radioactivite des echantillons en fonction de la date du deces). On a compare statistiquement les donnees ainsi ajustees a une distribution suivant la loi de Laplace-Gauss, a une distribution suivant la loi de Galton et a une distribution gamma. Les resultats indiquent que la distribution experimentale ne suit absolument pas la loi de Laplace-Gauss et qu'elle correspond le mieux a une distribution gamma. En utilisant la distribution gamma deduite empiriquement, on peut prevoir, pour n'importe quelle valeur de la retombee, quelle fraction de la population aura une charge corporelle egale a N fois la valeur moyenne. Les auteurs ont verifie ce modele pour l'augmentation quadruple de l'activite qui s'est produite depuis 1962 et ils ont constate qu'il permettait de prevoir avec precision la distribution actuelle de la radioactivite due au cesium 137 entre les differents membres de la population d'echantillons. (author) [Spanish] Cuando las concentraciones de radiactividad artificial en el cuerpo son bajas, el efecto perjudicial recaera sin duda en aquella parte de la poblacion en la cual la concentracion representa un multiplo del termino medio. Solamente puede evaluarse adecuadamente el riesgo que entranadla precipitacion radiactiva si se conoce la distribucion de frecuencias de la radiactividad en la poblacion. Los intentos para determinar la forma de la curva de distribucion, a partir de los datos de Kulo -sobre ia concentracion del estroncio-90 en los huesos de los ninos no han tenido mucho exito debido al reducido tamaflo de las muestras y a la falta de equilibrio en el hueso entre el estroncio-90 y el calcio. Para superar estas limitaciones, los autores han medido el contenido en cesio-137 de unas 900 muestras en musculos que fueron obtenidas en intervenciones post mortem entre enero de 1959 y agosto de

  2. Plant biodiversity patterns on Helan Mountain, China

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jiang, Yuan; Kang, Muyi; Zhu, Yuan; Xu, Guangcai

    2007-09-01

    A case study was conducted to mountainous ecosystems in the east side of Helan Mountain, located in the transitional zone between steppe and desert regions of China, aiming to reveal the influences of four environmental factors on features of plant biodiversity—the spatial pattern of vegetation types, and the variation of α- and β-diversities in vegetation and flora. Field surveys on vegetation and flora and on environmental factors were conducted, and those field data were analyzed through CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis), and through Shannon-Weiner index for α-diversity and Sørensen index for β-diversity. The preliminary results are: (1) Ranked in terms of their impacts on spatial patterns of plant biodiversity, the four selected environmental factors would be: elevation > location > slope > exposure. (2) The variation of Shannon-Weiner index along the altitudinal gradient is similar to that of species amount within altitudinal belts spanning 200 m each, which suggests a unimodal relationship between the species richness and the environmental condition with regards to altitudinal factors. Both the Shannon-Weiner index and the species richness within each altitudinal belt reach their maximum at elevation range from about 1700 to 2000 m a.s.l. (3) The altitudinal extent with the highest Shannon-Weiner index is identical to the range, where both the deciduous broad-leaved forest, and the temperate evergreen coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest distribute. The altitudinal range from 1700 to 2200 m a.s.l. is the sector with both high level of species richness and diversified vegetation types. (4) The variation of β-diversity along the altitude is consistent with the vegetation vertical zones. According to the Sørensen index between each pair of altitudinal belts, the transition of vegetation spectrum from one zone to another, as from the base horizontal zone, the desert steppe, to the first vertical zone, the mountain open forest and

  3. Análisis de sensibilidad de los nacimientos respecto a la Tasa Global de Fecundidad

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    Milenka L. ARGOTE

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de sensibilidad de los nacimientos a pequeños cambios de la Tasa Global de Fecundidad (tgf para determinar si se presenta el efecto mariposa. En cuanto al método, se toma como fuente de datos la muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (endsa de Bolivia en 2003, que es una muestra probabilística a nivel nacional, estratificada y bifásica. Por otro lado, se crean los algoritmos de estimación de la tgf, de remuestreo y de generación de las distribuciones estadísticas de los nacimientos por grupos quinquenales de edad a partir de la muestra. Se construyó un índice para evaluar la normalidad y homogeneidad de las distribuciones y se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad por objetivo de los nacimientos con base en las distribuciones. Los resultados, de acuerdo al índice la distribución de los grupos de edad 20-25, 25-30, 30-35 se asemejan más a la normal y son homogéneos; de los grupos 15-20, 35-40, 40-45 las distribuciones se asemejan a la normal y son heterogéneas y del grupo 45-49 es diferente a la normal y es el más heterogéneo. Según el análisis de sensibilidad de los nacimientos a variaciones de medio, uno y dos por ciento por encima y por debajo de la media de la tgf se observó un comportamiento no lineal y heterogéneo en los diferentes grupos quinquenales, ypara el último grupo el porcentaje de variación es mayor a 30 por ciento, por lo cual se presenta un efecto que amplifica el error en los nacimientos; entonces la tgf es una variablesensible, que según estos resultados es factor a tomar en cuenta en proyecciones de población

  4. Efecto de un tratamiento de frío (a 1,5° C y la humedad relativa sobre

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    Alvarado Paola Andrea

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available

    Los efectos de un tratamiento de frío propuesto para el control de la mosca de la fruta Ceratitis capitata fueron evaluados en frutos de uchuva, plaga de incursión restringida en los Estados Unidos. El ensayo consistió en someter frutos de uchuva con cáliz, sin cáliz sin desinfección, y sin cáliz desinfectados con una dilución de 100 ppm de hipoclorito de sodio compuesto por cloro disponible al 6,25%, a condiciones de temperatura promedio de 1,5° C (+/-0,65 por un perído de 16 dís, y a dos porcentajes promedio de humedad relativa diferentes: 68% (+/-8,1 y 88% (+/-10,4. Se hicieron mediciones y anáisis de variables fisiolóicas y fíicoquíicas a los frutos antes y despué del tratamiento de frío, cada dos dís, por un perído de 18 dís en condiciones simuladas de transporte y almacenamiento. Se concluyó en general, que los frutos de uchuva presentan un comportamiento climatéico con respecto a su patró respiratorio, cuyo pico fue prematuro para las uchuvas sin cáiz con respecto a los frutos con cáiz y presentádose a su vez una madurez temprana para los frutos desinfectados

  5. Diseños de distribucion libre

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Badii, M. H.

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available Science advances via discovery of patterns. Research in experimental sciences requires data gathering and hypothesis testing. The stochastic validity of the results is based entirely upon statistical analysis. Distribution free designs include the techniques of choice to be used in situations where assumptions on the type of the distribution are lacking. In this paper several distribution free models of common usage are discussed and an example for each model is provided.

  6. As práticas contábeis relativas à mensuração e evidenciação dos estoques em empresas industriais do mercosul e comunidade andina estão convergentes com a norma do IASB?

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    João Luis Peruchena Thomaz

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la convergencia de las prácticas contables en el tratamiento de los inventarios en el MERCOSUR y en la Comunidad Andina. Se analizó una muestra de treinta empresas industriales, seleccionadas por intencionalidad y accesibilidad. Los datos obtenidos en los sitios web de las comisiones de mercados de valores de cada país se resumen en las tablas que describen la medición y la publicación de los inventarios. Se constató una práctica muy heterogénea, ya que en algunos países la convergencia es casi total a la IAS 2 y en otros esto parece distante. También se observó que la adopción de la norma internacional relacionada con los inventarios no significa convergencia en la práctica, todavía hay un largo camino por recorrer, para que las prácticas contables relativas a los inventarios estén plenamente armonizadas en las regiones estudiadas.

  7. Assessment of projected climate change in the Carpathian Region using the Holdridge life zone system

    Science.gov (United States)

    Szelepcsényi, Zoltán; Breuer, Hajnalka; Kis, Anna; Pongrácz, Rita; Sümegi, Pál

    2018-01-01

    In this paper, expected changes in the spatial and altitudinal distribution patterns of Holdridge life zone (HLZ) types are analysed to assess the possible ecological impacts of future climate change for the Carpathian Region, by using 11 bias-corrected regional climate model simulations of temperature and precipitation. The distribution patterns of HLZ types are characterized by the relative extent, the mean centre and the altitudinal range. According to the applied projections, the following conclusions can be drawn: (a) the altitudinal ranges are likely to expand in the future, (b) the lower and upper altitudinal limits as well as the altitudinal midpoints may move to higher altitudes, (c) a northward shift is expected for most HLZ types and (d) the magnitudes of these shifts can even be multiples of those observed in the last century. Related to the northward shifts, the HLZ types warm temperate thorn steppe and subtropical dry forest can also appear in the southern segment of the target area. However, a large uncertainty in the estimated changes of precipitation patterns was indicated by the following: (a) the expected change in the coverage of the HLZ type cool temperate steppe is extremely uncertain because there is no consensus among the projections even in terms of the sign of the change (high inter-model variability) and (b) a significant trend in the westward/eastward shift is simulated just for some HLZ types (high temporal variability). Finally, it is important to emphasize that the uncertainty of our results is further enhanced by the fact that some important aspects (e.g. seasonality of climate variables, direct CO2 effect, etc.) cannot be considered in the estimating process.

  8. Affective state dependence and relative trait stability of perfectionism in sleep disturbances Dependência do estado afetivo e estabilidade relativa do traço do perfeccionismo nas perturbações de sono

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    Berta R. Maia

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of absolute change, relative stability and state dependence of trait perfectionism in sleep disturbances in a sample of university students. METHOD: Participants completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and two items concerning sleep difficulties. The mean age at T0 (baseline was 19.59 years (SD = 1.61, range = 17-25 and 62.5% of the sample were female. RESULTS: Absolute changes in self-oriented and socially-prescribed perfectionism were found. Relative stability was found for all perfectionism dimensions. Prior and concurrent sleep disturbances explained a significant amount of variance in perfectionism. Controlling for the effects of sleep measures, prior selforiented perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism were the only significant predictors of subsequent self-oriented perfectionism and otheroriented perfectionism, at T1 and T2. Difficulties falling asleep at T1 and socially-prescribed perfectionism at T0 were significant predictors of socially-prescribed perfectionism at T1. CONCLUSION: Despite significant changes in perfectionism mean scores over the follow-up, the correlation analyses demonstrated that participants remained quite stable in regard to their relative levels of perfectionism. As concurrent difficulties initiating sleep also predicted concurrent socially-prescribed perfectionism, this seems to be one dimension of perfectionism with trait-state characteristics.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o grau de mudança absoluta, de estabilidade relativa e dependência do estado do perfeccionismo nas perturbações de sono numa amostra de estudantes universitários. MÉTODO: Os sujeitos completaram a Escala Multidimensional do Perfeccionismo e dois itens sobre dificuldades em dormir. Os dados foram recolhidos em três momentos de avaliação, separados por um intervalo de um ano acadêmico. A idade média dos sujeitos noT0 era de 19,59 anos (DP = 1,61, variação = 17-25; 62,5% eram mulheres

  9. The straight-chain lipid biomarker composition of plant species responsible for the dominant biomass production along two altitudinal transects in the Ecuadorian Andes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jansen, Boris; Nierop, Klaas G.J.; Verstraten, Jacobus M.; Cleef, Antoine M. [Amsterdam Univ., Center for Geo-ecological Research (ICG), Amsterdam (Netherlands); Hageman, Jos A. [Amsterdam Univ., Swammerdam Inst. for Life Sciences (SILS), Amsterdam (Netherlands)

    2006-11-15

    For a detailed reconstruction of historic upper forest line (UFL) positions, new proxies in addition to traditional pollen and vegetation analyses are needed. If the straight-chain lipid composition in plant leaves and roots is specific enough to allow distinction, their records in soils and peat bogs might be used for this purpose. We tested for such distinctiveness by analyzing the n-alkane, n-alcohol, n-aldehyde and wax ester composition in lipid extracts from the leaves and roots of the 19 plant species responsible for the dominant biomass input into soils and peat bogs along two altitudinal transects in the Ecuadorian Andes. We found the combined n-alkane and n-alcohol composition of the leaves of the studied plants to be unique enough in theory to allow for a distinction of the various plant species. The extractable straight-chain lipid concentrations in the roots were generally much lower than in the leaves of the same species, and were in many cases less specific. The n-fatty acids, n-aldehydes and wax ester compositions in leaves as well as roots appeared to be less suited as biomarkers, due to a lower specificity of the n-fatty acids and the absence of the n-aldehydes and wax ester from a significant number of plant species. Furthermore, using cluster analysis we found the combination of n-alkanes and n-alcohols from leaves to give the most meaningful clustering from the point of view of an UFL reconstruction, with all but one paramo grassland species and all but one peat bog species clustering separately from forest species. In addition, a large C{sub 31} /C{sub 27} n-alkane ratio as well as a large C{sub 26} /C{sub 30} n-alcohol ratio were found to be indicative of paramo vegetation (grasses). Both clustering and ratios can help reconstruct past UFL positions if discerning individual species from soil or peat records proves unfeasible. The preservation of the straight-chain lipid signal was tested in soil and peat samples from the study area predating

  10. Patterns of Lethality and Absorbed Dose Distributions in Mice for Monoenergetic Neutrons; Letalite et Distribution de la Dose Absorbee chez la Souris pour des Neutrons Monoenergetiques; Letal'nost' i raspredelenie pogloshchennoj dozy pri obluchenii myshej monoehnergeticheskimi neitronami; Letalidad y Distribucion de las Dosis Absorbidas por el Raton para Neutrones Monoenergeticos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Frigerio, N. A.; Jordan, D. L. [Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL (United States)

    1964-03-15

    V {+-} 50 keV pour couvrir la region des resonances de N et de O. On a constate que la courbe de letalite est une fonction marquee de Tenergie des neutrons et une fonction egalement marquee mais independante de la distribution de la dose. Toutefois, quelles que soient la dose, l'energie et la distribution, tous les animaux qui ont survecu 5 j ont ensuite survecu au moins 144 j, puis sont morts sous les effets a long terme habituels. Cela donne a penser que les neutrons rapides monoenergetiques n ayant pas subi de contamination gamma ou epithermique produisent presque exclusivement la 'mort intestinale ' precoce. (author) [Spanish] La presencia de intensas resonancias para el C, el N y el O, en el intervalo de 100 a 1500keV, ha permitido estudiar las interacciones especificas neutron-nuclido, que se manifiestan por variaciones de la letalidad, maximos de la EBR, etc. Mediante protones resueltos de 62 {mu}A, procedentes de un acelerador de van de Graaf, de 1882 keV a 2738 keV, se obtuvieron neutrones monoenergeticos por intermedio de la reaccion {sup 7}Li(p, n){sup 7}Be. Los autores expusieron al efecto de los neutrones monoenergeticos a hembras de raton virgenes, CF-1, en capsulas de celuloide, a distancias de 3,1 a 11,3 cm de la fuente, bajo angulos de 0 a 1 radian. Durante la exposicion bilateral, los animales giraban simultaneamente en orbitas circulares o elipticas normales al eje del haz. De esta manera se podia regular la distribucion de la dosis en el cuerpo del animal. Los autores midieron el flujo absoluto con contadores de fision de {sup 235}U y por receuento absoluto mediante alambres y laminas de oro activados, revestidos de Gd. Determinaron las dosis absorbidas con microcamaras de ionizacion y con un dosimetro de FeSO{sub 4}-NH{sub 4}SCN de alta sensibilidad, preparado especialmente para este fin. Para la medicion de las dosis relativas, usaron contadores gaseosos de Hurst para protones de retroceso y centelleadores de {sup 10}B, {sup 6}Li y de protones de

  11. AN INTERPOLATING CURVE SUBDIVISION SCHEME BASED ON DISCRETE FIRST DERIVATIVE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ALBEIRO ESPINOSA BEDOYA

    2013-01-01

    tortuosidad. Un análisis de las distribuciones de frecuencia obtenidas para esta propiedad, empleando la prueba de KruskalWallis, revela que el esquema DFDS posee los menores valores de tortuosidad en un rango más estrecho.

  12. Diversidad y distribución de Araceae de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México Diversity and distribution of Araceae of the Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Amparo Acebey

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Este estudio documenta la diversidad, distribución altitudinal y geografía de Araceae en la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. Se escogió un transecto altitudinal en bosque tropical perennifolio y bosque mesófilo de montaña bien conservado desde los 100 m de altitud hasta la cima del volcán San Martín Tuxtla a los 1 700 m. En cada cota altitudinal de 100 m de elevación se realizaron muestreos en 3-4 parcelas de 400 m². El listado de aráceas presentado para la región de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas se basa en datos propios, complementado con información de listas publicadas, bases de datos y revisión de herbarios. Se registraron 34 especies representadas en 9 géneros, de las cuales 5 son endémicas de México. Las aráceas (hemi- epífitas representan aproximadamente el 11% de la flora epifítica de la Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas. A lo largo del gradiente altitudinal se observó un descenso constante del número de especies respecto al incremento de la altitud. El hallazgo de 3 nuevos registros de aráceas para la región de Los Tuxtlas y el estado de Veracruz demuestran que la realización de más inventarios florísticos sería importante.This study documents the diversity, altitudinal and geographical distribution of Araceae in the region of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. An altitudinal transect was selected in mature tropical rain and cloud forest from 100 m elevation to the summit of the San Martín Tuxtla volcano at 1 700 m. In each range of 100 m elevation we carried out inventories of Araceae in 3-4 plots of 400 m². The list of aroids presented for the region of the Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas is based on our own data, supplemented with information from published sources, data bases and revision of herbarium specimens. We recorded a total of 34 species in 9 genera, of which 5 are endemic to Mexico. The (hemi- epiphytic aroids represent about 11% of the epiphytic flora at the Biological Research

  13. Sobre puntos de la gramática particularmente resistentes al cambio: cuatro (largos siglos en la evolución de las relativas oblicuas de lugar. Un análisis variacionista

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Luis Blas Arroyo

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available Mediante la utilización del paradigma variacionista y el empleo de un corpus integrado por textos de inmediatez comunicativa, mayoritariamente de carácter epistolar, en esta investigación se analiza un caso de la sintaxis particularmente resistente al cambio: la alternancia entre soluciones pronominales (que y, en menor medida, cual y adverbiales (donde en las relativas oblicuas locativas desde el siglo XVI hasta la primera mitad del XX. De los tres análisis de regresión independientes realizados, uno por cada periodo  (siglos XVI, XVIII y XX, se deriva un avance paulatino, aunque moderado, de las formas pronominales a lo largo de los siglos y la progresiva disminución del adverbio donde. Con todo, algunos factores lingüísticos se revelan especialmente persistentes en la explicación de la variabilidad (semántica, función sintáctica y categoría del antecedente, junto al priming estructural y la sintaxis de la cláusula regente, lo que dificulta la progresión del cambio. Con respecto a los factores extralingüísticos, la frecuencia de los relativos pronominales en los contextos comunicativos más distantes, así como su uso preferente por parte de las élites sociales y las generaciones adultas, muestra que estas formas se han adscrito a lo largo de la historia a los registros más formales y prestigiosos.

  14. Communications Received from Certain Member States Regarding Guidelines for the Export of Nuclear Material, Equipment and Technology; Comunicaciones recibidas de ciertos Estados Miembros relativas a las directrices para la exportacion de materiales, equipos y tecnologia nucleares

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2006-06-12

    The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency has received Notes Verbales, dated 1 December 2005, from the Resident Representatives to the Agency of Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, relating to the export of nuclear material, equipment and technology [Spanish] El Director General del Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica ha recibido notas verbales de fecha 1 de diciembre de 2005 de los Representantes Permanentes ante el Organismo de Alemania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgica, Brasil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croacia, Eslovenia, Espana, Estados Unidos de America, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia, Hungria, Irlanda, Italia, Japon, Letonia, Lituania, Luxemburgo, Malta, Nueva Zelandia, Paises Bajos, Polonia, Portugal, Reino Unido de Gran Bretana e Irlanda del Norte, Republica Checa, Republica de Corea, Sudafrica, Suecia, Suiza, Turquia y Ucrania relativas a la exportacion de materiales, equipo y tecnologia nucleares.

  15. Surface soil phytoliths as vegetation and altitude indicators: a study from the southern Himalaya.

    Science.gov (United States)

    An, Xiaohong; Lu, Houyuan; Chu, Guoqiang

    2015-10-26

    Phytoliths represent one of the few available altitudinal vegetation proxies for mountain ecosystems. This study analyzed 41 topsoil phytolith samples collected from five altitudinal zones in the southern Himalaya as far as, and beyond, the timberline, from tropical forest (up to 1,000 m a.s.l.) to subtropical forest (1,000-2,000 m a.s.l.), to temperate forest (2,000-3,000 m a.s.l.), to subalpine forest (3,000-4,100 m a.s.l.) and finally to alpine scrub (4,100-5,200 m a.s.l.). The statistical results show a good correlation between phytolith assemblages and these five altitudinal vegetation zones: the five phytolith assemblages identified effectively differentiated these five altitudinal vegetation zones. In particular, coniferous phytoliths accurately indicated the timberline. Additionally, we tested the phytolith index Ic (a proxy for estimating the percentage of Pooideae vis-à-vis the total grass content) as a quantifier of phytolith variety versus altitude. Ic increased along altitude, as expected. An investigation of phytoliths provided an initial basis for the analysis of the composition of gramineous vegetation. Furthermore, redundancy analysis and discriminant analysis also suggested a significant correlation between phytolith assemblages and altitude. Our research therefore provides an up-to-date analogue for the reconstruction of changes to palaeovegetation and palaeoaltitude in mountainous areas.

  16. Diagnostic study on the relation between ozone and vorticity potential

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Abdel Basset, H. [Department of Astronomy and Meteorology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo (Egypt); Gahein, A. [Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo (Egypt)

    2003-04-01

    A diagnostic analysis of a Mediterranean system and the associated tropopause folding for the period 27 February to 10 March, 1987 is presented. Geopotential height, potential vorticity (PV) and relative humidity distributions were diagnosed. The analysis indicates clear correlation between the development of the cut-off low and the tropopause folding. A series of vertical cross-sections at the ends of the jet streaks demonstrated that a fold could be captured using potential vorticity and relative humidity. Q-vectors were employed to investigate vertical motion in the vicinity of the fold and showed the exact positions of descent corresponding to the fold along the entire length of the jet streak. The analysis also shows that the strong correlation between total ozone and column integrated vorticity potential holds well for all levels. As both quantities are integrals through the atmosphere, this result is consistent with, but does not prove, a high independent linear dependence between ozone and PV. More case studies are needed to assure the high linear dependence between ozone and PV. The maximum transport of ozone from the stratosphere to the troposphere is coinciding with the maximum developing system, and also with the maximum values of PV. [Spanish] Se presenta un analisis diagnostico de un Sistema mediterraneo y del pliegue de la tropopausa asociado durante el periodo del 27 de febrero al 10 de marzo de 1987. Se diagnosticaron la altitud neopotencial, el potencial de vorticidad y la distribucion de la humedad relativa. El analisis indica una correlacion clara entre el desarrollo de la baja segregada y el pliegue de la tropopausa. Una serie de cortes verticales en los extremos de las trazas del chorro demostraron que el pliegue puede ser capturado utilizando el potencial de vorticidad y la humedad relativa. Para investigar la movilidad vertical en la vecindad del pliegue se utilizaron vectores Q, y se demostraron las posiciones exactas de descenso

  17. Initial distribution of pressure and temperature in the geothermal field of Los Humeros, Puebla; Distribucion inicial de presion y temperatura del campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arellano Gomez, Victor M.; Garcia Gutierrez, Alfonso; Barragan Reyes, Rosa Maria; Aragon Aguilar, Alfonso; Pizano, Arturo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    In order to infer the distributions of non disturbed pressure and temperature of the reservoir fluid, a considerable amount of information originating from several disciplines was analyzed, corresponding to 42 wells of the geothermal field of Los Humeros. On the base of the analyzed data models were developed, in one and two dimensions, of the reservoir in an initial state. The models reveal the existence of at least two reservoirs. The first one and most superficial is located between 1600 and 1025 m.a.s.l. and it is a reservoir of dominant liquid. The pressure profile of this reservoir corresponds to a boiling water column approximately between 300 and 339 Celsius degrees. The second reservoir is located underneath the 850 m.a.s.l. and as far as the collected data, it can be said that it extends at least until the 100 m.a.s.l and it is estimated that it is a reservoir of low liquid saturation. For the wells that are fed from this zone of the field temperatures between 300 and 400 Celsius degrees were estimated. A table of the geology of the subsoil of the region of the Los Humeros is shown and a table where the chemical composition of the separated water is indicated and the enthalpy of some of the wells of Los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico. [Spanish] Para inferir las distribuciones de presion y temperatura no perturbadas del fluido del yacimiento, se analizo una considerable cantidad de informacion proveniente de varias disciplinas, correspondiente a 42 pozos del campo geotermico de Los Humeros. Sobre la base de los datos analizados se desarrollaron modelos, en una y dos dimensiones, del yacimiento en un estado inicial. Los modelos revelan la existencia de cuando menos dos yacimientos. El primero y mas superficial se encuentra localizado entre 1600 y 1025 m.s.n.m. y es un yacimiento de liquido dominante. El perfil de presion de este yacimiento corresponde a una columna de agua en ebullicion aproximadamente entre 300 y 339 grados centigrados. El segundo yacimiento se

  18. Affective state dependence and relative trait stability of perfectionism in sleep disturbances Dependência do estado afetivo e estabilidade relativa do traço do perfeccionismo nas perturbações de sono

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Berta R. Maia

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of absolute change, relative stability and state dependence of trait perfectionism in sleep disturbances in a sample of university students. METHOD: Participants completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and two items concerning sleep difficulties. The mean age at T0 (baseline was 19.59 years (SD = 1.61, range = 17-25 and 62.5% of the sample were female. RESULTS: Absolute changes in self-oriented and socially-prescribed perfectionism were found. Relative stability was found for all perfectionism dimensions. Prior and concurrent sleep disturbances explained a significant amount of variance in perfectionism. Controlling for the effects of sleep measures, prior self-oriented perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism were the only significant predictors of subsequent self-oriented perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism, at T1 and T2. Difficulties falling asleep at T1 and socially-prescribed perfectionism at T0 were significant predictors of socially-prescribed perfectionism at T1. CONCLUSION: Despite significant changes in perfectionism mean scores over the follow-up, the correlation analyses demonstrated that participants remained quite stable in regard to their relative levels of perfectionism. As concurrent difficulties initiating sleep also predicted concurrent socially-prescribed perfectionism, this seems to be one dimension of perfectionism with trait-state characteristics.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o grau de mudança absoluta, de estabilidade relativa e dependência do estado do perfeccionismo nas perturbações de sono numa amostra de estudantes universitários. MÉTODO: Os sujeitos completaram a Escala Multidimensional do Perfeccionismo e dois itens sobre dificuldades em dormir. Os dados foram recolhidos em três momentos de avaliação, separados por um intervalo de um ano acadêmico. A idade média dos sujeitos no T0 era de 19,59 anos (DP = 1,61, variação = 17-25; 62,5% eram mulheres

  19. Sedimentación sinectónica asociada a una subida relativa del nivel del mar durante el Cretácico superior (Fm. Tremp, provincia de Lérida

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Díaz Molina, M.

    1987-12-01

    Full Text Available The Tremp Formation is the continental lateral equivalent of the Arén Sandstone Formation. Both formations are part of regressive depositional sequences, formed during a relative sea level rise. At the top of the Isona anticline and in tbe south flank of the Sant Comeli anticline, four lithostratigraphic units are distinguisbed in the Tremp Formation. The sedimentary evolution of each of these units is related to tectonic reactivation and a slow down of the diastrophism. The successive sedimentary environments inferred for these units are the following: lagoon and/or fluvial plain, fluvial plain, tidal flat and/or lacustrine-palustrine. At the base and/or within sorne of these units there are progressive unconformities. The maximum slow down of the diastrophism would correspond to sedimentation in the tidal flat and/or lacustrine environments.La Fm. Tremp es el equivalente lateral continental de la Fm. Arenisca de Arén. Ambas formaciones forman parte de secuencias deposicionales de carácter regresivo, en régimen de subida relativa del nivel del mar. En el cierre peridinal del anticlinal de Isona y en el flanco S del anticlinal de Sant Comeli, dentro de la Fm. Tremp, se identifican cuatro unidades estratigráficas cuya evolución sedimentaria estuvo ligada a reactivaciones tectónicas y a la desaceleración del diastrofismo. Los sucesivos ambientes de sedimentación que se infieren en sentido vertical para estas unidades son: ambientes de «lagoon» y/o llanura fluvial, llanura fluvial, llanura de marea y/o lacustrepalustre. En la base y/o en el interior de algunas de estas unidades existen discordancias progresivas, la desaceleración máxima del diastrofismo se correspondería con la sedimentación en ambientes de llanura de marea y/o lacustre.

  20. Una reconsideración matemática del modelo de "overshooting" del tipo de cambio

    OpenAIRE

    Macaya, Alejo

    2005-01-01

    Este trabajo trata sobre la solución generalizada o distribucional del modelo de "overshooting" del tipo de cambio de Dornbusch. Se muestra que la solución del ejercicio de modificación de la oferta monetaria puede encontrarse utilizando funciones generalizadas.

  1. Sampling high-altitude and stratified mating flights of red imported fire ant.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fritz, Gary N; Fritz, Ann H; Vander Meer, Robert K

    2011-05-01

    With the exception of an airplane equipped with nets, no method has been developed that successfully samples red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, sexuals in mating/dispersal flights throughout their potential altitudinal trajectories. We developed and tested a method for sampling queens and males during mating flights at altitudinal intervals reaching as high as "140 m. Our trapping system uses an electric winch and a 1.2-m spindle bolted to a swiveling platform. The winch dispenses up to 183 m of Kevlar-core, nylon rope and the spindle stores 10 panels (0.9 by 4.6 m each) of nylon tulle impregnated with Tangle-Trap. The panels can be attached to the rope at various intervals and hoisted into the air by using a 3-m-diameter, helium-filled balloon. Raising or lowering all 10 panels takes approximately 15-20 min. This trap also should be useful for altitudinal sampling of other insects of medical importance.

  2. Distribución espacial de órbitas con diferentes grados de caoticidad en modelos autoconsistentes de satélites galácticos

    Science.gov (United States)

    Muzzio, J. C.; Mosquera, M.

    En trabajos anteriores (Carpintero et al., Cel. Mech. Dynam. Astron. 85, 247, 2003), mostramos que las órbitas caóticas son muy importantes en los satélites galácticos. Sin embargo, los únicos modelos autoconsistentes de los que se disponía para ellos eran los de Heggie-Ramamani, cuya función de distribución depende sólo de la energía por lo que no mostraban diferencias entre las distribuciones de sus órbitas regulares y caóticas. Ahora, mediante una aproximación cuadrupolar, hemos logrado construir modelos autoconsistentes de satélites galácticos con distribuciones de velocidades anisotrópicas (lo que indica que sus funciones de distribución no dependen sólo de la energía) y hemos logrado revelar las diferencias entre las estructuras espaciales de las órbitas de distinta caoticidad.

  3. Использование лиственницы сибирской (Larix sibirica Ledeb. ) как биоиндикатора состояния городских насаждений в условиях лесостепной зоны Хакасско-Минусинской котловины

    OpenAIRE

    АБРАМЕНКО О.В.

    2015-01-01

    The purpose of our work was to evaluate the current state of phytocenoses with Larix sibirica Ledeb. (floristic diversity, structure, some aspects of production and destruction processes) for altitudinal profile I, introduced by SG Shiyatov in the 1960-s in the upper treeline ecotone in the Polar Urals. Along the altitudinal profile (182-300 m a.s.l.) near mount Chernaya (66°47''-66°49'' N, 65°30''-65°35'' E), the estimation of the basic features of the investigated phytocenoses revealed the ...

  4. Temperatura e umidade relativa na qualidade da tangerina "Montenegrina" armazenada Temperature and relative humidity during cold storage of 'Montenegrina' tangerine

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Auri Brackmann

    2008-04-01

    Full Text Available O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar (UR sobre a manutenção da qualidade de tangerinas durante o período de armazenamento refrigerado (AR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema bifatorial, com oito repetições, contendo 15 frutos cada. Os tratamentos avaliados constituíram-se da combinação das temperaturas 2, 3 e 4°C, com UR do ar de 90 e 96%. Após oito e 12 semanas de armazenamento, mais três dias de exposição a 20°C, foram realizadas as seguintes análises: acidez total titulável (ATT, sólidos solúveis totais (SST, consistência dos frutos, incidência de podridões e suculência. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os frutos armazenados a 3°C + UR do ar de 90% apresentaram ATT, SST e consistência mais elevada, após oito e 12 semanas de AR. A incidência de podridão foi significativamente superior nos tratamentos com alta UR do ar (96%. Injúrias provocadas pela baixa temperatura ocorreram em alguns frutos no tratamento a 2°C. Não se constatou diferença significativa na suculência entre os tratamentos em ambas as datas de avaliação. A temperatura de 3°C combinada com UR de 90% apresentou os melhores resultados na conservação de tangerinas "Montenegrina", que podem ser armazenadas por um período de até oito semanas.This research was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH on the quality of tangerines during cold storage. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a bifatorial design with eight replications of 15 fruits. The treatments were the combination of three temperatures (2, 3 and 4oC and two RH levels (90 and 96%. Evaluations of quality were performed after 8 and 12 weeks of cold storage plus 3 days of shelf life at 20°C. The analyzed parameters were: total titratable acidity (TTA, total soluble solids (TSS, fruits consistency, rot

  5. Risk Factors for the Presence of Chikungunya and Dengue Vectors (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), Their Altitudinal Distribution and Climatic Determinants of Their Abundance in Central Nepal

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dhimal, Meghnath; Gautam, Ishan; Joshi, Hari Datt; O’Hara, Robert B.; Ahrens, Bodo; Kuch, Ulrich

    2015-01-01

    Background The presence of the recently introduced primary dengue virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in Nepal, in association with the likely indigenous secondary vector Aedes albopictus, raises public health concerns. Chikungunya fever cases have also been reported in Nepal, and the virus causing this disease is also transmitted by these mosquito species. Here we report the results of a study on the risk factors for the presence of chikungunya and dengue virus vectors, their elevational ceiling of distribution, and climatic determinants of their abundance in central Nepal. Methodology/Principal Findings We collected immature stages of mosquitoes during six monthly cross-sectional surveys covering six administrative districts along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal that extended from Birgunj (80 m above sea level [asl]) to Dhunche (highest altitude sampled: 2,100 m asl). The dengue vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were commonly found up to 1,350 m asl in Kathmandu valley and were present but rarely found from 1,750 to 2,100 m asl in Dhunche. The lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus was commonly found throughout the study transect. Physiographic region, month of collection, collection station and container type were significant predictors of the occurrence and co-occurrence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The climatic variables rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity were significant predictors of chikungunya and dengue virus vectors abundance. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that chikungunya and dengue virus vectors have already established their populations up to the High Mountain region of Nepal and that this may be attributed to the environmental and climate change that has been observed over the decades in Nepal. The rapid expansion of the distribution of these important disease vectors in the High Mountain region, previously considered to be non-endemic for dengue and chikungunya fever, calls for urgent actions to

  6. Justicia, capacidades diversas y acceso igualitario a las tecnologías de la información y comunicación: el impacto de la desigualdad relativa en el cuidado de la salud

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Graciela De Ortúzar Urrutia

    2018-06-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el marco filosófico de justicia social (Sen-Nussbaum que se aplica en derechos humanos para fundamentar el acceso igualitario a las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC y tecnologías asistivas (TA de personas con capacidades diversas, considerado este acceso como uno de los determinantes sociales del derecho a la salud. La hipótesis que inspira esta investigación tiene como eje subrayar que el no acceso igualitario a TIC y a TA origina —en la mayoría de los casos— no sólo la misma situación de ‘discapacidad’ por entorno social desfavorable, sino que también incide en la salud psicosocial del citado grupo como consecuencia del estrés crónico generado por la desigualdad relativa. Este enfoque social integral, vincula las necesidades individuales, familiares y del medio ambiente con el fin de identificar mejor los problemas complejos de inclusión y acceso a la salud de las personas y/o grupos en sociedades no igualitarias, para no descuidar las enfermedades psicosociales producto de diferencias sociales y estigmatizaciones. Se trata de brindar un marco de justicia social en políticas públicas integrales e interseccionales, que tenga en cuenta las implicancias del acceso y uso social adaptado de TIC en personas con capacidades diversas en sociedades no igualitarias.

  7. Postbreeding elevational movements of western songbirds in Northern California and Southern Oregon.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wiegardt, Andrew; Wolfe, Jared; Ralph, C John; Stephens, Jaime L; Alexander, John

    2017-10-01

    Migratory species employ a variety of strategies to meet energetic demands of postbreeding molt. As such, at least a few species of western Neotropical migrants are known to undergo short-distance upslope movements to locations where adults molt body and flight feathers (altitudinal molt migration). Given inherent difficulties in measuring subtle movements of birds occurring in western mountains, we believe that altitudinal molt migration may be a common yet poorly documented phenomenon. To examine prevalence of altitudinal molt migration, we used 29 years of bird capture data in a series of linear mixed-effect models for nine commonly captured species that breed in northern California and southern Oregon. Candidate models were formulated a priori to examine whether elevation and distance from the coast can be used to predict abundance of breeding and molting birds. Our results suggest that long-distance migrants such as Orange-crowned Warbler ( Oreothlypis celata ) moved higher in elevation and Audubon's Warbler ( Setophaga coronata ) moved farther inland to molt after breeding. Conversely, for resident and short-distance migrants, we found evidence that birds either remained on the breeding grounds until they finished molting, such as Song Sparrow ( Melospiza melodia ) or made small downslope movements, such as American Robin ( Turdus migratorius ). We conclude that altitudinal molt migration may be a common, variable, and complex behavior among western songbird communities and is related to other aspects of a species' natural history, such as migratory strategy.

  8. Contribución relativa del nitrógeno del suelo y del fijado biológicamente a la economía de la nutrición nitrogenada de maní (Arachis hypogaea L.) en diferentes condiciones de fertilidad Relative contribution of biological fixed nitrogen and soil nitrogen to the nutrition economy of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under different conditions of soil fertility

    OpenAIRE

    S. Castro; G. Cerioni; O. Giayetto; A. Fabra

    2006-01-01

    La producción de maní en Argentina se concentra en la región central de la provincia de Córdoba, la cual experimentó últimamente una pérdida importante de la productividad de los suelos y una declinación aleatoria del rendimiento de los cultivos. La contribución relativa de la fijación biológica (FBN) de nitrógeno al maní en suelos de diferente fertilidad no ha sido suficientemente estudiada. Entonces, se evaluó el efecto de cepas de rizobios (TTOO2R, SEMIA 6144R y TAL 1000R) sobre el rendimi...

  9. Angular distributions of fast neutrons scattered by Al, Si, P, S and Zn; Distributions angulaires des neutrons rapides diffuses par Al, Si, P, S et Zn; Usloviya raspredeleniya bystrykh nejtronov, rasseyannykh alyuminiem, kremniem, fosforom i tsinkom; Distribuciones angulares de neutrones rapidos dispersados por Al, Si, P, S y Zn

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tstjkaija, K; Tanaka, S; Maeuyama, M; Tomita, Y [Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-Mtjea (Japan)

    1962-03-15

    Differential scattering cross-sections of Al, Si, P, S and Zn for fast neutrons have been measured in an energy range of 3.4 to 4.6 MeV by using the time-of-flight method. Angular distributions of the inelastically scattered neutrons are nearly isotropic in all cases. These results are discussed on the basis of the Hauser-Feshbach theory. (author) [French] Les sections efficaces differentielles de diffusion de Al, Si, P, S et Zn pour des neutrons rapides ont ete mesurees dans la gamme d'energies de 3,4 a 4,6 MeV, en employant la methode du temps de vol. Les distributions angulaires des neutrons diffuses inelastiquement sont presque isotropes dans tous les cas. Les auteurs analysent ces resultats en se fondant sur la theorie de Hauser-Feshbach. (author) [Spanish] Los autores han medido por el metodo del tiempo de vuelo las secciones eficaces diferenciales de dispersion del Al, Si, P, S y Zn para neutrones rapidos de energia comprendida entre 3,4 y 4,6 MeV. Las distribuciones angulares de los neutrones dispersados inelasticamente son casi isotropicas en todos los casos. Los autores analizan los resultados obtenidos basandose en la teoria de Hauser-Feshbach . (author) [Russian] Differentsial'no e sechenie rasseyaniya alyuminiya, kremniya, fosfora, sery i tsinka dlya bystrykh nejtronov izmereno v diapazone ehnergii ot 3,4 do 4,6 Megaehlektronvol't ispol'zovanie m metoda vremeni proleta. Uglovye raspredeleniya neuprugo rasseyannykh nejtronov yavlyayutsya pochti vo vsekh sluchayakh izotropnymi. Jeti rezul'taty obsuzhdayutsya na osnove teorii Hauzera-Feshbakha. (author)

  10. Relación biogeográfica entre cangrejos dulceacuícolas y acociles a lo largo de la zona mexicana de transición: revaluación de la hipótesis de Rodríguez (1986 Biogeographic relationship of freshwater crabs and crayfish along the Mexican transition zone: reevaluating Rodríguez (1986 hypothesis

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernando Álvarez

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available A partir de la hipótesis planteada por Rodríguez (1986 sobre una posible exclusión biogeográfica entre acociles de la familia Cambaridae y cangrejos de agua dulce de la familia Pseudothelphusidae a lo largo del centro y sur de México, se han hecho varios estudios que toman en cuenta este patrón. Sin embargo, no se han examinado los patrones de distribución de estos grupos ni cuáles son las zonas ni a qué grado se da el traslape o contacto de las 2 distribuciones. Se construyeron 2 bases de datos, una con más de 1 400 registros de las especies de la familia Cambaridae y otra con más de 400 registros de cangrejos de la familia Pseudothelphusidae. Se construyeron mapas de distribución y se identificaron 3 regiones donde el contacto es evidente: el eje neovolcánico, la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz y el estado de Chiapas. Los resultados muestran grandes zonas de contacto en las cuales tanto acociles como cangrejos pueden estar en la misma localidad y en el mismo cuerpo de agua o pueden estar en 2 localidades muy cercanas pero con una diferencia altitudinal. En general, los acociles tienden a distribuirse a mayores altitudes que los cangrejos. Aunado a los patrones de distribución, se discute que aunque los 2 grupos estén presentes en la misma localidad y en el mismo cuerpo de agua, el microhábitat que ocupa cada uno es distinto, por lo que se sugiere que la interferencia entre ellos será poca o nula.After Rodríguez (1986 hypothesis on the possible biogeographic exclusion between crayfish of the family Cambaridae and freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae throughout central and southern Mexico, several studies have considered it as a real pattern. However, the distribution patterns of both groups have not been examined, nor in what areas and to what extent the overlap of the 2 distributions occurs. Two data bases were compiled, one with more than 1 400 records of the species of the family Cambaridae and a second one

  11. Legislação relativa à saúde mental: revisão de algumas experiências internacionais Mental health legislation: a review of some international experiences

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José M. Bertolote

    1995-04-01

    Full Text Available Apresenta-se atualização das principais áreas de interesse atual sobre a legislação relativa à saúde mental, a saber: direitos dos doentes mentais (direito à assistência e direitos humanos; qualidade da assistência; utilização da via administrativa e do controle orçamentário; e a participação dos usuários na organização e administração dos serviços de saúde mental. Com base em exemplos atualizados de modelos legislativos em várias jurisdições em alguns países, descreve-se a evolução da legislação internacional referente às pessoas acometidas de doenças mentais, indica as tendências atuais e aponta alternativas para a melhoria da situação dos direitos humanos dos doentes mentais e da qualidade da assistência que lhes é oferecida.The main areas dealt with by current mental health legislation, worldwide, are reviewed. These areas concern mainly: (I rights of the mentally ill (right to care and human rights, (ii quality of care, (iii the use of administrative and budget control measures, and (iv consumer participation and involvement in the organization and management of mental health care services. The evolution of international legislation (particularly United Nations Declarations, Covenants and Resolutions relative to people with mental disorders are described on the basis of up-to-date examples of legal models from different jurisdictions throughout the world. The main current trends are identified and alternatives are advanced for the respect of the human rights of these people and for the improvement of their care. The basis for these proposed alternatives is to be found in the recently approved United Nations General Assembly Resolution on "The protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement and the improvement of mental health care". This Resolution is described and discussed in some detail.

  12. IGARSS 89: Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing (12th) (Symposium Canadien sur la Teledetection): Quantitative Remote Sensing: An Economic Tool for the Nineties Held in Vancouver, Canada on 10-14 July 1989. Volume 2. Tuesday, July 11

    Science.gov (United States)

    1989-07-14

    active SAR calibration up bottom of lake, a flat desert, a surface of the target (Brunfeldt, 1982) is commonly used because still water or a largo place...Margalef, R., "Composicion y distribucion del Smith, and R. G. Steward, "Remote Sensing fitoplancton", Memoria , Sociedad de algorithms for

  13. Detecting latitudinal and altitudinal expansion of invasive bamboo Phyllostachys edulis and Phyllostachys bambusoides (Poaceae) in Japan to project potential habitats under 1.5°C-4.0°C global warming.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Takano, Kohei Takenaka; Hibino, Kenshi; Numata, Ayaka; Oguro, Michio; Aiba, Masahiro; Shiogama, Hideo; Takayabu, Izuru; Nakashizuka, Tohru

    2017-12-01

    Rapid expansion of exotic bamboos has lowered species diversity in Japan's ecosystems by hampering native plant growth. The invasive potential of bamboo, facilitated by global warming, may also affect other countries with developing bamboo industries. We examined past (1975-1980) and recent (2012) distributions of major exotic bamboos ( Phyllostachys edulis and P. bambusoides ) in areas adjacent to 145 weather stations in central and northern Japan. Bamboo stands have been established at 17 sites along the latitudinal and altitudinal distributional limit during the last three decades. Ecological niche modeling indicated that temperature had a strong influence on bamboo distribution. Using mean annual temperature and sun radiation data, we reproduced bamboo distribution (accuracy = 0.93 and AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) = 0.92). These results infer that exotic bamboo distribution has shifted northward and upslope, in association with recent climate warming. Then, we simulated future climate data and projected the climate change impact on the potential habitat distribution of invasive bamboos under different temperature increases (i.e., 1.5°C, 2.0°C, 3.0°C, and 4.0°C) relative to the preindustrial period. Potential habitats in central and northern Japan were estimated to increase from 35% under the current climate (1980-2000) to 46%-48%, 51%-54%, 61%-67%, and 77%-83% under 1.5°C, 2.0°C, 3.0°C, and 4.0°C warming levels, respectively. These infer that the risk areas can increase by 1.3 times even under a 1.5°C scenario and expand by 2.3 times under a 4.0°C scenario. For sustainable ecosystem management, both mitigation and adaptation are necessary: bamboo planting must be carefully monitored in predicted potential habitats, which covers most of Japan.

  14. A New Technique for Determining the Distribution of Radium and Thorium in Living Persons; Determination de la Repartition du Radium et du Thorium chez les Personnes Vivantes: Une Methode Nouvelle; Novyj metod opredeleniya raspredeleniya radiya i toriya u patsientov; Nueva Tecnica para Determinar la Distribucion del Radio y del Torio en Pacientes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Miller, C. E. [Argonne National Laboratory, Health Division, Argonne, IL (United States)

    1964-10-15

    superieure a la moyenne dans la partie inferieure des jambes, dans le pelvis ou dans le crane. Les sommes des sources calculees'concordent, a quelques pour-cents pres, avec'les mesures de la charge corporelle totale de radium obtenues au moyen d'autres techniques d'anthropogammametrie. Les mesures faites sur deux malades qui avaient recu.du thorotrast il y a environ dix-huit ans ainsi que sur des fantomes contenant dli thorotrast et RdTh ont egalement mis en evidence la possibilite de mesurer l'inhomogeneite de la repartition de {sup 208}Tl(ThC{sup )}, {sup 228}Ac (MsTh{sup 2}), et aussi sans doute de {sup 212}Pb, le long de l'axe du corps. (author) [Spanish] Los antropogammametros se vienen usando tradicionalmente para medir la radiactividad de las personas sin atender-a la distribucion interna. En el caso de los radioisotopos osteofilos, tales como el radio, interesa conocer por lo menos su distribucion aproximada dentro del esqueleto, a fin de poder estudiar la naturaleza de la respuesta a la dosis. Las tecnicas descritas en la memoria se idearon para poder descubrir cualquier heterogeneidad sustancial en la distribucion del radio en pacientes que no pueden o no desean yacer inmoviles mas de una hora. Un cristal cilindrico recto, de diseno nuevo, de 15 cm de diametro por 20 cm de longitud,- se coloca a una altura de 30 cm sobre -la superficie de una camilla rigida, con el eje del cristal horizontal y perpendicular a la direccion de la columna vertebral del paciente, acostado en posicion supina. Se usa este cristal en lugar del cilindro vertical chato tipico, con la intencion de que las areas superficiales y las secciones transversales del cristal, observadas desde cualquier punto del cuerpo del paciente, tengan la misma forma. Se obtienen los espectros de rayos gamma del paciente en posicion supina y de las fuentes radiactivas puntiformes ubicadas en el centro de maniquies de madera prensada, con el cristal situado en un numero x de posiciones uniformemente espaciadas a

  15. Analysis of the electromagnetic excitation influence on distribution power lines produced by nearby atmospheric discharges and transformer behavior study; Analisis de la influencia de la excitacion electromagnetica en lineas de distribucion producida por descargas atmosfericas cercanas y estudio del comportamiento del transformador

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Vazquez, Ruben

    1988-09-01

    Vi a brief analysis of the effect that the protection with lightning arresters in the transformer's primary is made, since it is very important to protect it against voltage surges. [Spanish] El gran avance cientifico y tecnologico logrado durante los ultimos anos, ha dado lugar al uso extensivo de sistemas electronicos complejos de control, computadoras y equipo medico con control electronico. Debido a esto, en la actualidad se tiene necesidad de un suministro muy confiable de energia electrica. En este trabajo se analizan los efectos que producen las descargas atmosfericas (rayo nube-tierra) cuando inciden en un punto cercano a una linea de distribucion. Tambien se estudian las sobretensiones que aparecen en el primario y secundario de un transformador instalado en una linea experimental. Se propone un modelo para el estudio de la transferencia electrostatica entre el primario y el secundario de un transformador monofasico de distribucion. En el capitulo I se presenta un breve estudio acerca del fenomeno del rayo; se explican los pasos que se requieren desde su formacion como carga electrica acumulada en una nube de tormenta, hasta su descarga en la tierra (descarga nube-tierra), ademas de como varian sus parametros principales durante su desarrollo. Ya que es importante una buena comprension del mecanismo de acoplamiento entre el campo electromagnetico del rayo y el voltaje (o corriente) inducido en una linea aerea cercana, en el capitulo II, se realiza una breve revision acerca de diversos modelos de voltajes inducidos. En el capitulo III, se propone un modelo del transformador que se utiliza para representar su comportamiento transitorio en relacion con los voltajes que aparecen en sus terminales por efecto de descargas atmosfericas cercanas a la linea. En el capitulo IV, se realiza el analisis mas importante, ya que se interpretan los efectos que se producen en el secundario del transformador cuando se induce una sobretension en el primario, utilizando el

  16. Analysis of the electromagnetic excitation influence on distribution power lines produced by nearby atmospheric discharges and transformer behavior study; Analisis de la influencia de la excitacion electromagnetica en lineas de distribucion producida por descargas atmosfericas cercanas y estudio del comportamiento del transformador

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Vazquez, Ruben

    1988-09-01

    Vi a brief analysis of the effect that the protection with lightning arresters in the transformer's primary is made, since it is very important to protect it against voltage surges. [Spanish] El gran avance cientifico y tecnologico logrado durante los ultimos anos, ha dado lugar al uso extensivo de sistemas electronicos complejos de control, computadoras y equipo medico con control electronico. Debido a esto, en la actualidad se tiene necesidad de un suministro muy confiable de energia electrica. En este trabajo se analizan los efectos que producen las descargas atmosfericas (rayo nube-tierra) cuando inciden en un punto cercano a una linea de distribucion. Tambien se estudian las sobretensiones que aparecen en el primario y secundario de un transformador instalado en una linea experimental. Se propone un modelo para el estudio de la transferencia electrostatica entre el primario y el secundario de un transformador monofasico de distribucion. En el capitulo I se presenta un breve estudio acerca del fenomeno del rayo; se explican los pasos que se requieren desde su formacion como carga electrica acumulada en una nube de tormenta, hasta su descarga en la tierra (descarga nube-tierra), ademas de como varian sus parametros principales durante su desarrollo. Ya que es importante una buena comprension del mecanismo de acoplamiento entre el campo electromagnetico del rayo y el voltaje (o corriente) inducido en una linea aerea cercana, en el capitulo II, se realiza una breve revision acerca de diversos modelos de voltajes inducidos. En el capitulo III, se propone un modelo del transformador que se utiliza para representar su comportamiento transitorio en relacion con los voltajes que aparecen en sus terminales por efecto de descargas atmosfericas cercanas a la linea. En el capitulo IV, se realiza el analisis mas importante, ya que se interpretan los efectos que se producen en el secundario del transformador cuando se induce una sobretension en el primario, utilizando el

  17. Cadetes of the Academia do Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Correlación entre VO2 max, gordura relativa y perfil lipídico, en cadetes de la Academia de Policía Militar del Estado de Río de Janeiro

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    E. H. M. Dantas

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available The objective of the present study was to verify the correlation level among the max, the relative fat and the profile lipídico of 51 Cadets (Age = 23.63 3.58 years; Weight = 74.13 ± 10.46 kg; Height = 1.76 ± 0.06 m; IMC = 23.99 2.76 kg/m2, of the masculine gender, of the Academy of the Military police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, of the year of 2007. The subjects were active and participants of the military physical training (TFM accomplished five times a week, with duration of 60 minutes for session. They were appraised: the max for ergoespirometria (I record of progressive effort, with constant inclination of 3% and initial speed of 4,0km/h, the relative fat (% G - I record of three cutaneous folds and the profile lipídico, through the method Enzymatic Calorimétrico in the variables: total cholesterol (CT, triglicérides (TG, lipoproteína of density high-cholesterol (HDL-C and lipoproteína of density low-cholesterol (LDL-C. The test of correlation of Spearman presented correlation significant between max and TG (r = -0,289; p = 0,04,  max and HDL-C (r = 0,277; p = 0,049,% G and TG (r = 0,296; p = 0,035,% G and HDL-C (r = 0,338; p = 0,015. Like this, these discoveries point a discreet relationship between the profile lipídico and the maximum consumption of oxygen corroborating the need to consider other factors as the feeding and the intensity of the exercises in the investigation of this relationship.

    Key Words: training,  VO2 max, relative fat, lipidic profile.

     

    El objetivo del presente estudio es establecer el nivel de correlación entre el  VO2 max, la grasa relativa y el perfil lipídico de 51 cadetes varones (Edad = 23.63 ± 3.58 años; Peso = 74.13 ± 10.46 Kg.; Talla = 1.76  ± 0.06 m; IMC = 23.99 ± 2.76 Kg. /m2 de la Academia de la Policía Militar del Estado de Río de Janeiro, del año de 2007. Los sujetos son f

  18. Nodo sensor para la medida ambiental de CO2, temperatura y humedad

    OpenAIRE

    Jara Burgos, Marcos

    2007-01-01

    En este documento se describe el diseño y la implementación de un nodo sen-sor para la medida ambiental del nivel de CO2, la temperatura y la humedad relativa. El sistema se basa en un interfaz directo sensor a microcontrolador para las medidas de temperatura y humedad relativa, mientras que para el sensor de CO2 se basa en una conversión analógica digital. El sistema utiliza un sensor resistivo para medir la temperatura, un sensor capacitivo para medir la humedad relativa y un sensor...

  19. The Detection of Signals in Impulsive Noise.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1983-06-01

    ASSI FICATION/ DOWN GRADING SCHEOUL1E * I1S. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of th0i0 Rhport) Approved for Public Release; Distribucion Unlimited * 17...has a symmetric distribution, sgn(x i) will be -1 with probability 1/2 and +1 with probability 1/2. Considering the sum of observations as 0 binomial

  20. The relative contribution of fruits and arthropods to the diet of three trogon species (Aves, Trogonidae in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest A contribuição relativa de frutos e artrópodes para a dieta de três espécies de surucuás (Aves, Trogonidae na Mata Atlântica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marco Aurélio Pizo

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available Trogons are pan-tropical forest birds that eat a mix of fruits and arthropods. With direct observations of wild feeding birds, I assessed the relative contribution of fruits and arthropods to the diet of three trogon species (Trogonviridis, T.surrucura, and T.rufus at Parque Estadual Intervales, southeast Brazil. Fruits and arthropods made the bulk of the food items recorded, with a tendency of frugivory increasing with body mass. The Trogon species differed in the proportion of fruits and arthropods taken, with T.viridis being the most frugivorous species (66% of feeding bouts, n = 47. The relative contribution of fruits and arthropods did not differ between the wet and dry seasons for any species. In the omnivorous gradient, T.viridis is close to the frugivorous extreme, whereas T.surrucura and T.rufus is next to the insectivorous end. Such a distinction may have important consequences for the territoriality and social behavior of these birds.Os surucuás são aves florestais pantropicais que se alimentam de frutos e artrópodes. Com observações diretas de aves forrageando na natureza, estudei a contribuição relativa de frutos e artrópodes para a dieta de três espécies de surucuás (Trogonviridis, T.surrucura, and T.rufus no Parque Estadual Intervales, sudeste do Brasil. Frutos e artrópodes foram os itens mais registrados, com uma tendência do grau de frugivoria aumentar com o aumento da massa corporal da ave. As três espécies diferiram em relação à proporção de frutos e artrópodes de que se alimentam; T.viridisfoi a espécie mais frugívora (66% dos registros, n = 47. As contribuições relativas de frutos e artrópodes para a dieta não diferiram entre as estações seca e úmida para nenhuma das três espécies. A diferença no grau de frugivoria aqui revelada pode ter conseqüências importantes para a territorialidade e organização social dos surucuás.

  1. Evidence of high-elevation amplification versus Arctic amplification.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Qixiang; Fan, Xiaohui; Wang, Mengben

    2016-01-12

    Elevation-dependent warming in high-elevation regions and Arctic amplification are of tremendous interest to many scientists who are engaged in studies in climate change. Here, using annual mean temperatures from 2781 global stations for the 1961-2010 period, we find that the warming for the world's high-elevation stations (>500 m above sea level) is clearly stronger than their low-elevation counterparts; and the high-elevation amplification consists of not only an altitudinal amplification but also a latitudinal amplification. The warming for the high-elevation stations is linearly proportional to the temperature lapse rates along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, as a result of the functional shape of Stefan-Boltzmann law in both vertical and latitudinal directions. In contrast, neither altitudinal amplification nor latitudinal amplification is found within the Arctic region despite its greater warming than lower latitudes. Further analysis shows that the Arctic amplification is an integrated part of the latitudinal amplification trend for the low-elevation stations (≤500 m above sea level) across the entire low- to high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, also a result of the mathematical shape of Stefan-Boltzmann law but only in latitudinal direction.

  2. Prueba de sesgo sobre rendimientos financieros en el mercado colombiano

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marisol Valencia

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available La caracterización de los rendimientos financieros depende, en gran medida, de su comportamiento probabilístico, el cual puede ser mal ajustado, conduciendo así a malas decisiones económicas relacionadas con valoración de activos, asignación de cartera y/o medición del riesgo de mercado. En este trabajo se propone una prueba que permita determinar el ajuste de los rendimientos del Índice General de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (IGBC a las siguientes distribuciones: Normal, Normal Sesgada y T Sesgada. Además, se mide el nivel de sesgo y se compara el desempeño de la prueba propuesta con otra prueba existente, usada únicamente para la detección de asimetría. Se encuentra que la prueba propuesta permite caracterizar los rendimientos del mercado de valores colombiano con una de las distribuciones de probabilidad, a diferencia de la otra prueba, que sólo advierte sobre la existencia de sesgo y no establece la distribución que representa su comportamiento.

  3. La edad de las familias Eos, Themis y Koronis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gil-Hutton, R.

    Las familias de asteroides son el producto de la disrupción colisional de objetos destruídos por impactos ocurridos en el cinturón principal. Las colisiones posteriores han modificado los tamaños y las órbitas de los miembros de estas familias, por lo que las distribuciones que vemos hoy en día pueden ser muy diferentes de aquellas producidas inmediatamente después de la fragmentación del objeto original. En esta hipótesis, puede ser difícil reconstruir la evolución colisional de la familia basándose sólo en las actuales distribuciones y puede ser necesario hacer ciertas suposiciones para obtener información sobre las condiciones iniciales. En este trabajo se deriva una estimación de la edad de las familias Eos, Themis y Koronis obtenida de una simulación de la evolución colisional de un cuerpo original teórico para cada familia usando un modelo de distribución para el cinturón propuesto por Gil-Hutton (1996).

  4. An analysis on operational risk in international banking: A Bayesian approach (2007–2011

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Francisco Martínez-Sánchez

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Esta investigación tiene como propósito desarrollar una metodología bayesiana para identificar, cuan- tificar y medir el riesgo operacional en distintas líneas de negocio de la banca comercial. Para ello se diseña un modelo de red bayesiana con distribuciones a priori y a posteriori para estimar la frecuencia y la severidad. Con las distribuciones a posteriori se realiza inferencia sobre la máxima pérdida esperada, para un período de 20 días, utilizando el método de simulación Monte Carlo. Las líneas de negocio analizadas son comercialización y ventas, banca minorista y banca privada, que en conjunto representaron el 88,5% de las pérdidas en 2011. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Asociación Riskdata Operacional Exchange (ORX para el período 2007-2011, y la información externa fue proporcionada por expertos calificados para completar los registros faltantes o mejorar los datos de mala calidad.

  5. La Dinámica Cross-Section de los Ratios Financieros: ¿Tienden los Ratios a Converger hacia la Media Sectorial?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel Illueca Muñoz

    2002-12-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo fundamental de este artículo consiste en contrastar si los ratios financieros describen un proceso de ajuste / convergencia hacia la media sectorial. Utilizando un enfoque no paramétrico, se ha modelizado explícitamente la dinámica de las distribuciones de seis ratios, calculados a partir de una muestra de empresas del sector español de pavimentos y revestimientos cerámicos. Los resultados no permiten afirmar que las empresas de la muestra converjan hacia la media del sector, al contrario, las distribuciones de probabilidad de los ratios analizados presentan a largo plazo una dispersión similar a la del periodo muestral.The main objective of this paper is to test whether financial ratios follow a convergent path towards the industry mean. A non parametric approach is used to model the cross-section dynamics of six financial ratios, computed on a sample of Spanish tile firms. Our findings do not support the hipothesis of convergence. The dispersion of the ratios does not shrink in the long term.

  6. Communications received from Member States regarding the Export of Nuclear Material and of Certain Categories of Equipment and other Material; Comunicaciones Recibidas De Estados Miembros Relativas A La Exportacion De Materiales Nucleares Y De Determinadas Categorias De Equipo Y Otros Materiales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1994-08-15

    The Director General has received letters concerning the export of nuclear material and of certain categories of equipment and other material from the following Resident Representatives to the International Atomic Energy Agency: a letter dated 28 February 1994 from the Resident Representative of France; letters dated 1 March 1994 from the Resident Representatives of Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America; and a letter dated 22 March 1994 from the Resident Representative of Romania [Spanish] El Director General recibio cartas relativas a la exportacion de materiales nucleares y de determinadas categorias de equipo y otros materiales de los siguientes Representantes Permanentes ante el Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica: una carta fechada el 28 de febrero de 1994 del Representante Permanente de Francia; cartas fechadas el 1 de marzo de 1994 de los Representantes Permanentes de Alemania, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Dinamarca, Espana, Estados Unidos de America, Finlandia, Grecia, Hungria, Irlanda, Japon, Luxemburgo, Noruega, Paises Bajos, Polonia, Portugal, Reino Unido de Gran Bretana e Irlanda del Norte, Republica Checa y Suecia,- una carta fechada el 22 de marzo de 1994 del Representante Permanente de Rumania.

  7. Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the high altitude wetland forests in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    JC Santos

    Full Text Available We report on the richness of galling insects in the altitudinal wetland forests of Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil. We found 80 distinct types of insect galls on 49 species of host plants belonging to 28 families and 35 genera. Most of the galled plant species belong to Nyctaginaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae and Myrtaceae. The most common gall were spheroid and globoid; most galls were glabrous, predominantly green and with one chamber, and on the leaves. Most galls were induced by Cecidomyiidae (Diptera. The results of this study contribute to existing knowledge richness of galling insects and host-plant diversity in the altitudinal wetland forests of Northeastern Brazil.

  8. El género Cresera Schaus, 1894 (Lepidoptera: Arctiinae en el Perú: diversidad y patrones de distribución geográfica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Grados

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available El género Cresera Schaus, 1894 consta de 12 especies, 8 de las cuales ocurren en Perú. Se proporciona una diagnosis de reconocimiento de las especies en base a los caracteres de coloración de las alas, dándose a conocer los patrones de distribuciones geográficas en el Perú.

  9. DISTRIBUCION Y UTILIDAD DE LOS Abies EN MEXICO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ma. Engracia Hernández

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo trata sobre la distribución geogrifica de los abetos u oyameles en Mexico, para lo cual se cartografiaron los sitios de colecta reportados en tres de los principales herbarios del Distrito Federal. Se relacionó la carta de distribución de la planta con cartas de temperatura y precipitación, encontrandose que los oyameles están estrechamente relacionados con la altitud y se localizan tanto en zonas semifrías como en templadas, con precipitaciones del orden de 800 a 1 200 mm, en las cuales los valores del índice de humedad de Lang (P/T se encuentran entre 66.7 y 83.3. También se determinó que las funciones básicas de este género son principalmente de control de erosión y conservación ecológica, ademas de poseer un alto potencial económico.

  10. The Brahea edulis palm forest in Guadalupe Island: A North American fog oasis? El palmar de Brahea edulis de Isla Guadalupe: ¿Un oasis de niebla en Norteamérica?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    PEDRO P GARCILLÁN

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available Fog is a factor that affects deeply the structure of vegetation of coastal deserts. Guadalupe is an oceanic island located 260 km off the coast of Baja California, and is one of the few places of the Sonoran Desert coasts with scarped coastal topography and frequent fog. With the aim to identify the effect of fog on the community of the palm forest (palmar of Brahea edulis located in the northern tip of the island: (1 we analyzed the richness and composition of vascular plants in the palmar compared to the remainder of the island, and (2 we analyzed the altitudinal variation of the abundance of palms, herbs and mosses to identify if there is altitudinal variation of the vegetation. Although species composition was not different between palmar and the rest of island, species richness and vascular plant cover were greater in the palmar. On the other hand, we found a clear altitudinal zonation of the vegetation in the palmar that is similar to that found in South American fog-driven plant communities such as the lomas. Thus, the palmar community of Guadalupe Island may be considered as a fog oasis, one of the very few that occur in North America.La niebla es un factor que afecta profundamente la estructura de la vegetación de los desiertos costeros. Guadalupe es una isla oceánica a 260 km de la costa de Baja California y constituye uno de los pocos lugares de la costa del Desierto Sonorense donde se reúnen una topografía escarpada próxima a la costa y una alta frecuencia de nieblas. Con el objeto de identificar el efecto de la niebla sobre la comunidad del palmar de Brahea edulis presente en la ladera norte de la isla: (1 analizamos la diferencia de la riqueza y la composición de plantas vasculares del palmar respecto del resto de la isla, y (2 analizamos la variación altitudinal de la abundancia de palmas, plantas acompañantes y musgo para determinar si existe variación altitudinal de la vegetación. Encontramos que, aunque la composici

  11. Interrelación dialéctica entre calidad de vida y motivaciones relativas a la salud Dialectical interrelation between quality of life and relative motivations to health

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Misleny Martínez Pérez

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available El artículo aborda la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y la significación de las motivaciones, aspectos fundamentales de la personalidad como constructo psicobiológico y al mismo tiempo psicosocial para la salud humana. Se presenta el enfoque personológico de la calidad de vida relativa a la salud y la importancia del proceso de motivación por la salud. Se analiza que las acciones de prevención para la reducción de la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas, en los escenarios de la atención primaria de salud, no solo deben brindar información para lograr una fuerte motivación hacia la salud, sino que hay que llevar al individuo a una actitud responsable de su cuidado, a hacer un mayor activismo social a través de los grupos primarios de pertenencia que posibiliten su empoderamiento. Deben diseñarse estrategias de intervención, centradas en modificar la estructura jerárquica de la esfera motivacional individual y grupal en la comunidad para lograr cambios comportamentales que se traduzcan en mejoras en la calidad de vida de la población.Present article approaches the quality of life related to health and significance of motivations, main personality features as psychobiological creation and at the same time the psychosocial for human health. Authors present the personological approach of quality of life relative to health and the motivation process significance for health. It was analyzed that prevention actions to decrease the morbidity and the mortality from chronic diseases in primary health care scenarios not only must the offer information to achieve a strong motivation to health, but that subject must to be lead to a responsible attitude of its car, to do a greater social activity through the membership primary groups allowing its strengthening. Intervention strategies must to be designed, centered on the hierarchical structure modification of individual and group motivation sphere in community to achieve

  12. Distribution of Aerially Applied Malathion-S{sup 35} in a Forest Ecosystem; Distribution du malathion- {sup 35}S pulverise par avion dans un ensemble ecologique forestier; Raspredelenie malationa, mechennogo S35 i raspylyaemogo s vozdukha dlya izucheniya ehkologicheskoj sistemy lesnykh massivov; Distribucion en un sistema ecologico forestal de malation- 35S pulverizado desde el aire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Giles, Jr., R. H.; Peterle, T. J. [Ohio Co-Operative Wildlife Research Unit, Columbus, OH (United States)

    1963-09-15

    xylene, du triton X-155 comme emulsifiant et de l'eau. Le malathion avait ete marque avec {sup 35}S par le Radiochemical Centre d'Amersham (Royaume-Uni). On a pulverise par avion une quantite correspondant a une activite de 1 c dans l'un des deux secteurs forestiers de huit hectares, les 15 et 25 mai 1962. L'activite specifique du malathion marque etait de 17,5 m c/m M. On a mesure la distribution des composants de la pulverisation aerienne dans la foret. Des echantillonneurs d'air electriques ont permis d'estimer les quantites emportees hors du secteur d'experience; des ballons d'helium portant des disques de verre depoli ont permis de mesurer la quantite en suspension au-dessus de la frondaison; des disques de verre suspendus verticalement et des echantillons d'ecorces ont permis de mesurer les quantites a diverses hauteurs de la frondaison; des disques de verre et du papier pour analyse a la touche ont permis, non seulement de mesurer la distribution horizontale, mais aussi, de controler un appareil courant de detection de la distribution des produits pulverises. Des echantillons du sol et des pieux marques ont permis d'etudier la distribution au-dessous de la surface. Des echantillons d'eau provenant de cours d'eau intermittents,'des insectes, des mammiferes, des reptiles et des oiseaux ont indique la distribution initiale et ulterieure de l'insecticide et de ses metabolites dans l'ensemble ecologique. Des etudes de la faune ont continue pendant les etes 1961 et 1962 et certaines observations seront encore faites au cours de l'ete 1963. Les resultats preliminaires indiquent que les populations d'insectes sont revenues a la normale au bout d'environ trois semaines et qu'il n'y a pas eu d'effets decelables sur la densite des vertebres dans la surface traitee. (author) [Spanish] Durante el verano de 1962 se estudio la distribucion del malation (0,0-dimetil ditiofosfato del mercaprosuccinato de dietilo) en una zona forestal de la region centro-oriental de Ohio (Estados

  13. Information systems for civil engineering; Sistemas de informacion para ingenieria civil

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De Buen R, Pablo R; Alvarado G, Alonso; Alaniz Q, Felipe de J; Guerrero F, Vicente A. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2004-07-01

    Since its beginnings, in the Gerencia de Ingenieria Civil (GIC) of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) the interest has existed to take advantage of and to promote the advantages that the appropriate use of the computerizing systems in the different tasks of civil engineering in the power sector represent. Either as a part of its infrastructure or at the request of their clients, at the GIC have been developed calculation systems for the analysis and design of special structures such as turbo-generators foundations, poles for transmission and distribution and transmission towers, in addition the information systems for the consultation and the analysis of diverse information, such as the related to the Manuals of Civil Works of the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) or the relative to the existing instruments in the large dams of our country. In this article are briefly described some of the computer systems developed by the GIC in recent years. [Spanish] Desde sus inicios, en la Gerencia de Ingenieria Civil (GIC) del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) ha existido el interes por aprovechar y promover las ventajas que representa el uso adecuado de los sistemas de computo en las diferentes tareas de ingenieria civil en el sector energetico. Ya sea como parte de su infraestructura o a solicitud de sus clientes, en la GIC se han desarrollado sistemas de calculo para el analisis y diseno de estructuras especiales como lo son las cimentaciones de turbogeneradores, los postes para transmision y distribucion y las torres de transmision, ademas de sistemas de informacion para la consulta y el analisis de informacion diversa, como es la relacionada con los manuales de obras civiles de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) o a la relativa a los instrumentos existentes en las grandes presas de nuestro pais. En este articulo se describen brevemente algunos de los sistemas de computo desarrollos por la GIC en anos recientes.

  14. Relación entre estado nutricional y complicaciones posoperatorias en cardiopatías acianóticas y flujo pulmonar aumentado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Raquel Maciques Rodríguez

    Full Text Available Introducción: los primeros trabajos que asocian desnutrición y cardiopatías se reportaron en los años 50. Los lactantes cardiópatas presentan alteraciones en el crecimiento y desarrollo, y es más severo el compromiso en aquellos que se presentan con insuficiencia cardiaca y cianosis. Se describen patrones de desnutrición de acuerdo con el tipo de cardiopatía, la que puede ser aguda o crónica. Objetivos: evaluar el impacto de la intervención nutricional, como medida que contribuye a disminuir las complicaciones posoperatorias, en lactantes con cardiopatías congénitas acianóticas y desnutridos, así como relacionar la presencia de infecciones posoperatorias con hipoalbuminemia. Métodos: estudio prospectivo que incluyó a 28 lactantes con cardiopatías congénitas acianóticas, flujo pulmonar aumentado y desnutridos, en el Cardiocentro Pediátrico "William Soler", desde septiembre de 2008 hasta agosto de 2010. Fueron divididos en 2 grupos: Grupo I, no recibieron intervención nutricional; y Grupo II, recibieron intervención nutricional. El estado nutricional se determinó por el índice peso para la talla en ambos sexos. Se analizó la asociación de complicaciones posoperatorias y estado nutricional, así como la relación entre infección e hipoalbuminemia. Se aplicaron técnicas estadísticas descriptivas, se utilizaron los porcentajes y construyeron distribuciones de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: el 69,2 % de los niños del Grupo I se encontraron desnutridos en el momento de la cirugía, y las complicaciones infecciosas estuvieron presente en el 73,3 % de los casos. En el Grupo II las complicaciones infecciosas se presentaron en el 13,3 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: el grupo de niños desnutridos presentó mayor número de complicaciones infecciosas, las que estuvieron relacionadas a hipoalbuminemia. La intervención nutricional preoperatoria favorece una menor incidencia de complicaciones posoperatorias.

  15. Casas publicadas

    OpenAIRE

    Téllez,Andrés

    2010-01-01

    A partir de el hecho de que las casas son las obras de arquitectura más publicadas, el autor analiza comparativamente las obras de este número a través de su categorización basada en cuatro puntos de vista: geografías o distribuciones interiores, transformaciones de obras existentes, localización rural o urbana y referentes previos.

  16. Preferred external power supplies; Fuentes electricas preferentes exteriores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Anton, L.

    2010-07-01

    In June 2008 ANAV and ENDESA DISTRIBUCION (EDE) undertook a joint study of Asco NPP Preferred External Power Supplies (PEPSs) to check the number of lines or power supplies to the 110 kV substation at Asco that met the criteria defined in the power supply regulations applicable to Asco NPP and primarily to confirm compliance with IEEE 765-2006 standard. (Author).

  17. Nuevos registros del género Cissampelos (Menispermaceae para la flora Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Peña-Chocarro

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Cissampelos andromorpha DC. y C. arenicolaM. Nee & R. Ortiz se citan por primera vez para la flora Argentina. Se presentan descripciones e imágenes de pliegos de herbario de las especies mencionadas y se actualizan sus distribuciones geográficas. Se incluye una clave para la identificación de las cuatro especies de Cissampelospresentes en Argentina

  18. Features of change of permanent snow patches in the Mongun-Taiga Massif, 1966–2011

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    D. A. Ganyushkin

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available The article is dedicated to perennial snow patches of Mongun-Taiga mountain massif (south-western Tuva, their morphology, present state and dynamics over the last 45 years. We created a scheme of snow patch classification with regard to genesis of relief and position on the slopes. Dynamics of snow patches is analyzed for periods between several time points – 1966 (on basis of aerial photos, 2000, 2007–2008 and 2011 (on basis of field measurements and observations. From 1966 to 2008 the number of snow patches decreased by 4 times, the total area – by 15 times, the altitudinal zone of snow patches moved 250–300 m up. In 2008–2011 the altitudinal zone of snow patches partly recovered, its lower limit moved 250 m down, periglacial snow patches recovered, a new type – snow patches of buried ice and debris-covered glaciers appeared. It could be the first face of the process of small glaciers recovery in the massif. Using the changes of the altitudinal position of snow patches in comparison with data of the closest meteorological station we estimated the amount of annual precipitation, critical for the existence of local snow patches.

  19. Altitude effects on technology and productivity of small bovine farms (milk meat) in Veracruz (Gulf of Mexico).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ruíz-Guevara, C; De León-González, F; Soriano-Robles, R; Pérez-Carrera, A L; García-Hernández, L A

    2018-03-01

    The dual-purpose bovine system represents 98.4% of the bovine livestock of Veracruz, the main cattle-producing state of Mexico. This system supplies calves to meat companies, a sector in which Veracruz has been the national leader in the last decade. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of the altitudinal zonation of farms on livestock technology and productivity in a microbasin of the Gulf of Mexico where small farms predominate. Structured interviews were applied to producers located in three altitudinal zones (at average altitudes of 50, 140, and 450 m, respectively, for lower, middle, and upper zones). Sample size was 135 farms having similar land surface (within a range of 15-22 ha). The results indicated multiple differences among farms located in the three zones. Farms in the middle and lower zones presented higher productive indicators than those in the upper zone. Differences in herd structure and management resulted in important differences in productivity, income, and profits in milk and calf production. We concluded from this study that altitudinal zonation in Veracruz had a clear effect on the differentiation of small farms, which are representative of dual-purpose cattle. The upper zone performs cattle activity under conditions with greater disadvantages in the analyzed region.

  20. Relative efficiency of square-mesh codends in an artisanal fishery in southern Brazil Eficiencia relativa de copos de malla cuadrada en una pesquería artesanal del sur de Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Catarina N.S Silva¹

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available The relative efficiency of two square-mesh codend designs with the same circumference (~2 m but different mesh sizes and materials (32 mm polyethylene-PE and 30 mm polyamide-PA was tested in an artisanal shrimp trawl fishery in Paraná, southern Brazil. The two square-mesh codends were hauled alternately with a 26 mm diamond-shaped mesh codend (control in a twin gear configuration. Although not significant, the mean numbers of total bycatch were reduced by 16.6 and 10.0% with the 32 and 30 mm square-mesh codends, respectively. The results indicate significant improvement in size selectivity for some species (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri and Stellifer rastrifer. The operational changes tested can be a suitable technical solution for reducing the capture of immature organisms in the shrimp trawl fishery in Paraná, Brazil.La eficiencia relativa de dos diseños de copos con malla cuadrada con la misma circunferencia (~2 m pero diferentes tamaños de malla y materiales (32 mm de polietileno-PE y 30 mm de poliamida PA ha sido evaluada en una pesquería de arrastre artesanal de camarón en Paraná, sur de Brasil. Los dos copos de malla cuadrada fueron arrastrados alternativamente con un copo de malla de 26 mm en forma de diamante (control en una configuración de doble arrastre. Aunque no es significativo, el número medio de la captura incidental total se redujo en 16,6 y 10,0% en los copos de malla cuadrada de 32 y 30 mm, respectivamente. Los resultados indican que se logra una significativa mejora en la selectividad por tamaño medio de algunas especies (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri y Stellifer rastrifer. Los cambios operacionales evaluados pueden representar una solución técnica adecuada para reducir las capturas de organismos inmaduros en la pesquería de arrastre de camarón en Paraná, Brasil.

  1. Primary Distributions of Nuclear Charge for Fission-Fragment Masses 132, 134, 136 and 137 from Thermal Fission of U{sup 235}; Repartition Primaire de la Charge Nucleaire pour les Fragments de Masse 132, 134, 136 et 137, Provenant de la Fission de {sup 235}U par Neutrons Thermiques; 041f 0415 0420 0414 ; Distribuciones Primarias de las Cargas Nucleares de los Fragmentos de Masa 132, 134, 136 y 137, Resultantes de la Fision del {sup 235}U por Neutrones Termicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Konecny, E.; Opower, H.; Guenther, H.; Goebel, H. [Physik-Department der Technischen Hochschule Muenchen, Munich and II. Physikalisches Institut der Justus Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

    1965-07-15

    = 82 que sont dues les charges primaires les plus probables voisines de 50 et 52 respectivement. Lorsque M = 136 ou 137, la charge primaire est d'environ 53 et 53,2. Il s'est revele que les corrections approximatives supplementaires pour tenir compte des electrons de conversion (en negligeant les traces {beta} tres courtes correspondant a des energies {beta} tres faibles) et des neutrons retardes (pour la masse 137) ne sont pas tres importantes. On prepare actuellement des mesures analogues qui seront effectuees directement dans une geometrie 4{pi}, de maniere a eviter l'erreur statistique qu'entraine la transformation de la distribution 2{pi} en distribution 4{pi}, et qui porteront sur differentes energies cinetiques prises comme parametres. (author) [Spanish] Los fragmentos resultantes de la fision del {sup 235}U por neutrones termicos se separan exactamente segun su masa y energia cinetica con ayuda de un espectrometro de masas en el microsegundo que sigue a la fision. Los fragmentos separados se recogen en una emulsion Ilford G-5 sensible a las particulas beta, colocada en el plano focal del espectrometro. El revelado de las emulsiones irradiadas se efectua, en lo posible, despues de haber transcurrido un tiempo suficientemente largo en relacion con el periodo mas prolongado que aparece en la cadena de desintegracion considerada. Los periodos del orden de dias o mas largos no se tienen en cuenta, pero pueden introducirse facilmente las correcciones adecuadas. Despues del revelado de la emulsion, pueden verse al microscopio todas las trazas de particulas beta que surgen del extremo de la traza de cada fragmento de fision. La posibilidad de correlacionar cada traza de particula beta con la traza de un fragmento de fision determinado permite calcular el numero n(x) de fragmentos de fision a los que corresponden x trazas de particulas beta, lo que indica no solo la longitud media de la cadena, sino tambien la distribucion de las particulas beta. Como el producto final

  2. Seismologic study of Los Hum eros geothermal field, Pueblo, Mexico. Part I: Seismicity, source mechanisms and stress distribution; Estudio sismologico del campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico. Parte I: Sismicidad, mecanismos de fuente y distribucion de esfuerzos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lermo, Javier; Antayhua, Yanet [Instituto de Ingenieria, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F (Mexico)]. E-Mail: jles@pumas.iingen.unam.mx; Quintanar, Luis [Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F (Mexico); Lorenzo, Cecilia [Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoelectricos, Comision Federal de Electricidad, Michoacan (Mexico)

    2008-01-15

    The distribution of earthquakes at the surface and at depth in the Los Humeros geothermal field, Puebla (Mexico), is analyzed from 1997-2004. Data for 95 earthquakes were registered at more than five permanent and temporary stations installed by the Comision Federal de Electricidad and the Instituto de Ingenieria of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. The duration magnitudes of the quakes are equal to or lower than 3.6 Md and the focal depths do not exceed 4.0 km. Simple focal mechanisms and moment tensor inversions were made, and the number of earthquakes registered by two stations of the permanent network (numbers S05, S06) was compared with water-injection and steam-production volumes over a certain period. The results at the surface and at depth show seismic activity occurring in the northern zone of the field around injection wells I29 (well H-29) and I38 (well H-38); whereas, the simple focal mechanisms and moment tensors demonstrate stresses of heterogeneous origin, suggesting that part of the seismic activity in Los Humeros is probably induced, mainly by injecting water. [Spanish] Se analiza la distribucion en superficie y en profundidad de los sismos ocurridos en el campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla (Mexico), durante el periodo 1997-2004. Los datos corresponden a 95 sismos registrados por mas de cinco estaciones permanentes y temporales instaladas por la Comision Federal de Electricidad y el Instituto de Ingenieria de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, cuyas magnitudes de duracion son menores o iguales a 3.6 Md y profundidades focales que no sobrepasan los 4.0 km. Asimismo, se realizaron mecanismos focales simples y de inversion de tensor de momento, y se comparo el numero de sismos registrados por dos estaciones de la red permanente (numeros S05, S06) con la inyeccion de agua y la produccion de vapor durante cierto tiempo. Los resultados en superficie y en profundidad muestran actividad sismica en la zona norte del campo, alrededor

  3. Evaluation of models for the conversion of T-min rainfall distributions to an equivalent one-minute distribution to be used in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Emiliani

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available El diseño de un sistema de comunicaciones que opera en frecuencias de microondas requiere el conocimiento de la distribución acumulada de probabilidad de la intensidad de lluvias, integrada cada minuto. Dado que este tipo de información es muy escasa, se ha propuesto como alternativa la conversión de distribuciones obtenidas usando series temporales con otros períodos de integración (como 30 o 60 minutos a una distribución equivalente integrada cada minuto. En este artículo se presenta una revisión de varias metodologías para efectuar dicha conversión y una comparación de sus predicciones contra una base de datos de distribuciones medidas en el Valle de Aburrá (departamento de Antioquia con miras a recomendar un modelo útil para las condiciones climáticas colombianas. Con base en los resultados de la evaluación, se ha determinado que el modelo Excell RSC representa una buena alternativa para uso en el valle de Aburrá y es además aplicable a otras regiones en Colombia.

  4. A 900-channel coincidence pulse-amplitude analyser; Selecteur d'amplitudes d'impulsions a coincidence a trois dimensions; Devyatisotkanal'nyj amplitudnyj analizator impul'sov sovpadeniya; Analizador de amplitud de impulsos de coincidencia con 900 canales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Alexander, T K; Robinson, L B [Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River, Ontario (Canada)

    1962-04-15

    , les huit de la distribution A definissent huit groupes de 100 canaux pour les distributions B. En effet, on aura dans ce cas un analyseur a 100 canaux pour la distribution A et huit analyseurs distincts a 100 canaux, sur lesquels B peut etre dirige. Le memoire decrit les circuits de base du codeur et la logique de la memoire et de l'element . (author) [Spanish] Se describe un analizador proyectado para estudios de correlacion entre las distribuciones de amplitudes de impulsos procedentes de dos contadores de centelleo. El analizador consiste en dos unidades transistorizadas: un convertidor analogico-digital de doble canal y una unidad almacenadora de nucleos de ferrita, con 900 canales y una capacidad de 2{sup 16} por canal. La unidad de control y lectura del instrumento esta separada del resto y puede ser colocada a cierta distancia del analizador. El funcionamiento del aparato para el analisis de impulsos coincidentes en las entradas A u V del convertidor puede ser regulado de manera que sea de 30 canales por 30 distribuciones, de 100 por 9, o de 300 por 3. En los dos ultimos casos las lineas de base y la anchura de las ''ventanas'' de amplitud de impulsos en la distribucion A pueden ser elegidas por el operador. Con 100 canales para el analisis de amplitud de impulsos, ocho ''ventanas'' en la distribucion A definen ocho grupos de 100 canales para las distribuciones B. En este caso se dispone, en efecto, de un analizador de 100 canales para la distribucion A y de ocho analizadores separados de 100 canales para la distribucion B. Se describen los circuitos basicos del convertidor y se explica la logica de las unidades de almacenamiento y lectura. (author) [Russian] Opisyvaetsya analizator, prednaznachennyj dlya issledovaniya sootnosheniya raspredeleniya amplitud impul'sov dvukh stsintillyatsionnykh schetchikov. Analizator sostoit iz d v u kh otdel'nykh sektsij, rabotayushchikh na tranzistorakh, dvukhkanal'nogo kodirovochnogo

  5. Vivid valleys, pallid peaks? Hypsometric variations and rural-urban land change in the Central Peruvian Andes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Haller, Andreas

    2012-11-01

    What happens to the land cover within the hinterland's altitudinal belts while Central Andean cities are undergoing globalization and urban restructuring? What conclusions can be drawn about changes in human land use? By incorporating a regional altitudinal zonation model, direct field observations and GIS analyses of remotely sensed long term data, the present study examines these questions using the example of Huancayo Metropolitano - an emerging Peruvian mountain city of 420,000 inhabitants, situated at 3260 m asl in the Mantaro Valley. The study's results indicate that rapid urban growth during the late 1980s and early 1990s was followed by the agricultural intensification and peri-urban condominization at the valley floor ( quechua ) - since the beginning of Peru's neoliberal era. Moreover, regarding the adjoining steep slopes ( suni ) and subsequent grassland ecosystems ( puna ), the research output presents land cover change trajectories that clearly show an expansion of human land use, such as reforestation for wood production and range burning for livestock grazing, even at high altitudes - despite rural-urban migration trends and contrary to several results of extra-Andean studies. Consequently, rural-urban planners and policy makers are challenged to focus on the manifold impacts of globalization on human land use - at all altitudinal belts of the Andean city's hinterland: toward sustainable mountain development that bridges the social and physical gaps - from the bottom up.

  6. Population Fluctuation of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a Function of Altitude in Eastern Guatemala.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Flores, S; Montoya, P; Ruiz-Montoya, L; Villaseñor, A; Valle, A; Enkerlin, W; Liedo, P

    2016-08-01

    Population fluctuations of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were evaluated over a period of 12 mo in four altitudinal strata (400-750, 750-1,100, 1,100-1,450, and 1,450-1,800 meters above sea level, masl) in Eastern Guatemala. Within each altitudinal range, sampling plots were established in coffee plantations and adjacent areas, in which Jackson traps were set and baited with Trimedlure. Coffee berries and other host fruits were collected. Population density was lowest at the 400-750 masl stratum and highest at 1,450-1,800 masl. At every altitudinal range, the fluctuations of the pest were associated mainly with the availability of ripe coffee berries as a primary host. From 750-1,450 masl, the pest was also associated with the availability of sweet orange and mandarins in commercial and backyard orchards. The highest densities of the pest were recorded in the dry season. Citrus were the main alternate host where ripe coffee berries were not available. This knowledge on population dynamics of C. capitata will contribute to develop more effective area-wide pest management strategies including the use of sterile insects, natural enemies, and bait sprays. © The Authors 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  7. Original Research

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    home

    2014-03-20

    Mar 20, 2014 ... ground carbon, litter carbon and soil organic carbon, respectively. The highest ... Altitudinal gradient, slope and aspect were the three environmental factors that affect the ..... nutrient availability, climate, and topography and.

  8. Tree Height-Diameter Relationships in the Alpine Treeline Ecotone Compared with Those in Closed Forests on Changbai Mountain, Northeastern China

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Xiaoyu Wang

    2017-04-01

    Full Text Available Height-diameter relationship is one of the most important stature characteristics of trees. It will change with climatic conditions because height and diameter growth displays different sensitivities to climatic factors such as temperature. Detecting and understanding changes in the stature of trees growing along altitudinal gradients up to their upper limits can help us to better understand the adaptation strategy of trees under global warming conditions. On Changbai Mountain in northeastern China, height-diameter datasets were collected for 2723 Erman’s birch (Betula ermanii Cham. in the alpine treeline ecotone in 2006 and 2013, and for 888 Erman’s birch, spruce (Picea jezoensis Siebold & Zucc. Carr., larch (Larix olgensis A. Henry, and fir (Abies nephrolepis Trautv. ex Maxim. along an altitudinal gradient below the alpine treeline in 2006. These datasets were utilized to explore both changes in the stature of birch at the alpine treeline over time and variations in tree stature of different tree species across altitudes at a given time point (2006. Results showed that birch saplings (<140 cm in height became stunted while birches with a height of >140 cm became more tapered in the alpine treeline ecotone. The stature of birch along the altitudinal gradient became more tapered from 1700 to 1900 m above see level (a.s.l. and then became more stunted from 1900 to 2050 m a.s.l., with 1900 m a.s.l. being the altitudinal inflection point in this pattern. The treeline birch, due to its great temperature magnitude of distribution, displayed higher stature-plasticity in terms of its height-diameter ratio than the lower elevation species studied. The stature of birch is strongly modulated by altitude-related temperature but also co-influenced by other environmental factors such as soil depth and available water, wind speed, and duration and depth of winter snow cover. The high stature-plasticity of birch makes it fare better than other species to

  9. Patrones de diversidad alfa en tres fragmentos de bosques montanos en la región norte de los Andes, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wilson López

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se analizaron los patrones de diversidad alfa en tres áreas protegidas de bosque con base en información florística proveniente de seis parcelas permanentes de 1ha -dos en cada área protegida-. Las regiones de estudio están localizadas a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal, en la parte norte de la cordillera central de los Andes, Colombia. Para los análisis, se generaron dos categorías de acuerdo al tamaño de los árboles: dosel (diámetro a la altura del pecho mayor o igual a 10cm y sotobosque (diámetro a la altura del pecho mayor o igual a un cm y menor a 10cm. Las curvas especies-área mostraron diferencias en riqueza para las dos categorías de tamaño en las tres regiones. Las curvas especies-individuos, en cambio, fueron independientes con respecto al tamaño de los individuos, excepto en la región de Belmira. La diversidad, medida con el índice alfa de Fisher, mostró una fuerte tendencia a la estabilización en muestras mayores a 1 000 individuos. Ni las curvas de especies-área ni las de especies-individuos fueron asintóticas; sin embargo, la tasa de acumulación de especies (z en Belmira alcanzó valores muy bajos (0.05 en comparación con Anorí y Angelópolis (0.25 en cada caso. El índice alfa de Fisher permitió además entender la magnitud de las diferencias relativas en diversidad entre regiones o tipos de bosque en gradientes altitudinales, aun cuando el tamaño de la muestra fue relativamente pequeño. Los resultados de este estudio soportan la limitación en dispersión como el principal mecanismo en estructurar las comunidades de especies a escalas muy finas, y un incremento continuo de procesos denso-dependientes en determinar la estructura de la comunidad en escalas espaciales más grandes. Igualmente, los resultados de este estudio proponen que la denso-dependencia tiende a aumentar positivamente con la altitud.Alpha diversity patterns in three fragmented forests of Northern Andes

  10. Spatially continuous dataset at local scale of Taita Hills in Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sizah Mwalusepo

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available Climate change is a global concern, requiring local scale spatially continuous dataset and modeling of meteorological variables. This dataset article provided the interpolated temperature, rainfall and relative humidity dataset at local scale along Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro altitudinal gradients in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. The temperature and relative humidity were recorded hourly using automatic onset THHOBO data loggers and rainfall was recorded daily using GENERALR wireless rain gauges. Thin plate spline (TPS was used to interpolate, with the degree of data smoothing determined by minimizing the generalized cross validation. The dataset provide information on the status of the current climatic conditions along the two mountainous altitudinal gradients in Kenya and Tanzania. The dataset will, thus, enhance future research. Keywords: Spatial climate data, Climate change, Modeling, Local scale

  11. Spatial Association of Wetlands over Physical Variants in Barind Tract of West Bengal, India.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rajeb Tarani Das

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available Abstract: Barind tract of west Bengal is an uplifted old alluvial plain area where only <1 percent area is covered by wetland. Present paper concentrates on general understanding of wetland association with different geographical settings like geological, geomorphological lithological structure and altitudinal gradations. Detail investigation reveals that geological and morphological structure do not have deep influence on wetland formation and their distribution in particular favourable sub-region. But altitudinal control on wetland is noticeable. An irregular distribution of wetland is found throughout the region because of multi parametric influence on it. In recent decades wetlands in barind tract has been undergoing into rapid loss. Continuous encroachment of agricultural field and newly built-up area to wetland are considered as main causes of wetland loss in barind tract.

  12. Communications Received from Certain Member States Regarding Guidelines for Transfers of Nuclear-related Dual-use Equipment, Materials, Software and Related Technology; Comunicaciones recibidas de diversos Estados Miembros relativas a las directrices para las transferencias de equipos, materiales y programas informaticos (software) de doble uso del ambito nuclear y tecnologia relacionada

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2006-04-11

    The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency has received Notes Verbales, dated 1 December 2005, from the Resident Representatives to the Agency of Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, relating to transfers of nuclear-related dual-use equipment, materials, software and related technology [Spanish] El Director General del Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica ha recibido Notas verbales de fecha 1 de diciembre de 2005 de los Representantes Permanentes ante el Organismo de Alemania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgica, Brasil, Bulgaria, Canada, Croacia, Eslovenia, Espana, Estados Unidos de America, Estonia, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia, Hungria, Irlanda, Italia, Japon, Letonia, Lituania, Luxemburgo, Malta, Nueva Zelandia, Paises Bajos, Polonia, Portugal, Reino Unido de Gran Bretana e Irlanda del Norte, Republica Checa, Republica de Corea, Sudafrica, Suecia, Suiza, Turquia y Ucrania relativas a las transferencias de equipos, materiales y programas informaticos de doble uso del ambito nuclear y tecnologia relacionada.

  13. Características do Marketing Moderno e Pós-Moderno Relativas ao Comportamento do Consumidor: Análise Crítica das Estratégias de Posicionamento Propostas pela Teoria do Meeting Points

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roberto Bazanini

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available Em decorrência dos avanços vertiginosos nos campos da tecnologia da informação e nos processos de comunicação, e do fenômeno da globalização dos mercados, as teorias tradicionais do comportamento do consumidor encontram dificuldades em explicar satisfatoriamente os mecanismos do mercado, mormente nos conceitos relacionados à segmentação do mercado e nos grupos de referência. Desde a década de 30, quando o marketing passou a constituir disciplina autônoma em relação à teoria da administração, surgiram inúmeras concepções referentes ao emprego das teorias modernas e pós-modernas relativas às estratégias de posicionamento presentes na busca pluralista pelo comportamento do consumidor em nossa contemporaneidade. Por meio de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e amostra por conveniência com os associados da ADVB/FBM e participantes do Encontro de Profissionais de Marketing, realizado em São Paulo, buscou-se avaliar a pertinência de uma das teorias pós-modernas, fundamentada solidamente em termos teóricos: a teoria dos Meeting Points. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi a aplicação de questionário com questões estruturadas, tendo como base as treze assertivas de Gerken que foram convertidas em treze afirmações pontuais como variáveis componentes. Os resultados da pesquisa de campo conduziram para a variável latente que aponta para a não concordância dos profissionais pesquisados em relação aos preceitos apresentados e, consequentemente, a não pertinência das estratégias de posicionamento proposta pela teoria do Meeting Points em relação à prática efetiva no mercado.  DOI: 10.5585/remark.v9i2.2160

  14. The economic valuation of the recreational benefits of Dichato Beach (tome-Chlie

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sergio Alonso Orrego

    1997-07-01

    Full Text Available Las condiciones naturales y la infraestructura de servicios existente en la playa de Dichato (VIII Región-Chile, posibilitan la presencia de un considerable número de familias durante las temporadas de verano. Mediante la adecuada aplicación del método del costo de viaje, es posible estimar la demanda recreacional de la playa y sus beneficios económicos. El documento privilegia la modelación del número de viajes efectuados durante un período de tiempo determinado, y en este sentido presenta los resultados econométricos de los siguientes modelos estadísticos: estimación por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios de una forma funcional lineal (OLSL, y de una forma semi-log (OLSS; estimación por máxima verosimilitud de una forma funcional lineal (MLEL, de una semi-log (MLES, de una distribución Poisson tanto general (POIS como truncada (TPOIS, y de una distribución de una Binomial Negativa también general (BNEG como truncada (TBNEG. En total son ocho (8 modelos, de los cuales OLSL, OLSS, MLEL y MLES se caracterizan por generar estimadores basados en distribuciones de probabilidades continuas. Los restantes modelos POIS, TPOIS, BNEG y TBNEG, corresponden a distribuciones discretas.

  15. A new species of Stellaria (Caryophyllaceae) from the Nepal Himalaya

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Majumdar, N.C.

    1968-01-01

    Herba perennis, gracilis, caule repente valde furcato. Rami erecti vel suberecti, quadrangulares, e gemmis axillaribus emergentes, straminei, squamosi, simpliccs et infra glabrescentes, corymbose furcati et glandulari-pubescentes, sursum altitudine 10—20 cm attingentes. Folia simplicia, exstipulata,

  16. Living on the edge: adaptive and plastic responses of the tree Nothofagus pumilio to a long-term transplant experiment predict rear-edge upward expansion.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mathiasen, Paula; Premoli, Andrea C

    2016-06-01

    Current climate change affects the competitive ability and reproductive success of many species, leading to local extinctions, adjustment to novel local conditions by phenotypic plasticity or rapid adaptation, or tracking their optima through range shifts. However, many species have limited ability to expand to suitable areas. Altitudinal gradients, with abrupt changes in abiotic conditions over short distances, represent "natural experiments" for the evaluation of ecological and evolutionary responses under scenarios of climate change. Nothofagus pumilio is the tree species which dominates as pure stands the montane forests of Patagonia. We evaluated the adaptive value of variation in quantitative traits of N. pumilio under contrasting conditions of the altitudinal gradient with a long-term reciprocal transplant experimental design. While high-elevation plants show little response in plant, leaf, and phenological traits to the experimental trials, low-elevation ones show greater plasticity in their responses to changing environments, particularly at high elevation. Our results suggest a relatively reduced potential for evolutionary adaptation of high-elevation genotypes, and a greater evolutionary potential of low-elevation ones. Under global warming scenarios of forest upslope migration, high-elevation variants may be outperformed by low-elevation ones during this process, leading to the local extinction and/or replacement of these genotypes. These results challenge previous models and predictions expected under global warming for altitudinal gradients, on which the leading edge is considered to be the upper treeline forests.

  17. Vivid valleys, pallid peaks? Hypsometric variations and rural–urban land change in the Central Peruvian Andes

    Science.gov (United States)

    Haller, Andreas

    2012-01-01

    What happens to the land cover within the hinterland's altitudinal belts while Central Andean cities are undergoing globalization and urban restructuring? What conclusions can be drawn about changes in human land use? By incorporating a regional altitudinal zonation model, direct field observations and GIS analyses of remotely sensed long term data, the present study examines these questions using the example of Huancayo Metropolitano – an emerging Peruvian mountain city of 420,000 inhabitants, situated at 3260 m asl in the Mantaro Valley. The study's results indicate that rapid urban growth during the late 1980s and early 1990s was followed by the agricultural intensification and peri-urban condominization at the valley floor (quechua) – since the beginning of Peru's neoliberal era. Moreover, regarding the adjoining steep slopes (suni) and subsequent grassland ecosystems (puna), the research output presents land cover change trajectories that clearly show an expansion of human land use, such as reforestation for wood production and range burning for livestock grazing, even at high altitudes – despite rural–urban migration trends and contrary to several results of extra-Andean studies. Consequently, rural–urban planners and policy makers are challenged to focus on the manifold impacts of globalization on human land use – at all altitudinal belts of the Andean city's hinterland: toward sustainable mountain development that bridges the social and physical gaps – from the bottom up. PMID:23564987

  18. Morphology of calcite crystals in clast coatings from four soils in the Mojave desert region

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chadwick, Oliver A.; Sowers, Janet M.; Amundson, Ronald G.

    1989-01-01

    Pedogenic calcite-crystal coatings on clasts were examined in four soils along an altitudinal gradient on Kyle Canyon alluvium in southern Nevada. Clast coatings were studied rather than matrix carbonate to avoid the effects of soil matrix on crystallization. Six crystal sizes and shapes were recognized and distinguished. Equant micrite was the dominant crystal form with similar abundance at all elevations. The distributions of five categories of spar and microspar appear to be influenced by altitudinally induced changes in effective moisture. In the drier, lower elevation soils, crystals were equant or parallel prismatic with irregular, interlocking boundaries while in the more moist, higher elevation soils they were randomly oriented, euhedral, prismatic, and fibrous. There was little support for the supposition that Mg(+2) substitution or increased (Mg + Ca)/HCO3 ratios in the precipitating solution produced crystal elongation.

  19. Paleosols in low-order streams and valley heads in the Araucaria Plateau - Record of continental environmental conditions in southern Brazil at the end of MIS 3

    Science.gov (United States)

    Paisani, Julio Cesar; Pontelli, Marga Eliz; Osterrieth, Margarita Luisa; Paisani, Sani Daniela Lopes; Fachin, Andressa; Guerra, Simone; Oliveira, Leandro

    2014-10-01

    The Araucaria Plateau is a geomorphological unit that occupies approximately three-quarters of the terrain in the southern region of Brazil. The plateau displays different altitudinal levels (600 to relief inversion occurred, which resulted in fossilization of the valleys.

  20. Dissecting geographic variation in population synchrony using the common vole in central Europe as a test bed

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Gouveia, A. R.; Bjornstad, O. N.; Tkadlec, Emil

    2016-01-01

    Roč. 6, č. 1 (2016), s. 212-218 ISSN 2045-7758 Institutional support: RVO:68081766 Keywords : Altitudinal gradient * LISA * Microtus arvalis * partial nonparametric correlation function * spatiotemporal dynamics Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour Impact factor: 2.440, year: 2016

  1. Relación entre Capacidad Aeróbica e Índices Antropométricos en los Trabajadores Manuales Venezolanos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco José Burgos Navarrete

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available Al iniciar el presente estudio no se encontró literatura nacional sobre data antropométrica de los trabajadores manuales venezolanos, que determinase la relación entre la potencia aeróbica o capacidad aeróbica relativa (mlO2/kg-min, ni la capacidad aeróbica absoluta (kcal/min vs los índices antropométricos: edad, estatura, sexo, masa corporal, perímetro abdominal, índice de masa corporal, frecuencia cardíaca después del ejercicio. En este contexto el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la asociación entre la capacidad aeróbica vs los índices antropométricos escogidos. Marco metodológico: el paradigma es el cuantitativo, su tipo es correlacional, con diseño de campo, epidemiológico y de corte transversal. La Capacidad aeróbica relativa es un parámetro fisiológico de competencia personal de umbral o, un índice de salud. A partir de la Capacidad aeróbica relativa se deduce matemáticamente la Capacidad aeróbica absoluta, la cual indica la capacidad para sostener un consumo metabólico en trabajos físicos durante períodos de tiempo variable, se evaluó la Capacidad aeróbica relativa empleando la prueba del escalón (USDA Forest Service Step Test, participantes: 40 hombres y 33 mujeres, de 20 a 59 años de edad. En los hombres la Capacidad aeróbica relativa, la Capacidad aeróbica absoluta, el perímetro abdominal y el índice de masa corporal fueron mayores que en las mujeres. Mostraron correlaciones negativas: 1. la Capacidad aeróbica relativa vs los índices: edad, perímetro abdominal, Índice de masa corporal, frecuencia cardíaca después del ejercicio; 2. la Capacidad aeróbica absoluta vs edad, perímetro abdominal, frecuencia cardíaca después del ejercicio; sin embargo, la correlación resultó positiva entre Capacidad aeróbica absoluta vs índice de masa corporal. Fue posible obtener dos ecuaciones, ambas con R2 = 0,78, predictoras de las Capacidad aeróbica absoluta para ambos sexos y a partir de

  2. Ontogenetic niche shifts in three Vaccinium species on a sub-alpine mountain side

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Auffret, Alistair G.; Meineri, Eric; Bruun, Hans Henrik

    2010-01-01

    Background: Climate warming in arctic and alpine regions is expected to result in the altitudinal migration of plant species, but current predictions neglect differences between species' regeneration niche and established niche. Aims: To examine potential recruitment of Vaccinium myrtillus, V. ul...

  3. Flowing equation gradually varied in rectangles channels on depth curve; Ecuacion del flujo gradualmente variado en canales rectangulares de fondo curvo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sotelo-Avila, G.; Gallegos-Silva, J. [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2002-03-01

    The study of channel flow usually have its basis in the hydrostatic distribution of pressure and the rectilinear flow hypotheses. It is from this hypothesis that the main flow equations are obtained. However, this is not applicable to a vertically curved flow that is present in a curved bed channel. This kind of channel is used to join two different slopes or in ski jumps. This kind of flow presents several changes from the rectilinear flow as in the velocity and pressure distributions and even in the energy loses. The authors of this article propose an equation of gradually varied flow for vertically-curved bed rectangular channels that adds a coefficient to modify the velocity in the calculus of the local friction gradient. With these results is possible now to analyze flow profiles in vertically-curved bed channels where before were used the methods for straight channels and therefore, increase accuracy. [Spanish] Las hipotesis del movimiento rectilineo y de distribucion hidrostatica de la presion son ciertamente las mas importantes en la hidraulica de canales, y de ellas se derivan los principales modelos de flujo que usualmente emplean. Sin embargo, no es valido aplicar la misma hipotesis y metodos de analisis al flujo curvilineo, que ocurre cuando el canal adopta curvaturas verticales en el fondo, las cuales inducen cambios importantes en la distribucion de la velocidad, presion y hasta en la perdida d energia. Tal es el caso de canales que contienen curvas verticales para unir tramos de distintas pendientes y producir el cambio en la direccion del flujo en cubetas deflectoras y vertedores en tunel. Los autores de este articulo proponen una ecuacion de flujo gradualmente variado en canales rectangulares de fondo curvo, esta es de gran utilidad en la determinacion del perfil del flujo con dichas caracteristicas, donde se plantea la adicion de un factor de amplificacion de la velocidad en el calculo del gradiente local de friccion, para tomar en cuenta el

  4. Space-time variation of the relative abundance of Limnoperna fortunei in deep zones of São Gonçalo Channel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Variação espaço-temporal da abundância relativa de Limnoperna fortunei em zonas profundas do canal São Gonçalo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Michelle Lopes

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available This work describes the spatial-temporal variation of the relative abundance and size of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857 collected in São Gonçalo Channel through bottom trawl with a 0.5 cm mesh, at depths between 3 and 6 m. The estimative of mean relative abundance (CPUE ranged from 2,425.3 individuals per drag (ind./drag in the spring to 21,715.0 ind./drag in the fall, with an average of 9,515.3 ind./drag throughout the year. The estimated mean density of L. fortunei for the deep region of São Gonçalo Channel ranged from 1.2 to 10.3 ind./m², and it was recorded a maximum density of 84.9 ind./m² in the fall of 2008. The method of sampling using bottom trawl enabled the capture of L. fortunei under the soft muddy bottom of the channel, in different sizes ranging from 0.4 to 3.2 cm. This shows that the structure of the L. fortunei adult population under the bottom of the São Gonçalo Channel is composed mostly of small individuals (Este trabalho descreve a variação espaço-temporal da abundância relativa e tamanho de Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857 coletados no Canal São Gonçalo através de rede de arrasto de fundo com malha 0,5 cm, em profundidades entre 3 e 6 m. As estimativas de abundância relativa média (CPUE variaram de 2.425,3 ind./arrasto, na primavera a 21.715,0 ind./arrasto no outono, com média de 9.515,3 ind./ arrasto ao longo do ano. A densidade média estimada para L. fortunei para a região profunda do Canal São Gonçalo variou de 1,2 a 10,3 ind./m², sendo registrada uma densidade máxima de 84,9 ind./m² no outono de 2008. O método de coleta com arrasto de fundo possibilitou a captura de L. fortunei sob o fundo mole lodoso do canal, em tamanhos variando de 0,4 a 3,2 cm, revelando que a estrutura da população adulta de L. fortunei sob fundo do Canal São Gonçalo é composta, em sua maioria, por indivíduos pequenos (<1,4 cm, os quais representam até 74% da população coletada.

  5. Space-time variation of the relative abundance of Limnoperna fortunei in deep zones of São Gonçalo Channel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Variação espaço-temporal da abundância relativa de Limnoperna fortunei em zonas profundas do canal São Gonçalo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Michelle Lopes

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available This work describes the spatial-temporal variation of the relative abundance and size of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857 collected in São Gonçalo Channel through bottom trawl with a 0.5 cm mesh, at depths between 3 and 6 m. The estimative of mean relative abundance (CPUE ranged from 2,425.3 individuals per drag (ind./drag in the spring to 21,715.0 ind./drag in the fall, with an average of 9,515.3 ind./drag throughout the year. The estimated mean density of L. fortunei for the deep region of São Gonçalo Channel ranged from 1.2 to 10.3 ind./m², and it was recorded a maximum density of 84.9 ind./m² in the fall of 2008. The method of sampling using bottom trawl enabled the capture of L. fortunei under the soft muddy bottom of the channel, in different sizes ranging from 0.4 to 3.2 cm. This shows that the structure of the L. fortunei adult population under the bottom of the São Gonçalo Channel is composed mostly of small individuals (Este trabalho descreve a variação espaço-temporal da abundância relativa e tamanho de Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857 coletados no Canal São Gonçalo através de rede de arrasto de fundo com malha 0,5 cm, em profundidades entre 3 e 6 m. As estimativas de abundância relativa média (CPUE variaram de 2.425,3 ind./arrasto, na primavera a 21.715,0 ind./arrasto no outono, com média de 9.515,3 ind./ arrasto ao longo do ano. A densidade média estimada para L. fortunei para a região profunda do Canal São Gonçalo variou de 1,2 a 10,3 ind./m², sendo registrada uma densidade máxima de 84,9 ind./m² no outono de 2008. O método de coleta com arrasto de fundo possibilitou a captura de L. fortunei sob o fundo mole lodoso do canal, em tamanhos variando de 0,4 a 3,2 cm, revelando que a estrutura da população adulta de L. fortunei sob fundo do Canal São Gonçalo é composta, em sua maioria, por indivíduos pequenos (<1,4 cm, os quais representam até 74% da população coletada.

  6. Dynamics of the accumulation of polluting agents on transmission and distribution power line insulators; Dinamica de acumulacion de contaminantes sobre aisladores de lineas de transmision y distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez Moreno, Felipe de Jesus

    1988-07-01

    , they are useful for the development of models that allow establishing the maintenance periods that, with a minimum cost, diminish in a substantial way the fault index of the national electrical system. [Spanish] El incremento en el uso de la electricidad y la necesidad de transferir grandes volumenes de energia en forma eficiente y segura, plantea la necesidad de buscar la disminucion de la frecuencia de fallas, asi como la optimacion de las lineas de transmision y distribucion. Para esto, el calculo de las distancias dielectricas requeridas en la etapa de diseno de lineas, solo podra lograrse a traves de un mejor conocimiento de los esfuerzos dielectricos producto de las sobretensiones de origen interno (maniobras de conexion) o externo (descargas atmosfericas) y la degradacion temporal o permanente, que introducen sobre los materiales aislantes los diversos factores ambientales y parametros meteorologicos (contaminacion humedad, temperatura, lluvia, etc.). De estos, la contaminacion es la causa de un alto porcentaje de fallas y el presente trabajo de tesis se relaciona con las contingencias originadas por este factor. Para hacer frente al problema, en Mexico se desarrolla un proyecto de investigacion en materia de contaminacion denominado Efectos de la Contaminacion en Aislamientos. Como parte de este proyecto, este trabajo de tesis analiza algunas hipotesis acerca de la dinamica de acumulacion de contaminantes en los aisladores, considerando los factores mas importantes en la evolucion del fenomeno de la contaminacion; a saber, los parametros meteorologicos, la morfologia del aislador y el periodo de exposicion al medio ambiente. En su estado actual, la investigacion en este campo en nuestro pais, asi como las herramientas de computo y bancos de informacion del proyecto, permiten obtener en este trabajo curvas de saturacion para los aisladores bajo estudio. Estas curvas, esencialmente dan los niveles maximos de contaminacion asi como la rapidez de acumulacion de

  7. Nuevos registros y observaciones de algunas especies de Elaphoglossum (Elaphoglossaceae del Perú

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leopoldo F. Mellado

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Elaphoglossum cardioglossum Mickel y Elaphoglossum molle (Sodiro C. Chr. son reportados para la fl ora peruana, de colecciones realizadas en Cusco y Pasco. Por primera vez es descrito material fértil de Elaphoglossum alipes Mickel, Elaphoglossum alipes Mickel, Elaphoglossum alipes Elaphoglossum atropunctatum Mickel, Elaphoglos- sum cardioglossum Mickel y Elaphoglossum haynaldii (Sodiro I. Losch. También se actualizan Elaphoglossum haynaldii (Sodiro I. Losch. T ambién se actualizan Elaphoglossum haynaldii sus distribuciones.

  8. Modelos probabilísticos de tópicos para aplicaciones de minería de datos

    OpenAIRE

    García Alfaro, Wilberth Ricardo

    2010-01-01

    Los modelos estadísticos establecen la relación entre las variables aleatorias involucradas en un proceso. Mediante el uso de parámetros hacen posible estudiar la estructura de una colección de datos desde un punto de vista matemático. Se auxilia de herrameintas tales como el muestreo la inferencia, y mediante un conjunto de suposiciones acerca de las distribuciones de la población, intenta explicar el comportamiento de dicho conjunto.

  9. El género Morphnus

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lehmann V. F. C.

    1943-08-01

    Full Text Available Nombres comunes: Aguila churuquera, Aguila miquera, Aguila copetona, Gavilán miquero,  Aguila-gavilán, Gavilán. real.  DISTRIBUCION: Desde Honduras, por Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, las Guayanas, el Brasil, el Oriente del Ecuador y del Perú, hasta el Paraguay. En Colombia se encuentra en las selvas frondosas de las regiones cálidas: Llanos Orientales, Choco, Valle del Magdalena (parte selvosa , sur de la Guajira, Caquetá y Amazonia.

  10. Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial

    OpenAIRE

    Miguel Ángel Ruiz Díaz; María Noel Rodríguez Ayán

    2008-01-01

    En este trabajo se evalúa la incidencia de la atenuación, mediante transformaciones de variables, del sesgo y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas, sobre la estructura factorial, estimada mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Los datos proceden de una escala de opinión estudiantil para la evaluación de profesores universitarios, de 16 ítems medidos en escala Likert. Las distribuciones observadas no se aproximan a la normalidad, por lo que ...

  11. Control of Surface Wettability Using Tripodal Light-Activated Molecular Motors

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Chen, Kuang-Yen; Ivashenko, Oleksii; Carroll, Gregory T.; Robertus, Jort; Kistemaker, Jos C. M.; London, Gabor; Browne, Wesley R.; Rudolf, Petra; Feringa, Ben L.

    2014-01-01

    Monolayers of fluorinated light-driven molecular motors were synthesized and immobilized on gold films in an altitudinal orientation via tripodal stators. In this design the fimctionalized molecular motors are not interfering and preserve their rotary function on gold. The wettability of the

  12. The Holocene treeline in the northern Andes (Ecuador): First evidence from soil charcoal

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Pasquale, Di G.; Maziano, M.; Impagliazzo, S.; Lubritto, C.; Natale, De A.; Bader, M.

    2008-01-01

    Indications for the speed and timing of past altitudinal treeline shifts are often contradictory. Partly, this may be due to interpretation difficulties of pollen records, which are generally regional rather than local proxies. We used pedoanthracology, the identification and dating of macroscopic

  13. Registro preliminar de Basidiomycetes del Páramo De Ocetá (Monguí-Boyacá, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Helbert David Siabatto F.

    2005-07-01

    órdenes: Agaricales, Afiloforales, Lycoperdales y Russulales. Se realizó un análisis de acuerdo al gradiente altitudinal muestreado (3.265 a 3.455 msnm y su incidencia en la morfología, indicando posibles adaptaciones en contraste a colecciones consultadas.

  14. Floristic diversity in fragmented Afromontane rainforests

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Schmitt, Christine B.; Denich, Manfred; Demissew, Sebsebe

    2010-01-01

    Ordination and indicator species analyses showed gradual variations in floristic diversity along the altitudinal gradient with a pronounced shift in species composition at ca. 1830 m. Upper montane forest is characterized by high fern diversity and indicator species that are Afromontane endemics...

  15. Disentangling ecological, allometric and evolutionary determinants of the relationship between seed mass and elevation: insights from multiple analyses of 1355 angiosperm species on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Qi, Wei; Guo, Shuqing; Chen, Xuelin; Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Bu, Haiyan; Du, Guozhen; Cui, Xianliang; Li, Wenjin; Liu, Kun

    2014-01-01

    Variation in abiotic conditions along altitudinal gradients may sort plant species from regional species pools according to their seed mass. With increasing elevation, seed mass is expected to be either larger for its advantage during seedling establishment in stressful high-elevation environments

  16. Migration Patterns of Two Endangered Sympatric Species from a Remote Sensing Perspective

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Wang, T.; Skidmore, A.K.; Zeng, Z.; Beck, P.S.A.; Si, Y.; Song, Y.; Liu, X.; Prins, H.H.T.

    2010-01-01

    Giant pandas (Ailitropoda melanoleuca) and golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) are large mammals that occur together throughout the southern part of the Qin ling Mountains in China. Both species have the habit of altitudinal migration in a mixed forest-bamboo landscape. Although previous

  17. Distribución geográfica de la avifauna en la Sierra Madre Oriental de San Luis Potosí, México: un análisis regional de su estado de conservación

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Javier Sahagún Sánchez

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available La región de la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO en el estado de San Luis Potosí en México es considerada un sitio de relevancia para la conservación de la avifauna a nivel nacional. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la distribución geográfica de las aves en la zona para identificar las áreas con mayor concentración de la riqueza y evaluar su estado actual de conservación para fundamentar la necesidad de incrementar la superficie dedicada a las áreas naturales protegidas en el futuro. Se recolectó información proveniente de diversas bases de datos de colecciones y museos, además de realizar trabajo de campo en el periodo de enero 2009 a Mayo 2011. Se modelaron las distribuciones potenciales para 284 especies con el programa GARP y se elaboró un mapa de consenso para determinar la ubicación espacial de las áreas con condiciones ambientales para soportar el mayor número de especies. Finalmente, se evaluó la representatividad de las zonas dedicadas a la conservación para las aves. Se registraron 357 especies, de las cuales el 71.4% son residentes permanentes, 19% son migratorias de invierno y 3.9% residentes de verano. Del total, 41 especies son endémicas y 48 se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo; la mayor concentración de especies se presentó en las coberturas de bosques de encino, bosques mesófilos y selvas medianas y bajas caducifolias, en un intervalo altitudinal entre 100-1 500m con una más alta cantidad de nichos en la parte centro y hacia el sur y este de la región. Sólo el 10% de las zonas con alto potencial de número de especies está incluido como área de importancia para la conservación de las aves y el 3% del total de áreas potenciales está bajo alguna categoría estatal de protección; sin embargo, ninguna de las áreas tiene un plan de manejo que esté siendo aplicado y monitoreado. La información generada es importante para el desarrollo de propuestas de conservación para las

  18. Simulación de un horno eléctrico de arco CC para aceración: estudio de la región del arco y del baño metálico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramírez Argáez, Marco Aurelio

    2001-06-01

    Full Text Available A mathematical model was developed to describe fluid flow, heat transfer, and electromagnetic phenomena in the arc and bath regions of DC Electric Arc Furnaces (DCEAF. The model is used to examine the effect on flow patterns and temperature distribution in the bath, under the influence of both an arc and bottom argon injection in steel or steel/slag systems. Validation of the model employed experimental measurements from systems physically related to DC-EAF from literature. For the conditions analyzed, electromagnetic forces dominate the fluid motion in the bath. Buoyancy and shear forces from the arc have a negligible effect in driving the flow; however, they partially counteract the electromagnetic forces. Slag decreases fluid motion in the steel and enhances temperature stratification in the system. Stirring of the bath, using a 3-nozzle inert gas injection system, is found to promote temperature uniformity in the regions near the lateral wall of the furnace.

    Se desarrolló un modelo matemático que describe el flujo de fluidos, transferencia de calor y fenómenos electromagnéticos en las regiones del arco y baño en hornos eléctricos de arco de corriente continua (HEA-CC. El modelo predice patrones de flujo y distribuciones de temperatura bajo la influencia del arco eléctrico y del burbujeo de argón en baños monofásicos (acero ó en sistemas bifásicos (acero / escoria. Para validar, parcialmente, el modelo se usaron mediciones experimentales citadas en la literatura sobre sistemas análogos al HEA. Bajo las condiciones analizadas, el burbujeo de argón domina el flujo de fluidos promoviendo excelente homogenización dentro del baño. La escoria afecta negativamente al mezclado, fomentando la formación de zonas calientes sobre la superficie del acero. El arco eléctrico calienta al baño y lo agita mediante fuerzas electromagnéticas. Asimismo, se encontró que las fuerzas boyantes y de corte sobre la superficie del baño son

  19. Bioclimatic conditioning places for propagation the plants; Acondicionamiento Bioclimatico de locales para programacion de plantas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Iriarte, Adolfo [Catamarca, (Argentina); Lesino, Gabriela [Buenos Aires, (Argentina); Matias, Cesar [Catamarca, (Argentina)

    2000-07-01

    y masa, distribucion de temperatura en la estructura, aire, camas de enraizamiento y humedades relativas internas y externas, asi como resultados termicos y agronomicos logrados durante condiciones de verano e invierno, destacandose que la eficiencia de produccion en verano estuvo entre el 43 y en 75 % y en invierno entre el 30 y 60 % para estacas de olivo.

  20. EL LOCUS DE DISTRIBUCION COMO COROLARIO DEL LOCUS DE CONTROL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luisa Mayoral

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Este es un artículo científico acerca del Locus de Distribución, surgido de un estudio realizado con una población de docentes y alumnos universitarios. Respecto de los primeros, se ha indagado acerca de las atribuciones que se realizaban en torno a las recompensas y sanciones, que ellos distribuían a sus alumnos. Respecto de los segundos, se ha buscado determinar la valoración que estos realizaban de sus profesores, en términos de aquellas atribuciones. Para ello, se utilizaron dos paradigmas clásicamente empleados para verificar la existencia de una norma: el paradigma de la autopresentación (docentes, y el paradigma de los juicios (alumnos. La cuestión planteada fue determinar si en el caso de los comportamientos distributivos de refuerzos, las causas se atribuían a variables externas -en particular a los receptores de esos refuerzos- y si esas formas de atribución eran conocidas y valoradas o no, por los alumnos. De los resultados, surgió la confirmación de nuestra hipótesis de explicaciones externas en materia de comportamientos distributivos de sanciones en el ámbito de la docencia y la valoración positiva de estas atribuciones por los alumnos.

  1. A test of the thermal melanism hypothesis in the wingless grasshopper Phaulacridium vittatum.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Harris, Rebecca M; McQuillan, Peter; Hughes, Lesley

    2013-01-01

    Altitudinal clines in melanism are generally assumed to reflect the fitness benefits resulting from thermal differences between colour morphs, yet differences in thermal quality are not always discernible. The intra-specific application of the thermal melanism hypothesis was tested in the wingless grasshopper Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) first by measuring the thermal properties of the different colour morphs in the laboratory, and second by testing for differences in average reflectance and spectral characteristics of populations along 14 altitudinal gradients. Correlations between reflectance, body size, and climatic variables were also tested to investigate the underlying causes of clines in melanism. Melanism in P. vittatum represents a gradation in colour rather than distinct colour morphs, with reflectance ranging from 2.49 to 5.65%. In unstriped grasshoppers, darker morphs warmed more rapidly than lighter morphs and reached a higher maximum temperature (lower temperature excess). In contrast, significant differences in thermal quality were not found between the colour morphs of striped grasshoppers. In support of the thermal melanism hypothesis, grasshoppers were, on average, darker at higher altitudes, there were differences in the spectral properties of brightness and chroma between high and low altitudes, and temperature variables were significant influences on the average reflectance of female grasshoppers. However, altitudinal gradients do not represent predictable variation in temperature, and the relationship between melanism and altitude was not consistent across all gradients. Grasshoppers generally became darker at altitudes above 800 m a.s.l., but on several gradients reflectance declined with altitude and then increased at the highest altitude.

  2. Potensi dan konservasi jenis-jenis Hoya dataran tinggi Pulau Jawa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sri Rahayu

    2013-10-01

    Full Text Available Hoyas (Hoya Sp.: Asclepiadoideae - Apocynaceae has been utilized as ornamental plant especially in Europe and the USA. The original distribute from the South of India to Samoa, and from South of Japan to the North –East of Australia. Altitudinal distribution from the sea level to about 2000m. According to the thermoecological concept by Van Steenish, altitudinal distribution of plant correlated with the latitudinal distribution regarding with the environmental temperature. The lowland plant prefer to higher temperature and distribute in arround the eqator, while high altitude plant able to adapt in temperate zones. The inventory of high altitude Hoya species has been conduct in Java by fl ora exploration during 1996–2011. The species can be utilized as ornamental plant for export trade to Europe and USA. There were eight species of Hoya in high altitude of Java, six of them have wide altitude range distribution, while the two species i.e. H. kuhlii (Blume Koorders and H. purpureofusca Hook. evolve restricted distribution only at the high altitude of Java/Bali above 1000m. H. wrayi King & Gamble only found once at 1200 m in East Java, but this species has been found in lower altitude in Sumatra. Species which have wide range altitudinal distribution i.e. H. campanulata Blume, H. lacunosa, H. latifolia G. Don, H. lasiantha Korth., H. multifl ora Blume and H. wrayi Kimg & Gamble, able to adapt in wider latitude. The potencial development and conservation aspect described in this paper

  3. MODELADO DE DINÁMICA DE FLUIDOS Y TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR Y MASA EN PROCESOS AGROALIMENTARIOS POR MÉTODO DE VOLÚMENES FINITOS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    NELSON O. MORAGA

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Se describe la transferencia de momento, calor y masa transitorio bi-dimensional en procesos agroalimentarios. Estos procesos son: la pre-cosecha y la deshidratación por aire caliente de frutas. La metodología incluye modelación matemática y simulación computacional para describir la convección y difusión de calor y masa conjugada que resulta de la interacción entre el alimento y el aire. El modelo matemático emplea las ecuaciones diferenciales parciales no lineales acopladas de continuidad, momento lineal, energía y materia. Se considera que las propiedades físicas de las frutas calculadas mediante correlaciones empíricas, varían con la temperatura y la concentración de humedad. El método de volúmenes finitos junto el algoritmo SIMPLE se utiliza para obtener los resultados de la variación en el tiempo de las distribuciones de velocidades (v, temperaturas (T y concentraciones de humedad (C para los procesos en estudio. Las propiedades termofísicas variables de los alimentos se obtuvieron a partir de modelos empíricos. Los resultados obtenidos incluyen distribuciones de las variables dependientes (v, T, C en el tiempo, los cuales se comparan con resultados experimentales y numéricos de la literatura especializada.

  4. Modelando la distribución de series de tiempo de tasa de cambio y midiendo el área de las colas: una aplicación empírica a los rendimientos de la tasa de cambio flexible en Colombia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hector Manuel Zárate Solano

    2010-05-01

    Full Text Available El conocimiento de la distribución de probabilidad de los retornos de la tasa de cambio y la medición de las área extremas son tópicos en la literatura de finanzas que han sido analizados por procedimientos de estimación paramétricos y no paramétricos. Sin embargo, un conflicto de robustez surge debido a que estas series de tiempo son leptocúrticas. Más aún, se ha observado que en varias economías en desarrollo la fase inicial del régimen flexible de tasa de cambio ha presentado volatilidad alta. En esta investigación se cubren dos objetivos: primero, parametrizar varias clases de distribuciones que permitan tener una nueva descripción del proceso generador de la tasa de cambio durante el régimen flexible. Segundo, cuantificar el área extrema a través del estimador de Hill. Está estrategia requiere que el número de observaciones extremas sea conocido. Así basado en la teoría de estadísticas de orden se implementa una regla de decisión encontrada por simulación de Monte Carlo bajo varias distribuciones. El modelo de decisión es formulado de tal manera que el error cuadrado medio es minimizado.

  5. Una versión de la distribución Rayleigh generalizada transmutada

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yuri A. Iriarte

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available La calidad de los procedimientos utilizados en un análisis estadístico depende en gran medida del modelo o las distribuciones de probabilidad que se emplean. Debido a esto, diversos autores han realizado un esfuerzo considerable en generalizar o extender distribuciones de probabilidad presentes en la literatura estadística. En este contexto, Vodă en [13] introduce la distribución de probabilidad Rayleigh generalizada; esta distribución es bastante utilizada en el análisis estadístico de confiabilidad. En este artículo extendemos la distribución Rayleigh generalizada usando el mapa de transmutación de rango cuadrático estudiado por Shaw y Buckley en [12]. Estudiamos las principales propiedades del nuevo modelo, realizamos inferencia estadística y mostramos una aplicación con datos reales. Finalmente, se presentan las principales conclusiones del artículo. Abstract. Statistical analysis procedures’s quality depends on the proper use of the probability distributions. For that reason, many probability distributions have been generalized. For example, Vodă in [13] introduced the generalized Rayleigh distribution, a model widely used in reliability analysis. In this article, we introduce an extension of the generalized Rayleigh distribution using the quadratic rank transmutation map studied by Shaw and Buckley in [12]. We study t

  6. Consideraciones sobre algunas metodologías habituales para el análisis de tablas de movilidad social. Ventajas y limitaciones de una alternativa basada en cadenas de Markov

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Germán Rosati

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available El problema de la «movilidad social» constituye un tópico clásico en la ciencia social y ha tenido diversos abordajes. En este trabajo se presentan algunas herramientas metodológicas para el análisis de la movilidad social en matrices de transición. Se discutirán los alcances y limitaciones de algunas metodologías clásicas de análisis: análisis de «entradas» y «salidas; el índice de movilidad/ estabilidad social; el índice basado en el coeficiente Q de Joule desarrollado por Andrea Tyree y los modelos log-lineales. Estas herramientas funcionan bajo el supuesto de «independencia estadística» entre los momentos de la matriz de transición. Se intentará mostrar la utilidad que las cadenas de Markov poseen, en tanto permiten «flexibilizar» (al menos en teoría estos supuestos, al trabajar sobre distribuciones probabilísticas de movilidad (llamadas matrices de transición. Por ello se propondrán algunos elementos para la construcción de un índice basado en estas distribuciones probabilísticas y se compararán sus resultados con las metodologías anteriores. Se ilustrarán algunos de los resultados con datos secundarios provenientes de otros trabajos de investigación.

  7. Adhesion of Photon-Driven Molecular Motors to Surfaces via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions : Effect of Interfacial Interactions on Molecular Motion

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Carroll, Gregory T.; London, Gabor; Fernández Landaluce, Tatiana; Rudolf, Petra; Feringa, Ben L.

    We report the attachment of altitudinal light-driven molecular motors to surfaces using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Molecular motors were designed containing azide or alkyne groups for attachment to alkyne- or azide-modified surfaces. Surface attachment was characterized by UV-vis, IR, XPS,

  8. Ultra-high resolution pollen record from the northern Andes reveals rapid shifts in montane climates within the last two glacial cycles

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Groot, M.H.M.; Bogotá, R.G.; Lourens, L.J.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Vriend, M.; Berrio, J.C.; Tuenter, E.; Van der Plicht, J.; van Geel, B.; Ziegler, M.; Weber, S.L.; Betancourt, A.; Contreras, L.; Gaviria, S.; Giraldo, C.; González, N.; Jansen, J.H.F.; Konert, M.; Ortega, D.; Rangel, O.; Sarmiento, G.; Vandenberghe, J.; Van der Hammen, T.; van der Linden, M.; Westerhoff, W.

    2011-01-01

    Here we developed a composite pollen-based record of altitudinal vegetation changes from Lake Fuquene (5 degrees N) in Colombia at 2540m elevation. We quantitatively calibrated Arboreal Pollen percentages (AP%) into mean annual temperature (MAT) changes with an unprecedented similar to 60-year

  9. Characterizing Betula litwinowii seedling microsites at the alpine-treeline ecotone, central Greater Caucasus Mountains, Georgia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nicole M Hughes; Daniel M. Johnson; Maia Akhalkatsi; Otar Abdaladze

    2009-01-01

    Seedling establishment is an important factor dictating the altitudinal limits of treeline species. Factors that affect seedling mortality and survival, however, have yet to be fully characterized, especially for deciduous treeline species. Here we describe microsite characteristics of successfully established Betula litwinowii seedlings at the...

  10. Seasonal variation in diversity and abundance of understorey birds ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Our findings suggest that in a situation where there is no natural forest, an exotic plantation with suitable indigenous understorey cover can help in protection of birds, including endemic and near-endemic species. Keywords: birds, conservation, Eastern Arc Mountains, plantation, seasonal altitudinal migration, seasons, ...

  11. Forest Carbon Stocks in Woody Plants of Mount Zequalla Monastery ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Carbon sequestration through forestry has the potential to play a significant role in ameliorating global environmental problems such as atmospheric accumulation of GHG's and climate change.The present study was undertaken to estimate forest carbon stock along altitudinal gradient in Mount Zequalla Monastery forest.

  12. The distribution of Reptiles and amphibians in the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri region (Nepal)

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Nanhoe, L.M.R.; Ouboter, P.E.

    1987-01-01

    The reptiles and amphibians of the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri region in Nepal are keyed and described. Their distribution is recorded, based on both personal observations and literature data. The ecology of the species is discussed. The zoogeography and the altitudinal distribution are analysed. All in

  13. Fitossociologia de plantas espontâneas sob cultivo agroecológico na bananeira no Sertão Paraibano

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marilia Hortência Batista Silva Rodrigues

    2017-02-01

    Full Text Available Plantas são organismos sésseis e, portanto, refletem as condições locais. Elas apresentam geralmente maiores níveis de plasticidade fenotípica comparado aos animais, o que significa que efeitos de diversos estressores podem ser mais aparentes e, potencialmente, mais fáceis de serem medidos e quantificados. Este trabalho objetivou realizar um levantamento fitossociológico das espécies de plantas espontâneas presentes no cultivo de diferentes genótipos de banana sob manejo agroecológico no Alto Sertão Paraibano. Foi realizado em uma área experimental de 1.512m2. O espaçamento entre plantas foi de 3x3 m. Para a identificação e quantificação de plantas espontâneas, foi utilizado o método do quadrado inventário. Foram calculados: frequência, frequência relativa, densidade, densidade relativa, abundância, abundância relativa e o índice de importância relativa. Foram identificadas um total de 93 indivíduos correspondentes a 21 espécies, distribuídas em 11 famílias. A área em estudo apresentou uma grande diversidade de plantas espontâneas no cultivo da banana, sendo a mais frequente (18,18% e com maior densidade relativa (38,70% a espécie Cyperus rotundus, seguido da Alternanthera tenella com frequência relativa de 13,63% e densidade relativa de 15,05%.Phytosociology of spontaneous plants under agroecological cultivation in the banana tree in backlands of Paraiba Abstract: Plants are sessile organisms and therefore reflect local conditions. They generally have higher levels of phenotypic plasticity compared to animals, which means that the effects of various stressors may be more apparent and potentially easier to measure and quantify. This work aimed to perform a phytosociological survey of the species of spontaneous plants present in the cultivation of different banana genotypes under agroecological management in Hinterland Paraibano. It was carried out in an experimental area of 1,512m2. The spacing between plants

  14. La digitalización del dinero: una perspectiva materialista del devenir del dinero en el capitalismo informacional

    OpenAIRE

    Zukerfeld, Mariano; Rabosto, Andrés N.

    2017-01-01

    Un conjunto de tendencias relativas a la conexión entre el dinero y la información digital viene transformando la dinámica de los sistemas financieros. Esas transformaciones no se han descripto sistemáticamente, analizado en conjunto desde una perspectiva materialista en ciencias sociales ni integrado en una visión más general relativa a la presente etapa del capitalismo. Este breve trabajo se propone avanzar parcialmente en el análisis de estas transformaciones haciendo foco en una de ellas:...

  15. Primer registro de Allomyces neomoniliformis (Chytridiomycota y Dictyuchus missouriensis (Oomycota aislados de un suelo agrícola (Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica M. Steciow

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available Allomyces neomoniliformis y Dictyuchus missouriensis fueron aislados de un suelo agrícola conteniendo materia orgánica (hojas, raíces y tallos en Argentina. Ambas especies son citadas por primera vez para la Argentina y por segunda vez para Sudamérica, siendo el hallazgo más austral para el hemisferio occidental. Constituye el segundo aislamiento en Argentina de especies del género Allomyces y Dictyuchus. Se realizan consideraciones acerca de la distribucion de ambas especies

  16. Bats aloft: Variation in echolocation call structure at high altitudes

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bats alter their echolocation calls in response to changes in ecological and behavioral conditions, but little is known about how they adjust their call structure in response to changes in altitude. This study examines altitudinal variation in the echolocation calls of Brazilian free-tailed bats, T...

  17. High altitude C4 grasslands in the northern Andes: relicts from glacial conditions?

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Boom, A.; Mora, G.; Cleef, A.M.; Hooghiemstra, H.

    2001-01-01

    The altitudinal vegetation distribution in the northern Andes during glacial time differed from the present-day conditions as a result of temperature and precipitation change. New evidence indicate that as a response to a reduced atmospheric partial CO2 pressure (pCO2), the competitive balance

  18. A reconstruction of Colombian biomes derived from modern pollen data along an altitude gradient.

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Marchant, R.A.; Behling, H.; Berrio Mogollon, J.C.; Cleef, A.M.; Duivenvoorden, J.F.; van Geel, B.; van der Hammen, T.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Kuhry, P.; Melief, B.M.; van Reenen, G.B.A.; Wille, M.

    2001-01-01

    Biomes are reconstructed in Colombia from modern (core-top) pollen data derived from twenty-two sites along an altitudinal gradient (2000 to 4100 m) that encompasses the tree line. The 'biomization' methodology is described in a stepwise manner that details the reconstruction of vegetation along an

  19. Vegetation Response to Upper Pliocene Glacial/Interglacial Cyclicity in the Central Mediterranean

    Science.gov (United States)

    Combourieu-Nebout, Nathalie

    1993-09-01

    New detailed pollen analysis of the lower part of the Upper Pliocene Semaforo section (Crotone, Italy) documents cyclic behavior of vegetation at the beginning of the Northern Hemisphere glaciations. The competition between four vegetation units (subtropical humid forest, deciduous temperate forest, altitudinal coniferous forest, and open xeric assemblage) probably reflects modifications of vegetation belts at this montane site. Several increases in herbaceous open vegetation regularly alternate with subtropical humid forest, which expresses rapid climatic oscillations. The complete temporal succession—deciduous forest (rich in Quercus), followed by subtropical humid forest (Taxodiaceae and Cathaya), then altitudinal coniferous forest ( Tsuga, Cedrus, Abies, and Picea), and finally herbaceous open vegetation (Graminae, Compositae, and Artemisia )—displays the climatic evolution from warm and humid interglaciation to cold and dry glaciation. It also suggests an independent variation of temperature and humidity, the two main climatic parameters. The vegetation history of southern Calabria recorded in the Semaforo section have been correlated with the ∂ 18O signal established in the Atlantic Ocean.

  20. Hemoglobin affinity in Andean rodents

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    HRVOJ OSTOJIC

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Blood hemoglobin oxygen affinity (P50 was measured in three Andean species and in the laboratory rat (control, all raised near sea level. Chinchilla lanigera (Molina, 1792 has an altitudinal habitat range from low Andean slopes up to 3000 m., while Chinchilla brevicaudata (Waterhouse, 1848 has an altitudinal range from 3000 to 5000 m. The laboratory type guinea pig, wild type guinea pig (Cavia porcellus, (Waterhouse, 1748, and laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus were also raised at sea level. The Andean species had high hemoglobin oxygen affinities (low P50 compared with the rat. Chinchilla brevicaudata had a higher affinity than Chinchilla lanigera. The wild type guinea pig had a higher affinity than the laboratory type. As has been shown in other species, this is another example of an inverse correlation between the altitude level and the P50 values. This is the first hemoglobin oxygen affinity study in Chinchilla brevicaudata.

  1. Intraspecific variation in erythrocyte sizes among populations of Hypsiboas cordobas (Anura: Hylidae

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mariana Baraquet

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available We studied the morphology and size of erythrocytes of H. cordobae, and analysed the geographic variation of this character along the distribution of the species, in relation to the latitudinal and altitudinal distances. Erythrocyte shape of the H. cordobae is ellipsoidal and the nuclei are also ellipsoidal and centrally oriented. Erythrocyte and nuclear size showed significant differences among populations, with the highest mean size corresponding to the population of Achiras (low altitude site and the lowest mean size to Los Linderos (high altitude site. There was no significant relationship between the latitude of each population and the both erythrocyte and nuclear size. The altitudinal variation in erythrocyte cell size may be attributable to the surface available for gas exchange; a small erythrocyte offers a possibility of greater rate of exchange than a larger one. Our results are consistent with studies of other amphibians, where intraspecific comparisons of populations at different altitudes show that individuals at higher altitudes are characterized by smaller erythrocytes.

  2. Analysis of the relationship between relative abundance of mature, impregnated females of Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Decapoda and environmental variables through statistical models Análisis de la relación entre la abundancia relativa de las hembras maduras e impregnadas de Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888 (Crustácea, Decapoda y las variables ambientales aplicando modelos estadísticos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica Fernández

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available The relationship between the relative abundance of mature and impregnated females of the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri (Bate 1888 and environmental variables was analyzed using statistical methods. Analyzed data carne from the research cruises of the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP carned out durmg January 2000, 2001, 2005, and 2007; March 2006; and November 2004, 2005, and 2006 in San Jorge Gulf (Argentina. The biological variables considered were the relative abundances of mature and impregnated female shrimp, whereas the environmental variables corresponded to depth, bottom water temperature and salinity, and the difference between surface and bottom water temperature and salinity. Generalized additive models were used as an exploratory tool for the numerical data and the general linear models as a confirmatory tool. The results showed that the distributions and abundances of mature and impregnated females were related to the bottom water temperature and salinity and to depth. The relationship increased along with temperature; with salinity, however, it decreased for mature females and increased for impregnated females. An optimal depth range was evidenced, where the largest concentrations of these individuáis were located.Se presenta el análisis de la relación entre la abundancia relativa de las hembras maduras e impregnadas del langostino Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888 y las variables ambientales, mediante la aplicación de modelos estadísticos. Los datos analizados provienen de las campañas de investigación del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP realizadas en enero de 2000, 2001, 2005 y 2007, marzo de 2006 y noviembre de 2004, 2005 y 2006 en el Golfo San Jorge (Argentina. Se consideraron las variables biológicas: abundancia relativa de hembras maduras y de hembras impregnadas de langostino y las variables ambientales: profundidad, temperatura y salinidad

  3. Methodology to establish the profile that defines a meta-specification that applies to distribution substations - Mexico case based on norm IEC-61850; Metodologia para establecer el perfil que define una meta-especificacion que aplica a subestaciones de distribucion -caso Mexico- basada en la norma IEC-61850

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Picazo Blanquel, Cuitlahuac; Chairez Campos Carlos; Garcia Hernandez, Joaquin; Godinez Enriquez, Hebert; Poujol Galvan, Francisco C.; Suarez Cerda, Dionisio A. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Villalobos Ramos, Andres; LLamas Gonzalez, Rosa E. [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico); Samitier Otero, Carlos [Global Networking Engineering (Spain)

    2010-07-01

    In this article is presented a case of study of automation of electrical substations of Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) of Mexico, in which the Norm IEC-61850 has been taken as reference. The case of study consists of defining a metaspecification for the protection, control, measurement and communication systems required by the substations of electrical distribution. For the development the obtained previous experience in the development of a bequeathed system SA, norm IEC61850 has been taken as reference, as well as the experiences documented in the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and Global Networking Engineering (GNE), Spain. This way, the obtained result is the metaspecification, which establishes the application of the control, protective equipment and measurement under the interoperability concepts, as well as the automation functions of substations applied in the intelligent networks (REI's). The methodology put into practice includes the design of the system architecture (SAS), the operation philosophy, the topology of the communications network, the data modeling one with logical nodes that include data types and classes of common data (CDC), transference of information, and administration of the archives ICD, SSD, SCD, and CID. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta un caso de estudio de automatizacion de subestaciones electricas de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) de Mexico, en el cual se ha tomado como referencia la norma IEC-61850. El caso de estudio consiste en definir una metaespecificacion para los sistemas proteccion, control, medicion y comunicaciones requeridos por las subestaciones de distribucion electrica. Para el desarrollo se ha tomado como referencia la experiencia previa obtenida en el desarrollo de un sistema SA legado, la norma IEC61850, asi como las experiencias documentadas en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), la Comision Federal de

  4. Telejornal dos 500 Anos : frames de protesto e violência.

    OpenAIRE

    Moura, Maria Francisca Canovas de

    2001-01-01

    A dissertação “Telejornal dos 500 Anos: Frames de Protesto e Violência” consiste em uma leitura de matérias televisivas relativas ao protesto e à violência presentes nas comemorações dos 500 Anos de Descobrimento do Brasil. O objetivo inicial era pesquisar acerca do gênero telejornal, mas, à medida que se aprofundou o tema, observou-se que somente os telejornais das duas datas, 22 e 26 de abril de 2000, relativas respectivamente ao Descobrimento e à Primeira Missa Rezada no Brasil, eram insuf...

  5. Estudio bioarqueológico de una población prehispánica lacustre del Valle de Toluca durante el horizonte epiclásico

    OpenAIRE

    Héctor Favila Cisneros

    2006-01-01

    El patrimonio arqueológico representa uno de los recursos más importantes para la recuperación de información relativa al devenir histórico de las sociedades que ocuparon el territorio nacional antes de la Conquista española. En cada sitio arqueológico se tiene una valiosa oportunidad para rescatar información relativa a procesos que permitieron la conformación de sociedades complejas que evolucionaron a lo largo de cientos de años. Desafortunadamente el vertiginoso desarrollo de la sociedad ...

  6. Importância relativa do Índice de Massa Corporal e da circunferência abdominal na predição da hipertensão arterial Relative importance of body mass index and waist circumference for hypertension in adults

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Flávio Sarno

    2007-10-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância relativa do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC e da circunferência abdominal na determinação da hipertensão arterial em adultos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra de funcionários (N=1.584, entre 18 e 64 anos de idade, de hospital geral privado do município de São Paulo. A coleta de dados envolveu questionário estruturado, medida da pressão arterial, peso, altura e circunferência abdominal. A hipertensão foi diagnosticada com pressão arterial > 140/90 mmHg ou uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva. A importância relativa do IMC e da circunferência abdominal foi calculada pela fração atribuível de hipertensão correspondente a cada indicador antropométrico, empregando-se níveis de cortes usuais e baseados na distribuição observada na população estudada. Adicionalmente, foi desenvolvido um indicador que combinou simultaneamente valores de IMC e circunferência abdominal. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 18,9% (26,9% em homens e 12,5% em mulheres. Em homens, a fração de hipertensão atribuível ao IMC superou aquela atribuível à circunferência abdominal segundo níveis de corte usuais (56% x 48%, respectivamente e quartis da distribuição observada (73% x 69%, respectivamente. Para mulheres, a fração de hipertensão atribuível à circunferência abdominal superou ligeiramente aquela atribuível ao IMC nos níveis de corte usuais (44% x 41%, respectivamente; mas se observou situação inversa empregando a classificação em quartis (41% x 57%, respectivamente. Somente em mulheres a fração de hipertensão atribuível ao indicador que combinou IMC e circunferência abdominal (64% superou a fração atribuível a cada medida isolada. CONCLUSÕES: Tanto o IMC quanto a circunferência abdominal se associaram positiva e independentemente com a ocorrência de hipertensão arterial, sendo superior a influência exercida pelo IMC em homens.OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative

  7. 108-110 Registration of Guta Barley (Hordeium vulgare L.)

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    adoption potential by the local farmers. Keywords: Guta; Barley (Hordeium vulgare L); Yield ... evaluated along with Aruso and Shage as the local and standard variety, respectively at altitudinal range of 2400- ... 6. Farmers Evaluation of the Variety. To evaluate the perception and preferences of the local farmers, farmers' ...

  8. Quercus kelloggii Newb., California black oak

    Science.gov (United States)

    P.M. McDonald

    1990-01-01

    California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) exceeds all other California oaks in volume, distribution, and altitudinal range. Yet this deciduous hardwood has had little sustained commercial use and almost no management, even though its wood closely resembles that of its valuable, managed, and heavily used counterpart-northern red oak (...

  9. Human fascioliasis in South Africa.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Black, J; Ntusi, N; Stead, P; Mayosi, B; Mendelson, M

    2013-07-29

    Human fascioliasis has the widest latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal distribution of any vector-borne disease, yet only 3 cases have been reported from South Africa, the last in 1964. We report 2 cases from the same geographic area associated with local consumption of watercress, suggesting an endemic focus. 

  10. Variability in foraging behaviour and prey of the Common Fiscal ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Aspects of the foraging behaviour along an altitudinal gradient of four subpopulations Durban, Merrivale, Estcourt and Harrismith) of colour-banded Common Fiscals (Lanius collaris) were analysed in summer and winter in South Africa. ... items can be taken with little opportunity cost while waiting for better items to appear.

  11. The forest vegetation of Ramal de Guaramacal in the Venezuelan Andes

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Cuello, A.N.L.; Cleef, A.M.

    2009-01-01

    Montane forest community composition of Ranial de Guaramacal, Venezuelan Andes, was studied along the altitudinal gradient on both sides of the range with different slope expositions. Thirty five 0.1 ha plots were Surveyed, with variable intervals of 30 to 150 meters between 1350 in and 2890 in and

  12. The forest vegetation of Ramal de Guaramacal in the Venezuelan Andes

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Cuello A., N.L.; Cleef, A.M.

    2009-01-01

    Montane forest community composition of Ramal de Guaramacal, Venezuelan Andes, was studied along the altitudinal gradient on both sides of the range with different slope expositions. Thirty five 0.1 ha plots were surveyed, with variable intervals of 30 to 150 meters between 1350 m and 2890 m and

  13. New fern records for Kilimanjaro | Hemp | Journal of East African ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Working on the flora and vegetation of Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 17 ferns in 10 families were found that had not yet been recorded for the floral region T2. The altitudinal range, localities and habitat description are given for Adiantum raddianum, Asplenium bugoiense, Blechnum ivohibense, Blotiella stipitata, Dryopteris ...

  14. Variation of Maximum Tree Height and Annual Shoot Growth of Smith Fir at Various Elevations in the Sygera Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Yafeng; Čufar, Katarina; Eckstein, Dieter; Liang, Eryuan

    2012-01-01

    Little is known about tree height and height growth (as annual shoot elongation of the apical part of vertical stems) of coniferous trees growing at various altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau, which provides a high-elevation natural platform for assessing tree growth performance in relation to future climate change. We here investigated the variation of maximum tree height and annual height increment of Smith fir (Abies georgei var. smithii) in seven forest plots (30 m×40 m) along two altitudinal transects between 3,800 m and 4,200/4,390 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in the Sygera Mountains, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Four plots were located on north-facing slopes and three plots on southeast-facing slopes. At each site, annual shoot growth was obtained by measuring the distance between successive terminal bud scars along the main stem of 25 trees that were between 2 and 4 m high. Maximum/mean tree height and mean annual height increment of Smith fir decreased with increasing altitude up to the tree line, indicative of a stress gradient (the dominant temperature gradient) along the altitudinal transect. Above-average mean minimum summer (particularly July) temperatures affected height increment positively, whereas precipitation had no significant effect on shoot growth. The time series of annual height increments of Smith fir can be used for the reconstruction of past climate on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In addition, it can be expected that the rising summer temperatures observed in the recent past and anticipated for the future will enhance Smith fir's growth throughout its altitudinal distribution range. PMID:22396738

  15. Case Study: Effect of Climatic Characterization on River Discharge in an Alpine-Prealpine Catchment of the Spanish Pyrenees Using the SWAT Model

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leticia Palazón

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available The new challenges in assessment of water resources demand new approaches and tools, such as the use of hydrologic models, which could serve to assist managers in the prediction, planning and management of catchment water supplies in view of increased demand of water for irrigation and climatic change. Good characterization of the spatial patterns of climate variables is of paramount importance in hydrological modelling. This is especially so when modelling mountain environments which are characterized by strong altitudinal climate gradients. However, very often there is a poor distribution of climatic stations in these areas, which in many cases, results in under representation of high altitude areas with respect to climatic data. This results in the poor performance of the models. In the present study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT model was applied to the Barasona reservoir catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees in order to assess the influence of different climatic characterizations in the monthly river discharges. Four simulations with different input data were assessed, using only the available climate data (A1; the former plus one synthetic dataset at a higher altitude (B1; and both plus the altitudinal climate gradient (A2 and B2. The model’s performance was evaluated against the river discharges for the representative periods of 2003–2005 and 1994–1996 by means of commonly used statistical measures. The best results were obtained using the altitudinal climate gradient alone (scenario A2. This study provided insight into the importance of taking into account the sources and the spatial distribution of weather data in modelling water resources in mountainous catchments.

  16. Plant distribution-altitude and landform relationships in karstic sinkholes of Mediterranean region of Turkey.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ozkan, Kürsad; Gulsoy, Serkan; Mert, Ahmet; Ozturk, Munir; Muys, Bart

    2010-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the plant distribution and the altitude-shape-size characteristics of sinkholes, and the landform characteristics inside sinkholes in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Block kriging, Factor analysis, Cluster Analysis and Detrended Correspondence Analysis were performed. The sinkhole type and altitudinal zone were found to be the significant factors affecting the plant distribution. However, the sinkhole type was more important than the altitudinal zone. Hence, the sinkholes were first subdivided into groups according to types and then the groups were divided into subgroups according to the altitudinal zones. Consequently, 4 groups were defined; A-type sinkholes [1400-1550 m (A1), 1550-1700 m (A2)] and B-type sinkholes [1400-1550 (B1), 1550-1700 m (B2)]. The B-type was wider vertically and shorter horizontally than A-type sinkholes. Significant differences were found between the plant distribution and slope position inside the sinkholes. Plant distribution in the lower slopes was different from that in the flats and ridges in the B1 sub-type of B-type. Plant distribution in B2 subtype was different among the slope positions (ridge, middle slope, lower slope, and flat). Although distribution of plants is different in different parts (ridges, upper slope, middle slope, lower slope and basal flats) of A sinkhole, the differences between the parts of intermediate slope position are not significant. A high plant variability along short distances in the sinkholes was observed in the study area. That is why the site of sinkholes have a big potential for the distribution of many species. Hence, the area must be separated as strictly protected zone.

  17. Rhizospheric Bacterial Community of Endemic Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Ssp. delavayi along Eastern Himalayan Slope in Tawang

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    Rajal Debnath

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available Information on rhizosphere micobiome of endemic plants from high mountain ecosystems against those of cultivated plantations is inadequate. Comparative bacterial profiles of endemic medicinal plant R. arboreum Sm. subsp. delavayi rhizosphere pertaining to four altitudinal zonation Pankang-Thang (PTSO, Nagula, Y-junction and Bum La (Indo-China border (in triplicates each along cold adapted Eastern slope of Himalayan Tawang region, India is described here. Significant differences in DGGE profile between below ground bulk vs rhizospheric community profile associated with the plant was identified. Tagged 16S amplicon sequencing from PTSO (3912m to Bum La (4509 m, revealed that soil pH, total nitrogen (TN, organic matter (OM significantly influenced the underlying bacterial community structure at different altitudes. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria was inversely related to pH, as opposed to TN which was positively correlated to Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria abundance. TN was also the significant predictor for less abundant taxonomic groups Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Nitrospirae. Bum La soil harbored less bacterial diversity compared to other sites at lower altitudes. The most abundant phyla at 3% genetic difference were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria amongst others. Analysis of similarity indicated greater similarity within lower altitudinal than higher altitudinal group (ANOSIM, R = 0.287, p = 0.02. Constraining the ordination with the edaphic factor explained 83.13% of variation. Unique phylotypes of Bradyrhizobium and uncultured Rhizobiales were found in significant proportions at the four regions. With over 1% relative abundance Actinobacteria (42.6%, Acidobacteria (24.02%, Proteobacteria (16.00%, AD3 (9.23%, WPS-2 (5.1% and Chloroflexi (1.48% dominated the core microbiome.

  18. Geotermometría, cocientes metálicos y direcciones de flujo en la veta esperanza, distrito Huachocolpa (Perú)

    OpenAIRE

    Pérez-Puig Obieta, Cosme Rafael; Castroviejo Bolibar, Ricardo; Martín Sánchez, Domingo Alfonso; Costafreda Mustelier, Jorge Luis

    2011-01-01

    Resumen El trabajo a continuación detalla los resultados más importantes de un estudio conjunto de: mineralogía de mena y ganga, distribuciones geoquímicas y microtermometría con el objetivo de caracterizar los flujos mineralizantes de la veta Esperanza. La veta Esperanza es un yacimiento epitermal de baja sulfuración, actualmente en explotación en el distrito de Huachocolpa, Perú. La mineralización está compuesta por esfalerita, galena, tetraedrita, calcopirita y otros sulfuros y sulf...

  19. When the mean fails, use an M-estimator

    OpenAIRE

    Cajal, Berta; Gervilla, Elena; Palmer, Alfonso

    2012-01-01

    En el campo de las adicciones en muchas ocasiones se tiene que trabajar con variables cuantitativas, siendo la media aritmética el índice de localización utilizado mayoritariamente. No obstante, el uso de este índice debería limitarse a aquellas situaciones en las que las distribuciones de las variables sean simétricas. El objetivo de este trabajo es ejemplificar la importancia de recurrir a estadísticos descriptivos adecuados para resumir variables cuantitativas, mediante el estudio de la ca...

  20. La explicación sociológica de la demanda y distribución del alumnado de FP

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    LEOPOLDO JOSÉ CABRERA RODRÍGUEZ

    1996-01-01

    Full Text Available el presente trabajo pretende cuestionar el modelo de planificacion educativa seguido desde los años sesenta hasta la actualidad, que busca el ajuste del sistema educativo a las necesidades del sistema productivo mediante acciones sobre la oferta educativa. queremos mostrar que las posibilidades de exito de este modelo son bajas porque no considera las variables sociologicas que explican la demanda y distribucion del alumnado de fp, que, por otra parte, no parecen coincidir con las peticiones de formacion del mercado de trabajo.

  1. Emulación de elementos de networking interactuando con máquinas virtuales

    OpenAIRE

    Binker, Carlos; Pére, Alejandro; Buranits, Guillermo; Zurdo, Eliseo

    2016-01-01

    En este trabajo se pretende mostrar la emulación de elementos de networking tales como switches y routers interactuando con máquinas virtuales que emplean sistemas operativos diversos como ser Windows, Mac OS X, Linux en diferentes distribuciones, etc. A tal efecto se emplea una plataforma de software libre denominada GNS3 (Graphical Simulator Network 3). Después de hacer un análisis más pormenorizado de dicha plataforma con sus programas asociados se mostrará un ejemplo de laboratorio en don...

  2. Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Threshold Autoregressive Models with Missing Data

    OpenAIRE

    Calderón Villanueva, Sergio Alejandro

    2014-01-01

    Resumen. En algunos campos, nos vemos forzados a trabajar con datos faltantes en series de tiempo multivaridas, desafortunadamente el análisis en este contexto no puede ser hecho como en caso completo. El análisis de modelos multivaridos autoregresivos de umbrales(MTAR) con entradas exógenas y datos faltantes es llevado a cabo vía el enfoque Bayesiano. Los métodos MCMC son usados para obtener muestras de las distribuciones marginales aposteriori, incluyendo los valores de los umbrales y los d...

  3. Estructura salarial y segmentación en el mercado laboral de Colombia: un análisis de las siete principales ciudades, 2001-2005

    OpenAIRE

    Mesa, Diana Carolina; Garcia-Suaza, Andres; Roa, Mónica

    2015-01-01

    Este documento se concentra en el estudio de las diferencias salariales mediante la comparación de las distribuciones de los salarios para las siete principales ciudades colombianas en el periodo 2001-2005 con datos de la Encuesta Continua de Hogares. Se detectan diferencias significativas que se explican a la luz de la teoría del capital humano y de segmentación laboral; mediante la estimación de ecuaciones de salarios a partir de las características socioeconómicas d...

  4. Comparação de dois testes indiretos anaeróbicos em futebolistas profissionais e suas correlações com o desempenho aeróbico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Saulo Fernandes Melo de Oliveira

    Full Text Available Resumo Para comparar e correlacionar dois testes anaeróbicos com a potência aeróbica nove jogadores de futebol passaram por avaliações ao longo de três dias: Wingate (dia 1, yo-yo intermitente (dia 2 e running anaerobic sprint (RAST, dia 3. Foram consideradas a potência máxima absoluta e relativa (Pmax, potência média absoluta e relativa (Pmed, o índice de fadiga (IF% e o VO2máx. Apenas a Pmed relativa foi diferente entre os testes (p < 0.05. Foram verificadas associações entre a Pmax e Pmed absolutas com o VO2máx (r= -0,69, p < 0,05; r= -0,81; p < 0,05 no Wingate; entre Pmax absoluta e o IF% com o VO2máx (r= -0,83, p < 0,01; r= -0,86; p < 0,01 no RAST. Conclui-se que apenas o RAST possui associações com a capacidade aeróbica.

  5. Water temperature affects life-cycle duration of tadpoles of Natal ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Direct and indirect effects of climate change on amphibians include range shifts and changes in community structure. The Natal cascade frog Hadromophryne natalensis has an altitudinal range of some 2 400 m in KwaZulu-Natal, and presents an opportunity to assess how increased water temperatures may impact on ...

  6. Genetic variations and degree of correlation in four ecological ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    GREGO

    2007-03-05

    Mar 5, 2007 ... high altitudinal (>2100 ms above msl) regions of Sri. Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia and Jawa islands. The leaves are medicinally important due to the presence of an active principle compound, methyl salicylate and are used in the preparation of pain balms and perfumes. (Polunin and Stainton, 1984).

  7. Estudio teórico de la distribución catiónica en la capa octaédrica de silicatos laminares

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hernández-Laguna, A.

    Los silicatos laminares son unos minerales de gran extensión en la corteza de nuestro y otros planetas, y se ha detectado su presencia en masas de partículas de polvo interplanatario. Están formados por láminas estructuradas en una capa tetraedros de sílice y una de octaédros de oxihidroxido de aluminio. Según el número de capas y la disposición aparecen distintos minerales. Además, también pueden aparecer distintos minerales como consecuencia de la substitución isomórfica de cationes en la capas, en particular, Al(III) por Si en la capa tetraédrica y Fe(III) y/o Mg(II) por Al(III) en la octaédrica. Cuando el catión substituyente presenta un estado de oxidación más bajo que al que substituye genera carga negativa que tiene que neutralizarse con cationes que se disponen en el espacio interlaminar. En este trabajo vamos a estudiar, mediante distintos métodos computacionales, las distribuciones de dichos cationes de substitución en la capa octaédrica de silicatos laminares 2:1 (dos capas tetraédricas y en medio una octaédrica), en particular, en los minerales esmectitas e ilitas. En primer lugar, estudiaremos la distribución de dichos cationes en la capa octaédrica en un modelo de gas reticular por el método de Monte Carlo, minimizando el número de pares de cationes Al, Fe y Mg de nuestro modelo con respecto a los procedentes de resultados espectroscópicos de muestras de minerales. Posteriormente, y mediante un modelo de potenciales empíricos, estudiamos la energética de las distribuciones binarias en dichos minerales, generando unos potenciales de interacción intercambio a dos y tres cationes (extrapolables a cualquier filosilicato) que son la base para una investigación Monte Carlo-"simulated-annealing" en la que se encuentran las transiciones de fase y las estructuras ordenadas, dependiendo dichas estructuras y la temperatura de cambio de fase de la de la naturaleza y concentración de los cationes de substitución. También se han

  8. MINIMUM BRACING STIFFNESS FOR MULTI-COLUMN SYSTEMS: THEORY

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J. DARÍO ARISTIZÁBAL-OCHOA

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Se propone un metodo que determina la rigidez minima de arrostramiento requeridos por un sistema elastico de varias columnas para lograr condiciones de pandeo sin deriva entre pisos. Las ecuaciones que evaluan la rigidez minima requerida de los arrostramientos laterales y de torsion y la carga critica de pandeo ¡§arriostrada¡¨ correspondiente para cada columna del nivel de piso se obtienen utilizando las funciones de estabilidad modificadas. Se incluyen los siguientes efectos: 1 tipos de conexiones (rigidas, semirrigidas y simples, 2 la distribucion en planta de las columnas (es decir, la orientacion de la seccion transversal y la ubicacion del centro de gravedad de cada columna, 3 deformaciones por cortante a lo largo de cada columna mediante el metodo modificado propuesto por Haringx en 1948, y 4 distribucion de la carga axial entre las columnas (es decir, el patron de carga. Los efectos de las deformaciones axial y de torsion no estan incluidos. El metodo propuesto es aplicable a estructuras 2D y 3D con conexiones rigidas, semirigidas y simple. La formulacion se presenta en este documento se basa en un trabajo previo presentado por Aristizabal-Ochoa en 2007. Se demuestra que la rigidez minima de los arrostramientos laterales y de torsion requeridos por un sistema de varias columnas depende de: 1 la distribucion en planta las columnas; 2 la variacion en altura y propiedades de la seccion transversal de las columnas; 3las rigideces a flexion y a cortante de cada columna; 4 el patron de cargas en el sistema de columnas; 5 la falta de simetria (en el patron de carga, en la disposicion de las columnas, tamanos de las columnas, y sus alturas que hacen que el pandeo combinado de torsion y flexion lateral pueden reducir la capacidad de pandeo critico de la estructura en su conjunto; y 6 las condiciones de apoyo y restricciones en el extremo superior de las columnas. El metodo propuesto se limita a sistemas multi-columna con columnas elasticas y

  9. Clasificación del clutter marino utilizando redes neuronales artificiales

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Argel Gonzalez Padilla

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available La detección de radar bajo la acción del clutter marino es un problema actual. La efectividad de esta detección puede ser mejorada o aún optimizada si el comportamiento estadístico de los parámetros de las señales dispersadas por la superficie del mar (clutter marino es conocida. En el presente trabajo, la mayoría de los modelos estadísticos del clutter marino bajo diferentes condiciones es dada y se logra en un solo documento de manera sintética agrupar un gran volumen de información, difícil de encontrar, y en muchos casos, de interpretar. La mayor contribución investigativa de este trabajo es la presentación de los fundamentos de un sistema auto adaptativo  para la detección de blancos de radar, basado en el reconocimiento de diferentes distribuciones que modelan las mediciones de amplituddelclutter marino, obtenida en un intervalo de tiempo dado. Realizando una clasificación más fina al especificar el rango de valores que toman los parámetros de la distribución, para el intervalo de tiempo que se analiza. Este sistema fue simulado satisfactoriamente utilizando redes neuronales.Los resultados revelaron que se puede realizar de forma efectiva el reconocimiento de distribuciones de mediciones de amplitud del clutter marino y de los parámetros de la distribución.

  10. Algunos aspectos procesales de la Ley Orgánica de medidas de protección integral contra la violencia de género

    OpenAIRE

    Cuadrado Salinas, Carmen; Fernández López, Mercedes

    2006-01-01

    Se trata de una versión actualizada de la ponencia presentada en el curso «Mujeres y Derecho» el 19 de noviembre de 2004 en la Universidad de Alicante bajo el título «Aspectos procesales de la ley integral contra la violencia de género». Mercedes Fernández es responsable de la parte relativa a los Juzgados de Violencia sobre la Mujer (apartados 2 y 3) y Carmen Cuadrado Salinas de la parte relativa a la orden de protección (apartado 4). En este trabajo las autoras analizan dos d...

  11. Alucinógenos y sugestionabilidad

    OpenAIRE

    López-Pavillard, Santiago

    2007-01-01

    En este trabajo se presenta la revisión bibliográfica relativa al campo ‘alucinógenos y sugestionabilidad’. Aunque la información recuperada ha sido escasa se han podido identificar dos etapas en su evolución: en los años 1960 una etapa relativa a la Terapia Hipnodélica; y a partir de los años 1970 otra etapa en la que se establecen diversos paralelismos entre la hipnosis y el chamanismo. Finalmente se hacen una serie de consideraciones acerca de lo que podría aportar la hip...

  12. Teoría de las necesidades:una tipología

    OpenAIRE

    Aguiar, Fernando

    2003-01-01

    En los últimos diez años hemos asistido al resurgir de teorías que defienden una concepción objetiva y universal de las necesidades. En esta línea cabe destacar en especial la obra de Len Doyal y Ian Gough Una teoría de las necesidades humanas, que se presenta como un reto a las teorías de las necesidades relativas y subjetivas. En esta nota se intenta mostrar que existe una tercera vía teórica -la que considera que las necesidades son relativas y objetivas-, que Doyal y Gough engloban erróne...

  13. Morphological, biochemical and physiological traits of upper and lower canopy leaves of European

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Rajsnerová, Petra; Klem, Karel; Holub, Petr; Novotná, Kateřina; Večeřová, Kristýna; Kozáčiková, Michaela; Rivas-Ubach, A.; Sardans, J.; Marek, Michal V.; Penuelas, J.; Urban, Otmar

    2015-01-01

    Roč. 35, č. 1 (2015), s. 47-60 ISSN 0829-318X R&D Projects: GA MŠk EE2.3.20.0246 Institutional support: RVO:67179843 Keywords : CO2 assimilation * LMA * Rubisco * altitudinal gradient * flavonoids * leaf stoichiometry * light environment Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour Impact factor: 3.587, year: 2015

  14. Community assembly in Nothobranchius annual fishes: nested patterns, environmental niche and biogeographic history

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Reichard, Martin; Janáč, Michal; Polačik, Matej; Blažek, Radim; Vrtílek, Milan

    2017-01-01

    Roč. 7, č. 7 (2017), s. 2294-2306 ISSN 2045-7758 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA16-00291S Institutional support: RVO:68081766 Keywords : Africa * altitudinal gradient * checkerboard pattern * dispersal * ephemeral pools * temporary water body Subject RIV: EG - Zoology OBOR OECD: Ecology Impact factor: 2.440, year: 2016

  15. Influence of catchment quality and altitude on the water and sediment composition of 68 small lakes in Central Europe

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Müller, B.; Lotter, A.F.; Sturm, M.; Ammann, A.

    1998-01-01

    68 lakes (63 Swiss, 2 French and 3 Italian) located in an altitudinal range between 334 and 2339 m spanning a wide range of land-use have been investigated. The aim of the study was to discuss influences of geographic location, vegetation and land-use in the catchment area on the water

  16. Long-term patterns in soil acidification due to pollution in forests of the Eastern Sudetes Mountains

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Hédl, Radim; Petřík, Petr; Boublík, K.

    2011-01-01

    Roč. 159, č. 10 (2011), s. 2586-2593 ISSN 0269-7491 R&D Projects: GA MŠk LC06073; GA ČR GA206/08/0389 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z60050516 Keywords : altitudinal gradient * revisitation study * soil acidification Subject RIV: EF - Botanics Impact factor: 3.746, year: 2011

  17. Three new fern records for Kilimanjaro | Hemp | Journal of East ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Working on the flora and vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, three ferns in three families were found that are not yet recorded for the floral region T2. The altitudinal range, localities and habitat description are given for Adiantum reniforme, Azolla africana and Trichomanes radicans. Journal of East African Natural History ...

  18. Galaxias satélites de baja luminosidad /

    OpenAIRE

    Lares, Marcelo

    2009-01-01

    Tesis (Doctor en Astronomía)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, 2009. Se lleva a cabo una caracterización estadística de las poblaciones de galaxias de baja luminosidad asociadas a sistemas de galaxias brillantes y aisladas, pares de galaxias interactuantes, grupos y cúmulos con emisión en rayos X, identificados en el espacio de redshifts. Se determinan estadísticamente las distribuciones de parámetros que describen las propiedades de g...

  19. Cálculo del ranking acumulado para la encuesta de expectativas de inflación y tasa de cambio nominal, a través de una prueba no paramétrica

    OpenAIRE

    Wilmer O. Martínez R.; Manuel Hernández B.

    2012-01-01

    En este documento se presenta una metodología para el cálculo del Ranking acumulado de las entidades financieras que participan en la encuesta mensual de expectativas de inflación y tasa de cambio nominal (TRM), realizada por el Banco de la República. La metodología se basa en la prueba estadística no paramétrica propuesta por Jonckheere (1954), que consiste en un sistema de hipótesis de igualdad de distribuciones de probabilidad acumulada con alternativa de ordenamiento estricto para k muest...

  20. Option pricing in market models driven by telegraph processes with jumps

    OpenAIRE

    López Alfonso, Oscar Javier

    2014-01-01

    Esta tesis está dividida en dos partes: en la primera parte se presentan y estudian los procesos telegráficos, los procesos de Poisson con compensador telegráfico y los procesos telegráficos con saltos. El estudio presentado en esta primera parte incluye el cálculo de las distribuciones de cada proceso, las medias y varianzas, así como las funciones generadoras de momentos entre otras propiedades. Utilizando estas propiedades en la segunda parte se estudian los modelos de valoración de opcio...

  1. La guerra de los sistemas operativos V1.0

    OpenAIRE

    López Get, Anthony

    2010-01-01

    Este artículo analiza tres tipos diferentes de sistemas operativos para computadoras —Windows®, Mac OS® y las distribuciones GNU/Linux®— como objetos culturales, desde la ideología, el mito y la cultura material. Se estudia como estos programas de ordenador se erigen como símbolos representativos de diferentes grupos culturales, al reproducir hábitos de consumo, diferenciación social, y discursos hegemónicos, sub y contraculturales, todos dentro del ámbito de los sistemas de producción actual...

  2. EL PROBLEMA DEL CUMPLEAÑOS, UNA GENERALIZACIÓN

    OpenAIRE

    Aranda, Moisés; Departamento de Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana y Universidad Sergio Arboleda; Molina, Fabio; Departamento de Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana y Universidad Sergio Arboleda; Moreno, Vladimir; Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cra. 7 No 43-82. Bogotá,

    2008-01-01

    El problema del cumpleaños, en el contexto clásico, se resuelve asumiendo una distribución de probabilidades uniforme discreta de los nacimientos. El propósito de este artículo es resolver el mismo problema bajo una distribución de probabilidades discreta arbitraria, y demostrar que bajo la distribución uniforme discreta, la probabilidad de que dos o más personas cumplan años en el mismo día es subestimada. Palabras clave: combinatoria, probabilidad, distribuciones discretas, muestra aleator...

  3. Análisis morfométrico de poblaciones : un estudio cuantitativo de las neuronas del NGLD del talamo del conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)

    OpenAIRE

    Carmona Martos, Ramón

    2013-01-01

    La determinacion del numero forma y distribucion de los elementos que forman parte de una estructura resulta para la histología y la estereologia uno de los problemas mas difíciles de resolver al entender de reconocidos autores tales como weibel y cruz-orive. el estudio que se realiza en esta tesis doctoral sienta las bases para la resolución practica de tal problema mediante un sistemaoperativo conseguido a partir de la conjunción de los aspectos teoricos del temay de una serie de procedi...

  4. Sviluppo ritardato e squilibri strutturali: la posizione relativa dell'Italia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    P. ALESSANDRINI

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available The paper is largely based on the main findings of the research on the state of the utilisation of the labour force in Italy, carried out by a group of economists at the Faculty of Economics and the ISTAO of Ancona, from 1974 to 1978. The study analysed the Italian economy’s lagged level of development by making international comparisons of the structure of productive capacity and income distribution, and their relations with the labour market. In this regard, the structural imbalances of the productive system and the dualism in the labour market between the regular and irregular employment sectors were highlighted. The author provides an overall view of the most important empirical conclusions of the study. JEL: E23, E24

  5. Relative dosimetry by Ebt-3; Dosimetria relativa por EBT3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De Leon A, M. A.; Rivera M, T. [IPN, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Av. Legaria 694, 11500 Mexico D. F. (Mexico); Hernandez O, J. O., E-mail: madla16@hotmail.com [Hospital General de Mexico, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, 06726 Mexico D. F. (Mexico)

    2015-10-15

    In the present work relative dosimetry in two linear accelerator for radiation therapy was studied. Both Varian Oncology systems named Varian Clinac 2100-Cd and MLC Varian Clinac i X were used. Gaf Chromic Ebt-3 film was used. Measurements have been performed in a water equivalent phantom, using 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams on both Linacs. Both calibration and Electron irradiations were carried out with the ionization chamber placed at the isocenter, below a stack of solid water slabs, at the depth of dose maximum (D max), with a Source-to-Surface Distance (SSD) of 100 cm and a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm. Calibration and dosimetric measurements photons were carried out under IAEA-TRS 398 protocol. Results of relative dosimetry in the present work are discussed. (Author)

  6. CRECIMIENTO Y DISTRIBUCION: UNA EVALUACION DE LA HIPÓTESIS DE KUZNETS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lina Ochoa C

    2003-06-01

    Full Text Available Durante muchos años la hipótesis de Kuznets ha sido el paradigma para el estudio de la dinámica distributiva de largo plazo. No obstante, la experiencia de muchos países en décadas recientes sugiere que la visión de Kuznets debe reevaluarse. Este trabajo intenta presentar algunos elementos teóricos que se han introducido en la bibliografía sobre este tema, así como otros que no han sido muy estudiados pero que igualmente son pertinentes para mejorar el análisis de este problema. De esta forma se puede entender que el escenario distributivo analizado por Kuznets es solo uno entre muchos posibles.

  7. Northern Division. Distribution Zone. Juarez.; Division norte. Zona de distribucion. Juarez

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mendoza, J. M. [Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The public service law of electrical energy, its regulation and the manual of services to the public in the matter of electrical energy govern the sale of electrical energy. The Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Publico altogether with the participation of the Secretarias of Energia, de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, and to the proposal of the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), fixes the tariffs, their adjustment or restructuring. The CFE mission is to satisfy the electrical energy necessities and expectations of the clients, through a profitable and competitive organization, guaranteeing the integral development of its collaborators. Its product, electrical energy, is received from other areas within the CFE. The electrical tariffs simultaneously fulfill three functions: financial, economical and social. [Spanish] La venta de energia electrica se rige por la ley del servicio publico de energia electrica, su reglamento, el manual de servicios al publico en materia de energia electrica. La Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Publico con la participacion de las Secretarias de Energia, de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, y a propuesta de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), fija las tarifas, su ajuste o reestructuracion. La mision de CFE es satisfacer las necesidades y expectativas de energia electrica de los clientes, a traves de una organizacion rentable y competitiva, garantizando el desarrollo integral de sus colaboradores. Su producto, la energia electrica, la reciben de otras areas dentro de la CFE. Las tarifas electricas cumplen simultaneamente tres funciones: financiera, economica y social.

  8. New technology for the emulsification of petroleum residuals in water; Nueva tecnologia para la emulsificacion de residuales del petroleo en agua

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Peralta, M. Vita; Arriola, Alejandro M.; Sanchez S, Ramon; Manzanares P, Emilio; Romo M, Cesar A.; Yery de Coss P, R. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    2001-07-01

    emulsiones son principalmente la relacion de sus componentes, viscosidad, tamano y distribucion de gota y su estabilidad. Los trabajos experimentales se iniciaron produciendo emulsiones en forma de lotes, utilizando muestras de aproximadamente 500 ml de residuo de vacio. En esta primera etapa se examinaron, a diferentes concentraciones, ocho surfactantes distintos, al igual que combinaciones entre ellos, tambien se utilizaron siete diferentes estabilizadores. Como estas pruebas se han logrado identificar las concentraciones, asi como las relaciones mas adecuadas de surfactante y estabilizador para la produccion de emulsiones de residuo de vacio-en agua. El tamano y distribucion de gota se ha determinado mediante un microscopio optico LEICA, modelo DMLS, que tiene acoplado un sistema fotografico en el que se obtiene una foto de emulsion y, posteriormente, se utiliza un sistema de analisis de imagenes para la obtencion de los valores de diametro de las gotas presentes en la emulsion. Finalmente, mediante un software estadistico se obtiene el tamano promedio de la particulas, asi como la distribucion del tamano de las gotas. Se muestran los resultados de pruebas emulsiones que permanecen fluidas y se dan un ejemplo de la microestructura de una emulsion de residuo de vacio-en-agua. Asi como un ejemplo de histograma de la distribucion de tamano de gota de una emulsion de residuo de vacio-en-agua. Se muestran graficas de la viscosidad en funcion del esfuerzo de corte a diferentes temperaturas de una emulsion de residuo de vacio-en-agua y otra de la viscosidad en funcion de la temperatura a diferentes esfuerzos de corte de una emulsion de residuo de vacio-en-agua.

  9. Abundance and activity of soil microorganisms in Cedrus atlantica forests are more related to land use than to altitude or latitude

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ramírez Rojas, Irene; Perez Fernandez, María; Moreno Gallardo, Laura; Lechuga Ordoñez, Victor; Linares, Juan Carlos

    2016-04-01

    Several environmental traits might change the abundance and the function of soil microorganisms in forest soils by plant-mediated reactions. Few studies have related the landscape-scale forest structural diversity with the micro-scale distribution of microorganism and their activities. High mountain environments harbor ecosystems that are very sensitive to global change and hence highly vulnerable, as those of Atlantic cedar. Altitudinal gradients in mountains are orrelated with changes in vegetation. We propose that altitudinal gradients drive shifts in microbial communities and are correlated with land uses. Thus, the latitudinal and longitudinal pattern of abundance and activity of soil micro-organisms was studied in an intercontinental comparison. We investigate soil extractable organic carbon (EOC) and nitrogen and carbon, microbial biomass and microbial metabolic activities at eight different sites along the latitudinal range of Cedrus atlantica, covering different altitudes and soils characteristics both in Southern Spain and Northern Morocco. Analyses of the abundances of total bacteria, (16S rRNA gene), was conducted using the Ilumina metagenomics technique. Results show that the stands at the highest altitudes had distinct microbial and biochemical characteristics compared with other areas. Overall, microbial activity, as measured by soil respiration, is higher in forests subjected to lower human pressure than in stands highly degraded, probably reflecting the quality of litter input that results of the influence of local assemblage of different tree, shrub and annual species, though changes in the soil N and C contents. Indeed, total soil C and N contents explained the microbial properties at every scale. Our results suggest that in contrast to the observed pronounced altitudinal changes, the kind of human-mediate land management has a stronger role in defining changes in microbial composition and activities in the investigated forest systems.

  10. Els lepidòpters de la vall d’Alinyà (Alt Urgell, NE de la península Ibèrica: algunes consideracions sobre l’altitud i la classificació biogeogràfica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vallhonrat, F.

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available The Lepidoptera of the Alinyà valley (Alt Urgell, NE Iberian peninsula: some remarks about altitude and biogeographical classification Results from the census on Lepidoptera fauna carried out in Alinyà valley during years 2000 and 2001 (see annex show few significant differences in the altitudinal range between Mediterranean and Eurasiatic species.

  11. Infiltration on mountain slopes: a comparison of three environments.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Carol P. Harden*; P. Delmas Scruggs

    2003-01-01

    Water is well established as a major driver of the geomorphic change that eventually reduces mountains to lower relief landscapes. Nonetheless, within the altitudinal limits of continuous vegetation in humid climates, water is also an essential factor in slope stability. In this paper, we present results from field experiments to determine infiltration rates at...

  12. Plant species composition and structure of the Mana Angetu moist ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    A floristic composition and structure study of the Mana Angetu Forest was carried out between July 2003 and June 2004 at four sites of the forest with an altitudinal range of 1533-2431 m. Three transects, 750 ... Analysis of Importance Value Index indicated that Vepris dainellii had the highest value (79). The population ...

  13. Long-term air monitoring of organochlorine pesticides using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) in the Alps

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Levy, W.; Henkelmann, B.; Pfister, G.; Bernhoeft, S.; Kirchner, M.; Jakobi, G. [Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg (Germany); Bassan, R. [Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of Veneto, Via Matteotti 27, 35137 Padova (Italy); Kraeuchi, N. [WSL-Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Schramm, K.-W., E-mail: schramm@helmholtz-muenchen.d [Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg (Germany); TUM-Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Department fuer Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen Weihenstephaner Steig 23, D-85350 Freising (Germany)

    2009-12-15

    Atmospheric sampling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was conducted using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) deployed in the Alps at different altitudinal transects for two consecutive exposure periods of half a year and a third simultaneous year-long period. Along all the altitude profiles, the sequestered amounts of OCPs increased in general with altitude. SPMDs were still working as kinetic samplers after half a year for the majority of the OCPs. However, compounds with the lowest octanol-air partition coefficient (K{sub oa}), reached equilibrium within six months. This change in the SPMD uptake was determined for the temperature gradient along the altitude profile influencing K{sub oa}, OCPs availability in the gaseous phase, and SPMD performance. In sum, it seems two effects are working in parallel along the altitude profiles: the change in SPMD performance and the different availability of OCPs along the altitudinal transects determined by their compound properties and concentrations in air. - SPMDs were in different uptake stages regarding OCPs, as they were influenced by the temperature (season, triolein state, and altitude) and K{sub oa}.

  14. Medidas automatizadas de psicrômetro de termopar aspirado versus não aspirado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antonio Ribeiro da Cunha

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available O termopar ou par termoelétrico é utilizado na obtenção da temperatura do ar com ótima precisão, sensibilidade e com grande vantagem sobre o termômetro de mercúrio ou álcool, pois geram sinais elétricos que podem ser armazenados em sistemas automatizados. No entanto, quando se trata da obtenção da umidade relativa a partir de termopar, o processo se torna mais cauteloso devido a outros fatores envolvidos. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se dois conjuntos psicrômetros de termopar, aspirado e não aspirado, em relação a um conjunto Vaisala, no período de 17 a 31/01/2008 (15 dias. A partir de medidas de temperaturas de bulbos seco e úmido foram obtidas medidas da umidade relativa, e com isso, foi possível compará-las com as medidas obtidas pelo conjunto Vaisala. Os dois tipos de psicrômetros apresentaram precisão e exatidão nas medidas de temperatura do ar, e apenas precisão nas medidas de umidade relativa do ar, sendo que o psicrômetro aspirado foi o mais preciso. Apesar do psicrômetro não aspirado ter apresentado menor precisão nas medidas, ele é mais robusto porque independe do micro-ventilador de 12 VDC, o que faz dele um sensor com menos riscos de medidas inadequadas. Ambos os psicrômetros, aspirado e não aspirado, não medem com exatidão a umidade relativa do ar no período noturno.

  15. Abundancia relativa y uso de microhábitat de la rana Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Strabomantidae en dos hábitats en Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vera Martínez Baños

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available La rana Geobatrachus walkeri pertenece a un género monotípico y endémico del área de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. La especie habita en el bosque secundario natural y en una plantación de pino (dominada por Pinus patula. Para comparar la abundancia relativa y el uso del microhábitat en estos dos hábitat y durante los períodos de máxima y mínima precipitación, se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 30 cuadrantes en cada bosque sobre los que se registraron el número de individuos y los microhábitats ocupados. Además se reconocieron otros aspectos de la historia natural mediante muestreo por encuentros casuales (VES, se incluye en los dos hábitats áreas no muestreadas por los cuadrantes. La mayor abundancia de ranas se obtuvo en la plantación de pino y durante la época de lluvias. El microhábitat más usado fue la hojarasca de pino. Geobatrachus walkeri es una especie exitosa en las plantaciones de pino, asociada permanentemente a su hojarasca en donde parece desarrollar todo su ciclo de vida. Las claras modificaciones derivadas de la introducción de las plantaciones de pino en el suelo y el agua, parecen no haber afectado la supervivencia y mantenimiento exitoso de esta especie categorizada como en peligro de extinción.Relative abundance and microhabitat use by the frog Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura:Strabomantidae in two habitats of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Geobatrachus walkeri belongs to a monotypic frog genus endemic to the San Lorenzo area, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. This species has been categorized as endangered because of its small distribution area and the decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. It inhabits two forest types with different composition and structure, the native secondary forest and a pine plantation (dominated by Pinus patula. To compare the relative abundance and microhabitat use of this species in these habitat types, 30 quadrants/environment were

  16. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pseudorchis albida (L.) Á. & D. Löve

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Jersáková, Jana; Malinová, Tamara; Jeřábková, K.; Dötterl, S.

    2011-01-01

    Roč. 99, č. 5 (2011), s. 1282-1298 ISSN 0022-0477 R&D Projects: GA AV ČR IAA600870802 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z60870520 Keywords : communities * conservation * ecophysiology * geographical and altitudinal distribution * germination * herbivory * mycorrhiza * parasites and diseases * reproductive biology * soils Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour Impact factor: 5.044, year: 2011

  17. Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology. Volume 39, Part 2, 1985,

    Science.gov (United States)

    1985-12-01

    of altitudinal belts in Panties . Ukhacheva, V.N., 39-904 %99 ~713 ng 917P P a tl 84 p649 rs~39357 Power supply to the eastern section of the 8AM... girl 39-4012 (Himalaya Mts.). Zheng. B., (1984, p 9 . 4 . chi] 9 3 2 ne emfotcn~~~, %See. Drilling flaids Changsi emafrost indce bcnsrution

  18. Regional vegetation management standards for commercial pine ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Trial sites were selected across different physiographic regions such that a range of altitudinal, climatic and environmental gradients were represented. ... Two of the trials were situated at lower-altitude sites (900 m and 1 000 m above sea level [asl]), one at a mid-altitude site (1 267 m asl), and one at a higher-altitude site (1 ...

  19. Covalent Stabilization: A Sturdy Molecular Square from Reversible Metal-Ion-Directed Self-Assembly

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Olive, A. G. L.; Parkan, K.; Givelet, C.; Michl, Josef

    2011-01-01

    Roč. 133, č. 50 (2011), s. 20108-20111 ISSN 0002-7863 EU Projects: European Commission(XE) 227756 - DIPOLAR ROTOR ARRAY Grant - others:NSF(US) CHE0848477 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40550506 Keywords : prismatic altitudinal rotors * supramolecular coordination chemistry * bond formation * macrocycles * catalysis Subject RIV: CC - Organic Chemistry Impact factor: 9.907, year: 2011

  20. VIH: Infeccion aguda, pesquisa y manejo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cortés S. Esteban, Dr.

    2014-05-01

    Si bien existe una relativa facilidad para realizar el diagnóstico de un paciente con la infección crónica por VIH, existe por otro lado una relativa dificultad para realizar el diagnóstico de la infección aguda en etapas tempranas de la infección. Esta situación es de importancia desde el punto de vista de la Salud Pública por cuanto en la infección aguda es cuando se producen las viremias más elevadas y por tanto la mayor facilidad para que el sujeto sea infectante y disemine la infección viral.

  1. Vapor recovery system in the gasolines commercialization; Sistema de recuperacion de vapores en la comercializacion de las gasolinas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Casas Barba, R.; Molina Gallegos, J.R. [Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (IMP), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1995-12-31

    In the last years the studies performed with respect to the environmental pollution show that the ozone is one of the most problematic contaminants in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City (MZMC) and that the hydrocarbons are the main forerunners of it. The main source of hydrocarbon vapor emissions originates from the handling and distribution operations. In this paper a description is made of the involved stages in the commercialization of gasolines in the MZMC and a description is also made of the systems employed to control the emissions in the three stages of the fuels storage and distribution cycle and explains the degree the hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere will be reduced, once the recovery systems are installed in all of the involved stages. [Espanol] En los ultimos anos los estudios realizados con respecto a contaminacion ambiental reflejan que el ozono es uno de los contaminantes mas problematicos de la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de Mexico (ZMCM), y los hidrocarburos son los principales precursores de este. La principal fuente de emision de vapores de hidrocarburos proviene de las operaciones de manejo y distribucion de combustibles. En este articulo se hace una descripcion de las etapas involucradas en la comercializacion de las gasolinas en la ZMCM, se describen tambien los sistemas utilizados para controlar las emisiones en las tres etapas del ciclo de almacenamiento y distribucion de combustibles y se explica en que grado se reduciran las emisiones de hidrocarburos a la atmosfera, una vez que se instalen los sistemas de recuperacion en todas las etapas involucradas.

  2. Vapor recovery system in the gasolines commercialization; Sistema de recuperacion de vapores en la comercializacion de las gasolinas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Casas Barba, R; Molina Gallegos, J R [Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (IMP), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    In the last years the studies performed with respect to the environmental pollution show that the ozone is one of the most problematic contaminants in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City (MZMC) and that the hydrocarbons are the main forerunners of it. The main source of hydrocarbon vapor emissions originates from the handling and distribution operations. In this paper a description is made of the involved stages in the commercialization of gasolines in the MZMC and a description is also made of the systems employed to control the emissions in the three stages of the fuels storage and distribution cycle and explains the degree the hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere will be reduced, once the recovery systems are installed in all of the involved stages. [Espanol] En los ultimos anos los estudios realizados con respecto a contaminacion ambiental reflejan que el ozono es uno de los contaminantes mas problematicos de la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de Mexico (ZMCM), y los hidrocarburos son los principales precursores de este. La principal fuente de emision de vapores de hidrocarburos proviene de las operaciones de manejo y distribucion de combustibles. En este articulo se hace una descripcion de las etapas involucradas en la comercializacion de las gasolinas en la ZMCM, se describen tambien los sistemas utilizados para controlar las emisiones en las tres etapas del ciclo de almacenamiento y distribucion de combustibles y se explica en que grado se reduciran las emisiones de hidrocarburos a la atmosfera, una vez que se instalen los sistemas de recuperacion en todas las etapas involucradas.

  3. Modelado del crecimiento de picaduras en tuberías enterradas que transportan hidrocarburos utilizando técnicas estadísticas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Velázquez, J. C.

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available New deterministic and stochastic predictive models are proposed for external pitting corrosion in underground pipelines. The deterministic model takes into consideration the local chemical and physical properties of the soil as well as the pipeline coating to predict the time dependence of pitting depth and rate in a range of soils. This model, based on results from a field study, was used to conduct Monte Carlo simulations that established the probability distribution of pitting depth and growth rate in the studied soils and their evolution over the life of the pipeline. In the last stage of the study, an empirical Markov chain-based stochastic model was developed for predicting the evolution of pitting corrosion depth and rate distributions from the observed properties of the soil.

    Esta investigación, resume los resultados de un estudio, enfocado en contribuir a resolver las necesidades de predicción de crecimiento de picadura en ductos que transportan hidrocarburos. Primero, se describe el desarrollo de un modelo determinista, considerando las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo y el tipo de recubrimiento que protege la tubería. Este modelo fue utilizado para realizar simulaciones de Monte Carlo, logrando establecer las distribuciones de probabilidad de profundidad de picadura y su velocidad de crecimiento en suelos. Finalmente, se detalla el desarrollo de un modelo estocástico basado en cadenas de Markov. Este modelo tiene como objetivo, predecir la evolución en el tiempo de las distribuciones de profundidad de picadura.

  4. Evaluación del tratamiento de consolidación de dolomías mediante nanopartículas de hidróxido de calcio en condiciones de alta humedad relativa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fort, R.

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available In this article, the results of a treatment applied to dolomitic stones using an isopropyl colloidal solution based on calcium hydroxide nanoparticles with a concentration of 2.0g/l are presented. The consolidation process in the stone has been checked before and after 28 days of exposure to 75% relative humidity. Morphologic and structural studies of the consolidating product confirmed the carbonation process. X ray diffraction, electron microscopy (TEM and ESEM, and electron diffraction carried out on the consolidating product have confirmed the transformation of portlandite phase to calcium carbonate polymorphs, calcite, aragonite and vaterite. Petrophysical tests performed on the stone before and after the application of the product have shown the improvement in the physical and hydrical properties due to the increase in the ultrasound velocity and density of the material, and a decrease in the capillarity coefficient and open porosity without significant changes in colour and brightness. The application of the consolidating product in the proposed experimental conditions is a natural method, compatible with the petrological characteristics of the substrate, without secondary damages on the stone, being an effective method to improve the durability of carbonate stones.

    En este artículo se presentan los resultados del tratamiento aplicado a muestras de piedra dolomía mediante una solución coloidal isopropílica basada en nanopartículas de hidróxido de calcio en una concentración de 2,0g/l. El proceso de consolidación de la piedra ha sido monitoreado antes y después de su aplicación a los 28 días de estar expuesta a una atmósfera del 75% de humedad relativa. Se ha realizado un estudio morfológico y estructural del consolidante confirmándose el proceso de carbonatación. Los resultados de difracción de rayos X, microscopía electrónica (TEM y ESEM y difracción de electrones realizados al producto consolidante han

  5. Sources and distribution of artificial radionuclides in the oceans: from Fukushima to the Mediterranean sea

    OpenAIRE

    Castrillejo Iridoy, Maxi

    2017-01-01

    Bibliografia. El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar las fuentes y distribuciones de una serie de radionúclidos artificiales (90Sr, 129I, 134Cs, 137Cs, 236U, 237Np, 239Pu and 240Pu) en dos zonas oceánicas que han recibido un gran impacto debido a actividades humanas. En primer lugar, el Océano Pacífico, que recibió el impacto de las fugas desde la central nuclear de Fukushima Dai-ichi, inmediatamente después del accidente y en los años siguientes. El estudio se centró en el 90Sr, sobre el...

  6. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Precipitation Variability and Drought Patterns in the Eastern Mediterranean

    OpenAIRE

    Mathbout, Shifa

    2016-01-01

    La precipitación es una variable muy importante del clima y la hidrología. La exploración de su distribución espacial y temporal y su variación puede dar una idea acerca de las condiciones del clima y los recursos hídricos en un futuro. Por lo tanto, el mapeo amento? Preciso de la distribución temporal y espacial resulta importante para muchas aplicaciones ya sea en hidrología, climatología, agronomía, ecología, y otras ciencias ambientales. En esta tesis, se analizan las distribuciones e...

  7. Pulmonary gas exchange and severe obesity: bariatric surgery effects

    OpenAIRE

    Rivas Ferreira, Eva

    2016-01-01

    Primer artículo (First Manuscript). Anomalías de las distribuciones ventilación-perfusión en la obesidad grave, antes y después de cirugía bariátrica En la actualidad, la obesidad es un grave problema de salud pública a escala mundial. La cirugía bariátrica (CB) es un tratamiento efectivo de la obesidad grave. No existen Trabajos previos sobre los efectos de la obesidad grave y la pérdida ponderal inducida por CB sobre el intercambio gaseoso pulmonar, específicamente en la distribución de...

  8. PRIMER REGISTRO DE LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM (LYCOPODIACEAE PARA URUGUAY

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Héctor A. González

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Se registra por primera vez para la flora uruguaya a Lycopodium clavatum (Lycopodiaceae, hallada en los departamentos de Durazno y Maldonado. Este nuevo registro extiende su área de distribución, es- tableciendo las localidades situadas en el centro y este del Uruguay como el límite distribucional austral de Lycopodium s. str. Se presenta una descripción diagnóstica, un mapa de distribución en el país, así como la ilustración de la especie y fotografías del hábitat.

  9. Efeito do teor inicial de água de sementes de feijão e da câmara no teste de envelhecimento acelerado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Scappa Neto Angelo

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available A temperatura interna das câmaras e o teor de água das sementes podem influenciar os resultados obtidos no teste de envelhecimento acelerado (EA e, consequentemente, sua interpretação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes teores iniciais de água de sementes de feijão nos resultados do teste de envelhecimento acelerado e as condições de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior de duas câmaras de envelhecimento e das caixas plásticas (câmaras internas, durante a condução do teste. Utilizaram-se amostras de quatro lotes de sementes de feijão, cujo teor de água inicial foi ajustado para 8, 10 e 12%. As sementes foram submetidas ao envelhecimento em câmaras "jaquetada" de água e de germinação tipo BOD. Durante a realização do teste, foram monitorados, com um registrador de dados, os valores da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar no interior das câmaras e das caixas plásticas, avaliados a cada 10 minutos, por sensores de cobre-constantan com bulbos seco e úmido, instalados no interior das mesmas. Verificou-se pequena variação de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar nas duas câmaras, sendo, porém, menor na "jaquetada". Em função da umidade relativa do ar na câmara "jaquetada" ter sido mais elevada, as sementes envelhecidas nessa câmara, apresentaram teor de água mais alto do que aquelas envelhecidas na BOD. Ambas as câmaras podem ser utilizadas para a realização do teste de envelhecimento acelerado de sementes de feijão.

  10. Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide in a gradient of elevation in the coastal Brazilian Atlantic forest

    Science.gov (United States)

    E. Sousa Neto; J.B. Carmo; Michael Keller; S.C. Martins; L.F. Alves; S.A. Vieira; M.C. Piccolo; P. Camargo; H.T.Z. Couto; C.A. Joly; L.A. Martinelli

    2011-01-01

    Soils of tropical forests are important to the global budgets of greenhouse gases. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is the second largest tropical moist forest area of South America, after the vast Amazonian domain. This study aimed to investigate the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes along an altitudinal transect and the...

  11. Contribución relativa del nitrógeno del suelo y del fijado biológicamente a la economía de la nutrición nitrogenada de maní (Arachis hypogaea L. en diferentes condiciones de fertilidad Relative contribution of biological fixed nitrogen and soil nitrogen to the nutrition economy of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. under different conditions of soil fertility

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    S. Castro

    2006-12-01

    Full Text Available La producción de maní en Argentina se concentra en la región central de la provincia de Córdoba, la cual experimentó últimamente una pérdida importante de la productividad de los suelos y una declinación aleatoria del rendimiento de los cultivos. La contribución relativa de la fijación biológica (FBN de nitrógeno al maní en suelos de diferente fertilidad no ha sido suficientemente estudiada. Entonces, se evaluó el efecto de cepas de rizobios (TTOO2R, SEMIA 6144R y TAL 1000R sobre el rendimiento y el balance de nitrógeno de maní cultivado en suelos con alto y bajo contenido del nutriente. No hubo diferencias significativas en los parámetros simbióticos y de rendimiento del cultivo entre las cepas introducidas y las nativas, pero se observó una contribución relativa mayor de la FBN en el suelo con bajo contenido de nitrógeno (~58% de contribución que en el suelo con alto contenido (~27% de contribución. Esta comprobación del aporte relativo de la FBN asociada a la fertilidad del suelo, no registra antecedentes en la región central de Córdoba y debería recibir mayor consideración en el manejo del cultivo particularmente por su localización actual al sur de la provincia, donde los suelos presentan menores niveles de fertilidad. El rendimiento de maní confitería mostró mayores valores, si bien no significativos, con la inoculación en los 3 años del estudio.The peanut production in Argentina is concentrated in the central region of Córdoba province. At present, losses of soil fertility and a random decline peanut yield have been reported for this area. The relative contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (FBN in peanut plants cropped in soils with different fertility, has not been extensively studied. An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of rhizobia strains (TTOO2R, SEMIA 6144R and TAL 1000R on peanut crop yield and plant nitrogen balance under different conditions of soil nitrogen. The results

  12. Cibernética en la Organización de la Escuela de Administración de Negocios (La facultad de ingeniería de sistemas como un “sistema viable”: Una hipótesis de trabajo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Feres E. Sahid C.

    1991-05-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN Los autores del presente artículo desean comunicar a los lectores de la revista de la Escuela de Administración de Negocios, cómo nuevas formas de organizar las instituciones educativas, facilitan los procesos de “relativa apertura” en la educación superior en Colombia. También es el deseo de los autores  hacer un reconocimiento a los fundadores de la Escuela de Administración de Negocios, a su Consejo Superior y sus Directivas, por la forma ejemplar con que han acogido la acción de la facultad de ingeniería de Sistemas, relacionada con un proceso de “relativa apertura”.

  13. Explorando os limites da extensão de marcas.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Magda Ribeiro

    2006-09-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das estratégias de extensão de marca e seu papel para a competitividade, bem como a percepção dos consumidores relativa a esta estratégia. O trabalho é norteado pelo tripé: marca–produto–consumidor. Inclui estudos que visam explorar e conceituar a estratégia de extensão de marca; identificar as diferenças entre extensão de marca e extensão de linha; apresentar os riscos e benefícios desta estratégia; e por fim entender a percepção dos consumidores relativa à prática da extensão. O tema deste estudo é bastante relevante para o meio acadêmico e profissional, uma vez que a prática da extensão tem se tornado cada vez mais comum e presente nas decisões estratégicas relativas às marcas. A era é da extensão e não mais da criação de novas marcas. Como se trata de uma pesquisa teórica, são utilizados livros, textos e artigos dos principais autores que tratam de extensão de marca no Brasil e no mundo.

  14. ESTIMACIÓN DE LA RADIACIÓN NETA DIARIA A PARTIR DE MODELOS DE REGRESIÓN LINEAL MÚLTIPLE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dora Ocampo

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available El conocimiento a escala diaria de la radiación neta (Rn permite cuantificar la energía que es utilizada en los diferentes procesos que ocurren a nivel de la superficie, como la evapotranspiración. En este estudio se aplica un Modelo de Regresión Lineal Múltiple (MRLM para la estimación de la Rn en una zona subhúmeda-húmeda de Argentina. En el modelo se utilizaron datos meteorológicos de radiación solar global o total, temperatura, humedad relativa del aire, radiación neta (medida con un radiómetro neto Kipp & Zonen y el valor del inverso de la distancia relativa tierra-sol o factor de excentricidad. Como resultado, se obtuvieron ocho ecuaciones de estimación de la Rn. Los MRLM se evaluaron a partir de los estadísticos desviación media del error (MBE y raíz cuadrada del cuadrado medio del error (RMSE. Los resultados mostraron un buen ajuste y un bajo error a escala diaria, destacándose los modelos que involucraron la radiación solar, temperatura, humedad relativa del aire e inverso de la distancia tierra-sol, permitiendo cálculos de la Rn con errores inferiores a 19 W·m-2.

  15. When Cumulative Causation Conflicts with Relative Economic Opportunity: Recent Change in the Hispanic Population of the United States

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    David M. Heer

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available La teoría de la causalidad acumulada, creada por Gunnar Myrdal y elaborada por Douglas Massey, sugiere que un flujo migratorio normalmente aumenta con el tiempo. Sin embargo, Myrdal y Massey reconocen que un proceso de causalidad acumulada no puede continuar indefinidamente. Para explicar cómo puede cesar este proceso, se propone una hipótesis compuesta de dos partes, aplicándola a un grupo que tiene un nivel bajo de educación y poco dominio del inglés, como los inmigrantes hispanos en Estados Unidos, que los hace elegibles para ocupar sólo una porción limitada de empleos. En primer lugar, cuanto más alto es el porcentaje de hispanos en la población de un destino determinado, menor es la oportunidad económica relativa en dicha área. En segundo lugar, cuanto menor es la oportunidad económica relativa en un área determinada, menor será el crecimiento subsecuente de la población hispana en esa área. Los resultados del análisis cuantitativo sugieren que la oportunidad económica relativa tiene una influencia importante en contrarrestar los efectos asociados con la teoría de la causalidad acumulada.

  16. Reverse altitudinal cline in cold hardiness among Erebia butterflies

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Vrba, Pavel; Konvička, Martin; Nedvěd, Oldřich

    2012-01-01

    Roč. 33, č. 4 (2012), s. 251-258 ISSN 0143-2044 Grant - others:GA ČR(CZ) GAP505/10/1630; University of South Bohemia(CZ) 144/2010/100 Institutional support: RVO:60077344 Keywords : Alpine habitats * butterfly ecology * climate change Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour Impact factor: 0.837, year: 2012

  17. Woody vegetation status on different altitudinal gradients of an ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment. Journal Home · ABOUT THIS JOURNAL · Advanced Search · Current Issue · Archives · Journal Home > Vol 8, No 1 (2016) >. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads.

  18. Dynamics at the treeline: differential responses of Picea mariana and Larix laricina to climate change in eastern subarctic Québec

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dufour-Tremblay, Geneviève; Boudreau, Stéphane; Lévesque, Esther

    2012-01-01

    Treelines are known to be temperature-sensitive ecotones, and therefore could rapidly expand their range limits in response to climate warming. Observations of lack of range expansion, however, indicate that ecological constraints partly control the treeline ecotones. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate Picea mariana and Larix laricina recruitment and growth at and above the altitudinal treeline of Kangiqsualujjuaq (Nunavik), where warmer temperatures since the 1990s have already triggered shrub expansion. We mapped, harvested, dated and measured tree individuals along two altitudinal gradients from the forested stands below the treeline to hilltops. Since the 1990s, a pulse of L. laricina seedling establishment has occurred at and above the treeline. Dendrochronological analysis revealed that L. laricina underwent a rapid vertical growth and radial growth that accelerated from the 1990s. No recruitment was observed for P. mariana in response to the regional warming, suggesting a regeneration failure of this species. Our results indicated that the L. laricina colonization below and above the treeline in recent decades in response to the regional warming should modify the landscape physiognomy of the study area in the near future. (letter)

  19. Spatial and seasonal variations in mobile carbohydrates in Pinus cembra in the timberline ecotone of the Central Austrian Alps.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gruber, A; Pirkebner, D; Oberhuber, W; Wieser, G

    2011-03-01

    To test whether the altitudinal limit of tree growth is determined by carbons shortage or by a limitation in growth we investigated non structural carbohydrates and their components starch and total soluble sugars in Pinus cembra trees along an elevational gradient in the timberline ecotone of the Central Austrian Alps. NSC contents in needles, branches, stems, and coarse roots were measured throughout an entire growing season. At the tissue level NSC contents were not significantly more abundant in treeline trees as compared to trees at lower elevations. Along our 425 m elevational transect from the closed forest to the treeline we failed to find a stable elevational trend in the total NSC pool of entire trees and observed within season increases in the tree's NSC pool that can be attributed to an altitudinal increase in leaf mass as needles contained the largest NSC fraction of the whole tree NSC pool. Furthermore, whole tree NSC contents were positively correlated with net photosynthetic capacity. Although our observed NSC characteristics do not support the hypothesis that tree life at their upper elevational limit is determined by an insufficient carbon balance we found no consistent confirmation for the sink limitation hypothesis.

  20. Fog Chemistry at Different Altitudes in the Swiss Alps

    Science.gov (United States)

    Michna, P.; Eugster, W.; Wanner, H.

    2010-07-01

    During two extended summer seasons in 2006 and 2007, we installed two battery driven versions of the Caltech active strand cloud water collector (MiniCASCC) at the Niesen mountain in the northern Swiss Alps. Along, we measured air temperature, relative humidity, wind, and visibility. During these two field operation phases we gained weekly samples of fogwater, where we analysed the major anions and cations, and the stable water isotopes δD and δ18O. The fog collectors were installed at an altitude of 2300 and 1600 m asl to resolve altitudinal differences in fog chemistry. We found a large variability between the events, but no clear altitudinal gradient. At both sites, the most important ions were nitrate, ammonium, and sulphate. Higher concentrations occured preferably in late spring (start of sampling period) and in autumn (end of sampling). Compared to previous studies at lower elevations in the Swiss Plateau during wintertime, our measurements showed considerable lower ion loads in the fogwater. The combination of these results suggest that lowest ion loads are found in convective clouds with a short lifetime and that the highest ion loads occur during radiation fog events at lower elevations.

  1. Automatized distribution systems in IBERDROLA. Sistemas de automatizacion de distribucion en Iberdrola

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez Madariaga, J.A.

    1994-01-01

    This article presents the automatized distribution systems in IBERDROLA. These systems permit to improve the Energetical demand management. The optimized distribution system is a applied by the industrial sector and by the small users. Iberdrola has developed a project in order to offer the telemanagement to the energy users.

  2. Significado de las Distribuciones Muestrales en Textos Universitarios de Estadística

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hugo Alvarado

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available In this paper we analyse the presentation of sampling distributions in a sample of 22 statistics textbooks more employed in teaching engineering students in Chile. Our work is based on a theoretical model on the meaning of mathematical objects. The most important elements of the subject revealed a wealth of applications to engineering situations. The texts show, in general, are becoming more technical in the absence of the foundations of statistical properties, the usual form of symbolic expression, neglecting the graphic representations and simulations. As a consequence of such an analysis we infer some criteria for the future designing of teaching proposals, like the complementation of the experimentation and generalization of sampling distributions through various formulations, representations and tools for solving problems.

  3. Distribution of uranium in marine sediments; Distribucion de uranio en sedimentos marinos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ordonez R, E.; Ramirez T, J.J.; Lopez M, J.; Aspiazu, J. [ININ, 52750 La Marquesa, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Ruiz F, A.C. [U. Academica Mazatlan, ICML, UNAM (Mexico); Valero C, N. [CONALEP, 52000 Lerma, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2008-07-01

    The marine sediments obtained by means of a sampling nucleus in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico, they have been object of crystallographic and morphological characterization. The PIXE analysis of some samples in study is shown. The normal methodology to carry out the alpha spectroscopy indicates that the sample should be dissolved, but due to the nature of the marine sediments, it thinks about the necessity to make a fractional separation of the sample components. In each stratum of the profile it separates the organic part and the mineral to recover the uranium. It was observed that in the organic phase, the uranium is in two oxidation states (IV and Vl), being necessary the radiochemical separation with a liquid/liquid column chromatographic that uses the di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid as stationary phase. The uranium compounds extracts are electrodeposited in fine layers on stainless steel disks to carry out the analysis by alpha spectroscopy. The spectroscopic analysis of the uranium indicates us that for each stratum one has a difference marked in the quotient of activities of {sup 234}U/{sup 238}U that depends on the nature of the studied fraction. These results give us a clear idea about how it is presented the effect of the uranium migration and other radioelements in the biosphere, with what we can determine which are the conditions in that these have their maximum mobility and to know their diffusion patterns in the different media studied. (Author)

  4. Algunas Consideraciones Relativas al Hábito de Fumar en los Hospitales

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Felix Patiño Restrepo

    1986-12-01

    Full Text Available

    El cigarrillo constituye el problema de salud más grave que enfrenta la sociedad moderna. El hábito de fumar resulta en elevadas tasas de morbilidad y está plenamente comprobado que disminuye notoriamente la expectativa de vida por el desarrollo de cáncer pulmonar, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, enfermedad coronaria del corazón y una variedad de neoplasias malignas y de enfermedades vasculares.

    La medicina, la enfermería y las profesiones afines de la salud tienen como propósito y como misión promover la salud. Los hospitales son instituciones dedicadas al mantenimientoy la recuperación de la salud, y el personal que labora en ellos está totalmente comprometido contal objetivo.

    Los empleados que trabajan en los hospitales, pero especialmente los pacientes y sus familiares, tienen el sagrado derecho a respirar un ambiente no contaminado. Si los hospitales permiten que se pueda fumar en sus instalacionesy, especialmente, si permiten que sus empleados fumen, deben entonces estar preparados para asumirla responsabilidad por la incomodidad o el daño quepuedan ocurrir a los empleados, pacientes, familiares yvisitantes que encuentren un ambiente contaminado.

    Fumar es realmente incompatible con una profesión de salud. Significa una contradicción ante los postulados que gobiernan las actividades de los trabajadores de la salud, representa un mal ejemplo para el público y significa una actitud irresponsable que, según algunos observadores, raya en la falta de ética profesional. Sin embargo,se debe aceptar que en los hospitales hay personal profesional y técnico que fuma. Algunas personas jóvenes han iniciado el hábito hace poco tiempo, probablemente bajo una condición de sorprendente ignorancia;otras de mayor edad, conocen las implicaciones nocivas pero encuentran muy difícil suspender el arraigado hábito.Los primeros probablemente podrán sobreponerse; los segundos deberán abstenerse, por lo menos, de fumaren público.

    Se propone que los hospitales inicien de inmediato una campaña sistemática para prohibir el fumar en su recinto,adoptando el lema que tienen ya algunas instituciones:

    Si usted no respeta su salud, respete la de los demás: ¡No Fume!

    Las siguientes acciones pueden ser implementadas:

    1. Avisos y afiches explicando ál público la prohibición de fumar en los salones, oficinas, salas de espera, corredores, vestíbulos y habitaciones.
    2. Prohibición estricta en las áreas de trabajo.
    3. Destinación de un área para fumadores en las cafeterías.Estas áreas limitadas serían los únicos lugares donde se pueda fumar.
    4. Programa educativo para el personal, especialmente para enfermeras y personal técnico y administrativo,donde parece residir la mayor ignorancia.
    5. Retirar todos los ceniceros, y avisar que en los hospitales no hay ceniceros.
    6. Prohibir en forma estricta que el personal uniformado o que tenga identificación del hospital, fume en público, aún en las áreas restringidas de las cafeterías.
    7. Abstenerse de contratar personas que fumen o que no estén dispuestas a abandonar el hábito. Esta medidaes especialmente importante para los médicos, enfermerasy personal técnico.
    8. Convertir a cada empleado del hospital en un adalid de la preservación de la salud mediante la lucha contrael hábito de fumar.

    En general estas campañas deben ser dirigidas por la Sección de Neumología del respectivo hospital...

  5. Relativa Vulnerabilidade. Gênero e Natureza Humana no Filme "Sob a Pele".

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcos Sardá Vieira

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available Na visão de um ser alienígena, que estratégias e nuances de vulnerabilidade poderiam ser apontadas para a condição do ser homem e ser mulher na sociedade urbana? Partindo desta curiosidade, este artigo reflete sobre a inversão do que caracteriza a vulnerabilidade humana fora de uma perspectiva consolidada pela dominação masculina, tendo como referência a narrativa do filme “Sob a Pele”, de 2013. A partir desta ficção, consideramos a vulnerabilidade do gênero masculino diante da ameaça de uma consciência inumana, que pretende capturar seus corpos. Em contraponto, nas relações que marcam o gênero feminino, consideramos válidos a empatia e o envolvimento emocional para as relações interpessoais como aspectos significativos, que tornam possível amenizar os sintomas da violência e melhorar a convivência social.

  6. ABUNDÂNCIA RELATIVA DAS ESPÉCIES DE CERAMBYCIDAE (INSECTA-COLEOPTERA EM POMAR DE FRUTÍFERAS MISTO RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES OF THE CERAMBYCIDAE FAMILY (INSECTA-COLEOPTERA IN MIXED ORCHARD

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elisabeth Rose Pereira da Silva

    2007-09-01

    Full Text Available

    Estudou-se a abundância relativa das espécies da família Cerambycidae (Insecta-Coleoptera em um pomar de frutíferas misto composto por 28 diferentes espécies, no período de dezembro de 1997 a maio de 1999 em Ceres, Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Foram utilizadas armadilhas luminosas modelo “Luiz de Queiroz” com lâmpadas Bl-15 wats. Essas armadilhas foram ligadas por 12 horas em dois dias consectivos num total de 24 horas de coletas semanais. Coletaram-se 1.474 cerambicídeos, agrupados em 39 gêneros e 49 espécies. Acanthoderes jaspidea, Achryson surinamum, Chlorida festiva, Eurodacrys sexgutatta, Gnomibidion fulvipes, Lophopoeum timbouve, Megacyllene acuta, Rhopalophora collaris e Trichophorus distinctus foram as espécies classificadas como muito abundantes. Das espécies coletadas, 48,98 % foram classificadas como raras, 12,24 % como dispersas, 20,41 % como comuns e 18,37 % como muito abundantes. Dentre os 39 gêneros, Oreodera foi representado por três espécies (6,13 %, os gêneros Acanthoderes, Aerenica, Chrysoprasis, Colobothea, Eutrypanus, Megacylene, Myoxomorpha e Nyssodrysternum por duas espécies (4,08 %, e os demais gêneros por apenas uma espécie.

    PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Levantamento; riqueza de espécies; ecologia; comportamento.

    It was studied the relative abundance to the species of the family Cerambycidae (Insecta-Coleoptera in a mixed orchard composed by 28 diferent species in the period from decembre 1997 to may 1999 in Ceres, state of Goi

  7. Condições de temperatura, umidade relativa e atmosfera controlada para o armazenamento de cebolas da cultivar 'Crioula' Temperature, relative humidity and controlled atmosphere conditions to storage 'Crioula' onions

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Auri Brackmann

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar condições de armazenamento para ampliar o período de pós-colheita de cebola da cultivar 'Crioula'. Para tanto, foram executados três experimentos para avaliar o efeito da temperatura, umidade relativa (UR e atmosfera controlada (AC: experimento 1 (diferentes temperaturas: [1] -0,5°C, [2] 0,5°C, [3] 2°C, [4] 4°C, [5] 6°C e [6] 10°C; experimento 2 (níveis de UR: [1] 70%, [2] 80% e [3] 90%; e experimento 3 (condições de AC: [1] 21kPa O2+0,03kPa CO2, [2] 0,5kPa O2+0kPa CO2, [3] 1,0kPa O2+0kPa CO2, [4] 2,0kPa O2+0kPa CO2, [5] 1,0kPa O2+2,0kPa CO2 e [6]1,0kPa O2+4,0kPa CO2. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Após seis meses de armazenamento, foram realizadas as análises no momento da saída dos bulbos das câmaras e após 15 dias de exposição a 20°C. A brotação e a podridão foram inibidas na temperatura de 0,5°C, diferentemente das temperaturas iguais e superiores a 4°C, em que mais de 90% dos bulbos brotaram. As UR de 70 e 80% foram melhores, pois ocorreu menor brotação. O baixo oxigênio controlou a brotação dos bulbos, proporcionando maior número de bulbos comerciáveis após seis meses em AC e também após 15 dias de exposição a 20°C.The aim of this research was to evaluate conditions to maintain postharvest quality of 'Crioula' onions. Three experiments were done, evaluating the effect of temperature, relative humidity (RH and controlled atmosphere (CA: different temperatures: [1] -0.5°C, [2] 0.5°C, [3] 2°C, [4] 4°C, [5] 6°C and [6] 10°C. Levels of RH: [1] 70%, [2] 80% and [3] 90%; and different CA conditions: [1] 21kPa O2+0.03kPa CO2, [2] 0.5kPa O2+0kPa CO2, [3] 1.0kPa O2+0kPa CO2, [4] 2.0kPa O2+0kPa CO2, [5] 1.0kPa O2+2.0kPa CO2 and [6] O2 1.0kPa+4.0kPa CO2. The experimental design was completely randomized. Ripening and quality evaluations were carried out after six months of storage more fifteen days at 20°C. The sprout and rot

  8. Analysing changes in land cover in relation to environmental factors in the districts of Znojmo and Třebíč (Czech Republic)

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Brovkina, Olga; Zemek, František; Novotný, Jan; Heřman, Michal; Štěpánek, Petr

    2017-01-01

    Roč. 7, č. 2 (2017), s. 108-118 ISSN 1805-0174 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) LO1415 Institutional support: RVO:86652079 Keywords : object-based classification * driving forces * landscape * china * mountains * patterns * pyrenees * science * land use * satellite data * climatic parameters * altitudinal gradient * slope of terrain * field size Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour OBOR OECD: Environmental sciences (social aspects to be 5.7)

  9. Potential changes in Czech forest soil carbon stocks under different climate change scenarios

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Marková, I.; Janouš, Dalibor; Pavelka, Marian; Macků, J.; Havránková, Kateřina; Rejšek, K.; Marek, Michal V.

    2016-01-01

    Roč. 62, č. 12 (2016), s. 537-544 ISSN 1212-4834 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) ED1.1.00/02.0073; GA MŽP(CZ) SP/1A6/108/07; GA MŠk OC08021; GA MŠk 2B06068 Institutional support: RVO:67179843 Keywords : oxidizable soil carbon content * altitudinal vegetation zone * ecological series Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour

  10. SPATIAL PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION OF TREE SPECIES IN HIGH MOUNTAIN FORESTS AT THE REGION OF ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL DE ESPECIES ARBÓREAS EN BOSQUES DE ALTA MONTAÑA DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ronald Alfonso Montañez Valencia

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available The assessed the patterns of spatial distribution of tree species along an altitudinal gradient in high mountain forests it was evaluated. The study was carried out in three 1-ha plots located in high Andean forests on the northern part of the Central cordillera of Colombia, classifying the data into two categories of size: canopy (DBH>10 cm and understory (DBHSe evaluó el patrón de distribución espacial de especies arbóreas a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en bosques de alta montaña. El estudio se realizó en tres (3 parcelas permanentes de 1 ha ubicadas en bosques alto andinos al norte de la cordillera Central de Colombia, clasificando los datos en dos estratos arbóreos: dosel (DAP≥10cm y sotobosque (DAP<10cm. El objeto es responder si: 1. ¿Son similares los patrones de distribución entre dosel y sotobosque? 2. ¿Existen diferencias en el patrón de distribución a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal? Para definir el patrón de distribución de las especies a diferentes escalas se empleó el índice estandarizado de Morisita (Ip. El patrón de distribución predominante fue el gregario para especies de dosel y sotobosque en las tres áreas de estudio. El grado de agrupamiento de las especies de dosel aumentó a medida que incrementó la escala o el tamaño de la parcela. En contraste, en el sotobosque el gregarismo disminuyó con la escala espacial de análisis. Lo anterior sugiere que la denso-dependencia aumenta proporcionalmente con la altitud. Esta tendencia, no obstante, parece estar controlada por mecanismos reguladores contrastantes, tales como la limitación en dispersión y la especialización de hábitat, entre especies del dosel y el sotobosque respectivamente.

  11. Analyses of occurrence data of protected insect species collected by citizens in Italy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alessandro Campanaro

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available Citizen science, the engagement of people in a research project, has grown rapidly in recent years, also for mapping of species of conservation interest. The Life Project “Monitoring Insects with Public Participation” (MIPP actively promoted collaboration amongst scientists, public administrations and citizens in the collection of occurrence data of nine insect species listed in the Habitats Directive: Lucanus cervus, Osmoderma eremita, Cerambyx cerdo, Rosalia alpina, Morimus asper/funereus, Lopinga achine, Parnassius apollo, Zerynthia cassandra/polyxena and Saga pedo. These species were selected because they share two main characteristics: (i they are listed in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and (ii they are large and relatively easy to identify. From 2014 to 2016, many different strategies were applied to contact and engage the public and approximately 14,000 citizens were reached directly. Additionally, printed and online material informed the public about this project. Citizens could transmit data on the target species, accompanied by a photograph, via the web-site of the project or through a dedicated application (app for smartphones and tablets. All records were validated by experts based on the photographs sent by citizens. A total number of 2,308 records were transmitted and 1,691 (73.2% of these were confirmed. Most of the reports were submitted via the website, although the submission via the app increased over time. The species most commonly recorded was L. cervus, followed by M. asper/funereus and R. alpina. Data collected by citizen scientists allowed a detailed analysis to be made on altitudinal distribution and phenology of the species and the results obtained were compared with literature data on altitudinal distribution and phenology. For example, for L. cervus, 67% of the records collected were from the altitudinal range 0–400 m a.s.l. Interestingly, the data showed that the phenology of this species changed

  12. Le metriche utilizzate per la valutazione delle performance nel settore bancario e assicurativo

    OpenAIRE

    Luciano Munari; Antonella Caru'; Federica Ielasi

    2012-01-01

    Il capitolo descrive i risultati della ricerca che riguardano la parte relativa alle metriche utilizzate dalle imprese bancarie e assicurative per la misurazione dei risultati relativi all'attività marketing

  13. Carbon dioxide concentration in caves and soils in an alpine setting: implications for speleothem fabrics and their palaeoclimate significance

    Science.gov (United States)

    Borsato, Andrea; Frisia, Silvia; Miorandi, Renza

    2015-04-01

    Carbon dioxide concentration in soils controls carbonate dissolution, soil CO2 efflux to the atmosphere, and CO2 transfer to the subsurface that lead, ultimately, to speleothem precipitation. Systematic studies on CO2 concentration variability in soil and caves at regional scale are, however, few. Here, the systematic investigation of CO2 concentration in caves and soils in a temperate, Alpine region along a 2,100 m altitudinal range transect, which corresponds to a mean annual temperature (MAT) range of 12°C is presented. Soil pCO2 is controlled by the elevation and MAT and exhibits strong seasonality, which follows surface air temperature with a delay of about a month. The aquifer pCO2, by contrast, is fairly constant throughout the year, and it is primarily influenced by summer soil pCO2. Cave CO2 concentration is a balance between the CO2 influx and CO2 efflux, where the efflux is controlled by the cave ventilation, which is responsible for low pCO2 values recorded in most of the caves with respect to soil levels. Carbon dioxide in the innermost part of the studied caves exhibits a clear seasonal pattern. Thermal convection is the most common mechanism causing higher ventilation and low cave air pCO2 levels during the winter season: this promotes CO2 degassing and higher supersaturation in the drip water and, eventually, higher speleothem growth rates during winter. The combined influence of three parameters - dripwater pCO2, dripwater Ca content, and cave air pCO2 - all related to the infiltration elevation and MAT directly controls calcite supersaturation in dripwater. Four different altitudinal belts are then defined, which reflect temperature-dependent saturation state of dripwaters. These belts broadly correspond to vegetation zones: the lower montane (100 to 800 m asl), the upper montane (800 to 1600 m asl), the subalpine (1600 to 2200 m asl) and the Alpine (above 2200 m asl). Each altitudinal belt is characterised by different calcite fabrics, which can

  14. Computerized dosimetry of I-125 sources model 6711; Dosimetria computarizada de las fuentes de I-125 modelo 6711

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Isturiz, J [Centre de Radiotherapie du Parc, Dijon (France)

    2001-07-01

    It tries on: physical presentation of the sources; radiation protection; mathematical model of I-125 source model 6711; data considered for the calculation program; experimental com probation of the dose distribution; exposure rate and apparent activity; techniques of the use given to the sources I-125; and the calculation planning systems. [Spanish] Trata sobre presentacion fisica de las fuentes, radioproteccion, modelo matematico de las fuentes I-125 modelo 6711, datos considerados en el programa de calculo, comprobacion experimental de la distribucion de dosis, tasa de exposicion y actividad aparente, tecnicas de utilizacion de las fuentes I-125; y los sistemas de planificacion del calculo de las dosis.

  15. Conceptos Basicos Sobre el Gas Natural

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2016-08-01

    El gas natural abastece cerca de 150.000 vehiculos en los Estados Unidos y aproximadamente 22 millones de vehiculos en todo el mundo. Los vehiculos de gas natural (NGV, por sus siglas en ingles) son una buena opcion para las flotas de vehiculos de alto kilometraje, tales como autobuses, taxis, vehiculos de recoleccion de basura, los cuales son alimentados centralmente u operan dentro de un area limitada o a lo largo de una ruta con estaciones de servicio de gas natural. Las ventajas del gas natural como combustible alternativo incluyen su disponibilidad interna, la red de distribucion establecida, un costo relativamente bajo, y los beneficios de las emisiones.

  16. Experimental analysis of the environmental contamination of electrical equipment; Analisis experimental de la contaminacion ambiental en equipos electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Campillo Ruiz, Maria Teresa; Ponce Velez, Marco Antonio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    This paper is a summary of the main causes that originate the contamination problems in insulating materials. This as the result of different studies performed in experimental testing stations, as well as in transmission, distribution and laboratory power lines by the Departamento de Materiales of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE). [Espanol] En el presente trabajo se muestra un resumen de los principales factores que originan los problemas de contaminacion en aislamientos. Esto, como resultado de diversos estudios realizados tanto en estaciones de prueba experimentales como en lineas de transmision, distribucion y laboratorio por el Departamento de Materiales del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE).

  17. Experimental analysis of the environmental contamination of electrical equipment; Analisis experimental de la contaminacion ambiental en equipos electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Campillo Ruiz, Maria Teresa; Ponce Velez, Marco Antonio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This paper is a summary of the main causes that originate the contamination problems in insulating materials. This as the result of different studies performed in experimental testing stations, as well as in transmission, distribution and laboratory power lines by the Departamento de Materiales of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE). [Espanol] En el presente trabajo se muestra un resumen de los principales factores que originan los problemas de contaminacion en aislamientos. Esto, como resultado de diversos estudios realizados tanto en estaciones de prueba experimentales como en lineas de transmision, distribucion y laboratorio por el Departamento de Materiales del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE).

  18. Clasificación de imágenes multiespectrales ASTER mediante funciones adaptativas

    OpenAIRE

    Quirós Rosado, Elia María

    2013-01-01

    La mayoría de métodos utilizados en teledetección para la clasificación de usos del suelo son paramétricos, mientras que las distribuciones de los valores de reflectancia no siguen una distribución Gaussiana. El uso de estos métodos supone una pérdida de potencia en el sentido estadístico del término debido al no cumplimiento de los requisitos del método. El trabajo de investigación que se plantea en esta Tesis Doctoral es la aplicación de métodos no paramétricos para la clasificación s...

  19. Efeitos da precipitação pluvial, da umidade relativa do ar e de excesso e déficit hídrico do solo no peso do hectolitro, no peso de mil grãos e no rendimento de grãos de trigo Effects of rainfall, relative humidity and water excess and deficit on test weight, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield of wheat

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eliana Maria Guarienti

    2005-09-01

    Full Text Available Cerca de 90% da produção de trigo no Brasil está localizada nos estados do Paraná, do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. Nesses estados, a variabilidade climática é muito expressiva, tornando a produção tritícola uma atividade de risco e fazendo com que o decréscimo da produção e da produtividade de trigo seja objeto de questionamento de grande número de investigadores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência da precipitação pluvial, da umidade relativa do ar e de excesso e déficit hídrico do solo no peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos. Foram usados dados de experimentos com a cultivar de trigo Embrapa 16, conduzidos durante os anos de 1990 a 1998, em sete locais do Rio Grande do Sul e em quatro locais de Santa Catarina. A análise estatística realizada foi correlação múltipla. Verificou-se que: a a precipitação pluvial e o excesso hídrico do solo afetaram negativamente o peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos, e a umidade relativa do ar influenciou tanto positiva quanto negativamente essas variáveis; b o déficit hídrico do solo afetou positivamente o peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos após a maturação fisiológica, isto é, nos dez primeiros dias anteriores à colheita, e negativamente nos demais períodos.About 90% of the wheat production in Brazil is located in Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states. In these states there is a considerable climatic variability and consequently wheat production becomes a risky activity. Therefore, the decrease of wheat production and grain yield has been analyzed by a great number of investigators. This work aimed to verify the influence of rainfall, relative humidity, and water excess and deficit on test weight, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield of wheat. Data of Embrapa 16 wheat cultivar, obtained during the 1990-98 period, in seven Rio Grande do Sul state

  20. Violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes: características relativas à vitimização nas relações familiares Sexual abuse of children and adolescents: characteristics of sexual victimization in family relations

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Márcia Aparecida Ribeiro

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as características relativas às vitimizações sexuais intrafamiliares cometidas contra grupos etários categorizados segundo o critério de idade estabelecido pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente,atendidos no Centro de Referência da Criança e do Adolescente e nos Conselhos Tutelares de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, no período de 1995 a 2000. Identificou-se 234 agressões cometidas por 217 agressores contra 210 famílias e 226 vítimas. Foram vitimizadas 131 crianças (48,7% e 95 adolescentes (41,2% com predomínio do sexo feminino. Crianças com idade entre dez anos e um mês e 12 anos incompletos foram as mais atingidas (19,5% e nos adolescentes, entre 12 e 14 anos completos (17,3%. A maioria das vítimas reside com famílias que possuem três (19,9% ou quatro filhos (17,7%, sendo os primogênitos os mais agredidos (33,6%. Agressores únicos vitimizaram em sua maioria apenas uma vítima (86,7%. Pais (34,2% e padrastos (30,3% foram os que mais agrediram, com os primeiros vitimizando mais crianças (19,7% e os segundos, adolescentes (17,1%.This study analyzes the characteristics of sexual abuse committed within the family against age groups classified according to the Brazilian Statute for Children and Adolescents (the prevailing legislation on matters pertaining to minors and treated at the Reference Center for Children and Adolescents and the Guardianship Councils in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1995 to 2000. Some 234 abuses were identified, committed by 217 aggressors, against 210 families and a total of 226 victims. A total of 131 children (48.7% and 95 adolescents (41.2%, predominantly females, were victimized. Children ranging from 10 to 12 years were the most frequently abused (19.5%, as well as adolescents from 12 to 14 years old (17.3%. The majority of the victims live in families with 3 (19.9% or 4 children (177%, and the firstborn are the most frequently abused (33