Preparative Radiation Chemistry of Transition Metal Complexes; Radiosynthese de complexes de metaux de transition; Radiatsionno-khimicheskij sintez kompleksnykh soedinenij perekhodnykh metallov; Radiosintesis de complejos de los metales de transicion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gustorf, E. Koerner Von; Jun, M. -J.; Koller, H.; Schenck, G. O. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kohlenforschung, Abteilung Strahlenchemie, Muelheim-Ruhr, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

1963-11-15

aktivnosti. Provedeny sleduyushchie issledovaniya: 1) Radiatsionno-khimicheskij sintez {pi}-kompleksov metallov peremennoj valentnosti. Primerom mozhet sluzhit' poluchenie kompleksov angidrid maleinovoj kisloty + tetrakarbonil zheleza, diametilovyj ehfir fumarovoj kisloty + tetrakarbonil zheleza, metilovyj ehfir metakrilovoj kisloty + tetrakarbonil zheleza, vinilatsetat + tetrakarbonil zheleza i t.d. pri gamma-obluchenii ot kobal'tovogo istochnika Fe(CO){sub 5} s sootvetstvuyushchimi nenasyshchennymi soedineniyami. 2) Khimicheskie reaktsii v sluchae {pi}-kompleksov, poluchennykh pri radiatsionno-khimicheskom sinteze. Primerom mozhet sluzhit' polimerizatsiya vinilovykh soedinenij pri komnatnoj temperature pod dejstviem organicheskikh galogenovykh soedinenij na takie kompleksy, kak metilovyj ehfir metakrilovoj kisloty - tetrakarbonil zheleza, vinilatsetat - tetrakarbonil zheleza i t.d. 3) Sintez {pi}-kompleksov i karbonil'nykh soedinenij metallov peremennoj valentnosti pri obluchenii. Primerom mozhet sluzhit' gamma-obluchenie ot istochnika Co{sup 60} v srede galogenovykh uglevodorodov sleduyushchikh {pi}-kompleksov: [(C{sub 5}H{sub 5}) Fe], [(C{sub 5}H{sub 5}){sub 2}Ni], CH{sub 3}C{sub 5}H{sub 4}Mn(CO){sub 3}, (C{sub 5}H{sub 5})TiCl{sub 2}, Fe(CO){sub 5}, Ni(CO){sub 4}.

Radioinitiation of Chain Branched Reactions and its Sensitization; Amorcage sous rayonnement des reactions par ramification en chaine; sensibilisation du processus; Radiatsionnoe initsiirovanie tsennykh razvetvlennykh reaktsij i ego sensibilizatsiya; Radioiniciacion de reacciones en cadena ramificadas y medios para aumentar su sensibilidad

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Barelko, E V; Kartashova, L I; Komarov, P N; Proskurnin, M A [Karpov Physico-Chemical Institute, Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian Federation)

1960-07-15

avtouskoryayushchijsya kharakter i idet samoproizvol'no posle prekrashcheniya dejstviya izlucheniya. Podrobno issledovan protsess okisleniya benzola, dlya kotorogo kharakterna povyshennaya ustojchivost' k dejstviyu izlucheniya. Avtory sformulirovali printsip sensibilizatsii radiatsionnogo initsiirovaniya protsessa okisleniya radiatsionno-stojkikh veshchestv khimicheski inertnymi, radiatsionno-nestojkimi veshchestvami. Privedeny osnovnye kolichestvennye kharakteristiki protsessa radio liticheskogo okisleniya benzola : nakoplenie razlichnykh produktov reaktsii, vliyanie temperatury, davleniya, moshchnosti i dozy izlucheniya na protsess nakopleniya produktov reaktsii. Sdelany nekotorye vyvody o mekhanizme protsessa. Privedena konstruktsiya ustanovki, rabotayushchaya po tsirkulyatsionnomu sposobu. (author)

Radiation Synthesis of Stannous Dibromodibutyl; Synthese radiochimique de l'etain dibromopibutyle; Radiatsionno-khimicheskij sintez dibromdibutilolova; Sintesis radioquimica del dffiromodibutilestano

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Abramova, L. V.; Vereshchinskij, I. V.; Kocheshkov, K. A.; Miretskij, V. Yu.; Pozdneev, V. V.; Ryabukhin, Yu. S.; Sheverdina, N. I.

1963-11-15

dosimetro de sulfato de hierro es de {approx}50 rad/s. Se utilizaron diversas proporciones de estafio metalico en polvo y bromuro de butilo de distintos grados de pureza. Se comprobo que en tales condiciones se desarrolla una reaccion radioquimica orientada en virtud de la cual se produce basicamente dibromodibutilestaflo con elevado rendimiento. Se demostro que el proceso tiene un periodo de induccion cuya duracion depende de la pureza del bromuro de butilo inicial. Este mismo factor influye tambien notablemente en la velocidad de formacion del producto final. Se comprobo que el estafio que no interviene en la reaccion puede volver a utilizarse para obtener dibromodibutilestaflo, pero en ese caso se anula por completo el periodo de induccion. Estas propiedades satisfacen los requisitos para la realizacion de un proceso continuo. Los autores proponen un mecanismo de reaccion, para explicar las leyes de este proceso que se desarrolla con un elevado rendimiento radioquimico. (author) [Russian] Printsipial'naya vozmozhnost' sinteza olovoorganicheskikh soedinenij pri dejstvii {gamma}-izlucheniya Co{sup 60} na smesi metallicheskogo olova i sootvetstvuyushchikh galoidalkilov vpervye byla ustanovlena Abramovoj, Kocheshkovym i SHeverdinoj v 1956 g. Usloviya provedeniya opytov v steklyannoj apparature bez peremeshivaniya ne pozvolyali vyyavit' kineticheskie zakonomernosti obrazovaniya ehtogo klassa metalloorganicheskikh soedinenij. Nastoyashchaya rabota byla postavlena dlya vyyasneniya vliyaniya ryada faktorov na skorost' radiatsionno-khimicheskogo sinteza olovoorganicheskikh soedinenij na primere dibromdibutilolova. S ehtoj tsel'yu byla skonstruirovana i izgotovlena spetsial'naya ustanovka s periodicheskoj zagruzkoj komponentov i vygruzkoj produktov reaktsii. Otlichitel'nymi osobennostyami ustanovki yavlyalis' vozmozhnost' ee termostatirovaniya, osushchestvlenie ehffektivnogo peremeshivaniya i periodicheskogo otbora prob dlya analizov. Osnovnoj uzel ustanovki (reaktsionnyj sosud iz

Luminescence of color centers in MgF{sub 2} crystals; Lyuminestsentsiya tsentrov okraski v kristallakh MgF{sub 2}

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Vakhidov, Sh A; Nuritdinov, I; Musaeva, M A [Inst. Yadernoj Fizili AN Uzbekistana, Tashkent (Uzbekistan)

1999-08-01

The photoluminescence characteristics of the proper radiation color centers of the MgF{sub 2} crystals are studied. The samples were irradiated by the {sup 60}Co source {gamma}-rays up to the dose 10{sup 7}Gy. The bands with the maxima in the area of 420, 460, 550 and 620 nm were identified, which are excited correspondingly in the bands with the maxima of 370, 320, 410 and 480 nm.

The Main Technological Characteristics of Apparatus for Industrial Radiochemical Processes, in Particular Ethylene Polymerization; Caracteristique techniques fondamentals des appareils pour l'application industrielle de reactions chimiques sous rayonnement (notamment la polymerisation de l'ethylene ); Osnovnye tekhnologicheskie kharakteristiki apparatov dlya provedeniya radiatsionno-khimi-cheskikh protsessov (v chastnosti, dlya polimerizatsii ehtilena) v promyshlennom masshtabe; Principales caracteristicas tecnologicas de los aparatos para la aplicacion industrial de reacciones radioquimicas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Syrkus, N P; Breger, A K; Weinstein, B I [Karpov Physicochemical Institute, Moscow, USSR (Russian Federation)

1960-07-15

, Q {approx} W{sub 0}{sup 0'5}. (author) [Spanish] Se propone un metodo de evaluacion de la efectividad de los aparatos, cualquiera que sea su construccion, comparandola con la productividad de un aparato infinitamente grande que tenga la misma fuente de radiaciones. Se indican las caracteristicas tecnologicas de un aparato destinado a la polimerizacion del etileno mediante radiaciones (a presion de 200 atmosferas y temperatura de 25{sup o} C{sup 4} empleando como fuente principal radiaciones gamma de cobalto-60 a distintas actividades. Se pueden calcular los datos tecnicos de tal aparato segun el valor medio de la intensidad de las dosis, fijado segun la magnitud del coeficiente de rendimiento energetico del aparato. Se indica en el trabajo que, siendo las demas condiciones iguales, la productividad (Q) del aparato es funcion exponencial de la intensidad (W{sub 0}) de las radiaciones gamma del mismo. Para el aparato que se estudia en el trabajo la formula es: Q{approx}W{sub 0}{sup 0'5}. (author) [Russian] V doklade rassmotreny v obshchem vide otdel'nye naibolee vazhnye tekhnologicheskie kharakteristiki apparatov (na primere sfericheskogo apparata) dlya provedeniya radiatsionno-khimicheskikh protsessov v promyshlennom masshtabe. Predlozhen metod otsenki ehffektivnosti apparata lyuboj konstruktsii putem sravneniya s proizvoditel'nost' yu beskonechno bol'shogo apparata, imeyushchego tot zhe istochnik izlucheniya. Priveden raschet tekhnologicheskoj kharakteristiki apparata dlya radiatsionnoj polimerizatsii ehtilena (davlenie 200 atm, temperatura 25{sup o} C{sup 3} so sterzhnevym istochnikom gamma-izlucheni ya Co{sup 60} razlichnoj aktivnosti. Takoj apparat mozhno rasschityvat' po srednim znacheniyam moshchnostej doz, opredelyaemym po velichine ehnergeticheskogo KPD apparata. Pokazano, chto proizvoditel'nost'apparata (Q), pri prochikh ravnykh usloviyakh, yavlyaetsya stepennoj funktsiej moshchnosti (W{sub 0}) gamma-izlucheniya apparata. Dlya rassmotrennogo apparata : Q

Radiation-stimulated degradation of CMOS devices in active electric regime; Radiatsionno-stimulirovannaya degradatsiya KMOP-priborov v aktivnom ehlektricheskom rezhime

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Verkhoturov, V I; Grafodatskij, O S; Zykov, V M; Yunda, N T

1994-12-31

The experiment conducted has confirmed that independent of dose rate under which irradiation is performed the change of threshold strain of MOS-transistors during long term annealing is described by a universal curve, its parameters being determined and electric mode of transistors operation.

Calculation and construction of radioisotopic radiation chemical installations. [Book (reference text); In Russian]. Raschet i konstruirovanie radioizotopnykh radiatsionno-khimicheskikh ustanovok

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kulisha, E E

1975-01-01

A discussion is given of the development of radiation sources and the uses of gamma sources. The chemical and radiation characteristics of the sources are considered, and the fabrication methods are described for different types of sources used for radiation-induced chemical processes in condensed phase and in two-phase systems. Technological dosimetry, industrial and radiation safety, and economic aspects of gamma sources are examined. The text serves as a reference for physicists, chemistry technologists, engineers, and other scientific workers.

Radiation defect production in quartz crystals with various structure perfectness degree; Radiatsionnoe defektoobrazovanie v kristallakh kvartsa s razlichnoj stepen`yu sovershenstva struktury

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Khushvakov, O B

1992-01-01

Radiation defects production processes in pure and doped quartz crystals with various structure defectness, caused by preliminary irradiation with neutrons, protons, deuterons and {alpha}-particles, during various electron excitation densities were investigated. The distribution of colour centres along the thickness of irradiated quartz crystals was measured. It was supposed that colour centres are produced on account of inelastic energy losses as the result of collective decay of two or more interacting excitons. It was shown that in quartz crystals under the actions of protons with overthreshold energy 18 MeV and electrons with subthreshold energy 100 keV the same structure defects are formed. It was established that radiation defect production process has two stages. The first stage reveals radiation defects produced by preliminary irradiation. The second one reveals additional intrinsic defects formed under the action of gamma-rays and electrons. The probability dependence of defect production on neutron fluence and masses of incident particles was studied. It was supposed that the creation of additional defects in preliminary irradiated crystals is due to non-radiative decay of electron excitations near radiation-induced defects. It was shown that increase of impurity concentration leads to rate growth of accumulation of radiation induced defects. (A.A.D.) 15 refs. 4 figs.

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Quenching Variables from Biomedical Samples in Liquid Scintillator Systems; Aspects Theoriques et Experimentaux des Parametres d'Extinction Etudies sur des Echantillons Biomedicaux dans des Systemes a Scintillateur Liquide; Teoreticheskie i ehksperimental'nye aspekty peremennykh gasheniya iz biomeditsinskikh prob v zhidkikh stsintillyatsionnykh sistemakh; Estudio Teorico y Experimental de las Variables de Extincion en el Recuento de Sustancias Biological por Centelleo Liquido

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ross, H. H. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

1965-10-15

popravki na gashenie dajut vozmozhnost' opredeljat' obshhuju velichinu gashenija v dannoj probe, ne predstavljaetsja vozmozhnym opredeljat' absoljutnuju dolju uchastija v gashenii okraski i fluorescencii. Jeti svedenija predstavljajut bol'shoe znachenie dlja konstrukcii novyh i bolee jeffektivnyh scintilljacionnyh sistem, a takzhe dlja kriticheskoj ocenki bolee staryh sistem s cel'ju vnesenija vozmozhnyh uluchshenij. Nedavno avtoru doklada udalos' vyrabotat' dva nezavisimyh metoda dlja opredelenija, otdel'nyh vyzyvajushhih gashenie peremennyh v zhidkih sistemah. Pervyj metod pokazyvaet, chto na osnovanii spektrofotometricheskih dannyh predstavljaetsja vozmozhnym ispol'zovat' obshhuju matematicheskuju model' dlja tochnogo predskazanija stepeni obescvechivanija v ljuboj probe. Jetot podhod analogichen metodu opredelenija obshhego pogloshhenija sveta v mnogokomponentnoj sisteme, i on privodit v konechnom schete k integral'nomu uravneniju tipa: Q = {integral}{sup {lambda}{sub n{sub {lambda}{sub {sub l}}}}} (K)(A)d{lambda}, kotoroe dlja prakticheskih nadobnostej mozhno legko uprostit'. Jetot metod mozhet davat' tochnye svedenija dlja ocenki kombinirovannogo vozdejstvija gashenija okraski i fluorescencii i vmeste s tem sposobstvovat' luchshemu ponimaniju faktorov, vyzyvajushhih obescvechivanie. Odnako pri neobhodimosti analizirovat' povsednevno bol'shoe kolichestvo prob jeksperimental'naja procedura stanovitsja dovol'no trudoemkoj. Vtoroj metod - novyj jeksperimental'nyj metod vnesenija popravki na gashenie okraski putem ispol'zovanija {sup i}zolirovannogo vnutrennego standarta{sup .} Primenjaja jetot metod s ljubymi drugimi metodami opredelenija obshhej popravki na gashenie, mozhno legko otdelit' vozdejstvie gashenija okraski ot himicheskogo gashenija. Metod izolirovannogo vnutrennego standarta osnovan na pogloshhenii svetovyh fotonov v probe zhidkogo scintilljatora s gashenoj okraskoj. Odnako v protivopolozhnost' opisannomu vyshe spektrofotometricheskomu metodu istochnik sveta

Entrappment of alkaline protease and {beta}-galactosidase in radiation stitched together poly-N-vinylcaprolactam.; Vklyuchenie shchelochnoj proteazy i {beta}-galaktozidazy v radiatsionno sshityj poli-N-vinilkaprolaktam.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Davidenko, T I; Kravchenko, I A [AN Ukrainskoj SSR, Odessa (Ukraine). Fiziko-Khimicheskij Inst.

1996-03-01

The gel formations by poly-N-vinylcaprolactam upon its {gamma}-irradiation by the 20-25 kGy dose as a results of partial polymer stitching together is shown, which is confirmed by the CD-and thermogravimetric data. By the alkaline protease and {beta}-galactosidase entrapment in poly-N- vinylcaprolactam stitched together by {gamma}-irradiation, the active preparations are obtained with 90-98 % and 30-35 % activity retained for alkaline protease and {beta}-galactosidase, respectively. The increased stability of alkaline protease at acidic pH values and higher temperature was noted, and for {beta}-galactosidase - the possibility of repeated use of the obtained preparation for lactose hydrolysis.

Methodical features of selection of radiation-resistant semiconductor devices on the base of initial informative parameters; Metodicheskie osobennosti otbora radiatsionno-stojkikh poluprovodnikovykh priborov po nachal`nym informativnym parametram

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Zhukov, Yu N [and others

1994-12-31

A method for evaluating the statistic interrelation of informational parameter initial values with radiation resistance of semiconducting devices using the information content factor which is invariant relative to the election scope and confidence probability is proposed.

Ethylene Polymerization by Gamma Irradiation; Polymerisation de l'ethylene par irradiation; Polimerizatsiya ehtilen a pod vliyaniem gamma-izlucheniya; Polimerizacion del etileno por irradiacion gamma

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Medvedev, S S; Abkin, A D; Khomikovsky, P M [Fiziko-khimicheskij institut im. Karpova, SSSR, Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian Federation)

1960-07-15

presion del etileno (50-300 atmosferas), la dosis especifica (20-160 roentgens/segundo) y la temperatura (0-50{sup o}C). La velocidad del proceso, el rendimiento quimico obtenido por radioinduccion y el peso molecular medio de los polimeros aumentan considerablement e con la presion (entre 50 y 200 atmosferas, la velocidad de polimerizacion es proporcional a la cuarta potencia de la concentracion de etileno). La velocidad de polimerizacion depende poco de la dosis especifica, siendo proporcional a la intensidad de irradiacion elevada a la potencia 0,3, en tanto que el rendimiento quimico obtenido por radioinduccion y el peso molecular medio de los polimeros aumentan a medida que la dosis especifica disminuye. La velocidad del proceso y el peso molecular aumentan ligeramente al crecer la temperatura. Los autores estudian las posibles explicaciones de las leyes cineticas observadas. El polietileno obtenido por irradiacion se distingue del polimero producido a presiones elevadas por su mayor densidad y grado de cristalizacion. En lo que se refiere a sus propiedades mecanicas, el polimero de viscosidad intrinseca superior a la unidad (obtenido a presiones comprendidas entre 100 y 200 atmosferas) se asemeja al polietileno producido a presiones elevadas. (author) [Russian] Issledovan protsess radiatsionnoj polimerizatsii ehtilena. S tsel'yu uvelicheniya skorosti initsiirovaniya provedeno izuchenie polimerizatsii ztilena v rastvorakh organicheskikh veshchestv (spirty, atseton, alifaticheskie uglevodorody) i pokazano, chto pri postoyannom davlenii (50 atm) i komnatnoj temperature skorost' protsessa v rastvore v 10-15 raz vyshe, chem v gazovoj faze. Detal'no izuchen protsess polimerizatsii ehtilena pod vliyaniem izlucheniya kobal'ta{sup -60} v gaze v zavisimosti ot davleniya ehtilena (50-300 atm), moshchnosti dozy (20-160 rentg/sek) i temperatury (0-50{sup o}C). Skorost' protsessa, radiatsionno-khimicheskij vykhod i srednij molekulyarnyj ves polimerov rezko vozrastayut s davleniem

Grafting to Polymethylmethacrylate by the Radiation-Peroxidation Method; Greffage sur le polymethacrylate de methyle par la methode de la radioperoxydation radiochimique; Privivanie k polimetilmetakripatu po metodu radiatsionnogo peroksidirovaniya; Injertos en el polimetilmetacrilato por el metodo de peroxidacion radioinducida

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Kircher, J. F.; Markle, R. A.; Lieberman, R.; Sleimers, F. A.; Leininger, R. I. [Batelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH (United States)

1963-11-15

e injerta con mayor facilidad que un polimero de peso molecular relativamente elevado. Se observa tambien que al elevar la temperatura hasta alcanzar al punto de transicion de la fase vidriosa aumenta el grado de peroxidacion y de injerto. Los autores proponen una explicacion de los resultados, basada en los efectos de la temperatura y del peso molecular sobre la movilidad del polimero y de los radicales. (author) [Russian] Issledovano radiatsionnoe okislenie polimetilmetakrilata (RMMA) v perekisnoe soedinenie v svyazi s posleduyushchim privivaniem pirrolidonvinila k perekisnomu polimeru. Peroksidirovanie issledovano v zavisimosti ot velichiny dozy, molekulyarnogo vesa RMMA i temperatury izlucheniya. Pokazano, chto RMMA s malym molekulyarnym vesom bolee ehffektivno okislyaetsya do perekisi i privivaetsya pri obluchenii dozami v neskol'ko megarad, chem polimer so sravnitel'no bol'shim molekulyarnym vesom. Otmecheno takzhe, chto povyshenie temperatury primerno do temperatury perekhoda stekla v zhidkoe sostoyanie intensifitsiruet protsessy okisleniya do perekisej i privivaniya. Rezul'taty ob{sup y}asneny, iskhodya iz vliyaniya temperatury i molekulyarnogo vesa na podvizhnost' polimera i oskolochnye radikaly. (author)

Some Possibilities of Radiation Polymerization from the Gaseous Phase on Solid Bases; Possibilites de polymerisation radiochimique en phase gazeuse sur des lits de matiere solide; O nekotorykh vozmozhnostyakh radiatsionnoj polimerizatsii iz gazovoj fazy na tverdykh podlozhkakh; Perspectivas de la radiopolimerizacion en fase gaseosa sobre lechos de sustancias solidas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tsetlin, B. L.

1963-11-15

composants; la fibre servant de lit et la fibre ''greffee'' peuvent, dans des conditions appropriees, presenter chacune son propre ensemble de proprietes mecaniques. (author) [Spanish] de vapores del monomero respectivo se caracteriza por los siguientes aspectos: los centros activos que inician la polimerizacion solo se forman en la superficie del lecho, obstaculizando el transporte de la cadena cinetica al monomero y las nuevas cadenas polimericas se desarrollan por influencia unilateral de las fuerzas moleculares en la superficie solida. Estas particularidades del proceso en fase gaseosa mejoran las perspectivas que ofrece el metodo de polimerizacion injertada. Asi, es factible extender la aplicacion del mismo a lechos inorganicos y emplearlo para la sintesis de compuestos organo-minerales. Por otra parte, si se emplean como lechos fibras sinteticas estiradas, las macromoleculas orientadas de estas fibras dirigen el desarrollo de las nuevas cadenas polimericas de modo que el polimero injertado se obtiene directamente en estado orientado. Como consecuencia, se forman fibras combinadas de dos componentes; las fibras del lecho y las fibras ''injertadas'' pueden, en condiciones apropiadas, ofrecer la suma de las propiedades mecanicas propias de cada tipo. (author) [Russian] Svoeobrazie sinteza privitykh polimerov putem oblucheniya tverdykh ''podlozhek'' v prisutstvii parov polimeriehuyushchikhsya monomerov sostoit v tom, chto aktivnye tsentry, initsiiruyushchie polimerizatsiyu, generiruyutsya prakticheski tol'ko na podlozhke, peredacha kineticheskoj tsepi monomeru zatrudnena, i novye polimernye tsepi rastut v usloviyakh odnostoronnego vliyaniya molekulyarnykh sil tverdoj poverkhnosti. Ehti osobennosti gazofaznogo protsessa rasshiryayut vozmozhnosti metoda privitoj polimerizatsii. Metod mozhet byt' rasprostranen v ehtom sluchae i na neorganicheskie podlozhki i ispol'zovan dlya sinteza mineral'no-organicheskikh produktov. S drugoj storony, pri ispol'zovanii v kachestve podlozhek

Recent Developments in the Theory of Mechanisms in Radiation Chemical Processes; Developpements recents dans la theorie des mecanismes des reactions radiochimiques; Poslednie dostizheniya v teorii mekhanizmov radiatsionno-khimicheski kh protsessov; Adelantos recientes en la interpretacion teorica del mecanismo de los procesos radioquimicos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Roberts, R. [U.K.A.E.A., Wantage Research Laboratory, Berks (United Kingdom)

1963-11-15

Recent developments in the mechanisms of radiation-initiated chemical reactions are reviewed. The role of ion molecule processes is reviewed, with particular reference to the radiation chemistry of methane. In this system, the existence of reactions of excited molecules, in addition to ionic processes is deduced. It is shown that, in the radiolysis of methane, unsaturated hydrocarbons play a considerable part in the mechanism of reaction. Developments in ionic polymerization and also polymerization under heterogenous conditions are reviewed. The importance of reactant purity, and also cleanliness of reaction vessels is discussed. The effect of an applied external potential in solid state polymerization is briefly reviewed. The importance of free-radical processes to radiation chemists is considered in the light of the Dow process for the production of ethyl bromide. (author) [French] L'auteur examine les resultats recents obtenus dans l'etude des mecanismes des reactions chimiques radio-induites. Il etudie l'importance des reactions ion-molecule, en considerant tout particulierement la radio-chimie due methane. Il en deduit qu'il existe dans ce systeme, outre les phenomenes ioniques, des reactions de molecules excitees. il montre que les hydrocarbures non satures jouent un role considerable dans la radiolyse du methane. Il passe en revue les resultats obtenus dans la polymerisation ionique ainsi que dans la polymerisation dans des conditions heterogenes. Il insiste sur l'importance de la purete des reactifs ainsi que sur la proprete des recipients. En meme temps, il examine brievement l'effet d'un potentiel exterieur sur la polymerisation a l'etat solide. Il signale l'importance radiochimique des reactions fondees sur des radicaux liebre, libres sous l'angle du procede Dow pour la production de bromure d'ethyle. (author) [Spanish] El autor examina los recientes progresos realizados en el estudio de los mecanismos de las reacciones quimicas radioinducidas. Sedala la importancia de los procesos ion-molecula, atendiendo particularmente a la radioquimica del metano. Deduce que se verifican en este sistema reacciones de moleculas excitadas, ademas de los procesos ionicos. Demuestra que los hidrocarburos no saturados desempenan un papel destacado en la radiolisis del metano. Pasa revista a los perfeccionamientos de la polimerizacion ionica, asi como de la polimerizacion en condiciones heterogeneas. Se refiere a la importancia de la pureza de los reactivos y a la limpieza de los recipientes. Examina brevemente el efecto de la aplicacion de un potencial extemo en la polimerizacion en fase solida. Senala la importancia radioquimica de los procesos basados en radicales libres, en relacion con el proceso Dow para la produccion del bromuro de etilo. (author) [Russian] Rassmatrivayutsya poslednie dostizheniya v teorii mekhanizmov khimicheskikh reaktsij, initsiirovannykh oblucheniem. Rassmatrivaetsya rol' iono-yolekulyarnykh protsessov, pri ehtom obrashchaetsya osoboe vnimanie na radiatsionnukh khimiyu metana. Sdelan vyvod, chto v ehtoj sisteme naryadu s ionnymi protsessami proiskhodyat reaktsii vozbuzhdennykh molekul. Pokazano, chto pri radiolize metana nenasyshchennye uglevodorody igravt znachitel'nuyu rol' v mekhanizme reaktsii. Rassmatrivayutsya dostizheniya v oblasti ionnoj polimerizatsii i polimerizatsii pri geterogennykh usloviyakh. Obsuzhdaetsya znachenie stepeni ochistki reagenta i chistoty reaktsionnogo sosuda. Kratko rassmatrivaetsya vozdejstvie prilozhennogo vneshnego potentsiala na polimerizatsiyu tverdykh tel. Znachenie protsessov svobodnykh radikalov v radiatsionnoj khimii rassmatrivaetsya v svete protsessa Dou dlya proizvodstva bromistogo ehtila. (author)

Action of Mercaptan and Disulfide in Hydrogen Atom Exchange Reactions; Action des Thioalcools et des Disulfures dans les Reactions d'Echange d'Atomes d'Hydrogene; Vozdejstvie merkaptanov i disul'fidov v reaktsiyakh obmena atoma vodoroda; Accion de los Mercaptanos y Disulfuros en las Reacciones de Intercambio del Hidrogeno Atomico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cohen, S. G. [Brandeis University Waltham, MA (United States)

1965-10-15

radikalami, a takzhe fotohimicheskie i navedennye radiaciej bol'shoj jenergii reakcii mogut byt' katalizirovany ili zatormozheny bystrymi reakcijami obmena atoma vodoroda merkaptanov i disul'fidov. Navedennye pod vlijaniem sveta radikaly i senzitivirovannye benzofenonom reakcii dekarbonizacii aldegidov katalizirujutsja merkaptanami. Cepnaja reakcija posledovatel'nogo perenosa vodoroda R' + RCH = O -> RH + RC = O uskorjaetsja analogichnoj posledovatel'nost'ju perenosov atoma vodoroda s uchastiem slozhnyh soedinenij sery: R' + C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CH{sub 2}SH -> RH + C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CH{sub 2}S'; C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CH{sub 2}S + RCH = 0 -> C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CH{sub 2}SH + RC = 0. Fotovosstanovlenie benzofenona v 2-propanole vedet k obrazovaniju benzpinakola cherez necepnuju reakciju posredstvom radikalov (C{sub 6}H{sub 5}){sub 2}C-OH and (CH{sub 3}){sub 2}COH. Jeta reakcija zamedljaetsja i tormozitsja merkaptanom i disul'fidom, kotorye vnov' prevrashhajut radikaly v ishodnye materialy bystrymi reakcijami perenosa vodoroda, a sami reagenty regenerirujutsja v svoi sostojanija drugoj valentnosti, prichem kazhdaja molekula slozhnogo soedinenija sery prohodit bez himicheskih posledstvij cherez mnogie kvanty: (C{sub 6}H{sub 5}){sub 2}C-OH + AS' -> (C{sub 6}H{sub 5}){sub 2}C = O + ASH; (CH{sub 3}){sub 2}C-OH + ASH -> (CH{sub 3}){sub 2}C = 0 + AS'. Dokazatel'stvami takogo mehanizma mogut sluzhit': privedenie v sostojanie ravnovesija pervonachal'no prisutstvovavshego merkaptana ili disul'fida vo vremja tormozhenija; grozdevanie opticheski aktivnogo spirta vo vremja tormozhenija; obmen dejterija vo vremja tormozhenija. Analogichnoe tormozhenie nabljudaetsja pri obrazovanii odnogo tol'ko promezhutochnogo radikala, kak jeto proishodit v spirtovyh sostavah benzofenona - benzgidrola i acetofenona - {alpha} - metilbenzila. Tormozhenie slozhnymi soedinenijami sery putem takogo zhe mehanizma nabljudaetsja v navedennom gamma-luchami kobal'ta-60 prevrashhenii benzofenona v benzpinakol; naftalin ne proizvodit

Effects of Variable Dose-Rates on Radiation Damage in the Rust-Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium Castaneum Herbst; Effets du debit de dose sur les dommages radioinduits chez le tenebrion roux (Tribolium Castaneum Herbst); Vliyanie razlichnykh moshchnostej doz na radiatsionnoe povrezhdenie krasnogo muchnogo zhuka, Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst); Radio lesiones que sufre el Tribolium Castaneum Herbst cuando se le somete a dosis de radiaciones de diversas intensidades

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nair, K. K.; Subramanyam, G. [Biology Division, Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, Bombay (India)

1963-09-15

In order to find out whether a change in dose-rate would significantly alter a radiation response, eggs as well as the adults of Tribolium castaneum were tested for viability and fertility respectively after exposure to gamma radiation at different dose-rates. The doses employed were 2000 and 5000 rad and the dose-rates ranged from 126 rad/h to 140 000 rad/h. It was observed that with an increase in dose-rate there was a decline in the fertility of the adults. Similarly the viability of the eggs was considerably reduced as the dose-rate increased, but at very high dose-rates there was a significant increase in viability. The significance of these findings is discussed. (author) [French] En vue de determiner si une variation du debit de dose modifie de maniere significative la reponse aux rayonnements, on a fait des essais sur des oeufs et des adultes de Tribolium castaneum, dont on a etudie respectivement la viabilite et la fecondite apres exposition a des doses de rayons gamma d'intensites differentes. On a administre des doses de 2000 et 5000 rad, le debit de dose variant de 126 a 140 000 rad/h. On a constate que la fecondite des adultes diminuait a mesure que le debit de dose augmentait. De meme, la viabilite des oeufs etait considerablement reduite a mesure que le debit de dose augmentait, mais pour des debits de dose tres eleves la viabilite augmentait sensiblement. Les auteurs analysent les donnees obtenues. (author) [Spanish] Para averiguar si un cambio en la intensidad de la dosis produce alteraciones fundamentales en la radiosensibilidad, se comprobo la viabilidad de los huevecillos y la fertilidad de los adultos de Tribolium castaneum despues de exponerlos a dosis de radiaciones gamma de intensidad diferente. Las dosis empleadas fueron 2000 y 5000 rad, y las intensidades oscilaron entre 126 rad/h y 140 000 rad/h. Al aumentar la intensidad de la dosis se produce una disminucion de la fertilidad de los adultos. De modo similar, la viabilidad de los huevecillos disminuyo considerablemente al aumentar la intensidad de dosis, aunque vuelve a aumentar de manera notable cuando las intensidades de dosis alcanzan valores muy elevados. La memoria discute el significado de estos resultados. (author) [Russian] Dlya opredeleniya zavisimosti reaktsii na obluchenie ot izmeneniya moshchnosti dozy izuchalis' zhiznesposobnost' i fertil'nost' yaits, a takzhe vzroslykh osobej Tribolium castaneum posle gamma-oblucheniya pri razlichnykh moshchnostyakh doz. Ispol'zovalis' dozy v 2000 i 5000 rad, a moshchnost' doz izmenyalas' ot 126 do 140 000 rad v chas. Bylo zamecheno, chto s povysheniem moshchnosti dozy ponizhalas' fertil'nost' vzroslykh osobej. Podobnym zhe obrazom s povysheniem moshchnosti dozy znachitel'no umen'shalas' zhiznesposobnost' yaits, odnako pri ochen' bol'shikh moshchnostyakh doz zhiznesposobnost' zametno uvelichivalas'. Obsuzhdaetsya znachenie poluchennykh dannykh. (author)

The use of radioactive inserts in the study of metal deformation during tube-making processes; Emploi de fils metalliques radioactifs pour l'etude des deformations des metaux pendant la fabrication de tubes; Ispol'zovanie radioaktivnykh vtulok dlya izucheniya deformatsii metallov pri protsesse izgotovleniya trub; Empleo de insertos radiactivos en el estudio de la deformacion de los metales durante la fabricacion de tubos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Davison, W H.T. [Tube Investments Research Laboratories, Cambridge (United Kingdom)

1962-01-15

experimental, que es aplicable a los estudios sobre deformacion de los metales en general. En este metodo es preciso localizar el inserto radiactivo con un error no mayor de un milimetro, lo que exige un poder de resolucion superior al que requieren normalmente las tecnicas de exploracion medica. Se examinan los problemas correspondientes en terminos de energia gamma, diseno del colimador y discriminacion de energias. (author) [Russian] V nastoyashchej rabote rassmatrivaetsya vopros ob ispol'zovanii radio- aktivnykh vtulok pri izuchenii deformatsii stali v pirsing-protsesse s pomoshch'yu goryachego rotatsionnogo metoda. ZHeleznaya ili stal'naya provoloka aktiviruetsya v reaktore, pomeshchaetsya v truby, pro- sverlennye v zheleznykh ili stal'nykh zagotovkakh, kotorye zatem podvergayutsya obrabotke v normal'nykh proizvodstvennykh usloviyakh. Tshchatel'noe nablyudenie pokazyvaet, chto radiatsionnoe obluchenie i zagryazneniya ustanovki sovershenno neznachitel'ny. Posle okhlazhdeniya zagotovki podvergayutsya analizu v laboratorii putem primeneniya kollimirovannogo stsintillyatsionnogo schetchika, raspolozhennogo perpendikulyarno k poverkhnosti prosverlennoj zagotovki; krivye izodoz pokazyvayut formu deformiro- vannoj radioaktivnoj vtulki, raspolozhennoj pod pryamym uglom k poverkhnosti truby. Drugoj grafik poluchaetsya ot podobnogo roda razvertki uchastka, nakhodyashchegosya pod pryamym uglom k osi truby; pri pomoshchi dvukh poluchennykh grafikov poluchaetsya kartina v trekh izmereniyakh. V dokumente privodyatsya nekotorye rezul'taty, no osnovnoe vnimanie v nem udelyaetsya metodam provedeniya ehksperimentov, kotorye shiroko ispol'zuyutsya pri izuchenii defor- matsii metallov. Vtulki dolzhny byt' raspolozheny na rasstoyanii millimetra ili okolo ehtogo, dlya chego trebuetsya bolee vysokaya razreshayushchaya sposobnost' po sravneniyu s normal'nymi metodami issledovaniya, primenyaemymi v meditsine. Problemy dostizheniya ehtogo ras- smatrivayutsya v nastoyashchem doklade v zavisimosti

Technical Developments in the USAEC Process Radiation Development Program; Etudes technologiques dans le cadre du programme de mise au point d'applications industrielles des rayonnements de la CEA-EU; Issledovaniya v oblasti promyshlennogo primeneniya izluchenij, vkhodyashchie v programmu komissii po atomnoj ehnergii USAEC; Progresos tecnicos en el programa de la USAEC para el fomento de la irradiacion industrial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Machurek, J. E.; Stein, M. H. [Division of Isotopes Development, USAEC, Washington, DC (United States)

1963-11-15

ispol'zovanie ioniziruyushchikh izluchenij v promyshlennosti. Provedeno chetyrnadtsat' takikh issledovanij, rezul'taty nekotorykh iz nikh izlozheny v obshchikh chertakh v dannoj rabote, ostal'nye izlagayutsya bolee podrobno - v drugikh stat'yakh trudov. Temy issledovanij vklyuchayut: 1. Prigotovlenie kombinatsij derevo-plastik, ispol'zuya gamma-izluchenie dlya indutsirovaniya polimerizatsii. 2. Ispol'zovanie beta-izlucheniya produktov deleniya dlya gidrogenizatsii uglya, i ego produktov s tsel'yu polucheniya zhidkogo uglevodorodnogo topliva. 3. Poluchenie poluprovodnikovykh priborov s formirovaniem zadannogo prostranstvennogo raspredeleniya primesej v zavisimosti ot legirovaniya putem nejtronnykh prevrashchenij. 4. Vyzvannaya izlucheniem polimerizatsiya ehtilena i sopolimerov. 5. Osnovnye issledovaniya mekhanizmov i kinetiki reaktsij, vyzvannykh izlucheniem. 6. Radiatsionno-khimicheskie protsessy pri ftorirovanii razlichnykh aromaticheskikh soedinenij. 7. Ispol'zovanie polifunktsional'nykh monomerov dlya intensifikatsii radiatsionnogo sshivaniya poliehtilena, polipropilena, poliizobutilena i atsetattsellyulozy. 8. Vliyanie nabukhaniya, deformatsii i temperatury na fizicheskie i khimicheskie svojstva polimerov, poluchennykh s pomoshch'yu radiatsii. 9. Vliyanie strukturnykh faktorov na radiatsionnye izmeneniya v polimerakh, privodyashchie k graftsopolimerizatsii. 10. Ispol'zovanie yadernykh izluchenij dlya modifikatstsii tekstil'nykh materialov. 11. Reaktsii, vyzvannye izlucheniem kriptona-85. 12. Podgotovka ''Spravochnika po radiatsii''. 13. Ispol'zovanie metalloorganicheskoj svyazi dlya gamma-dozimetrii pri bol'shikh moshchnostyakh dozy. 14. Razrabotka dozimetra s solnechnym ehlementom. (author)

Dispersions of Oxides in Oxide Matrices as High-Temperature Reactor Fuels; Dispersions d'oxyde dans des matrices d'oxyde, utilisees comme combustibles dans des reacteurs a haute temperature; Dispersiya okisej v okislovykh matritsakh v kachestve topliva dlya vysokotemperaturnogo reaktora; Empleo de dispersiones de oxidos en matrices de oxidos, como combustibles para reactores de elevada temperatura

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Williams, J. [Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell (United Kingdom)

1963-11-15

incorporarlas en matrices de elevada densidad. Los trabajos sobre metodos de elaboracion en escala experimental se hallan bastante avanzados. (author) [Russian] Daetsya obzor vozmozhnosti primeneniya dispersij PuO{sub 2},UO{sub 2}, ThO{sub 2} v matritsakh iz BeO, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, MgO i SiO{sub 2} s tochki zreniya sokhraneniya tselostnosti takogo topliva i sposobov ego izgotovleniya. Neizmennost' razmerov i sposobnost' uderzhaniya produktov deleniya yavlyayutsya naibolee vazhnymi svojstvami s tochki zreniya sokhraneniya tselostnosti topliva. Sovmestimost' sostavnykh ehlementov topliva drug s drugom i s teplonositelem okazyvayut vliyanie na neizmennost' razmerov, no v ehtom otnoshenii okislovye vidy topliva obladayut znachitel'nymi preimushchestvami. Na izmenenie razmerov pod dejstviem oblucheniya okazyvayut vliyanie: povrezhdeniya matritsy pod dejstviem nejtronov i oskolkov deleniya; radiatsionnoe povrezhdenie fazy delyashchikhsya veshchestv vosproizvodyashchikh materialov i nakoplenie produktov deleniya v gazoobraznom sostoyanii. Termicheskie napryazheniya takzhe mogut vyzyvat' izmeneniya formy. Odnako svedeniya o mekhanizme relaksatsii napryazhenij slishkom ogranicheny, chtoby mozhno bylo dat' kakuyu-libo priemlimuyu teoreticheskuyu otsenku povedeniyu topliva. Issledovaniya vykhoda produktov deleniya kak v sluchae legkogo oblucheniya, tak i pri sil'nom vygoranii okisej delyashchikhsya veshchestv/vosproizvodyashchikh materialov ogranichivalis' glavnym obrazom gazoobraznymi produktami deleniya, preimushchestvenno ksenonom. Dannye o vykhode drugikh produktov deleniya, a takzhe svedeniya o prokhozhdenii produktov deleniya voobshche cherez vozmozhnye materialy dlya matrits ochen' ogranicheny. Issledovaniya pronitsaemosti chistykh spekshikhsya okisej pokazyvayut, chto dlya ustraneniya otkrytoj poristosti takikh matrits potrebovalos' by dostizhenie plotnostej, dokhodyashchikh po men'shej mere do 95, a to i do 98% ot teoreticheski osushchestvimoj. Dlya izgotovleniya chastits