Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.

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Bai, Xiangning; Zhang, Wang; Tang, Xinyuan; Xin, Youquan; Xu, Yanmei; Sun, Hui; Luo, Xuelian; Pu, Ji; Xu, Jianguo; Xiong, Yanwen; Lu, Shan

2016-01-01

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are an emerging group of zoonotic pathogens. Ruminants are the natural reservoir of STEC. In this study we determined the prevalence and characteristics of the STEC in plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. A total of 1116 pika samples, including 294 intestinal contents samples, 317 fecal samples, and 505 intestinal contents samples, were collected from May to August in the years 2012, 2013, and 2015, respectively. Twenty-one samples (1.88%) yielded at least one STEC isolate; in total, 22 STEC isolates were recovered. Thirteen different O serogroups and 14 serotypes were identified. One stx 1 subtype (stx 1a) and three stx 2 subtypes (stx 2a, stx 2b, and stx 2d) were present in the STEC isolates. Fifteen, fourteen, and three STEC isolates harbored the virulence genes ehxA, subA, and astA, respectively. Adherence-associated genes iha and saa were, respectively, present in 72.73 and 68.18% of the STEC isolates. Twenty antibiotics were active against all the STEC isolates; all strains were resistant to penicillin G, and some to cephalothin or streptomycin. The 22 STEC isolates were divided into 16 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and 12 sequence types. Plateau pikas may play a role in the ongoing circulation of STEC in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. This study provides the first report on STEC in plateau pikas and new information about STEC reservoirs in wildlife. Based on the serotypes, virulence gene profiles and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, the majority of these pika STECs may pose a low public health risk.

Mechanistic variables can enhance predictive models of endotherm distributions: The American pika under current, past, and future climates

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Mathewson, Paul; Moyer-Horner, Lucas; Beever, Erik; Briscoe, Natalie; Kearney, Michael T.; Yahn, Jeremiah; Porter, Warren P.

2017-01-01

How climate constrains species’ distributions through time and space is an important question in the context of conservation planning for climate change. Despite increasing awareness of the need to incorporate mechanism into species distribution models (SDMs), mechanistic modeling of endotherm distributions remains limited in this literature. Using the American pika (Ochotona princeps) as an example, we present a framework whereby mechanism can be incorporated into endotherm SDMs. Pika distribution has repeatedly been found to be constrained by warm temperatures, so we used Niche Mapper, a mechanistic heat-balance model, to convert macroclimate data to pika-specific surface activity time in summer across the western United States. We then explored the difference between using a macroclimate predictor (summer temperature) and using a mechanistic predictor (predicted surface activity time) in SDMs. Both approaches accurately predicted pika presences in current and past climate regimes. However, the activity models predicted 8–19% less habitat loss in response to annual temperature increases of ~3–5 °C predicted in the region by 2070, suggesting that pikas may be able to buffer some climate change effects through behavioral thermoregulation that can be captured by mechanistic modeling. Incorporating mechanism added value to the modeling by providing increased confidence in areas where different modeling approaches agreed and providing a range of outcomes in areas of disagreement. It also provided a more proximate variable relating animal distribution to climate, allowing investigations into how unique habitat characteristics and intraspecific phenotypic variation may allow pikas to exist in areas outside those predicted by generic SDMs. Only a small number of easily obtainable data are required to parameterize this mechanistic model for any endotherm, and its use can improve SDM predictions by explicitly modeling a widely applicable direct physiological effect

Mechanistic variables can enhance predictive models of endotherm distributions: the American pika under current, past, and future climates.

Science.gov (United States)

Mathewson, Paul D; Moyer-Horner, Lucas; Beever, Erik A; Briscoe, Natalie J; Kearney, Michael; Yahn, Jeremiah M; Porter, Warren P

2017-03-01

How climate constrains species' distributions through time and space is an important question in the context of conservation planning for climate change. Despite increasing awareness of the need to incorporate mechanism into species distribution models (SDMs), mechanistic modeling of endotherm distributions remains limited in this literature. Using the American pika (Ochotona princeps) as an example, we present a framework whereby mechanism can be incorporated into endotherm SDMs. Pika distribution has repeatedly been found to be constrained by warm temperatures, so we used Niche Mapper, a mechanistic heat-balance model, to convert macroclimate data to pika-specific surface activity time in summer across the western United States. We then explored the difference between using a macroclimate predictor (summer temperature) and using a mechanistic predictor (predicted surface activity time) in SDMs. Both approaches accurately predicted pika presences in current and past climate regimes. However, the activity models predicted 8-19% less habitat loss in response to annual temperature increases of ~3-5 °C predicted in the region by 2070, suggesting that pikas may be able to buffer some climate change effects through behavioral thermoregulation that can be captured by mechanistic modeling. Incorporating mechanism added value to the modeling by providing increased confidence in areas where different modeling approaches agreed and providing a range of outcomes in areas of disagreement. It also provided a more proximate variable relating animal distribution to climate, allowing investigations into how unique habitat characteristics and intraspecific phenotypic variation may allow pikas to exist in areas outside those predicted by generic SDMs. Only a small number of easily obtainable data are required to parameterize this mechanistic model for any endotherm, and its use can improve SDM predictions by explicitly modeling a widely applicable direct physiological effect

Effectiveness of 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers for parentage and pedigree analysis in plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae

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Zhang Yanming

2010-11-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae is an underground-dwelling mammal, native to the Tibetan plateau of China. A set of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci has been developed earlier. Its reliability for parentage assignment has been tested in a plateau pika population. Two family groups with a known pedigree were used to validate the power of this set of markers. Results The error in parentage assignment using a combination of these 10 loci was very low as indicated by their power of discrimination (0.803 - 0.932, power of exclusion (0.351 - 0.887, and an effectiveness of the combined probability of exclusion in parentage assignment of 99.999%. Conclusion All the offspring of a family could be assigned to their biological mother; and their father or relatives could also be identified. This set of markers therefore provides a powerful and efficient tool for parentage assignment and other population analyses in the plateau pika.

Radiocarbon dating of American pika fecal pellets provides insights into population extirpations and climate refugia.

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Millar, Constance I; Heckman, Katherine; Swanston, Christopher; Schmidt, Karena; Westfall, Robert D; Delany, Diane L

The American pika (Ochotona princeps) has become a species of concern for its sensitivity to warm temperatures and potential vulnerability to global warming. We explored the value of radiocarbon dating of fecal pellets to address questions of population persistence and timing of site extirpation. Carbon was extracted from pellets collected at 43 locations in the western Great Basin, USA, including three known occupied sites and 40 sites of uncertain status at range margins or where previous studies indicated the species is vulnerable. We resolved calibrated dates with high precision (within several years), most of which fell in the period of the mid-late 20th century bomb curve. The two-sided nature of the bomb curve renders far- and near-side dates of equal probability, which are separated by one to four decades. We document methods for narrowing resolution to one age range, including stratigraphic analysis of vegetation collected from pika haypiles. No evidence was found for biases in atmospheric 14C levels due to fossil-derived or industrial CO2 contamination. Radiocarbon dating indicated that pellets can persist for >59 years; known occupied sites resolved contemporary dates. Using combined evidence from field observations and radiocarbon dating, and the Bodie Mountains as an example, we propose a historical biogeographic scenario for pikas in minor Great Basin mountain ranges adjacent to major cordillera, wherein historical climate variability led to cycles of extirpation and recolonization during alternating cool and warm centuries. Using this model to inform future dynamics for small ranges in biogeographic settings similar to the Bodie Mountains in California, extirpation of pikas appears highly likely under directional warming trends projected for the next century, even while populations in extensive cordillera (e.g., Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, Cascade Range) are likely to remain viable due to extensive, diverse habitat and high connectivity.

Climate Tolerances and Habitat Requirements Jointly Shape the Elevational Distribution of the American Pika (Ochotona princeps, with Implications for Climate Change Effects.

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Leah H Yandow

Full Text Available Some of the most compelling examples of ecological responses to climate change are elevational range shifts of individual species, which have been observed throughout the world. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests substantial mediation of simple range shifts due to climate change by other limiting factors. Understanding limiting factors for a species within different contexts, therefore, is critical for predicting responses to climate change. The American pika (Ochotona princeps is an ideal species for investigating distributions in relation to climate because of their unusual and well-understood natural history as well as observed shifts to higher elevation in parts of their range. We tested three hypotheses for the climatic or habitat characteristics that may limit pika presence and abundance: summer heat, winter snowpack, and forage availability. We performed these tests using an index of pika abundance gathered in a region where environmental influences on pika distribution have not been well-characterized. We estimated relative pika abundance via scat surveys and quantified climatic and habitat characteristics across two North-Central Rocky Mountain Ranges, the Wind River and Bighorn ranges in Wyoming, USA. Pika scat density was highest at mid-elevations and increased linearly with forage availability in both ranges. Scat density also increased with temperatures conducive to forage plant growth, and showed a unimodal relationship with the number of days below -5°C, which is modulated by insulating snowpack. Our results provide support for both the forage availability and winter snowpack hypotheses. Especially in montane systems, considering the context-dependent nature of climate effects across regions and elevations as well as interactions between climatic and other critical habitat characteristics, will be essential for predicting future species distributions.

Climate tolerances and habitat requirements jointly shape the elevational distribution of the American Pika (Ochotona princeps), with implications for climate change effects

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Yandow, Leah H.; Chalfoun, Anna D.; Doak, Daniel F.

2015-01-01

Some of the most compelling examples of ecological responses to climate change are elevational range shifts of individual species, which have been observed throughout the world. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests substantial mediation of simple range shifts due to climate change by other limiting factors. Understanding limiting factors for a species within different contexts, therefore, is critical for predicting responses to climate change. The American pika (Ochotona princeps) is an ideal species for investigating distributions in relation to climate because of their unusual and well-understood natural history as well as observed shifts to higher elevation in parts of their range. We tested three hypotheses for the climatic or habitat characteristics that may limit pika presence and abundance: summer heat, winter snowpack, and forage availability. We performed these tests using an index of pika abundance gathered in a region where environmental influences on pika distribution have not been well-characterized. We estimated relative pika abundance via scat surveys and quantified climatic and habitat characteristics across two North-Central Rocky Mountain Ranges, the Wind River and Bighorn ranges in Wyoming, USA. Pika scat density was highest at mid-elevations and increased linearly with forage availability in both ranges. Scat density also increased with temperatures conducive to forage plant growth, and showed a unimodal relationship with the number of days below -5°C, which is modulated by insulating snowpack. Our results provide support for both the forage availability and winter snowpack hypotheses. Especially in montane systems, considering the context-dependent nature of climate effects across regions and elevations as well as interactions between climatic and other critical habitat characteristics, will be essential for predicting future species distributions.

Abundance of Royle’s pika (Ochotona roylei along an altitudinal gradient in Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya

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Sabuj Bhattacharyya

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Abstract The relative abundance of Royle’s pika (Ochotona roylei was studied in a part of the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand, West Himalaya along an altitudinal gradient from 2900 to 3650 m a.s.l. Pikas’ detection probability and relative abundance per month and habitat were recorded by monthly surveys consisting of three sampling sessions of four hours each. Food plant species were identified by visual observation and quantified by a standard quadrat method. The highest relative abundance was observed at man-made walls and surroundings in the alpine zone and on broken slopes in the sub-alpine one, whereas alpine meadows showed the lowest abundance. A total of 26 plant species were found to be consumed by pikas. The proportion of forage plants was the highest (77.4% on the rocky slopes of the timberline zone The results of multiple regressions suggest that rock cover is the main factor affecting the relative abundance of Royle’s pika. Rocky areas probably offer both nest-sites and temporary refuges to escape from predators.
Riassunto Abbondanza relativa del pica di Royle (Ochotona roylei lungo un gradiente altitudinale in Uttarakhand, Himalaya occidentale. In un’area del Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (Uttarakhand, Himalaya occidentale, é stata stimata l’abbondanza relativa del pika di Royle (Ochotona roylei lungo un gradiente altitudinale compreso tra 2900 e 3650 m. Sono stati identificate tre fasce altitudinali e 10 habitat complessivi. La probabilità di osservazione e l’abbondanza relativa dei pika per ciascun mese e habitat sono state stimate tramite censimenti mensili consistenti in tre periodi di 4 ore ciascuno. Le specie vegetali consumate sono state identificate tramite osservazione diretta; la disponibilità è stata quantificata tramite rilievo fitosociologico standard. L’abbondanza relativa maggiore è stata riscontrata nella

Veebruaris heiskavad Pika Hermanni tornis lipu noorkotkad ja kodutütred / Vaike Tammes

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Tammes, Vaike

2018-01-01

Eesti vabariigi ja Kaitseliidu loomise 100. aastapäeva puhul on veebruarikuu hommikutel Pika Hermanni tornis lipu heiskamise toimkonnas noorkotkad ja kodutütred kõikidest Eesti maakondadest. Põlva malevast heiskavad lipu Joosep Lang ja Mette-Marit Rehemets. Lisatud intervjuu nende mõlemaga

Replicated landscape genetic and network analyses reveal wide variation in functional connectivity for American pikas.

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Castillo, Jessica A; Epps, Clinton W; Jeffress, Mackenzie R; Ray, Chris; Rodhouse, Thomas J; Schwalm, Donelle

2016-09-01

Landscape connectivity is essential for maintaining viable populations, particularly for species restricted to fragmented habitats or naturally arrayed in metapopulations and facing rapid climate change. The importance of assessing both structural connectivity (physical distribution of favorable habitat patches) and functional connectivity (how species move among habitat patches) for managing such species is well understood. However, the degree to which functional connectivity for a species varies among landscapes, and the resulting implications for conservation, have rarely been assessed. We used a landscape genetics approach to evaluate resistance to gene flow and, thus, to determine how landscape and climate-related variables influence gene flow for American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in eight federally managed sites in the western United States. We used empirically derived, individual-based landscape resistance models in conjunction with predictive occupancy models to generate patch-based network models describing functional landscape connectivity. Metareplication across landscapes enabled identification of limiting factors for dispersal that would not otherwise have been apparent. Despite the cool microclimates characteristic of pika habitat, south-facing aspects consistently represented higher resistance to movement, supporting the previous hypothesis that exposure to relatively high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. We found that other barriers to dispersal included areas with a high degree of topographic relief, such as cliffs and ravines, as well as streams and distances greater than 1-4 km depending on the site. Using the empirically derived network models of habitat patch connectivity, we identified habitat patches that were likely disproportionately important for maintaining functional connectivity, areas in which habitat appeared fragmented, and locations that could be targeted for management actions to improve functional connectivity

Enzymatic Kinetic Properties of the Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme C4 of the Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae

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Yang Wang

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C4 is one of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH isozymes that catalyze the terminal reaction of pyruvate to lactate in the glycolytic pathway. LDH-C4 in mammals was previously thought to be expressed only in spermatozoa and testis and not in other tissues. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae belongs to the genus Ochotona of the Ochotonidea family. It is a hypoxia-tolerant species living in remote mountain areas at altitudes of 3000–5000 m above sea level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Surprisingly, Ldh-c is expressed not only in its testis and sperm, but also in somatic tissues of plateau pika. To shed light on the function of LDH-C4 in somatic cells, Ldh-a, Ldh-b, and Ldh-c of plateau pika were subcloned into bacterial expression vectors. The pure enzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase A4 (LDH-A4, Lactate Dehydrogenase B4 (LDH-B4, and LDH-C4 were prepared by a series of expression and purification processes, and the three enzymes were identified by the method of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE. The enzymatic kinetics properties of these enzymes were studied by Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plots. The results showed the Michaelis constant (Km of LDH-C4 for pyruvate and lactate was 0.052 and 4.934 mmol/L, respectively, with an approximate 90 times higher affinity of LDH-C4 for pyruvate than for lactate. At relatively high concentrations of lactate, the inhibition constant (Ki of the LDH isoenzymes varied: LDH-A4 (Ki = 26.900 mmol/L, LDH-B4 (Ki = 23.800 mmol/L, and LDH-C4 (Ki = 65.500 mmol/L. These data suggest that inhibition of lactate by LDH-A4 and LDH-B4 were stronger than LDH-C4. In light of the enzymatic kinetics properties, we suggest that the plateau pika can reduce reliance on oxygen supply and enhance its adaptation to the hypoxic environments due to increased anaerobic glycolysis by LDH-C4.

Radiocarbon dating of American pika fecal pellets provides insights into population extirpations and climate refugia

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Constance I. Millar; Katherine Heckman; Christopher Swanston; Karena Schmidt; Robert D. Westfall; Diane L. Delany

2014-01-01

The American pika (Ochotona princeps) has become a species of concern for its sensitivity to warm temperatures and potential vulnerability to global warming. We explored the value of radiocarbon dating of fecal pellets to address questions of population persistence and timing of site extirpation. Carbon was extracted from pellets collected at 43...

Dynamical Analysis of a Plateau Pika with Cross-Diffusion under Contraception Control

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Xiaoyan Wang

2014-01-01

Full Text Available A plateau pika model with spatial cross-diffusion is investigated. By analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations, the local stability of an coexistence steady state is discussed when d21 is small enough. However, when d21 is large enough, the model shows Turing bifurcation if B2 -4AC > 0. Furthermore, it is proved that if, R > R0, βK > d and cross-diffusion rates are zero, the positive coexistence steady state is globally asymptotically stable. A nonconstant positive solution bifurcates from the coexistent steady state by the Leray-Schauder degree theory. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the main results.

How Far into Europe Did Pikas (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) Go during the Pleistocene? New Evidence from Central Iberia

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Laplana, César; Sevilla, Paloma; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Arriaza, Mari Carmen; Baquedano, Enrique; Pérez-González, Alfredo

2015-01-01

This paper reports the first find of pika remains in the Iberian Peninsula, at a site in central Spain. A fragmented mandible of Ochotona cf. pusilla was unearthed from Layer 3 (deposited some 63.4±5.5 ka ago as determined by thermoluminescence) of the Buena Pinta Cave. This record establishes new limits for the genus geographic distribution during the Pleistocene, shifting the previous edge of its known range southwest by some 500 km. It also supports the idea that, even though Europe’s alpine mountain ranges represented a barrier that prevented the dispersal into the south to this and other taxa of small mammals from central and eastern Europe, they were crossed or circumvented at the coldest time intervals of the end of the Middle Pleistocene and of the Late Pleistocene. During those periods both the reduction of the forest cover and the emersion of large areas of the continental shelf due to the drop of the sea level probably provided these species a way to surpass this barrier. The pika mandible was found accompanying the remains of other small mammals adapted to cold climates, indicating the presence of steppe environments in central Iberia during the Late Pleistocene. PMID:26535576

The first report of Cryptosporidium spp. in Microtus fuscus (Qinghai vole) and Ochotona curzoniae (wild plateau pika) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area, China.

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Zhang, Xueyong; Jian, Yingna; Li, Xiuping; Ma, Liqing; Karanis, Gabriele; Karanis, Panagiotis

2018-05-01

Cryptosporidium is one of the most important genera of intestinal zoonotic pathogens, which can infect various hosts and cause diarrhoea. There is little available information about the molecular characterisation and epidemiological prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Microtus fuscus (Qinghai vole) and Ochotona curzoniae (wild plateau pika) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and epidemiological prevalence in these mammals by detecting the SSU rRNA gene by PCR amplification. The Cryptosporidium spp. infection rate was 8.9% (8/90) in Qinghai voles and 6.25% (4/64) in wild plateau pikas. Positive samples were successfully sequenced, and the following Cryptosporidium species were found: C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. canis and a novel genotype in Qinghai voles and C. parvum and a novel genotype in wild plateau pikas. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium infections in M. fuscus and wild O. curzoniae in Northwest China. The results suggest the possibility of Cryptosporidium species transmission among these two hosts, the environment, other animals and humans and provide useful molecular epidemiological data for the prevention and control of Cryptosporidium infections in wild animals and the surrounding environments. The results of the present study indicate the existence of Cryptosporidium species infections that have potential public health significance. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium multi-species infections in these animal hosts.

Influence of domestic livestock grazing on American Pika (Ochotona princeps) forage and haypiling behavior in the Great Basin. Western North American Naturalist.

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Constance I. Millar

2011-01-01

In a pilot study, I observed a relationship between domestic livestock grazing and location of American pika (Ochotona princeps) haypiles in the eastern Sierra Nevada and several Great Basin mountain ranges. Where vegetation communities adjacent to talus bases (forefields) were grazed, mean distance from the talus borders to the closest fresh...

Genetic diversity in Echinococcus shiquicus from the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) in Darlag County, Qinghai, China.

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Fan, Yan-Lei; Lou, Zhong-Zi; Li, Li; Yan, Hong-Bin; Liu, Quan-Yuan; Zhan, Fang; Li, Jian-Qiu; Liu, Cong-Nuan; Cai, Jin-Zhong; Lei, Meng-Tong; Shi, Wan-Gui; Yang, Yu-Rong; McManus, Donald P; Jia, Wan-Zhong

2016-11-01

The metacestode of Echinococcus shiquicus has been recorded previously in the lung and liver of its intermediate host, the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), but there is limited information regarding other organ sites. There is also limited evidence of intra-specific genetic variation within E. shiquicus. A PCR-amplified mitochondrial (mt) nad1 gene fragment (approximately 1400bp in size), with unique EcoRI and SspI restriction sites, was used to distinguish cysts or cyst-like lesions of E. shiquicus from E. multilocularis. Then, the complete mt nad1 and cox1 genes for the E. shiquicus isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network analyses for the isolates were then generated based on a concatenated dataset of the nad1 and cox1 genes using the neighbour-joining (NJ) method and TCS1.21 software. Nineteen of eighty trapped pikas were found to harbor cysts (71 in total) when dissected at the survey site. Seventeen animals had cysts (fertile) present only in the lungs, one animal had fertile cysts in the lungs and spleen, and one individual had an infertile kidney cyst. Restriction endonuclease analysis of a fragment of the nad1 gene indicated all the cysts were due to E. shiquicus. Genetic diversity analysis revealed that the nad1 and cox1 genes varied by 0.1-1.2% and 0.1-1.0%, respectively. Haplotype network analysis of the concatenated nad1 and cox1 sequences of the isolates showed they were classified into at least 6 haplotypes, and different haplotype percentages ranged from 4.2% to 29.6%. Although, high haplotype diversity was evident in the study area, the complete nad1 and cox1 gene sequences obtained indicated that all samples represented isolates of E. shiquicus. The study has also provided a new PCR-restriction endonuclease-based method to rapidly distinguish E. shiquicus from E. multilocularis which provides a useful tool for epidemiological investigations where the two species overlap. Copyright © 2016. Published by

Pika: A snow science simulation tool built using the open-source framework MOOSE

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Slaughter, A.; Johnson, M.

2017-12-01

The Department of Energy (DOE) is currently investing millions of dollars annually into various modeling and simulation tools for all aspects of nuclear energy. An important part of this effort includes developing applications based on the open-source Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE; mooseframework.org) from Idaho National Laboratory (INL).Thanks to the efforts of the DOE and outside collaborators, MOOSE currently contains a large set of physics modules, including phase-field, level set, heat conduction, tensor mechanics, Navier-Stokes, fracture and crack propagation (via the extended finite-element method), flow in porous media, and others. The heat conduction, tensor mechanics, and phase-field modules, in particular, are well-suited for snow science problems. Pika--an open-source MOOSE-based application--is capable of simulating both 3D, coupled nonlinear continuum heat transfer and large-deformation mechanics applications (such as settlement) and phase-field based micro-structure applications. Additionally, these types of problems may be coupled tightly in a single solve or across length and time scales using a loosely coupled Picard iteration approach. In addition to the wide range of physics capabilities, MOOSE-based applications also inherit an extensible testing framework, graphical user interface, and documentation system; tools that allow MOOSE and other applications to adhere to nuclear software quality standards. The snow science community can learn from the nuclear industry and harness the existing effort to build simulation tools that are open, modular, and share a common framework. In particular, MOOSE-based multiphysics solvers are inherently parallel, dimension agnostic, adaptive in time and space, fully coupled, and capable of interacting with other applications. The snow science community should build on existing tools to enable collaboration between researchers and practitioners throughout the world, and advance the

Functional evolution of leptin of Ochotona curzoniae in adaptive thermogenesis driven by cold environmental stress.

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Jie Yang

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Environmental stress can accelerate the directional selection and evolutionary rate of specific stress-response proteins to bring about new or altered functions, enhancing an organism's fitness to challenging environments. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae, an endemic and keystone species on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, is a high hypoxia and low temperature tolerant mammal with high resting metabolic rate and non-shivering thermogenesis to cope in this harsh plateau environment. Leptin is a key hormone related to how these animals regulate energy homeostasis. Previous molecular evolutionary analysis helped to generate the hypothesis that adaptive evolution of plateau pika leptin may be driven by cold stress. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To test the hypothesis, recombinant pika leptin was first purified. The thermogenic characteristics of C57BL/6J mice injected with pika leptin under warm (23±1°C and cold (5±1°C acclimation is investigated. Expression levels of genes regulating adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and the hypothalamus are compared between pika leptin and human leptin treatment, suggesting that pika leptin has adaptively and functionally evolved. Our results show that pika leptin regulates energy homeostasis via reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure under both warm and cold conditions. Compared with human leptin, pika leptin demonstrates a superior induced capacity for adaptive thermogenesis, which is reflected in a more enhanced β-oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis and heat production. Moreover, leptin treatment combined with cold stimulation has a significant synergistic effect on adaptive thermogenesis, more so than is observed with a single cold exposure or single leptin treatment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings support the hypothesis that cold stress has driven the functional evolution of plateau pika leptin as an ecological adaptation to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Modeling behavioral thermoregulation in a climate change sentinel.

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Moyer-Horner, Lucas; Mathewson, Paul D; Jones, Gavin M; Kearney, Michael R; Porter, Warren P

2015-12-01

When possible, many species will shift in elevation or latitude in response to rising temperatures. However, before such shifts occur, individuals will first tolerate environmental change and then modify their behavior to maintain heat balance. Behavioral thermoregulation allows animals a range of climatic tolerances and makes predicting geographic responses under future warming scenarios challenging. Because behavioral modification may reduce an individual's fecundity by, for example, limiting foraging time and thus caloric intake, we must consider the range of behavioral options available for thermoregulation to accurately predict climate change impacts on individual species. To date, few studies have identified mechanistic links between an organism's daily activities and the need to thermoregulate. We used a biophysical model, Niche Mapper, to mechanistically model microclimate conditions and thermoregulatory behavior for a temperature-sensitive mammal, the American pika (Ochotona princeps). Niche Mapper accurately simulated microclimate conditions, as well as empirical metabolic chamber data for a range of fur properties, animal sizes, and environmental parameters. Niche Mapper predicted pikas would be behaviorally constrained because of the need to thermoregulate during the hottest times of the day. We also showed that pikas at low elevations could receive energetic benefits by being smaller in size and maintaining summer pelage during longer stretches of the active season under a future warming scenario. We observed pika behavior for 288 h in Glacier National Park, Montana, and thermally characterized their rocky, montane environment. We found that pikas were most active when temperatures were cooler, and at sites characterized by high elevations and north-facing slopes. Pikas became significantly less active across a suite of behaviors in the field when temperatures surpassed 20°C, which supported a metabolic threshold predicted by Niche Mapper. In general

Adaptive population divergence and directional gene flow across steep elevational gradients in a climate‐sensitive mammal

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Waterhouse, Matthew D.; Erb, Liesl P.; Beever, Erik; Russello, Michael A.

2018-01-01

The American pika is a thermally sensitive, alpine lagomorph species. Recent climate-associated population extirpations and genetic signatures of reduced population sizes range-wide indicate the viability of this species is sensitive to climate change. To test for potential adaptive responses to climate stress, we sampled pikas along two elevational gradients (each ~470 to 1640 m) and employed three outlier detection methods, BAYESCAN, LFMM, and BAYPASS, to scan for genotype-environment associations in samples genotyped at 30,763 SNP loci. We resolved 173 loci with robust evidence of natural selection detected by either two independent analyses or replicated in both transects. A BLASTN search of these outlier loci revealed several genes associated with metabolic function and oxygen transport, indicating natural selection from thermal stress and hypoxia. We also found evidence of directional gene flow primarily downslope from large high-elevation populations and reduced gene flow at outlier loci, a pattern suggesting potential impediments to the upward elevational movement of adaptive alleles in response to contemporary climate change. Finally, we documented evidence of reduced genetic diversity associated the south-facing transect and an increase in corticosterone stress levels associated with inbreeding. This study suggests the American pika is already undergoing climate-associated natural selection at multiple genomic regions. Further analysis is needed to determine if the rate of climate adaptation in the American pika and other thermally sensitive species will be able to keep pace with rapidly changing climate conditions.

Adaptive population divergence and directional gene flow across steep elevational gradients in a climate-sensitive mammal.

Science.gov (United States)

Waterhouse, Matthew D; P Erb, Liesl; Beever, Erik A; Russello, Michael A

2018-04-25

The ecological effects of climate change have been shown in most major taxonomic groups; however, the evolutionary consequences are less well-documented. Adaptation to new climatic conditions offers a potential long-term mechanism for species to maintain viability in rapidly changing environments, but mammalian examples remain scarce. The American pika (Ochotona princeps) has been impacted by recent climate-associated extirpations and range-wide reductions in population sizes, establishing it as a sentinel mammalian species for climate change. To investigate evidence for local adaptation and reconstruct patterns of genomic diversity and gene flow across rapidly changing environments, we used a space-for-time design and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to genotype American pikas along two steep elevational gradients at 30,966 SNPs and employed independent outlier detection methods that scanned for genotype-environment associations. We identified 338 outlier SNPs detected by two separate analyses and/or replicated in both transects, several of which were annotated to genes involved in metabolic function and oxygen transport. Additionally, we found evidence of directional gene flow primarily downslope from high-elevation populations, along with reduced gene flow at outlier loci. If this trend continues, elevational range contractions in American pikas will likely be from local extirpation rather than upward movement of low-elevation individuals; this, in turn, could limit the potential for adaptation within this landscape. These findings are of particular relevance for future conservation and management of American pikas and other elevationally-restricted, thermally-sensitive species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Too hot to trot? evaluating the effects of wildfire on patterns of occupancy and abundance for a climate-sensitive habitat-specialist

Science.gov (United States)

Varner, Johanna; Lambert, Mallory S.; Horns, Joshua J.; Laverty, Sean; Dizney, Laurie; Beever, Erik; Dearing, M. Denise

2015-01-01

Wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity as a result of climate change in many ecosystems; however, effects of altered disturbance regimes on wildlife remain poorly quantified. Here, we leverage an unexpected opportunity to investigate how fire affects the occupancy and abundance of a climate-sensitive habitat specialist, the American pika (Ochotona princeps). We determine the effects of a fire on microclimates within talus and explore habitat factors promoting persistence and abundance in fire-affected habitat. During the fire, temperatures in talus interstices remained below 19°C, suggesting that animals could have survived in situ. Within 2 years, pikas were widely distributed throughout burned areas and did not appear to be physiologically stressed at severely burned sites. Furthermore, pika densities were better predicted by topographic variables known to affect this species than by metrics of fire severity. This widespread distribution may reflect quick vegetation recovery and the fact that the fire did not alter the talus microclimates in the following years. Together, these results highlight the value of talus as a thermal refuge for small animals during and after fire. They also underscore the importance of further study in individual species’ responses to typical and altered disturbance regimes.

Applying theory of constraints in tactical and strategic management / Kalev Kaarna, Mait Miljan

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kaarna, Kalev

2002-01-01

Bibliogr. lk. 86-87. - Kokkuvõte eesti keeles lk. 87. Piirangute teooria kasutamise vajadusest ja võimalustest. Piirangute juhtimisest pikas perspektiivis ning sellel põhinevast strateegilisest juhtimisest. Tabelid

Strategy formation in changing environment / Sven Heil

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Heil, Sven

2005-01-01

Uuringu telekommunikatsiooni operaatori juhtimise kohta Eestis aastatel 1993-2003 tulemustest selgus, et ettevõtte üleminekul konkurentsiga turule muutus firma strateegia pika-ajalisest ette planeeritavast lühiajaliselt kujundatavaks

Sem prioritetov Tallinna

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2003-01-01

Tallinna linnakantselei Eurointegratsioonibüroo juhataja Hedi Pika, projektijuhi Tõnu Karu ja Tallinna alalise esindaja Brüsselis Kaido Sireli tööst Euroopa Liidu struktuurifondide projektide realiseerimisel

Genetic characterization of interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-15 and IL-18) with relevant biological roles in lagomorphs

Science.gov (United States)

Neves, Fabiana; Abrantes, Joana; Almeida, Tereza; de Matos, Ana Lemos; Costa, Paulo P

2015-01-01

ILs, as essential innate immune modulators, are involved in an array of biological processes. In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-15 and IL-18 have been implicated in inflammatory processes and in the immune response against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and myxoma virus infections. In this study we characterized these ILs in six Lagomorpha species (European rabbit, pygmy rabbit, two cottontail rabbit species, European brown hare and American pika). Overall, these ILs are conserved between lagomorphs, including in their exon/intron structure. Most differences were observed between leporids and American pika. Indeed, when comparing both, some relevant differences were observed in American pika, such as the location of the stop codon in IL-1α and IL-2, the existence of a different transcript in IL8 and the number of cysteine residues in IL-1β. Changes at N-glycosylation motifs were also detected in IL-1, IL-10, IL-12B and IL-15. IL-1α is the protein that presents the highest evolutionary distances, which is in contrast to IL-12A where the distances between lagomorphs are the lowest. For all these ILs, sequences of human and European rabbit are more closely related than between human and mouse or European rabbit and mouse. PMID:26395994

Discovery of new Ohbayashinema spp. (Nematoda: Heligmosomoidea) in Ochotona princeps and Ochotona cansus (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from western North America and Central Asia, with considerations of historical biogeography.

Science.gov (United States)

Durette-Desset, M-C; Galbreath, K E; Hoberg, E P

2010-06-01

Three new species of Ohbayashinema (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea) are described from localities in western North America and central Asia. Two of these species, Ohbayashinema nearctica n. sp. and Ohbayashinema aspeira n. sp., are parasitic in American pika, Ochotona princeps. Ohbayashinema nearctica is differentiated from the 5 known species of the genus parasitic in Ochotonidae from the Old World by very long spicules and an oblique axis of orientation for the ridges composing the synlophe. Ohbayashinema aspeira, described only from females, is similar to Oh. nearctica based on the number of cuticular ridges at the mid-body. It is mainly differentiated by an uncoiled anterior extremity and by near equal dimensions of the vestibule and the uterus. The third species, Ohbayashinema patriciae n. sp., is parasitic in Gansu pika, Ochotona cansus , from China. It is similar to Ohbayashinema erbaevae parasitic in Ochotona dauurica from Buriatia and Ohbayashinema ochotoni in Ochotona macrotis from Nepal, based on the length of the spicules and the ratio of spicule length to body length. It differs from the former species by possessing a smaller number of cuticular ridges and in the comparative length of the vestibule and infundibulum. Related to Oh. ochotoni by an identical number of cuticular ridges at the mid-body, it differs from this species in having smaller ridges in the dorsal rather than ventral field and in the dimensions of the dorsal ray where rays 9 are less than rays 10. Species of Ohbayashinema appear to be host-specific among the Ochotonidae but had not been previously reported in pikas from the Nearctic. Although much remains to be demonstrated about the diversity for helminths in pikas, it is apparent that factors associated with the assembly and structure of parasite faunas have been complex, involving episodic processes for geographic and host colonization along with coevolutionary mechanisms. Understanding the historical factors, particularly climate

Sõjategevus Eestis 17.-22. septembril 1944 / Toomas Hiio

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Hiio, Toomas, 1965-

2008-01-01

Vägede paigutusest Eestis juuli lõpus 1944. Sakslaste taganemisest septembris. Punaarmee jõudmisest Tallinna. Kes heiskas esimesena punalipu Pika Hermanni torni? Tallinna hõivamise erinevatest kirjeldustest. Eesti sõjaväelaste vastupanust sakslastele taganemise ajal.

95 päeva sõjatandril, päevik tagataskus / Leo Kunnas ; interv. Erkki Bahovski

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kunnas, Leo, 1967-

2006-01-01

Kolonelleitnant Leo Kunnas räägib Iraagi sissisõjast ja oma raamatust "Viiv pikas sõjas. Märkmeid Iraagi sõjast", mis põhineb tema Iraagi-kogemustel. Vt. samas: Sõda, kus eestlane on sisside vastu

Viiv enne kojuminekut / Leo Kunnas ; interv. Helen Arak

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kunnas, Leo, 1967-

2006-01-01

Kaitsejõudude Peastaabi operatiivosakonna ülem kolonelleitnant Leo Kunnas oma perekonnast, lapsepõlvekodust Põlvamaal ja praegusest elamisest Tallinnas, missioonil viibivate sõjaväelaste probleemidest ning eluolust Iraagis. Lisa: Katkend Leo Kunnase raamatust "Viiv pikas sõjas"

Mis tunne on lippu heisata ... kui lipp tuules plagisema hakkas / Ülo Russak

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Russak, Ülo, 1954-

2018-01-01

Eesti vabariigi ja Kaitseliidu loomise 100. aastapäeva puhul on veebruarikuu hommikutel Pika Hermanni tornis lipu heiskamise toimkonnas noorkotkad ja kodutütred kõikidest Eesti maakondadest. Harju malevast heiskasid lipu Liismarii Laane ja Mihkel Vaarmaa

Ettepanekud : Pärnu, 12. mai 2010 = Proposals : Pärnu, 12 May 2010

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2011-01-01

Pärnu linnafoorumil tehtud ettepanekud. Pika tänava eri pooltele jääva kahe linnakeskuse ruumiline ja funktsionaane sidumine, vanalinna ühendamine uue keskuse ja jõega, linnaliiklus, jõeäärse ala kujundamine jm.

My Video Collections / Marco Casagrande

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Casagrande, Marco, 1971-

2006-01-01

Soome arhitekt ja kunstnik annab pika loendi oma videofilmide kollektsioonist, esitab subjektiivse filmide top 10-ne, mille esinumber on Andrei Tarkovski "Stalker". Teeb järelduse, et Tarkovski on talle kõige inspireerivam arhitekt, tema esitatud küsimused kõige suuremad

The impact of isolation: evolutionary processes in Hoplitomeryx

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van der Geer, A.A.E.

2014-01-01

The Late Miocene palaeo-island of Gargano, today part of mainland southern Italy, was home to a strongly endemic, strongly disharmonic and depauperate fauna consisting entirely of deer-like ruminants, rodents, pikas, an otter and insectivores, besides reptiles, amphibians and a peculiar avifauna.

First report of Echinococcus shiquicus in dogs from eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau region, China.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Boufana, B.; Qui, J.; Chen, X.; Budke, C.; Campos Ponce, M.; Craig, P.S.

2013-01-01

Echinococcus shiquicus was discovered in foxes and pika wildlife hosts in Sichuan Province, China in 2005. Faecal samples from dogs collected in a previous echinococcosis purgation survey from Shiqu County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Sichuan) were screened by coproPCR to investigate the

Taavet võidab Koljati targalt tegutsedes / Costas Markides ; interv. Endrik Randoja

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Markides, Costas

2007-01-01

London Business Schooli professor Costas Markides vastab küsimustele, mis puudutavad tema raamatus "Fast Second" esitatud väidet, mille kohaselt esimesena uuele turule tulnud ettevõttest saab harva pikas perspektiivis turuliider, kuid samas on edukad just teisena turule sisenevad ettevõtted

Eestlane kogeb õnne planeedi arvel / Liisi Poll

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Poll, Liisi, 1980-

2006-01-01

Ühenduste New Economics Foundation (nef) ja Friends of Earth (FoE) tehtud uuring "Happy Planet Index" selgitas, millised riigid kasutavad oma kodanike pika ja õnneliku elu saavutamiseks kõige vähem maakera ressursse. Eesti on tabelis 173. kohal. Lisa: Õnnetu planeet

Liigne optimism Venemaa suhtes on põhjendamatu / Tõnis Oja

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Oja, Tõnis, 1957-

2008-01-01

Paljud analüütikud ja investorid näevad Vene börsil häid hindu ja teenimisvõimalusi, kuid pikas perspektiivis on liigne optimism Venemaa aktsiaturgude suhtes põhjendamatu. Diagrammid: Venemaa börsiindeks RTS; Hansa Venemaa aktsiafond kaotanud viiendiku investoritest

Lõpetame raiskamise, mitte kulutamise / Peeter Kreitzberg

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kreitzberg, Peeter, 1948-2011

2008-01-01

Keerulisest majandusolukorrast välja tulemiseks tuleb lõpetada raiskamine, kuid mitte kulutamine. Autori sõnul põhjustab raiskamist alus- ja põhiharidusse piisavate kulutuste tegemata jätmine pika aja jooksul; raiskamist tähendab pisikestel omavalitsustel põhinev haldusstruktuur. Eesti vajab Riigikogu tulevikukomisjoni

75 FR 6437 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-month Finding on a Petition to List the...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-02-09

..., pers. comm.). Pikas avoid hyperthermia (heat stroke) during summer months by engaging in short bursts... include rock-ice features, and other habitat types for den sites, food storage, and nesting (Smith and Weston 1990, p. 4; Beever et al. 2003, p. 39). Rock-ice features are defined as glacial- or periglacial...

Nanoparticles of complex metal oxides synthesized using the ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

ASHOK K GANGULI∗, TOKEER AHMAD, PADAM R ARYA and PIKA JHA ... nanoparticles of several dielectric oxides like BaTiO3, Ba2TiO4, SrTiO3, PbTiO3 .... reasonable stability till 150◦C. All the lead-doped phases (sintered at 900◦C) show.

Kawe Plaza. Pärnu mnt. 15/Tatari 2, Tallinn / Piret Lindpere

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Lindpere, Piret, 1963-

1998-01-01

Kawe Plaza arhitektist Henno Sillastest. Sisekujundus: H. Sillaste, Kristiina Voolaid, ARS Interjöörprojekt. Peatöövõtt: AS EMV. Projekt 1993-1997, valmis 1998. Lainja klaasfasaadiga pika ja kitsa ärihoone lahenduse tingis krundi kolmnurkne kuju. Maja on sobitatud teiste väljakut moodustavate hoonetega. Tagafassaad on graniidist.

Leo Kunnas, sõdurjumala teener / Leo Kunnas ; interv. Eve Jaakson

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kunnas, Leo, 1967-

2006-01-01

Kaitsejõudude peastaabi operatiivosakonna ülem kolonelleitnant Leo Kunnas räägib Iraagi sõja kogemustest ja oma raamatust "Viiv pikas sõjas. Märkmeid Iraagi sõjast", riigikaitsest, kaitseväeteenistusest, kaitseminister Jürgen Ligist, kaitsepoliitikast, NATO-st, sõjalisest koostööst, perekonnast. Kommenteerivad Sten Reimann ja Venno Loosaar

Bõvshii prezident Gruzii Eduard Shevardnadze : "V Gruzii oppozitsija slabaja." / Eduard Shevardnadze

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Shevardnadze, Eduard

2006-01-01

Gruusia endine president vastab küsimustele, mida ta võiks nimetada oma peamiseks veaks pika poliitilise elu jooksul, mida peaks tegema Gruusia, et saada Abhaasia ja Lõuna-Osseetia tagasi rahulikul teel, millised on Gruusia ja Venemaa halbade suhete põhjused, kas Gruusia peaks minema Venemaa või lääne suunas

Seans bõstroi big-magii s posledujushtshim razoblatshenijem / Anastassia Belitshko-Popovitsh

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Belitshko-Popovitsh, Anastassia

2008-01-01

Üldise toiduainete hinnatõusu kõrval on Big Mac'i hind jäänud pika aja jooksul samale tasemele. Hesburgeri regioonijuht Toomas Veersalu prognoosib praeguse inflatsioonitempo juures vältimatut hamburgerihinna tõusu, kui lepingud toiduainete tarnijatega lõpevad. Majanduse ja juhtimise instituudi rektor Hanon Barabaner inflatsiooni põhjustest ja plaanimajandusest. Tabelid, graafikud

[Heinz von zur Mühlen. Auf den Spuren einiger revlaer Firmen und Familien] / Paul Kaegbein

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kaegbein, Paul

2007-01-01

Arvustus: Heinz von zur Mühlen. Auf den Spuren einiger revlaer Firmen und Familien. In : Buch und Bildung im Baltikum. Münster : LIT, 2005, lk. 527-541. Pika tänava majade omanikest alates 17. sajandist - perekonnad Koch, Meyer, Kluge, Ströhm, Wassermann, Glehn, Eggers, Koppelson, Weiss. Nii loob autor pildi Tallinna "firmade ajaloost"

Nõmme maja "Kergus" : Kerese tn., Tallinn / Ülar Mark, Kalle Komissarov

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Mark, Ülar

1999-01-01

Kahekorruselise, tänavapoolse pika umbse seinaga eramu projekteeris Arhitektuuribüroo Mark & Tamm, arhitekt Ülar Mark, kaasautor Kalle Komissarov. Konstruktiivne osa: Randväli & Karema Inseneribüroo. Projekt 1997, hoone valmis 1999. Eramu tähenduse ümbermõtestamisest. 13 illustratsiooni: korruste plaanid, välisvaated, sisevaade.Mark & Tamm (arhitektibüroo)

Organizing the pantry: cache management improves quality of overwinter food stores in a montane mammal

Science.gov (United States)

Jakopak, Rhiannon P.; Hall, L. Embere; Chalfoun, Anna D.

2017-01-01

Many mammals create food stores to enhance overwinter survival in seasonal environments. Strategic arrangement of food within caches may facilitate the physical integrity of the cache or improve access to high-quality food to ensure that cached resources meet future nutritional demands. We used the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a food-caching lagomorph, to evaluate variation in haypile (cache) structure (i.e., horizontal layering by plant functional group) in Wyoming, United States. Fifty-five percent of 62 haypiles contained at least 2 discrete layers of vegetation. Adults and juveniles layered haypiles in similar proportions. The probability of layering increased with haypile volume, but not haypile number per individual or nearby forage diversity. Vegetation cached in layered haypiles was also higher in nitrogen compared to vegetation in unlayered piles. We found that American pikas frequently structured their food caches, structured caches were larger, and the cached vegetation in structured piles was of higher nutritional quality. Improving access to stable, high-quality vegetation in haypiles, a critical overwinter food resource, may allow individuals to better persist amidst harsh conditions.

iPhone'i peab saama lukust lahti teha / Dannar Leitmaa

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Leitmaa, Dannar, 1982-

2008-01-01

Kuigi Euroopa Liidu direktiivi kohaselt peab mobiiltelefoni omanikul olema võimalus telefoni lukustusest avada, näeb iPhone'i tootva Apple'i ärimudel ette iPhone'i ostmist ühelt operaatorilt. iPhone 3G telefonide ametlik maaletooja Eestis on EMT, kes pakub neid müügiks kahes erinevas hinnapaketis. Lisa: Juba öösel seisti pikas järjekorras

AHP 47: WHY PIKAS HAVE NO TAIL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gu ru 'phrin las གུ་རུ་འཕྲིན་ལས།

2017-04-01

Full Text Available 'Od dkar (b. 1983 is a native of Smin thang (Mentang Township, Gcig sgril (Jiuzhi County, Mgo log (Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mtsho sngon (Qinghai Province, China. She is a herder with two daughters (b. 1998; b. 2000 and two sons (b. 2000; b. 2002. I recorded this story from ‘Od dkar in the summer of 2016 when I returned to my home in the same area where 'Od dkar is from. She is a great storyteller and heard this story from her mother, 'Jig byed mtsho (b. 1953. She is very willing to share her stories with her children and her relatives’ children. ...

Palmse supelmaja taas kasutusel / Anneliis Aunapuu

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Aunapuu, Anneliis

1998-01-01

Lahemaa Rahvuspark rentis poolelioleva supelmaja perekond Ong'ile, kes ehituse lõpetas, hoone sisustas ja avas kohvik-restorani 'Freifrau Isabella'. Sisekujundus autor Leila Pärtelpoeg nimetab sisekujundust palladiaanlikuks. Tänu AEL ja Tartu Kunstikooliga sõlmitud lepingule sai supelmaja kõrgetasemelise maalritöö. Maalingud eesruumis ئ Eve Erman. Sepisvalgustid ئ Ülo Sepp. Pika-laua-saalis oleva von Pahlenite vapi valmistas Andres Sapar. Inkrusteeritud puhvetkapi taastas Urmas Ong.

Evolutionary Insights into IL17A in Lagomorphs

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fabiana Neves

2015-01-01

Full Text Available In leporids, IL17A had been implicated in the host defense against extracellular pathogens, such as Francisella tularensis that infects hares and rabbits and causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. Here, we studied IL17A from five lagomorphs, European rabbit, pygmy rabbit, brush rabbit, European brown hare, and American pika. We observed that this protein is highly conserved between these species, with a similarity of 97–99% in leporids and ~88% between leporids and American pika. The exon/intron structure, N-glycosylation sites, and cysteine residues are conserved between lagomorphs. However, at codon 88, one of the interaction sites between IL17A and its receptor IL17RA, there is an Arg>Pro mutation that only occurs in European rabbit and European brown hare. This could induce critical alterations in the IL17A structure and conformation and consequently modify its function. The differences observed between leporids and humans or rodents might also represent important alterations in protein structure and function. In addition, as for other interleukins, IL17A sequences of human and European rabbit are more closely related than the sequences of human and mouse or European rabbit and mouse. This study gives further support to the hypothesis that European rabbit might be a more suitable animal model for studies on human IL17.

USPOREDNA ANALIZA VELIKIH VODA PROVEDENA UOBIČAJENIM METODAMA I METODOM GEMORFOLOŠKOG TRENUTNOG JEDINIČNOG HIDROGRAMA PRIMJENOM EBA4SUB PROGRAMA

OpenAIRE

Mulaomerović–Šeta, Ajla; Prskalo, Gordan; Lozančić, Željko; Petroselli, Andrea; Bakalović, Amina

2017-01-01

Problem određivanja hidrograma velikih voda jedan je od temeljnih problema u hidrotehničkoj praksi. Za definiranje hidrograma, odnosno njegovog vrha (pika), uobičajeno se koriste statističke metode godišnjih ekstrema i pikova, za koje je nužno raspolagati povijesnim podacima o protoku, zatim empirijski izrazi, te hidrološki modeli. U radu je prikazana primjena hidrološkog modela EBA4SUB (Event-Based Approach for Small Ungauged Basins) namijenjenog za definiranje hidrograma otjecanja na neizuč...

Comparative morphology of premolar foramen in lagomorphs (Mammalia: Glires and its functional and phylogenetic implications.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik

Full Text Available Lagomorphs (a group that consists of pikas, hares, rabbits and allies are notable for their conservative morphology retained for most of their over 50 million years evolutionary history. On the other hand, their remarkable morphological uniformity partly stems from a considerable number of homoplasies in cranial and dental structures that hamper phylogenetic analyses. The premolar foramen, an opening in the palate of lagomorphs, has been characterized as an important synapomorphy of one clade, Ochotonidae (pikas. Within Lagomorpha, however, its phylogenetic distribution is much wider, the foramen being present not only in all ochotonids but also in leporids and stem taxa; its morphology and incidence also varies considerably across the order, even intraspecifically. In this study, we provide a broad survey of the taxonomic distribution of the premolar foramen in extant and fossil Lagomorpha and describe in detail the morphological variation of this character within the group. Micro-computed tomography was used to examine the hard palate and infraorbital groove morphology in Poelagus (Leporidae and Ochotona. Scans revealed the course and contacts of the canal behind the premolar foramen and structural differences between the two crown clades. We propose that the premolar foramen has evolved independently in several lineages of Lagomorpha, and we discuss development and function of this foramen in the lagomorph skull. This study shows the importance of comprehensive studies on phylogenetically informative non-dental characters in Lagomorpha.

Kõusaare film teenis Cannes'is pika aplausi / Annika Koppel

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Koppel, Annika

2007-01-01

60-ndast Cannes'i filmifestivalil esilinastus 18. mail Kadri Kõusaare mängufilm "Magnus" võistlusprogrammis "Vaatenurk". Filmist ja selle vastuvõtust Cannes'is. Ka Michael Moore'ist ja tema dokumentaalfilmist "Sicko"

What to eat in a warming world: do increased temperatures necessitate hazardous duty pay?

Science.gov (United States)

Hall, L. Embere; Chalfoun, Anna D.

2018-01-01

Contemporary climate change affects nearly all biomes, causing shifts in animal distributions and resource availability. Changes in resource selection may allow individuals to offset climatic stress, thereby providing a mechanism for persistence amidst warming conditions. Whereas the role of predation risk in food choice has been studied broadly, the extent to which individuals respond to thermoregulatory risk by changing resource preferences is unclear. We addressed whether individuals compensated for temperature-related reductions in foraging time by altering forage preferences, using the American pika (Ochotona princeps) as a model species. We tested two hypotheses: (1) food-quality hypothesis—individuals exposed to temperature extremes should select higher-quality vegetation in return for accepting a physiologically riskier feeding situation; and (2) food-availability hypothesis—individuals exposed to temperature extremes should prioritize foraging quickly, thereby decreasing selection for higher-quality food. We quantified the composition and quality (% moisture, % nitrogen, and fiber content) of available and harvested vegetation, and deployed a network of temperature sensors to measure in situ conditions for 30 individuals, during July–Sept., 2015. Individuals exposed to more extreme daytime temperatures showed increased selection for high-nitrogen and for low-fiber vegetation, demonstrating strong support for the food-quality hypothesis. By contrast, pikas that experienced warmer conditions did not reduce selection for any of the three vegetation-quality metrics, as predicted by the food-availability hypothesis. By shifting resource-selection patterns, temperature-limited animals may be able to proximately buffer some of the negative effects associated with rapidly warming environments, provided that sufficient resources remain on the landscape.

Arhitektuurikonkursid 2004

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2004-01-01

Tulemused: Pärnu kergejõustikumaneezh: I preemia - Ralf Lõoke ja Karli Luik; Tartus Raatuse, Pika, Fortuuna ja Põigu tänava vahelise ala hoonestuskava: I - Kai Kuusik ja Taavi Kuri; Aasta betoonehitis 2003: peapreemia - Emil Urbel; Veneetsia IX rahvusvahelise arhitektuuribiennaali "Metamorfoosid" raames eksponeeritava eesti kaasaegse arhitektuuri näituse ideekonkurss: I - Kristjan Holm; äri- ja elumaja Pärnus Aida t. 5: I - Andres Lember; Eesti parim puitehitis 2003-2004: I - Aivo Schults; Eesti parim tellishoone 2003-2004: I- Tiit Trummal; Sõmeru keskusehoone: I - Ralf Lõoke ja Maarja Kask; Eesti Maanteemuuseumi välialade maastikuarhitektuurne ideekonkurss: I - Margit Kärner

Dunker jäi Lätis pika ninaga / Piret Reiljan

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Reiljan, Piret, 1983-

2007-01-01

Ilmunud ka: Delovõje Vedomosti 15. aug. lk. 9. Dunkri Kaubanduse AS pidi loobuma Läti importalkoholi hulgimüüja Lion ostmisest, kuna pooled ei jõudnud tehingu maksumuses kokkuleppele. Kommenteerib Alexander Bondarev. Tabel: Dunkri käive kasvas mullu üle 40%. Lisa: Lion. Vt. samas: Tehingu katkemine pidurdab laienemist

Seasonal dynamics of the tick Haemaphysalis tibetensis in the Tibetan Plateau, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, M; Li, T; Yu, Z J; Qiu, Z X; Yan, P; Li, Y; Liu, J

2017-12-01

The tick Haemaphysalis tibetensis (Acari: Ixodidae) Hoogstraal is an important arthropod vector widespread in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and knowledge of its seasonal dynamics is still poor. The current study investigated the seasonal dynamics of the parasitic and non-parasitic H. tibetensis over a 2-year period from March 2014 to February 2016 in the Tibetan Plateau, China. During this timeframe, non-parasitic ticks were collected weekly by flag-dragging in grassland and shrubland areas, and parasitic ticks were removed weekly from selected sheep. Plateau pikas were captured using traps and examined for immature ticks between May to September 2014. Results suggest that non-parasitic H. tibetensis were mainly distributed in the grassland, and the parasitic adults and nymphs were found mostly on sheep. Larvae were usually found on Plateau pikas and the prevalence of infestation and mean parasitic intensity were 72.1 and 1.81%, respectively. Adults were observed from March to July with the major peak occurring in mid-April. Nymphs were found from March to August and reached a peak in late June. Larvae were collected from April to September, and their numbers peaked in late May. In the parasitic and non-parasitic period, the overall sex ratio of males to females was 1.62 and 1.30, respectively. Results show that H. tibetensis can complete one generation per year, with a population overlap between stages over the spring-summer months. These findings provide additional information on the biology and ecology of H. tibetensis as well as insights on its control in the environment and on sheep. © 2017 The Royal Entomological Society.

The plateau zokors' learning and memory ability is related to the high expression levels of foxP2 in the brain.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Ben-Yuan; Wei, Lian; Sun, Sheng-Zhen; Wang, Duo-Wei; Wei, Deng-Bang

2014-04-25

Plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) is a subterranean mammal. Plateau zokor has high learning and memory ability, and can determine the location of blocking obstacles in their tunnels. Forkhead box p2 (FOXP2) is a transcription factor implicated in the neural control of orofacial coordination and sensory-motor integration, particularly with respect to learning, memory and vocalization. To explore the association of foxP2 with the high learning and memory ability of plateau zokor, the cDNA of foxP2 of plateau zokor was sequenced; by using plateau pika as control, the expression levels of foxP2 mRNA and FOXP2 protein in brain of plateau zokor were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively; and the location of FOXP2 protein in the brain of plateau zokor was determined by immunohistochemistry. The result showed that the cDNA sequence of plateau zokor foxP2 was similar to that of other mammals and the amino acid sequences showed a relatively high degree of conservation, with the exception of two particular amino acid substitutions [a Gln (Q)-to-His (H) change at position 231 and a Ser (S)-to-Ile (I) change at position 235]. Higher expression levels of foxP2 mRNA (3-fold higher) and FOXP2 protein (>2-fold higher) were detected in plateau zokor brain relative to plateau pika brain. In plateau zokor brain, FOXP2 protein was highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, thalamus and the striatum (a basal ganglia brain region). The results suggest that the high learning and memory ability of plateau zokor is related to the high expression levels of foxP2 in the brain.

Expertly validated models and phylogenetically-controlled analysis suggests responses to climate change are related to species traits in the order lagomorpha.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Katie Leach

Full Text Available Climate change during the past five decades has impacted significantly on natural ecosystems, and the rate of current climate change is of great concern among conservation biologists. Species Distribution Models (SDMs have been used widely to project changes in species' bioclimatic envelopes under future climate scenarios. Here, we aimed to advance this technique by assessing future changes in the bioclimatic envelopes of an entire mammalian order, the Lagomorpha, using a novel framework for model validation based jointly on subjective expert evaluation and objective model evaluation statistics. SDMs were built using climatic, topographical, and habitat variables for all 87 lagomorph species under past and current climate scenarios. Expert evaluation and Kappa values were used to validate past and current models and only those deemed 'modellable' within our framework were projected under future climate scenarios (58 species. Phylogenetically-controlled regressions were used to test whether species traits correlated with predicted responses to climate change. Climate change is likely to impact more than two-thirds of lagomorph species, with leporids (rabbits, hares, and jackrabbits likely to undertake poleward shifts with little overall change in range extent, whilst pikas are likely to show extreme shifts to higher altitudes associated with marked range declines, including the likely extinction of Kozlov's Pika (Ochotona koslowi. Smaller-bodied species were more likely to exhibit range contractions and elevational increases, but showing little poleward movement, and fecund species were more likely to shift latitudinally and elevationally. Our results suggest that species traits may be important indicators of future climate change and we believe multi-species approaches, as demonstrated here, are likely to lead to more effective mitigation measures and conservation management. We strongly advocate studies minimising data gaps in our knowledge of

Castro loobumine toob Kuubale üle pika ajal valimispõnevuse / Evelyn Kaldoja

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kaldoja, Evelyn, 1980-

2008-01-01

Ilmunud ka: Postimees : na russkom jazõke 20. veebr. 2008, lk. 5. Kuuba riigipea Fidel Castro teatas pensionileminekust, Kuuba rahvusassamblee määrab uue presidendi. Vt. samas: Fidel Castro poolsajand Vabaduse Saarel

[A NATURAL PLAGUE FOCUS. IN GORNYI ALTAI: FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND FUNCTIONING].

Science.gov (United States)

Korzun, V M; Balakhoiov, S V; Chpanin, E V; Denisov, A V; Mikhailov, E P; Mischenko, A J; Yarygina, M B; Rozhdestvensky, E N; Fomina, L A

2016-01-01

The paper gives the results of analyzing the data of long-term studies of the natural focal pattern of plague in the Gornyi Altai natural focus. It describes a wide range of biological processes occurring in the focus and shows the most important patterns of its functioning as a complex multilevel ecological system. The key features of the formation of the focus have been revealed. The plague focus in South-Western Altai has formed relatively, recently, about half a century ago, then it has intensively developed and its enzootic area and the activity of epizootic manifestations have considerably increased. This process is due to the space-time transformations of the basic ecological and population characteristics of Pallas' pika (Ochotoma pallasi), the principal vector of the pathogen of plague and fleas parasitizing the mammal, which is in turn related to the aridization of mountain steppes in South-Western Altai.

Scientific Culture Measures: Challenges and New Perspectives

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lopez Cerezo, J.L.; Muñoz van den Eynde, A

2016-07-01

Since mid-twentieth century, efforts to promote scientific and technological development and engage the public in R&D process are increasing. Among those efforts, since the 1970s first in United States and then in United Kingdom and Europe, governments have funded surveys aimed at understanding the public attitudes toward science, scientists, and science policy. The Science and Engineering Indicators series of the National Science Foundation, or the European Community through its Special Eurobarometer on Europeans, science and technology, have shaped the research, measures and indicators of public understanding of science surveys. Examples are, at international level, surveys like Scientific Culture in IberoAmerican Countries (2009, FECYT-OEI-RICYT), or the International Study on Scientific Culture (2012, BBVA Foundation); and at national level, surveys like Social Perception of Science and Technology (2002-2014) series, or the recent Perception, Interest, Knowledge, and Actions (PIKA) Survey (2014), both funded by Spanish Government through its Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT). (Author)

[Macro- and microevolution as related to the problem of origin and global expansion of the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis].

Science.gov (United States)

Suntsov, V V; Suntsova, N I

2008-01-01

The ratio of macro- and microevolutionary processes is considered with reference to the ecological scenario of the origin of the plague pathogen and its subsequent natural and anthropogenic global expansion. The macroevolutionary transformation of the ancestral pseudotuberculosis microbe clone into the initial plague microbe Yersinia pestis tarbagani occurred in Central Asia at the end of the Late Pleistocene by a "vertical" Darwinian way in an inadaptive heterothermal continual intermediate environment--the Mongolian marmot Marmota sibirica-flea Oropsylla silantiewi system--via a sequence of unstable and currently extinct intermediate forms. Its natural geographic expansion on the "oil spot" principle in the postglacial time led to the microevolutionary formation of 20-30 hostal subspecies circulating in populations of the background species of burrowing rodents and pikas in arid areas of Eurasia. The intercontinental spread of the "marmot" and "rat" pathogen subspecies in the past few centuries has been exclusively anthropogenic, with the involvement of synanthropic (ship) rats.

Radioecology of natural systems. Final report, May 1, 1962-October 31, 1979

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Whicker, F.W.

1979-01-01

This is the final report to the US Department of Energy and its predecessors on Contract EY-76-S-02-1156 with Colorado State University. During the first five years of the program, investigations were focused on the accumulation of fallout radionuclides in a well-studied mule deer population in north-central Colorado. In 1967, the scope of the program was enlarged to include studies on radionuclide behavior in mountain lake ecosystems, radiation effects on a shortgrass plains ecosystem, and the combined effects of radiation and intraspecific competition on the pika (Ochotona princeps). In 1971, studies on the geochemistry of lead in an alpine lake and the foraging impact of grasshoppers were added to the diverse program. The summer of 1972 marked the beginning of the research program which was to dominate the effort for the duration of the contract, namely the behavior of plutonium in the terrestrial environs of the Rocky Flats plutonium facility near Denver, Colorado. This report is a general, qualitative summary of activities and major findings over the entire tenure of the program

Contrasting shrub species respond to early summer temperatures leading to correspondence of shrub growth patterns

Science.gov (United States)

Weijers, Stef; Pape, Roland; Löffler, Jörg; Myers-Smith, Isla H.

2018-03-01

The Arctic-alpine biome is warming rapidly, resulting in a gradual replacement of low statured species by taller woody species in many tundra ecosystems. In northwest North America, the remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), suggests an increase in productivity of the Arctic and alpine tundra and a decrease in productivity of boreal forests. However, the responses of contrasting shrub species growing at the same sites to climate drivers remain largely unexplored. Here, we test growth, climate, and NDVI relationships of two contrasting species: the expanding tall deciduous shrub Salix pulchra and the circumarctic evergreen dwarf shrub Cassiope tetragona from an alpine tundra site in the Pika valley in the Kluane Region, southwest Yukon Territories, Canada. We found that annual growth variability of both species at this site is strongly driven by early summer temperatures, despite their contrasting traits and habitats. Shrub growth chronologies for both species were correlated with the regional climate signal and showed spatial correspondence with interannual variation in NDVI in surrounding alpine and Arctic regions. Our results suggest that early summer warming represents a common driver of vegetation change for contrasting shrub species growing in different habitats in the same alpine environments.

Bayesian Analysis for Dynamic Generalized Linear Latent Model with Application to Tree Survival Rate

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yu-sheng Cheng

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Logistic regression model is the most popular regression technique, available for modeling categorical data especially for dichotomous variables. Classic logistic regression model is typically used to interpret relationship between response variables and explanatory variables. However, in real applications, most data sets are collected in follow-up, which leads to the temporal correlation among the data. In order to characterize the different variables correlations, a new method about the latent variables is introduced in this study. At the same time, the latent variables about AR (1 model are used to depict time dependence. In the framework of Bayesian analysis, parameters estimates and statistical inferences are carried out via Gibbs sampler with Metropolis-Hastings (MH algorithm. Model comparison, based on the Bayes factor, and forecasting/smoothing of the survival rate of the tree are established. A simulation study is conducted to assess the performance of the proposed method and a pika data set is analyzed to illustrate the real application. Since Bayes factor approaches vary significantly, efficiency tests have been performed in order to decide which solution provides a better tool for the analysis of real relational data sets.

Start of operation of the barrel measuring facility II-01. Implementation into operational processes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Buesing, B.; Escher, M.

2013-01-01

For the operation of the barrel measuring facility (FAME) II-01 a variety requirements to the measuring techniques were defined and tested in the frame of start-up. The used mechanical engineering and measuring technique complies with the state-of-the-art. Using the barrel measuring facility quality assured determinations of the dose rate and the nuclide-specific activity inventory were performed. For the evaluation of the gamma spectrometric measurements of FAME II-01 appropriately qualified personnel is available. The implementation of the facility in combination with the connection to the data base system PIK-AS and AVK it guaranteed that important data are available in real-time for the measuring process and the subsequent work steps. Besides this it is guaranteed that using the import/export functions relevant data are reviewed, supplemented and exchanged between the systems without transfer errors. The determined data of the dose rate and gamma spectrometric measurements allow an activity determination of the waste package with quality assurance and close to reality. Conservative assumptions in the frame of activity calculations for the later final disposal can be reduced. The automated operation of FAME allows also the reduction of radiation exposure of the personnel.

Pow, Punch, Pika, and Chu : The Structure of Sound Effects in Genres of American Comics and Japanese Manga

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Pratha, Nimish K.; Avunjian, Natalie; Cohn, Neil

2016-01-01

As multimodal works, comics are characterized as much by their use of language as by the style of their images. Sound effects in particular are exemplary of comics’ language-use, and we explored this facet of comics by analyzing a corpus of books from genres in the United States (mainstream and

Small mammals of the Mongolian mountain steppe region near Erdensant: insights from live-trapping and bird pellet remains.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Joanne L. Isaac

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Relatively little is known of the distribution, abundance and ecology of small mammals in Mongolia and as a result there is scant knowledge of the effects of environmental and anthropogenic factors on small mammal populations. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of small mammals in mountain steppe habitat from live-trapping and analysis of mammal remains from raptor pellets and below nests. During live-trapping, root voles ( Microtus oeconemus were the most commonly caught species accounting for 47.5 % of captures, striped hamsters ( Cricetulus barabensis and pika ( Ochotona hyperborea accounted for 30 % and 22.5 % of captures respectively. Temperature influenced trapping success, with small mammals appearing to avoid being active at temperatures over 20 ̊C. The three species caught on the trapping grid appeared to avoid competition for resources through both temporal and spatial differences in the use of available habitat. Mammals identified from raptor pellets and other remains included the grey hamster ( Cricatulus migratorius , Siberian marmot ( Marmota sibirica , red fox ( Vulpes vulpes , long-tailed souslik ( Citellus undulatus and the Daurian mole ( Myospalax aspalax. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the conservation of mammals in Mongolia and their co-existence with livestock and humans.

Mu süda on mägedes : [luuletused] / Robert Burns ; tlk. Ralf Parve, Ants Oras, Urmas Tõnisson, Kullo Vende, Mart Mäger, Georg Eduard Luiga, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, Karl August Hermann, Johannes Vau, Lydia Koidula, Ado Grenzstein

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Burns, Robert, 1759-1796

2006-01-01

Sisu: Mu süda on mägedes ; Hing mägises Shotis ; Mu isa oli farmer ; Künnipoiss ; Noor neiu vanal mehel ; Vana Rob Morris ; Meg veskilt ; Veski-Meg ; Willie pruulis õlut ; John Odratera ; Hägisele ; Shotlased, nüüd seiske kindlad! ; Invernessi neid ; Kuradi tants aktsiisiametnikuga ; Macphersoni hüvastijätt / tlk. Ralf Parve ; Macphersoni hüvastijätt / / tlk. Ants Oras ; Nii ja naa ; Hiirele ; Eleegia Peg Nicholsoni surma puhul ; Vaga Willie palve ; Epitaaf vagale Willièle ; Värsid poeet Fergussoni portree alla ; Lõikuskuu laul ; On kaldal kõrkjad reas ; Mu arm on nagu ruske roos ; Mu arm... ; Oo, mu arm on verev, verev roos ; Esimene suudlus lahkudes ; Mõte karmist saatusest ; Oh näeksin tühja nõmme peal ; Kui näeksin ; "Kui üksi olles näeksid, neid..." ; Käies pikas rohus ; Värsiread ; Mind naine tihti taob ; Rõõmus lesk ; Willie Wastleì naine ; Mul on naine ; John Anderson / tlk. Urmas Tõnisson ; Jaan Anderson / tlk. Karl August Hermann ; Sügiselaul ; Kündja ja lill ; Kodu ; Ometi ; Kõige kiuste ; Kui õis, mis õitseb heinamaal ; Põlev armastus ; Hans ja Krõõt : [luuletused]. Epigramme: Raamatukoi ; Impromptu ; Puudus. Ammustele aegadele : [luuletus]. Autori kohta eluloolisi andmeid lk. 179

Development of new all-terrain chip harvester

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Helevirta, K.

2001-01-01

The objective of the project is to develop a new, efficient, reliable and profitable wood harvesting machine for serial production, which could be applied for chipping of logging residues and forest energy from thinnings at the lot, and which would fit into the harvesting chain. The project has been carried out by developing first a method prototype. Biowatti Oy, mastering the harvesting chains of forest energy, has tested the method and the concept, and approved it to be operable. The machine has been delivered to an experienced forest entrepreneur for testing in actual field conditions. Final productivity tests have not been finished yet, and the results have not been analyzed. Preliminary results show that when chipping the residues at the lot, using 300-m haulage distance and unloading into a chip lorry, the productivity to be about 60 bulk-m 3 /h, and the fuel consumption to be 1,1 liters/bulk m 3 . The machine can be fueled by tax-free fuel oil. The PIKA LOCH 2000 chipper, developed in the project, will first be marketed in Finland, Sweden and other parts of Europe. In Finland there is a need for lot- chippers and employment of them so they can get investment subsidies from the Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry, which is expected to increase the share of lot-chippers in harvesting of wood energy. (orig.)

WHY MUSEUMS MATTER: A TALE OF PINWORMS (OXYUROIDEA: HETEROXYNEMATIDAE) AMONG PIKAS (OCHOTONA PRINCEPS AND O. COLLARIS) IN THE AMERICAN WEST.

Science.gov (United States)

Permanent and well supported museum collections provide a solid foundation for the process of systematics research through creation of an empirical record which validates our understanding of the biosphere. We explore the role of museums in ongoing studies of the complex helminth fauna characterist...

Characterisation of a highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.2 influenza virus isolated from swans in Shanghai, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Guo; Zhong, Lei; Lu, Xinlun; Hu, Jiao; Gu, Xiaobing; Kai, Yan; Song, Qingqing; Sun, Qing; Liu, Jinbao; Peng, Daxin; Wang, Xiaoquan; Liu, Xiaowen; Liu, Xiufan

2012-02-01

In spring 2009, one strain of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 virus was isolated from wild swans in Shanghai, indicating the importance of the wild swan in the ecology of this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in Eastern China. Pathogenicity experiments conducted in this study indicated that the virus was highly pathogenic for chickens but lowly pathogenic for mammalian hosts, as evidenced by reduced infection of mice. The analysis of complete genome sequences and genetic evolution showed that A/Swan/Shanghai/10/09 (SW/SH/09) may be derived from the strain A/silky chicken/Shantou/475/2004 (CK/ST/04), which is homologous to the influenza viruses isolated from chicken, duck, pika, little egret, swan, mandarin duck and bar-headed goose in China Hunan, China Qinghai, Mongolia, Russia, Japan, Korea, Laos and Hong Kong during 2007-2011, indicating that the virus has retro-infected diverse wild birds from chicken, and significant spread of the virus is still ongoing through overlapping migratory flyways. On the basis of the molecular analysis, we also found that there was a deletion of the glycosylation site (NSS) in amino acid 156 of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein when compared with that of the other Clade 2.3.2 viruses isolated between 2007 and 2011. More importantly, the sequence analysis of SW/SH/09 virus displayed the drug-resistant mutations on the matrix protein (M2) and neuraminidase (NA) genes.

Molecular identification of Echinococcus species from eastern and southern Qinghai, China, based on the mitochondrial cox1 gene.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Junying; Wang, Hu; Lin, Gonghua; Craig, Philip S; Ito, Akira; Cai, Zhenyuan; Zhang, Tongzuo; Han, Xiumin; Ma, Xiao; Zhang, Jingxiao; Liu, Yufang; Zhao, Yanmei; Wang, Yongshun

2012-07-01

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP, in western China), which is the largest and highest plateau on Earth, is a highly epidemic region for Echinococcus spp. We collected 70 Echinococcus samples from humans, dogs, sheep, yaks, plateau pikas, and voles in eastern and southern Qinghai and genotyped them using the mitochondrial DNA marker cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene and maximum parsimony and Bayesian reconstruction methods. Based on the 792-bp sequence matrix, we recorded 124 variable sites, of which, 115 were parsimony-informative. Thirty-four haplotypes (H1-H34) were detected, of which H1-H15, H16-H17, and H18-H34 belonged to Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus multilocularis, and Echinococcus granulosus, respectively. Within 26 human isolates, three were identified as E. multilocularis and 23 were E. granulosus. We also detected a dual infection case in a dog with E. multilocularis and E. granulosus. The intraspecific haplotype (Hd ± SD) and nucleotide (Nd ± SD) diversity of E. shiquicus (0.947 ± 0.021; 0.00441 ± 0.00062) was higher than that for E. granulosus (0.896 ± 0.038; 0.00221 ± 0.00031) and E. multilocularis (0.286 ± 0.196; 0.00036 ± 0.00025). Moreover, the haplotype network of E. shiquicus showed a radial feature rather than a divergent feature in a previous study, indicating this species in the QTP has also evolved with bottleneck effects.

Perseverance of pikas in the Miocene : Interplay of climate and competition in the evolution of Spanish Ochotonidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia). Geologica Ultraiectina (333)

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hordijk, K.

2010-01-01

The sedimentary succession near the village of Villafeliche in the Calatayud-Montalbán Basin (Spain) is well known for its very rich, densely sampled and well dated fossil mammal record of Miocene age and roughly spans the time interval between 17 and 10 million years ago. The exceptional quality of

Professori Mikko Varo 70-vuotias

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kalle Maijala

1983-12-01

Full Text Available Helsingin yliopiston kotieläinten jalostustieteen professorinviran ensimmäinen haltija vuosilta 1966-76, maatalous- ja metsätieteiden tohtori Risto Mikko Varo syntyi Helsingissä 29.9.1913. Hän pääsi ylioppilaaksi Helsingin Maanviljelyslyseosta 1932 sekä valmistui agronomiksi ja maatalous- ja metsätieteiden kandidaatiksi 1940, pääaineenaan maanviljelysoppi. Hän toimi aluksi Etelä-Pohjanmaalla maanviljelyskonsulenttina, pika-asutustoimikunnan jäsenenä ja maanviljelyskoulun opettajana, mutta alkoi samalla suuntautua kotieläintieteisiin päin, suorittaen kandidaatintutkinnon laudatur-oppimäärän kotieläintieteessä 1946. Samana vuonna hän siirtyi maatalousministeriöön kotieläintoimiston päälliköksi ja syksyllä 1948 silloisen maatalouskoelaitoksen (nyk. MTTK kotieläinjalostusosaston vanhemmaksi tutkijaksi. Hän väitteli syksyllä 1952 tohtoriksi kotieläinjalostusta koskevalla tutkimuksella ja sai nimityksen erikoistutkijaksi 1959. Vuonna 1966 hänet määrättiin hoitamaan yliopistoon perustettua uutta professorinvirkaa, johon hänet nimitettiin seuraavana vuonna. Vuodesta 1954 lähtien hän oli jo toiminut yliopistossa dosenttina kotieläinjalostuksen alalla. Hänen pääasiallinen elämäntyönsä tapahtui siten tämän alan tutkimuksen ja opetuksen parissa, joissa hän virallisesti ehti toimia lähes 30vuotta. Ylipuolet hänen julkaisuistaan koski nautakarjaa, minkä lisäksi hän tutki sikojen, porojen, hevosten ja lampaiden jalostukseen liittyviä kysymyksiä sekä tarkasteli kotieläinjalostuksen yleisperiaatteita.

Faster speciation and reduced extinction in the tropics contribute to the Mammalian latitudinal diversity gradient.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jonathan Rolland

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The increase in species richness from the poles to the tropics, referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient, is one of the most ubiquitous biodiversity patterns in the natural world. Although understanding how rates of speciation and extinction vary with latitude is central to explaining this pattern, such analyses have been impeded by the difficulty of estimating diversification rates associated with specific geographic locations. Here, we use a powerful phylogenetic approach and a nearly complete phylogeny of mammals to estimate speciation, extinction, and dispersal rates associated with the tropical and temperate biomes. Overall, speciation rates are higher, and extinction rates lower, in the tropics than in temperate regions. The diversity of the eight most species-rich mammalian orders (covering 92% of all mammals peaks in the tropics, except that of the Lagomorpha (hares, rabbits, and pikas reaching a maxima in northern-temperate regions. Latitudinal patterns in diversification rates are strikingly consistent with these diversity patterns, with peaks in species richness associated with low extinction rates (Primates and Lagomorpha, high speciation rates (Diprotodontia, Artiodactyla, and Soricomorpha, or both (Chiroptera and Rodentia. Rates of range expansion were typically higher from the tropics to the temperate regions than in the other direction, supporting the "out of the tropics" hypothesis whereby species originate in the tropics and disperse into higher latitudes. Overall, these results suggest that differences in diversification rates have played a major role in shaping the modern latitudinal diversity gradient in mammals, and illustrate the usefulness of recently developed phylogenetic approaches for understanding this famous yet mysterious pattern.

Surveillance of Echinococcus isolates from Qinghai, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Junying; Wang, Hu; Lin, Gonghua; Zhao, Fang; Li, Chao; Zhang, Tongzuo; Ma, Xiao; Zhang, Yongguo; Hou, Zhibin; Cai, Huixia; Liu, Peiyun; Wang, Yongshun

2015-01-15

Echinococcosis is highly endemic over large parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China. Based on a large number of samples, we present data on the current presence, host distribution, and genetic diversity of Echinococcus in the Qinghai Province, located in the northeastern corner of the QTP and constituting >25% of the area of the plateau. We used 521 samples (including 451 newly collected samples and 70 samples from our previous study) from humans, yaks, sheep, goats, dogs, fox, plateau pikas, and voles in 36 counties, and genotyped them using the mitochondrial DNA marker cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene and the maximum parsimony and Bayesian reconstruction methods. Based on the 792 bp sequence matrix, we recorded 177 variable sites; 157 were parsimony-informative. A total of 105 haplotypes (H1-H105) were detected, of which H1-H15 and H90-H104, H16-H17, H18-H89, and H105 belonged to Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus canadensis, respectively. Our results showed that, (i) the Qinghai Province was under a high burden of Echinococcus epidemiology; (ii) E. granulosus was the main echinococcosis threat to the local people, and the followed is E. multilocularis; (iii) there are a considerable number of haplotypes shared by domestic animals (sheep, yaks, and dogs) and humans, demonstrating the close relationship between human and domestic animals epidemiology; (iv) the threat of E. shiquicus on humans and livestock can be mostly ignored, while the infection risk of E. canadensis echinococcosis should not be neglected. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evolutionary history of lagomorphs in response to global environmental change.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Deyan Ge

Full Text Available Although species within Lagomorpha are derived from a common ancestor, the distribution range and body size of its two extant groups, ochotonids and leporids, are quite differentiated. It is unclear what has driven their disparate evolutionary history. In this study, we compile and update all fossil records of Lagomorpha for the first time, to trace the evolutionary processes and infer their evolutionary history using mitochondrial genes, body length and distribution of extant species. We also compare the forage selection of extant species, which offers an insight into their future prospects. The earliest lagomorphs originated in Asia and later diversified in different continents. Within ochotonids, more than 20 genera occupied the period from the early Miocene to middle Miocene, whereas most of them became extinct during the transition from the Miocene to Pliocene. The peak diversity of the leporids occurred during the Miocene to Pliocene transition, while their diversity dramatically decreased in the late Quaternary. Mantel tests identified a positive correlation between body length and phylogenetic distance of lagomorphs. The body length of extant ochotonids shows a normal distribution, while the body length of extant leporids displays a non-normal pattern. We also find that the forage selection of extant pikas features a strong preference for C(3 plants, while for the diet of leporids, more than 16% of plant species are identified as C(4 (31% species are from Poaceae. The ability of several leporid species to consume C(4 plants is likely to result in their size increase and range expansion, most notably in Lepus. Expansion of C(4 plants in the late Miocene, the so-called 'nature's green revolution', induced by global environmental change, is suggested to be one of the major 'ecological opportunities', which probably drove large-scale extinction and range contraction of ochotonids, but inversely promoted diversification and range expansion of

Molecular characterization of adipose tissue in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Emeli M Nilsson

Full Text Available Adipose tissue (AT is a dynamic and flexible organ with regulatory roles in physiological functions including metabolism, reproduction and inflammation; secreted adipokines, including leptin, and fatty acids facilitate many of these roles. The African elephant (Loxodonta africana is experiencing serious challenges to optimal reproduction in captivity. The physiological and molecular basis of this impaired fertility remains unknown. AT production of leptin is a crucial molecular link between nutritional status, adiposity and fertility in many species. We propose that leptin has a similar function in the African elephant. African elephant visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT was obtained from both sexes and a range of ages including females with known pregnancy status. RNA was extracted and histological sections created and analyzed by microarray, PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. Gas-chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid composition of AT. Microarray expression profiling was used to compare gene expression profiles of AT from pre-pubertal versus reproductively competent adult African elephants. This study demonstrates, for the first time, leptin mRNA and protein expression in African elephant AT. The derived protein sequence of the elephant leptin protein was exploited to determine its relationship within the class I helical cytokine superfamily, which indicates that elephant leptin is most closely related to the leptin orthologs of Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit, Lepus oiostolus (woolly hare, and members of the Ochotonidae (Pika. Immunohistological analysis identified considerable leptin staining within the cytoplasm of adipocytes. Significant differences in fatty acid profiles between pregnant and non-pregnant animals were revealed, most notably a reduction in both linoleic and α linoleic acid in pregnant animals. This report forms the basis for future studies to address the effect of nutrient composition

Palve : [luuletused] / Ernst Enno ; [Impressioonid]: Viiu Härm

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Enno, Ernst, 1875-1934

2004-01-01

Sisu: Palve ; Ma kuulan ; Imeline helin ; Nad langesid tasa, tasa ; Nii tasa mängisid lained ; Mu õnn ; iks ruttad, väsinud rändaja? ; Valge öö ; Kui ärkab ; Kui virmalised vehklevad ; Vii ära ; Väike paju ; Kui sõuaks igavikku ; Ei me suutnud ; Sügisel ; Su silmis ; Ja jälle sõuab ; Jõulurõõm ; Igatseja kodu ; Hääd ööd! ; Õhtu Pühajärvel ; Peipsi kaldal ; Õhtu ; Kodune ilu! ; Rannal ; Ma tulen hilja ; Märgitud ; Nõmmeallik, Õhtule! ; Kurbus ; Vesiroos ; Kojuigatsus ; Õhtu kodutalus ; Kevade õhtul ; Mu tuba on väike ; Kodukask ; Kallimeelsed ; Jutluse ajal ; Kauge kõlin ; Suvel ; Hall laul ; Igatsus ; Põud ; Ta tuli ; Suvi ; Hõõgamine ; Rändaja õhtulaul ; Tuul alulis ; Võiks otsast alata ; Kolm eite ; Nõmme pääl ; Nõmmeigatsus ; Vanaisa surm ; Karjamaal, Kas sa iial ei küsi ; Imelikku rada pikka! ; Üks lilleke ; Sütti, sütti! ; Noore suve muinasjutt ; Su omasem silmapilk ; Igatsus; Kullerkupp ; Öö valge on õnn ; Tartu valgel ööl ; Vari ; Hääd jällenägemist ; Ühele sõbrale ; Nii läbisegi jooned ; Hõbemeelne luul ; Kui suri lill ; Sind jumalaga jätsin sääl ; Ja eluvalgus, see on nende and ; Ja saadus hing ; Sügise ; Kodu imelisem töö ; Ja pisarad sul kipuvad silma ; Nad läevad pikas reas ; Nad ei vaata tagasi! ; Kadunud kodu! ; Sa oled inime ; Meil kõigil ühine on pulmapidu ees ; Ja jahtund süda jäta ilmale ; Siis vaikivad kõik mõtted ; Nii vaikseks kõik on jäänud ; Siin-sääl kui katkend viisid ; Nii, nii see küll ikka oli ; Ei ole tühi jutt ; Oli viisiks koju tulla ; Tuba, väike tuba ; Sa ära küsi ; Kuulmata kuskil kumiseb kodu ; Mere ääres tuba vaikne ; Ei ükski neist armasta mind ; Igatsus ; Lumesõda ; Tuul käib tühjal rannal ringi ; Üks rohutirts läks kõndima ; Hilissuvi ; Tähte väli vaatas vette ; Valge unustus

GEOSS AIP-2 Climate Change and Biodiversity Use Scenarios: Interoperability Infrastructures (Invited)

Science.gov (United States)

Nativi, S.; Santoro, M.

2009-12-01

Transaction server: this component publishes the model outputs. The framework was successfully tested in two use scenarios of the GEOSS AIP-2 Climate Change and Biodiversity WG aiming to predict species distribution changes due to Climate Change factors, with the scientific patronage of the University of Colorado and the University of Alaska. The first scenario dealt with the Pikas specie regional distribution in the Great Basin area (North America). While, the second one concerned the modeling of the Arctic Food Chain species in the North Pole area -the relationships between different environmental parameters and Polar Bears distribution was analyzed. Results are published in the GEOSS AIP-2 web site: http://www.ogcnetwork.net/AIP2develop .

GEOSS AIP-2 Climate Change and Biodiversity Use Scenarios: Interoperability Infrastructures

Science.gov (United States)

Nativi, Stefano; Santoro, Mattia

2010-05-01

publish climate, environmental and biodiversity datasets; e)Ecological Niche Model Server: this component is able to run one or more Ecological Niche Models (ENM) on selected biodiversity and climate datasets; f)Data Access Transaction server: this component publishes the model outputs. This framework was assessed in two use scenarios of GEOSS AIP-2 Climate Change and Biodiversity WG. Both scenarios concern the prediction of species distributions driven by climatological change forecasts. The first scenario dealt with the Pikas specie regional distribution in the Great Basin area (North America). While, the second one concerned the modeling of the Arctic Food Chain species in the North Pole area -the relationships between different environmental parameters and Polar Bears distribution was analyzed. The scientific patronage was provided by the University of Colorado and the University of Alaska, respectively. Results are published in the GEOSS AIP-2 web site: http://www.ogcnetwork.net/AIP2develop.

Pasture degradation modifies soil organic matter properties and biochemical functioning in Tibetan grasslands

Science.gov (United States)

Spielvogel, Sandra; Steingräber, Laura; Schleuß, Per; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Guggenberger, Georg

2015-04-01

Kobresia pastures of the Tibetan Plateau represent the world's largest alpine ecosystem. Moderate husbandry on Kobresia pastures is beneficial for the storage of soil organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N) and other nutrients and prevents erosion by establishment of sedge-turf root mats with high OC allocation rates below ground. However, undisturbed root mats are affected by freezing and thawing processes, which cause initial ice cracks. As a consequence decomposition of root mat layers will be accelerated and current sedentarization programs with concomitant increased grazing intensity may additionally enhance root mat degradation. Finally, cracks are enlarged by water and wind erosion as well as pika activities until bare soil surface areas without root mat horizons occur. The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the root mat layer on soil organic carbon stabilization and microbial functioning depending on soil depths and to predict future changes (OC, N and nutrient losses, soil microbial functioning in SOM transformation) by overgrazing and climate change. We investigated the mineral soil below Kobresia root mats along a false time degradation sequence ranging from stage 1 (intact root mat) to stage 4 (mats with large cracks and bare soil patches). Vertical gradients of δ13C values, neutral sugar, cutin and suberin contents as well as microbial biomass estimated by total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), microbial community composition (PLFA profiles) and activities of six extracellular enzymes involved in the C, N, and P cycle were assessed. Soil OC and N contents as well as C/N ratios indicate an increasing illuviation of topsoil material into the subsoil with advancing root mat degradation. This was confirmed by more negative δ13C values as well as significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increasing contributions of cutin derived hydroxy fatty acids to OC in the subsoils from degradation stages 1 to 4. PLFA profiles were surprisingly similar in the subsoils of

Using a Multi-Method Approach to Examine Social-Ecological Vulnerability to Climate Change and Natural Resource Policies on the Tibetan Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

Klein, J.; Hopping, K. A.; Yeh, E.; Nyima, Y.; Galvin, K.; Boone, R.; Dorje, T.; Ojima, D. S.

2012-12-01

Pastoralists and ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau are facing a suite of novel stresses. Temperatures are increasing several times more than the global average. The frequency and severity of severe snowstorms, which lead to critical losses of livestock, are also increasing. Pastoralists are also experiencing changes to their livelihood activities, including reduced mobility and severe grazing restrictions. We are using interdisciplinary frameworks and methods that integrate results from a multifactor ecological experiment, household interviews, remote sensing, and a coupled ecosystem and household decision-making model to examine herder and ecosystem vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events (snow disasters) within the context of changing natural resource management policies in China. The fully factorial ecological experiment includes two climate changes (warming and spring snow additions) and two types of grazing (yak and pika) that are being affected by current policy. We established the experiment in 2008 within the Tibet Autonomous Region. We are monitoring microclimate, vegetation, nutrient availability, ecosystem carbon fluxes and stable isotope signatures of select plant species. Through this experiment, we are investigating the sensitivity of the system, whether it can cross critical thresholds, and how resilient this system may be to predicted future climate and land use changes. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews on indigenous knowledge and vulnerability complement the ecological experimental work. We are asking herders about climate and ecological change and their drivers and are also conducting interviews on vulnerability to snow disasters across a three site, 300-500mm precipitation gradient. We are using remote sensing to identify biophysical landscape change over time. To integrate our ecological and social findings, we are coupling the Savanna ecosystem model to the DECUMA agent-based pastoral household model. Our results to date

Investigation of the Dynamics Of NH{sup +}{sub 4} and H{sub 2}O Molecular Groups in Crystals; Etude de la Dynamique des Groupes Moleculaires NH{sup +}{sub 4} et H{sub 2}O dans les Cristaux; 0418 0421 0421 041b 0415 0414 041e 0412 0410 041d 0418 0415 0414 0418 041d 0410 041c 0418 041a 0418 041c 041e 041b 0415 041a 0423 041b 042f 0420 041d 042b 0425 0413 0420 0423 041f 041f NH{sup +}{sub 4} H H{sub 2}O 0412 041a 0420 0418 0421 0422 0410 041b 041b 0410 0425 ; Estudio de la Dinamica de los Grupos Moleculares NH{sup +}{sub 4} Y H{sub 2}O en Cristales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bajorek, A.; Machehina, T. A.; Parlin' Ski, K. [Ob' edinennyj Institut Jadernyh Issledovanij, Dubna, SSSR (Russian Federation)

1965-06-15

fazovymi perehodami. Nesmotrja na razlichie struktur issleduemyh veshhestv, poluchaemye spektry pri temperature zhidkogo azota okazyvajutsja pohozhimi drug na druga: kak pravilo, nabljudajutsja dva pika - pervyj v oblasti peredach jenergii 15 - 20 mjev, drugoj v oblasti 35 - 70 mjev, svjazannyj s torsionnymi kolebanijami ammonievyh ionov. Intensivnost' pikov zavisit ot struktury issleduemyh veshhestv i umen'shaetsja s uvelicheniem temperatury obrazca. Obnaruzheno, chto intensivnost' uprugoj chasti spektra pri nekotoryh fazovyh perehodah sovershaet skachok (v sluchajah NH{sub 4}I, NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} i (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}). S uvelicheniem temperatury v NH{sub 4}Cl, NH{sub 4}Br, (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}(COO){sub 2} voznikaet dopolnitel'nyj pik, sdvinutyj v storonu men'shih jenergij ot pika zatormozhennogo vrashhenija. Spektry nejtronov, rassejannyh na kristallah, soderzhashhih kristallizacionnuju vodu, takzhe shozhi mezhdu soboj. V spektrah nabljudajutsja tri gruppy pikov, svjazannyh s opticheskimi kolebanijami i zatormozhennym vrashheniem molekul vody. (author)

Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Hot-Atom Reactions in Bromoethane; Effets de la Temperature et de la Pression sur les Reactions des Atomes Chauds dans le Bromoethane; Vliyanie temperatury i davleniya na reaktsii goryachikh atomov v bromehtane; Efectos de la Temperatura y de la Presion en las Reacciones de Atomos Calientes en el Bromoetano

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cole, A. J.; Mia, M. D.; Miller, G. E.; Shaw, P. F.D. [Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford (United Kingdom)

1965-04-15

,o kotoryh soobshhalos' ranee, byli najdeny nebol'shie kolichestva bromjetena, 1:2 dibromjetena, mono- i dibrompropanov i moho-, di-, tri- i tetra- brombutanov; est' takzhe kosvennoe dokazatel'stvo proizvodstva brombutenov. Diffuzionno-zavisimye reakcii javljajutsja kompleksnymi i mogut byt' ob{sup j}asneny, predpolozhiv, chto piroliz zhidkosti proishodit v okrestnosti gorjachego atoma s polucheniem brom- jetilovyh radikalov i jetilena. Dobavlenie radikalov k poslednemu otvechaet za obrazovanie bromidov, soderzhashhih bolee chem 2 atoma ugleroda i za ih diffuzionno-zavisimye vyhody. Ponizhenie temperatury ili uvelichenie davlenija obychno vyzyvaet uvelichenie vyhoda, svjazannogo s umen'shennoj skorost'ju diffuzii. Jeffekt osobenno znachitelen dlja vyhoda 1:2 dibromojetana, kotoryj proizvoditsja glavnym obrazom reakciej diffuzii bromjetilovyh radikalov i kotoryj uvelichivaetsja v chetyre raza pri primenenii 10{sup 4} atmosfer blagodarja podavleniju dissociacii CH{sub 2}-CH{sub 2}Br Rightwards-Arrow-Over-Leftwards-Arrow CH{sub 2} = CH{sub 2} + Br pod davleniem ''gorjachego pika''. Naprotiv, dissociacija radikala (CH{sub 3} - CHBr) na brom- jeten i atom vodoroda javljaetsja jenergeticheski zapreshhennoj, i vyhod 1:1 dibromjetana grubo nezavisim ot davlenija. Izmenenie vyhoda bromjetana v zavisimosti ot temperatury i davlenija pri bol'shih koncentracijah bromina blizko k tomu, chto predskazyvalos' ranee. (author)

Comparative Study of the Methods Used for the Computer Resolution of Composite Gamma-Ray Spectra; Etude Comparative des Methodes Utilisees pour la Resolution de Spectres Gamma Complexes au Moyen d'un Ordinateur; Sravnitel'noe izuchenie metodov razresheniya sostavnykh gamma-spektrov pri pomoshchi schetno-reshayushchego ustrojstva; Estudio Comparativo de los Metodos Aplicados para Resolver Espectros Gamma Complejos Mediante Calculadoras

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

DeHaan, A. Jr.; Leventhal, L.; Benson, P. [Tracerlab, Richmond, CA (United States)

1965-10-15

mnogokomponentnye sistemy. Vyrabotan metod ispol'zovanija schetno-reshajushhego ustrojstva, normalizujushhij gamma-spektry dlja svedenija k minimumu jeffekta smeshhenija spektrometra, kotoryj projavljaetsja s techeniem vremeni, i prevrashhajushhij spektr v jenergeticheskuju sistemu koordinat. Pri pomoshhi razlichnyh metodov i s osobym uporom na proby s maloj aktivnost'ju issledovalis' jeffekty ''neozhidannogo fotopika'', komponenta nulevoj intensivnosti i perekryvajushhihsja pikov na kachestvo razreshenija. Issledovany naibolee shiroko rasprostranennye matematicheskie metody razlozhenija sostavnyh gamma-spektro v na sostavnye chasti. Bol'shaja chast' jetih metodov vedet k opredeleniju koncentracij razlichnyh gamma-izluchatelej pri pomoshhi odnogo iz sledujushhih sposobov: 1 . Posledovatel'noe iskljuchenie radioizotopov s fotopikami naibol'shih jenergij, dlja chego chistyj individual'nyj spektr vychitaetsja iz sostavnogo spektra vplot' do ego polnogo razreshenija. 2. Razreshenie pika bez otdelenija produktov delenija. 3. Sostavlenie rjada odnovremennyh linejnyh uravnenij, chislo kotoryh ravno chislu vhodjashhih v smes' radioizotopov, i razreshenie jetih uravnenij. 4. Opredelenie neizvestnyh koncentracij po metodu prostyh ili vzveshennyh naimen'shih kvadratov. 5. Sovmeshhenie statisticheskogo metoda s metodom naimen'shih kvadratov putem ispol'zovanija stupenchatoj mnogokratnoj linejnoj regressii, chto javljaetsja popytkoj vkljuchit' v analiz processy rassuzhdenij. Dlja kazhdogo analiticheskogo metoda, v sluchae primenenija ego k mnogosostavnym smesjam radioizotopov, dajutsja statisticheskie ocenki velichiny pogreshnosti, s kotoroj mozhet byt' opredelena ih koncentracija. (author)