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  1. Photovoltaic properties of sintered CdS/CdTe solar cells doped with Cu

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Park, J.W.; Ahn, B.T.; Im, H.B.; Kim, C.S.

    1992-01-01

    In this paper, all polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cells doped with Cu are prepared by a screen printing and sintering method. Cell parameters of the sintered CdS/CdTe solar cells have been investigated in an attempt to find out the optimum doping conditions and concentrations of Cu by adding various amounts of CuCl 2 either into CdTe layer or into back contact carbon layer. Cell parameters of the sintered CdS/CdTe solar cells which contained various amounts of CuCl 2 in the CdTe layers before sintering stay at about the same values as the amount of CuCl 2 increases up to 25 ppm, and then decreases sharply as the amount of CuCl 2 further increases. The Cu added in the CdTe layer diffuses into the CdS layer during the sintering of the CdS-CdTe composite at 625 degrees C to densify the CdTe layer and causes the decrease in the optical transmission of CdS resulting in the degradation of the cell performance. In case the Cu dopant was dispersed in the back carbon paint and was followed by annealing, all cell parameters are improved significantly compared with those fabricated by adding CuCl 2 in the CdTe layer before sintering. A sintered CdS/CdTe solar cell which contained 25 ppm CuCl 2 in the carbon paste and was annealed at 350 degrees C for 10 min shows the highest efficiency. The efficiency of this cell is 12.4% under solar irradiation with an intensity of 80.4 mW/cm 2

  2. Diffusion and influence of Cu on properties of CdTe thin films and CdTe/CdS cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dzhafarov, T.D.; Yesilkaya, S.S.; Yilmaz Canli, N.; Caliskan, M. [Department of Physics, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa, 34210 Istanbul (Turkey)

    2005-01-31

    The effective diffusion coefficients of Cu for thermal and photodiffusion in the CdTe films have been estimated from resistivity versus duration of thermal or photoannealing curves. In the temperature range 60-200{sup o}C the effective coefficient of thermal diffusion (D{sub t}) and photodiffusion (D{sub ph}) are described as D{sub t}=7.3x10{sup -7}exp(-0.33/kT) and D{sub ph}=4.7x10{sup -8}exp(-0.20/kT). It is found that the diffusion doping of CdTe thin films by Cu at 400{sup o}C results in a sharp decrease of resistivity up to 7 orders of magnitude of p-type material, depending on thickness of Cu film. The comparative study of performance of CdTe(Cu)/CdS and CdTe/CdS cells has been studied. It is shown that the diffusion doping of CdTe film by Cu increases efficiency of CdTe(Cu)/CdS cells from 0.9% to 6.8%. The degradation of photovoltaic parameters of CdTe(Cu)/CdS cell, during testing under forward and reverse bias at room temperature, proceeds at a larger rate than those of CdTe/CdS cell without Cu. The degradation of performance of CdTe(Cu)/CdS cells is tentatively assigned to electrodiffusion of Cu in CdTe, resulting in redistribution of concentration of Cu-related centers in CdTe film and heterojunction region.

  3. Optical properties of CuCdTeO thin films sputtered from CdTe-CuO composite targets

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mendoza-Galván, A., E-mail: amendoza@qro.cinvestav.mx [Cinvestav-IPN, Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, 76230 Querétaro (Mexico); Laboratory of Applied Optics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping (Sweden); Arreola-Jardón, G. [Cinvestav-IPN, Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, 76230 Querétaro (Mexico); Karlsson, L.H.; Persson, P.O.Å. [Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping (Sweden); Jiménez-Sandoval, S. [Cinvestav-IPN, Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, 76230 Querétaro (Mexico)

    2014-11-28

    The effective complex dielectric function (ε) of Cu and O containing CdTe thin films is reported in the spectral range of 0.05 to 6 eV. The films were fabricated by rf sputtering from targets comprised by a mixture of CdTe and CuO powders with nominal Cu and O concentrations in the range of 2–10 at.%. Low concentration levels improved the crystalline quality of the films. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and transmittance measurements were used to determine ε. The critical point energies E{sub 1}, E{sub 1} + Δ{sub 1}, and E{sub 2} of CdTe are red-shifted with the incorporation of Cu and O. Also, an absorption band is developed in the infrared range which is associated with a mixture of CdTe and low resistivity phases Cu{sub 2−x}Te according to an effective medium analysis. The elemental distribution of the films was mapped by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy using scanning transmission electron microscopy. - Highlights: • Incorporation of 2 to 10 at.% of Cu and O atoms in CdTe films • Improved crystalline quality with 2 and 3 at.% of Cu and O • Complex dielectric function of Cu and O containing CdTe thin films • Effective medium modeling of below band-gap absorption.

  4. Cu-Doped-CdS/In-Doped-CdS Cosensitized Quantum Dot Solar Cells

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lin Li

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Cu-doped-CdS and In-doped-CdS cosensitized (Cu-doped-CdS/In-doped-CdS quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs are introduced here. Different cosensitized sequences, doping ratios, and the thickness (SILAR cycles of Cu-doped-CdS and In-doped-CdS are discussed. Compared with undoped CdS QDSCs, the short circuit current density, UV-Vis absorption spectra, IPCE (monochromatic incident photon-to-electron conversion, open circuit voltage, and so on are all improved. The photoelectric conversion efficiency has obviously improved from 0.71% to 1.28%.

  5. Analysis of CdS/CdTe devices incorporating a ZnTe:Cu/Ti Contact

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gessert, T.A.; Asher, S.; Johnston, S.; Young, M.; Dippo, P.; Corwine, C.

    2007-01-01

    High-performance CdS/CdTe photovoltaic devices can be produced using a ZnTe:Cu/Ti back contact deposited onto the CdTe layer. We observe that prolonged exposure of the ZnTe:Cu and Ti sputtering targets to an oxygen-containing plasma significantly reduces device open-circuit voltage and fill factor. High-resolution compositional analysis of these devices reveals that Cu concentration in the CdTe and CdS layers is lower for devices with poor performance. Capacitance-voltage analysis and related numerical simulations indicate that the net acceptor concentration in the CdTe is also lower for devices with poor performance. Photoluminescence analyses of the junction region reveal that the intensity of a luminescent peak associated with a defect complex involving interstitial Cu (Cu i ) and oxygen on Te (O Te ) is reduced in devices with poor performance. Combined with thermodynamic considerations, these results suggest that oxygen incorporation into the ZnTe:Cu sputtering target reduces the ability of sputtered ZnTe:Cu film to diffuse Cu into the CdTe

  6. Efeito de ZN, Cd e Cu no comportamento de fungos ectomicorrízicos em meio de cultura

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    P. H. Grazziotti

    2001-12-01

    Full Text Available Os fungos ectomicorrízicos são capazes de tolerar concentrações de metais pesados tóxicas às plantas hospedeiras, apesar de serem adversamente influenciados pelo excesso de alguns metais. Avaliou-se o crescimento de um isolado de Pisolithus tinctorius e outro de Suillus bovinus em meio de cultura líquido com doses crescentes de sais de Zn, Cu ou Cd adicionados individualmente em frascos de 125 mL que continham 50 mL de meio Mellin-Norkrans modificado (MNM, em pH 4,8. Os fungos cresceram por 20 dias em câmara de crescimento a 28ºC. O crescimento dos fungos foi inibido com a elevação das concentrações dos metais, porém de forma diferenciada. As concentrações suficientes para inibir 50% do crescimento foram de 2,71 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Zn, 1,18 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Cu e 12,2 x 10-6 mol L-1 de Cd, para o P. tinctorius, e de 2,15 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Zn, 0,12 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Cu e 7,2 x 10-6 mol L-1 de Cd, para o S. bovinus. O efeito inibitório dos metais sobre o crescimento dos fungos seguiu a seguinte ordem decrescente: Cd > Cu > Zn. O isolado de S. bovinus apresentou tolerância ao Zn similar à observada para o P. tinctorius, mas foi menos tolerante que este em relação aos outros dois metais. O crescimento de P. tinctorius foi favorecido por pequena dose de Cu. A produção de pigmentos extracelulares nestes isolados foi estimulada por todos os metais estudados. O P. tinctorius, o mais tolerante, produziu mais pigmentos extracelulares por grama de micélio, o que sugere a relação positiva entre a capacidade de produção de pigmentos e a tolerância aos metais.

  7. VALIDACIÓN DE LA METODOLOGÍA PARA LA DETERMINACIÓN DE SB, AS, CD, CU, CR, HG, NI, PB Y ZN EN SEDIMENTOS POR ICO-MS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hermógenes Rosas Rodríguez

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la validación de la técnica ICP-MS utilizada para la determinación de nueve elementos en sedimentos: Sb, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb y Zn. Para ello se llevó a cabo el estudio de los siguientes parámetros de fiabilidad: precisión, exactitud y límites de detección y cuantificación. Para el análisis de estos elementos se utilizó un ICP-MS ELAN 6000 de Perkin Elmer®. El estudio de los distintos parámetros de validación fue muy satisfactorio para la mayoría de los analitos, alcanzándose límites de detección y de cuantificación muy bajos (inferiores a 1microg/l e incluso de 1 ng/l para el Cd. El método ICP-MS es exacto y preciso, obteniéndose para la mayoría de los elementos coeficientes de variación en torno al 2% y porcentajes de recuperación del 100%.

  8. The effect of Cu on the properties of CdO/Cu/CdO multilayer films for transparent conductive electrode applications

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raaif, M.; Mohamed, S.H. [Sohag University, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag (Egypt)

    2017-06-15

    Transparent conductive CdO/Cu/CdO multilayer films were prepared using rf plasma magnetron sputtering and electron beam evaporation techniques. The CdO layers were prepared using rf plasma magnetron sputtering, while the Cu interlayer was prepared by electron beam evaporation technique. The Cu layer thickness was varied between 1 and 10 nm. The structural and optical properties as well as the sheet resistance of the multilayer films were studied. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed the presence of cubic CdO structure and the Cu peak was only observed for the multilayers prepared with 10 nm of Cu. It has been observed that the Cu interlayer thickness has a great influence on the optical and electrical properties of the multilayers. The transmittance of the multilayer films decreased while the reflectance increased with increasing Cu interlayer thickness. The refractive index and the extinction coefficient of the multilayer films were calculated. The estimated optical band gap values were found to be decreased from 2.75 ± 0.02 to 2.40 ± 0.02 eV as the Cu interlayer thickness increased from 1 to 10 nm. The sheet resistance was sensitive to the Cu interlayer thickness and it decreased with increasing Cu interlayer thickness. A sheet resistSSance of 21.7 Ω/sq, an average transmittance (between 700 and 1000 nm) of 77%, and an optical band gap of 2.5 ± 0.02 eV were estimated for the multilayer film with 2 nm Cu layer. The multilayer film with 2 nm Cu layer has the highest figure of merit value of 3.2 x 10{sup -3} Ω{sup -1}. This indicates that the properties of this multilayer film are suitable for transparent conductive electrode applications. (orig.)

  9. First-principles-based analysis of the influence of Cu on CdTe electronic properties

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Krasikov, D.; Knizhnik, A.; Potapkin, B.; Selezneva, S.; Sommerer, T.

    2013-01-01

    The maximum voltage of CdTe solar cells is limited by low majority carrier concentration and doping difficulty. Copper that enters from the back contact can form both donors and acceptors in CdTe. It is empirically known that the free carrier concentration is several orders lower than the total Cu concentration. Simplified thermodynamic models of defect compensation after Cu introduction can be found in literature. We present a first-principles-based analysis of kinetics of defect formation upon Cu introduction, and show that Cu i is mobile at room temperature. Calculations of properties of Cu i –V Cd and Cu i –Cu Cd complexes show that the neutral Cu i –Cu Cd complex is mobile at elevated temperatures, while formation of the V CdCu i complex is unlikely because it transforms into the Cu Cd defect. - Highlights: ► First-principles calculations of copper defects in CdTe are performed. ► Formation of Cd vacancy + Cu interstitial(Cu i ) complex is unlikely. ► Cu i defect is mobile at room temperature. ► Cu i + Cu on Cd-site (Cu Cd ) complex is mobile at elevated temperature. ► Cu Cd defect forms by kicking-out of the regular lattice Cd by Cu i

  10. Cu-Doping Effects in CdI(2) Nanocrystals: The Role of Cu-Agglomerates.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Miah, M Idrish

    2008-11-22

    Cu-doping effects in CdI(2) nanocrystals are studied experimentally. We use the photostimulated second harmonic generation (PSSHG) as a tool to investigate the effects. It is found that the PSSHG increases with increasing Cu content up to 0.6% and then decreases due to the formation of the Cu-agglomerates. The PSSHG for the crystal with Cu content higher than 1% reduces to that for the undoped CdI(2) crystal. The results suggest that a crucial role of the Cu-metallic agglomerates is involved in the processes as responsible for the observed effects.

  11. Cu-Doping Effects in CdI2Nanocrystals: The Role of Cu-Agglomerates

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miah M

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Cu-doping effects in CdI2nanocrystals are studied experimentally. We use the photostimulated second harmonic generation (PSSHG as a tool to investigate the effects. It is found that the PSSHG increases with increasing Cu content up to 0.6% and then decreases due to the formation of the Cu-agglomerates. The PSSHG for the crystal with Cu content higher than 1% reduces to that for the undoped CdI2crystal. The results suggest that a crucial role of the Cu-metallic agglomerates is involved in the processes as responsible for the observed effects.

  12. Investigation of Cu-poor and Cu-rich Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2}/CdS interfaces using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ümsür, B., E-mail: buenyamin.uemsuer@helmholtz-berlin.de [Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany); Calvet, W.; Höpfner, B.; Steigert, A.; Lauermann, I.; Gorgoi, M.; Prietzel, K.; Navirian, H.A.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Unold, T. [Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany); Lux-Steiner, M. Ch. [Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany); Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin (Germany)

    2015-05-01

    Cu-poor and Cu-rich Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGSe) absorbers were used as substrates for the chemical bath deposition of ultrathin CdS buffer layers in the thickness range of a few nanometers in order to make the CIGSe/CdS interface accessible by hard X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy. The composition of both, the absorber and the buffer layer as well as the energetics of the interface was investigated at room temperature and after heating the samples to elevated temperatures (200 °C, 300 °C and 400 °C). It was found that the amount of Cd after the heating treatment depends on the near surface composition of the CIGSe absorber. No Cd was detected on the Cu-poor surface after the 400 °C treatment due to its diffusion into the CIGSe layer. In contrast, Cd was still present on the Cu-rich surface after the same treatment at 400 °C. - Highlights: • Cd diffusion into Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGSe) absorber is investigated. • Cu-poor and Cu-rich CIGSe samples are compared. • Cd diffusion into CIGSe is found to be dependent on the surface composition of CIGSe.

  13. Preliminary study of CdTe and CdTe:Cu thin films nanostructures deposited by using DC magnetron sputtering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Marwoto, Putut; Made, D. P. Ngurah; Sugianto [Departement of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229 Jawa Tengah (Indonesia); Wibowo, Edy; Astuti, Santi Yuli; Aryani, Nila Prasetya [Materials Research Group, Laboratory of Thin Film, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229 Jawa Tengah (Indonesia); Othaman, Zulkafli [Departement of Physics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru (Malaysia)

    2013-09-03

    Growth and properties of CdTe and CdTe:Cu thin films nanostrucures deposited by using dc magnetron sputtering are reported. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the surface morphologies of the thin films. At growth conditions of 250 °C and 14 W, CdTe films did not yet evenly deposited. However, at growth temperature and plasma power of 325 °C and 43 W, both CdTe and CdTe:Cu(2%) have deposited on the substrates. In this condition, the morphology of the films indicate that the films have a grain-like nanostructures. Grain size diameter of about 200 nm begin to appear on top of the films. Energy Dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX) was used to investigate chemical elements of the Cu doped CdTe film deposited. It was found that the film deposited consist of Cd, Te and Cu elements. XRD was used to investigate the full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of the thin films deposited. The results show that CdTe:Cu(2%) thin film has better crystallographic properties than CdTe thin film. The UV-Vis spectrometer was used to investigate the optical properties of thin films deposited. The transmittance spectra showed that transmittance of CdTe:Cu(2%) film is lower than CdTe film. It was found that the bandgap energy of CdTe and CdTe:Cu(2%) thin films of about 1.48 eV.

  14. The CdS/CdSe/ZnS Photoanode Cosensitized Solar Cells Basedon Pt, CuS, Cu2S, and PbS Counter Electrodes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tung Ha Thanh

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Highly ordered mesoporous TiO2 modified by CdS, CdSe, and ZnS quantum dots (QDs was fabricated by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR method. The quantity of material deposition seems to be affected not only by the employed deposition method but also and mainly by the nature of the underlying layer. The CdS, CdSe, and ZnS QDs modification expands the photoresponse range of mesoporous TiO2 from ultraviolet region to visible range, as confirmed by UV-Vis spectrum. Optimized anode electrodes led to solar cells producing high current densities. Pt, CuS, PbS, and Cu2S have been used as electrocatalysts on counter electrodes. The maximum solar conversion efficiency reached in this work was 1.52% and was obtained by using Pt electrocatalyst. CuS, PbS, and Cu2S gave high currents and this was in line with the low charge transfer resistances recorded in their case.

  15. Co-contamination of Cu and Cd in paddy fields: Using periphyton to entrap heavy metals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yang, Jiali [State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008 (China); College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Tang, Cilai [Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002 (China); Wang, Fengwu [State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008 (China); School of Civil Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 808 Shuang Gang East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013 (China); Wu, Yonghong, E-mail: yhwu@issas.ac.cn [State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008 (China)

    2016-03-05

    Highlights: • Periphyton was capable of simultaneously entrapping Cu and Cd from paddy fields. • Cu and Cd bioavailability decreased with time after exposure to periphyton. • Periodic adsorption–desorption was the main mechanism used to remove Cd and Cu. • Periphyton was able to adapt to steady accumulation of Cu and Cd. • The inclusion of periphyton will help entrap heavy metals in paddy fields. - Abstract: The ubiquitous native periphyton was used to entrap Cu and Cd from paddy fields. Results showed that Cu- and Cd-hydrate species such as CuOH{sup +}, Cu{sub 2}(OH){sub 2}{sup 2+}, CdOH{sup +}, and Cu{sub 3}(OH){sub 4}{sup 2+} decreased with time in the presence of periphyton. When the initial concentrations of Cu and Cd were 10 mg/L, the heavy metal content in the periphyton fluctuated from 145.20 mg/kg to 342.42 mg/kg for Cu and from 101.75 mg/kg to 236.29 mg/kg for Cd after 2 h exposure. The concentration of Cd in periphytic cells varied from 42.93 mg/kg to 174 mg/kg after 2 h. The dominant periphyton microorganism species shifted from photoautotrophs to heterotrophs during the exposure of periphyton to Cu and Cd co-contamination. Although Cu and Cd could inhibit periphyton photosynthesis and carbon utilization, the periphyton was able to adapt to the test conditions. Cu and Cd accumulation in rice markedly decreased in the presence of periphyton while the number of rice seeds germinating was higher in the periphyton treatments. These results suggest that the inclusion of native periphyton in paddy fields provides a promising buffer to minimize the effects of Cu and Cd pollution on rice growth and food safety.

  16. Electroluminescent Cu-doped CdS quantum dots

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Stouwdam, J.W.; Janssen, R.A.J.

    2009-01-01

    Incorporating Cu-doped CdS quantum dots into a polymer host produces efficient light-emitting diodes. The Cu dopant creates a trap level that aligns with the valence band of the host, enabling the direct injection of holes into the quantum dots, which act as emitters. At low current densities, the

  17. Lattice parameter values and phase transitions for the Cu2Cd1-zMnzSnSe4 and Cu2Cd1-zFezSnSe4 alloys

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Moreno, E.; Quintero, M.; Morocoima, M.; Quintero, E.; Grima, P.; Tovar, R.; Bocaranda, P.; Delgado, G.E.; Contreras, J.E.; Mora, A.E.; Briceno, J.M.; Avila Godoy, R.; Fernandez, J.L.; Henao, J.A.; Macias, M.A.

    2009-01-01

    X-ray powder diffraction measurements and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were made on polycrystalline samples of the Cu 2 Cd 1-z Mn z SnSe 4 and Cu 2 Cd 1-z Fe z SnSe 4 alloy systems. The diffraction patterns were used to show the equilibrium conditions and to derive lattice parameter values. For Cu 2 Cd 0.8 Fe 0.2 SnSe 4 as well as for Cu 2 Cd 0.2 Fe 0.8 SnSe 4 the crystal structures were refined using the Rietveld method. It was found that the internal distortion parameter σ decreases as Cd is replaced by either Mn and/or Fe. For the Cu 2 Cd 1-z Mn z SnSe 4 and Cu 2 Cd 1-z Fe z SnSe 4 alloy systems, only two single solid phase fields, the tetragonal stannite α(I4-bar2m) and the wurtz-stannite δ (Pmn2 1 ) structures were found to occur in the diagram. In addition to the tetragonal stannite α phase extra X-ray diffraction lines due to MnSe and/or FeSe 2 were observed for as grown samples in the range 0.7 < z < 1.0. However, it was found that the amount of the extra phase decreased for the compressed samples.

  18. Bioaccumulation of toxic metals (Cd and Cu) by Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kara, Yesim; Zeytunluoglu, Ali

    2007-12-01

    In this study, Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. (opposite-leaved pondweed), was exposed to prepared stock solution of cadmium and copper with 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 mg L(-1) concentration in certain periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) and changing amount of accumulation of plants in depending on time and concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results show that under experimental conditions, G. densa (L.) Fourr. proved to be a good accumulator of Cd and Cu. Removal of the metals from solution was fast in the first 4 days. The accumulation of Cd and Cu increased with the initial concentration and also with time. The highest concentrations of each trace element accumulated in opposite-leaved pondweed tissues were 1,955 mug Cd g(-1), 6,135 microg Cu g(-1) after 4 days. The maximum values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) were found for Cd and Cu 724 and 1,669, respectively. BCF values for Cd and Cu increased with time.

  19. Study on Characteristics of CdS/Cu2S Photovoltaic Cell

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nwe Nwe Htun

    2011-12-01

    In this paper the CdS-Cu2S photovoltaic cell has been prepared and characteristiced by using evaporation method on glass substrate. CdS film was deposited on the Pyrex glass substrate by evaporation and Cu2S layer was obtained by electroplating in a dilute acqueous solution of CusO4 at room temperature. Silver electrode was applied to the electroplated surface. The results of electrical and optical characteristics of the CdS-Cu2S hetrojunction were investigated. The photovoltaic response has been observed under various illuminated intensity for different wavelengths in visible region. It was found to be the photovoltage and photocurrent varying with different light intensities. It can be concluded that formation of a low resistivity CdS film and Cu2S layer play a big role in obtaining a high efficiency cell.

  20. Spatial distribution of Cd and Cu in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area (SZIA), China*

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sun, Li-na; Yang, Xiao-bo; Wang, Wen-qing; Ma, Li; Chen, Su

    2008-01-01

    Heavy metal contamination of soils, derived from sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides, and so on, has been of wide concern in the last several decades. The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area (SZIA) in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd and Cu in soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd and Cu in soils were modeled using Kriging methods. The results show that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd and Cu contamination in soils. The mean and the maximum of soil Cd are markedly higher than the levels in second grade standard soil (LSGSS) in China, and the maximum of soil Cu is close to the LSGSS in China in 2004 and is more than the LSGSS in China in 1990. The contamination magnitude of soil Cd and the soil extent of Cd contamination had evidently increased since sewage irrigation ceased in 1992. The contamination magnitude of soil Cu and the soil extent of Cu contamination had evidently increased in topsoil, but obviously decresed in subsoil. The soil contamination of Cd and Cu was mainly related to Cd and Cu reactivation of contaminated sediments in Shenyang Xi River and the import of Cd and Cu during irrigation. The eluviation of Cd and Cu in contaminated topsoil with rainfall and irrigation water was another factor of temporal-spatial variability of Cd and Cu contamination in soils. PMID:18357631

  1. Disponibilidade e fracionamento de Cd, Pb, Cu e Zn em função do pH e tempo de incubação com o solo Availability and fractionation of Cd, Pb, Cu, AND Zn in soil as a function of incubation time and pH

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Évio Eduardo Chaves de Melo

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available O pH e o tempo de contato influenciam a distribuição dos metais entre frações do solo e a eficiência da fitoextração. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho estudar a disponibilidade dos metais Cd, Pb, Cu e Zn para a fitoextração, bem como suas redistribuições no solo, em função do tempo de incubação em solo com e sem calagem. O solo recebeu Cd, Pb, Cu e Zn nas doses 20, 150, 100 e 150 mg kg-1, respectivamente, na forma de sal solúvel. As amostras foram incubadas por 210, 180, 150, 120, 90, 60, 30 e 0,5 dia. Terminada a incubação, mucuna preta (Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy foi cultivada por 30 dias. EDTA (10 mmol kg-1 foi aplicado sete dias, antes da coleta das plantas. As amostras de solo foram submetidas à extração química e fracionada. A concentração de metais pesados e a calagem afetaram a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Em solos sem calagem, o aumento da solubilidade dos metais aumentou a fitoextração de Cd e Zn, mesmo sem aplicação do EDTA. A aplicação do EDTA ao solo com calagem mostrou-se eficiente para a fitoextração de Pb e Cu. A calagem reduziu os teores disponíveis de Cd, Pb, Cu e Zn. A calagem provocou redução nos teores de Cd, Pb, Cu e Zn trocáveis e aumento nas frações matéria orgânica, óxidos de ferro amorfo e cristalino.It is known that pH and incubation time influence the distribution of metals into soil fractions and therefore affect phytoextraction. Taking this in account, the aim of this work was to study the fractionation and availability of heavy metals for phytoextraction, as a function of incubation period in soils with or without liming. The soil samples were applied to Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn at concentrations of 20, 150, 100, and 150 mg kg-1, respectively, in the form of soluble salt. The samples were kept incubated for high incubation periods: 210, 180, 150, 120, 90, 60, 30, and 0,5 day. After that, velvetbean (Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy was cultivated

  2. Phytoextraction of initial cutting of Salix matsudana for Cd and Cu.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Wen-Wen; Cheng, Liu Ke; Hao, Jie Wei; Guan, Xin; Tian, Xing-Jun

    2016-06-27

    Salix species are widely used as vegetation filters because of their flourishing root system and fast growth rate. However, studies have yet to determine whether the root system functions in vegetable filters with mixed heavy metal (HM) pollution or whether initial cutting participates in the phytoextraction of HMs. This study aims to determine the function of the root system and initial cutting as vegetation filters in the absorption and accumulation of Cd and Cu. Thick (>1 cm in diameter) and fine (phytoextraction capacity of plants. The initial cuttings could also absorb and accumulate HMs in the early growth stages of willow without roots. Cu inhibited the plant absorption and accumulation of Cd and promoted Cd transport to shoots. Cd inhibited the Cu absorption of the root system. Our study provided essential data regarding woody species as vegetation filters of HM pollution.

  3. Adsorption of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg ions on Formaldehyde and ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions on formaldehyde and Pyridine modified bean husks were determined. The adsorption capacity of formaldehyde modified bean husks (mg/g) was: Pb2+, 5.01; Cd2+, 3.63; Zn2+, 2.18; Hg2+, 1.82; Cu2+, 1.58 and that of pyridine modified bean husk was: Hg2+, 6.92; Cd2+ ...

  4. The role of Cd and Ga in the Cu(In,Ga)S2/CdS heterojunction studied with X-ray spectroscopic methods

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Johnson, Benjamin E.

    2010-01-01

    Photovoltaic cells with the structure Glass/Mo/Cu(In,Ga)S 2 /CdS/i-ZnO/n+-ZnO are currently among the most successful and promising thin-layer solar cells. In this system, the Cu(In,Ga)S 2 (CIS) acts as the absorber, the CdS as the buffer layer and the ZnO as the window layer. The goal of this work is the investigation of the Cu(In,Ga)S 2 /CdS semiconductor heterojunction both as a component of the solar cell and as a separate material system. The characteristics of this junction were investigated both during junction formation through chemical bath deposition (CBD) and after the junction was completed. It is currently thought that the Cu(In,Ga)S 2 /CdS junction is responsible for several different properties of the solar cell: lattice matching and band offset optimization between the absorber and window layer and chemical passivation of the absorber surface by the CBD-CdS process on CIS which acts to reduce the surface defect density. The Cd may also pin the Fermi Level on the CIS surface or cause a type inversion of the absorber surface from p-type to n-type. In order to investigate the junction several new methods were used along side the conventional methods of X-ray, Ultraviolet and Inverse Photoelectron Spectroscopy. These were Near-UV Constant Final State Yield Spectroscopy for the measurement of the valence band offset at the interface between CIS and CdS and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure to follow the development of the Cu(In,Ga)S 2 conduction band edge with increasing Ga concentration. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the established and new methods were compared and discussed. It was discovered that the deposition of CdS neither pins the Fermi Level on the CIS surface at a position important for the solar cell, nor does it dope the absorber surface, although the deposition does lead to the formation of a Cd-containing CIS surface layer (CIS:Cd). Because this surface layer is not soluble in HCl it cannot be CdS as this is

  5. NaCl protects against Cd and Cu-induced toxicity in the halophyte Atriplex halimus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bankaji, I.; Sleimi, N.; Gómez-Cadenas, A.; Pérez-Clemente, R.M.

    2016-07-01

    The objective of the present work was to evaluate the extent of Cd- and Cu-induced oxidative stress and the antioxidant response triggered in the halophyte species Atriplex halimus after metallic trace elements exposure. Plants were treated for one month with Cd2+ or Cu2+ (400 µM) in the absence or presence of 200 mM NaCl in the irrigation solution. The interaction between salinity and heavy metal stress was analyzed in relation to plant growth, tissue ion contents (Na+, K+ and Mg2+), oxidative damage and antioxidative metabolism. Data indicate that shoot and root weight significantly decreased as a consequence of Cd2+- or Cu2+-induced stress. Metallic stress leads to unbalanced nutrient uptake by reducing the translocation of K+ and Mg2+ from the root to the shoot. The levels of malondialdehyde increased in root tissue when Cd, and especially Cu, were added to the irrigation solution, indicating that oxidative damage occurred. Results showed that NaCl gave a partial protection against Cd and Cu induced toxicity, although these contaminants had distinct influence on plant physiology. It can be concluded that salinity drastically modified heavy metal absorption and improved plant growth. Salinity also decreased oxidative damage, but differently in plants exposed to Cd or Cu stress.

  6. Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu in the Indian Ocean

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Saager, Paul M.; Baar, Hein J.W. de; Howland, Robin J.

    1992-01-01

    Vertical profiles of dissolved Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu in the Northwest Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) exhibit a nutrient type distribution also observed in other oceans. The area is characterized by strong seasonal upwelling and a broad oxygen minimum zone in intermediate waters. However, neither Cd, Zn, Ni

  7. Lattice parameter values and phase transitions for the Cu2Cd1-zMn zGeSe4 and Cu2Cd1-zFe zGeSe4 alloys

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Quintero, E.; Tovar, R.; Quintero, M.; Delgado, G.E.; Morocoima, M.; Caldera, D.; Ruiz, J.; Mora, A.E.; Briceno, M.; Fernandez, J.L.

    2007-01-01

    X-ray powder diffraction measurements and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were made on polycrystalline samples of the Cu 2 Cd 1-z Mn z GeSe 4 and Cu 2 Cd 1-z Fe z GeSe 4 alloy systems. The diffraction patterns were used to show the equilibrium conditions and to derive lattice parameter values. The effect of the annealing temperature and cooling rate to room temperature are discussed. For the Cu 2 Cd 1-z Fe z GeSe 4 system, only two single solid phase fields, the tetragonal stannite α and the wurtz-stannite δ structures were found to occur in the diagram. For the Cu 2 Cd 1-z Mn z GeSe 4 system, in addition to the tetragonal stannite α and the wurtz-stannite δ phases, MnSe was found to exist in the diagram. The DTA experiments showed that the cooling curves for both systems exhibited effects of undercooling

  8. Prosopis juliflora--a green solution to decontaminate heavy metal (Cu and Cd) contaminated soils.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Senthilkumar, P; Prince, W S P M; Sivakumar, S; Subbhuraam, C V

    2005-09-01

    Soil and plant samples (root and shoot) of Prosopis juliflora were collected in the vicinity of metal based foundry units in Coimbatore and assessed for their heavy metal content (Cu and Cd) to ascertain the use of P. juliflora as a green solution to decontaminate soils contaminated with Cu and Cd. The results showed that Cu and Cd content was much higher in plant components compared to their extractable level in the soil. Furthermore, there exist a strong correlation between the distance of the sources of industrial units and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. Accumulation of Cd in roots is comparatively higher than that of shoots. However, in case of Cu no such clear trend is seen. Considering the accumulation efficiency and tolerance of P. juliflora to Cd and Cu, this plant can be explored further for the decontamination of metal polluted soils. On the other hand, in view of heavy metal accumulate the practice of providing foliage and pods as fodder for live stock should be avoided.

  9. Rapid adsorption of Pb, Cu and Cd from aqueous solutions by β-cyclodextrin polymers

    Science.gov (United States)

    He, Junyong; Li, Yulian; Wang, Chengming; Zhang, Kaisheng; Lin, Dongyue; Kong, Lingtao; Liu, Jinhuai

    2017-12-01

    Removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions has drawn more and more attentions these years because of their serious global health challenge to human society. To develop an adsorbent with low-cost and high-efficiency for removal of heavy metals (HMs), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers crosslinked with rigid aromatic groups were prepared and used for lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) removal for the first time. The negatively charged β-CD polymers with large BET surface area were suitable to be used in HMs adsorption. The adsorption process completed in 5 min was well fit by Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model. The intraparticle diffusion model was also appropriate to describe the adsorption of Pb, Cu and Cd on β-CD polymer. The maximum of adsorption capacities at 25 °C for Pb, Cu and Cd were 196.42, 164.43 and 136.43 mg/g when the initial concentration was 200 mg/L. The HMs adsorption process on the surface of β-CD polymer was an endothermic and spontaneous process. Both of the electrostatic interaction and distribution of Pb, Cu and Cd species influenced the adsorption process at different pH values. The order of removal efficiencies in multi-component adsorption for the three metal ions were Pb > Cu > Cd. The adsorption mechanisms were H+ ions on hydroxyl groups exchanged with heavy metal ions and electrostatic interactions. This study indicated that β-CD polymers could be developed into effective adsorbents for rapid removal of heavy metals.

  10. The role of Cd and Ga in the Cu(In,Ga)S{sub 2}/CdS heterojunction studied with X-ray spectroscopic methods

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Johnson, Benjamin E.

    2010-08-15

    Photovoltaic cells with the structure Glass/Mo/Cu(In,Ga)S{sub 2}/CdS/i-ZnO/n+-ZnO are currently among the most successful and promising thin-layer solar cells. In this system, the Cu(In,Ga)S{sub 2} (CIS) acts as the absorber, the CdS as the buffer layer and the ZnO as the window layer. The goal of this work is the investigation of the Cu(In,Ga)S{sub 2}/CdS semiconductor heterojunction both as a component of the solar cell and as a separate material system. The characteristics of this junction were investigated both during junction formation through chemical bath deposition (CBD) and after the junction was completed. It is currently thought that the Cu(In,Ga)S{sub 2}/CdS junction is responsible for several different properties of the solar cell: lattice matching and band offset optimization between the absorber and window layer and chemical passivation of the absorber surface by the CBD-CdS process on CIS which acts to reduce the surface defect density. The Cd may also pin the Fermi Level on the CIS surface or cause a type inversion of the absorber surface from p-type to n-type. In order to investigate the junction several new methods were used along side the conventional methods of X-ray, Ultraviolet and Inverse Photoelectron Spectroscopy. These were Near-UV Constant Final State Yield Spectroscopy for the measurement of the valence band offset at the interface between CIS and CdS and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure to follow the development of the Cu(In,Ga)S{sub 2} conduction band edge with increasing Ga concentration. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the established and new methods were compared and discussed. It was discovered that the deposition of CdS neither pins the Fermi Level on the CIS surface at a position important for the solar cell, nor does it dope the absorber surface, although the deposition does lead to the formation of a Cd-containing CIS surface layer (CIS:Cd). Because this surface layer is not soluble in HCl it cannot

  11. Effects of Different Doping Ratio of Cu Doped CdS on QDSCs Performance

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Xiaojun Zhu

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available We use the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR method for the preparation of quantum dot sensitized solar cells, to improve the performance of solar cells by doping quantum dots. We tested the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of undoped CdS QDSCs and Cu doped CdS QDSCs with different doping ratios. The doping ratios of copper were 1 : 100, 1 : 500, and 1 : 1000, respectively. The experimental results show that, under the same SILAR cycle number, Cu doped CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells have higher open circuit voltage, short circuit current density photoelectric conversion efficiency than undoped CdS quantum dots sensitized solar cells. Refinement of Cu doping ratio are 1 : 10, 1 : 100, 1 : 200, 1 : 500, and 1 : 1000. When the proportion of Cu and CdS is 1 : 10, all the parameters of the QDSCs reach the minimum value, and, with the decrease of the proportion, the short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency are all increased. When proportion is 1 : 500, all parameters reach the maximum values. While with further reduction of the doping ratio of Cu, the parameters of QDSCs have a decline tendency. The results showed that, in a certain range, the lower the doping ratio of Cu, the better the performance of quantum dot sensitized solar cell.

  12. Cumulation of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Mn in Plants of Gardno Lake

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Trojanowski J.

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available In the present paper there have been shown the results of research on yhe content of Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn and Pb in chosen plants of Lake Gardno.The biggest concentration of those metals has been observed in Potamogton natans and Elodea canadensis, on average Zn – 34.9, Pb -2.77, Cd – 0.62, Cu – 3.24 and Mn – 257.4 μg g-1. It has been found that the over-ground parts of the plants under analysis cumulate several times less of heavy metals than their roots. The determined enrichment factors enabled the researchers to state that Cu in the examined plants is of natural origin while Mn, Cd and Zn – of anthropogenic origin.

  13. Study of surfaces and interfaces in CdS-Cu2S and (Cd sub(x) Zn sub(1-x))S-Cu2S solar cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dhere, N.G.; Dhere, R.G.; Bloss, W.H.; Schock, H.W.; Bauer, E.; Cyris, P.

    1983-01-01

    Auger microprobe was used for the analysis of interfaces and surfaces in several stages involved in the preparation of solar cells, in order to study the origin of adhesion problems and to study the formation of CdS-Cu 2 S barrier by the wet method. The detachment of the first CdS and (Cd sub(x) Zn sub(1-x))S films, during the dip process, was attributed to the contamination of Cr-Ag metallic substrates by existing chlorine from the environment next to the sea, due to long film stocking, by degasified species from the evaporating material and by the ejection of particles together with CdS vapour during deposition. The formation of conical mounds on the surface and of the CdS-Cu 2 S barrier at aproximatelly 3000 A depth in the dipped samples were observed. The migration of copper towards surface direction and the formation of a superficial thin layer of copper oxide after treatment in H 2 plasma and air heating, were also verified. (C.L.B.) [pt

  14. UV-Induced Anisotropy In CdBr2-CdBr2: Cu Nanostructures

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    El-Naggar A. M.

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available We have found an occurrence of anisotropy in the nanostructure CdBr2-CdBr2: Cu nanocrystalline films. The film thickness was varied from 4 nm up to 80 nm. The films were prepared by successive deposition of the novel layers onto the basic nanocrystals. The detection of anisotropy was performed by occurrence of anisotropy in the polarized light at 633 nm He-Ne laser wavelength. The occurrence of anisotropy was substantially dependent on the film thickness and the photoinduced power density. Possible mechanisms of the observed phenomena are discussed.

  15. Cu induced reactions on 110Cd-108Cd-106Cd, 109Ag-107Ag and 110Pd. New rhenium, osmium and iridium isotopes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cabot, C.; Della Negra, S.; Deprun, C.; Gauvin, H.; Le Beyec, Y.

    1978-01-01

    By 63 Cu induced reactions on 110 Cd, 108 Cd, 106 Cd, 109 Ag, 107 Ag and 110 Pd targets, new isotopes were searched in the Ir, Os, Re region. Cross bombardments and excitation function measurements were used to identify new α emitting isotopes. The α-decay measurements are compared to the Qα values obtained from different mass predictions

  16. Controllable architecture of CdS and CuS by single-source precursor-mediated approach and their photocatalytic activity

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sahoo, Ashish K.; Srivastava, Suneel K.

    2013-01-01

    The present work deals with the preparation of hexagonal CdS and CuS by solvothermal decomposition of the morpholine-4-carbdithioate (MCDT) complexes of Cd and Cu in a water/THF mixture at 140–180 °C for 24 h and characterization. Scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy show that CdS exhibits a hierarchical star- and lotus flower-like morphology in the presence of disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraaceticacid and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate as soft templates at 140 and 160 °C, respectively. However, Cu complex of MCDT forms CuS nanoparticles in the temperature range of 140–180 °C. On the contrary, CdS nanoparticles and CuS microparticles are formed in the absence of any template under the identical experimental conditions. Raman studies show the characteristic peak of CdS and CuS, irrespective of their size and morphology. Finally, CdS and CuS of varying morphology have successfully been used as catalysts in UV photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue dye. These findings show that CdS lotus-like microflowers are more effective catalysts than hierarchical stars, though the latter is found to have better reusability.Graphical AbstractA simple soft template-assisted and single complex source precursor-mediated solvothermal synthesis of CdS and CuS with a diverse set of morphology has been reported. In addition, the morphology and application in photocatalysis are also discussed.

  17. Controllable architecture of CdS and CuS by single-source precursor-mediated approach and their photocatalytic activity

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sahoo, Ashish K.; Srivastava, Suneel K., E-mail: sunil111954@yahoo.co.uk [Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Department of Chemistry (India)

    2013-04-15

    The present work deals with the preparation of hexagonal CdS and CuS by solvothermal decomposition of the morpholine-4-carbdithioate (MCDT) complexes of Cd and Cu in a water/THF mixture at 140-180 Degree-Sign C for 24 h and characterization. Scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy show that CdS exhibits a hierarchical star- and lotus flower-like morphology in the presence of disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraaceticacid and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate as soft templates at 140 and 160 Degree-Sign C, respectively. However, Cu complex of MCDT forms CuS nanoparticles in the temperature range of 140-180 Degree-Sign C. On the contrary, CdS nanoparticles and CuS microparticles are formed in the absence of any template under the identical experimental conditions. Raman studies show the characteristic peak of CdS and CuS, irrespective of their size and morphology. Finally, CdS and CuS of varying morphology have successfully been used as catalysts in UV photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue dye. These findings show that CdS lotus-like microflowers are more effective catalysts than hierarchical stars, though the latter is found to have better reusability.Graphical AbstractA simple soft template-assisted and single complex source precursor-mediated solvothermal synthesis of CdS and CuS with a diverse set of morphology has been reported. In addition, the morphology and application in photocatalysis are also discussed.

  18. Chemical reactions at CdS heterojunctions with CuInSe{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aquino, Angel; Rockett, Angus [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States)

    2013-03-15

    The stability of the CdS/CuInSe{sub 2} (CIS) heterojunction is critical to understanding the projected lifetime of CIS devices and the effect of processing conditions on the nanoscale chemistry of the heterojunction. This article reports the results of annealing heterojunctions between CdS deposited by chemical bath deposition and single crystal and polycrystalline CIS films between 200 and 500 Degree-Sign C for 10 to 150 min. No atomic movement was observed by secondary ion mass spectrometry at temperatures of 300 Degree-Sign C and below. At 400 Degree-Sign C even for the shortest time studied, Cu and In were found throughout the region initially consisting of CdS only and Cd was found to have moved into the CIS. In the polycrystal, annealing at 500 Degree-Sign C resulted in movement of Cd throughout the CIS layer. No time dependence was observed in the 400 and 500 Degree-Sign C anneals indicating that a reaction had occurred forming a compound that was in thermodynamic equilibrium with the remaining CIS. Diffusion turns on rapidly between 300 and 400 Degree-Sign C, indicating a high activation energy for atomic movement ({approx}2.4 eV). The onset of diffusion is consistent with the onset of Cu diffusion in CIS.

  19. Growth control, structure, chemical state, and photoresponse of CuO-CdS core-shell heterostructure nanowires.

    Science.gov (United States)

    El Mel, A A; Buffière, M; Bouts, N; Gautron, E; Tessier, P Y; Henzler, K; Guttmann, P; Konstantinidis, S; Bittencourt, C; Snyders, R

    2013-07-05

    The growth of single-crystal CuO nanowires by thermal annealing of copper thin films in air is studied. We show that the density, length, and diameter of the nanowires can be controlled by tuning the morphology and structure of the copper thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. After identifying the optimal conditions for the growth of CuO nanowires, chemical bath deposition is employed to coat the CuO nanowires with CdS in order to form p-n nanojunction arrays. As revealed by high-resolution TEM analysis, the thickness of the polycrystalline CdS shell increases when decreasing the diameter of the CuO core for a given time of CdS deposition. Near-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy combined with transmission x-ray microscopy allows the chemical analysis of isolated nanowires. The absence of modification in the spectra at the Cu L and O K edges after the deposition of CdS on the CuO nanowires indicates that neither Cd nor S diffuse into the CuO phase. We further demonstrate that the core-shell nanowires exhibit the I-V characteristic of a resistor instead of a diode. The electrical behavior of the device was found to be photosensitive, since increasing the incident light intensity induces an increase in the collected electrical current.

  20. Synchrotron-radiation photoemission study of CdS/CuInSe2 heterojunction formation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nelson, A.J.; Gebhard, S.; Rockett, A.; Colavita, E.; Engelhardt, M.; Hoechst, H.

    1990-01-01

    Synchrotron-radiation soft-x-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to investigate the development of the electronic structure at the CdS/CuInSe 2 heterojunction interface. CdS overlayers were deposited in steps on single-crystal p- and n-type CuInSe 2 at 250 degree C. Results indicate that the CdS grows in registry with the substrate, initially in a two-dimensional growth mode followed by three-dimensional island growth as is corroborated by reflection high-energy electron-diffraction analysis. Photoemission measurements were acquired after each growth in order to observe changes in the valence-band electronic structure as well as changes in the In 4d, Se 3d, Cd 4d, and S 2p core lines. The results were used to correlate the interface chemistry with the electronic structure at these interfaces and to directly determine the CdS/CuInSe 2 heterojunction valence-band discontinuity and the consequent heterojunction band diagram. These results show that the Katnani-Margaritondo method is unreliable in determining offsets for heterojunctions where significant Fermi-level pinning may occur and where the local structure and chemistry of the interface depends strongly on the specific heterojunction

  1. Lattice parameter values and phase transitions for the Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Mn{sub z}SnSe{sub 4} and Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Fe{sub z}SnSe{sub 4} alloys

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Moreno, E. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of); Quintero, M., E-mail: mquinter@ula.v [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of); Morocoima, M.; Quintero, E.; Grima, P.; Tovar, R.; Bocaranda, P. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of); Delgado, G.E.; Contreras, J.E. [Laboratorio de Cristalografia, Departamento de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of); Mora, A.E.; Briceno, J.M.; Avila Godoy, R.; Fernandez, J.L. [Laboratorio de Analisis Quimico y Estructural de Materiales, Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of); Henao, J.A.; Macias, M.A. [Grupo de Investigacion en Quimica Estructural (GIQUE), Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Quimica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Apartado aereo 678, Bucaramanga (Colombia)

    2009-11-03

    X-ray powder diffraction measurements and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were made on polycrystalline samples of the Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Mn{sub z}SnSe{sub 4} and Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Fe{sub z}SnSe{sub 4} alloy systems. The diffraction patterns were used to show the equilibrium conditions and to derive lattice parameter values. For Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 0.8}Fe{sub 0.2}SnSe{sub 4} as well as for Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 0.8}SnSe{sub 4} the crystal structures were refined using the Rietveld method. It was found that the internal distortion parameter sigma decreases as Cd is replaced by either Mn and/or Fe. For the Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Mn{sub z}SnSe{sub 4} and Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Fe{sub z}SnSe{sub 4} alloy systems, only two single solid phase fields, the tetragonal stannite alpha(I4-bar2m) and the wurtz-stannite delta (Pmn2{sub 1}) structures were found to occur in the diagram. In addition to the tetragonal stannite alpha phase extra X-ray diffraction lines due to MnSe and/or FeSe{sub 2} were observed for as grown samples in the range 0.7 < z < 1.0. However, it was found that the amount of the extra phase decreased for the compressed samples.

  2. Behaviors of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soil amended with composts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gusiatin, Zygmunt Mariusz; Kulikowska, Dorota

    2016-09-01

    This study investigated how amendment with sewage sludge compost of different maturation times (3, 6, 12 months) affected metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) bioavailability, fractionation and redistribution in highly contaminated sandy clay soil. Metal transformations during long-term soil stabilization (35 months) were determined. In the contaminated soil, Cd, Ni and Zn were predominately in the exchangeable and reducible fractions, Pb in the reducible fraction and Cu in the reducible, exchangeable and oxidizable fractions. All composts decreased the bioavailability of Cd, Ni and Zn for up to 24 months, which indicates that cyclic amendment with compost is necessary. The bioavailability of Pb and Cu was not affected by compost amendment. Based on the reduced partition index (IR), metal stability in amended soil after 35 months of stabilization was in the following order: Cu > Ni = Pb > Zn > Cd. All composts were more effective in decreasing Cd, Ni and Zn bioavailability than in redistributing the metals, and increasing Cu redistribution more than that of Pb. Thus, sewage sludge compost of as little as 3 months maturation can be used for cyclic amendment of multi-metal-contaminated soil.

  3. Is vetiver grass of interest for the remediation of Cu and Cd to protect marketing gardens in Burkina Faso?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ondo Zue Abaga, Norbert; Dousset, Sylvie; Mbengue, Saliou; Munier-Lamy, Colette

    2014-10-01

    In Burkina-Faso, urban vegetable agriculture is often characterized by urban solid waste fertilizer inputs containing heavy metals such as Cu and Cd. Thus, the relevance of surrounding urban vegetable plots with vetiver hedges to reduce environmental pollution by Cu and Cd was investigated by adsorption studies and pot experiments. Vetiver biomass, its metal contents and, its total and MgCl2 extractable soil metals were monitored over 6months in the presence of a mixture of metal at two concentrations: 2-10 and 100-500mgkg(-1), for Cd and Cu, respectively. The Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) values increased after vetiver growth and were significantly higher for vertisol than for lixisol. After 6months, the vetiver that was grown on lixisol accumulated more metal, increasing up to 4635mgkg(-1) for Cu and to 21.8mgkg(-1) for Cd, than did the vetiver that was grown on vertisol, increasing up to 1534mgkg(-1) for Cu and to 7.2mgkg(-1) for Cd. The metal bioconcentration factor, which was significantly higher for Cd, increased with the applied concentration and ranged from 1.6 to 14 for Cu and from 2.3 to 22 for Cd. Additionally, the translocation factors were higher for Cd (0.38-7.3) than for Cu (0.07-2.6), and the translocation was easiest from lixisol than from vertisol. Thus our results demonstrate the ability of vetiver for Cu and Cd phytoremediation in Burkina Faso soils. Nevertheless, these results should be confirmed across the field to advocate the establishment of vetiver hedges. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Linking biosensor responses to Cd, Cu and Zn partitioning in soils

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dawson, J.J.C.; Campbell, C.D.; Towers, W.; Cameron, C.M.; Paton, G.I.

    2006-01-01

    Soils bind heavy metals according to fundamental physico-chemical parameters. Bioassays, using bacterial biosensors, were performed in pore waters extracted from 19 contrasting soils individually amended with Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations related to the EU Sewage Sludge Directive. The biosensors were responsive to pore waters extracted from Zn amended soils but less so to those of Cu and showed no toxicity to pore water Cd at these environmentally relevant amended concentrations. Across the range of soils, the solid-solution heavy metal partitioning coefficient (K d ) decreased (p d values. Gompertz functions of Cu and Zn, K d values against luminescence explained the relationship between heavy metals and biosensors. Consequently, biosensors provide a link between biologically defined hazard assessments of metals and standard soil-metal physico-chemical parameters for determining critical metal loadings in soils. - Biosensors link biological hazard assessments of metals in soils with physico-chemical partitioning

  5. Electrochemiluminescence assay of Cu2+ by using one-step electrodeposition synthesized CdS/ZnS quantum dots.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhao, Guanhui; Li, Xiaojian; Zhao, Yongbei; Li, Yueyuan; Cao, Wei; Wei, Qin

    2017-08-21

    A sensitive and selective method was proposed to detect Cu 2+ based on the electrochemiluminescence quenching of CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). Herein, CdS/ZnS QDs were one-step electrodeposited directly on a gold electrode from an electrolyte (containing Cd(NO 3 ) 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2 , EDTA and Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) by cycling the potential from 0 to -1.8 V. The prepared CdS/ZnS QDs exhibited excellent solubility and strong and stable cathodic ECL activity. Meanwhile, Nafion was used to immobilize CdS/ZnS QDs. The quenching effect of Cu 2+ on the cathodic ECL of CdS/ZnS QDs was found to be selective and concentration dependent. The linear range for Cu 2+ detection was from 2.5 nM to 200 nM with a detection limit of 0.95 nM. Furthermore, the designed method for the detection of Cu 2+ can provide a reference for the detection of other heavy metal ions.

  6. SXPS investigation of the Cd partial electrolyte treatment of CuInSe2 absorbers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hunger, R.; Schulmeyer, T.; Klein, A.; Jaegermann, W.; Lebedev, M.V.; Sakurai, K.; Niki, S.

    2005-01-01

    The chemical modification of polycrystalline CuInSe 2 absorber surfaces by the so-called Cd partial electrolyte (PE) treatment was studied by synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS). The Cd PE treatment was found to remove surface indium oxides and hydroxides and segregated sodium compounds. A hydroxide-terminated CdSe surface layer of one monolayer thickness is formed by the partial electrolyte treatment. The reaction mechanism is discussed as substrate site-controlled exchange reaction, where surface indium is removed and replaced by cadmium. Electronically, the Cd PE treated surface is inverted and exhibits a surface barrier which is by 0.2 eV higher than a comparable structure that was prepared by the vacuum deposition of one monolayer of CdS onto clean CuInSe 2

  7. Decreasing Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn heavy metal magnetite-bentonite nanocomposites and adsorption isotherm study

    Science.gov (United States)

    Eskandari, M.; Zakeri Khatir, M.; Khodadadi Darban, A.; Meshkini, M.

    2018-04-01

    This present study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite-bentonite nanocomposite on heavy metal removal from an effluent. For this purpose, magnetite-bentonite nanocomposite was prepared through the chemical method and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, followed by studying the effect of produced nanocomposite on the removal of Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ heavy metal ions. The results showed that adsorption capacity of magnetite-bentonite nanocomposites for the studied ions is in the order of Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+. Adsorption isotherms were drawn for Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ cations and found that cations adsorption on nanocomposite fit into Langmuir model.

  8. Role of metal mixtures (Ca, Cu and Pb) on Cd bioaccumulation and phytochelatin production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Abboud, Pauline; Wilkinson, Kevin J

    2013-08-01

    The goal of the study was to determine whether metal uptake and biological effects could be predicted by free ion concentrations when organisms were exposed to Cd and a second metal. Bioaccumulation and algal phytochelatin (PC) concentrations were determined for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following a 6-h exposure. Bioaccumulation results, after six hours of exposure, showed that Cd uptake decreased in the presence of relatively high concentrations of Ca, Cu and Pb, however, Cd bioaccumulation increased in the presence of ca. equimolar concentrations of Cu. A good correlation was observed between the production of PCs and the amount of metals bioaccumulated for the binary mixtures of Cd-Pb and Cd-Cu, but not the Cd-Ca mixture. Overall, the results suggested that, in the case of mixtures, bioaccumulated metal rather than free ion concentrations would be a better predictor of biological effect. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Bonding in d9 complexes derived from EPR: Application to CuCl2-4, CuBr2-4, and CdCl2:Cu2+

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aramburu, J. A.; Moreno, M.

    1985-12-01

    In this work are reported the theoretical expressions for the [g], hyperfine, and superhyperfine (shf) tensors of a d9 square-planar complex within a molecular orbital (MO) scheme. These expressions include contributions arising from crystal field and charge transfer excitations calculated up to third and second order perturbations, respectively. This makes the present framework more general than those previously used. Through those expressions we have derived from the experimental EPR and optical data the MO coefficients corresponding to the valence b1g(x2-y2), b2g(xy), and eg(xz,yz) levels and also the core polarization contribution K to the hyperfine tensor for the systems CuCl2-4, CuBr2-4, and CdCl2:Cu2+. The 3d charge obtained for CuCl2-4 is equal to 0.61, 0.83, and 0.85 for the antibonding 3b1g, 2b2g, and 2eg levels, respectively. These figures are much closer to the Xα results by Bencini and Gatteschi [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 5535 (1983)] than to those by Desjardins et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 4590 (1983)]. The σ and π covalency for CuBr2-4 are both higher than for CuCl2-4 in accord to the lower electronegativity for bromine. However, only for the antibonding 3b1g level of CuBr2-4 have we obtained an electronic charge lying mainly on ligands. The covalency of CdCl2:Cu2+ is smaller than that found for CuCl2-4, a fact associated to a higher metal-ligand distance for the former. Evidence of this statement are also given from the analysis of crystal-field spectra and isotropic shf constant. The values of K derived for CuCl2-4 (128.1×10-4 cm-1), CuBr2-4 (103.6×10-4 cm-1), and CdCl2:Cu2+ (123.9×10-4 cm-1) point out the dependence of K on the equatorial covalency but also on the existence of axial ligands. The [g] tensor of CuBr2-4 is dominated by the charge transfer contribution while the crystal field one is negative. Finally an analysis of the importance of each one of the involved contributions to the spin-Hamiltonian parameters is reported for the

  10. Role of metal mixtures (Ca, Cu and Pb) on Cd bioaccumulation and phytochelatin production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Abboud, Pauline; Wilkinson, Kevin J.

    2013-01-01

    The goal of the study was to determine whether metal uptake and biological effects could be predicted by free ion concentrations when organisms were exposed to Cd and a second metal. Bioaccumulation and algal phytochelatin (PC) concentrations were determined for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following a 6-h exposure. Bioaccumulation results, after six hours of exposure, showed that Cd uptake decreased in the presence of relatively high concentrations of Ca, Cu and Pb, however, Cd bioaccumulation increased in the presence of ca. equimolar concentrations of Cu. A good correlation was observed between the production of PCs and the amount of metals bioaccumulated for the binary mixtures of Cd–Pb and Cd–Cu, but not the Cd–Ca mixture. Overall, the results suggested that, in the case of mixtures, bioaccumulated metal rather than free ion concentrations would be a better predictor of biological effect. -- Highlights: •Cd bioaccumulation and phytochelatin production were evaluated for metal mixtures. •Bioaccumulated metal rather than free ion was a better predictor of biological effect. •Calcium additions decreased Cd bioaccumulation but increased phytochelatin production. •Copper additions increased Cd bioaccumulation and phytochelatin production. •Lead additions had little effect on either Cd bioaccumulation or phytochelatin production. -- In metal mixtures containing Cd and Ca, Pb or Cu, bioaccumulated metal rather than free ion was a better predictor of biological effect

  11. Bioaccessibility of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Sb in toys and low-cost jewelry.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Guney, Mert; Zagury, Gerald J

    2014-01-21

    Children can be exposed to toxic elements in toys and jewelry following ingestion. As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Sb bioavailability was assessed (n = 24) via the in vitro gastrointestinal protocol (IVG), the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), and the European Toy Safety Standard protocol (EN 71-3), and health risks were characterized. Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb were mobilized from 19 metallic toys and jewelry (MJ) and one crayon set. Bioaccessible Cd, Ni, or Pb exceeded EU migratable concentration limits in four to six MJ, depending on the protocol. Using two-phase (gastric + intestinal) IVG or PBET might be preferable over EN 71-3 since they better represent gastrointestinal physiology. Bioaccessible and total metal concentrations were different and not always correlated, indicating that bioaccessibility measurement may provide more accurate risk characterization. More information on impacts of multiple factors affecting metals mobilization from toys and jewelry is needed before recommending specific tests. Hazard index (HI) for Cd, Ni, or Pb were >1 for all six MJ exceeding the EU limits. For infants (6-12 mo old), 10 MJ had HI > 1 for Cd, Cu, Ni, or Pb (up to 75 for Cd and 43 for Pb). Research on prolonged exposure to MJ and comprehensive risk characterization for toys and jewelry exposure is recommended.

  12. A facile synthesis and spectral characterization of Cu{sup 2+} doped CdO/ZnS nanocomposite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Joyce Stella, R.; Thirumala Rao, G.; Babu, B.; Pushpa Manjari, V. [Department of Physics, University College of Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, AP 522510 (India); Reddy, Ch. Venkata; Shim, Jaesool [School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749 (Korea, Republic of); Ravikumar, R.V.S.S.N., E-mail: rvssn@yahoo.co.in [Department of Physics, University College of Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, AP 522510 (India)

    2015-06-15

    A facile two-step method is demonstrated for the preparation of Cu{sup 2+} doped CdO/ZnS nanocomposite. Systematic investigations like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and magnetic studies are carried out for the prepared material. From powder XRD, the nanocomposites are comprised for cubic phase of both CdO and ZnS in a close contact with each other. The ground state wave function of dopant ions has been estimated from EPR studies. Optical and EPR data confirm that doped Cu{sup 2+}ions occupy rhombically distorted octahedral sites with the host material. Due to doping, band gap has been changed and blue shifts occurred in PL. Magnetic measurements indicate a possible ferromagnetic response, associated to the exchange interaction between local spin-polarized electrons of Cu{sup 2+} ions and conductive electrons. - Graphical abstract: M–H curve of Cu{sup 2+} doped CdO–ZnS nanocomposites. The magnetic properties of Cu{sup 2+} doped CdO/ZnS nanocomposite has been investigated using vibrating sample magnetometer given as magnetization and hysteresis (M–H) curve. The magnetization curve with noticeable coercivity of M–H loop clearly indicate the existence of ferromagnetic ordering in Cu{sup 2+} doped CdO/ZnS nanocomposite at room temperature. According to the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) theory, the exchange interaction between local spin-polarized electrons (such as the electrons of Cu{sup 2+} ions) and conductive electrons is the main cause that leads to the ferromagnetism. Coercivity (Hc) of the field is about 98 Oe, saturation magnetization (Ms) and remnant magnetization (Mr) of present sample is estimated to be 15.8×10{sup −3} and 1.43×10{sup −3} emu/g respectively. The ferromagnetism observed in the prepared material is not commencing with other impurities but expected to

  13. Comparison of trace element contamination levels (Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Comparison of trace element contamination levels (Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Pb) in the soft tissues of the gastropods Tympanotonus fuscatus fuscatus and Tf radula collected in the Ebrié Lagoon (Côte d'Ivoire): Evidence of the risks linked to linked to lead and.

  14. Lattice parameter values and phase transitions for the Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Mn {sub z}GeSe{sub 4} and Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Fe {sub z}GeSe{sub 4} alloys

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Quintero, E. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Tovar, R. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Quintero, M. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela)]. E-mail: mquinter@ula.ve; Delgado, G.E. [Laboratorio de Cristalografia, Departamento de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Morocoima, M. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Caldera, D. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Ruiz, J. [Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Mora, A.E. [Laboratorio de Analisis Quimico y Estructural de Materiales, Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Briceno, M. [Laboratorio de Analisis Quimico y Estructural de Materiales, Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela); Fernandez, J.L. [Laboratorio de Analisis Quimico y Estructural de Materiales, Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida 5101 (Venezuela)

    2007-04-25

    X-ray powder diffraction measurements and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were made on polycrystalline samples of the Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Mn {sub z}GeSe{sub 4} and Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Fe {sub z}GeSe{sub 4} alloy systems. The diffraction patterns were used to show the equilibrium conditions and to derive lattice parameter values. The effect of the annealing temperature and cooling rate to room temperature are discussed. For the Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Fe {sub z}GeSe{sub 4} system, only two single solid phase fields, the tetragonal stannite {alpha} and the wurtz-stannite {delta} structures were found to occur in the diagram. For the Cu{sub 2}Cd{sub 1-z}Mn {sub z}GeSe{sub 4} system, in addition to the tetragonal stannite {alpha} and the wurtz-stannite {delta} phases, MnSe was found to exist in the diagram. The DTA experiments showed that the cooling curves for both systems exhibited effects of undercooling.

  15. Theoretical study of heavy metal Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II) adsorption on the kaolinite(0 0 1) surface

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zhao, Jian, E-mail: zhaojian0209@aliyun.com [Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, PO Box 8009, Beijing 100088 (China); State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083 (China); He, Man-Chao [State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083 (China)

    2014-10-30

    Highlights: • We investigated the adsorption of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II) on kaolinite(0 0 1) surface. • The adsorption capabilities of the kaolinite for HM atoms were Ni > Cu > Cd > Hg(II). • The adsorption energy increases with the coverage for Cd, Cu, and Hg(II) atoms. • The adsorption energy decreases with the coverage for Ni(II) atoms. - Abstract: Heavy metal pollution is currently of great concern because it has been recognized as a potential threat to air, water, and soil. Adsorption was one of the most popular methods for the removal of heavy metal. The adsorption of heavy metal Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II) atoms on the hydroxylated (0 0 1) surface of kaolinite was investigated using density-functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation and a supercell approach. The coverage dependence of the adsorption structures and energetics were systematically studied for a wide range of coverage Θ [from 0.11 to 1.0 monolayers (ML)] and adsorption sites. The most stable among all possible adsorption sites for Cd(II) atom was the two-fold bridge site followed by the one-fold top site, and the top site was the most favorite adsorption site for Cu and Ni(II) atoms, while the three-fold hollow site was the most stable adsorption site for Hg(II) atom followed by the two-fold bridge site. The adsorption energy increases with the coverage for Cd, Cu, and Hg(II) atoms, thus indicating the higher stability of surface adsorption and a tendency to the formation of adsorbate islands (clusters) with increasing the coverage. However, the adsorption energy of Ni(II) atoms decreases when increasing the coverage. The adsorption capabilities of the kaolinite clay for the heavy metal atoms were in the order of Ni > Cu > Cd > Hg(II). The other properties of the Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II)/kaolinite(0 0 1) system including the different charge distribution, the lattice relaxation, and the electronic density of states were also studied and discussed in detail.

  16. Theoretical study of heavy metal Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II) adsorption on the kaolinite(0 0 1) surface

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhao, Jian; He, Man-Chao

    2014-01-01

    Highlights: • We investigated the adsorption of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II) on kaolinite(0 0 1) surface. • The adsorption capabilities of the kaolinite for HM atoms were Ni > Cu > Cd > Hg(II). • The adsorption energy increases with the coverage for Cd, Cu, and Hg(II) atoms. • The adsorption energy decreases with the coverage for Ni(II) atoms. - Abstract: Heavy metal pollution is currently of great concern because it has been recognized as a potential threat to air, water, and soil. Adsorption was one of the most popular methods for the removal of heavy metal. The adsorption of heavy metal Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II) atoms on the hydroxylated (0 0 1) surface of kaolinite was investigated using density-functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation and a supercell approach. The coverage dependence of the adsorption structures and energetics were systematically studied for a wide range of coverage Θ [from 0.11 to 1.0 monolayers (ML)] and adsorption sites. The most stable among all possible adsorption sites for Cd(II) atom was the two-fold bridge site followed by the one-fold top site, and the top site was the most favorite adsorption site for Cu and Ni(II) atoms, while the three-fold hollow site was the most stable adsorption site for Hg(II) atom followed by the two-fold bridge site. The adsorption energy increases with the coverage for Cd, Cu, and Hg(II) atoms, thus indicating the higher stability of surface adsorption and a tendency to the formation of adsorbate islands (clusters) with increasing the coverage. However, the adsorption energy of Ni(II) atoms decreases when increasing the coverage. The adsorption capabilities of the kaolinite clay for the heavy metal atoms were in the order of Ni > Cu > Cd > Hg(II). The other properties of the Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II)/kaolinite(0 0 1) system including the different charge distribution, the lattice relaxation, and the electronic density of states were also studied and discussed in detail

  17. The influence of biochar type on long-term stabilization for Cd and Cu in contaminated paddy soils.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Hongying; Ye, Xinxin; Geng, Zhigang; Zhou, Hongjian; Guo, Xisheng; Zhang, Yunxia; Zhao, Huijun; Wang, Guozhong

    2016-03-05

    Long-term effect of biochar on PTEs (potential toxic elements) immobilization depends upon biochar own property and its aging process in soil. To understand the role of biachar type on PTEs stabilization, two types of biochar, corn-straw-derived biochar (CB) and hardwood-derived biochar (HB), were compared for their efficacy in achieving a stable decrease in the bio-availability of Cd and Cu in soils. The 3-year pot-culture experiment showed that HB reduced the concentration of CaCl2-extractable Cd and Cu by 57.9 and 63.8% in soil, and Cd and Cu uptake by 63.6 and 56.3% in rice tissue respectively, in the first year, whereas these values increased in the next two years. On the other hand, CB decreased these values steadily year by year. At the end of the 3 years, CB at 5% level had lowered the levels of CaCl2-extractable Cd and Cu by 53.6 and 66.8%, respectively. These variations between CB and HB were due to the differences in the way the two types of biochar age in the soil. The aging process was simulated in the laboratory, and the XPS results showed that the oxidization of the biochars introduced more oxygen-containing groups (especially carboxyl) on the surface of CB than HB, leading to a correspondingly greater number of oxygenated binding sites for Cd and Cu in the case of CB. The content of lignin was the major factor resulting in the variation of oxidation degree in two biochars. These results suggest that it is important to select the right kind of biochar to stably decrease the bio-availability of potential toxic elements (Cd and Cu) in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. PET Imaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with 64Cu-Labeled Anti-CD105 Antibody Fab Fragment.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shi, Sixiang; Orbay, Hakan; Yang, Yunan; Graves, Stephen A; Nayak, Tapas R; Hong, Hao; Hernandez, Reinier; Luo, Haiming; Goel, Shreya; Theuer, Charles P; Nickles, Robert J; Cai, Weibo

    2015-06-01

    The critical challenge in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) research is the accurate diagnosis and assessment of AAA progression. Angiogenesis is a pathologic hallmark of AAA, and CD105 is highly expressed on newly formed vessels. Our goal was to use (64)Cu-labeled anti-CD105 antibody Fab fragment for noninvasive assessment of angiogenesis in the aortic wall in a murine model of AAA. Fab fragment of TRC105, a mAb that specifically binds to CD105, was generated by enzymatic papain digestion and conjugated to NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid) for (64)Cu labeling. The binding affinity/specificity of NOTA-TRC105-Fab was evaluated by flow cytometry and various ex vivo studies. BALB/c mice were anesthetized and treated with calcium phosphate to induce AAA and underwent weekly PET scans using (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105-Fab. Biodistribution and autoradiography studies were also performed to confirm the accuracy of PET results. NOTA-TRC105-Fab exhibited high purity and specifically bound to CD105 in vitro. Uptake of (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105-Fab increased from a control level of 3.4 ± 0.1 to 9.5 ± 0.4 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 6 h after injection on day 5 and decreased to 7.2 ± 1.4 %ID/g on day 12, which correlated well with biodistribution and autoradiography studies (i.e., much higher tracer uptake in AAA than normal aorta). Of note, enhanced AAA contrast was achieved, due to the minimal background in the abdominal area of mice. Degradation of elastic fibers and highly expressed CD105 were observed in ex vivo studies. (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105-Fab cleared rapidly through the kidneys, which enabled noninvasive PET imaging of the aorta with enhanced contrast and showed increased angiogenesis (CD105 expression) during AAA. (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105-Fab PET may potentially be used for future diagnosis and prognosis of AAA. © 2015 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.

  19. Specific features of band structure and optical anisotropy of Cu{sub 2}CdGeSe{sub 4} quaternary compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brik, M.G., E-mail: brik@fi.tartu.ee [College of Mathematics and Physics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065 (China); Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, Tartu 51014 (Estonia); Institute of Physics, Jan Dlugosz University, Armii Krajowej 13/15, PL-42200 Czestochowa (Poland); Parasyuk, O.V. [Department of Chemistry, Eastern European National University, Voli 13, Lutsk 43025 (Ukraine); Myronchuk, G.L. [Department of Physics, Eastern European National University, Voli 13, Lutsk 43025 (Ukraine); Kityk, I.V. [Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Czestochowa, Al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa (Poland)

    2014-09-15

    Complex theoretical and experimental studies of the band structure and optical functions of a new Cu{sub 2}CdGeSe{sub 4} quaternary crystal are reported. The benchmark band structure calculations were performed using the first-principles methods. As a result, the structural, electronic, optical and elastic properties of Cu{sub 2}CdGeSe{sub 4} were calculated in the general gradient approximation (GGA) and local density approximation (LDA). The calculated dielectric function and optical absorption spectra exhibit some anisotropic behavior. Detailed analysis of the band energy dispersion and effective space charge density helped in establishing the origin of the band structure anisotropy. All calculated properties are compared with the experimental data. An additional comparison with a similar crystal of Cu{sub 2}CdGeSe{sub 4} allowed to reveal the role played by the anions (S or Se) in formation of the optical properties of these two materials. - Highlights: • The structural, electronic, optical properties of Cu{sub 2}CdGeSe{sub 4} were calculated. • Pressure effects on these properties were modeled. • Comparison with a similar compound of Cu{sub 2}CdGeS{sub 4} was performed.

  20. One-pot noninjection synthesis of Cu-doped Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S nanocrystals with emission color tunable over entire visible spectrum.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, Wenjin; Zhou, Xinggui; Zhong, Xinhua

    2012-03-19

    Unlike Mn doped quantum dots (d-dots), the emission color of Cu dopant in Cu d-dots is dependent on the nature, size, and composition of host nanocrystals (NCs). The tunable Cu dopant emission has been achieved via tuning the particle size of host NCs in previous reports. In this paper, for the first time we doped Cu impurity in Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S alloyed NCs and tuned the dopant emission in the whole visible spectrum via variation of the stoichiometric ratio of Zn/Cd precursors in the host Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S alloyed NCs. A facile noninjection and low cost approach for the synthesis of Cu:Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S d-dots was reported. The optical properties and structure of the obtained Cu:Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S d-dots have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influences of various experimental variables, including Zn/Cd ratio, reaction temperature, and Cu dopant concentration, on the optical properties of Cu dopant emission have been systematically investigated. The as-prepared Cu:Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S d-dots did show PL emission but with quite low quantum yield (QY) (typically below 6%). With the deposition of ZnS shell around the Cu:Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S core NCs, the PL QY increased substantially with a maximum value of 65%. More importantly, the high PL QY can be preserved when the initial oil-soluble d-dots were transferred into aqueous media via ligand replacement by mercaptoundeconic acid. In addition, these d-dots have thermal stability up to 250 °C. © 2012 American Chemical Society

  1. Hume-Rothery electron concentration rule across a whole solid solution range in a series of gamma-brasses in Cu-Zn, Cu-Cd, Cu-Al, Cu-Ga, Ni-Zn and Co-Zn alloy systems

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mizutani, U.; Noritake, T.; Ohsuna, T.; Takeuchi, T.

    2010-05-01

    The aim of the present work is to examine if the Hume-Rothery stabilisation mechanism holds across whole solid solution ranges in a series of gamma-brasses with especial attention to the role of vacancies introduced into the large unit cell. The concentration dependence of the number of atoms in the unit cell, N, for gamma-brasses in the Cu-Zn, Cu-Cd, Cu-Al, Cu-Ga, Ni-Zn and Co-Zn alloy systems was determined by measuring the density and lattice constants at room temperature. The number of itinerant electrons in the unit cell, e/uc, is evaluated by taking a product of N and the number of itinerant electrons per atom, e/a, for the transition metal element deduced earlier from the full-potential linearised augmented plane wave (FLAPW)-Fourier analysis. The results are discussed within the rigid-band model using as a host the density of states (DOS) derived earlier from the FLAPW band calculations for the stoichiometric gamma-brasses Cu5Zn8, Cu9Al4 and TM2Zn11 (TM = Co and Ni). A solid solution range of gamma-brasses in Cu-Zn, Cu-Cd, Cu-Al, Cu-Ga and Ni-Zn alloy systems is found to fall inside the existing pseudogap at the Fermi level. This is taken as confirmation of the validity of the Hume-Rothery stability mechanism for a whole solute concentration range of these gamma-brasses. An exception to this behaviour was found in the Co-Zn gamma-brasses, where orbital hybridisation effects are claimed to play a crucial role in stabilisation.

  2. Microalloying with Cd of Antifriction Sn-Sb-Cu Alloys

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cinca Ionel Lupinca

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available In the case of bimetallic sliding linings with superior technological characteristics, the use of an antifriction ally is imposed an alloy of the type Sn-Sb-Cu, which possesses a high adherence to the steel stand and a high durability in exploitation. For this reason we use the microalloying of the antifriction alloy with cadmium. The microalloying with Cd of antifriction alloys Sn-Sb-Cu determines an increase of the adhesion property of the antifriction alloy on the steel stand. The steel stand is previously subjected to a process of degreasing with ZnCl2 and washing so that is can later be subjected to a thermal-chemical treatment of tinning.

  3. Sol-gel synthesis of Cu-doped p-CdS nanoparticles and their analysis as p-CdS/n-ZnO thin film photodiode

    Science.gov (United States)

    Arya, Sandeep; Sharma, Asha; Singh, Bikram; Riyas, Mohammad; Bandhoria, Pankaj; Aatif, Mohammad; Gupta, Vinay

    2018-05-01

    Copper (Cu) doped p-CdS nanoparticles have been synthesized via sol-gel method. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were successfully characterized and implemented for fabrication of Glass/ITO/n-ZnO/p-CdS/Al thin film photodiode. The fabricated device is tested for small (-1 V to +1 V) bias voltage. Results verified that the junction leakage current within the dark is very small. During reverse bias condition, the maximum amount of photocurrent is obtained under illumination of 100 μW/cm2. Electrical characterizations confirmed that the external quantum efficiency (EQE), gain and responsivity of n-ZnO/p-CdS photodiode show improved photo response than conventional p-type materials for such a small bias voltage. It is therefore revealed that the Cu-doped CdS nanoparticles is an efficient p-type material for fabrication of thin film photo-devices.

  4. Effect of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) on Pb(II) biosorption by algae Gelidium-derived materials.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vilar, Vítor J P; Botelho, Cidália M S; Boaventura, Rui A R

    2008-06-15

    Biosorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) from binary metal solutions onto the algae Gelidium sesquipedale, an algal industrial waste and a waste-based composite material was investigated at pH 5.3, in a batch system. Binary Pb(II)/Cu(II), Pb(II)/Cd(II) and Pb(II)/Zn(II) solutions have been tested. For the same equilibrium concentrations of both metal ions (1 mmol l(-1)), approximately 66, 85 and 86% of the total uptake capacity of the biosorbents is taken by lead ions in the systems Pb(II)/Cu(II), Pb(II)/Cd(II) and Pb(II)/Zn(II), respectively. Two-metal results were fitted to a discrete and a continuous model, showing the inhibition of the primary metal biosorption by the co-cation. The model parameters suggest that Cd(II) and Zn(II) have the same decreasing effect on the Pb(II) uptake capacity. The uptake of Pb(II) was highly sensitive to the presence of Cu(II). From the discrete model it was possible to obtain the Langmuir affinity constant for Pb(II) biosorption. The presence of the co-cations decreases the apparent affinity of Pb(II). The experimental results were successfully fitted by the continuous model, at different pH values, for each biosorbent. The following sequence for the equilibrium affinity constants was found: Pb>Cu>Cd approximately Zn.

  5. Phase relations in the quasi-binary Cu{sub 2}GeS{sub 3}-ZnS and quasi-ternary Cu{sub 2}S-Zn(Cd)S-GeS{sub 2} systems and crystal structure of Cu{sub 2}ZnGeS{sub 4}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Parasyuk, O.V. [Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Volyn State University, Voli Ave 13, 43009 Lutsk (Ukraine)]. E-mail: oleg@lab.univer.lutsk.ua; Piskach, L.V. [Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Volyn State University, Voli Ave 13, 43009 Lutsk (Ukraine); Romanyuk, Y.E. [Advanced Photonics Laboratory, Institute of Imaging and Applied Optics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Olekseyuk, I.D. [Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Volyn State University, Voli Ave 13, 43009 Lutsk (Ukraine); Zaremba, V.I. [Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 6 Kyryla and Mefodiya Str., 79005 L' viv (Ukraine); Pekhnyo, V.I. [V.I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Palladina Ave 32-34, 03680 Kiev (Ukraine)

    2005-07-19

    The isothermal section of the Cu{sub 2}S-Zn(Cd)S-GeS{sub 2} systems at 670K was constructed using X-ray diffraction analysis. At this temperature, two quaternary intermediate phases, Cu{sub 2}CdGeS{sub 4} and {approx}Cu{sub 8}CdGeS{sub 7}, exist in the Cu{sub 2}S-CdS-GeS{sub 2} system, and only one phase, Cu{sub 2}ZnGeS{sub 4}, exists in the Cu{sub 2}S-ZnS-GeS{sub 2} system. The phase diagram of the Cu{sub 2}GeS{sub 3}-ZnS system was constructed using differential-thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction, and the existence of Cu{sub 2}ZnGeS{sub 4} has been confirmed. It forms incongruently at 1359K. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to refine the crystal structure of Cu{sub 2}ZnGeS{sub 4}, which crystallizes in the tetragonal stannite-type structure at 670K (space group I4-bar 2m, a=0.534127(9)nm, c=1.05090(2)nm, R{sub I}=0.0477). The possibility of the formation of quaternary compounds in the quasi-ternary systems A{sup I}{sub 2}X-B{sup II}X-C{sup IV}X{sub 2}, where A{sup I}-Cu, Ag; B{sup II}-Zn, Cd, Hg; C{sup IV}-Si, Ge, Sn and X-S, Se, Te is discussed.

  6. Electronic, Magnetic, and Redox Properties of [MFe(3)S(4)] Clusters (M = Cd, Cu, Cr) in Pyrococcus furiosus Ferredoxin.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Staples, Christopher R.; Dhawan, Ish K.; Finnegan, Michael G.; Dwinell, Derek A.; Zhou, Zhi Hao; Huang, Heshu; Verhagen, Marc F. J. M.; Adams, Michael W. W.; Johnson, Michael K.

    1997-12-03

    The ground- and excited-state properties of heterometallic [CuFe(3)S(4)](2+,+), [CdFe(3)S(4)](2+,+), and [CrFe(3)S(4)](2+,+) cubane clusters assembled in Pyrococcus furiosus ferredoxin have been investigated by the combination of EPR and variable-temperature/variable-field magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) studies. The results indicate Cd(2+) incorporation into [Fe(3)S(4)](0,-) cluster fragments to yield S = 2 [CdFe(3)S(4)](2+) and S = (5)/(2) [CdFe(3)S(4)](+) clusters and Cu(+) incorporation into [Fe(3)S(4)](+,0) cluster fragments to yield S = (1)/(2) [CuFe(3)S(4)](2+) and S = 2 [CuFe(3)S(4)](+) clusters. This is the first report of the preparation of cubane type [CrFe(3)S(4)](2+,+) clusters, and the combination of EPR and MCD results indicates S = 0 and S = (3)/(2) ground states for the oxidized and reduced forms, respectively. Midpoint potentials for the [CdFe(3)S(4)](2+,+), [CrFe(3)S(4)](2+,+), and [CuFe(3)S(4)](2+,+) couples, E(m) = -470 +/- 15, -440 +/- 10, and +190 +/- 10 mV (vs NHE), respectively, were determined by EPR-monitored redox titrations or direct electrochemistry at a glassy carbon electrode. The trends in redox potential, ground-state spin, and electron delocalization of [MFe(3)S(4)](2+,+) clusters in P. furiosus ferredoxin are discussed as a function of heterometal (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Tl).

  7. Comparison of trace element contamination levels (Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    SERVER

    2008-03-18

    Mar 18, 2008 ... Chemical analysis of the trace elements in the soft tissues. The trace elements of interest (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd) were then determined in the digested solutions, using Thermoelemental type. M6 brand of an atomic absorption Spectrometer equipped with a flame operated atomisation system and a deuterium ...

  8. Enhanced photovoltaic performance of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with a progressive reduction of recombination using Cu-doped CdS quantum dots

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Muthalif, Mohammed Panthakkal Abdul; Lee, Young-Seok; Sunesh, Chozhidakath Damodharan; Kim, Hee-Je; Choe, Youngson

    2017-01-01

    Highlights: • Cu-doped CdS QDs were deposited on TiO_2 by SILAR method. • Cu-doped CdS electrodes contributes reduction of charge recombination and longer electron lifetime. • A promising power conversion efficiency of 3% is obtained for the Cu-doped CdS Quantum dot sensitized solar cell. - Abstract: In this article, we have systematically probed the effect of Cu-doping in CdS quantum dots (QDs) to enhance the photovoltaic performance of the quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). The Cu-doped CdS photoanodes were prepared by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method and the corresponding cell devices were fabricated using CuS counter electrodes with a polysulfide electrolyte. The photovoltaic performance results demonstrate that 3 mM Cu-doped CdS QDs based QDSSCs exhibit the efficiency (η) of 3% including J_S_C = 9.40 mA cm"−"2, V_O_C = 0.637 V, FF = 0.501, which are higher than those with bare CdS (η = 2.05%, J_S_C = 7.12 mA cm"−"2, V_O_C = 0.588 V, FF = 0.489). The structural, topographical and optical properties of the thin films have been studied with the help of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV–vis spectrophotometer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements indicate that Cu-dopant can inhibit the charge recombination at the photoanode/electrolyte interface and extend the lifetime of electrons. These results reveal that incorporation of copper metal in CdS QDs is a simple and effective method to improve the photovoltaic properties of QDSSCs.

  9. Enhanced photovoltaic performance of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with a progressive reduction of recombination using Cu-doped CdS quantum dots

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Muthalif, Mohammed Panthakkal Abdul [Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 609-735 (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Young-Seok [School of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 609-735 (Korea, Republic of); Sunesh, Chozhidakath Damodharan [Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 609-735 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Hee-Je [School of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 609-735 (Korea, Republic of); Choe, Youngson, E-mail: choe@pusan.ac.kr [Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan 609-735 (Korea, Republic of)

    2017-02-28

    Highlights: • Cu-doped CdS QDs were deposited on TiO{sub 2} by SILAR method. • Cu-doped CdS electrodes contributes reduction of charge recombination and longer electron lifetime. • A promising power conversion efficiency of 3% is obtained for the Cu-doped CdS Quantum dot sensitized solar cell. - Abstract: In this article, we have systematically probed the effect of Cu-doping in CdS quantum dots (QDs) to enhance the photovoltaic performance of the quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). The Cu-doped CdS photoanodes were prepared by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method and the corresponding cell devices were fabricated using CuS counter electrodes with a polysulfide electrolyte. The photovoltaic performance results demonstrate that 3 mM Cu-doped CdS QDs based QDSSCs exhibit the efficiency (η) of 3% including J{sub SC} = 9.40 mA cm{sup −2}, V{sub OC} = 0.637 V, FF = 0.501, which are higher than those with bare CdS (η = 2.05%, J{sub SC} = 7.12 mA cm{sup −2}, V{sub OC} = 0.588 V, FF = 0.489). The structural, topographical and optical properties of the thin films have been studied with the help of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV–vis spectrophotometer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements indicate that Cu-dopant can inhibit the charge recombination at the photoanode/electrolyte interface and extend the lifetime of electrons. These results reveal that incorporation of copper metal in CdS QDs is a simple and effective method to improve the photovoltaic properties of QDSSCs.

  10. Atmospheric Deposition of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in Amman, Jordan

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Momani, K.A.; Jiries, A.G.; Jaradat, Q.M.

    1999-01-01

    Atmospheric samples were collected by high-volume air sampler and dust fall containers during the summer of 1995 at different sites in Amman City, Jordan. Heavy metal contents in settle able (dust fall) as well as in air particulates (suspended) were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The atmospheric concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd were 344, 170, 291, and 3.8 ng/m 3 , respectively. On the other hand, the levels of these elements in dust fall deposition were 505, 94, 74, and 3.1 μg/g, respectively. The fluxes and dry deposition velocities of these heavy metals were determined and compared with the findings of other investigators worldwide. Significant enrichment coefficients of heavy metals in dust fall were observed. The enrichment coefficients were 12.1, 6.1, 11.7, and 1.1 for Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd, respectively

  11. Improved performance of CdSe/CdS co-sensitized solar cells adopting efficient CuS counter electrode modified by PbS film using SILAR method

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, Xiaolong; Lin, Yu; Wu, Jihuai; Fang, Biaopeng; Zeng, Jiali

    2018-04-01

    In this paper, CuS film was deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate using a facile chemical bath deposition method, and then modified by PbS using simple successive ionic layer absorption and reaction (SILAR) method with different cycles. These CuS/PbS films were utilized as counter electrodes (CEs) for CdSe/CdS co-sensitized solar cells. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used to characterize the CuS/PbS films. The results show that CuS/PbS (10 cycles) CE exhibits an improved power conversion efficiency of 5.54% under the illumination of one sun (100 mW cm-2), which is higher than the CuS/PbS (0 cycles), CuS/PbS (5 cycles), and CuS/PbS (15 cycles) CEs. This enhancement is mainly attributed to good catalytic activity and lower charge-transfer and series resistances, which have been proved by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Tafel polarization measurements.

  12. Defects in Cu(InGa)Se2/CdS heterostructure films induced by hydrogen ion implantation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yakushev, M.V.; Tomlinson, R.D.; Hill, A.E.; Pilkington, R.D.; Mudryi, A.V.; Bondar, I.V.; Victorov, I.A.; Gremenok, V.F.; Shakin, I.A.; Patuk, A.I.

    1999-01-01

    The influence of H + ion implantation on the photoluminescence properties of Cu(InGa)Se 2 /CdS heterostructures has been studied. This treatment was found to increase the photoluminescence intensity of donor-acceptor band at 1.13 eV because of the passivation by hydrogen atoms of the non-radiative recombination centers on the boundary of Cu(InGa)Se 2 and CdS layers. Two broad bands peaks at 0.96 eV and at 0.82 eV in photoluminescence spectra of ion-implanted Cu(InGa)Se 2 films have been found. The tentative model to explain the origin of the broad photoluminescence bands has been discussed

  13. A large enhancement of photoinduced second harmonic generation in CdI2--Cu layered nanocrystals.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Miah, M Idrish

    2009-02-12

    Photoinduced second harmonic generation (PISHG) in undoped as well as in various Cu-doped (0.05-1.2% Cu) CdI2 nanocrystals was measured at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). It was found that the PISHG increases with increasing Cu doping up to approximately 0.6% and then decreases almost to that for the undoped CdI2 for doping higher than approximately 1%. The values of the second-order susceptibility ranged from 0.50 to 0.67 pm V(-1) for the Cu-doped nanocrystals with a thickness of 0.5 nm. The Cu-doping dependence shown in a parabolic fashion suggests a crucial role of the Cu agglomerates in the observed effects. The PISHG in crystals with various nanosizes was also measured at LNT. The size dependence demonstrated the quantum-confined effect with a maximum PISHG for 0.5 nm and with a clear increase in the PISHG with decreasing thickness of the nanocrystal. The Raman scattering spectra at different pumping powers were taken for thin nanocrystals, and the phonon modes originating from interlayer phonons were observed in the spectra. The results were discussed within a model of photoinduced electron-phonon anharmonicity.

  14. Implications of orbital hybridization on the electronic properties of doped quantum dots: the case of Cu:CdSe

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wright, Joshua T.; Forsythe, Kyle; Hutchins, Jamie; Meulenberg, Robert W.

    2016-04-01

    This paper investigates how chemical dopants affect the electronic properties of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and why a model that incorporates the concepts of orbital hybridization must be used to understand these properties. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements show that copper dopants in CdSe QDs occur primarily through a statistical doping mechanism. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) experiments provide a detailed insight on the valence band (VB) structure of doped and undoped QDs. Using UPS measurements, we are able to observe photoemission from the Cu d-levels above VB maximum of the QDs which allows a complete picture of the energy band landscape of these materials. This information provides insights into many of the physical properties of doped QDs, including the highly debated near-infrared photoluminescence in Cu doped CdSe QDs. We show that all our results point to a common theme of orbital hybridization in Cu doped CdSe QDs which leads to optically and electronically active states below the conduction band minimum. Our model is supported from current-voltage measurements of doped and undoped materials, which exhibit Schottky to Ohmic behavior with Cu doping, suggestive of a tuning of the lowest energy states near the Fermi level.This paper investigates how chemical dopants affect the electronic properties of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and why a model that incorporates the concepts of orbital hybridization must be used to understand these properties. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements show that copper dopants in CdSe QDs occur primarily through a statistical doping mechanism. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) experiments provide a detailed insight on the valence band (VB) structure of doped and undoped QDs. Using UPS measurements, we are able to observe photoemission from the Cu d-levels above VB maximum of the QDs which allows a complete picture of the energy band landscape of

  15. Determination of Cd, Pb and Cu in Mandovi estuary by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

    Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

    George, M.D.; Sawkar, K.; Reddy, C.V.G.

    Dissolved labile and non-labile (organically associated) concentration of Cd, Pb and Cu in Mandovi Estuary, Goa, India have been measured for 1 y (February 1980 to January 1981). Percentage non-labile form varies from 0-50% of the total for Cd, from...

  16. Modeling Cd and Cu mobility in soils amended by long-term urban waste compost applications

    Science.gov (United States)

    Filipović, Vilim; Cambier, Philippe; Matijević, Lana; Coquet, Yves; Pot, Valérie; Houot, Sabine; Benoit, Pierre

    2016-04-01

    Urban waste compost application to soil is an effective way for organic waste disposal and at the same time may have a positive effect on various soil rhizosphere processes. However, long term applications of organic waste amendments may lead to a noteworthy accumulation of micropollutants in soil. The long-term field experiment QualiAgro, an INRA-Veolia partnership (https://www6.inra.fr/qualiagro_eng/), has been conducted since 1998 with the objectives to characterize the agronomic value of urban composts and the environmental impacts of their application. Numerical modeling was performed using HYDRUS-2D to estimate the movement of Cd and Cu from compost incroporation in the tilled layer. Experimental plots regularly amended with co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (SGW), or a municipal solid waste compost (MSW) have been compared to control plot without any organic amendment (CONT). Field site was equipped with wicks lysimeters, TDR probes and tensiometers in order to determine water balance and trace metal concentrations during a 6 years' time period (2004-2010). In the tilled layer different structures (Δ - compacted clods, Γ - macroporous zone, IF - interfurrows, PP - plough pan) corresponding to the tillage and compost incorporation were delimited and reproduced in a 2-D model. The increase of Cd and Cu concentrations due to each compost addition was assumed to be located in IFs for further modeling. Four compost additions were performed during 2004-2010 period which increased the Cd and Cu concentrations in the IF zones considerably. After successful model description of water flow in highly heterogeneous soil profiles, Cd and Cu were added into the model and their fate was simulated during the same time period. Two approaches were followed to estimate plausible trace metals sorption coefficients (Kd), both while assuming equilibrium between dissolved and EDTA-extractable metals. The first approach was based on Kd estimated from ratios between

  17. Metal (Cu, Cd and Zn) removal and stabilization during multiple soil washing by saponin.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gusiatin, Zygmunt Mariusz; Klimiuk, Ewa

    2012-01-01

    The influence of multiple saponin washing on copper, cadmium and zinc removal and stability in three types of soils (loamy sand, loam, silty clay) was investigated. Distribution of metals and their mobility measured as the ratio of exchangeable form to the sum of all fractions in soils was differential. After single washing the highest efficiency of metal removal was obtained in loamy sand (82-90%) and loam (67-88%), whereas the lowest in silty clay (39-62%). In loamy sand and loam metals had higher mobility factors (44-61% Cu, 60-76% Cd, and 68-84% Zn) compared to silty clay (9% Cu, 28% Cd and 36% Zn). Triplicate washing led to increase both efficiency of metal removal and percentage content of their stable forms. In consequence, fractional patterns for metals before and after treatment changed visibly as a result of their redistribution. Based on the redistribution index, the most stable metal (mainly in residual and organic fractions) after triplicate washing was Cu in loamy sand and loam. For silty clay contaminated with Cd, effective metal removal and its stabilization required a higher number of washings. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Graphite furnace analysis of a series of metals (Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn and Cd) in ox kidney

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Souza, Vivianne L.B. de; Nascimento, Rizia K. do; Paiva, Ana Claudia de; Silva, Josenilda M. da; Melo, Jessica V. de

    2013-01-01

    The aim of this study was to create a methodology for animal tissue analysis, with the use of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry techniques and graphite furnace analysis to determining metal concentrations in ox kidney. The organ of this animal can be considered a great nutritional food, due to the high protein and micronutrient content beyond the ability to absorb and concentrate important metals such as Zn, Fe, Mn and Se. On the other hand, there is a risk when eating this food owing to the capacity to accumulate toxic metals such as Pb and Cd. In accordance with the laboratory analysis, Zn can be analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, but other metals such as Cu, Mn, Pb and Cd, could only be detected by graphite furnace analysis. The results showed that there is more Zn and Cu than other metals. Such metals follows an order reported by the literature (Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Mn). The results showed that kidney is actually a rich source of Zn and Cu. The Cd levels in the ox kidney did not exceed the values which cause toxic effects. The adequacy of the results indicates that the proposed methodology can be used for animal tissue analysis.(author)

  19. Graphite furnace analysis of a series of metals (Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn and Cd) in ox kidney

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Souza, Vivianne L.B. de; Nascimento, Rizia K. do; Paiva, Ana Claudia de; Silva, Josenilda M. da, E-mail: vlsouza@cnen.gov.br, E-mail: riziakelia@hotmail.com, E-mail: acpaiva@cnen.gov.br, E-mail: jmnilda@hotmail.com [Centro Regional de Ciencias Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE/CNEN-PE), Recife, PE (Brazil); Melo, Jessica V. de, E-mail: Jessica_clorofila@hotmail.com [Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE (Brazil)

    2013-07-01

    The aim of this study was to create a methodology for animal tissue analysis, with the use of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry techniques and graphite furnace analysis to determining metal concentrations in ox kidney. The organ of this animal can be considered a great nutritional food, due to the high protein and micronutrient content beyond the ability to absorb and concentrate important metals such as Zn, Fe, Mn and Se. On the other hand, there is a risk when eating this food owing to the capacity to accumulate toxic metals such as Pb and Cd. In accordance with the laboratory analysis, Zn can be analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, but other metals such as Cu, Mn, Pb and Cd, could only be detected by graphite furnace analysis. The results showed that there is more Zn and Cu than other metals. Such metals follows an order reported by the literature (Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Mn). The results showed that kidney is actually a rich source of Zn and Cu. The Cd levels in the ox kidney did not exceed the values which cause toxic effects. The adequacy of the results indicates that the proposed methodology can be used for animal tissue analysis.(author)

  20. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Compounds Containing Carboxyl Groups Using CdTe and CuO Nanoparticles

    OpenAIRE

    Megumi Sakurai; Taro Sato; Jiawei Xu; Soichi Sato; Tatsuya Fujino

    2018-01-01

    Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of compounds containing carboxyl groups was carried out by using semiconductor nanoparticles (CdTe and CuO) as the matrix. Salicylic acid (Sal), glucuronic acid (Glu), ibuprofen (Ibu), and tyrosine (Tyr) were ionized as deprotonated species (carboxylate anions) by using electrons ejected from CdTe after the photoexcitation. When CuO was used as the matrix, the peak intensity of Tyr became high compared with that obtained with CdTe....

  1. Nitric oxide overcomes Cd and Cu toxicity in in vitro-grown tobacco plants through increasing contents and activities of rubisco and rubisco activase.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Khairy, Alaaldin Idris H; Oh, Mi Jeong; Lee, Seung Min; Kim, Da Som; Roh, Kwang Soo

    2016-06-01

    Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) are global problems that are a growing threat to the environment. Despite some heavy metals are required for plant growth and development, others are considered toxic elements and do not play any known physiological role in plant cells. Elevated doses of Cd or Cu cause toxicity in plants and generate damages due to the stress condition and eventually cause a significant reduction in quantity and quality of crop plants. The nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is reported to alleviate the toxicity of some heavy metals like Cd and Cu. In the current study, the role of NO in alleviating stresses of Cd and Cu was investigated in in vitro -grown tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) Based on plant growth, total chlorophyll contents, contents and activities of rubisco and rubisco activase. According to the results of this study, the growth and total chlorophyll contents of Cd/Cu stressed plants were hugely decreased in the absence of SNP, while the supplementation of SNP resulted in a significant increase of both fresh weight and total chlorophyll contents. Remarkable reductions of Rubisco and rubisco activase contents and activities were observed in Cd and Cu-induced plants. SNP supplementation showed the highest contents and activities of rubisco and rubisco activase compared to the control and Cu/Cd-stressed plants. Taken together, our findings suggest that SNP could play a protective role in regulation of plant responses to abiotic stresses such as Cd and Cu by enhancing Rubisco and Rubisco activase.

  2. Pb, Cu and Cd distribution in five estuary systems of Marche, central Italy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Annibaldi, Anna; Illuminati, Silvia; Truzzi, Cristina; Libani, Giulia; Scarponi, Giuseppe

    2015-07-15

    Heavy metals are subjected to monitoring in estuarine and marine water by the European Union Water Framework Directive, which requires water body health to be achieved by 2021. This is the first survey of heavy metals content in five estuaries of Marche, a region in central Italy. Results showed that total Pb and Cu concentrations decreased by 70-80%, from 1000-2000 to 100-200 ng L(-1) (Pb) and from 2000-3000 to 500-1000 ng L(-1) (Cu) from river to sea. Cd was consistently 20-40 ng L(-1). Dissolved Pb and Cu concentrations declined by 50% and 70% respectively passing from oligohaline to euhaline water, from 150 to 70 ng L(-1) and from 2000-1000 to 600-400 ng L(-1). Cd decreased slightly from ∼20 to ∼10 ng L(-1). Although such concentrations are in the range allowed by the Water Framework Directive, they far exceed (up to 10×) the ground content ceiling set for 2021. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. Spectroscopy of Deep Traps in Cu2S-CdS Junction Structures

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eugenijus Gaubas

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Cu2S-CdS junctions of the polycrystalline material layers have been examined by combining the capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy technique together with white LED light additional illumination (C-DLTS-WL and the photo-ionization spectroscopy (PIS implemented by the photocurrent probing. Three types of junction structures, separated by using the barrier capacitance characteristics of the junctions and correlated with XRD distinguished precipitates of the polycrystalline layers, exhibit different deep trap spectra within CdS substrates.

  4. Effects of hydrazine on the solvothermal synthesis of Cu2ZnSnSe4 and Cu2CdSnSe4 nanocrystals for particle-based deposition of films

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chiang, Ming-Hung; Fu, Yaw-Shyan; Shih, Cheng-Hung; Kuo, Chun-Cheng; Guo, Tzung-Fang; Lin, Wen-Tai

    2013-01-01

    The effects of hydrazine on the synthesis of Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 (CZTSe) and Cu 2 CdSnSe 4 (CCTSe) nanocrystals in an autoclave as a function of temperature and time were explored. On heating at 190 °C for 24-72 h, pure CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals could readily grow in the hydrazine-added solution, while in the hydrazine-free solution the intermediate phases such as ZnSe, Cu 2 Se, and Cu 2 SnSe 3 , and Cu 2 SnSe 3 and CdSe associated with the CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals grew, respectively. This result reveals that hydrazine can speed up the synthesis of pure CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals via a solvothermal process. The mechanisms for the hydrazine-enhanced growth of CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals were discussed. The pure CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals were subsequently fabricated to the smooth films by spin coating without further annealing in selenium atmosphere. This processing may be beneficial to the fabrication of the absorber layer for solar cells and thermoelectric devices. - Highlights: • Hydrazine enhances the growth of pure Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 and Cu 2 CdSnSe 4 nanocrystals. • The nanocrystals can be fabricated to films by spin coating without annealing. • This solvothermal processing is promising for the fabrication of thin film devices

  5. Cu/sub x/S-CdS thin film solar cells - aftertreatment and stability. Cu/sub x/S-CdS Duennschicht-Solarzellen - Untersuchungen ueber die Nachbehandlung und die Stabilitaet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pfisterer, F

    1987-02-19

    The performance of Cu/sub x/S-CdS thin film solar cells can be improved significantly by a secondary treatment of the Cu layer. The physical mechanisms underlying the aftertreatment process were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. A historical review is followed by an outline of the technology and theory of these solar cells (material properties, process engineering, photovoltaic properties) and a description of Cu aftertreatment and H glowing (experimental set-up, surface potential shift, electron beam scanning). Capacity measurements in this type of thin film cell are described (space charge profile, electrolytic decomposition, copper depletion between the contact web). Aftertreatment of the copper layer enhances the solar cell efficiency, stability, and productivity, makes the immersion process less tedious, and corrects the stoichiometry. (HWJ).

  6. Dissolved trace metal (Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, and Ag) distribution and Cu speciation in the southern Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Li; Xiaojing, Wang; Jihua, Liu; Xuefa, Shi

    2017-02-01

    Trace metals play an important role in biogeochemical cycling in ocean systems. However, because the use of trace metal clean sampling and analytical techniques has been limited in coastal China, there are few accurate trace metal data for that region. This work studied spatial distribution of selected dissolved trace metals (Ag, Cu, Co, Cd, and Ni) and Cu speciation in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) and Bohai Sea (BS). In general, the average metal (Cu, Co, Cd, and Ni) concentrations found in the SYS were lower by a factor of two than those in BS, and they are comparable to dissolved trace metal concentrations in coastal seawater of the United States and Europe. Possible sources and sinks and physical and biological processes that influenced the distribution of these trace metals in the study region were further examined. Close relationships were found between the trace metal spatial distribution with local freshwater discharge and processes such as sediment resuspension and biological uptake. Ag, owing to its extremely low concentrations, exhibited a unique distribution pattern that magnified the influences from the physical and biological processes. Cu speciation in the water column showed that, in the study region, Cu was strongly complexed with organic ligands and concentrations of free cupric ion were in the range of 10-12.6-10-13.2 mol L-1. The distribution of Cu-complexing ligand, indicated by values of the side reaction coefficient α', was similar to the Chl a distribution, suggesting that in situ biota production may be one main source of Cu-complexing organic ligand.

  7. Synthesis and characterization of CdS/CuAl2O4 core-shell: application to photocatalytic eosin degradation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bellal, B.; Trari, M.; Afalfiz, A.

    2015-08-01

    The advantages of the hetero-junction CdS/CuAl2O4 for the photocatalytic eosin degradation are reported. Composite semiconductors are elaborated by co-precipitation of CdS on the spinel CuAl2O4 giving a core-shell structure with a uniform dispersion and intimate contact of the spinel nanoparticles inside the hexagonal CdS. The Mott-Schottky plots ( C -2- V) of both materials show linear behaviors from which flat band potentials are determined. The photoactivity increases with increasing the mass of the sensitizer CdS and the best performance is achieved on CdS/CuAl2O4 (85 %/15 %). The pH has a strong influence on the degradation and the photoactivity peaks at pH 7.78. The dark adsorption eosin is weak (~4 %), hence the change in the eosin concentration is attributed to the photocatalytic process. The degradation follows a zero-order kinetic with a rate constant of 5.2 × 10-8 mol L-1 mn-1 while that of the photolysis is seven times lower (0.75 × 10-8 mol L-1 mn-1).

  8. Fine scale remobilisation of Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Cd in contaminated marine sediment

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Tankere-Muller, Sophie; Zhang, Hao; Davison, William

    2007-01-01

    to less than 0.3 μM. With both DET and DGT measurements, there were sharply defined maxima of Cu and Cd within 2 mm of the sediment water interface, consistent with their release from organic material as it is oxidised. There was a Co maximum about 5–8 mm lower than the Cu and Cd maxima, apparently...... coincidental with Mn mobilisation. While there were clear Ni maxima, their location appeared to vary from being coincident with Co to a few mm above the Co maxima. The remobilisation of metals could not be explained by the pH gradients in the near-surface sediments. As sulphate reduction rates were appreciable...

  9. HEAVY METALS (Ni, Cu, Zn AND Cd CONTENT IN SERUM OF RAT FED GREEN MUSSELS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Muhammad Yudhistira Azis

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available Green mussel (Perna viridis can playing role as bio-indicator or biomonitoring agent for heavy-metalcontaminations in the sea. In this research, the concentrations of four elements Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd in P. viridis and in the serum of rat which orally feed by P. viridis were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS following dry acid digestion. Parameter analysis was evaluated by determining confidence limit for the obtained results. The result showed that there was a sequence of heavy-metal content in green mussels sample and laboratory rats serum, such as Ni < Cd < Cu < Zn. Keywords: heavy metals, green mussels, laboratory rats serum, AAS

  10. Implications of orbital hybridization on the electronic properties of doped quantum dots: the case of Cu:CdSe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wright, Joshua T.; Forsythe, Kyle; Hutchins, Jamie; Meulenberg, Robert W.

    2016-04-13

    This paper investigates how chemical dopants affect the electronic properties of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and why a model that incorporates the concepts of orbital hybridization must be used to understand these properties. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements show that copper dopants in CdSe QDs occur primarily through a statistical doping mechanism. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) experiments provide a detailed insight on the valence band (VB) structure of doped and undoped QDs. Using UPS measurements, we are able to observe photoemission from the Cu d-levels above VB maximum of the QDs which allows a complete picture of the energy band landscape of these materials. This information provides insights into many of the physical properties of doped QDs, including the highly debated near-infrared photoluminescence in Cu doped CdSe QDs. We show that all our results point to a common theme of orbital hybridization in Cu doped CdSe QDs which leads to optically and electronically active states below the conduction band minimum. Our model is supported from current–voltage measurements of doped and undoped materials, which exhibit Schottky to Ohmic behavior with Cu doping, suggestive of a tuning of the lowest energy states near the Fermi level.

  11. Role of microbial inoculation and chitosan in phytoextraction of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd by Elsholtzia splendens - a field case

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wang Fayuan [Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, 70 Tianjin Road, Luoyang, Henan Province 471003 (China) and Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008 (China)]. E-mail: wfy1975@163.com; Lin Xiangui [Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008 (China); Yin Rui [Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008 (China)

    2007-05-15

    A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of microbial inoculation on heavy metal phytoextraction by Elsholtzia splendens and whether chitosan could have a synergistic effect with the microbial inocula. The microbial inocula consisted of a consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and two Penicillium fungi. Three treatments were included: the control, inoculation with microbial inocula, and the inoculation combined with chitosan. Microbial inoculation increased plant biomass especially shoot dry weight, enhanced shoot Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations but did not affect Cd, leading to higher shoot Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd uptake. Compared with microbial inoculation alone, chitosan application did not affect plant growth but increased shoot Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations except Cu, which led to higher phytoextraction efficiencies and partitioning to shoots of Zn, Pb and Cd. These results indicated synergistic effects between microbial inocula and chitosan on Zn, Pb and Cd phytoextraction. - Co-application of microbial inocula and chitosan enhanced heavy metal phytoextraction by E. splendens.

  12. Role of microbial inoculation and chitosan in phytoextraction of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd by Elsholtzia splendens - a field case

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang Fayuan; Lin Xiangui; Yin Rui

    2007-01-01

    A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of microbial inoculation on heavy metal phytoextraction by Elsholtzia splendens and whether chitosan could have a synergistic effect with the microbial inocula. The microbial inocula consisted of a consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and two Penicillium fungi. Three treatments were included: the control, inoculation with microbial inocula, and the inoculation combined with chitosan. Microbial inoculation increased plant biomass especially shoot dry weight, enhanced shoot Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations but did not affect Cd, leading to higher shoot Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd uptake. Compared with microbial inoculation alone, chitosan application did not affect plant growth but increased shoot Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations except Cu, which led to higher phytoextraction efficiencies and partitioning to shoots of Zn, Pb and Cd. These results indicated synergistic effects between microbial inocula and chitosan on Zn, Pb and Cd phytoextraction. - Co-application of microbial inocula and chitosan enhanced heavy metal phytoextraction by E. splendens

  13. Chemical bath deposition of CdS thin films doped with Zn and Cu

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    Abstract. Zn- and Cu-doped CdS thin films were deposited onto glass substrates by the chemical bath technique. ... Cadmium sulfide; chemical bath deposition; doping; optical window. 1. ..... at low temperature (10 K), finding similar trends than.

  14. Chemical Stability of Cd(II and Cu(II Ionic Imprinted Amino-Silica Hybrid Material in Solution Media

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Buhani, Narsito, Nuryono, Eko Sri Kunarti

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Chemical stability of Cd(II and Cu(II ionic imprinted hybrid material of (i-Cd-HAS and i-Cu-HAS derived from silica modification with active compound (3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (3-APTMS has been studied in solution media. Stability test was performed with HNO3 0.1 M (pH 1.35 to investigate material stability at low pH condition, CH3COONa 0.1 M (pH 5.22 for adsorption process optimum pH condition, and in the water (pH 9.34 for base condition. Material characteristics were carried out with infrared spectrophotometer (IR and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS. At interaction time of 4 days in acid and neutral condition, i-Cd-HAS is more stable than i-Cu-HAS with % Si left in material 95.89 % (acid media, 43.82 % (close to neutral, and 9.39 % (base media.Keywords: chemical stability, amino-silica hybrid, ionic imprinting technique

  15. Chemical Stability of Cd(II and Cu(II Ionic Imprinted Amino-Silica Hybrid Material in Solution Media

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Buhani Buhani

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available Chemical stability of Cd(II and Cu(II ionic imprinted amino-silica (HAS material of (i-Cd-HAS and i-Cu-HAS derived from silica modification with active compound (3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (3-APTMS has been studied in solution media.  Stability test was performed with HNO3 0.1 M (pH 1.35 to investigate material stability at low pH condition, acetat buffer at pH 5.22 for adsorption process optimum pH condition, and in the water (pH 9.34 for base condition.  Material characteristics were carried out with infrared spectrophotometer (IR and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS.  At interaction time of 4 days in acid and neutral condition, i-Cd-HAS is more stable than i-Cu-HAS with % Si left in material 95.89 % (acid media, 43.82 % (close to neutral, and 9.39 % (base media.Keywords: chemical stability, amino-silica hybrid, ionic imprinting technique.

  16. Effects of Acute and Chronic Heavy Metal (Cu, Cd, and Zn Exposure on Sea Cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Li Li

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted with sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus exposed to heavy metals. Acute toxicity values (96 h LC50 were 2.697, 0.133, and 1.574 mg L−1 for Zn, Cu, and Cd, respectively, and were ranked in order of toxicity: Cu > Cd > Zn. Under chronic metal exposure the specific growth rates of sea cucumbers decreased with the increase of metal concentration for all the three metals. After acute metal exposure, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR decreased. The OCRs in all groups were significantly different than control (P muscle > intestine in natural sea water. After chronic Zn, Cu, and Cd exposure, the change pattern of HK and PK in respiratory tree, muscle, and intestine varied slightly. However, the activity of the enzyme showed a general trend of increase and then decrease and the higher the exposure concentration was, the earlier the highest point of enzyme activity was obtained.

  17. Size effect on the SHG properties of Cu-doped CdI2 nanocrystals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Miah, M. Idrish

    2009-01-01

    Because the optically induced second harmonic generation (SHG) is prevented by symmetry in a centrosymmetric material, one needs to form noncentrosymmetric processes in order to observe the SHG. However, one of the efficient ways to enhance the noncentrosymmetricity of a material is to dope it with an appropriate impurity and amount. We grow Cu-doped CdI 2 layered nanocrystal structures from the mixture of CdI 2 and CuI using the standard Bridgman-Stockbarger method and investigate the nano-confined effects by studying the second-order optical effect via the measurements of SHG. The second-order susceptibility for the nanocrystals is calculated and the values at liquid helium temperature range from 0.38 to 0.83 pm V -1 for the thicknesses of 10-0.8 nm respectively. The size dependence demonstrates the nano-sized quantum-confined effect with a clear increase in the SHG with decreasing the thickness of the nanocrystal or crystal temperature. Since the local electron-phonon anharmonicity is described by third-order rank tensors in disordered systems, the SHG is very similar to that one introduced for the third-order optical susceptibility. It has been confirmed by observing the large photoluminescent yield of the pure crystals. The Raman scattering spectra taken for thin nanocrystals confirm the phonon modes originating from interlayer phonons crucially responsible for the observed effects. The obtained results show that the Cu-doped CdI 2 layered nanocrystals are promising materials for applications in optoelectronic nano-devices.

  18. Enriquecimiento, disponibilidad y contaminación de metales traza (Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn en sedimentos de lagunas urbanas de Concepción-Chile Enrichment, availability and contamination of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments of urban lagoons in Concepción, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elizabeth González Sepúlveda

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment, availability and contamination in superficial sediments of three interconnected urban lagoons localized in Concepción-Chile, were evaluated. According to the results of geochemical fracctionation analysis, Cu and Pb are rather associated with oxi-hydroxides, Cd is associated with exchangeable and carbonates fraction, while Zn is mainly associated with organic, oxi-hydroxides and residual fraction. The estimation of the availability percentages indicate that Cu is the most mobile metal and the less mobile is the Cd. An evaluation of the geo-accumulation index and urban industrial pollution allowed to classify the studied zone as moderately to highly contaminated.

  19. Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) in Water and Angel Fish (Chelmon rostractus) from Batam Coastal, Indonesia

    OpenAIRE

    Ismarti Ismarti; Ramses Ramses; Suheryanto Suheryanto; Fitrah Amelia

    2017-01-01

    Fish play an important role in human nutrition and therefore need to be carefully and routinely monitored to ensure that there are no high levels of heavy metals being transferred to human through their consumption. This study has been carried out to determine level of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Cd) in water and angel fish, Chelmon rostractus collected from coast of Batam. We report levels of Cu, Cd and Pb in water and angel fish from Coast Batam using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Lev...

  20. Effects of Surface Charge and Functional Groups on the Adsorption and Binding Forms of Cu and Cd on Roots of indica and japonica Rice Cultivars

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zhao-Dong Liu

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available This work was designed to understand the mechanisms of adsorption of copper (Cu and cadmium (Cd on roots of indica and japonica varieties of rice. Six varieties each of indica and japonica rice were grown in hydroponics and the chemical properties of the root surface were analyzed, including surface charges and functional groups (-COO- groups as measured by the streaming potential and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR. Binding forms of heavy metals adsorbed on rice roots were identified using sequential extraction methods. In rice roots exposed to Cu and Cd solutions, Cu existed mainly in both exchangeable and complexed forms, whereas Cd existed mainly in the exchangeable form. The amounts of exchangeable Cu and Cd and total adsorbed metal cations on the roots of indica varieties were significantly greater than those on the roots of japonica varieties, and the higher negative charges and the larger number of functional groups on the roots of indica varieties were responsible for their higher adsorption capacity and greater binding strength for Cu and Cd. Surface charge and functional groups on roots play an important role in the adsorption of Cu and Cd on the rice roots.

  1. Effects of waterborne Cu and Cd on anti-oxidative response, lipid peroxidation and heavy metals accumulation in abalone Haliotis discus hannai ino

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lei, Yanju; Zhang, Wenbing; Xu, Wei; Zhang, Yanjiao; Zhou, Huihui; Mai, Kangsen

    2015-06-01

    The aim of this study was to compare the effects of waterborne copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) on survival, anti-oxidative response, lipid peroxidation and metal accumulation in abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Experimental animals (initial weight: 7.49 g ± 0.01 g) were exposed to graded concentrations of waterborne Cu (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 mg L-1) or Cd (0.025, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5 mg L-1) for 28 days, respectively. Activities of the anti-oxidative enzymes (catalase, CAT; superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidases, GPx; glutathione S-transferase, GST), contents of the reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondiadehyde (MDA) in the hepatopancreas, and metal accumulation in hepatopancreas and muscles were analyzed after 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28 days of metal exposure, respectively. Results showed that 0.04 mg L-1, 0.06 mg L--1 and 0.08 mg L-1 Cu caused 100% death of abalone on the 21st, 10th and 6th day, respectively. However, no dead abalone was found during the 28-day waterborne Cd exposure at all experimental concentrations. Generally, activities of SOD and GST in hepatopancreas under all Cu concentrations followed a decrease trend as the exposure time prolonged. However, these activities were firstly increased and then decreased to the control level and increased again during Cd exposure. Activities of CAT in all Cu exposure treatments were higher than those in the control. These activities were firstly increased and then decreased to the control level and increased again during Cd exposure. Contents of MDA in hepatopancreas in all Cu treatments significantly increased first and then decreased to the control level. However, the MDA contents in hepatopancreas were not significantly changed during the 28-day Cd exposure. The metals accumulation in both hepatopancreas and muscles of abalone significantly increased with the increase of waterborne metals concentration and exposure time. These results indicated that H. discus hannai has a positive anti-oxidative defense

  2. Distributions of dissolved trace metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ag in the southeastern Atlantic and the Southern Ocean

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. Boye

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available Comprehensive synoptic datasets (surface water down to 4000 m of dissolved cadmium (Cd, copper (Cu, manganese (Mn, lead (Pb and silver (Ag are presented along a section between 34° S and 57° S in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean to the south off South Africa. The vertical distributions of Cu and Ag display nutrient-like profiles similar to silicic acid, and of Cd similar to phosphate. The distribution of Mn shows a subsurface maximum in the oxygen minimum zone, whereas Pb concentrations are rather invariable with depth. Dry deposition of aerosols is thought to be an important source of Pb to surface waters close to South Africa, and dry deposition and snowfall may have been significant sources of Cu and Mn at the higher latitudes. Furthermore, the advection of water masses enriched in trace metals following contact with continental margins appeared to be an important source of trace elements to the surface, intermediate and deep waters in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Hydrothermal inputs may have formed a source of trace metals to the deep waters over the Bouvet Triple Junction ridge crest, as suggested by relatively enhanced dissolved Mn concentrations. The biological utilization of Cu and Ag was proportional to that of silicic acid across the section, suggesting that diatoms formed an important control over the removal of Cu and Ag from surface waters. However, uptake by dino- and nano-flagellates may have influenced the distribution of Cu and Ag in the surface waters of the subtropical Atlantic domain. Cadmium correlated strongly with phosphate (P, yielding lower Cd / P ratios in the subtropical surface waters where phosphate concentrations were below 0.95 μM. The greater depletion of Cd relative to P observed in the Weddell Gyre compared to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current could be due to increase Cd uptake induced by iron-limiting conditions in these high

  3. Effects of warming on uptake and translocation of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in a contaminated soil-rice system under Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ge, Li-Qiang; Cang, Long; Liu, Hui; Zhou, Dong-Mei

    2016-07-01

    Global warming has received growing attentions about its potential threats to human in recent, however little is known about its effects on transfer of heavy metals in agro-ecosystem, especially for Cd in rice. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate Cd/Cu translocation in a contaminated soil-rice system under Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI). The results showed that warming gradually decreased soil porewater pH and increased water-soluble Cd/Cu concentration, reduced formation of iron plaque on root surface, and thus significantly increased total uptake of Cd/Cu by rice. Subsequently, warming significantly promoted Cd translocation from root to shoot, and increased Cd distribution percentage in shoot, while Cu was not significantly affected. Enhanced Cd uptake and translocation synergistically resulted in higher rice grain contamination with increasing concentration from 0.27 to 0.65 and 0.14-0.40 mg kg(-1) for Indica and Japonica rice, respectively. However increase of Cu in brown grain was only attributed to its uptake enhancement under warming. Our study provides a new understanding about the food production insecurity of heavy metal contaminated soil under the future global warming. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  4. A new colorimetric chemosensors for Cu{sup 2+} and Cd{sup 2+} ions detection: Application in environmental water samples and analytical method validation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tekuri, Venkatadri; Trivedi, Darshak R., E-mail: darshak_rtrivedi@yahoo.co.in

    2017-06-15

    A new heterocyclic thiophene-2-caboxylic acid hydrazide based chemosensor R1 to R4 were designed, synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, UV-Vis, {sup 1}H NMR, {sup 13}C NMR, Mass and SC-XRD. The chemosensor R3 showed a significant color change from colorless to yellow in the presence of Cu{sup 2+} ions and chemosensor R4 showed a significant color change from colorless to yellow in the presence of Cd{sup 2+} ions over the other tested cations such as Cr{sup 3+}, Mn{sup 2+}, Fe{sup 2+}, Fe{sup 3+}, Co{sup 2+}, Ni{sup 2+}, Zn{sup 2+}, Ag{sup 2+}, Al{sup 3+}, Pb{sup 2+}, Hg{sup 2+}, K{sup +}, Ca{sup 2+} and Mg{sup 2+}. The high selective and sensitivity of R3 towards Cu{sup 2+} and R4 towards Cd{sup 2+} ions was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopic study. The R3 showed a red shift in the presence of Cu{sup 2+} ions by Δλ{sub max} 67 nm and R4 showed a red shift in the presence of Cd{sup 2+} ions by Δλ{sub max} 105 nm in the absorption spectrum. The binding stoichiometric ratio of the complex between R3 - Cu{sup 2+} and R4 - Cd{sup 2+} ions have been found to be 1:1 using the B-H plot. Under optimized experimental conditions, the R3 and R4 exhibits a dynamic linear absorption response range, from 0 to 50 μM for Cu{sup 2+} ions and 0 to 30 μM for Cd{sup 2+} ions, with the detection limit of 2.8 × 10{sup −6} M for Cu{sup 2+} and 2.0 × 10{sup −7} M for Cd{sup 2+} ions. The proposed analytical method for the quantitative determination of Cu{sup 2+} and Cd{sup 2+} ions was validated and successfully applied for the environmental samples with good precision and accuracy. - Highlights: • Detection of Cu{sup 2+} and Cd{sup 2+} ions has gained significance by virtue of its key role in biological and environmental science. • The R3 and R4 showed instantaneous color change from colorless to yellow in the presence of Cu{sup 2+} and Cd{sup 2+} ions respectively. • The proposed detection methods were validated and

  5. Enhanced photovoltaic performance of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with a progressive reduction of recombination using Cu-doped CdS quantum dots

    Science.gov (United States)

    Muthalif, Mohammed Panthakkal Abdul; Lee, Young-Seok; Sunesh, Chozhidakath Damodharan; Kim, Hee-Je; Choe, Youngson

    2017-02-01

    In this article, we have systematically probed the effect of Cu-doping in CdS quantum dots (QDs) to enhance the photovoltaic performance of the quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). The Cu-doped CdS photoanodes were prepared by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method and the corresponding cell devices were fabricated using CuS counter electrodes with a polysulfide electrolyte. The photovoltaic performance results demonstrate that 3 mM Cu-doped CdS QDs based QDSSCs exhibit the efficiency (η) of 3% including JSC = 9.40 mA cm-2, VOC = 0.637 V, FF = 0.501, which are higher than those with bare CdS (η = 2.05%, JSC = 7.12 mA cm-2, VOC = 0.588 V, FF = 0.489). The structural, topographical and optical properties of the thin films have been studied with the help of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-vis spectrophotometer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements indicate that Cu-dopant can inhibit the charge recombination at the photoanode/electrolyte interface and extend the lifetime of electrons. These results reveal that incorporation of copper metal in CdS QDs is a simple and effective method to improve the photovoltaic properties of QDSSCs.

  6. Optical analysis of lens-like Cu{sub 2}CdSnS{sub 4} quaternary alloy nanostructures

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Odeh, Ali Abu; Ayub, R.M. [University Malaysia Perlis, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Kangar, Perlis (Malaysia); Al-Douri, Y. [University Malaysia Perlis, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Kangar, Perlis (Malaysia); University of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sidi-Bel-Abbes (Algeria); Ameri, M. [Universite Djilali Liabes de Sidi Bel- Abbes, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Materiaux Avances (LPCMA), Sidi-Bel-Abbes (Algeria); Bouhemadou, A. [University of Setif 1, Laboratory for Developing New Materials and Their Characterization, Setif (Algeria); Prakash, Deo [SMVD University, Faculty of Engineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kakryal, Katra, J and K (India); Verma, K.D. [S.V. College, Material Science Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Aligarh, U.P. (India)

    2016-10-15

    Cu{sub 2}CdSnS{sub 4} quaternary alloy nanostructures with different copper concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 M) were successfully synthesized on n-type silicon substrates using spin coating technique with annealing temperature at 300 C. Optical properties were analyzed through UV-Vis and Photoluminescence spectroscopies, and thus, there is a change in energy band gap with increasing Cu concentration from 0.2 to 1.0 M. The structural properties of Cu{sub 2}CdSnS{sub 4} quaternary alloy nanostructures were investigated by X-ray diffraction. The particles size and shape have a direct relationship with copper concentration. Morphological and topographical studies were carried out by using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The obtained results are investigated to be available in the literature for future studies. (orig.)

  7. The effects of microalloying with Cd on precipitation processes in Al-1.7 Cu-0.3 mg (At. %) alloys

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sofyan, Bondan T.

    2002-01-01

    The present work investigates the effects of microalloying with Cd on precipitation processes in Al-1.7 Cu-0.3 mg (At. %) alloys. Analytical STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope) revealed the presence of clusters rich in Cd and Mg at early stages of ageing, which is believed to be responsible in promoting the nucleation of θ (Al,Cu) in the alloy on its (001) planes. The Cd-Mg clusters then grow as Cd-Mg-rich particles when ageing is continued beyond the peak hardness. The presence of Cd-Mg-rich clusters is thought to play an important role on the nucleation of θ phase by accommodating the misfit strain on the non-coherent rim of the phase. The accommodation of misfit strain is made available by the presence of large amount of vacancies, which is trapped by Cd and Mg atoms during quenching, around θ platelet nuclei

  8. The Investigation of Heavy Metal Content (Cu, Cd, Pb in Sapu-Sapu Fish (Hypostomus plecostomus in Bengawan Solo River

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ristiyana Eko Setyarini

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available A study had been carried out to investigate heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Pb content in sapu-sapu fish (hypostomus plecostomus in Bengawan Solo river. The type of this research was observational research, with sapu-sapu fish inhabit Bengawan Solo River as the population. The samples were taken with purposive random sampling. Nine sapu-sapu fishes taken from 3 places, i.e.: Nguter Sukoharjo area, Premulung river outlet and Anyar river, 3 fishes from each palce, and then take examined the content of heavy metal. The result of study showed that the average content of Cu: 0.027 mg/100gr, Cd: 0.005 mg/100gr and Pb: 0.042 mg/100gr. Hence, sapu-sapu fish in Be3ngawan Solo had been contaminated with heavy metal (Cu, Cd, and Pb and should not be consumed.

  9. Determination of Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr in yogurt by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: A case study for Brazilian yogurt.

    Science.gov (United States)

    de Andrade, Camila Kulek; de Brito, Patrícia Micaella Klack; Dos Anjos, Vanessa Egéa; Quináia, Sueli Pércio

    2018-02-01

    A slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method is proposed for the determination of trace elements such as Cu, Cr, Cd and Pb in yogurt. The main factors affecting the slurry preparation were optimized: nature and concentration of acid solution and sonication time. The analytical method was validated in-house by calibration, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision and accuracy test obtaining satisfactory results in all cases. The proposed method was applied for the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in some Brazilian yogurt samples. For these samples, the concentrations ranged from 2.5±0.2 to 12.4±0.2ngg -1 ; 34±3 to 899±7ngg -1 ; <8.3 to 12±1ngg -1 ; and <35.4 to 210±16ngg -1 for Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb, respectively. The daily intake of Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb via consumption of these samples was estimated. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Decorated Shastry-Sutherland lattice in the spin-(1)/(2) magnet CdCu2(BO3)2

    Science.gov (United States)

    Janson, O.; Rousochatzakis, I.; Tsirlin, A. A.; Richter, J.; Skourski, Yu.; Rosner, H.

    2012-02-01

    We report the microscopic magnetic model for the spin-1/2 Heisenberg system CdCu2(BO3)2, one of the few quantum magnets showing the 1/2-magnetization plateau. Recent neutron diffraction experiments on this compound [M. Hase , Phys. Rev. BPLRBAQ0556-280510.1103/PhysRevB.80.104405 80, 104405 (2009)] evidenced long-range magnetic order, inconsistent with the previously suggested phenomenological magnetic model of isolated dimers and spin chains. Based on extensive density functional theory band structure calculations, exact diagonalizations, quantum Monte Carlo simulations, third-order perturbation theory as well as high-field magnetization measurements, we find that the magnetic properties of CdCu2(BO3)2 are accounted for by a frustrated quasi-2D magnetic model featuring four inequivalent exchange couplings: the leading antiferromagnetic coupling Jd within the structural Cu2O6 dimers, two interdimer couplings Jt1 and Jt2, forming magnetic tetramers, and a ferromagnetic coupling Jit between the tetramers. Based on comparison to the experimental data, we evaluate the ratios of the leading couplings Jd : Jt1 : Jt2 : Jit = 1 : 0.20 : 0.45 : -0.30, with Jd of about 178 K. The inequivalence of Jt1 and Jt2 largely lifts the frustration and triggers long-range antiferromagnetic ordering. The proposed model accounts correctly for the different magnetic moments localized on structurally inequivalent Cu atoms in the ground-state magnetic configuration. We extensively analyze the magnetic properties of this model, including a detailed description of the magnetically ordered ground state and its evolution in magnetic field with particular emphasis on the 1/2-magnetization plateau. Our results establish remarkable analogies to the Shastry-Sutherland model of SrCu2(BO3)2, and characterize the closely related CdCu2(BO3)2 as a material realization for the spin-1/2 decorated anisotropic Shastry-Sutherland lattice.

  11. Determination of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Sb and Se concentrations by radiochemical neutron activation analysis in different Brazilian regional diets

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Favaro, D.I.T.; Maihara, V.A.; Armelin, M.J.A.; Vasconcellos, M.B.A.; Cozzolino, S.M.

    1994-01-01

    Radiochemical separation procedures developed for the determination of seven elements: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Sb and Se in different Brazilian regional diets are described. In the case of the elements As, Hg, Sb and Se, the procedure was based on retention in inorganic exchanger TFO (tin dioxide) and determination of Hg by extraction with Ni(DDC) 2 . For determination of Cd, Cr, Cu and Se the procedure chosen was based on retention in inorganic exchanger HMD (hydrated manganese dioxide) and extraction of Cu and Cd as diethyldithiocarbamate compounds. The accuracy and precision of the methods studied were tested by means of analyses of different reference materials-Due to the lack of data on trace element levels in Brazilian foodstuffs and diets, these methods were applied to determination of these elements in different Brazilian regional diets. These s were supplied by the Food and Experimental Nutrition Department of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Sao Paulo. The daily intake values for these diets are presented for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Sb and Se. (author) 21 refs.; 6 tabs

  12. CELULE FOTOVOLTAICE CU HETEROJONCŢIUNEA nCdS-pInP

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vasile BOTNARIUC

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Au fost studiate proprietăţile electrice şi fotoelectrice ale heterojoncţiunilor nCdS-pInP cu şi fără strat epitaxial inter-mediar poInP. S-a stabilit că la polarizări directe în mecanismul de transport al curentului predomină procesele de recom-binare în regiunea de sarcină spaţială. La polarizări inverse predomină procesele de tunelare. Prezenţa stratului epitaxial poInP depus repetat măreşte ISC până la 28,2 mA·cm-2, UCD până la 0,780 V, iar eficienţa conversiei energiei până la 15% la 300 K şi iluminare 100 mW/cm2. Fotosensibilitatea CF nCdS-poInP-pInP corespunde intervalului λ=550...950 nm cu un maximum plat localizat în intervalul λ=700...850 nm.HETEROJONCTION nCdS–pInP FOTOVOLTAIC CELLSElectrical and photoelectrical properties of nCdS-pInP hetero-junctions with and without intermediate poInP epitaxial layer were studied. It was established that the current flow mechanism at direct biases is determined mainly by the recombi-nation processes in the space charge region of the junction. At the reverse biases the tunneling processes are predominant. The presence of poInP layer leads to the photo-electrical parameters enhancing of hetero-junction: short circuit current increases up to 28,2 mA·cm -2, open circuit voltage up to 0,780V and the efficiency of solar energy conversion up to 15 % (at 300 K and illumination of 100mw/cm2. The photo-sensitivity of nCdS- poInP -pInP is in the wavelength region of λ= 550-950nm with a maximum localized to λ=700-850nm.

  13. Investigation of Au9+ swift heavy ion irradiation on CdS/CuInSe2 thin films

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Joshi, Rajesh A.; Taur, Vidya S.; Singh, Fouran; Sharma, Ramphal

    2013-01-01

    In the present manuscript we report about the preparation of CdS/CuInSe 2 heterojunction thin films by chemical ion exchange method and investigation of 120 MeV Au 9+ swift heavy ions (SHI) irradiation effect on its physicochemical as well as optoelectronic properties. These pristine (as grown) samples are irradiated with 120 MeV Au 9+ SHI of 5×10 11 and 5×10 12 ions/cm 2 fluencies and later on characterized for structural, compositional, morphological, optical and I–V characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern obtained from pristine and irradiated films shows considerable modifications in peak intensity as well as rising of some new peaks, corresponding to In 2 Se 3 , Cu 3 Se 2 and CuIn 2 Se 3 materials. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show decrease in grain size upon increase in irradiation ion fluencies, which is also supported from the observation of random and uneven distribution of nano-grains as confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Presence of Cd, Cu, In, S and Se in energy dispersive X-ray spectrum analysis (EDAX) confirms the expected and observed elemental composition in thin films, the absorbance peaks are related to band to band transitions and spin orbit splitting while energy band gap is observed to increase from 1.36 for pristine to 1.53 eV for SHI irradiated thin films and I–V characteristics under illumination to 100 mW/cm 2 light source shows enhancement in conversion efficiency from 0.26 to 1.59% upon irradiation. - Highlights: • Nanostructured CdS/CuInSe 2 can be grown by chemical ion exchange method. • Physicochemical and optoelectronic properties can be modified by 120 MeV Au 9+ SHI Irradiation. • Solar energy conversion efficiency improved from 0.26 to 1.59% in CdS/CuInSe 2 upon irradiation

  14. Abnormalities in soluble CD147 / MMPs / TIMPs axis in Ankylosing Spondylitis patients with and without a history of Acute Anterior Uveitis / Anomalii ale axei CD147 solubil / MMPs / TIMPs la pacienții cu spondilită anchilozantă cu sau fără uveită acută anterioară

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mitulescu Traian Costin

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Spondilita Anchilozantă (SA este prototipul formei axiale a spondiloartritelor. În pofida studiilor extinse, sunt încă incomplet înțelese mecansimele complexe legate de procesele celulare și moleculare anormale din SA. Printre mediatorii inflamației, cum ar fi citokinele proinflamatoare, NOS-2, chemokinele, care conduc la inflamație, metaloproteinazele de matrice (MMPs joacă un rol important în procesele inflamatoare care caracterizează SA. De aceea, ne-am propus să evaluăm dacă perturbări ale homeostaziei inductorului extracelular de MMPs (EMMPRIN/CD147, MMPs și inhibitorilor tisulari ai MMPs (TIMPs joacă un rol în evoluția SA în special la pacienții care au în istoricul lor Uveită Acută Anterioară (UAA. În acest scop seruri de la pacienți cu SA și de la donatori sănătoși (DS au fost analizate pentru nivelurile de CD147 solubil (sCD147, MMP-3 și TIMP-1 prin tehnica imunoenzimatica ELISA și pentru activitatea gelatinazelor MMP-2 si MMP-9 folosind gelatin zimografia. Rezultatele experimentale au arătat că nivelurile de sCD147, MMP-3 si TIMP-1 sunt semnificativ crescute la pacienții cu SA comparativ cu DS. sCD147 ca și raportul MMP-2/sCD147 a diferențiat pacienții cu UAA de cei fără UAA în istoricul lor. La pacienții cu SA rapoartele MMP-2/sCD147, MMP-3/sCD147 și MMP-3/TIMP-1 au sugerat dezechilibrul dintre MMPs și reglatorii lor. Aceste rezultate sugerează că rapoartele MMPs/sCD147 pot deveni biomarkeri potențiali pentru întărirea caracterizării pacienților cu SA și pentru a prognoza evoluția bolii. Corelațiile pozitive și negative dintre anumite caracteristici experimentale și/sau clinice ale pacienților cu SA și terapie subliniază de asemenea utilitatea evaluării acestor biomarkeri pentru a identifica o terapie individualizată și eficientă.

  15. Electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the determination of Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb in rice flour

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Li, P.-C.; Jiang, S.-J.

    2003-01-01

    Ultrasonic slurry sampling (USS)-electrothermal vaporization (ETV) dynamic reaction cell TM (DRC) inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been applied to determine Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb in rice samples. The influences of instrument operating conditions and slurry preparation on the ion signals were reported. Ascorbic acid was used as a modifier to enhance the ion signals. The background ions at the chromium masses were reduced in intensity significantly by using 0.4 ml min -1 NH 3 as reaction cell gas in the dynamic reaction cell while a q value of 0.6 was used. Since the sensitivities of Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb in rice flour slurry and aqueous solution were quite different, standard addition and isotope dilution methods were used for the determination of Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb in these rice samples. This method has been applied to the determination of Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb in NIST SRM 1568a rice flour reference material and two rice samples purchased from the market. The analytical results for the reference material agreed with the certified values. The results for the rice samples for which no reference values were available were also found to be in good agreement between the isotope dilution and standard addition methods. The method's detection limits estimated from the standard addition plots were about 0.44, 1.7, 0.4, 0.53 and 0.69 ng g -1 for Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively, in the original rice flour

  16. Occurrences of dissolved trace metals (Cu, Cd, and Mn) in the Pearl River Estuary (China), a large river-groundwater-estuary system

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Deli; Lin, Wenfang; Yang, Xiqian; Zhai, Weidong; Dai, Minhan; Arthur Chen, Chen-Tung

    2012-12-01

    This study for the first time examined dissolved metals (Cu, Cd, and Mn) together with dissolved oxygen and carbonate system in the whole Pearl River Estuary system, from the upper rivers to the groundwater discharges until the estuarine zone, and explored their potential impacts in the adjacent northern South China Sea (SCS) during May-August 2009. This river-groundwater-estuary system was generally characterized by low dissolved metal levels as a whole, whilst subject to severe perturbations locally. In particular, higher dissolved Cu and Cd occurred in the North River (as high as 60 nmol/L of Cu and 0.99 nmol/L of Cd), as a result of an anthropogenic source from mining activities there. Dissolved Cu levels were elevated in the upper estuary near the city of Guangzhou (Cu: ˜40 nmol/L), which could be attributable to sewage and industrial effluent discharges there. Elevated dissolved metal levels (Cu: ˜20-40 nmol/L; Cd: ˜0.2-0.8 nmol/L) also occurred in the groundwaters and parts of the middle and lower estuaries, which could be attributable to a series of geochemical reactions, e.g., chloride-induced desorption from the suspended sediments, oxidation of metal sulfides, and the partial dissolution of minerals. The high river discharge during our sampling period (May-August 2009) significantly diluted anthropogenic signals in the estuarine mixing zone. Of particular note was the high river discharge (which may reach 18.5 times as high as in the dry season) that transported anthropogenic signals (as indicated by dissolved Cu and Cd) into the adjacent shelf waters of the northern SCS, and might have led to the usually high phytoplankton productivity there (chlorophyll-a value >10 μg/L).

  17. Batch adsorption of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, Cr and Cd) from ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    cinthia

    This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd) removal from mixed metal ions solution using coconut husk as adsorbent. The effects of varying contact time, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose and pH on adsorption process of these metals were studied using synthetically ...

  18. The leaching kinetics of cadmium from hazardous Cu-Cd zinc plant residues.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Meng; Zheng, Shili; Liu, Biao; Du, Hao; Dreisinger, David Bruce; Tafaghodi, Leili; Zhang, Yi

    2017-07-01

    A large amount of Cu-Cd zinc plant residues (CZPR) are produced from the hydrometallurgical zinc plant operations. Since these residues contain substantial amount of heavy metals including Cd, Zn and Cu, therefore, they are considered as hazardous wastes. In order to realize decontamination treatment and efficient extraction of the valuable metals from the CZPR, a comprehensive recovery process using sulfuric acid as the leaching reagent and air as the oxidizing reagent has been proposed. The effect of temperature, sulfuric acid concentration, particle size, solid/liquid ratio and stirring speed on the cadmium extraction efficiency was investigated. The leaching kinetics of cadmium was also studied. It was concluded that the cadmium leaching process was controlled by the solid film diffusion process. Moreover, the order of the reaction rate constant versus H 2 SO 4 concentration, particle size, solid/liquid ratio and stirring speed was calculated. The XRD and SEM-EDS analysis results showed that the main phases of the secondary sulfuric acid leaching residues were lead sulfate and calcium sulfate. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Distribution of various forms of Cd, Pb and Cu in the Wadge Bank region (Arabian Sea)

    Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

    George, M.D.

    Labile, nonlabile and particulate forms of Cd,Pb and Cu were determined in 29 water samples collected from a depth of 5 m, from the Wadge Bank area. Labile Cd varied from 0.1 to 0.2 mu g.l-1 while nonlabile fraction was in the range 0.1 to 0.3 mu gl...

  20. Determination of the impurity content of B, Cd, Cu, W in uranium-gadolinium pellets

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chen Lan; Zhang Jiansheng; Zhang Bo; Shao Yan

    2010-01-01

    This paper deals with determining the impurity content of B, Cd, Cu and W in Uranium-gadolinium Pellets. Set up the method: dissolve the sample in nitric acid and mannitol; use the 3 mol/L HNO 3 solution for mobile phase, CL-TBP resin for stationary phase to separate the Uranium from its nitric acid solution, collect the leaching solution , analysed by the Multi-component spectra fitting ICP-AES. The studies also includes the setting up and validity testing of the MSF model. The studies conducted suggests that:the sampling mass 0.2000 g, prepared sample volume is 6 mL; range of the determination concentration Cu, W(3-300) μg/g; B, Cd (0.3-30) μg/g .The recovery of the impurities is (89-120)%, relative standard deviation is better than 8%. (authors)

  1. Optically induced second-harmonic generation in CdI sub 2 -Cu layered nanocrystals

    CERN Document Server

    Voolless, F; Hydaradjan, W

    2003-01-01

    A large enhancement (up to 0.40 pm V sup - sup 1) of the second-order optical susceptibility was observed in CdI sub 2 -Cu single-layered nanocrystals for the Nd:YAG fundamental laser beam lambda = 1.06 mu m. The Cu impurity content and nanolayer thickness of the cleaved layers (about several nanometres) play a crucial role in the observed effect. The temperature dependence of the optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) together with its correlation with Raman spectra of low-frequency modes indicate a key role for the UV-induced anharmonic electron-phonon interactions in the observed effect. The maximal output UV-induced SHG was achieved for a Cu content of about 0.5% and at liquid helium temperatures.

  2. Continuous biosorption of Pb/Cu and Pb/Cd in fixed-bed column using algae Gelidium and granulated agar extraction algal waste.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vilar, Vítor J P; Loureiro, José M; Botelho, Cidália M S; Boaventura, Rui A R

    2008-06-15

    Continuous metal ions biosorption from Pb/Cu and Pb/Cd solutions onto seaweed Gelidium sesquipedale and a composite material prepared from an industrial algal waste was performed in a packed bed column. A binary Langmuir equation describes well the equilibrium data and indicates a good adsorption capacity. In the sorption process, Cd and Cu break through the column faster than Pb due to its lower affinity for the biosorbent. An overshoot in the outlet Cd concentration was observed and explained by competitive adsorption between Pb and Cd, whereby the higher Pb affinity for the biosorbent displaces bound Cd ions. A small overshoot happens for Cu adsorption in the presence of Pb ions. Desorption using 0.1 M HNO3 as eluant, was 100% effective. A mass transfer model for the adsorption and desorption processes, considering an external and intraparticle film resistance, adequately simulates the column performance. A binary Langmuir equation was used to describe equilibrium for the saturation process and a mass action law for the desorption process. Elution process is defined as an ion exchange mechanism, between protons and metal ions.

  3. Continuous biosorption of Pb/Cu and Pb/Cd in fixed-bed column using algae Gelidium and granulated agar extraction algal waste

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vilar, Vitor J.P. [LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)], E-mail: vilar@fe.up.pt; Loureiro, Jose M. [LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)], E-mail: loureiro@fe.up.pt; Botelho, Cidalia M.S. [LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)], E-mail: cbotelho@fe.up.pt; Boaventura, Rui A.R. [LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)], E-mail: bventura@fe.up.pt

    2008-06-15

    Continuous metal ions biosorption from Pb/Cu and Pb/Cd solutions onto seaweed Gelidium sesquipedale and a composite material prepared from an industrial algal waste was performed in a packed bed column. A binary Langmuir equation describes well the equilibrium data and indicates a good adsorption capacity. In the sorption process, Cd and Cu break through the column faster than Pb due to its lower affinity for the biosorbent. An overshoot in the outlet Cd concentration was observed and explained by competitive adsorption between Pb and Cd, whereby the higher Pb affinity for the biosorbent displaces bound Cd ions. A small overshoot happens for Cu adsorption in the presence of Pb ions. Desorption using 0.1 M HNO{sub 3} as eluant, was 100% effective. A mass transfer model for the adsorption and desorption processes, considering an external and intraparticle film resistance, adequately simulates the column performance. A binary Langmuir equation was used to describe equilibrium for the saturation process and a mass action law for the desorption process. Elution process is defined as an ion exchange mechanism, between protons and metal ions.

  4. Continuous biosorption of Pb/Cu and Pb/Cd in fixed-bed column using algae Gelidium and granulated agar extraction algal waste

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vilar, Vitor J.P.; Loureiro, Jose M.; Botelho, Cidalia M.S.; Boaventura, Rui A.R.

    2008-01-01

    Continuous metal ions biosorption from Pb/Cu and Pb/Cd solutions onto seaweed Gelidium sesquipedale and a composite material prepared from an industrial algal waste was performed in a packed bed column. A binary Langmuir equation describes well the equilibrium data and indicates a good adsorption capacity. In the sorption process, Cd and Cu break through the column faster than Pb due to its lower affinity for the biosorbent. An overshoot in the outlet Cd concentration was observed and explained by competitive adsorption between Pb and Cd, whereby the higher Pb affinity for the biosorbent displaces bound Cd ions. A small overshoot happens for Cu adsorption in the presence of Pb ions. Desorption using 0.1 M HNO 3 as eluant, was 100% effective. A mass transfer model for the adsorption and desorption processes, considering an external and intraparticle film resistance, adequately simulates the column performance. A binary Langmuir equation was used to describe equilibrium for the saturation process and a mass action law for the desorption process. Elution process is defined as an ion exchange mechanism, between protons and metal ions

  5. Application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,...in vegetable samples in Dalat

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Giang, Nguyen; Tam, Nguyen Thanh; Ngoc Trinh, Le Thi; Mai, Truong Phuong; Minh, Nguyen Van [Nuclear Research Institute, Dalat (Viet Nam)

    2004-08-01

    Nowadays atomic absorption spectrometry has become valuable method for trace element analysis because high specificity; low detection litmus, easy to use; easy sample preparation, low investment and running costs... atomic absorption spectrometry is generally accepted as one the most suitable method for single - element analysis of trace elements in various kinds of materiel. In 2003, we applied flame - atomic absorption spectrometry for analyzing Ca, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn...in vegetables and their extracted juices were collected form 11 locations of Dalat, including two kinds of vegetables (goods and safety) in both the summer and winter. Average concentration of Ca = 240 mg/kg wet, Cd = 0.035 mg/kg wet, Cu = 0.67 mg/kg wet, Mg = 131 mg/kg wet, Fe = 8.1/kg wet, Mn = 3.1/kg wet, Na = 3266 mg/kg wet, Pb = 0.345 mg/kg wet and Zn = 3.3 mg wet. In their extracted juices: Ca = 89 mg/kg wet, Cd = 0.008 mg/kg wet, Cu = 0.19 mg/kg wet, Mg = 43 mg/kg wet, Fe = 2.3 mg/kg wet, Mn = 0.61 mg/kg wet, Na = 971 mg/kg wet, Pb = 0.107 mg/kg wet and Zn = 0.65 mg/kg wet. (author)

  6. Application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,...in vegetable samples in Dalat

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nguyen Giang; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Le Thi Ngoc Trinh; Truong Phuong Mai; Nguyen Van Minh

    2004-01-01

    Nowadays atomic absorption spectrometry has become valuable method for trace element analysis because high specificity; low detection litmus, easy to use; easy sample preparation, low investment and running costs... atomic absorption spectrometry is generally accepted as one the most suitable method for single - element analysis of trace elements in various kinds of materiel. In 2003, we applied flame - atomic absorption spectrometry for analyzing Ca, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn...in vegetables and their extracted juices were collected form 11 locations of Dalat, including two kinds of vegetables (goods and safety) in both the summer and winter. Average concentration of Ca = 240 mg/kg wet, Cd = 0.035 mg/kg wet, Cu = 0.67 mg/kg wet, Mg = 131 mg/kg wet, Fe = 8.1/kg wet, Mn = 3.1/kg wet, Na = 3266 mg/kg wet, Pb = 0.345 mg/kg wet and Zn = 3.3 mg wet. In their extracted juices: Ca = 89 mg/kg wet, Cd = 0.008 mg/kg wet, Cu = 0.19 mg/kg wet, Mg = 43 mg/kg wet, Fe = 2.3 mg/kg wet, Mn = 0.61 mg/kg wet, Na = 971 mg/kg wet, Pb = 0.107 mg/kg wet and Zn = 0.65 mg/kg wet. (author)

  7. Thermodynamic studies on the adsorption of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Amine-modified bentonite (TEPA-Bn) has been prepared with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as a modifier. The structure of Ca-based bentonite (Ca-Bn), TEPA-Bn and TEPA-Bn after adsorbing Cu2+,Ni2+,Cd2+ had been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ...

  8. Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in mudfish and sediments from three ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    driniev

    2004-04-02

    Apr 2, 2004 ... and analysed for Cd and Pb by electro-thermal AAS, and for Cu and Zn by flame AAS. ... measurements and the dolomitic hard water and high pH of the Mooi River water .... Copper and zinc were determined by flame analysis at 324.8 nm ... were placed separately in clean 20 ml glass vials and one ml de-.

  9. Enriquecimiento, disponibilidad y contaminación de metales traza (Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn) en sedimentos de lagunas urbanas de Concepción-Chile Enrichment, availability and contamination of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in sediments of urban lagoons in Concepción, Chile

    OpenAIRE

    Elizabeth González Sepúlveda; María Retamal Cifuentes; Valentina Medina Pedreros; Ramón Ahumada Bermúdez; José Neira Hinojosa

    2009-01-01

    Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) enrichment, availability and contamination in superficial sediments of three interconnected urban lagoons localized in Concepción-Chile, were evaluated. According to the results of geochemical fracctionation analysis, Cu and Pb are rather associated with oxi-hydroxides, Cd is associated with exchangeable and carbonates fraction, while Zn is mainly associated with organic, oxi-hydroxides and residual fraction. The estimation of the availability percentages indi...

  10. Superconducting Cd and Ca doped 123 phase in Cdo.8Ba2(Y0.7Ca0.4) Cu3.5Oy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Balchev, N.; Kovachev, V; THOMAS, J.; BIEGER, W.; Konstantinov, K.; Kunev, B.

    1999-01-01

    A new Cd-containing superconductor with nominal composition of Cd 0.8 Ba 2 (Y 0.7 Ca 0.4 ) Cu 3.5 O y and T c = 80 K was synthesized and investigated. The obtained XRD pattern shows that the dominating phase is an orthorhombic 123. It was shown that the presence of Cd and Ca facilitates the 123 phase formation. The results of the EDX analysis on SEM and TEM have shown that the distribution of the Cd and Ca in the samples is inhomogeneous. The two elements enter the 123 phase in most of the investigated crystals and form a new Cd-Ba-Y-Ca-Cu-O superconducting compound

  11. Size effect on the SHG properties of Cu-doped CdI{sub 2} nanocrystals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Miah, M. Idrish, E-mail: m.miah@griffith.edu.au [Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111 (Australia); School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111 (Australia); Department of Physics, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331 (Bangladesh)

    2009-12-15

    Because the optically induced second harmonic generation (SHG) is prevented by symmetry in a centrosymmetric material, one needs to form noncentrosymmetric processes in order to observe the SHG. However, one of the efficient ways to enhance the noncentrosymmetricity of a material is to dope it with an appropriate impurity and amount. We grow Cu-doped CdI{sub 2} layered nanocrystal structures from the mixture of CdI{sub 2} and CuI using the standard Bridgman-Stockbarger method and investigate the nano-confined effects by studying the second-order optical effect via the measurements of SHG. The second-order susceptibility for the nanocrystals is calculated and the values at liquid helium temperature range from 0.38 to 0.83 pm V{sup -1} for the thicknesses of 10-0.8 nm respectively. The size dependence demonstrates the nano-sized quantum-confined effect with a clear increase in the SHG with decreasing the thickness of the nanocrystal or crystal temperature. Since the local electron-phonon anharmonicity is described by third-order rank tensors in disordered systems, the SHG is very similar to that one introduced for the third-order optical susceptibility. It has been confirmed by observing the large photoluminescent yield of the pure crystals. The Raman scattering spectra taken for thin nanocrystals confirm the phonon modes originating from interlayer phonons crucially responsible for the observed effects. The obtained results show that the Cu-doped CdI{sub 2} layered nanocrystals are promising materials for applications in optoelectronic nano-devices.

  12. Speciation and behaviour of Cd, Pb and Cu in Zuari Estuary, west coast of India

    Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

    George, M.D.

    Dissolved labile and nonlabile forms of Cd, Pb and Cu in Zuari Estuary, Goa, India measured for a period of 14 months showed lowest concentrations during the SW monsoon (June-September) while maximum concentrations were observed during...

  13. Subcellular metal partitioning in larvae of the insect Chaoborus collected along an environmental metal exposure gradient (Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rosabal, Maikel; Hare, Landis [Institut national de la Recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 de la Couronne, Quebec, Quebec, G1K 9A9 (Canada); Campbell, Peter G.C., E-mail: peter.campbell@ete.inrs.ca [Institut national de la Recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 de la Couronne, Quebec, Quebec, G1K 9A9 (Canada)

    2012-09-15

    Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Midge larvae were collected from 12 lakes representing Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn gradients. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Along the gradients, the heat-stable protein fractions increased for Cd, Ni and Cu. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer However, this metal detoxification response was incomplete for Cd and Ni. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Concentrations of these two metals increased in putative metal-sensitive fractions. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Metal detoxification is Chaoborus is compared to that in other freshwater animals. - Abstract: Larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus are common and widespread in lakes contaminated by metals derived from mining and smelting activities. To explore how this insect is able to cope with potentially toxic metals, we determined total metal concentrations and subcellular metal partitioning in final-instar Chaoborus punctipennis larvae collected from 12 lakes situated along gradients in aqueous Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations. Concentrations of the non-essential metals Cd and Ni were more responsive to aqueous metal gradients than were larval concentrations of the essential metals Cu and Zn; these latter metals were better regulated and exhibited only 2-3-fold increases between the least and the most contaminated lakes. Metal partitioning was determined by homogenization of larvae followed by differential centrifugation, NaOH digestion and heat denaturation steps so as to separate the metals into operationally defined metal-sensitive fractions (heat-denaturable proteins (HDP), mitochondria, and lysosomes/microsomes) and metal-detoxified fractions (heat stable proteins (HSP) and NaOH-resistant or granule-like fractions). Of these five fractions, the HSP fraction was the dominant metal-binding compartment for Cd, Ni and Cu. The proportions and concentrations of these three metals in this fraction increased along the metal bioaccumulation gradient, which suggests that metallothionein-like proteins

  14. Water Soluble Cationic Porphyrin Sensor for Detection of Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Matibur Zamadar

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Here we report the sensing properties of the aqueous solution of meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridylporphine tetrachloride (1 for simultaneous detection of toxic metal ions by using UV-vis spectroscopy. Cationic porphyrin 1 displayed different electronic absorptions in UV-vis region upon interacting with Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ ions in neutral water solution at room temperature. Quite interestingly, the porphyrin 1 showed that it can function as a single optical chemical sensor and/or metal ion receptor capable of detecting two or more toxic metal ions, particularly Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ ions coexisting in a water sample. Porphyrin 1 in an aqueous solution provides a unique UV-vis sensing system for the determination of Cd2+ in the presence of larger metal ions such as Hg2+, or Pb2+. Finally, the examination of the sensing properties of 1 demonstrated that it can operate as a Cu2+ ion selective sensor via metal displacement from the 1-Hg2+, 1-Pb2+, and 1-Cd2+.

  15. Effects of copper concentration on electro-optical and structural properties of chemically deposited nanosized (Zn-Cd)S:Cu films

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Khare, Ayush

    2010-01-01

    Nanocrystalline (Zn-Cd)S films have been co-deposited on glass slide substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique at 70 deg. C for 75 min. Electroluminescent (EL), photoluminescent (PL) and structural characteristics of these films doped with Cu have been investigated. Cu doping has significant effects on the growth, structural and optical properties of the deposited (Zn-Cd)S films. EL studies show the essentiality of copper for EL emission. The effect of Cu concentration is examined on XRD, SEM, UV-vis spectroscopy, etc. The morphology of these films investigated with SEM and XRD is used to determine crystalline nature of the films. The optical absorption coefficient of the films has been found to increase with increase in Cu concentration. Voltage and frequency dependence shows the effectiveness of acceleration-collision mechanism. The trap-depth values are calculated from temperature dependence of EL brightness.

  16. Estudio de la reaccion de sulfurizacion de precursores Cu/In para la formacion de capas delgadas policristalinas de CuInS2 para celulas solares

    OpenAIRE

    Barcones Campo, Beatriz; Álvarez García, Jacobo; Calvo-Barrio, L.; Pérez Rodríguez, Alejandro; Romano Rodríguez, Alberto; Morante i Lleonart, Joan Ramon; Scheer, R.; Klenk, R.; Pietzker, Ch.

    2004-01-01

    En este trabajo se presenta un estudio detallado de los procesos implicados en la sulfurización de capas metálicas de Cu-In para la fabricación de células solares de CuInS2. Con este objeto, se ha desarrollado un experimento de sulfurización parcial de las capas, que han sido sometidas posteriormente a un tratamiento de selenización. El estudio de estas estructuras mediante Espectroscopía Raman y Espectroscopía de Electrones Auger (AES) ha permitido conocer algunos de los detalles de la reacc...

  17. Square-wave anodic-stripping voltammetric determination of Cd, Pb and Cu in wine: Set-up and optimization of sample pre-treatment and instrumental parameters

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Illuminati, Silvia; Annibaldi, Anna; Truzzi, Cristina; Finale, Carolina; Scarponi, Giuseppe

    2013-01-01

    For the first time, square-wave anodic-stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was set up and optimized for the determination of Cd, Pb and Cu in white wine after UV photo-oxidative digestion of the sample. The best procedure for the sample pre-treatment consisted in a 6-h UV irradiation of diluted, acidified wine, with the addition of ultrapure H 2 O 2 (three sequential additions during the irradiation). Due to metal concentration differences, separate measurements were carried out for Cd (deposition potential −950 mV vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl deposition time 15 min) and simultaneously for Pb and Cu (E d −750 mV, t d 30 s). The optimum set-up of the main instrumental parameters, evaluated also in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, were as follows: E SW 20 mV, f 100 Hz, ΔE step 8 mV, t step 100 ms, t wait 60 ms, t delay 2 ms, t meas 3 ms. The electrochemical behaviour was reversible bielectronic for Cd and Pb, and kinetically controlled monoelectronic for Cu. Good accuracy was found both when the recovery procedure was used and when the results were compared with data obtained by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The linearity of the response was verified up to ∼4 μg L −1 for Cd and Pb and ∼15 μg L −1 for Cu. The detection limits for t d = 5 min in the 10 times diluted, UV digested sample were (ng L −1 ): Cd 7.0, Pb 1.2 and Cu 6.6, which are well below currently applied methods. Application to a Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi white wine revealed concentration levels of Cd ∼0.2, Pb ∼10, Cu ∼30 μg L −1 with repeatabilities of (±RSD%) Cd ±6%, Pb ±5%, Cu ±10%

  18. Low-temperature solid-state preparation of ternary CdS/g-C_3N_4/CuS nanocomposites for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H_2-production activity

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cheng, Feiyue; Yin, Hui; Xiang, Quanjun

    2017-01-01

    Highlights: • CdS/g-C_3N_4/CuS composite were synthesized by low-temperature solid-state method. • CdS/g-C_3N_4/CuS show enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H_2 evolution activity. • The enhanced photocatalytic H_2 production activity is due to the heterojunction. • Heterojunction between the components promote charge separation/transfer property. - Abstract: Low-temperature solid-state method were gradually demonstrated as a high efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection strategy to fabricate composite semiconductor materials. CdS-based multiple composite photocatalytic materials have attracted increasing concern owning to the heterostructure constituents with tunable band gaps. In this study, the ternary CdS/g-C_3N_4/CuS composite photocatalysts were prepared by a facile and novel low-temperature solid-state strategy. The optimal ternary CdS/g-C_3N_4/CuS composite exhibits a high visible-light photocatalytic H_2-production rate of 57.56 μmol h"−"1 with the corresponding apparent quantum efficiency reaches 16.5% at 420 nm with Na_2S/Na_2SO_3 mixed aqueous solution as sacrificial agent. The ternary CdS/g-C_3N_4/CuS composites show the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H_2-evolution activity comparing with the binary CdS-based composites or simplex CdS. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the heterojunctions and the synergistic effect of CuS and g-C_3N_4 in promotion of the charge separation and charge mobility. This work shows that the low-temperature solid-state method is efficient and environmentally benign for the preparation of CdS-based multiple composite photocatalytic materials with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H_2-production activity.

  19. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) partitioning and bioaccessibility in uncontaminated and long-term contaminated soils

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lamb, Dane T.; Ming Hui; Megharaj, Mallavarapu; Naidu, Ravi

    2009-01-01

    We investigated the pore-water content and speciation of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in a range of uncontaminated and long-term contaminated soils in order to establish their potential bioaccessibility to soil biota, plants and humans. Among the samples, soil pH (0.01 M CaCl 2 ) ranged from 4.9 to 8.2. The total metal content of the uncontaminated soils ranged from 3.8 to 93.8 mg Cu kg -1 , 10.3 to 95 mg kg -1 Zn, 0.1 to 1.8 mg Cd kg -1 and 5.2 to 183 mg kg -1 Pb, while metal content in the contaminated soils ranged from 104 to 6841 mg Cu kg -1 , 312 to 39,000 mg kg -1 Zn, 6 to 302 mg Cd kg -1 and 609 to 12,000 mg kg -1 Pb. Our analysis of pore-water found the Cu concentrations to be much higher in contaminated soils than in uncontaminated soils, with the distribution coefficients (K d ) correlating significantly with the log of dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Despite the high total metal content of the contaminated soil, Zn, Cd and Pb were not generally found at elevated levels in the pore-water with the exception of a single contaminated soil. A long period of ageing and soil weathering may have led to a substantial reduction in heavy metal concentrations in the pore-water of contaminated soils. On the other hand, Pb bioaccessibility was found to be comparatively high in Pb contaminated soils, where it tended to exceed the total Pb values by more than 80%. We conclude that, despite the extensive ageing of some contaminated soils, the bioaccessibility of Pb remains relatively high.

  20. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) partitioning and bioaccessibility in uncontaminated and long-term contaminated soils

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lamb, Dane T.; Ming Hui; Megharaj, Mallavarapu [Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095 (Australia); Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), P.O. Box 486, Salisbury, SA 5106 (Australia); Naidu, Ravi, E-mail: ravi.naidu@crccare.com [Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095 (Australia); Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), P.O. Box 486, Salisbury, SA 5106 (Australia)

    2009-11-15

    We investigated the pore-water content and speciation of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in a range of uncontaminated and long-term contaminated soils in order to establish their potential bioaccessibility to soil biota, plants and humans. Among the samples, soil pH (0.01 M CaCl{sub 2}) ranged from 4.9 to 8.2. The total metal content of the uncontaminated soils ranged from 3.8 to 93.8 mg Cu kg{sup -1}, 10.3 to 95 mg kg{sup -1} Zn, 0.1 to 1.8 mg Cd kg{sup -1} and 5.2 to 183 mg kg{sup -1} Pb, while metal content in the contaminated soils ranged from 104 to 6841 mg Cu kg{sup -1}, 312 to 39,000 mg kg{sup -1} Zn, 6 to 302 mg Cd kg{sup -1} and 609 to 12,000 mg kg{sup -1} Pb. Our analysis of pore-water found the Cu concentrations to be much higher in contaminated soils than in uncontaminated soils, with the distribution coefficients (K{sub d}) correlating significantly with the log of dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Despite the high total metal content of the contaminated soil, Zn, Cd and Pb were not generally found at elevated levels in the pore-water with the exception of a single contaminated soil. A long period of ageing and soil weathering may have led to a substantial reduction in heavy metal concentrations in the pore-water of contaminated soils. On the other hand, Pb bioaccessibility was found to be comparatively high in Pb contaminated soils, where it tended to exceed the total Pb values by more than 80%. We conclude that, despite the extensive ageing of some contaminated soils, the bioaccessibility of Pb remains relatively high.

  1. Effects of hydrazine on the solvothermal synthesis of Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4} and Cu{sub 2}CdSnSe{sub 4} nanocrystals for particle-based deposition of films

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Chiang, Ming-Hung [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701 (China); Fu, Yaw-Shyan, E-mail: ysfu@mail.nutn.edu.tw [Department of Greenergy, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan 700 (China); Shih, Cheng-Hung; Kuo, Chun-Cheng [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701 (China); Guo, Tzung-Fang [Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701 (China); Lin, Wen-Tai, E-mail: wtlin@mail.ncku.edu.tw [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701 (China)

    2013-10-01

    The effects of hydrazine on the synthesis of Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4} (CZTSe) and Cu{sub 2}CdSnSe{sub 4} (CCTSe) nanocrystals in an autoclave as a function of temperature and time were explored. On heating at 190 °C for 24-72 h, pure CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals could readily grow in the hydrazine-added solution, while in the hydrazine-free solution the intermediate phases such as ZnSe, Cu{sub 2}Se, and Cu{sub 2}SnSe{sub 3}, and Cu{sub 2}SnSe{sub 3} and CdSe associated with the CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals grew, respectively. This result reveals that hydrazine can speed up the synthesis of pure CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals via a solvothermal process. The mechanisms for the hydrazine-enhanced growth of CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals were discussed. The pure CZTSe and CCTSe nanocrystals were subsequently fabricated to the smooth films by spin coating without further annealing in selenium atmosphere. This processing may be beneficial to the fabrication of the absorber layer for solar cells and thermoelectric devices. - Highlights: • Hydrazine enhances the growth of pure Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4} and Cu{sub 2}CdSnSe{sub 4} nanocrystals. • The nanocrystals can be fabricated to films by spin coating without annealing. • This solvothermal processing is promising for the fabrication of thin film devices.

  2. Selective removals of heavy metals (Pb(2+), Cu(2+), and Cd(2+)) from wastewater by gelation with alginate for effective metal recovery.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Fei; Lu, Xingwen; Li, Xiao-yan

    2016-05-05

    A novel method that uses the aqueous sodium alginate solution for direct gelation with metal ions is developed for effective removal and recovery of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The experimental study was conducted on Pb(2+), Cu(2+), and Cd(2+) as the model heavy metals. The results show that gels can be formed rapidly between the metals and alginate in less than 10 min and the gelation rates fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The optimum dosing ratio of alginate to the metal ions was found to be between 2:1 and 3:1 for removing Pb(2+) and around 4:1 for removing Cu(2+) and Cd(2+) from wastewater, and the metal removal efficiency by gelation increased as the solution pH increased. Alginate exhibited a higher gelation affinity toward Pb(2+) than Cu(2+) and Cd(2+), which allowed a selective removal of Pb(2+) from the wastewater in the presence of Cu(2+) and Cd(2+) ions. Chemical analysis of the gels suggests that the gelation mainly occurred between the metal ions and the -COO(-) and -OH groups on alginate. By simple calcination of the metal-laden gels at 700 °C for 1 h, the heavy metals can be well recovered as valuable resources. The metals obtained after the thermal treatment are in the form of PbO, CuO, and CdO nanopowders with crystal sizes of around 150, 50, and 100 nm, respectively. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) content in two fish species of ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    GREGORY

    2010-09-13

    Sep 13, 2010 ... Water pollution and fish physiology. CRC press. Florida, USA, p. 245. Kalay M, Canli M (2000). Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and nonessential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissue of a freshwater fish Tilapia zillii following and uptake protocol. Turk. J. Zool. 24: 429-436. Karadede H, Ünlü E (2000). Concentrations ...

  4. The investigation of solid solutions thin interlayers in CdS/CdTe film heterosystems

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Khrypunov, G.; Boyko, B.; Chernykh, O.

    1999-01-01

    The photo-response spectral dependence of ITO/CdTe/Au/Cu and ITO/CdS/CdTe/Au/Cu film heterosystems were investigated. At illuminations ITO/CdS/CdTe/Au/Cu heterosystems on ITO side a photo-response maximum was observed for photon absorption with a wavelength of 0.87 μm that is stipulated by formation of CdS x Te 1-x solid solutions interlayer with band gap width less than in CdTe layer. By use optical measurement transmittance spectra was selected a spectral photosensitivity interval appropriate to the contribution of non-equilibrium charge carriers generated in solid solutions interlayer by photon absorption with energy less than CdTe film band gap

  5. Enhanced photocatalytic activity over Cd{sub 0.5}Zn{sub 0.5}S with stacking fault structure combined with Cu{sup 2+} modified carbon nanotubes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gong, Beini; Lu, Yonghong [School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 (China); The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Wu, Pingxiao, E-mail: pppxwu@scut.edu.cn [School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 (China); The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Huang, Zhujian; Zhu, Yajie; Dang, Zhi [School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 (China); The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Zhu, Nengwu [School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 (China); The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Lu, Guining; Huang, Junyi [School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 (China); The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006 (China)

    2016-03-01

    Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • CdZnS with stacking faults was combined with Cu{sup 2+} modified carbon nanotubes. • Stacking faults and carbon nanotubes (Cu) synergized to promote charge separation. • The composite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance. - Abstract: For enhanced photocatalytic performance of visible light responsive CdZnS, a series of Cd{sub 0.5}Zn{sub 0.5}S solid solutions were fabricated by different methods. It was found that the semiconductor obtained through the precipitation-hydrothermal method (CZS-PH) exhibited the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 2154 μmol h{sup −1} g{sup −1}. The enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production of CZS-PH was probably due to stacking fault formation as well as narrow bandgap, a large surface area and a small crystallite size. Based on this, carbon nanotubes modified with Cu{sup 2+} (CNTs (Cu)) were used as a cocatalyst for CZS-PH. The addition of CNTs (Cu) enhanced notably the absorption of the composites for visible light. The highest photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of the Cd{sub 0.5}Zn{sub 0.5}S-CNTs (Cu) composite was 2995 μmol h{sup −1} g{sup −1} with 1.0 wt.% of CNTs (Cu). The improvement of the photocatalytic activity by loading of CNTs (Cu) was not due to alteration of bandgap energy or surface area, and was probably attributed to suppression of the electron-hole recombination by the CNTs, with Cu{sup 2+} anchored in the interface optimizing the photogenerated electron transfer pathway between the semiconductor and CNTs. We report here the successful combination of homojunction and heterojunction in CdZnS semiconductor, which resulted in promotion of charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic activity.

  6. Levels Of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn And Cd, In Effluent From A Sewage ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    This study reports the results of preliminary investigation of heavy metal levels-Ni, Cd, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn; pH; temperature and electrical conductivity in effluents from a sewage treatment oxidation pond and its receiving stream. The heavy metal concentrations were determined with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass ...

  7. Column dynamic studies and breakthrough curve analysis for Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions adsorption onto palm oil boiler mill fly ash (POFA).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aziz, Abdul Shukor Abdul; Manaf, Latifah Abd; Man, Hasfalina Che; Kumar, Nadavala Siva

    2014-01-01

    This paper investigates the adsorption characteristics of palm oil boiler mill fly ash (POFA) derived from an agricultural waste material in removing Cd(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution via column studies. The performance of the study is described through the breakthrough curves concept under relevant operating conditions such as column bed depths (1, 1.5, and 2 cm) and influent metal concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/L). The Cd(II) and Cu(II) uptake mechanism is particularly bed depth- and concentration-dependant, favoring higher bed depth and lower influent metal concentration. The highest bed capacity of 34.91 mg Cd(II)/g and 21.93 mg Cu(II)/g of POFA was achieved at 20 mg/L of influent metal concentrations, column bed depth of 2 cm, and flow rate of 5 mL/min. The whole breakthrough curve simulation for both metal ions were best described using the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models, but it is apparent that the initial region of the breakthrough for Cd(II) was better described using the BDST model. The results illustrate that POFA could be utilized effectively for the removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution in a fixed-bed column system.

  8. Caracterización morfológica de películas delgadas de cu/cd obtenidas por electrodeposición

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    William Arnulfo Aperador-Chaparro

    2007-01-01

    Full Text Available This work presents the use of the technique of current pulsant inverse, pulse direct current and direct current for electrodeposition thin films Cu/Cd in double-layer shape on Zamak substrate. The influence of the different variables was studied involved in each one of the processes: voltage and time of deposition (VHigh and VLow, voltage and time of breakup (VLow and tLow and the load cycle ( =tHigh/tHigh+tLow, obtaining the average of the anodic (ILow and cathodic (IHigh currents as a function of the anodic (tLow and cathodic (tHigh times, respectively. The electrodeposits of Cu/Cd were characterized by means of optic microscopy to obtain the grain size; moreover the ruggedness was obtained using a Scanning Proved Image Processor (SPIP. These results showed that the control of pulsed voltage during the deposit allowing to obtain Cu/Cd films denser, and with a size of grain finer that the conventional films deposited by the technique of direct current. The protective anticorrosive power of the thin films was evaluated by means the technique TAFEL.

  9. Ferromagnetic half-metallic characteristic in bulk Ni 0.5M 0.5O (M=Cu, Zn and Cd): A GGAU study

    KAUST Repository

    Mi, Wenbo; Yang, Hua; Cheng, Yingchun; Bai, Haili

    2012-01-01

    Ferromagnetic half metallicity with a high spin polarization of 100% was predicted in the bulk Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O using density-functional theory method. The band gap of majority spin is 3.45 eV for Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O. The density of states of minority spin at the Fermi level are mainly from Cu 3d and O 2p in the Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O. The magnetic moments are from Ni 3d states. Ni 0.5Zn 0.5O and Ni 0.5Cd 0.5O systems are ferromagnetic insulators, but the magnetic moment of Ni 2 ions is enhanced by the Zn and Cd incorporation. Therefore, Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O is the potential candidate for spintronics devices because of the predicted high spin polarization. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Ferromagnetic half-metallic characteristic in bulk Ni 0.5M 0.5O (M=Cu, Zn and Cd): A GGAU study

    KAUST Repository

    Mi, Wenbo

    2012-07-01

    Ferromagnetic half metallicity with a high spin polarization of 100% was predicted in the bulk Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O using density-functional theory method. The band gap of majority spin is 3.45 eV for Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O. The density of states of minority spin at the Fermi level are mainly from Cu 3d and O 2p in the Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O. The magnetic moments are from Ni 3d states. Ni 0.5Zn 0.5O and Ni 0.5Cd 0.5O systems are ferromagnetic insulators, but the magnetic moment of Ni 2 ions is enhanced by the Zn and Cd incorporation. Therefore, Ni 0.5Cu 0.5O is the potential candidate for spintronics devices because of the predicted high spin polarization. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Distribution and Behaviors of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the East China Sea Surface Water off the Changjiang Estuary

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kuo-Tung Jiann

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Trace metal (Cd, Cu, and Ni dis tri bu tions and be hav iors in sur face waters of the East China Sea continental shelf were investigated during an expeditioncon ducted in June 2004. Dissolved and particulate trace metal con centrations, as well as fractions of dissolved trace metals, fraction ated based on their different chemical affinities to ion exchangers, were determined using ultra-clean techniques and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS. Large variations of dissolved (< 0.45 mm metal concentrations in the East China Sea shelf waters were found (n = 16 and ranged between 0.036 - 0.287 nM for Cd, 0.87 - 8.66 nM for Cu, and 2.66 - 6.04 nM for Ni. Particulate metal contributions were highest near the river mouth. Dis solved Cd and Ni were pre dominantly present (98% for Cd and 86% for Ni as Chelex-labile fractions in the shelf waters.

  12. Adsorption of Cu 2+ , As 3+ and Cd 2+ ions from aqueous solution ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    The adsorption of Cu2+, Cd2+ and As3+ ions on eggshell from aqueous solution was studied under batch conditions at 30, 40, 50 and 60oC and concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 60 and 80 mg/l. The partition coefficient for the ions between aqueous solution and chicken eggshell increased with time and with increase in the ...

  13. Preparation and electrical properties of ZnO/CdS/Cu (In, Zn) Se2 (ZCIS) heterojunctions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ivanov, V.A.; Gremenok, V.F.; Zalesski, V.B.; Kovalevski, V.I.; Bente, K.

    2010-01-01

    Full text : Cu(In,Zn)Se 2 (ZCIS) is one of the most promising materials for commercial photovoltaic applications. This is due to the high absorption coefficient of approximately 105 cm - 1 in a wide spectral region and a band gap that is in principle adjustable between 1.05 eV for CuInSe 2 and 2.60 eV for ZnSe. Therefore they are suggested to be used in thin film solar cells as absorber as well a wide-gap window layers. The Cu/(In+Zn) ratio of the ZCIS layers is the important parameter for the physical properties of the semiconductor material as well for the solar cell applications. The presented results consider the preparation as well as the chemical, structural and physical characterization of the electrical properties of the ZnO/CdS/CuIn0, 94Zn0, 06Se2 thin films hetero junctions. The ZCIS films were prepared by two-step selenization of Cu-In-ZnSe layers under N2 flow by evaporating a solid Se source close to samples. Such technology is especially suited for developments of industrial processing of large area ZCIS films suitable for solar cells. Cu-In-ZnSe layers were deposited onto Mo-coated soda lime glass substrates by thermal evaporation or sputtering. The Zn content in the ZCIS films was controlled by choise of In/ZnSe ratio in the initial alloy. Buffer layers of CdS were deposited onto the ZCIS films in the chemical bath. The ZnO films were deposited onto CdS by thermal evaporation. The ZnO and CdS films were detected to be polycrystalline with thicknesses of 0.4im and 0.06im respectively and revealed n-type conductivity. The ''Leit-C'' conductive glue was used as electrical contacts. The effective area of each cell was about 0.8 cm2. Under non-illuminated conditions, I - V characteristics of the heterojunctions were approximately exponential at low voltages according to the standard diode equation I=Io[exp(eV/nkT)-1], with a slight deviation from this behaviour at high voltages due to a series of resistance effects. The capacitance of the heterojunctions

  14. First principles calculations of point defect diffusion in CdS buffer layers: Implications for Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S){sub 2} and Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(Se,S){sub 4}-based thin-film photovoltaics

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Varley, J. B.; Lordi, V. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 (United States); He, X.; Rockett, A. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States)

    2016-01-14

    We investigate point defects in CdS buffer layers that may arise from intermixing with Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGSe) or Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S,Se){sub 4} (CZTSSe) absorber layers in thin-film photovoltaics (PV). Using hybrid functional calculations, we characterize the migration barriers of Cu, In, Ga, Se, Sn, Zn, Na, and K impurities and assess the activation energies necessary for their diffusion into the bulk of the buffer. We find that Cu, In, and Ga are the most mobile defects in CIGS-derived impurities, with diffusion expected to proceed into the buffer via interstitial-hopping and cadmium vacancy-assisted mechanisms at temperatures ∼400 °C. Cu is predicted to strongly favor migration paths within the basal plane of the wurtzite CdS lattice, which may facilitate defect clustering and ultimately the formation of Cu-rich interfacial phases as observed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic elemental maps in real PV devices. Se, Zn, and Sn defects are found to exhibit much larger activation energies and are not expected to diffuse within the CdS bulk at temperatures compatible with typical PV processing temperatures. Lastly, we find that Na interstitials are expected to exhibit slightly lower activation energies than K interstitials despite having a larger migration barrier. Still, we find both alkali species are expected to diffuse via an interstitially mediated mechanism at slightly higher temperatures than enable In, Ga, and Cu diffusion in the bulk. Our results indicate that processing temperatures in excess of ∼400 °C will lead to more interfacial intermixing with CdS buffer layers in CIGSe devices, and less so for CZTSSe absorbers where only Cu is expected to significantly diffuse into the buffer.

  15. Earthworm responses to Cd and Cu under fluctuating environmental conditions: a comparison with results from laboratory exposures

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Spurgeon, David J.; Svendsen, Claus; Lister, Lindsay J.; Hankard, Peter K.; Kille, Peter

    2005-01-01

    Laboratory toxicity tests are usually conducted under stable ambient conditions, while exposures in ecosystems occur in a fluctuating climate. To assess how climate influences the toxicity of Cu and Cd for the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, this study compared effects for life-cycle parameters (survival, reproduction), cellular status (lysosomal membrane stability), gene expression (transcript of the metal binding protein metallothionein-2) and tissue metal concentration measured under outdoor conditions, with the same responses under constant conditions as measured by Spurgeon et al. [Spurgeon, D.J., Svendsen, C., Weeks, J.M., Hankard, P.K., Stubberud, H.E., Kammenga, J.E., 2003. Quantifying copper and cadmium impacts on intrinsic rate of population increase in the terrestrial oligochaete Lumbricus rubellus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, 1465-1472]. Both metals were found to significantly influence earthworm reproduction, compromise lysosomal membrane stability and induce MT-2 gene expression in the outdoor system. Comparison with physiological and life-cycle responses in the laboratory indicated similar response patterns and effect concentrations for Cu. For Cd, lysosomal membrane stability and MT-2expression showed comparable responses in both exposures. Juvenile production rate, however, gave different dose response relationships, with the EC- 50 in the outdoor test approximately half that in the laboratory test. A difference in Cd accumulation was also seen. Overall, however, the comparison indicated only a marginal effect of environmental fluctuations typical for northern temperate Europe on earthworm sensitivity to the two metals. - Comparative analysis of life-cycle, physiological and molecular responses to Cu and Cd indicate similar responses under static and fluctuating climate regimes

  16. Excellent photocatalytic hydrogen production over CdS nanorods via using noble metal-free copper molybdenum sulfide (Cu2MoS4) nanosheets as co-catalysts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hong, Sangyeob; Kumar, D. Praveen; Reddy, D. Amaranatha; Choi, Jiha; Kim, Tae Kyu

    2017-02-01

    Charge carrier recombination and durability issues are major problems in photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution processes. Thus, there is a very important necessitate to extend an efficient photocatalyst to control charge-carrier dynamics in the photocatalytic system. We have developed copper molybdenum sulfide (Cu2MoS4) nanosheets as co-catalysts with CdS nanorods for controlling charge carriers without recombination for use in photocatalytic H2 evolution under simulated solar light irradiation. Effective control and utilization of charge carriers are possible by loading Cu2MoS4 nanosheets onto the CdS nanorods. The loading compensates for the restrictions of CdS, and stimulated synergistic effects, such as efficient photoexcited charge separation, lead to an improvement in photostability because of the layered structure of the Cu2MoS4nanosheets. These layered Cu2MoS4 nanosheets have emerged as novel and active replacements for precious noble metal co-catalysts in photocatalytic H2 production by water splitting. We have obtained superior H2 production rates by using Cu2MoS4 loaded CdS nanorods. The physicochemical properties of the composites are analyzed by diverse characterization techniques.

  17. Visible light CrO{sub 4}{sup 2-} reduction using the new CuAlO{sub 2}/CdS hetero-system

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brahimi, R. [Centre of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), BP 248, RP 16004 Algiers (Algeria); Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), BP 32 16111 Algiers (Algeria); Bessekhouad, Y. [Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), BP 32 16111 Algiers (Algeria); National Veterinary High School, BP 16111 Algiers (Algeria); Nasrallah, N. [Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), BP 32 16111 Algiers (Algeria); Trari, M., E-mail: solarchemistry@gmail.com [Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), BP 32 16111 Algiers (Algeria)

    2012-06-15

    Graphical abstract: Pseudo-first order kinetic for CrO{sub 4}{sup 2-} photoreduction for various concentrations. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The work deals with the chromium reduction over CuAlO{sub 2}/CdS hetero-system. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The conduction band of CdS (-1.08 V) is more negative than the CrO{sub 4}{sup 2-}/Cr{sup 3+} level. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The sensitizer CuAlO{sub 2} has been synthesized by sol-gel. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The Cr(VI) reduction follows a pseudo first order kinetic with of salicylic acid. - Abstract: In this study, 64% of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) reduction from the initial concentration (10{sup -4} M) is reported under visible light using the (CuAlO{sub 2}/CdS) hetero-system. In this new hetero-system, low doped CuAlO{sub 2} delafossite, synthesized by sol-gel works as an electrons reservoir with a wide space charge region (440 nm). In this case, the electron transfer to chromate is mediated via the hexagonal CdS variety, whose conduction band level is at -1.08 V with respect to the saturated calomel electrode which is more negative than the CrO{sub 4}{sup 2-}/Cr{sup 3+} level. This high reduction rate is achieved under optimized pH and CuAlO{sub 2} percentage. Moreover, salicylic acid gives the best performance among hole scavengers and CuAlO{sub 2} approaches 100% photostability at pH 7.5. The photo-catalytic process follows a pseudo first order kinetic with a half life of 2 h. The reaction products are identified by UV-visible spectrophotometry and linear voltametry at a platinum rotating electrode. The results reveal the presence of Cr{sup 3+} after irradiation.

  18. Theoretical study of EPR spectra in Cu2+ - and Mn2+ - doped CaCd(CH3COO)4.6H2O

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhou Yiyang; Zhao Minguang

    1987-08-01

    The EPR spectra of CaCd(CH 3 COO) 4 .6H 2 O doped with Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ have been studied theoretically. A comparison between the calculated results and the experimental data shows quantitatively that the Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ ions substitute for the Cd 2+ and Ca 2+ ions, respectively. This conclusion is consistent with the qualitative assumption given by previous authors. (author). 36 refs, 1 fig., 3 tabs

  19. A study: removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions from real industrial water and contaminated water using activated sludge biomass

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kusvuran, Erdal; Yildirim, Deniz [Arts and Sciences Faculty, Chemistry Department, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana (Turkey); Samil, Ali [Arts and Sciences Faculty, Chemistry Department, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras (Turkey); Gulnaz, Osman [Arts and Sciences Faculty, Biology Department, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana (Turkey)

    2012-11-15

    This study aims to remove of Cu{sup 2+}, Cd{sup 2+}, and Pb{sup 2+} ions from solution and to investigate the adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and ion-exchange affinities of these metals using waste activated sludge (AS) biomass. The adsorptions of the metals on biomass were optimal at an acidic pH value of 6.0 based on its monolayer capacities. Maximum monolayer capacities of AS biomass (q{sub max}) were calculated as 0.478, 0.358, and 0.280 mmol g{sup -1} for Cu{sup 2+}, Cd{sup 2+}, and Pb{sup 2+}, respectively, and the adsorption equilibrium time was found as 60 min for each metal. The adsorbed amount of metal rose with increasing of initial metal ion concentration. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of AS for initial 0.25 mmol L{sup -1} metal concentration was determined as 0.200, 0.167, and 0.155 mmol g{sup -1} for Cu{sup 2+}, Cd{sup 2+}, and Pb{sup 2+} ions, respectively. These relevant values were determined as 0.420, 0.305, and 0.282 mmol g{sup -1} for Cu{sup 2+}, Cd{sup 2+}, and Pb{sup 2+} ions, respectively, when initial metal concentration was 0.50 mmol L{sup -1}. In the multi-metal sorption system, the adsorption capacity of AS biomass was observed in the order of Cu{sup 2+} > Cd{sup 2+} > Pb{sup 2+}. In the presence of 100 mmol L{sup -1} H{sup +} ion, the order of ion-exchange affinity with H{sup +} was found as Cu{sup 2+} > Cd{sup 2+} > Pb{sup 2+}. The adsorption kinetics were also found to be well described by the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Two different rate constants were obtained as k{sub i1} and k{sub i2} and k{sub i1} (first stage) was found to be higher than k{sub i2} (second stage). (Copyright copyright 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

  20. The CdS/Cu2S solar cell. 2

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Boeer, K.W.

    1981-01-01

    The present state of the art in theory and experimental knowledge of the operation of CdS/Cu 2 S solar cells is reviewed. The subject is covered under the following headings: (1) voltage drop across the cell, (2) Boltzmann solution near the open circuit voltage, (3) boundary condition at the junction-emitter interface, (4) current-voltage characteristics, (5) multiple donors (traps) in the junction, (6) space charge and field limitation caused by field quenching, (7) tunneling under reverse bias, (8) current-dependent interface electron density and interface recombination, (9) kinetics of the characteristics, (10) relevant experimental results, (11) deduction of junction parameters from j-U characteristics, and (12) junction-emitter interface. 37 references are included

  1. Adsorption of Cd(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution by carbonate hydroxylapatite derived from eggshell waste

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zheng Wei; Li Xiaoming; Yang Qi; Zeng Guangming; Shen Xiangxin; Zhang Ying; Liu Jingjin

    2007-01-01

    Carbonate hydroxylapatite (CHAP) synthesized by using eggshell waste as raw material has been investigated as metal adsorption for Cd(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The effect of various parameters on adsorption process such as contact time, solution pH, amount of CHAP and initial concentration of metal ions was studied at room temperature to optimize the conditions for maximum adsorption. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Cd(II) and Cu(II) by CHAP could reach 94 and 93.17%, respectively, when the initial Cd(II) concentration 80 mg/L and Cu(II) 60 mg/L and the liquid/solid ratio was 2.5 g/L. The equilibrium sorption data for single metal systems at room temperature could be described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The highest value of Langmuir maximum uptake, (b), was found for cadmium (111.1 mg/g) and copper (142.86 mg/g). Similar Freundlich empirical constants, K, were obtained for cadmium (2.224) and copper (7.925). Ion exchange and surface adsorption might be involved in the adsorption process of cadmium and copper. Desorption experiments showed that CaCl 2 , NaCl, acetic acid and ultrasonic were not efficient enough to desorb substantial amount of metal ions from the CHAP. The results obtained show that CHAP has a high affinity to cadmium and copper

  2. Cd(II), Cu(II)

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    user

    Depending on the way goethite was pretreated with oxalic acid, affinity for Cd(II) varied ...... Effects and mechanisms of oxalate on Cd(II) adsorption on goethite at different ... precipitation, surfactant mediation, hydrothermal and micro-emulsion.

  3. Highly enhanced photocurrent of novel quantum-dot-co-sensitized PbS-Hg/CdS/Cu:ZnO thin films for photoelectrochemical applications

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gohel, Jignasa V.; Jana, A.K.; Singh, Mohit

    2017-01-01

    A novel quantum-dot-co-sensitized PbS-Hg/CdS/Cu:ZnO thin films synthesized by low-cost process. The properties of ZnO are also enhanced by doping and co-doping. It is also compared with quantum-dot co-sensitization. Optical properties, crystal structure, morphology, and photocurrent are characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and solar simulator, respectively. The bandgap is interestingly reduced highly to 2.6 eV for Ag co-doped Cu:ZnO. It is unprecedentedly reduced to 2.1 eV and even 1.97 eV for CdS and PbS-Hg QD-sensitized thin films, respectively. An exceptionally enhanced photocurrent of 17.1 mA/cm"2 is achieved with PbS-Hg-co-sensitized CdS-sensitized Cu:ZnO thin film. This is an excellent achievement, which highly supports the potential of low-cost solar conversion. (orig.)

  4. Highly enhanced photocurrent of novel quantum-dot-co-sensitized PbS-Hg/CdS/Cu:ZnO thin films for photoelectrochemical applications

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gohel, Jignasa V.; Jana, A.K.; Singh, Mohit [Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Surat, Gujarat (India)

    2017-08-15

    A novel quantum-dot-co-sensitized PbS-Hg/CdS/Cu:ZnO thin films synthesized by low-cost process. The properties of ZnO are also enhanced by doping and co-doping. It is also compared with quantum-dot co-sensitization. Optical properties, crystal structure, morphology, and photocurrent are characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and solar simulator, respectively. The bandgap is interestingly reduced highly to 2.6 eV for Ag co-doped Cu:ZnO. It is unprecedentedly reduced to 2.1 eV and even 1.97 eV for CdS and PbS-Hg QD-sensitized thin films, respectively. An exceptionally enhanced photocurrent of 17.1 mA/cm{sup 2} is achieved with PbS-Hg-co-sensitized CdS-sensitized Cu:ZnO thin film. This is an excellent achievement, which highly supports the potential of low-cost solar conversion. (orig.)

  5. Low-temperature solid-state preparation of ternary CdS/g-C3N4/CuS nanocomposites for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-production activity

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cheng, Feiyue; Yin, Hui; Xiang, Quanjun

    2017-01-01

    Low-temperature solid-state method were gradually demonstrated as a high efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection strategy to fabricate composite semiconductor materials. CdS-based multiple composite photocatalytic materials have attracted increasing concern owning to the heterostructure constituents with tunable band gaps. In this study, the ternary CdS/g-C3N4/CuS composite photocatalysts were prepared by a facile and novel low-temperature solid-state strategy. The optimal ternary CdS/g-C3N4/CuS composite exhibits a high visible-light photocatalytic H2-production rate of 57.56 μmol h-1 with the corresponding apparent quantum efficiency reaches 16.5% at 420 nm with Na2S/Na2SO3 mixed aqueous solution as sacrificial agent. The ternary CdS/g-C3N4/CuS composites show the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-evolution activity comparing with the binary CdS-based composites or simplex CdS. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the heterojunctions and the synergistic effect of CuS and g-C3N4 in promotion of the charge separation and charge mobility. This work shows that the low-temperature solid-state method is efficient and environmentally benign for the preparation of CdS-based multiple composite photocatalytic materials with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-production activity.

  6. Stabilization of Cd-, Pb-, Cu- and Zn-contaminated calcareous agricultural soil using red mud: a field experiment.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Yangyang; Li, Fangfang; Song, Jian; Xiao, Ruiyang; Luo, Lin; Yang, Zhihui; Chai, Liyuan

    2018-04-12

    Red mud (RM) was used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils. Experiments with two different dosages of RM added to soils were carried out in this study. It was found that soil pH increased 0.3 and 0.5 unit with the dosage of 3 and 5% (wt%), respectively. At the dosage of 5%, the highest stabilization efficiencies for Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn reached 67.95, 64.21, 43.73 and 63.73%, respectively. The addition of RM obviously transferred Cd from the exchangeable fraction to the residual fraction. Meanwhile, in comparison with the control (no RM added), it reduced 24.38, 49.20, 19.42 and 8.89% of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in wheat grains at the RM addition dosage of 5%, respectively. At the same time, the yield of wheat grains increased 17.81 and 24.66% at the RM addition dosage of 3 and 5%, respectively. Finally, the addition of RM did not change the soil bacterial community. These results indicate that RM has a great potential in stabilizing heavy metals in calcareous agricultural soils.

  7. Excellent photocatalytic hydrogen production over CdS nanorods via using noble metal-free copper molybdenum sulfide (Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4}) nanosheets as co-catalysts

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hong, Sangyeob; Kumar, D. Praveen; Reddy, D. Amaranatha; Choi, Jiha; Kim, Tae Kyu, E-mail: tkkim@pusan.ac.kr

    2017-02-28

    Highlights: • Developed Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4} nanosheets as co-catalysts. • Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4} as active replacements for precious noble metal. • Controlled charge recombination for use in photocatalytic H{sub 2} evolution. • Obtained superior rate of H{sub 2} production by using Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4} loaded CdS nanorods. - Abstract: Charge carrier recombination and durability issues are major problems in photocatalytic hydrogen (H{sub 2}) evolution processes. Thus, there is a very important necessitate to extend an efficient photocatalyst to control charge-carrier dynamics in the photocatalytic system. We have developed copper molybdenum sulfide (Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4}) nanosheets as co-catalysts with CdS nanorods for controlling charge carriers without recombination for use in photocatalytic H{sub 2} evolution under simulated solar light irradiation. Effective control and utilization of charge carriers are possible by loading Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4} nanosheets onto the CdS nanorods. The loading compensates for the restrictions of CdS, and stimulated synergistic effects, such as efficient photoexcited charge separation, lead to an improvement in photostability because of the layered structure of the Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4}nanosheets. These layered Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4} nanosheets have emerged as novel and active replacements for precious noble metal co-catalysts in photocatalytic H{sub 2} production by water splitting. We have obtained superior H{sub 2} production rates by using Cu{sub 2}MoS{sub 4} loaded CdS nanorods. The physicochemical properties of the composites are analyzed by diverse characterization techniques.

  8. Synthesis, crystal structure and electrical properties of the tetrahedral quaternary chalcogenides CuM{sub 2}InTe{sub 4} (M=Zn, Cd)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nolas, George S., E-mail: gnolas@usf.edu [Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 (United States); Hassan, M. Shafiq; Dong, Yongkwan [Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 (United States); Martin, Joshua [Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (United States)

    2016-10-15

    Quaternary chalcogenides form a large class of materials that continue to be of interest for energy-related applications. Certain compositions have recently been identified as possessing good thermoelectric properties however these materials typically have the kesterite structure type with limited variation in composition. In this study we report on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the quaternary chalcogenides CuZn{sub 2}InTe{sub 4} and CuCd{sub 2}InTe{sub 4} which crystallize in the modified zinc-blende crystal structure, and compare their properties with that of CuZn{sub 2}InSe{sub 4}. These p-type semiconductors have direct band gaps of about 1 eV resulting in relatively high Seebeck coefficient and resistivity values. This work expands on the research into quaternary chalcogenides with new compositions and structure types in order to further the fundamental investigation of multinary chalcogenides for potential thermoelectrics applications. - Graphical abstract: The structural, optical and electrical properties of the quaternary chalcogenides CuZn{sub 2}InTe{sub 4} and CuCd{sub 2}InTe{sub 4} are reported for the first time. The unique crystal structure allows for relatively good electrical transports and therefore potential for thermoelectric applications. - Highlights: • The physical properties of CuZn{sub 2}InTe{sub 4} and CuCd{sub 2}InTe{sub 4} are reported for the first time. • These materials have potential for thermoelectric applications. • Their direct band gaps also suggest potential for photovoltaics applications.

  9. Solar excitation of CdS/Cu2S photovoltaic cells

    Science.gov (United States)

    Boer, K. W.

    1976-01-01

    Solar radiation of five typical clear weather days and under a variety of conditions is used to determine the spectral distribution of the photonflux at different planes of a CdS/Cu2S solar cell. The fractions of reflected and absorbed flux are determined at each of the relevant interfaces and active volume elements of the solar cell. The density of absorbed photons is given in respect to spectral and spatial distribution. The variance of the obtained distribution, with changes in insolation and absorption spectra of the active solar cell layers, is indicated. A catalog of typical examples is given in the appendix.

  10. Structural and photocarrier radiometric characterization of Cu{sub x}(CdTe){sub y}O{sub z} thin films growth by reactive sputtering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Velazquez-Hernandez, R., E-mail: ruvel2@yahoo.com.m [Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico, C.P. 76010 (Mexico); Rojas-Rodriguez, I. [Universidad Tecnologica de Queretaro, Av. Pie de la Cuesta S/N, Sn. Pedrito Penuelas, Queretaro, Qro. Mexico (Mexico); Carmona-Rodriguez, J.; Jimenez-Sandoval, S. [Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Queretaro, Apartado Postal 1-798, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico C.P.76001 (Mexico); Rodriguez-Garcia, M.E. [Departamento de Nanotecnologia, Centro de Fisica Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus Juriqulla, Apartado Postal 1-1010, Queretaro, Qro. Mexico (Mexico)

    2011-01-31

    This research presents a structural and photocarrier radiometric (PCR) characterization of Cu{sub x}(CdTe){sub y}O{sub z} thin films grown using reactive radiofrequency co-sputtering. Electronic distribution induced by variations in dopant concentration as a function of the position was studied using photocarrier radiometric images. Optical and structural characterization of these thin films was carried out by using micro Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Due to its nondestructive and noncontact characteristics, the PCR is an excellent technique that permits one to obtain details of lateral electronic distribution across the sample. It was found that Cu target power influences the electronic distribution and produces different phases such as Cu{sub 2}Te and CdO.

  11. Tamarix hispida metallothionein-like ThMT3, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, increases tolerance against Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and NaCl in transgenic yeast.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yang, Jingli; Wang, Yucheng; Liu, Guifeng; Yang, Chuanping; Li, Chenghao

    2011-03-01

    A metallothionein-like gene, ThMT3, encoding a type 3 metallothionein, was isolated from a Tamarix hispida leaf cDNA library. Expression analysis revealed that mRNA of ThMT3 was upregulated by high salinity as well as by heavy metal ions, and that ThMT3 was predominantly expressed in the leaf. Transgenic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expressing ThMT3 showed increased tolerance to Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and NaCl stress. Transgenic yeast also accumulated more Cd(2+), Zn(2+), and NaCl, but not Cu(2+). Analysis of the expression of four genes (GLR1, GTT2, GSH1, and YCF1) that aid in transporting heavy metal (Cd(2+)) from the cytoplasm to the vacuole demonstrated that none of these genes were induced under Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and NaCl stress in ThMT3-transgenic yeast. H(2)O(2) levels in transgenic yeast under such stress conditions were less than half those in control yeast under the same conditions. Three antioxidant genes (SOD1, CAT1, and GPX1) were specifically expressed under Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and NaCl stress in the transgenic yeast. Cd(2+), Zn(2+), and Cu(2+) increased the expression levels of SOD1, CAT1, and GPX1, respectively, whereas NaCl induced the expression of SOD1 and GPX1.

  12. Determination of field-based sorption isotherms for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in Dutch soils

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Otte JG; Grinsven JJM van; Peijnenburg WJGM; Tiktak A; LBG; ECO

    1999-01-01

    Sorption isotherms for metals in soil obtained in the laboratory generally underpredict the observed metal content in the solid phase in the field. Isotherms based on in-situ data are therefore required. The aim of this study is to obtain field-based sorption isotherms for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn as input

  13. DETERMINATION OF LIMIT DETECTION OF THE ELEMENTS N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, WITH FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION USING NEUTRON GENERATOR

    OpenAIRE

    Sunardi, Sunardi; Muryono, Muryono

    2010-01-01

    Determination of limit detection of the elements N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, with fast neutron activation using neutron generator has been done.  Samples prepared from SRM 2704, N, P, K elements from MERCK, Cu, Cd, Al from activation foil made in San Carlos, weighted and packed for certain weight then iradiated during 30 minutes with 14 MeV fast neutron using the neutron generator and then counted with gamma spectrometry (accuspec).  At this research condition of neutron generator was set at...

  14. Population health risk via dietary exposure to trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in Qiqihar, Northeastern China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Luo, Jinming; Meng, Jia; Ye, Yajie; Wang, Yongjie; Bai, Lin

    2018-02-01

    The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of six trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in vegetables (leafy vegetable, i.e., bok choy, fruit vegetables, i.e., cucumber and tomato, and other categories, i.e., mushroom, kidney bean, and potato), cereals (rice and wheat flour), and meats (pork, mutton, and beef) most commonly consumed by adult inhabitants of Qiqihar, Northeastern China, were determined to assess the health status of local people. The average EDIs of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were with 20.77 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 of Cu, 288 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 of Zn, 2.01 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 of Pb, 0.41 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 of Cd, 0.01 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 of Hg, and 0.52 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 of As, respectively, which are below the daily allowance recommended by FAO/WHO. However, the maximum EDIs of Pb and Cd were 4.56 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 and 1.68 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 , respectively, which are above the recommended levels [i.e., 3.58 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 for Pb and 1.0 μg (kg bw) -1 day -1 for Cd] by FAO/WHO. This finding indicates that the potential health risk induced by daily ingestion of Pb and Cd for the local residents should receive a significant concern. Similarly, we detected elevated Pb and Cd concentrations, i.e., with average of 13.58 and 0.60 mg kg -1 dw, respectively, in the adult scalp hairs. Consumption of rice, potato, bok choy, and wheat flour contributed to 75 and 82% of Pb and Cd daily intake from foodstuffs. Nevertheless, human scalp hair is inappropriate biological material for determination of the nutritional status of trace elements in this region.

  15. 210Pb geochronology and trace metal fluxes (Cd, Cu and Pb) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, South Pacific of Mexico

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ruiz-Fernandez, Ana Carolina; Paez-Osuna, Federico; Machain-Castillo, Maria Luisa; Arellano-Torres, Elsa

    2004-01-01

    Distributions of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn and Pb were analyzed in a sediment core collected in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, an important fisheries region located in the South Pacific of Mexico, where data on metal accumulation and accretion rates were previously almost nonexistent. Depth profiles of metal concentrations were converted to time-based profiles by using a 210 Pb-derived vertical accretion rate, estimated to be 0.05 cm year -1 on the average. Sediments were dated up to 8 cm depth, corresponding to a layer of ca. 140 years old. The historical changes of metal accumulation along the sediment core have shown a moderate enrichment of Cd, Cu and Pb concentrations at present, of about threefold the corresponding background concentrations. Chronological trace metal records showed that metal fluxes have increased over the last 20 years, reaching the maximum values at present of 2.5, 22.5 and 45.8 (μg cm -2 year -1 ) for Cd, Pb and Cu, respectively. These increments in metal fluxes are likely influenced by the development of anthropogenic land-based activities since over this period of time oil production activities in the region have had a significant development

  16. Electrochemical preparation of vertically aligned, hollow CdSe nanotubes and their p-n junction hybrids with electrodeposited Cu2O.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Debgupta, Joyashish; Devarapalli, Ramireddy; Rahman, Shakeelur; Shelke, Manjusha V; Pillai, Vijayamohanan K

    2014-08-07

    Vertically aligned, hollow nanotubes of CdSe are grown on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates by ZnO nanowire template-assisted electrodeposition technique, followed by selective removal of the ZnO core using NH4OH. A detailed mechanism of nucleation and anisotropic growth kinetics of nanotubes have been studied by a combination of characterization tools such as chronoamperometry, SEM and TEM. Interestingly, "as grown" CdSe nanotubes (CdSe NTs) on FTO coated glass plates behave as n-type semiconductors exhibiting an excellent photo-response (with a generated photocurrent density value of ∼ 470 μA cm(-2)) while in contact with p-type Cu2O (p-type semiconductor, grown separately on FTO plates) because of the formation of a n-p heterojunction (type II). The observed photoresponse is 3 times higher than that of a similar device prepared with electrodeposited CdSe films (not nanotubes) and Cu2O on FTO. This has been attributed to the hollow 1-D nature of CdSe NTs, which provides enhanced inner and outer surface areas for better absorption of light and also assists faster transport of photogenerated charge carriers.

  17. Effect of CuPc layer insertion on the memory performance of CdS nanocomposite diodes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tripathi, S.K., E-mail: surya@pu.ac.in; Kaur, Ramneek; Jyoti

    2016-09-15

    Highlights: • CdS nanocomposite as an active layer investigated for memory device application. • Effect of copper phthalocyanine layer insertion on the memory performance studied. • Bipolar switching behaviour with high ON/OFF ratio ∼1.4 × 10{sup 4}. • Series resistance and interface states dominate the electrical properties of the device. - Abstract: In the present work, semiconductor diodes with CdS nanocomposite as an active layer have been fabricated and investigated for memory device applications. The effect of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) layer insertion between the bottom electrode and CdS nanocomposite has been studied. I–V characteristics show electrical hysteresis behaviour vital for memory storage application. The as-fabricated devices exhibit bipolar switching behaviour with OFF to ON state transition at positive bias and vice versa. Device with CuPc layer exhibits I{sub ON}/I{sub OFF} ratio ∼ 1.4 × 10{sup 4}. Possible conduction mechanism has been described on the basis of theoretical current conduction models. The frequency dispersion capacitance, series resistance and conductance of the devices have been studied and discussed. At low frequency, the series resistance and the interface states dominate the electrical properties of the device. The results indicate that the multilayered devices open up the possibility of new generation non-volatile memory devices with low cost, high density and stability.

  18. Aminoacid N-substituted 1,4,7-triazacyclononane and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane Zn2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ complexes. A preparative, potentiometric titration and NMR spectroscopic study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Plush, Sally E; Lincoln, Stephen F; Wainwright, Kevin P

    2004-05-07

    The pK(a)s and Zn2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ complexation constants (K) for 1,4,7-tris[(2''S)-acetamido-2''-(methyl-3''-phenylpropionate)]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1, 1,4,7-tris[(2''S)-acetamido-2''-(1''-carboxy-3''-phenylpropane)]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, H(3)2, 1,4,7-tris[(2''S)-acetamido-2''-(methyl-3''-(1H-3-indolyl)propionate)]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 3, and 1,4,7,10-tetrakis[(2''S)-acetamido-2''-(methyl-3''-phenylpropionate)]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, 4, 1,4,7,10-tetrakis[(2''S)-acetamido-2''-(1''-carboxy-3''-phenylpropane)]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, H(4)5, in 20 : 80 v/v water-methanol solution are reported. The pK(a)s within the potentiometric detection range for H(3)1(3+) = 8.69 and 3.59, for H(6)2(3+) = 9.06, 6.13, 4.93 and 4.52, H(3)3(3+) = 8.79 and 3.67, H(4)4(4+) = 8.50, 5.62 and 3.77 and for H(8)5(4+) = 9.89, 7.06, 5.53, 5.46, 4.44 and 4.26 where each tertiary amine nitrogen is protonated. The complexes of 1: [Zn(1)]2+(9.00), [Cd(1)]2+ (6.49), [Cd(H1)]3+ (4.54) and [Cu(1)]2+ (10.01) are characterized by the log(K/dm3 mol(-1)) values shown in parentheses. Analogous complexes are formed by 3 and 4: [Zn(3)]2+ (10.19), [Cd(3)]2+ (8.54), [Cu(3)]2+ (10.77), [Zn(4)]2+ (11.41) [Cd(4)]2+ (9.16), [Cd(H4)]3+ (6.16) and [Cu(4)]2+ (11.71). The tricarboxylic acid H(3)2 generates a greater variety of complexes as exemplified by: [Zn(2)-] (10.68) [Zn(H2)] (6.60) [Zn(H(2)2)+] (5.15), [Cd(2)](-) (4.99), [Cd(H2)] (4.64), [Cd(H2(2))]+ (3.99), [Cd(H(3)2)]2+ (3.55), [Cu(2)](-) (12.55) [Cu(H2)] (7.66), [Cu(H(2)2)]+ (5.54) and [Cu(2)2](4-) (3.23). The complexes of H(4)5 were insufficiently soluble to study in this way. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the ligands are consistent with formation of a predominant Zn2+ and Cd2+ Delta or Lambda diastereomer. The preparations of the new pendant arm macrocycles H(3)2, 3, 4 and H(4)5 are reported.

  19. Preparation of PtSnCu/C and PtSn/C electrocatalysts and activation by dealloying processes for ethanol electrooxidation; Preparacao de eletrocatalisadores PtSnCu/C e PtSn/C e ativacao por processos de dealloying para aplicacao na oxidacao eletroquuimica do etanol

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Crisafulli, Rudy

    2013-06-01

    PtSnCu/C (with different Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios) and PtSn/C (50:50) electrocatalysts were prepared by borohydride (BR) and alcohol-reduction (AR) processes using H{sub 2}PtCl{sub 6}.6H{sub 2}O, SnCl{sub 2}.2H{sub 2}O and CuCl{sub 2}.2H{sub 2}O as metal sources, NaBH{sub 4} and ethylene glycol as reducing agents, 2-propanol and ethylene glycol/water as solvents and carbon black as support. In a further step, these electrocatalysts were activated by chemical (CD) and electrochemical (ED) dealloying processes through acid treatment and thin porous coating technique, respectively. These materials were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray, Xray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, line scan energy dispersive Xray and cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical studies for ethanol electro-oxidation were performed by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and in single Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell using Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). The anodic effluents were analysed by gas chromatography. The X-ray diffractograms of the as-synthesized electrocatalysts showed the typical face-centered cubic structure (FCC) of platinum and its alloys. After dealloying, the X-ray diffractograms showed that the Pt FCC structure was preserved. The crystallite sizes of the assynthesized electrocatalysts were in the range of <=2 nm to 3 nm and after dealloying there were no significant variations in sizes. The energy dispersive Xray analysis of the as-synthesized electrocatalysts showed a Pt:Sn and Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios similar to the nominal values. After chemical and electrochemical dealloying of the electrocatalysts the ranged Pt:Sn and Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios showed that Cu and Sn atoms were removed. However, chemical dealloying process proved to be more efficient for removing Cu and electrochemical dealloying for removing Sn. The line scan energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that acid and electrochemical treatments were efficient to dealloying Cu and/or Sn superficial atoms of

  20. Low-temperature solid-state preparation of ternary CdS/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}/CuS nanocomposites for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H{sub 2}-production activity

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cheng, Feiyue; Yin, Hui; Xiang, Quanjun, E-mail: xiangqj@mail.hzau.edu.cn

    2017-01-01

    Highlights: • CdS/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}/CuS composite were synthesized by low-temperature solid-state method. • CdS/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}/CuS show enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H{sub 2} evolution activity. • The enhanced photocatalytic H{sub 2} production activity is due to the heterojunction. • Heterojunction between the components promote charge separation/transfer property. - Abstract: Low-temperature solid-state method were gradually demonstrated as a high efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection strategy to fabricate composite semiconductor materials. CdS-based multiple composite photocatalytic materials have attracted increasing concern owning to the heterostructure constituents with tunable band gaps. In this study, the ternary CdS/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}/CuS composite photocatalysts were prepared by a facile and novel low-temperature solid-state strategy. The optimal ternary CdS/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}/CuS composite exhibits a high visible-light photocatalytic H{sub 2}-production rate of 57.56 μmol h{sup −1} with the corresponding apparent quantum efficiency reaches 16.5% at 420 nm with Na{sub 2}S/Na{sub 2}SO{sub 3} mixed aqueous solution as sacrificial agent. The ternary CdS/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}/CuS composites show the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H{sub 2}-evolution activity comparing with the binary CdS-based composites or simplex CdS. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the heterojunctions and the synergistic effect of CuS and g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} in promotion of the charge separation and charge mobility. This work shows that the low-temperature solid-state method is efficient and environmentally benign for the preparation of CdS-based multiple composite photocatalytic materials with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H{sub 2}-production activity.

  1. Influence of Al and the heavy metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd on development and efficacy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in tropical and subtropical plants. Einfluss von Al und den Schwermetallen Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb und Cd auf die Effizienz der VA-Mykorrhiza bei tropischen und subtropischen Pflanzen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fabig, B.

    1982-07-08

    In greenhouse experiments the influence of Al and the heavy metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd on the efficacy of VA-mycorrhizal fungi was tested with special regard to several soil pH levels and soil water regimes in different combinations. The most important results were: The inoculation led to a significantly better growth of all test plants in the presence of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd up to a specific amount of the soil-applied element; beyond this specific limit the efficacy of the mycorrhiza was more or less inhibited depending on the element. In correlation with the growth, the nearly always better P uptake of the inoculated plants was impaired only by the highest toxic amounts of the elements. In comparison with the uninoculated plants, all the inoculated plants showed higher P and Pb concentrations. The mycorrhizal plants generally had significantly higher concentrations of the elements Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the roots than the uninoculated plants. Generally even toxic levels of Fe in the soil did not lead to higher Fe concentrations in the plants. Even the highest amounts of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu did not cause microscopically visible injuries to the development of the mycorrhiza and did not impede the infection. Only the toxic levels of Pb led to a decrease of the infection rate of about 50%. Pb and Cd were the reason for morphological changes of the different developmental phases of the fungus. High amounts of Pb induced an increased formation of vesicles. The highest amounts of Cd were accompanied by the crowded occurrence of arbuscules.

  2. Removal of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution by some fungi and natural adsorbents in single and multiple metal systems

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shoaib, A.; Badar, T.; Aslam, N.

    2011-01-01

    Six fungal and 10 natural biosorbents were analyzed for their Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) uptake capacity from single, binary and ternary metal ion system. Preliminary screening biosorption of assays revealed 2 fungi (Aspergillus niger and Cunninghamella echinulata) and three natural [Cicer arietinum husk, Moringa oleifera flower and soil (clay)] adsorbents hold considerable high adsorption efficiency and capacity for 3 meta l ions amongst the adsorbents. Further biosorption trials with five elected adsorbents showed a considerable reduction in metal uptake capability of adsorbents in binary- and ternary systems as compared to singly metal system. Cd(II) manifested the highest inhibitory effect on the biosorption of other metal ions, followed by Pb(II) and Cu(II). On account of metal preference, the selectivity order for metal ion towards the studied biomass matrices was Pb(II) (40-90%) > Cd(II) (2-53%) > Cu(II) (2-30%). (author)

  3. Studies on the Influence of Mercaptoacetic Acid (MAA) Modification of Cassava (Manihot sculenta Cranz) Waste Biomass on the Adsorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solution

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Horsfall, M.; Spiff, A. I.; Abia, A. A.

    2004-01-01

    Cassava peelings waste, which is both a waste and pollutant, was chemically modified using mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) and used to adsorb Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ from aqueous solution over a wide range of reaction conditions at 30 .deg. C. Acid modification produced a larger surface area, which significantly enhanced the metal ion binding capacity of the biomass. An adsorption model based on the Cu 2+ /Cd 2+ adsorption differences was developed to predict the competition of the two metal ions towards binding sites for a mixed metal ion system. The phytosorption process was examined in terms of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The models indicate that the cassava waste biomass had a greater phytosorption capacity, higher affinity and greater sorption intensity for Cu 2+ than Cd 2+ . According to the evaluation using Langmuir equation, the monolayer binding capacity obtained was 127.3 mg/g Cu 2+ and 119.6 mg/g Cd 2+ . The kinetic studies showed that the phytosorption rates could be described better by a pseudo-second order process and the rate coefficients was determined to be 2.04 x 10 -3 min -1 and 1.98 x 10 -3 min -1 for Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ respectively. The results from these studies indicated that acid treated cassava waste biomass could be an efficient sorbent for the removal of toxic and valuable metals from industrial effluents

  4. Isotherm Studies of Equilibrium Sorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solutions by Modified and Unmodified Breadfruit Seed Hull

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Christopher Uchechukwu Sonde

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available The ability of an economically cheap adsorbent material of natural origin, African breadfruit seed hull, was assessed for Cu(II and Cd(II ions’ adsorption from aqueous solutions. The effects of adsorbent dose, particle size and initial metal ion concentrations were investigated in a batch adsorption process. The experimental data were analyzed using five two-parameter isotherm equations (i.e., Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Harkins-Jura and Halsey isotherm models. Freundlich and Halsey models provided the best description for the adsorption data while the other three models gave fairly good interpretation to the experimental adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacity corresponding to saturation of sites (qmax, obtained from the Langmuir plots, were 7.76 and 8.06 mg g-1 for Cu(II and Cd(II onto the unmodified breadfruit seed hull (UBSH and 12.67 and 13.97 mg g-1, respectively for Cu(II and Cd(II adsorption onto the modified breadfruit seed hull (MBSH. The experimental results showed that there was an enhancement in the removal of the metal ions by the mercaptoacetic acid-modified breadfruit seed hull. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i3.625 

  5. Synthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of pure, Cu2+ and Cd2+ doped organic NLO l-arginine trifluoroacetate single crystals

    Science.gov (United States)

    Prasanyaa, T.; Haris, M.; Jayaramakrishnan, V.; Amgalan, M.; Mathivanan, V.

    2013-10-01

    Optically transparent Cu2+ and Cd2+ doped l-arginine trifluoroacetate (LATF) single crystals were grown from its aqueous solution using the slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction to confirm the monoclinic crystal structure. The percentage of transmittance measured using the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometer was found to be more than 80% for doped crystals. The functional group analysis of the grown crystals has been made by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis was performed for the grown crystals. An atomic absorption study was carried out to determine the presence of Cu2+ and Cd2+. The hardness of the grown crystals was assessed and the results show a significant variation in the hardness value between the pure and doped LATF crystals. The second harmonic generation measurements show that Cu2+ doped LATF is 2.8 times greater and Cd2+ doped is 2.6 times greater than KDP. The anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of the title compound were performed using the disc diffusion method against standard bacteria Escherichia coli, Xanthomonas oryzae and against the fungus Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus.

  6. Synthesis, characterization and anti-microbial activity of pure, Cu2+ and Cd2+ doped organic NLO l-arginine trifluoroacetate single crystals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Prasanyaa, T; Haris, M; Amgalan, M; Mathivanan, V; Jayaramakrishnan, V

    2013-01-01

    Optically transparent Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ doped l-arginine trifluoroacetate (LATF) single crystals were grown from its aqueous solution using the slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction to confirm the monoclinic crystal structure. The percentage of transmittance measured using the ultraviolet–visible–near infrared spectrophotometer was found to be more than 80% for doped crystals. The functional group analysis of the grown crystals has been made by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis was performed for the grown crystals. An atomic absorption study was carried out to determine the presence of Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ . The hardness of the grown crystals was assessed and the results show a significant variation in the hardness value between the pure and doped LATF crystals. The second harmonic generation measurements show that Cu 2+ doped LATF is 2.8 times greater and Cd 2+ doped is 2.6 times greater than KDP. The anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of the title compound were performed using the disc diffusion method against standard bacteria Escherichia coli, Xanthomonas oryzae and against the fungus Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. (paper)

  7. Junction formation of CuInSe2 with CdS: A comparative study of 'dry' and 'wet' interfaces

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hunger, R.; Lebedev, M.V.; Sakurai, K.; Schulmeyer, T.; Mayer, Th.; Klein, A.; Niki, S.; Jaegermann, W.

    2007-01-01

    The junction formation of polycrystalline CuInSe 2 absorbers (CIS) with thermally evaporated CdS was investigated by high-resolution synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemistry and electronics of the interfaces of Cd partial electrolyte treated CIS ('wet' processed) and clean, decapped CIS ('dry' processed) were compared. A valence band offset of 0.96(10) eV was determined in both cases. The Cd(Se,OH) surface layer induced by the wet Cd partial electrolyte process does not significantly modify the band alignment at the CIS/CdS heterointerface from the 'dry', vacuum-processed CIS/CdS interface. During the stepwise interface formation the energy converting capability of the CIS/CdS heterojunction was assessed by in situ surface photovoltage measurements at room temperature. The evolution of the surface photovoltage significantly differs for the 'wet' and the 'dry' interfaces and is discussed in relation to the function in solar cell devices

  8. Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited by six commonly grown vegetables

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alexander, P.D.; Alloway, B.J.; Dourado, A.M.

    2006-01-01

    Metal contaminants in garden and allotment soils could possibly affect human health through a variety of pathways. This study focused on the potential pathway of consumption of vegetables grown on contaminated soil. Five cultivars each of six common vegetables were grown in a control and in a soil spiked with Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Highly significant differences in metal content were evident between cultivars of a number of vegetables for several of the contaminants. Carrot and pea cultivars exhibited significant differences in accumulated concentrations of Cd and Cu with carrot cultivars also exhibiting significant differences in Zn. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing one vegetable to another, legumes (Leguminosae) tending to be low accumulators, root vegetables (Umbelliferae and Liliaceae) tending to be moderate accumulators and leafy vegetables (Compositae and Chenopodiaceae) being high accumulators. - Genotypic differences between cultivars of vegetable species can be important in determining the extent of accumulation of metals from contaminated soil

  9. A simple structure of Cu2ZnSnS4/CdS solar cells prepared by sputtering

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Zhishan; Wang, Shurong; Ma, Xun; Yang, Min; Jiang, Zhi; Liu, Tao; Lu, Yilei; Liu, Sijia

    2017-12-01

    In this work, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were grown on Mo-coated Soda-lime-glass (SLG) substrates by annealing of sputtered ZnS/Sn/CuS precursors at 580 ℃ for 15 min. As a try, the CZTS solar cells were fabricated using simple structure of Mo-coated SLG/CZTS/CdS/Al and traditional structure of Mo-coated SLG/CZTS/CdS/i-ZnO/In2O3:SnO2 (ITO)/Al, respectively. The results show that the CZTS device with simple structure can achieve same level of the open circuit voltage (Voc) compared with that of traditional structure. In addition, the power conversion efficiency of 2.95% and 3.59% were obtained with simple structure and traditional structure, respectively. The CZTS solar cell with simple structure provides a promising way and an easy process to prepare high-performance CZTS thin film solar cells which is available to large-scale industrial production in the future.

  10. Concentración de metales pesados (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb en la biota y sedimentos de una playa artificial, en la bahía San Jorge 23°S, norte de Chile Heavy metals concentration (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, in biota and sediments of an artificial beach, in San Jorge bay 23°S, northern Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gabriel Castro

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available Se evaluó el contenido de metales pesados (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb en la biota y el sedimento de una playa artificial (Paraíso y una playa natural (El Lenguado, ubicadas en la bahía San Jorge, norte de Chile. Los resultados fueron utilizados para comparar ambos sistemas, el grado de cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental nacional e internacional, y el efecto de la construcción de la playa artificial sobre el nivel de contaminación por metales existentes históricamente en esa zona. En cada playa se ubicaron estaciones equidistantes que abarcaron desde el intermareal hasta el submareal de las cuales fueron extraídos los organismos. Se tomaron muestras de sedimento en cada playa y se determinaron las pendientes con el método de Emery. El análisis granulométrico evidenció el predominio de arena media en playa El Lenguado, y arena media y fina en playa Paraíso. El contenido de materia orgánica fue mayor en El Lenguado. En playa Paraíso se determinaron cinco phylum/superclase agrupados en 19 taxa, mientras que en El Lenguado se encontraron cuatro phylum/superclase agrupados en cc taxa. El contenido de metales en sedimentos y en la mayoría de organismos presentó valores mayores en playa Paraíso. Estos resultados, junto a las normas de calidad chilenas y norteamericanas, sugieren un evidente deterioro en la calidad ambiental de playa Paraíso lo que se demostró por un incremento en las concentraciones de estos metales desde su construcción, los que sobrepasan los límites establecidos por ambas normas.It was evaluated the heavy metal content (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb in biota and sediment of an artificial beach (Paraíso and a natural beach (El Lenguado, both located in San Jorge bay, northern Chile. The results were used to compare both systems, the degree of fulfillment of national and international environmental regulations, and the effect of the construction of the artificial beach on the level of metal contamination historically existing in

  11. pH dependence of sorption of Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Cr 3+ on ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    pH dependence of sorption of Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Cr 3+ on crude water and sodium chloride extracts of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera,/i> ... characterization of the actual powder by proton nuclear magnetic resonance showed clear presence of amide (-CO-N-H), benzenoid (Ar-H), saturated alkyl and ...

  12. Biocompatible Water Soluble Polyacrylic Acid Coated CdSe/Cu Quantum Dot Conjugates for Biomolecule Detection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gomaa, Ola M; Okasha, Aly; Hosni, Hany M; El-Hag Ali, Amr

    2018-01-01

    Biocompatible polyacrylic acid functionalized CdSe/Cu quantum dot conjugates were synthesized to be used for biomolecules detection. The study results demonstrate the conjugation of the 2.5-3 nm QD with gram negative bacteria with a low detection limit of 28 cfu/ml. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity was correlated to bacterial count, cellular proteins and exopolysaccharides in the tested samples. Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) images showed significant QD uptake within the cells, both cytoplasm and DNA were the predominant targeted biomolecules, higher fluorescent uptake was shown in gram negative bacteria than that observed for gram positive bacteria. Moreover, PL showed that there was a distinction between live and dead cells as well as gram negative and gram positive cells. Cell viability was not affected even after 6 days (100% viability) rendering it a non-toxic QD. The method is simple and is performed in a single step within approximately 10 min as compared to multi-step protocols for classical microbial count or fluorescent dye staining. All the above results indicate that the CdSe/Cu-PAA QDs are suitable for biomolecule detection, bio-labeling and bioimaging applications.

  13. Effects of CdS Buffer Layers on Photoluminescence Properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 Solar Cells

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    A. Le Donne

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS absorber layers grown by sputtering were investigated by photoluminescence before and after the chemical bath deposition of CdS in order to evaluate the possible passivation of point defects by Cd atoms at the absorber/buffer layer interface. According to the literature, a broad emission around 1.21 eV was observed at low temperature under above bandgap excitation of the as-grown CZTS samples. Broad bands at 1.075 eV and 0.85 eV were detected for the first time under below bandgap excitation of the as-grown CZTS samples at low temperature, which were explained in terms of radiative transitions involving point defect-related levels determined in the literature by first-principles calculations. The emissions observed in the as-grown samples were monitored by both above and below bandgap excitations also in standard CZTS solar cells produced on the same layers. The obtained results suggest that, as in the case of Cu(In, GaSe2, Cd atoms passivate point defects at the absorber/buffer layer interface also in CZTS.

  14. Risk assessment for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in urban soils: Chemical availability as the central concept

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rodrigues, S.M.; Cruz, N.; Coelho, C.; Henriques, B.; Carvalho, L.; Duarte, A.C.; Pereira, E.; Römkens, Paul F.A.M.

    2013-01-01

    To assess the geochemical reactivity and oral bioaccessibility of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in urban soils from the Porto area, four extractions were performed including Aqua Regia (AR; pseudototal), 0.43 M HNO 3 (reactive), 0.01 M CaCl 2 (available), and 0.4 M glycine at pH = 1.5, SBET method (oral bioaccessible pool). Oral bioaccessibility in urban soils was higher than in samples from rural, industrial and mining areas which is most likely related to sources of metals and parent materials of corresponding soils. The availability and reactivity were described well by non-linear Freundlich-type equations when considering differences in soil properties. The resulting empirical models are able to predict availability and reactivity and can be used to improve the accuracy of risk assessment. Furthermore, a close 1:1 relationship exists between results from the 0.43 M HNO 3 method and the SBET method which substantially facilitates risk assessment procedures and reduces analytical costs. -- Highlights: ► Availability of PTEs in urban soils is described well by non-linear Freundlich-type equations. ► A 1:1 relationship was obtained between the 0.43 M HNO 3 method and the SBET method. ► A single soil extraction indicates reactivity and bioaccessibility of metals in soils. ► The reactive pool is suitable to assess risks of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in urban soils. -- A single analysis of the reactive pool by dilute nitric acid is suitable to assess risks of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in urban soils related to leaching to (ground)water and exposure to human beings (bioaccessibility)

  15. Pixe analysis of Cu,Zn,Hg and Cd in mussels samples in bay of Algiers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Benamar, M.A.; Tchantchane, A.; Benouali, N.; Azbouche, A.; Tobbeche, S.

    1995-01-01

    The purpose of our work is the elaboration of and absolute technique for determination of trace elements in biological matrices by means of Pixe analysis. We are interested in the determination of heavy metals in mussels samples taken from differents sits of algies coast (Cu,Zn,Cd and Hg). The reason of our choise is the element toxicity and the possible contamination of the marine environment

  16. Measurements of the electric field gradient at cadmium in YBa2Cu3Ox, Y2BaCuO5 and Y2Cu2O5

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Saitovitch, H.; Silva, P.R.J.

    1990-01-01

    The electric Field Gradient (EFG) at diluted Cd sup(111) in YBa sub(2)Cu sub(3)O sub(x) was measured by Angular Correlation (AC). In order to determine the atom-probe localization, AC measurements were also, performed on Y sub(2)BaCuO sub(5). A nuclear electric quadrupole interaction frequency (NQIF) was associated with Cd sup(111) in YBa sub(2)Cu sub(3) O sub(x) Cu(1) site. (author)

  17. Phytoremediation efficiency of pondweed (Potamogeton crispus in removing heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, As and Cd from water of Anzali wetland

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hajar Norouznia

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available Plant-based remediation (i.e. phytoremediation is one of the most significant eco-sustainable techniques to cope with devastating consequences of pollutants. In the present study, the potential of a wetland macrophyt (i.e. Potamogeton crispus for the phytoremediation of heavy metals (i.e. Cu, Cr, Pb, As and Cd in the Anzali wetland was evaluated. The results showed that P. crispus tends to accumulate notable amounts of Cu, Cr, Pb, As and Cd according to their assayed concentrations as follows: 8.2 µg g-1 dw, 0.97 µg g-1 dw, 6.04 µg g-1 dw, 2.52 µg g-1 dw and 0.34 µg g-1 dw, respectively. Further accurate perception of the phytoremediation efficiency were conducted using both bioconcentration factor and translocation factor. The average of the highest bioconcentration factors was presented in a descending order as: 2.9×103, 1.9×103, 1.17×103, 0.68×103 and 0.46×103 for the Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd and As, respectively. Based on the results, P. crispus presents high potential to absorb all the alluded metals except for As and partly Cd. Correspondingly, the mean values of translocation factor were reported in the range of 0.41 to 2.24. Eventually, relying on the observed findings, the results support the idea that P. crispus species would be employed as the prospective candidate for the phytoremediation processes in Anzali wetland.

  18. Synthesis and characterization of heterobimetallic complexes of the type [Cu(pn2][MCl4] where M = Co(II, Ni(II, Cu(II, Zn(II, Cd(II, and Hg(II

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Seema Yadav

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available A series of new bimetallic transition metal complexes of the type [Cu(pn2] [MCl4] have been synthesized (where M = Co(II, Ni(II, Cu(II, Zn(II, Cd(II and Hg(II, pn = 1,3-diaminopropane and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, TGA, IR and electronic spectra. All the compounds are 1:1 electrolyte in DMF. The Cu(II ion is square-planar while metal ions in the anionic moiety acquire their usual tetrahedral arrangement. On the basis of these studies it is concluded that anionic moiety is electrically stabilized by its cationic counterpart.

  19. Distribution and speciation of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in agricultural and non-agricultural soils near a stream upriver from the Pearl River, China

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yang, Silin; Zhou, Dequn; Yu, Huayong; Wei, Rong; Pan, Bo

    2013-01-01

    The distribution and chemical speciation of typical metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in agricultural and non-agricultural soils were investigated in the area of Nanpan River, upstream of the Pearl River. The investigated four metals showed higher concentrations in agricultural soils than in non-agricultural soils, and the site located in factory district contained metals much higher than the other sampling sites. These observations suggested that human activities, such as water irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide applications might have a major impact on the distribution of metals. Metal speciation analysis presented that Cu, Zn and Cd were dominated by the residual fraction, while Pb was dominated by the reducible fraction. Because of the low mobility of the metals in the investigated area, no remarkable difference could be observed between upstream and downstream separated by the factory site. -- Highlights: ► Agricultural soils contain higher metal concentrations than non-agricultural soils. ► The site located in the factory district has the highest metal concentration. ► Cu, Zn and Cd are dominated by residual fraction, and Pb by reducible fraction. ► Cd pollution should not be overlooked in soils upstream of Pearl River. -- The mobility of four investigated metals is low but Cd pollution should not be overlooked in soils upstream of Pearl River

  20. Surface Analytical Study of CuInSe2 Treated in Cd-Containing Partial Electrolyte Solution

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Niles, D.W.

    1998-01-01

    Junction formation in CuInSe2 (CIS) has been studied by exposing thin films and single-crystal samples to solutions containing NH4OH and CdSO4. The treated samples were analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry to determine the amount and distribution of Cd deposited on the surface of the films. Cadmium is found to react with the surface for all the solution exposure times and temperatures studied. The reaction rapidly approaches the endpoint and remains relatively unchanged for subsequent solution exposure. Cadmium in-diffusion, as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, is obscured by topography effects in the thin-film samples and by ion-beam mixing and topography in the single-crystal sample

  1. Positron Emission Tomography of (64)Cu-DOTA-Rituximab in a Transgenic Mouse Model Expressing Human CD20 for Clinical Translation to Image NHL

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Natarajan, Arutselvan; Gowrishankar, Gayatri; Nielsen, Carsten Haagen

    2012-01-01

    PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate (64)Cu-DOTA-rituximab (PETRIT) in a preclinical transgenic mouse model expressing human CD20 for potential clinical translation. PROCEDURES: (64)Cu was chelated to DOTA-rituximab. Multiple radiolabeling, quality assurance, and imaging experiments were performed....... The human CD20 antigen was expressed in B cells of transgenic mice (CD20TM). The mice groups studied were: (a) control (nude mice, n¿=¿3) that received 7.4 MBq/dose, (b) with pre-dose (CD20TM, n¿=¿6) received 2 mg/kg pre-dose of cold rituximab prior to PETRIT of 7.4 MBq/dose, and (c) without pre-dose (CD20......TM, n¿=¿6) PETRIT alone received 7.4 MBq/dose. Small animal PET was used to image mice at various time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h). The OLINDA/EXM software was used to determine the human equivalent dose for individual organs. RESULTS: PETRIT was obtained with a specific activity of 545...

  2. DETERMINATION OF LIMIT DETECTION OF THE ELEMENTS N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, WITH FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION USING NEUTRON GENERATOR

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sunardi Sunardi

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available Determination of limit detection of the elements N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, with fast neutron activation using neutron generator has been done.  Samples prepared from SRM 2704, N, P, K elements from MERCK, Cu, Cd, Al from activation foil made in San Carlos, weighted and packed for certain weight then iradiated during 30 minutes with 14 MeV fast neutron using the neutron generator and then counted with gamma spectrometry (accuspec.  At this research condition of neutron generator was set at current 1 mA that produced neutron flux about 5,47.107 n/cm2.s and  experimental result shown that the limit detection for the elements N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd are  2,44 ppm, 1,88 ppm, 2,15 ppm, 1,44 ppm, 1,26 ppm, 1,35 ppm, 1,05 ppm, 2,99 ppm, respectively.  The data  indicate that the limit detection or sensitivity of appliance of neutron generator to analyze the element is very good, which is feasible to get accreditation AANC laboratory using neutron generator.   Keywords: limit detection, AANC, neutron generator

  3. Solar-energy conversion by combined photovoltaic converters with CdTe and CuInSe2 base layers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Khrypunov, G. S.; Sokol, E. I.; Yakimenko, Yu. I.; Meriuts, A. V.; Ivashuk, A. V.; Shelest, T. N.

    2014-01-01

    The possibility of the combined use of bifacial thin-film solar cells based on CdTe and frontal solar cells with a CuInSe 2 base layer in tandem structures is experimentally confirmed. It is found that, for the use of bifacial solar cells based on cadmium telluride in a tandem structure, the optimal thickness of their base layer should be 1 μm. The gain in the efficiency of the tandem structure, compared with an individual CuInSe 2 -based solar cell, is 1.8% in the case of series-connected solar cells and 1.3%, for parallel-connected

  4. Soil Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn sorption and retention models using SVM: Variable selection and competitive model.

    Science.gov (United States)

    González Costa, J J; Reigosa, M J; Matías, J M; Covelo, E F

    2017-09-01

    The aim of this study was to model the sorption and retention of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils. To that extent, the sorption and retention of these metals were studied and the soil characterization was performed separately. Multiple stepwise regression was used to produce multivariate models with linear techniques and with support vector machines, all of which included 15 explanatory variables characterizing soils. When the R-squared values are represented, two different groups are noticed. Cr, Cu and Pb sorption and retention show a higher R-squared; the most explanatory variables being humified organic matter, Al oxides and, in some cases, cation-exchange capacity (CEC). The other group of metals (Cd, Ni and Zn) shows a lower R-squared, and clays are the most explanatory variables, including a percentage of vermiculite and slime. In some cases, quartz, plagioclase or hematite percentages also show some explanatory capacity. Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression shows that the different models are not as regular as in multiple regression in terms of number of variables, the regression for nickel adsorption being the one with the highest number of variables in its optimal model. On the other hand, there are cases where the most explanatory variables are the same for two metals, as it happens with Cd and Cr adsorption. A similar adsorption mechanism is thus postulated. These patterns of the introduction of variables in the model allow us to create explainability sequences. Those which are the most similar to the selectivity sequences obtained by Covelo (2005) are Mn oxides in multiple regression and change capacity in SVM. Among all the variables, the only one that is explanatory for all the metals after applying the maximum parsimony principle is the percentage of sand in the retention process. In the competitive model arising from the aforementioned sequences, the most intense competitiveness for the adsorption and retention of different metals appears between

  5. Direct Quantification of Cd2+ in the Presence of Cu2+ by a Combination of Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Bi-Film-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and an Artificial Neural Network.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhao, Guo; Wang, Hui; Liu, Gang

    2017-07-03

    Abstract : In this study, a novel method based on a Bi/glassy carbon electrode (Bi/GCE) for quantitatively and directly detecting Cd 2+ in the presence of Cu 2+ without further electrode modifications by combining square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) and a back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) has been proposed. The influence of the Cu 2+ concentration on the stripping response to Cd 2+ was studied. In addition, the effect of the ferrocyanide concentration on the SWASV detection of Cd 2+ in the presence of Cu 2+ was investigated. A BP-ANN with two inputs and one output was used to establish the nonlinear relationship between the concentration of Cd 2+ and the stripping peak currents of Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ . The factors affecting the SWASV detection of Cd 2+ and the key parameters of the BP-ANN were optimized. Moreover, the direct calibration model (i.e., adding 0.1 mM ferrocyanide before detection), the BP-ANN model and other prediction models were compared to verify the prediction performance of these models in terms of their mean absolute errors (MAEs), root mean square errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients. The BP-ANN model exhibited higher prediction accuracy than the direct calibration model and the other prediction models. Finally, the proposed method was used to detect Cd 2+ in soil samples with satisfactory results.

  6. Electrical properties from photoinduced charging on Cd-doped (100) surfaces of CuInSe{sub 2} epitaxial thin films

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Johnson, Nicole, E-mail: nejhnsn2@illinois.edu; Rockett, Angus [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States); Aydogan, Pinar; Suzer, Sefik [Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara (Turkey)

    2016-05-15

    The photoresponse of Cd-doped CuInSe{sub 2} (CIS) epitaxial thin films on GaAs(100) was studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under illumination from a 532 nm laser between sample temperatures of 28–260 °C. The initial, air-exposed surface shows little to no photoresponse in the photoelectron binding energies, the Auger electron kinetic energies or peak shapes. Heating between 50 and 130 °C in the analysis chamber results in enhanced n-type doping at the surface and an increased light-induced binding energy shift, the magnitude of which persists when the samples are cooled to room temperature from 130 °C but which disappears when cooling from 260 °C. Extra negative charge trapped on the Cu and Se atoms indicates deep trap states that dissociate after cooling from 260 °C. Analysis of the Cd modified Auger parameter under illumination gives experimental verification of electron charging on Cd atoms thought to be shallow donors in CIS. The electron charging under illumination disappears at 130 °C but occurs again when the sample is cooled to room temperature.

  7. Electrical and optical characterization of the influence of chemical bath deposition time and temperature on CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} junction properties in Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} solar cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Seo, Han-Kyu; Ok, Eun-A [Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Won-Mok; Park, Jong-Keuk [Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Seong, Tae-Yeon [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701 (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Dong Wha; Cho, Hoon Young [Department of Physics, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715 (Korea, Republic of); Jeong, Jeung-hyun, E-mail: jhjeong@kist.re.kr [Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791 (Korea, Republic of)

    2013-11-01

    The effects of varying the conditions for the chemical bath deposition (CBD) of cadmium sulfide (CdS) layers on CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGS) hetero-junctions were investigated using photoluminescence (PL), electroluminescence (EL), deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), and red-light-illuminated current-voltage (I–V) measurements. We demonstrated that varying CBD-CdS conditions such as the temperature and time influenced the recombination pathways around the CdS/CIGS junction via the formation of different electronic defects, which eventually changed the photovoltaic conversion efficiency. As the CBD-CdS time and temperature were increased, the cell efficiency decreased. PL measurements revealed that this degradation of the cell efficiency was accompanied by increases in the defect-related recombination, which were attributed to the existence of donor defects around CdS/CIGS having an energy level of 0.65 eV below conduction band, as revealed by DLTS. Increasing distortions in the red-light-illuminated I–V characteristics suggested that the related defects might also have played a critical role in metastable changes around the CdS/CIGS junction. Because the CBD-CdS time and temperature were considered to influence the diffusion of impurities into the CIGS surface, the evolution of the efficiency, PL spectra, defect populations, and red-light-illuminated I–V characteristics observed in this work could be attributed to the diffusion of impurities during the CBD-CdS process. - Highlights: • CdS layers were grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD). • The CBD-CdS influenced the efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGS) solar cell. • It could be related to slight alteration in carrier recombination around CdS/CIGS. • Photo- and electroluminescence spectra detected those alterations in recombination. • The variation of results could be related to the changes in deep-level defects.

  8. Mobility and bioavailability of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn in surface runoff sediments in the urban catchment area of Guwahati, India

    Science.gov (United States)

    Devi, Upama; Bhattacharyya, Krishna G.

    2018-03-01

    The sediments in stormwater runoff are recognised as the major sink of the heavy metals and affect the soil quality in the catchment. The runoff sediments are also important in the management of contaminant transport to receiving water bodies. In the present work, stormwater during several major rain events was collected from nine principal locations of Guwahati, India. The solid phase was separated from the liquid phase and was investigated for the total contents of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn as well as their distribution among the prominent chemical phases. Sequential extraction procedure was used for the chemical fractionation of the metals that contains five steps. The total metal concentration showed the trend, Cd < Co < Cu < Cr < Zn < Mn. The relative distribution of the metals showed that Cd was available mostly in the exchangeable and the carbonate bound fractions, which were the most mobile and high-risk fractions. Co with medium mobility was also found to be in the high-risk category. On the other hand, the mobilities of Cu and Zn were relatively low and these were, therefore, the least bioavailable metals in the runoff sediments falling in medium-risk category.

  9. Sorption properties of the activated carbon-zeolite composite prepared from coal fly ash for Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jha, Vinay Kumar; Matsuda, Motohide; Miyake, Michihiro

    2008-12-15

    Composite materials of activated carbon and zeolite have been prepared successfully by activating coal fly ash (CFA) by fusion with NaOH at 750 degrees C in N(2) followed by hydrothermal treatments under various conditions. Uptake experiments for Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) were performed with the materials thus obtained from CFA. Of the various composite materials, that were obtained by hydrothermal treatment with NaOH solution (ca. 4M) at 80 degrees C (a composite of activated carbon and zeolite X/faujasite) proved to be the most suitable for the uptake of toxic metal ions. The relative selectivity of the present sorbents for the various ions was Pb(2+)>Cu(2+)>Cd(2+)>Ni(2+), with equilibrium uptake capacities of 2.65, 1.72, 1.44 and 1.20mmol/g, respectively. The sorption isotherm was a good fit to the Langmuir isotherm and the sorption is thought to progress mainly by ion exchange with Na(+). The overall reaction is pseudo-second order with rate constants of 0.14, 0.17, 0.21 and 0.20Lg/mmol min for the uptake of Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Ni(2+), respectively.

  10. Risk assessment for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in urban soils: chemical availability as the central concept

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Rodrigues, S.R.; Cruz, N.; Coelho, C.; Henriques, B.; Carvalho, L.; Duarte, A.C.; Pereira, E.; Römkens, P.F.A.M.

    2013-01-01

    To assess the geochemical reactivity and oral bioaccessibility of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in urban soils from the Porto area, four extractions were performed including Aqua Regia (AR; pseudototal), 0.43 M HNO(3) (reactive), 0.01 M CaCl(2) (available), and 0.4 M glycine at pH = 1.5, SBET method (oral

  11. A novel sensitive Cu(II) and Cd(II) nanosensor platform: Graphene oxide terminated p-aminophenyl modified glassy carbon surface

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gupta, Vinod Kumar; Yola, Mehmet Lütfi; Atar, Necip; Ustundag, Zafer; Solak, Ali Osman

    2013-01-01

    Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • We electrochemically prepared sensor based on graphene oxide. • The prepared electrode was characterized by using various techniques. • The proposed nanosensor showed good stability, selectivity and high sensitivity. • The proposed nanosensor electrode was used for the analysis of Cd(II) and Cu(II). - Abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) based glassy carbon (GC) electrode has been prepared. Firstly, p-nitrophenyl (NP) modified GC (NP/GC) electrode was prepared via the electrochemical reduction of its tetraflouroborate diazonium salt. After the formation of NP/GC electrode, the negative potential was applied to NP/GC electrode to reduce the nitro groups to amine. p-Aminophenyl (AP) modified GC (AP/GC) electrode was immersed into a graphene oxide solution containing 1-ethyl-3(3-(dimethlyamino)propyl)-carbodiimide. Hence, we constructed GO terminated AP modified GC (GO/AP/GC) electrode. NP/GC, AP/GC and GO/AP/GC electrodes were characterized sequentially using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the presence of 1.0 mM of potassium ferricyanide in 0.1 M KCl. In addition, GO and GO/AP/GC surfaces were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The GO/AP/GC electrode was used for the analysis of Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The linearity range and the detection limit of Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions were 1.0 × 10 −11 –5.0 × 10 −10 M and 3.3 × 10 −12 M (S/N = 3), respectively

  12. Use of analcime zeolite from mineral coal fly ash in adsorption of Cu"+"2 and Cd"+"2 in aqueous solutions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rocha Junior, C.A.F.; Santos, S.C.A.; Angelica, R.S.; Neves, R.F.; Souza, C.A.G.

    2011-01-01

    The use of zeolite for removing heavy metals from contaminated effluents over the years has been widespread due to its high cation exchange capacity in aqueous solutions. Thus this study aims to use analcime zeolite for removal of Cu"+"2 and Cd"+"2 from aqueous solutions at different concentrations, and the zeolitic material synthesized from coal fly ash generated in an alumina plant in northern Brazil . The use of zeolite analcime proved quite satisfactory, since this product has removed almost entirely Cu"+"2 and Cd"+"2 solutions with concentrations up to 200ppm, and demonstrated an average capacity for solutions of 400ppm, which shows good applicability of this material for the treatment of effluent contamination in the ranges studied. The adsorption models of Langmuir and Freundlich showed a good fit to experimental data generated in this work. (author)

  13. Seasonal variations in hepatic Cd and Cu concentrations and in the sub-cellular distribution of these metals in juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kraemer, Lisa D.; Campbell, Peter G.C.; Hare, Landis

    2006-01-01

    Temporal fluctuations in metal (Cd and Cu) concentrations were monitored over four months (May to August) in the liver of juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) sampled from four lakes situated along a metal concentration gradient in northwestern Quebec: Lake Opasatica (reference lake, low metal concentrations), Lake Vaudray (moderate metal concentrations) and lakes Osisko and Dufault (high metal levels). The objectives of this study were to determine if hepatic metal concentrations and metal-handling strategies at the sub-cellular level varied seasonally. Our results showed that Cd and Cu concentrations varied most, in both absolute and relative values, in fish with the highest hepatic metal concentrations, whereas fish sampled from the reference lake did not show any significant variation. To examine the sub-cellular partitioning of these two metals, we used a differential centrifugation technique that allowed the separation of cellular debris, metal detoxified fractions (heat-stable proteins such as metallothionein) and metal sensitive fractions (heat-denaturable proteins (HDP) and organelles). Whereas Cd concentrations in organelle and HDP fractions were maintained at low concentrations in perch from Lakes Opasatica and Vaudray, concentrations in these sensitive fractions were higher and more variable in perch from Lakes Dufault and Osisko, suggesting that there may be some liver dysfunction in these two fish populations. Similarly, Cu concentrations in these sensitive fractions were higher and more variable in perch from the two most Cu-contaminated lakes (Dufault and Osisko) than in perch from the other two lakes, suggesting a breakdown of homeostatic control over this metal. These results suggest not only that metal concentrations vary seasonally, but also that concentrations vary most in fish from contaminated sites. Furthermore, at the sub-cellular level, homeostatic control of metal concentrations in metal-sensitive fractions is difficult to maintain in

  14. Characteristics of Heavy Metals Adsorption Cu, Pb and Cd Using Synthetics Zeolite Zsm-5

    OpenAIRE

    Priyadi,; Iskandar,; Suwardi,; Mukti, Rino Rakhmata

    2015-01-01

    It is generally known that zeolite has potential for heavy metal adsorption. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and characterize zeolite ZSM-5 and to figure out the adsorption capacity of zeolite ZSM-5 for heavy metals of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. Characterization of zeolite ZSM-5 included some variables i.e. crystal structure (XRD), morphology (SEM), specific surface area and total pore volume (N2 physisorption). Adsorption capacity of zeolite ZSM-5 was analysed using a batch system...

  15. A test of the stability of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn profiles over two decades in lake sediments near the Flin Flon Smelter, Manitoba, Canada

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Percival, J.B.; Outridge, P.M., E-mail: outridge@nrcan.gc.ca

    2013-06-01

    Lake sediments are valuable archives of atmospheric metal deposition, but the stability of some element profiles may possibly be affected by diagenetic changes over time. In this extensive case study, the stability of sedimentary Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn profiles was assessed in dated sediment cores that were collected in 2004 from four smelter-affected lakes near Flin Flon, Manitoba, which had previously been cored in 1985. Metal profiles determined in 1985 were in most cases clearly reproduced in the corresponding sediment layers in 2004, although small-scale spatial heterogeneity in metal distribution complicated the temporal comparisons. Pre-smelter (i.e. pre-1930) increases in metal profiles were likely the result of long-range atmospheric metal pollution, coupled with particle mixing at the 1930s sediment surface. However, the close agreement between key inflection points in the metal profiles sampled two decades apart suggests that metals in most of the lakes, and Hg and Zn in the most contaminated lake (Meridian), were stable once the sediments were buried below the surface mixed layer. Cadmium, Cu and Pb profiles in Meridian Lake did not agree as well between studies, showing evidence of upward remobilization over time. Profiles of redox-indicator elements (Fe, Mn, Mo and U) suggested that the rate of Mn oxyhydroxide recycling within sediment was more rapid in Meridian Lake, which may have caused the Cd, Cu and Pb redistribution. - Highlights: • Sedimentary Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn profiles in four lakes were mostly unchanged over 19 years. • In one lake, Cd, Cu and Pb profiles were offset relative to the originals. • The offset could indicate diagenetic upcore dispersal of these metals.

  16. Using the marker CD34 as tool to discriminate adenoma versus hepatocellular; Uso del marcador de CD34 como herramienta para discriminar adenoma versus hepatocarcinoma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mohs Alfaro, Monica

    2011-07-01

    The CD34 marker is used as immunohistochemistry technique to detect and differentiate between the hepatocellular adenoma of the hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver lesions are described. The hepatic angiogenesis is explained [Spanish] El marcador CD34 es usado como tecnica de inmunohistoquimica para detectar y diferenciar entre el adenoma hepatocelular del carcinoma hepatocelular. La lesiones en el higado son descritas. La angiogenesis hepatica es explicada.

  17. Raman spectroscopy of DNA-metal complexes. I. Interactions and conformational effects of the divalent cations: Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, and Cd

    OpenAIRE

    Duguid, J.; Bloomfield, V.A.; Benevides, J.; Thomas Jr, G.J.

    1993-01-01

    Interactions of divalent metal cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pd2+, and Cd2+) with DNA have been investigated by laser Raman spectroscopy. Both genomic calf-thymus DNA (> 23 kilobase pairs) and mononucleosomal fragments (160 base pairs) were employed as targets of metal interaction in solutions containing 5 weight-% DNA and metal:phosphate molar ratios of 0.6:1. Raman difference spectra reveal that transition metal cations (Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pd2+, and Cd2+) ind...

  18. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Mn(II, Fe(II, Co(II, Ni(II, Cu(II, Zn(II, and Cd(II Complexes of N-Thiophenoyl-N′-Phenylthiocarbohydrazide

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. Yadav

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Mn(II, Fe(II, Co(II, Ni(II, Cu(II, Zn(II, and Cd(II complex of N-thiophenoyl -N′-phenylthiocarbohydrazide (H2 TPTH have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, infrared, NMR, electronic, and ESR spectral studies. The complexes were found to have compositions [Mn(H TPTH2], [Co(TPTH (H2O2], [Ni(TPTH (H2O2], [Cu(TPTH], [Zn(H TPTH], [Cd(H TPTH2], and [Fe(H TPTH2(EtOH]. The magnetic and electronic spectral studies suggest square planar geometry for [Cu(TPTH], tetrahedral geometry for [Zn(TPTH] and [Cd(H TPTH2], and octahedral geometry for rest of the complexes. The infrared spectral studies of the 1 : 1 deprotonated complexes suggest bonding through enolic oxygen, thiolato sulfur, and both the hydrazinic nitrogens. Thus, H2TPTH acts as a binegative tetradentate ligand. H2 TPTH and its metal complexes have been screened against several bacteria and fungi.

  19. Distribution and accumulation of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in the surface sediments of El Tobari Lagoon, central-East Gulf of California: An ecosystem associated with agriculture and aquaculture activities.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jara-Marini, M E; Tapia-Alcaraz, J N; Dumer-Gutiérrez, J A; García-Rico, L; García-Hernández, J; Páez-Osuna, F

    2013-01-01

    The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the concentration levels and spatial variability of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in El Tobari Lagoon in surface sediments during two seasons for several geochemical variables that could explain the observed heavy metal variability. Seventy-two surface sediments samples were collected in 12 different sites of the El Tobari Lagoon. Sediment samples were dried and subjected to acid extraction using a microwave system and five metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) were measured using atomic adsorption spectrometry. A certificate sediment material and blanks were used as quality control purposes. The enrichment factor (EF) and the index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) were calculated as index of metals contamination for the sediments, using aluminum as the conservative element. The five metals examined in sediments from El Tobari Lagoon exhibited a linear correlation with Al as result of the large specific surface areas of these sediment components and the chemical affinities between them. The metals contents in sites of the El Tobari Lagoon were variable, and Cd, Cu and Hg presented a seasonal behavior. The enrichment factor and index of geoaccumulation analysis indicated that Cd and Hg exhibited a certain extent (EF for Cd ranged from 4.10 to 10.29; EF for Hg ranged from 2.77 to 12.89) of anthropogenic pollution, while Cu showed sporadic (EF ranged from 0.43 to 2.54) anthropogenic contamination. The highest concentrations of Cd, Cu and Hg were found in the sites that regularly received discharge effluents from agriculture and aquaculture.

  20. Cu2Se and Cu Nanocrystals as Local Sources of Copper in Thermally Activated In Situ Cation Exchange

    KAUST Repository

    Casu, Alberto; Genovese, Alessandro; Manna, Liberato; Longo, Paolo; Buha, Joka; Botton, Gianluigi A.; Lazar, Sorin; Kahaly, M. Upadhyay; Schwingenschlö gl, Udo; Prato, Mirko; Li, Hongbo; Ghosh, Sandeep; Palazon, Francisco; De Donato, Francesco; Lentijo Mozo, Sergio; Zuddas, Efisio; Falqui, Andrea

    2016-01-01

    Among the different synthesis approaches to colloidal nanocrystals a recently developed toolkit is represented by cation exchange reactions, where the use of template nanocrystals gives access to materials that would be hardly attainable via direct synthesis. Besides, post-synthetic treatments, such as thermally activated solid state reactions, represent a further flourishing route to promote finely controlled cation exchange. Here, we report that, upon in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope, Cu2Se nanocrystals deposited on an amorphous solid substrate undergo partial loss of Cu atoms, which are then engaged in local cation exchange reactions with Cu “acceptors” phases represented by rod- and wire- shaped CdSe nanocrystals. This thermal treatment slowly transforms the initial CdSe nanocrystals into Cu2-xSe nanocrystals, through the complete sublimation of Cd and the partial sublimation of Se atoms. Both Cu “donor” and “acceptor” particles were not always in direct contact with each other, hence the gradual transfer of Cu species from Cu2Se or metallic Cu to CdSe nanocrystals was mediated by the substrate and depended on the distance between the donor and acceptor nanostructures. Differently from what happens in the comparably faster cation exchange reactions performed in liquid solution, this study shows that slow cation exchange reactions can be performed at the solid state, and helps to shed light on the intermediate steps involved in such reactions.

  1. Cu2Se and Cu Nanocrystals as Local Sources of Copper in Thermally Activated In Situ Cation Exchange

    KAUST Repository

    Casu, Alberto

    2016-01-27

    Among the different synthesis approaches to colloidal nanocrystals a recently developed toolkit is represented by cation exchange reactions, where the use of template nanocrystals gives access to materials that would be hardly attainable via direct synthesis. Besides, post-synthetic treatments, such as thermally activated solid state reactions, represent a further flourishing route to promote finely controlled cation exchange. Here, we report that, upon in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope, Cu2Se nanocrystals deposited on an amorphous solid substrate undergo partial loss of Cu atoms, which are then engaged in local cation exchange reactions with Cu “acceptors” phases represented by rod- and wire- shaped CdSe nanocrystals. This thermal treatment slowly transforms the initial CdSe nanocrystals into Cu2-xSe nanocrystals, through the complete sublimation of Cd and the partial sublimation of Se atoms. Both Cu “donor” and “acceptor” particles were not always in direct contact with each other, hence the gradual transfer of Cu species from Cu2Se or metallic Cu to CdSe nanocrystals was mediated by the substrate and depended on the distance between the donor and acceptor nanostructures. Differently from what happens in the comparably faster cation exchange reactions performed in liquid solution, this study shows that slow cation exchange reactions can be performed at the solid state, and helps to shed light on the intermediate steps involved in such reactions.

  2. The Existence of Heavy Metals such as Pb, Cd, Fe, and Cu in Hair Samples from Gas Station Worker at Yogyakarta Special District

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Supriyanto, C.; Zainul Kamal; Samin

    2002-01-01

    The monitoring of heavy metals existence such as Pb, Cd, Fe, and Cu in hair samples from gas station worker has been carried out with atomic absorption spectrometry method. The initial preparation of sample were done by immersing them in alcohol over night, after they were dried then they were digested using the teflon bomb digester at the temperature at 150 o C for 3 hours. The content of Pb, Cd, Fe, and Cu in were determined with calibration standard curve method. The content of Pb obtained at hair samples in the range of time at 20 years tend to increase. If it was correlated to the worker who has been working, there was no significant different from the worker who has been working for 20 years there was no significant different. While the content of Cu in sample at range time 20 years showed the significant different if it was correlated to the worker who has been working. The validity of method was tested with CRM Human Hair GBW 07601 from IAEA showed that the content of Fe and Cu were in the certified range of CRM. (author)

  3. Surface functionalized Cu{sub 2}Zn{sub 1-x}Cd{sub x}SnS{sub 4} quinternary alloyed nanostructure for DNA sensing

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ibraheam, A.S.; Voon, C.H.; Foo, K.L.; Azizah, N. [University Malaysia Perlis, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Kangar, Perlis (Malaysia); Al-Douri, Y. [University of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sidi Bel-Abbes (Algeria); Gopinath, S.C.B. [University Malaysia Perlis, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Kangar, Perlis (Malaysia); Universiti Malaysia Perlis, School of Bioprocess Engineering, Arau, Perlis (Malaysia); Ameri, M. [Universite Djilali Liabes de Sidi Bel-Abbes, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Materiaux Avances (LPCMA), Sidi Bel-Abbes (Algeria); Ibrahim, Sattar S. [University of Anbar, Chemisty Department, College of Science, Al Rumadi (Iraq)

    2017-03-15

    A sensing plate of extended Cu{sub 2}Zn{sub 1-x}Cd{sub x}SnS{sub 4} quinternary alloy nanostructures, fabricated on an oxidized silicon substrate by the sol-gel method, is reported in this paper. The fabricated device was characterized and analyzed via field emission-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL). The XRD peaks shifted towards the lower angle side alongside increasing concentration of cadmium. The average diameter of the Cu{sub 2}Zn{sub 1-x}Cd{sub x}SnS{sub 4} quinternary alloy nanostructures falls between 21.55 and 43.12 nm, while the shift of the PL bandgap was from 1.81 eV (x = 0) to 1.72 eV (x = 1). The resulting Cu{sub 2}Zn{sub 1-x}Cd{sub x}SnS{sub 4} quinternary alloy nanostructures components were functionalized with oligonucleotides probe DNA molecules and interacted with the target, exhibiting good sensing capabilities due to its large surface-to-volume ratio. The fabrication, immobilization, and hybridization processes were analyzed via representative current-voltage (I-V) plots. Its electrical profile shows that the device is capable to distinguish biomolecules. Its high performance was evident from the linear relationship between the probe DNA from cervical cancer and the target DNA, showing its applicability for medical applications. (orig.)

  4. Physicochemical, Spectral, and Biological Studies of Mn(II, Cu(II, Cd(II, Zr(OH2(IV, and UO2(VI Compounds with Ligand Containing Thiazolidin-4-one Moiety

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dinesh Kumar

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available The Schiff base (I upon reacting with mercaptoacetic acid in dry benzene undergoes cyclization and forms N-(2-carbamoylthienyl-C-(3′-carboxy-2′-hydroxyphenylthiazolidin-4-one, LH3 (II. A MeOH solution of II reacts with Mn(II, Cu(II, Cd(II, Zr(OH2(IV, and UO2(VI ions and forms the coordination compounds, [Mn(LH(MeOH2], [Cu(LH]2, [Cd(LH], [Zr(OH2(OAc2(LH3], and [UO2(NO3(LH2(MeOH]. The compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, molar conductance, molecular weight, spectral (IR, reflectance, and EPR studies and magnetic susceptibility measurements. LH3 behaves as a neutral tridentate ONS donor ligand in [Zr(OH2(OAc2(LH3], monobasic tridentate ONS donor ligand in [UO2(NO3(LH2(MeOH], dibasic tridentate OOS donor ligand in [Cu(LH]2 and dibasic tetradentate OONO donor ligand in [Mn(LH(MeOH2] and [Cd(LH]. [Cu(LH]2 is dimer, while all other compounds are monomers in diphenyl. A square-planar structure for [Cu(LH]2, a tetrahedral structure for [Cd(LH], an octahedral structure for [Mn(LH(MeOH2], a pentagonal-bipyramidal structure for [Zr(OH2(OAc2(LH3], and an eight-coordinate structure for [UO2(NO3(LH2(MeOH] are proposed. The ligand (II and its compounds show antibacterial activities towards E. coli. (Gram negative and S. aureus (Gram positive.

  5. Sub-cellular partitioning of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the digestive gland of native Octopus vulgaris exposed to different metal concentrations (Portugal)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raimundo, J. [National Institute for Agronomy and Fisheries Research - IPIMAR, Av. Brasilia, 1449-006 Lisbon (Portugal)], E-mail: jraimundo@ipimar.pt; Vale, C. [National Institute for Agronomy and Fisheries Research - IPIMAR, Av. Brasilia, 1449-006 Lisbon (Portugal); Duarte, R.; Moura, I. [REQUIMTE - CQFB, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Qta Torre, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica (Portugal)

    2008-02-15

    Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb and their sub-cellular distributions were determined in composite samples of digestive glands of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris caught from two areas of the Portuguese coast characterised by contrasting metal contamination. Minor contents of Zn (1%), Cu (2%), Cd (6%) and Pb (7%) were found in the insoluble fraction, consisting of nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and microsome operationally separated from the whole digestive gland through a sequential centrifugation. A tendency for linear relationships between metal concentrations in nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and whole digestive gland was observed. These relationships suggest that despite low metal content organelles responded to the increasing accumulated metals, which means that detoxifying mechanism in cytosol was incomplete. Poorer correlations between microsome and whole digestive gland did not point to metal toxicity in the analysed compartments. However, the high accumulated Cd indicated that O. vulgaris is an important vehicle of this element to its predators in the coastal environment.

  6. Sub-cellular partitioning of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the digestive gland of native Octopus vulgaris exposed to different metal concentrations (Portugal)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Raimundo, J.; Vale, C.; Duarte, R.; Moura, I.

    2008-01-01

    Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb and their sub-cellular distributions were determined in composite samples of digestive glands of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris caught from two areas of the Portuguese coast characterised by contrasting metal contamination. Minor contents of Zn (1%), Cu (2%), Cd (6%) and Pb (7%) were found in the insoluble fraction, consisting of nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and microsome operationally separated from the whole digestive gland through a sequential centrifugation. A tendency for linear relationships between metal concentrations in nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and whole digestive gland was observed. These relationships suggest that despite low metal content organelles responded to the increasing accumulated metals, which means that detoxifying mechanism in cytosol was incomplete. Poorer correlations between microsome and whole digestive gland did not point to metal toxicity in the analysed compartments. However, the high accumulated Cd indicated that O. vulgaris is an important vehicle of this element to its predators in the coastal environment

  7. Simultaneous removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from stormwater using high-efficiency industrial sorbents: Effect of pH, contact time and humic acid

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Genc-Fuhrman, Hülya; Mikkelsen, Peter Steen; Ledin, Anna

    2016-01-01

    The effect of contact time, solution pH, and the presence of humic acid (HA) on the combined removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn is investigated in batch tests using alumina, granulated activated carbon (GAC), and bauxsol coated sand (BCS) as sorbents. It is found that the equilibrium time for Cd......, Cu, Ni and Zn is about 4 h, while no clear equilibrium is observed for As and Cr. It is also found that increasing the pH until pH ~. 8 enhanced Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn removal, but increasing the pH above this point had no major effect. In the cases of As and Cr, higher pH values (i.e. >. 7) decreased...... that natural organic matter may severely influence the removal efficiency, such that, for most metals the removal was reduced to the half, while for Cr it was increased to the double for alumina and BCS. Consequently, a properly working filter set up may not work properly anymore when receiving high loads...

  8. Biosolids conditioning and the availability of Cu and Zn for rice Condicionamento de biossólidos e a disponibilidade de Cu e Zn para arroz

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adriana Marlene Moreno Pires

    2003-02-01

    Vermelho Amarelo e Latossolo Vermelho Escuro tratados com quatro diferentes biossólidos foi montado para avaliar a disponibilidade de Cu e Zn utilizando arroz (Oryza sativa L. como planta teste. Os vasos receberam 3 kg de solo e o correspondente a 50 Mg ha-1 (base seca de biossólido. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (testemunha + 4 diferentes biossólidos e quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se pH do solo antes e após a colheita do arroz e teor de Cu e Zn na parte aérea das plantas. Os extratores químicos DTPA, HCl 0,1 mol L-1 e Mehlich 3 foram utilizados para avaliar a fitodisponibilidade de Cu e Zn para plantas de arroz. O biossólido tratado com polieletrólitos apresentou maior fitodisponibilidade de Cu e Zn, possivelmente devido ao menor pH que este confere ao solo. Os três extratores avaliados foram representativos da fitodisponibilidade de cobre e zinco.

  9. Coexpresión de CD4 y CD8 en linfocitos de sangre periférica en pacientes positivos para VIH Peripheral blood lymphocyte CD4 and CD8 co-expression in HIV positive patients

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alberto Gómez

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. La coexpresión en membrana de las moléculas CD4 y CD8 en leucocitos de sangre periférica se halla generalmente restringida a casos de leucemias agudas T prolinfocíticas o de leucemias T del adulto y no representa más de 3% a 5% de los linfocitos T periféricos. En este trabajo buscamos establecer la frecuencia de elevación de los linfocitos CD4+CD8+ de la totalidad de las muestras de pacientes remitidos para tipificación al Instituto de Referencia Andino en el año 2007. Diseño. Se hizo la tipificación de 1.883 subpoblaciones de linfocitos T de individuos diferentes y, luego, se procedió a la revisión retrospectiva de los resultados que correspondían a la totalidad de los análisis del 2007 en nuestro instituto. Además, se tabularon 142 muestras recibidas en enero de 2008 con el fin de determinar valores de referencia para la población estudiada. Metodología. Las muestras de sangre total se marcaron con anticuerpos monoclonales fluorescentes utilizando el reactivo Cyto-Stat® triCHROME™ CD8-FITC/CD4-RD1/CD3-PC5 y, luego, se procesaron en un citómetro Epics XL-MCL. Resultados. El análisis de los pacientes tipificados en 2007 reveló la existencia de dos individuos (0,11% en los que se presentó el fenómeno de aumento de la coexpresión en membrana de las moléculas CD4 y CD8. Conclusiones. El hallazgo de este fenotipo linfocitario en sangre periférica de pacientes no leucémicos debe alertar a los laboratorios que tipifican aisladamente los linfocitos CD4+ sin evaluar los marcadores CD3 y CD8, puesto que podrían estar sobreestimando los recuentos y porcentajes reales de células CD4+CD8 en la sangre periférica de sus pacientes y subestimando una subpoblación de linfocitos que es infrecuente, pero que se ha reportado como funcional y diferenciada en una variedad de infecciones y modelos experimentales.Objective: Membrane co-expression of CD4 and CD8 molecules in peripheral blood leukocytes is usually restricted to

  10. Determination of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in Sediment Compartments by Sequential Extraction and Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gardolinski Paulo C. F. C.

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Trace concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in four different sediment fractions extracted in sequence were determined by isotope dilution inductively coupled mass spectrometry (IDICPMS. The metals from each fraction were extracted following the sequential extraction procedure recommended by the Bureau Commun de Référence (BCR of the Commission of the European Communities. As an alternative to external calibration, the elements were quantified by spiking the extracted solutions with 112Cd, 63Cu, 208Pb and 66Zn and application of isotope dilution. The proposed approach was applied to a sample collected from a lake and two standard reference materials, NIST2704 river sediment from the National Institute of Standards & Technology and the BCR-277 estuarine sediment. Detection limits, for each extracted solution, varied from 0.31 to 0.53 mug L¹ for Cd, 0.92 to 2.9 mug L¹ for Cu, 0.22 to 1.1 mug L¹ for Pb and 1.3 to 7.6 mug L¹ for Zn. The sum of the metals concentration in the different fractions was compatible with 95% confidence level found amounts obtained with complete digestion of the samples and with the certified values of the standard reference materials.

  11. Soluble/insoluble (dilute-HCl-extractable fractionation of Cd, Pb and Cu in Antarctic snow and its relationship with metal fractionations in the aerosol

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Annibaldi A.

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available A chemical fractionation methodology for determination of the (water soluble and the insoluble (dilute-HCl-extractable fractions of Cd, Pb and Cu in Antarctic snow was set-up and verified for the additivity of the two fractions detected. Molten samples were filtrated and the water-insoluble fraction was extracted by dilute ultrapure HCl (pH ~1.5. Metal determinations were carried out in the two fractions by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The total metal concentrations in samples collected in the 2000–2001 austral summer in a clean area (Faraglione Camp in the neighbourhood of the Mario Zucchelli Italian Station were of the order of Cd 10-20 pg g−1, Pb 20–40 pg g−1, Cu 60–120 pg g−1 with an approximate equidistribution between soluble and insoluble fractions. These fractionations compare well (and show a quite consistent temporal trend with those observed in the aerosol samples collected in the same area/period and confirm the close relationship between metal distributions in snow/ice and in the aerosol. At the station metal concentrations increase due to anthropic contribution and the distribution changes with Cd predominantly present in the soluble fraction (~80%, while Pb and Cu are more concentrated in the insoluble fraction, 70–80% and ~70%, respectively.

  12. SWASV speciation of Cd, Pb and Cu for the determination of seawater contamination in the area of the Nicole shipwreck (Ancona coast, Central Adriatic Sea).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Annibaldi, Anna; Illuminati, Silvia; Truzzi, Cristina; Scarponi, Giuseppe

    2011-12-01

    The study reports for the first time on the heavy metal contamination of the waters surrounding a shipwreck lying on the sea floor. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry has been used for a survey of the total and dissolved Cd, Pb and Cu contents of the seawater at the site of the sinking of the Nicole M/V (Coastal Adriatic Sea, Italy). Results show that the hulk has a considerable impact as regards all three metals in the bottom water, especially for the particulate fraction concentrations, which increased by factors of ≈ 9 (Cd), ≈ 3 (Pb) and ≈ 5 (Cu). The contaminated plume extended downstream for about 2 miles. Much lower contamination was observed for dissolved bottom concentrations; nevertheless Pb (0.56 ± 0.03 nmol/L) is higher than the Italian legal limits established for 2015 and Cd (0.23 ± 0.03 nmol/L) is very close the limit of Cd will be exceeded if the hulk is not removed. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  13. Determination of Cu, Zn and Cd in Soil, Water and Food Products in the Vicinity of RMG Gold and Copper Mine, Kazreti, Georgia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guranda Avkopashvili

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Functioning of polymetallic factories are considerable harming the ecological systems in the environment. Operation of RMG Gold and Copper Mine in the SE part of Georgia causes severe ecological problems in the region. It is vital that conducted monitoring near the areas where industrial activities are underway. The study is aimed at eco-monitoring of the Bolnisi municipality, Georgia. The monitoring was conducted of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd in system “water-soil-plant” in the area of Kazreti (Madneuli – villages: Balichi, Ratevani, Naxiduri, Xidiskhuri. According to the results obtained in the soil, content of heavy metals are significantly higher than the allowable concentration limit. In spite of this in crops of the plants which were grown on this soil, content of Cu and Zn does not exceed the allowed concentration limits, Cd content was not found. Study plants were green been, mauhroom, green walnut, green pepper, cucumber, cherry, potato, tomato, walnut, garlic, dry been and corn. Study water were rivers Kazretula and Mashavera's water. Rivers Kazretula and Mashavera water content Zn and Cd concentration.

  14. Voltametrické stanovení Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn a Tl pomocí stříbrné pevné amalgamové elektrody

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Josypčuk, Bohdan; Novotný, Ladislav

    2002-01-01

    Roč. 96, č. 9 (2002), s. 756-760 ISSN 0009-2770 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z4040901 Keywords : silver solid amalgam electrodes * voltammetry * Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Tl Subject RIV: CG - Electrochemistry Impact factor: 0.336, year: 2002

  15. Effects of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu-resistant endophytic Enterobacter sr CBSB1 and Rhodotorula sp. CBSB79 on the growth and phytoextraction of Brassica plants in multimetal contaminated soils.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Wenfeng; Deng, Zujun; Tan, Hongming; Cao, Lixiang

    2013-01-01

    To survey the effects of endophytic Enterobacter sp. CBSB1 and Rhodotorula sp. CBSB79 resistant to Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ on the growth and phytoextraction of Brassica, the endophytes were isolated by surface- sterilized methods and characterized. The CBSB1 significantly increased 44.2% of the dry weight of Brassica napus in the multimetal contaminated soil (P Rhodotorula sp CBSB79 showed higher potentials to improve extraction efficacy of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu by Brassica seedlings in the field.

  16. Levels of Cd (II, Mn (II, Pb (II, Cu (II, and Zn (II in Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo from Sicily (Italy by Derivative Stripping Potentiometry

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    P. Licata

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Zn in different organs (liver, kidney, muscle, lung, skin, and feathers of buzzards (Buteo buteo, utilized as a “biological indicator” for environmental contamination, from different areas of Sicily and to investigate the relationships between birds sex, age, and weight and metal levels in these samples. All samples of common buzzards were collected at the “Recovery Center of Wild Fauna” of Palermo, through the Zooprophilactic Institute. Potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA was used to determine the content of Cd(II, Cu(II, Mn(II, Pb(II, and Zn(II in bird tissues. For toxic metals, the highest levels of Pb were in liver and those of Cd in lung; Zn levels were higher than Cu and Mn in all tissues analyzed. The concentrations in liver, lung, kidney, and muscle could be considered as an indicative of chronic exposure to metals while the presence of metals in skin could be consequential to storing and elimination processes. The found concentrations of metals in the studied matrices required a highly sensitive method for their determination and a simple sample preparation procedure, and the proposed method was well suited for this purpose.

  17. Heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd content in wine produced from grape cultivar Mavrud, grown in an industrially polluted region

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Violina Angelova

    1999-09-01

    Full Text Available The investigation was carried out in the period 1991-1993 with cv. Mavrud, grown in the region with a major industrial pollutant the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works (NFMW and a region with no industrial pollutants (as a control. The heavy metal content in soil, grapes and wine was determined. Most of the heavy metals in the grapes precipitate during fermentation into the sediments, which is the reason for their significantly lower content in the wine. Water washing of grape before processing leads to about 2 time decrease in the Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd contents of wine. The pre-washing of grapes does not lead to any quality deterioration in the wine produced. The amounts of Cu, Zn and Cd in the wine from cv. Mavrud, grown in the region of the NFMW-Plovdiv, are lower than the maximum admissible levels, while the Pb content exceeds them about two times.

  18. Certification of the Cu and Cd amount contents in artificial food digest using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Pilot Study 13 of the Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vassileva, E.; Quetel, C.R.; Petrov, I.

    2003-01-01

    The Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere (CCQM) launched the Pilot Study 13, an interlaboratory comparison between the metrological organizations worldwide on the determination of Ca, Cu and Cd in artificial food digests. These samples (available in 7% HNO 3 and with a salinity evaluated around 370 mg kg -1 , including approx. 30 mg Na kg -1 ) were prepared by gravimetrical mixing, and thus reference values traceable to the Kg for the three elements were available eventually. This paper describes the contribution of IRMM for the certification of the Cu and the Cd amount contents. The analytical protocol developed was based on isotope dilution associated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS). The Cu measurements required 125-fold dilution of the initial sample solution. An interference of 23 Na 40 Ar + on 63 Cu + was identified but, since the ratio between both species was over 1000, it was successfully overcome by the calculation of a correction factor for its effect on the Cu amount content directly. Dilution of the sample was not possible for Cd only present at the low ng g -1 level. Up to 1% difference was observed on Cd isotope ratio results between measurements performed directly or after matrix separation. This is rarely shown. As similar results could be obtained either way after the necessary corrections, the direct measurements approach associated to a correction for mass discrimination effects using the CCQM-P13 sample itself (and the IUPAC table values as reference for the natural Cd isotopic composition) was preferred as it was the easiest. SI traceable values were obtained for Cu and Cd with less than 1 and 1.5% combined uncertainty, respectively (6 995±55 (k=2) nmol kg -1 and 45.53±0.64 (k=2) nmol kg -1 ). The excellent agreement between these results and the reference values (less than 0.6 and 0.08% difference) further validated the analytical protocols developed

  19. Cu(I), Ag(I), Cd(II), and Pb(II) binding to biomolecules studied by perturbed angular correlation of $\\gamma$-rays (PAC) spectroscopy

    CERN Multimedia

    Metal ions display diverse functions in biological systems and are essential components in both protein and nucleic acid structure and function, and in control of biochemical reaction paths and signalling. Similarly, metal ions may be used to control structure and function of synthetic biomolecules, and thus be a tool in the design of molecules with a desired function. In this project we address a variety of questions concerning both the function of metal ions in natural systems, in synthetic biomolecules, and the toxic effect of some metal ions. All projects involve other experimental techniques such as NMR, EXAFS, UV-Vis, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopies providing complementary data, as well as interpretation of the experimental data by quantum mechanical calculations of spectroscopic properties. The isotopes to be employed in the proposal are the following: $^{111m}$Cd, $^{111}$Ag, $^{199m}$Hg, $^{204m}$Pb, $^{61}$Cu, $^{68m}$Cu

  20. Bioavailability and Variability of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu Pollution in Soft Tissues and Shell of Saccostrea cucullata Collected from the Coast of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ali Kazemi

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available Background: Marine pollution is a global environmental problem that its monitoring by ideal biomonitors is of great importance. Marine organisms, especially mussels, have the ability to accumulate metals from the environment; they can be considered as a biomonitoring agent. Methods: In this study, concentrations of heavy metals were measured in Saccostrea cucullata collected from seven sites on Qeshm Island's Coast. To achieve a digesting sample, each soft tissue was obtained and each of the shell homogeneous powders, 0.8 g and 1 g, respectively, were mixed with 10 mL HNO3 (69% and poured into a PTFE digestion vessel. The prepared samples were evaluated for Cd, Cu, and Zn by using a flame AAS Model 67OG and for Pb by using a graphite furnace AAS. Results: The distributions of metals between soft tissues and shells were compared in each sampling site. For seven sites, Cd, Zn, and Cu levels in soft tissues were higher than in the shells, but Pb level was higher in the shells than in the soft tissues. In addition, the results indicated the coefficient of variation (CV in the soft tissues was lower than the shells for Cd, and in the shells lower than the soft tissues for Pb, whereas the CV values were different in both the soft tissues and shells for Zn and Cu. Conclusion: The results of this study support using these materials in S. cucullata for biomonitoring. Shells are appropriate for monitoring Pb contamination, and the soft tissues are more apt for monitoring Cd, Zn, and Cu contamination.

  1. Oxidoreductases provide a more generic response to metallic stressors (Cu and Cd) than hydrolases in soil fungi: new ecotoxicological insights.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lebrun, Jérémie D; Demont-Caulet, Nathalie; Cheviron, Nathalie; Laval, Karine; Trinsoutrot-Gattin, Isabelle; Mougin, Christian

    2016-02-01

    The present study investigates the effect of metals on the secretion of enzymes from 12 fungal strains maintained in liquid cultures. Hydrolases (acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase) and ligninolytic oxidoreductases (laccase, Mn, and lignin peroxidases) activities, as well as biomass production, were measured in culture fluids from fungi exposed to Cu or Cd. Our results showed that all fungi secreted most of the selected hydrolases and that about 50% of them produced a partial oxidative system in the absence of metals. Then, exposure of fungi to metals led to the decrease in biomass production. At the enzymatic level, Cu and Cd modified the secretion profiles of soil fungi. The response of hydrolases to metals was contrasted and complex and depended on metal, enzyme, and fungal strain considered. By contrast, the metals always stimulated the activity of ligninolytic oxidoreductases in fungal strains. In some of them, oxidoreductases were specifically produced following metal exposure. Fungal oxidoreductases provide a more generic response than hydrolases, constituting thus a physiological basis for their use as biomarkers of metal exposure in soils.

  2. 111Cd TDPAC investigation of metal sites in superoxide dismutase: A comparison with X-ray diffraction data

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Bauer, R.; Bjerrum, M.J.; Danielsen, E.

    1990-01-01

    111Cd Time Differential Ferturbed γ-γ Angular Correlation (TDPAC) has been used to investigate the Zn-site in Cu2, Zn2-superoxide dismutase. These experiments show a clear difference between Cu(II)2 Cd2 SOD and Cu(I)2Cd2SOD. The result of Cu(II)2, Cd2-SOD agrees with the Angular Overlap Model (AO...

  3. Determination of water-soluble and insoluble (dilute-HCl-extractable) fractions of Cd, Pb and Cu in Antarctic aerosol by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry: distribution and summer seasonal evolution at Terra Nova Bay (Victoria Land)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Annibaldi, A.; Truzzi, C.; Illuminati, S.; Bassotti, E.; Scarponi, G. [Polytechnic University of Marche - Ancona, Department of Marine Science, Ancona (Italy)

    2007-02-15

    Eight PM10 aerosol samples were collected in the vicinity of the ''Mario Zucchelli'' Italian Antarctic Station (formerly Terra Nova Bay Station) during the 2000-2001 austral summer using a high-volume sampler and precleaned cellulose filters. The aerosol mass was determined by differential weighing of filters carried out in a clean chemistry laboratory under controlled temperature and humidity. A two-step sequential extraction procedure was used to separate the water-soluble and the insoluble (dilute-HCl-extractable) fractions. Cd, Pb and Cu were determined in the two fractions using an ultrasensitive square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) procedure set up for and applied to aerosol samples for the first time. Total extractable metals showed maxima at midsummer for Cd and Pb and a less clear trend for Cu. In particular, particulate metal concentrations ranged as follows: Cd 0.84-9.2 {mu}g g{sup -1} (average 4.7 {mu}g g{sup -1}), Pb 13.2-81 {mu}g g{sup -1} (average 33 {mu}g g{sup -1}), Cu 126-628 {mu}g g{sup -1} (average 378 {mu}g g{sup -1}). In terms of atmospheric concentration, the values were: Cd 0.55-6.3 pg m{sup -3} (average 3.4 pg m{sup -3}), Pb 8.7-48 pg m{sup -3} (average 24 pg m{sup -3}), Cu 75-365 pg m{sup -3} (average 266 pg m{sup -3}). At the beginning of the season the three metals appear widely distributed in the insoluble (HCl-extractable) fraction (higher proportions for Cd and Pb, 90-100%, and lower for Cu, 70-90%) with maxima in the second half of December. The soluble fraction then increases, and at the end of the season Cd and Pb are approximately equidistributed between the two fractions, while for Cu the soluble fraction reaches its maximum level of 36%. Practically negligible contributions are estimated for crustal and sea-spray sources. Low but significant volcanic contributions are estimated for Cd and Pb ({proportional_to}10% and {proportional_to}5%, respectively), while there is an evident although not

  4. Development of a computer model for polycrystalline thin-film CuInSe sub 2 and CdTe solar cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gray, J.L.; Schwartz, R.J.; Lee, Y.J. (Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN (United States))

    1992-09-01

    This report describes work to develop an accurate numerical model for CuInSe{sub 2} (CIS) and CdTe-based solar cells capable of running on a personal computer. Such a model will aid researchers in designing and analyzing CIS- and CdTe-based solar cells. ADEPT (A Device Emulation Pregrain and Tool) was used as the basis for this model. An additional objective of this research was to use the models developed to analyze the performance of existing and proposed CIS- and CdTe-based solar cells. The development of accurate numerical models for CIS- and CdTe-based solar cells required the compilation of cell performance data (for use in model verification) and the compilation of measurements of material parameters. The development of the numerical models involved implementing the various physical models appropriate to CIS and CdTe, as well as some common window. A version of the model capable of running on an IBM-comparable personal computer was developed (primary code development is on a SUN workstation). A user-friendly interface with pop-up menus is continuing to be developed for release with the IBM-compatible model.

  5. Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn biogeochemical behaviour and biological transfer processes in the Northwestern Mediterranean

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nicolas, E.; Marty, J.C.; Miquel, J.C.; Fowler, S.W.

    1999-01-01

    Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were determined in planktonic organisms (Salps, copepods), their associated faecal pellets and in particles collected at 200 and 2000 m depth in sediment traps moored in the Ligurian Sea. Al and P were also measured and taken as tracers of lithogenic and biogenic components, respectively. The aim of this work was to determine the fluxes of trace metals in the Ligurian Sea and their variations with depth, and to to assess the biogeochemical behaviour of elements having, for some of them, an anthropogenic origin, by the study of biologically-mediated uptake and removal processes

  6. Characterization of L-cysteine capped CdTe quantum dots and application to test Cu(II) deficiency in biological samples from critically ill patients

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sáez, Laura; Molina, Jorge; Florea, Daniela I.; Planells, Elena M. [Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Cartuja, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada (Spain); Cabeza, M. Carmen [Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada (Spain); Quintero, Bartolomé, E-mail: bqosso@ugr.es [Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada (Spain)

    2013-06-27

    Graphical abstract: -- Highlights: •We examinate stability of L-cysteine capped CdTe QD. •Factors influence QD fluorescence response are controlled. •Application in copper deficiency analysis is made. •We report comparison with other techniques. -- Abstract: The catalytic activity of copper ion gives, from the physiological point of view, a central role in many biological processes. Variations in the composition and location of cellular copper have been addressed given their physiological and pathological consequences. In this paper L-cysteine capped CdTe quantum dots is used for the fluorimetric determination of Cu(II) in biological samples from healthy individuals and patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units (ICU). An acceptable homogeneity in the CdTe QDs size has been obtained with an average value of 3 nm. No significant alterations in the spectral properties were observed for 2 months when stored in vacutainers at 6 °C and a concentration of approximately 2 μM. Data from oxidative stress markers such superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and DNA damage can be correlated with a Cu(II) deficiency for the ICU patients as measured by flame-atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Aqueous solutions 0.3 μM of L-cysteine capped CdTe QDs in MOPS buffer (6 mM, pH 7.4) used at 21 °C in the range 15–60 min after preparation of the sample for the measurements of fluorescence gives contents in Cu(II) for erythrocytes in good agreement with those obtained in FAAS and ICP-MS but the comparative ease of use makes the fluorimetric technique more suitable than the other two techniques for routine analysis.

  7. The structure of Cu-Cd alloys obtained by electrolysis on monocrystalline silver substrates

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lagiewka, E.

    1981-01-01

    The structure of Cu-Cd alloys obtained by electrolysis on monocrystalline silver cathodes with a surface parallel to the (111), (110) and (100) planes has been investigated. It has been found that depending on the range of the cathode potentials, one-phase (phase α) or two-phase (phase α + cadmium) alloy are obtained. In the alloys the occurrence of twins has been observed, the orientation of which is the result of twinning along the [111] planes of crystallites with epitaxial orientation with respect to the cathode surface and of a random orientation of crystallites. The volume of the layer containing crystallites with a random arrangement increases with the obtaining potential of the alloy and with the decrease in the surface density of the cathode atoms. (author)

  8. Pengaruh Konsentrasi H2so4 Dan Berat Dari Bentonit Alam Teraktivasi Dan Komersil Terhadap Adsorpsi Logam Kadmium (Cd) Dan Tembaga (Cu) Dalam Larutan Standar Dalam Metode Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom

    OpenAIRE

    Ramadani, Eko

    2011-01-01

    The various concentration effect’s of H2SO4 and weight of activated bleaching earth and commercial to adsoption of cadmium metal (Cd) and copper (Cu) in standard solution using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method has been studied. Bleaching earth activation process assessed various concentration of H2SO4 which is 0,4; 0,8; 1,2; 1,6; and 2,0 M. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g activated bleaching earth and commercial added into cadmium standard solution (Cd) and copper (Cu) , stirred up to 6 hours,...

  9. Positron emission tomography imaging of CD105 expression in a rat myocardial infarction model with (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Orbay, Hakan; Zhang, Yin; Valdovinos, Hector F; Song, Guoqing; Hernandez, Reinier; Theuer, Charles P; Hacker, Timothy A; Nickles, Robert J; Cai, Weibo

    2013-01-01

    Biological changes following myocardial infarction (MI) lead to increased secretion of angiogenic factors that subsequently stimulate the formation of new blood vessels as a compensatory mechanism to reverse ischemia. The goal of this study was to assess the role of CD105 expression during MI-induced angiogenesis by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using (64)Cu-labeled TRC105, an anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody. MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery in female rats. Echocardiography and (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) PET scans were performed on post-operative day 3 to confirm the presence of MI in the infarct group and intact heart in the sham group, respectively. Ischemia-induced angiogenesis was non-invasively monitored with (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 (an extensively validated PET tracer in our previous studies) PET on post-operative days 3, 10, and 17. Tracer uptake in the infarct zone was highest on day 3 following MI, which was significantly higher than that in the sham group (1.41 ± 0.45 %ID/g vs 0.57 ± 0.07 %ID/g; n=3, p<0.05). Subsequently, tracer uptake in the infarct zone decreased over time to the background level on day 17, whereas tracer uptake in the heart of sham rats remained low at all time points examined. Histopathology documented increased CD105 expression following MI, which corroborated in vivo findings. This study indicated that PET imaging of CD105 can be a useful tool for MI-related research, which can potentially improve MI patient management in the future upon clinical translation of the optimized PET tracers.

  10. The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Canli, Mustafa; Atli, Gueluezar

    2003-01-01

    Significant relationships between metal concentrations and fish size were negative. - Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) concentrations in the muscle, gill and liver of six fish species (Sparus auratus, Atherina hepsetus, Mugil cephalus, Trigla cuculus, Sardina pilchardus and Scomberesox saurus) from the northeast Mediterranean Sea were measured and the relationships between fish size (length and weight) and metal concentrations in the tissues were investigated by linear regression analysis. Metal concentrations (as μg/g d.w.) were highest in the liver, except for iron in the gill of Scomberesox saurus and lowest in the muscle of all the fish species. Highest concentrations of Cd (4.50), Cr (17.1) and Pb (41.2) were measured in liver tissues of T. cuculus, Sardina pilchardus and A. hepsetus, respectively. The liver of M. cephalus showed strikingly high Cu concentrations (202.8). The gill of Scomberesox saurus was the only tissue that showed highest (885.5) iron concentrations. Results of linear regression analysis showed that, except in a few cases, significant relationships between metal concentrations and fish size were negative. Highly significant (P<0.001) negative relationships were found between fish length and Cr concentrations in the liver of A. hepsetus and M. cephalus, and Cr concentrations in the gill of T. cuculus. Cr and Pb concentrations in the liver and Cu concentrations in all the tissues of Scomberesox saurus also showed very significant (P<0.001) negative relationships. Negative relationships found here were discussed

  11. Determination of uranium isotopes ({sup 235}U, {sup 238}U) and trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu and As) in bottled drinking water by Icp-SFMS; Determinacion de isotopos de uranio ({sup 235}U, {sup 238}U) y elementos traza (Cd, Pb, Cu y As) en agua embotellada para beber por ICP-SFMS

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lara A, N.; Hernandez M, H.; Romero G, E. T.; Kuri de la C, A.; Perez B, M. A., E-mail: nancy.lara@inin.gob.mx [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2016-09-15

    In the present work we propose an optimized method for the quantification of uranium isotopes ({sup 235}U, 2{sup 38}U) and the elements Cd, Pb, Cu and As in bottled water for drinking at trace levels of concentration. Based on the multi-element detection capability, the high sensitivity and resolution that the Mass Spectrometry with Magnetic Sector with Inductively Coupled Plasma Source (Icp-SFMS) technique offers; the high, medium and low resolution analysis conditions for the elements under study were established and optimized using and Element 2/Xr equipment and the 23 multi-elemental Certified Reference Material (CRM). The analysis method was validated using the standard reference material Nist 1643d and CRM mono-elemental s as external standards for the quantification of the analytes. Samples, targets and CRM were acidified with 2% of HNO{sub 3} and analyzed without pretreatment under the established analysis conditions. The results obtained show concentrations of {sup 235}U, {sup 238}U, {sup 111}Cd, {sup 208}Pb, {sup 63}Cu and {sup 75}As in the range of μg L{sup -1}, the linearity obtained from the calibration curves for each element has correlation coefficients < 0.99 in all cases, the accuracy of the method in terms of percent relative standard deviation (RSD %) was less than 5%, the mean recovery rate of Nist 1643d ranged from 96.46% to 101.12%. The optimization of the method guarantees the stability and calibration of the equipment throughout the analysis, as well as the ability to resolve interferences. In conclusion, the method proposed using Icp-SFMS offers the advantages of being fast and simple for the multi-elemental analysis in water at trace levels, with low limits of quantification and detection, with good linearity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility to a degree of reliability of 95%. (Author)

  12. CELULE FOTOVOLTAICE CU HOMOJONCŢIUNE DIN InP: REZULTATE ŞI COMPARĂRI

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vasile BOTNARIUC

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available Au fost obţinute homojoncţiuni n-pInP cu strat intermediar p-InP crescut repetat prin metoda HVPE cu sau fără strat frontal nCdS şi au fost cercetate proprietăţile electrice şi fotoelectrice ale acestora. S-a constatat că depunerea stratului intermediar măreşte fotosensibilitatea homostructurilor cu 15…20%. Eficienţa energetică a CF cu structura n+CdS-n+InP-p-InP-p+InP constituie 13,5% pentru fluxul luminos incident de 100 mW×cm-2. Eficienţa CF cu heterostructura nCdS-pInP şi cu strat intermediar similar creşte cu 27%, în comparaţie cu CF cu homostructura n-p--pInP şi cu strat frontal nCdS, având valoarea de 17,3%. Se conturează posibilitatea reală de mărire a eficienţei CF de acest tip.FOTOVOLTAIC CELLS WITH HOMOJUNCTIONS IN InP: REZULTS AND COMPARISONSElectrical and photoelectrical properties of InP p-n homojunctions with an intermediate p-InP layer repeatedly grown by HVPE method, with and without frontal nCdS layer were produced and studied. It was found that the deposition of this intermediate p-InP layer increases the cells photosensitivity by 15 ... 20%. The solar energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cell (PC with n+CdS-n+InP-p-InP-p+InP structure is 13.5% at the illumination of 100 mW.cm-2. The efficiency of the PC based on nCdS-pInP heterostructure and an analogic intermediate layer increases to 27% compared with the PC based on n-p--pInP homostructure having a frontal nCdS layer has an efficiency of 17.3%. The possibility of increasing of the efficiency of this PC type is formulated.

  13. Fluorescence enhancement of CdTe/CdS quantum dots by coupling of glyphosate and its application for sensitive detection of copper ion

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Liu Zhengqing; Liu Shaopu; Yin Pengfei; He Youqiu

    2012-01-01

    Graphical abstract: Glyphosate (Glyp) had been used to modify the surface of CdTe/CdS QDs, resulting in the enhancement of fluorescence intensity. The Glyp-functionalized QDs fluorescent probe offers good sensitivity and selectivity for detecting Cu 2+ based on the fluorescence quenching. Highlights: ► Water soluble CdTe/CdS quantum dots capped with glyphosate were firstly synthesized. ► The fluorescence of the Glyp-functionalized QDs was quenched by copper ion. ► A new fluorescent sensor for copper ion was developed based on the prepared QDs. ► The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and good selectivity for copper ion. - Abstract: A novel fluorescent probe for Cu 2+ determination based on the fluorescence quenching of glyphosate (Glyp)-functionalized quantum dots (QDs) was firstly reported. Glyp had been used to modify the surface of QDs to form Glyp-functionalized QDs following the capping of thioglycolic acid on the core–shell CdTe/CdS QDs. Under the optimal conditions, the response was linearly proportional to the concentration of Cu 2+ between 2.4 × 10 −2 μg mL −1 and 28 μg mL −1 , with a detection limit of 1.3 × 10 −3 μg mL −1 (3δ). The Glyp-functionalized QDs fluorescent probe offers good sensitivity and selectivity for detecting Cu 2+ . The fluorescent probe was successfully used for the determination of Cu 2+ in environmental samples. The mechanism of reaction was also discussed.

  14. Immobilization of Cu2 + and Cd2 + by earthworm manure derived biochar in acidic circumstance

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    Zhanghong Wang; Fei Shen; Dekui Shen; Yahui Jiang; Rui Xiao

    2017-01-01

    Earthworm manure,the by-product obtained from the disposing of biowastes by earthworm breeding,is largely produced and employed as a feedstock for biochar preparation through pyrolysis.For repairing acidic soil or acidic electroplating effluent,biochar physicochemical properties would suffer from some changes like an acidic washing process,which hence affected its application functions.Pristine biochar (UBC)from pyrolysis of earthworm manure at 700℃ and biochar treated by HCl (WBC) were comparatively investigated regarding their physicochemical properties,adsorption capability and adsorption mechanism of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solution to explore the immobilization characteristics ofbiochar in acidic environment.After HCl treatment,the soluble ash content and phenolic-OH in the WBC sample was notably decreased against the increase of the carboxyl C==O,aromatic C=C and Si-O-Si,compared to that of UBC.All adsorption processes can be well described by Langmuir isotherm model.The calculated maximum adsorption capacity of Cu2+ and Cd2+ adsorption on UBC were 36.56and 29.31 mg/g,respectively,which were higher than that of WBC (8.64 and 12.81 mg/g,respectively),indicating that HCl treatment significantly decreased biochar adsorption ability.Mechanism analysis revealed that alkali and alkaline earth metallic,salts (carbonates,phosphates and silicates),and surface functional groups were responsible for UBC adsorption,corresponding to ion exchange,precipitation and complexation,respectively.However,ion exchange made little contributions to WBC adsorption due to the great loss of soluble ash content.WBC adsorption was mainly attributed to the abundant exposure of silicates and surface functional groups (carboxyl C==O and aromatic C=C).

  15. CORRELATION OF THE PARTITIONING OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS WITH THE DESORPTION OF CD, CU, NI, PB AND ZN FROM 18 DUTCH SOILS

    Science.gov (United States)

    Eighteen Dutch soils were extracted in aqueous solutions at varying pH. Extracts were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn by ICP-AES. Extract dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was also concentrated onto a macroreticular resin and fractionation into three operationally defined fract...

  16. Solid Phase Extraction of Trace Al(III), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) Ions in Beverages on Functionalized Polymer Microspheres Prior to Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determinations.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Berber, Hale; Alpdogan, Güzin

    2017-01-01

    In this study, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) was synthesized in the form of microspheres, and then functionalized by 2-aminobenzothiazole ligand. The sorption properties of these functionalized microspheres were investigated for separation, preconcentration and determination of Al(III), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimum pH values for quantitative sorption were 2 - 4, 5 - 8, 6 - 8, 4 - 6, 2 - 6 and 2 - 3 for Al(III), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively, and also the highest sorption capacity of the functionalized microspheres was found to be for Cu(II) with the value of 1.87 mmol g -1 . The detection limits (3σ; N = 6) obtained for the studied metals in the optimal conditions were observed in the range of 0.26 - 2.20 μg L -1 . The proposed method was successfully applied to different beverage samples for the determination of Al(III), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions, with the relative standard deviation of <3.7%.

  17. Estudo da labilidade de Cu(II, Cd(II, Mn(II e Ni(II em substâncias húmicas aquáticas utilizando-se membranas celulósicas organomodificadas Lability study of Cu(II, Cd(II, Mn(II and Ni(II complexed by aquatic humic substances using organomodified cellulose membranes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    André Henrique Rosa

    2007-02-01

    Full Text Available In this work commercial filters papers were organomodified with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTS, aiming at the development of a new analytical procedure for in-situ speciation of labile and inert metal species in aquatic systems. Parameters that exert influence on the metal lability such as pH, chelating time, concentration and characteristics of the organic matter were studied in the laboratory using tests for metal recuperation. The results showed slower kinetics for Cu ion than for Ni, Mn and Cd in the absence of aquatic humic substances (AHS. The relative lability observed for complexed metals in aquatic humic substances using organomodified filter papers was Cu>>Cd>Ni>Mn. The pH values, structural characteristics and concentration of AHS exert strong influence on the lability of the metals. The results obtained showed that the utilization of organomodified filter papers can be an interesting and promising alternative for in situ characterization of metal lability in aquatic systems.

  18. Differences in the mobility of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn during composting of two types of household bio-waste collected in four seasons.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hanc, Ales; Szakova, Jirina; Ochecova, Pavla

    2014-09-01

    The objective of this study was to evaluate the mobility of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn during 3 different compost aeration rates of household bio-waste, originating in urban settlement (U-bio-waste) and family house buildings (F-bio-waste). The first two weeks, when the thermophilic composting phase became, the highest decline of exchangeable content was recorded. After 12 weeks of composting, lower exchangeable content was found in the case of U-bio-waste composts than F-bio-waste composts, despite higher loss of fresh mass. The order of fractions in both final composts was as follows: residual>oxidizable>reducible>exchangeable. The exchangeable portion of total content in final composts decreased in this order: Zn (17%), Cd (11%), Pb (4%) and Cu (3%). Regarding the low exchangeable content of heavy metals and high-quality organic matter, these types of composts could be used not only as fertilizer, but for remediation of metals contaminated land. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Simulation of the behaviour of a set of Cu/sub 2/S-CdS unit photocells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jacquemin, J L; Bordure, G

    1982-03-01

    With the help of a general simulation program (the Spice II program from the University of California, Berkeley), adapted to photocell modelling, we studied the behaviour of a large solar photocell consisting of smaller Cu/sub 2/S-CdS unit solar cells in parallel. In particular we examined a theoretical set of photocells identical with the best cell made in the laboratory, a set of 30 real photocells characterized individually and the effect of introducing low efficiency cells. We indicate the role of each parameter characterizing the photocells in order to improve the behaviour of photovoltaic panels of larger dimensions.

  20. Electrical parameters of metal doped n-CdO/p-Si heterojunction diodes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Umadevi, P. [Department of Physics, Sri Vidya College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar 626005, Tamilnadu (India); Prithivikumaran, N., E-mail: janavi_p@yahoo.com [Nanoscience Research Lab, Department of Physics, VHNSN College, Virudhunagar 626001, Tamilnadu (India)

    2016-11-15

    The CdO, Al doped CdO and Cu doped CdO thin films were coated on p-type silicon substrates by sol–gel spin coating method. The structural, surface morphological and electrical properties of undoped, Al and Cu doped CdO films on silicon substrate were studied. The Ag/CdO/p-Si, Ag/Al: CdO/p-Si and Ag/Cu: CdO/p-Si heterojunction diodes were fabricated and the diode parameters such as reverse saturation current, barrier height and ideality factor of the diodes were investigated by current–voltage (I–V)characteristics. The reverse current of the diode was found to increase strongly with the doping. The values of barrier height and ideality factor were decreased by doping with aluminium and copper. Photo response of the heterojunction diodes was studied and it was found that, the heterojunction diode constructed with the doped CdO has larger Photo response than the undoped heterojunction diode.

  1. Fluorescence enhancement of CdTe/CdS quantum dots by coupling of glyphosate and its application for sensitive detection of copper ion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Liu Zhengqing; Liu Shaopu; Yin Pengfei [Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715 (China); He Youqiu, E-mail: heyq@swu.edu.cn [Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715 (China)

    2012-10-01

    Graphical abstract: Glyphosate (Glyp) had been used to modify the surface of CdTe/CdS QDs, resulting in the enhancement of fluorescence intensity. The Glyp-functionalized QDs fluorescent probe offers good sensitivity and selectivity for detecting Cu{sup 2+} based on the fluorescence quenching. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Water soluble CdTe/CdS quantum dots capped with glyphosate were firstly synthesized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The fluorescence of the Glyp-functionalized QDs was quenched by copper ion. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A new fluorescent sensor for copper ion was developed based on the prepared QDs. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and good selectivity for copper ion. - Abstract: A novel fluorescent probe for Cu{sup 2+} determination based on the fluorescence quenching of glyphosate (Glyp)-functionalized quantum dots (QDs) was firstly reported. Glyp had been used to modify the surface of QDs to form Glyp-functionalized QDs following the capping of thioglycolic acid on the core-shell CdTe/CdS QDs. Under the optimal conditions, the response was linearly proportional to the concentration of Cu{sup 2+} between 2.4 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -2} {mu}g mL{sup -1} and 28 {mu}g mL{sup -1}, with a detection limit of 1.3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -3} {mu}g mL{sup -1} (3{delta}). The Glyp-functionalized QDs fluorescent probe offers good sensitivity and selectivity for detecting Cu{sup 2+}. The fluorescent probe was successfully used for the determination of Cu{sup 2+} in environmental samples. The mechanism of reaction was also discussed.

  2. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) on the novel hetero-system CuFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}/CdS

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nasrallah, N.; Kebir, M. [Laboratory of Engineering Reaction, Faculty of Engineering Mechanic and Engineering Processus (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers (Algeria); Koudri, Z. [Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers (Algeria); Trari, M., E-mail: solarchemistry@gmail.com [Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers (Algeria)

    2011-01-30

    The photocatalytic HCrO{sub 4}{sup -} reduction was investigated in air equilibrated solution using the spinel CuFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles as sensitizers. The oxide is p-type semi conductor, prepared from nitrates decomposition. The catalytic performance increases with decreasing pH and the concomitant oxidation of salicylic acid contributes significantly to the photoactivity through the charges separation of electron/hole pairs (C{sub 7}H{sub 6}O{sub 3} + 6 O{sub 2} + 4 h{sup +} + 3 H{sub 2}O {yields} 7 CO{sub 2} + 4 H{sub 3}O{sup +}). Evidence has been given to show the advantages of the hetero-system CuFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}/CdS in the chromate reduction. CuFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} acts as electrons pump and the electron transfer to chromate is mediated via CdS hexagonal variety (greenockite). A reduction of 60% occurs and the process is well described by a pseudo first order kinetic with a half life of {approx}2.8 h and a quantum yield of {approx}0.12% for an initial HCrO{sub 4}{sup -} concentration of 3 x 10{sup -4} M. An improvement up to 72% is obtained when the reaction occurs in a stirred reactor and no cadmium was detected after 6 h illumination. The results indicate a competitive effect with the water reduction. The hydrogen evolutions are found to be 0.236 and 0.960 cm{sup 3} mn{sup -1} g{sup -1} in presence and in absence of HCrO{sub 4}{sup -}, respectively.

  3. Overexpressing the Sedum alfredii Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Increased Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zhen Li

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Superoxide dismutase (SOD is a very important reactive oxygen species (ROS-scavenging enzyme. In this study, the functions of a Cu/Zn SOD gene (SaCu/Zn SOD, from Sedum alfredii, a cadmium (Cd/zinc/lead co-hyperaccumulator of the Crassulaceae, was characterized. The expression of SaCu/Zn SOD was induced by Cd stress. Compared with wild-type (WT plants, overexpression of SaCu/Zn SOD gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants enhanced the antioxidative defense capacity, including SOD and peroxidase activities. Additionally, it reduced the damage associated with the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 and superoxide radicals (O2•-. The influence of Cd stress on ion flux across the root surface showed that overexpressing SaCu/Zn SOD in transgenic Arabidopsis plants has greater Cd uptake capacity existed in roots. A co-expression network based on microarray data showed possible oxidative regulation in Arabidopsis after Cd-induced oxidative stress, suggesting that SaCu/Zn SOD may participate in this network and enhance ROS-scavenging capability under Cd stress. Taken together, these results suggest that overexpressing SaCu/Zn SOD increased oxidative stress resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis and provide useful information for understanding the role of SaCu/Zn SOD in response to abiotic stress.

  4. Speciation of Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pbin the sediment of Almendares river

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    De La Rosa, D.; Olivares, S.; Lima, L.; Borroto, J.; Santana, J.L.; Gonzalez, M.; Ravelo, R.

    2004-01-01

    This work presents the speciation of Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pbin the sediment of Almendares river. The procedure of sequential extraction in three steps (SM and T) was used and the levels of metals in the residual phase were determined. The lake sediment sample (CRM-BCR 601) specific for this process, was used for the validation of the sample from the river. Detection limits and quantification acceptable for the determination of metals were achieved by the use of the method of analysis with AAE. Parameters as repeatability and reproducibility of the equipment, of the extraction method, and of the digestion of the sample, as well as the influence of the extrayents solutions in the different step of solution were evaluated

  5. Tuning Cu dopant of Zn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S nanocrystals enables high-performance photocatalytic H 2 evolution from water splitting under visible-light irradiation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mei, Zongwei; Zhang, Bingkai; Zheng, Jiaxin; Yuan, Sheng; Zhuo, Zengqing; Meng, Xianguang; Chen, Zonghai; Amine, Khalil; Yang, Wanli; Wang, Lin. -Wang; Wang, Wei; Wang, Shufeng; Gong, Qihuang; Li, Jun; Liu, Fu. -Sheng; Pan, Feng

    2016-08-01

    Cu-doping into Zn1-xCdxS can greatly enhance the photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting under visible-light irradiation. However, it is still controversial for how the Cu-dopant improves this performance. Here, we report that appropriate Cu-doped Zn0.5Cd0.5S nanocrystals reach 21.4 mmol/h/g of H2 evolution rate without cocatalyst in the visible-light region, which is also 2.8 times as high as that of the undoped counterpart, and the corresponding apparent quantum efficiency is 18.8% at 428 nm. It is firstly confirmed that the Cu2+ changes into Cu+ after being doped by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS). We theoretically propose that the transformation of 2Cu2+ to 2Cu+ results in one adjacent S2- vacancy (VS) in host during the doping process, while the Cu+-dopant and VS attract the photoexcited holes and electrons, respectively. Accordingly, the photocatalytic activity is improved due to the enhanced separation of photoexcited carriers accompanied with the enhanced light absorption resulting from the Cu+-dopant and 2Cu+/VS complex as possible active site for photocatalytic H2 evolution.

  6. Determinação das propriedades termomecânicas de ligas Cu-Al-Ni e Cu-Al-Be com efeito memória de forma para utilização como atuadores mecânicos

    OpenAIRE

    Oliveira, Danniel Ferreira de

    2009-01-01

    Ligas Cu-Al-Ni e Cu-Al-Be forma elaboradas sob atmosfera ambiente e caracterizadas por microscopia, difração de R-X e Calorimetria Diferencial de varredura. Foram realizados nestas ligas ensaios de tração, recuperação de forma e superelasticidade. As propriedades termomecânicas destas ligas realizadas em diferentes temperaturas permitiu concluir que as ligas Cu-Al-Ni podem ser utilizadas como atuadores mecânicos para temperaturas acima de 90°C e que estas ligas não devem ser empregadas em tem...

  7. Contrasting effects of elevated CO2 on Cu and Cd uptake by different rice varieties grown on contaminated soils with two levels of metals: Implication for phytoextraction and food safety

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Li Zhongyang; Tang Shirong; Deng Xiaofang; Wang Ruigang; Song Zhengguo

    2010-01-01

    A pot experiment in six open-top chambers with two levels of CO 2 and two multi-metal contaminated soils was conducted to investigate combined effects of elevated CO 2 levels and metals (Cu and Cd) on rice. Elevated CO 2 significantly increased the total dry weight biomass of six Chinese rice by 20-108 and 32-142% for low and high levels of contaminated soils, respectively. We observed dilution/little varied phenomena in grain Cu concentration in six rice varieties grown on both contaminated soils under elevated CO 2 . We found significantly higher Cd concentrations in the parts of three rice varieties under elevated CO 2 , but lower levels for the others. Two major conclusions can be drawn from our study: (1) rice varieties with significantly increased biomass and metal uptake under elevated CO 2 exhibit greater potential for phytoextraction and (2) given expected global increases in CO 2 concentration, CO 2 -induced accumulation of metals in rice might be a component contributing to the potential health risk in the future, with Cd being a more important threat to human health than Cu.

  8. Computational insight on the structural, mechanical and thermal properties of Cu2CdSnSe4 and Cu2HgSnSe4 adamantine materials

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    S. Bensalem

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available Through first-principles calculation based on the density functional theory (DFT within the pseudo potential-plane wave (PP-PW approach, we studied the structural, mechanical and thermal properties of Cu2CdSnSe4 and Cu2HgSnSe4 adamantine materials. The calculated lattice parameters are in good agreement with experimental and theoretical reported data. The elastic constants are calculated for both compounds using the static finite strain scheme. The hydrostatic pressure action on the elastic constants predicts that both materials are mechanically stable up to 10 GPa. The polycrystalline mechanical parameters, i.e., the anisotropy factor (A, bulk modulus (B, shear modulus (G, Young's modulus (E, Lame's coefficient (λ and Poisson's ratio (ν have been estimated from the calculated single crystal elastic constants. The analysis of B/G ratio shows that the two studied compounds behave as ductile. Based on the calculated mechanical parameters, the Debye temperature and the thermal conductivity have been probed. In the framework of the quasi-harmonic approximation, the temperature dependence of the lattice heat capacity of both crystals has been investigated.

  9. Extraction studies of Cd(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) using N, N', N, N' -Bis((2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl) (2-pyridylmethyl)) -ethylenediamine as a novel ligand

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Laus, R.; Anjos, A.D.; Naves, A.

    2008-01-01

    In the present study, the use of N,N',N,N'-bis((2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl) (2- pyridylmethyl))-ethylenediamine (H2L) as ligand was evaluated in the liquid-liquid (water- chloroform) extraction of Cd(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II). Experiments were carried out to determine the pH for maximum extraction for each metal ion by ligand, maximum extraction capacity, extraction kinetics and extraction selectivity. The results revealed that the extraction of metal ions is dependent on the pH: maximum extraction maximum was obtained in the pH range of 4.5 - 6.0 for Cu(II) and 8.0 - 9.0 for Zn(II). Cd(II) and Mn(II) were best extracted at pH 9.0 and Ni(II) at 10.0. The ligand H2L was effective for the extraction of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) (extraction efficient, %E equal 100%), whereas %E of 76% and 23.5% were observed for Mn(II) and Ni(II), respectively. The ligand presented high selectivity for the extraction of Cu(II) at pH 4.0. (author)

  10. Distribution and Behaviors of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the East China Sea Surface Water off the Changjiang Estuary

    OpenAIRE

    Kuo-Tung Jiann; Liang-Saw Wen; Gwo-Ching Gong

    2009-01-01

    Trace metal (Cd, Cu, and Ni) dis tri bu tions and be hav iors in sur face waters of the East China Sea continental shelf were investigated during an expeditioncon ducted in June 2004. Dissolved and particulate trace metal con centrations, as well as fractions of dissolved trace metals, fraction ated based on their different chemical affinities to ion exchangers, were determined using ultra-clean techniques and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Large variations of dissol...

  11. Effect of pulse current on acidification and removal of Cu, Cd, and As during suspended electrodialytic soil remediation

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Sun, Tian Ran; Ottosen, Lisbeth M.; Jensen, Pernille Erland

    2013-01-01

    The effect of pulse current on the acidification process and the removal of heavy metals during suspended electrodialytic soil remediation were investigated in this work. Eight experiments with constant and pulse current in two polluted soils were conducted using a 3-compartment membrane cell......, predominately working under overlimiting current density conditions. Soil 1 was sampled from a pile of excavated soil at a site with mixed industrial pollution (Cu and Cd), and soil 2 was sampled from the top layer of a wood preservation site (Cu and As). Results showed that pulse current improved...... the acidification by supplying more reactive H+ ions (defined as the H+ ions causing release of heavy metals from soil particles). The molar ratio of reactive H+ ions to total produced H+ ions (RH+/PH+) was higher in every pulse current experiment than in the corresponding constant current experiment. In addition...

  12. Investigation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg Concentrations in Groundwater Resources of Razan Plain

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    S. Sobhan Ardakani

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Introduction & Objective: Iran is located in the dry and semi dry regions, thus almost 90% of the required fresh water is exploited from groundwater resources. Due to the increasing pol-lution of water resources, the purpose of this study was evaluation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain and preparing the zoning map using GIS. Materials & Methods: Groundwater samples were collected from 20 selected stations during two seasons in 2012. The samples were filtered (0.45 ?m and maintained cool in polyethyl-ene bottles. The samples were taken for the analysis of cations, the former was acidified with HNO3 to pH lower than 2. Minor elements were determined using ICP-OES. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package. Also, Kriging Method was used to prepare spatial distribution maps of elements in groundwater samples. Results: The results showed that the mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg in the groundwater samples during the spring were 5.60±0.66, 0.21±0.04, 32.10±2.21 and 6990.0±302.10 ppb, respectively, and the mean concentrations of these elements in the groundwater samples in the summer were 4.86±0.46, 0.30±0.08, 25.55±3.63 and 3654.05±215.65 ppb, respectively. Comparing the mean concentrations of the evaluated metals with WHO permissible limits showed a significant difference (p<0.05. Thus, the mean concentrations of the metals were significantly lower than the permissible limits. Conclusion: Although the groundwater resources of Razan Plain are not currently polluted with heavy metals, long-term excessive use of agricultural inputs and establishment of pollut-ing industries, can pose a threat to groundwater resources of this area. (Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2015; 21(4:319-329

  13. Evaluation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in selected cosmetic products from Jordanian, Sudanese, and Syrian markets.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Massadeh, A M; El-Khateeb, M Y; Ibrahim, S M

    2017-08-01

    There is no sufficient data that evaluate heavy metal content in cosmetic products in Jordan as well as Sudan and Syria. This study aims to assess metal levels which include Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) in cosmetic products. These elements have draft limits because they are identified as potential impurities and are known to be toxic. This study aims to provide information to the population that may be beneficial to public health. Samples were collected from different brands obtained from markets in Jordan, Sudan, and Syria. Some of the selected cosmetic products were eyeliner, eye pencil, mascara, lipstick, powder, face cream, body cream, sun block, Vaseline, and the traditional eye cosmetic (kohl). The heavy metal content in these samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Based on analysis of variance analysis, a significant difference in heavy metal levels was found for samples obtained from Jordanian and Sudanese markets. The acid digestion method used in this study was based on procedures recommended by Nnorom et al. with some modifications as follows. (i) A weight of 2.0 g of cosmetic sample was dissolved in a mixture of 6 mL of high quality concentrated 69% nitric acid (HNO 3 ; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 4 mL of concentrated 37% hydrochloric acid (Scharlau, Spain) in a porcelain crucible and heated on a hotplate to near dryness. (ii) An aliquot of 15 mL HNO 3 (1.00 M) was added to the digested sample and filtered through a Whatman No. 40 filter paper. (iii) The digested sample was transferred quantitatively into a 25 mL volumetric flask and then diluted with deionized water. (iv) Each digested sample was evaporated at 70 °C to about 1 mL and transferred into a polyethylene flask and diluted with 25 mL deionized water. (v) Blank was treated in the same procedure. In Jordan the concentration ranges of heavy metals in the collected samples were: Cd (0.03-0.10 μg/g), Cr (0.0-1.00

  14. Removal of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn Present in Aqueous Solution Using Coupled Electrocoagulation-Phytoremediation Treatment

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Ferniza-García

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available This study presents the results of a coupled electrocoagulation-phytoremediation treatment for the reduction of copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc, present in aqueous solution. The electrocoagulation was carried out in a batch reactor using aluminum electrodes in parallel arrangement; the optimal conditions were current density of 8 mA/cm2 and operating time of 180 minutes. For phytoremediation the macrophytes, Typha latifolia L., were used during seven days of treatment. The results indicated that the coupled treatment reduced metal concentrations by 99.2% Cu, 81.3% Cd, and 99.4% Pb, while Zn increased due to the natural concentrations of the plant used.

  15. Flotation separation of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Tl from calcium minerals and their determination by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zajkova-Paneva, Vesna; Stafilov, Trajche; Boev, Blazho

    2003-01-01

    The method of inductively coupled plasma-atomic spectrometry (ICP-AES), is developed for determination of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Tl in traces in calcite and gypsum. The interferences of Ca as matrix element on Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Tl intensities during their ICP-AES determination are investigated. The results reveal that Ca does not interfere on intensities of Cr, but tends to decrease the intensity of the other elements. To eliminate those matrix interferences of Ca on trace elements intensities a flotation separation method is proposed. Lead(II) hexamethylenedithiocarbamate, Pb(HMDTC) 2 , is applied as a collector for flotation of trace elements from acidic solutions of mineral samples. The most suitable concentrations of calcite and gypsum solutions for flotation are ascertained. The detection limits of ICP-AES method following flotation of elements present in calcite and gypsum as impurities are determined: 0.022 and 0.061 μg·g -1 for Cd, 0.071 and 0.042 μg·g -1 for Co, 0.026 and 0.132 μg·g -1 for Cr, 0.164 and 0.149 μg·g -1 for Cu, 0.289 and 0.095 μg·g -1 for Ni and 0.645 and 0.7666 μg·g -1 for Tl, respectively. (Original)

  16. Analysis Of Non-Volatile Toxic Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Cu,Cr And Zn In ALLIUM SATIVUM (Garlic And Soil Samples ,Collected From Different Locations Of Punjab, Pakistan By Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ata S.

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Garlic is one of the most widely used medicinal plants. The monitoring of toxic metals such as lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper and Zinc in garlic and the soil of garlic fields collected from ten different cities of Punjab is critical for preventing public health against the hazards of metal toxicity. The levels of toxic heavy metals in garlic and soil samples were investigated using Atomic absorption spectrometer. The metal content in garlic samples was found to be in increasing order as Cr> Pb> Cd> Cu> Zn. Infield metal content in the soil also followed the same trend. In garlic samples, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu ranged from 0.039mg/L to 0.757mg/L, N.D to 1.211mg/L, 0.03mg/L to 0.451mg/L, 0.02mg/Lto0.42mg/L and 0.451mg/L to 0.893mg/L respectively. In soil samples, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu were ranged from 0.459mg/L to 0.797mg/L, 0.205mg/L to1.062mg/L, 0.074mg/L to 2.598mg/L, 0.124mg/L to 0.276mg/L and 0.494mg/L to 0.921mg/L respectively. In our study, the Pb and Cd was found more in garlic from Gujranwala and Jaranwala, Cu and Zn were more in samples from Kasur while Cr was predominant in sample from Sheikhupura. Heavy metal content in soil and garlic samples was within the permissible limits proposed by World Health Organization (WHO.

  17. Contrasting effects of elevated CO{sub 2} on Cu and Cd uptake by different rice varieties grown on contaminated soils with two levels of metals: Implication for phytoextraction and food safety

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Li Zhongyang [Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191 (China); Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin (China); Tang Shirong, E-mail: tangshir@hotmail.com [Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191 (China); Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin (China); Deng Xiaofang; Wang Ruigang; Song Zhengguo [Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191 (China); Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin (China)

    2010-05-15

    A pot experiment in six open-top chambers with two levels of CO{sub 2} and two multi-metal contaminated soils was conducted to investigate combined effects of elevated CO{sub 2} levels and metals (Cu and Cd) on rice. Elevated CO{sub 2} significantly increased the total dry weight biomass of six Chinese rice by 20-108 and 32-142% for low and high levels of contaminated soils, respectively. We observed dilution/little varied phenomena in grain Cu concentration in six rice varieties grown on both contaminated soils under elevated CO{sub 2}. We found significantly higher Cd concentrations in the parts of three rice varieties under elevated CO{sub 2}, but lower levels for the others. Two major conclusions can be drawn from our study: (1) rice varieties with significantly increased biomass and metal uptake under elevated CO{sub 2} exhibit greater potential for phytoextraction and (2) given expected global increases in CO{sub 2} concentration, CO{sub 2}-induced accumulation of metals in rice might be a component contributing to the potential health risk in the future, with Cd being a more important threat to human health than Cu.

  18. Experimental and modeling of the electrodialytic and dialytic treatment of a fly ash containing Cd, Cu and Pb

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Lima, A.T.; Ribeiro, A.B.; Rodriguez-Maroto, J.M.

    2010-01-01

    A one-dimensional model is developed for simulating the electrodialytic and dialytic treatment of a fly ash containing cadmium, copper and lead. Two experimental systems have been used, a column of ash and a stirred ash suspension. The movement of Cd, Cu and Pb has been modeled taking into account...... takes into account that OH- generated on the cathode, during the electrodialytic remediation, is periodically neutralized by the addition of nitric acid in the cathode compartment. The anion and cation-exchange membranes are simply represented as ionic filters that preclude the transport of the cations...

  19. Study of Cd Te recrystallization by hydrated-CdCl_2 thermal treatment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hernandez V, C.; Albor A, M. L.; Galarza G, U.; Aguilar H, J. R.; Gonzalez T, M. A.; Flores M, J. M.; Jimenez O, D.

    2017-01-01

    Cd Te thin films solar cells are currently produced using a layer sequence of glass/FTO/CdS/Cd Te/metal contact (Cu/Ag), these films are deposited by two different techniques, chemical bath deposition (CBD) and close space vapour transport (CSVT). In order to reach reasonable conversion efficiencies, the device has to be thermally treated in a hydrated-CdCl_2 atmosphere. This study was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence, Sem-EDS, four probe method and Sims profiling of Cd Te. These analyses confirm the presence of hydrated CdCl_2 and Cd Te phases on Cd Te surface and shown a good recrystallization morphology helping to the carriers mobility along the structure. Using the thermal treatment was possible to reduce the resistivity of Cd Te thin film; it is a result to the Cl migration along the Cd Te solar cell structure, reducing the defects between CdS and Cd Te thin films. A strong Cd Te thin film recrystallization was observed by the implementation of a hydrated-CdCl_2 treatment doing to this a good candidate to Cd Te solar cells process. (Author)

  20. Contents of Cd, Cu and Zn in Rhizophora (mangrove and avicennia germinans of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta and Chengue bay, Colombian Caribbean coast

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Campos, Nestor Hernando; Gallo, Maria Cristina

    1997-01-01

    In order to determine concentration levels of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) in leaves of the mangrove species Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans, four samplings were made between March and December 1993, in two from the Magdalenas coast. Leaf material, sediments, and surface water were taken. Metal concentrations and organic matter content were measured from the leaves and sediments. Salinity, redox potential, and ph were determined from the water. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry measured the metal contents in the samples. The general behavior of three metals in the two species was greatly influenced by the season. The comparison between the total metal contents at the two stations showed no statistically significant differences. In the large majority of cases the concentrations of the three metals were larger in A. germinans than in R. Mangle. Also, young leaves of both species had higher concentrations than old ones. The contents in the plant material and in the sediments showed the relation Cd < Cu < Zn both

  1. Synthesis of Zn-Cu-Cd sulfide nanospheres with controlled copper locations and their effects on photocatalytic activities for H{sub 2} production

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wang, Yabo; Xu, Rong [School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459 (Singapore); Wang, Yongsheng [School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798 (Singapore)

    2010-06-15

    In this work, a two-step solvothermal method was used to synthesize Zn-Cu-Cd sulfide nanospheres with controlled copper locations. The structural and other physical properties of the nanospheres were investigated by XRD, FESEM, TEM, energy-filtered TEM, XPS, ICP and UV-vis DRS methods. By varying the addition of the copper precursor during the two synthesis steps, Zn-Cu-Cd sulfide nanospheres with three distinctive copper distribution patterns can be obtained with copper (i) only in the core, (ii) only on the surface shell, and (iii) both in the core and on the surface shell. The influence of the location and concentration of copper on the photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production from water under visible light was investigated. It was found that the activity of the sample with copper only on the surface shell is about two times of that with copper only in the core. The highest hydrogen production rate was obtained on the nanosphere sample with copper both in the core and on the surface shell. The possible mechanism was discussed. The findings from this study are important for the development of efficient photocatalysts based on ternary or multinary systems. (author)

  2. Cd, Pb and Cu in spring waters of the Sibylline Mountains National Park (Central Italy, determined by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Truzzi C.

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV was used to determine Cd, Pb and Cu in spring waters of the Sibylline Mountains National Park, Central Italy. Samples were collected from three different areas of the Park (Mount Bove North, Mount Bove South and Springs of River Nera during the period 2004-2011. Physical-chemical parameters were also determined to obtain a general characterization of the waters. Very low metal concentrations were observed (i.e., Cd 1.3±0.4 ng L-1, Pb 13.8±5.6 ng L-1, Cu 157±95 ng L-1, well below the legal limits and also below the medians of known Italian and European data. Comparing the three areas it was noted that waters from the area of the Nera Springs are the poorest in heavy metals and the richest in minerals, that conversely the waters of Mt. Bove North are the richest in heavy metals and the poorest in mineral salts, and finally that intermediate values both for heavy metals and mineral salts were observed for the waters of Mt. Bove South.

  3. Evaluación de algunos métodos para la extracción de los micronutrimentos B, Fe, Zn, Mn y Cu en suelos de las zonas norte y centro del Valle del Cauca

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García O. Álvaro

    1988-12-01

    Full Text Available Para evaluar el contenido de Fe, Cu, Mn y Zn disponibles en el suelo se usaron: EDTA 0.01M + NaHCD3 0.5 N, HCI 0.05 N + H2SD4, DTPA y HCI 0.1N. El B disponible fue extraído con Ca(H2PD42H20 0.008 M, HCI 0.05N y NH40Ac pH 4.8. Para la determinación de los micronutrimentos en el material vegetal se usaron como soluciones para la digestión el metanol ácido y la mezcla nítrico perclórica para Fe, Mn, Cu y Zn; para el B se usó el método de Hunter. El DTP A resultó adecuado para evaluar Fe y Cu, el doble ácido para Mn, el NaHC03 + EDTA para el Zn y el HCI 0.05N y Ca (H2P042 H20 para evaluar el B disponible en el suelo. La mezcla nítrico perclórica resultó más apropiada para la determinación de los nutrimentos en los tejidos que el metanol ácido.To evaluate available Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn was used: EDTA 00.1M + NaHC03 0.5N, HCI 0.05N + H2S04 0.025N, DTPA and HCI 0.1 N. Available B was extracted with Ca (H2P042 H2O 0.008M; HCI 0.05N and NH40Ac pH 4.8. For determination of micronutriment in the vegetal material was used as solution acid methanol and nitric – perchloric mixture for Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn; for B Hunters methods. DTPA is advantageous to evaluate Fe and Cu, double acid to Mn, NaHC03 + EDTA to Zn and HCI 0.05N and Ca(H2P042 H20 to evaluate B available in the soil. Nitric-perchloric mixture is most advantageous for determination of nutriments in the tissues than acid methanol.

  4. Dynamic modelling of atmospherically-deposited Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Pennine catchments (northern England)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tipping, E.; Rothwell, J.J.; Shotbolt, L.; Lawlor, A.J.

    2010-01-01

    Simulation modelling with CHUM-AM was carried out to investigate the accumulation and release of atmospherically-deposited heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in six moorland catchments, five with organic-rich soils, one with calcareous brown earths, in the Pennine chain of northern England. The model considers two soil layers and a third layer of weathering mineral matter, and operates on a yearly timestep, driven by deposition scenarios covering the period 1400-2010. The principal processes controlling heavy metals are competitive solid-solution partitioning of solutes, chemical interactions in solution, and chemical weathering. Agreement between observed and simulated soil metal pools and surface water concentrations for recent years was generally satisfactory, the results confirming that most contemporary soil metal is from atmospheric pollution. Metals in catchments with organic-rich soils show some mobility, especially under more acid conditions, but the calcareous mineral soils have retained nearly all anthropogenic metal inputs. Complexation by dissolved organic matter and co-transport accounts for up to 80% of the Cu in surface waters. - CHUM-AM is applied to six differing moorland catchments to account for the accumulation and leaching of atmospherically-deposited trace metals over the past several centuries.

  5. Dynamic modelling of atmospherically-deposited Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Pennine catchments (northern England)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tipping, E., E-mail: et@ceh.ac.u [Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP (United Kingdom); Rothwell, J.J. [Upland Environments Research Unit, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); Shotbolt, L. [Geography Department, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS (United Kingdom); Lawlor, A.J. [Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP (United Kingdom)

    2010-05-15

    Simulation modelling with CHUM-AM was carried out to investigate the accumulation and release of atmospherically-deposited heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in six moorland catchments, five with organic-rich soils, one with calcareous brown earths, in the Pennine chain of northern England. The model considers two soil layers and a third layer of weathering mineral matter, and operates on a yearly timestep, driven by deposition scenarios covering the period 1400-2010. The principal processes controlling heavy metals are competitive solid-solution partitioning of solutes, chemical interactions in solution, and chemical weathering. Agreement between observed and simulated soil metal pools and surface water concentrations for recent years was generally satisfactory, the results confirming that most contemporary soil metal is from atmospheric pollution. Metals in catchments with organic-rich soils show some mobility, especially under more acid conditions, but the calcareous mineral soils have retained nearly all anthropogenic metal inputs. Complexation by dissolved organic matter and co-transport accounts for up to 80% of the Cu in surface waters. - CHUM-AM is applied to six differing moorland catchments to account for the accumulation and leaching of atmospherically-deposited trace metals over the past several centuries.

  6. Distribution of Cd, Pb and Cu between dissolved fraction, inorganic particulate and phytoplankton in seawater of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica) during austral summer 2011-12.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Illuminati, S; Annibaldi, A; Romagnoli, T; Libani, G; Antonucci, M; Scarponi, G; Totti, C; Truzzi, C

    2017-10-01

    During the austral summer 2011-2012, the metal quotas of Cd, Pb and Cu in the phytoplankton of Terra Nova Bay (TNB, Antarctica) were measured for the first time. Evolution of all the three metal distributions between dissolved and particulate fractions during the season was also evaluated. Metal concentrations were mainly affected by the dynamic of the pack ice melting and phytoplankton activity. In mid-December when TNB area was covered by a thick pack ice layer and phytoplankton activity was very low, all the three metals were present mainly in their dissolved species. When the pack ice started to melt and the water column characteristics became ideal (i.e. moderate stratification, ice free area), the phytoplankton bloom occurred. Cd showed a nutrient-type behaviour with dissolved and particulate fractions mainly influenced by phytoplankton activity. Cd quota showed a mean value of 0.12 ± 0.07 nmol L -1 (30-100% of the total particulate). Also Cu showed a nutrient-type behaviour, with its quota in phytoplankton varying between 0.08 and 2.1 nmol L -1 (20-100% of the total particulate). Pb features the typical distribution of a scavenged element with very low algal content (0.03 ± 0.02 nmol L -1 , representing 20-50% of the total particulate). The vertical distribution of this element was influenced by several factors (e.g. pack ice melting, atmospheric inputs), the phytoplankton activity affecting Pb behaviour only partially. Metal:C ratios provide valuable information on the biological requirements for Cd, Pb and Cu, leading us to better understand their biogeochemical cycles. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Biologically active new Fe(II, Co(II, Ni(II, Cu(II, Zn(II and Cd(II complexes of N-(2-thienylmethylenemethanamine

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    C. SPÎNU

    2008-04-01

    Full Text Available Iron(II, cobalt(II, nickel (II, copper (II, zinc(II and cadmium(II complexes of the type ML2Cl2, where M is a metal and L is the Schiff base N-(2-thienylmethylenemethanamine (TNAM formed by the condensation of 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde and methylamine, were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis as well as magnetic and spectroscopic measurements. The elemental analyses suggest the stoichiometry to be 1:2 (metal:ligand. Magnetic susceptibility data coupled with electronic, ESR and Mössbauer spectra suggest a distorted octahedral structure for the Fe(II, Co(II and Ni(II complexes, a square-planar geometry for the Cu(II compound and a tetrahedral geometry for the Zn(II and Cd(II complexes. The infrared and NMR spectra of the complexes agree with co-ordination to the central metal atom through nitrogen and sulphur atoms. Conductance measurements suggest the non-electrolytic nature of the complexes, except for the Cu(II, Zn(II and Cd(II complexes, which are 1:2 electrolytes. The Schiff base and its metal chelates were screened for their biological activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the metal chelates were found to possess better antibacterial activity than that of the uncomplexed Schiff base.

  8. Optimization of simultaneous electrochemical determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II) at carbon nanotube-modified graphite electrodes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pikna, L'ubomír; Heželová, Mária; Kováčová, Zuzana

    2015-01-01

    The health of the environment is worsening every day. Monitoring of potentially toxic elements and remediation of environmental pollution are necessary. Therefore, the research and development of simple, inexpensive, portable and effective sensors is important. Electrochemistry is a useful component of the field of environment monitoring. The present study focuses on evaluating and comparing three types of electrodes (PIGE, PIGE/MWCNT/HNO3 and PIGE/MWCNT/EDTA/HNO3) employed for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of four potentially toxic elements: Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II). Cyclic voltammograms were measured in an acetate buffer. The LOD, LOQ, the standard and relative precisions of the method and a prediction intervals were calculated (according to the technical procedure DIN 32 645) for the three electrodes and for each measured element. The LOD for PIGE/CNT/HNO3 (the electrode with narrowest calculated prediction intervals) was 2.98 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) for Cd(II), 4.83 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) for Pb(II), 3.81 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) for Cu(II), 6.79 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) for Hg(II). One of the benefits of this study was the determination of the amount of Hg(II) in the mixture of other elements.

  9. Band alignment at the Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1-x}){sub 4}/CdS interface

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Haight, Richard; Barkhouse, Aaron; Gunawan, Oki; Shin, Byungha; Copel, Matt; Hopstaken, Marinus; Mitzi, David B [IBM TJ Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Hts., New York 10598 (United States)

    2011-06-20

    Energy band alignments between CdS and Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1-x}){sub 4} (CZTSSe) grown via solution-based and vacuum-based deposition routes were studied as a function of the [S]/[S+Se] ratio with femtosecond laser ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, medium energy ion scattering, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Band bending in the underlying CZTSSe layer was measured via pump/probe photovoltage shifts of the photoelectron spectra and offsets were determined with photoemission under flat band conditions. Increasing the S content of the CZTSSe films produces a valence edge shift to higher binding energy and increases the CZTSSe band gap. In all cases, the CdS conduction band offsets were spikes.

  10. Levels of Cd, Cu, Pb and V in marine sediments in the vicinity of the Single Buoy Moorings (SBM3) at Mina Al Fahal in the Sultanate of Oman

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Al-Husaini, Issa; Abdul-Wahab, Sabah; Ahamad, Rahmalan; Chan, Keziah

    2014-01-01

    Highlights: • Assessed metal contamination in the SBM3 marine sediments of Mina Al Fahal, Oman. • Examined heavy metal concentration levels of Cd, Cu, Pb and V. • Mean concentration in the sediments, from highest to lowest, is V > Cu > Pb > Cd. • Highest concentration of V due to waste discharges from nearby heavy tanker traffic. • ICP-OES found low concentrations of all four heavy metals; SMB3 region in good quality. - Abstract: Recently in the Sultanate of Oman, there has been a rapid surge of coastal developments. These developments cause metal contamination, which may affect the habitats and communities at and near the coastal region. As a result, a study was conducted to assess the level of metal contamination and its impact on the marine sediments in the vicinity of the Single Buoy Moorings 3 (SBM3) at Mina Al Fahal in the Sultanate of Oman. Marine subtidal sediment samples were collected from six different stations of the SBM3 for the period ranging from June 2009 to April 2010. These samples were then analyzed for their level and distribution of the heavy metals of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V). Overall, low concentrations of all four heavy metals were measured from the marine sediments, indicating that the marine at SBM3 is of good quality

  11. Structure, microstructure and determination of optical constants from transmittance data of co-doped Zn0.90Co0.05M0.05O (M=Al, Cu, Cd, Na) films

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2 A Laboratoire des Structures, Propriétés et Interactions Inter Atomiques, Université Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000 (Algeria))" data-affiliation=" (LASPI2 A Laboratoire des Structures, Propriétés et Interactions Inter Atomiques, Université Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000 (Algeria))" >Roguai, S.; 2 A Laboratoire des Structures, Propriétés et Interactions Inter Atomiques, Université Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000 (Algeria))" data-affiliation=" (LASPI2 A Laboratoire des Structures, Propriétés et Interactions Inter Atomiques, Université Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000 (Algeria))" >Djelloul, A.; Nouveau, Corinne; Souier, T.; Dakhel, A.A.; Bououdina, M.

    2014-01-01

    Highlights: • A series of Zn 0.90 Co 0.05 M 0.05 O (M=Al, Cu, Cd, Na) films has been prepared. • Thin films of these prepared samples have been deposited using USP technique. • Absorption of electronic transition has been used to fit the transmittance data. • Optical and dispersion parameters have been determined. - Abstract: ZnO, Zn 0.95 Co 0.05 O and Zn 0.90 Co 0.05 M 0.05 O (M=Al, Cd, Na, Cu) single phase films have been successfully synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction show that all the films have hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size in the range of 19–25 nm. SEM analysis revealed that Cd and Na preserve the shape of nanopetals observed with ZnO or Co-ZnO films, while the doping with Al or Cu promote the formation of dense films constituted of nanorods. By the application of Levenberg–Marquardt least square method, the experimental transmittance data were fitted perfectly with the transmittance data calculated via a combination of Wemple–DiDomenico model, absorption coefficient of an electronic transition and Tauc–Urbach model. The concentration of absorbing centres N Co and oscillator strength f of d–d transition of Co 2+ ions are calculated from Smakula’s formula

  12. Enhanced Carrier Collection from CdS Passivated Grains in Solution-Processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Werner, Melanie; Keller, Debora; Haass, Stefan G; Gretener, Christina; Bissig, Benjamin; Fuchs, Peter; La Mattina, Fabio; Erni, Rolf; Romanyuk, Yaroslav E; Tiwari, Ayodhya N

    2015-06-10

    Solution processing of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe)-kesterite solar cells is attractive because of easy manufacturing using readily available metal salts. The solution-processed CZTSSe absorbers, however, often suffer from poor morphology with a bilayer structure, exhibiting a dense top crust and a porous bottom layer, albeit yielding efficiencies of over 10%. To understand whether the cell performance is limited by this porous layer, a systematic compositional study using (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of the dimethyl sulfoxide processed CZTSSe absorbers is presented. TEM investigation revealed a thin layer of CdS that is formed around the small CZTSSe grains in the porous bottom layer during the chemical bath deposition step. This CdS passivation is found to be beneficial for the cell performance as it increases the carrier collection and facilitates the electron transport. Electron-beam-induced current measurements reveal an enhanced carrier collection for this buried region as compared to reference cells with evaporated CdS.

  13. Removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from polluted water using an iron based sorbent

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Genc-Fuhrman, Hülya; Wu, P.; Zhou, Y.

    2008-01-01

    In this study fixed-bed sorption filters are filled with an iron based sorbent (ferrosorp plus, FP) and used to remove a range of heavy metals (i.e. As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) from polluted water. It is found that FP is very effective at simultaneous removal of the heavy metals, and the magnitude...... inflow pH of 6.8 and heavy metal concentration of ≈2.8 μM. It is concluded that FP has high affinity to heavy metals and it can be used (e.g. as a filter medium) to treat waters containing a wide range of heavy metals, e.g. stormwater, industrial wastewater....

  14. Evidence for Chemical and Electronic Nonuniformities in the Formation of the Interface of RbF-Treated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 with CdS.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nicoara, Nicoleta; Kunze, Thomas; Jackson, Philip; Hariskos, Dimitrios; Duarte, Roberto Félix; Wilks, Regan G; Witte, Wolfram; Bär, Marcus; Sadewasser, Sascha

    2017-12-20

    We report on the initial stages of CdS buffer layer formation on Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorbers subjected to rubidium fluoride (RbF) postdeposition treatment (PDT). A detailed characterization of the CIGSe/CdS interface for different chemical bath deposition (CBD) times of the CdS layer is obtained from spatially resolved atomic and Kelvin probe force microscopy and laterally integrating X-ray spectroscopies. The observed spatial inhomogeneity in the interface's structural, chemical, and electronic properties of samples undergoing up to 3 min of CBD treatments is indicative of a complex interface formation including an incomplete coverage and/or nonuniform composition of the buffer layer. It is expected that this result impacts solar cell performance, in particular when reducing the CdS layer thickness (e.g., in an attempt to increase the collection in the ultraviolet wavelength region). Our work provides important findings on the absorber/buffer interface formation and reveals the underlying mechanism for limitations in the reduction of the CdS thickness, even when an alkali PDT is applied to the CIGSe absorber.

  15. Study of Cd Te recrystallization by hydrated-CdCl{sub 2} thermal treatment

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez V, C.; Albor A, M. L.; Galarza G, U.; Aguilar H, J. R. [IPN, Escuela Superior de Fisica y Matematicas, Departamento de Fisica, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07738 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico); Gonzalez T, M. A. [IPN, Escuela Superior de Computo, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, 07738 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico); Flores M, J. M. [IPN, Escuela Superior de Ingenieria Quimica e Industrias Extractivas, Departamento de Ingenieria en Metalurgia y Materiales, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, 07738 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico); Jimenez O, D. [IPN, Escuela Superior de Ingenieria Mecanica y Electrica, SEPI, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, 07738 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico)

    2017-11-01

    Cd Te thin films solar cells are currently produced using a layer sequence of glass/FTO/CdS/Cd Te/metal contact (Cu/Ag), these films are deposited by two different techniques, chemical bath deposition (CBD) and close space vapour transport (CSVT). In order to reach reasonable conversion efficiencies, the device has to be thermally treated in a hydrated-CdCl{sub 2} atmosphere. This study was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence, Sem-EDS, four probe method and Sims profiling of Cd Te. These analyses confirm the presence of hydrated CdCl{sub 2} and Cd Te phases on Cd Te surface and shown a good recrystallization morphology helping to the carriers mobility along the structure. Using the thermal treatment was possible to reduce the resistivity of Cd Te thin film; it is a result to the Cl migration along the Cd Te solar cell structure, reducing the defects between CdS and Cd Te thin films. A strong Cd Te thin film recrystallization was observed by the implementation of a hydrated-CdCl{sub 2} treatment doing to this a good candidate to Cd Te solar cells process. (Author)

  16. Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and redistribution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in contaminated soil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lu, Kouping; Yang, Xing; Gielen, Gerty; Bolan, Nanthi; Ok, Yong Sik; Niazi, Nabeel Khan; Xu, Song; Yuan, Guodong; Chen, Xin; Zhang, Xiaokai; Liu, Dan; Song, Zhaoliang; Liu, Xingyuan; Wang, Hailong

    2017-01-15

    Biochar has emerged as an efficient tool to affect bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Although partially understood, a carefully designed incubation experiment was performed to examine the effect of biochar on mobility and redistribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a sandy loam soil collected from the surroundings of a copper smelter. Bamboo and rice straw biochars with different mesh sizes (Heavy metal concentrations in pore water were determined after extraction with 0.01 M CaCl 2 . Phytoavailable metals were extracted using DTPA/TEA (pH 7.3). The European Union Bureau of Reference (EUBCR) sequential extraction procedure was adopted to determine metal partitioning and redistribution of heavy metals. Results showed that CaCl 2 -and DTPA-extractable Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were significantly (p soils, especially at 5% application rate, than those in the unamended soil. Soil pH values were significantly correlated with CaCl 2 -extractable metal concentrations (p metal fractions, and the effect was more pronounced with increasing biochar application rate. The effect of biochar particle size on extractable metal concentrations was not consistent. The 5% rice straw biochar treatment reduced the DTPA-extractable metal concentrations in the order of Cd metals were mainly bound in the soil organic matter fraction. The results demonstrated that the rice straw biochar can effectively immobilize heavy metals, thereby reducing their mobility and bioavailability in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. Assessing comparative terrestrial ecotoxicity of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn: The influence of aging and emission source

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Owsianiak, Mikolaj; Holm, Peter E.; Fantke, Peter

    2015-01-01

    H or soil organic carbon, emission source occasionally has an effect on reactivity of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn emitted from various anthropogenic sources followed by aging in the soil from a few years to two centuries. The uncertainties in estimating the age prevent definitive conclusions about...... the influence of aging time on the reactivity of metals from anthropogenic sources in soils. Thus, for calculating comparative toxicity potentials of man-made metal contaminations in soils, we recommend using time-horizon independent accessibility factors derived from source-specific reactive fractions....

  18. Preconcentration and solid phase extraction method for the determination of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in environmental and biological samples using activated carbon by FAAS

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kiran, K. [Department of Environmental Sciences, S. V. University, Tirupati 517502, AP (India); Suresh Kumar, K. [Department of Chemistry, S. V. University, Tirupati 517502, AP (India); Suvardhan, K. [Department of Chemistry, S. V. University, Tirupati 517502, AP (India); Janardhanam, K. [Department of Environmental Sciences, S. V. University, Tirupati 517502, AP (India)]. E-mail: kandukurijanardhanam@gmail.com; Chiranjeevi, P. [Department of Chemistry, S. V. University, Tirupati 517502, AP (India)

    2007-08-17

    2-{l_brace}[1-(2-Hydroxynaphthyl) methylidene] amino{r_brace} benzoic acid (HNMABA) was synthesized for solid phase extraction (SPE) to the determination of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in environmental and biological samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). These metals were sorbed as HNMABA complexes on activated carbon (AC) at the pH range of 5.0 {+-} 0.2 and eluted with 6 ml of 1 M HNO{sub 3} in acetone. The effects of sample volume, eluent volume and recovery have been investigated to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of proposed method. The effect of interferences on the sorption of metal ions was studied. The concentration of the metal ions detected after preconcentration was in agreement with the added amount. The detection limits for the metals studied were in the range of 0.75-3.82 {mu}g ml{sup -1}. The proposed system produced satisfactory results for the determination of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd metals in environmental and biological samples.

  19. Preconcentration and solid phase extraction method for the determination of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in environmental and biological samples using activated carbon by FAAS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kiran, K.; Suresh Kumar, K.; Suvardhan, K.; Janardhanam, K.; Chiranjeevi, P.

    2007-01-01

    2-{[1-(2-Hydroxynaphthyl) methylidene] amino} benzoic acid (HNMABA) was synthesized for solid phase extraction (SPE) to the determination of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in environmental and biological samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). These metals were sorbed as HNMABA complexes on activated carbon (AC) at the pH range of 5.0 ± 0.2 and eluted with 6 ml of 1 M HNO 3 in acetone. The effects of sample volume, eluent volume and recovery have been investigated to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of proposed method. The effect of interferences on the sorption of metal ions was studied. The concentration of the metal ions detected after preconcentration was in agreement with the added amount. The detection limits for the metals studied were in the range of 0.75-3.82 μg ml -1 . The proposed system produced satisfactory results for the determination of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd metals in environmental and biological samples

  20. High efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} thin film solar cells without intermediate buffer layers

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ramanathan, K.; Wiesner, H.; Asher, S.; Niles, D.; Bhattacharya, R.N.; Keane, J.; Contreras, M.A.; Noufi, R. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States). Electronic Materials and Devices Div.

    1998-09-01

    The nature of the interface between CuInGaSe{sub 2} (CIGS) and the chemical bath deposited CdS layer has been investigated. The authors show that heat-treating the absorbers in Cd- or Zn-containing solutions in the presence of ammonium hydroxide sets up an interfacial reaction with the possibility of an ion exchange occurring between Cd and Cu. The characteristics of devices made in this manner suggest that the reaction generates a thin, n-doped region in the absorber. The authors suggest that this aspect might be more important than the CdS layer in the formation of the junction. It is quite possible that the CdS/CuInSe{sub 2} device is a buried, shallow junction with a CdS window layer, rather than a heterojunction between CdS and CIGS. The authors use these ideas to develop methods for fabricating diodes without CdS or Cd.

  1. Positron emission tomography imaging of CD105 expression during tumor angiogenesis

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hong, Hao [University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Radiology, Madison, WI (United States); Yang, Yunan [University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Radiology, Madison, WI (United States); Third Military Medical University, Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing (China); Zhang, Yin; Engle, Jonathan W.; Barnhart, Todd E.; Nickles, Robert J. [University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, WI (United States); Leigh, Bryan R. [TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA (United States); Cai, Weibo [University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Radiology, Madison, WI (United States); University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, WI (United States); University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI (United States); University of Wisconsin - Madison, Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI (United States)

    2011-07-15

    Overexpression of CD105 (endoglin) correlates with poor prognosis in many solid tumor types. Tumor microvessel density (MVD) assessed by CD105 staining is the current gold standard for evaluating tumor angiogenesis in the clinic. The goal of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging CD105 expression. TRC105, a chimeric anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody, was conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with {sup 64}Cu. FACS analysis and microscopy studies were performed to compare the CD105 binding affinity of TRC105 and DOTA-TRC105. PET imaging, biodistribution, blocking, and ex vivo histology studies were performed on 4T1 murine breast tumor-bearing mice to evaluate the ability of {sup 64}Cu-DOTA-TRC105 to target tumor angiogenesis. Another chimeric antibody, cetuximab, was used as an isotype-matched control. FACS analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) revealed no difference in CD105 binding affinity between TRC105 and DOTA-TRC105, which was further validated by fluorescence microscopy. {sup 64}Cu labeling was achieved with high yield and specific activity. Serial PET imaging revealed that the 4T1 tumor uptake of the tracer was 8.0 {+-} 0.5, 10.4 {+-} 2.8, and 9.7 {+-} 1.8%ID/g at 4, 24, and 48 h post-injection, respectively (n = 3), higher than most organs at late time points which provided excellent tumor contrast. Biodistribution data as measured by gamma counting were consistent with the PET findings. Blocking experiments, control studies with {sup 64}Cu-DOTA-cetuximab, as well as ex vivo histology all confirmed the in vivo target specificity of {sup 64}Cu-DOTA-TRC105. This is the first successful PET imaging study of CD105 expression. Fast, prominent, persistent, and CD105-specific uptake of the tracer in the 4T1 tumor was observed. Further studies are warranted and currently underway. (orig.)

  2. ImmunoPET for assessing the differential uptake of a CD146-specific monoclonal antibody in lung cancer

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sun, Haiyan; Kamkaew, Anyanee; Jiang, Dawei; Yang, Yunan [University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Radiology, Madison, WI (United States); England, Christopher G.; Hernandez, Reinier; Graves, Stephen A.; Barnhart, Todd E. [University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, WI (United States); Majewski, Rebecca L. [University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, WI (United States); Cai, Weibo [University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Radiology, Madison, WI (United States); University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, WI (United States); University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, WI (United States); University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI (United States)

    2016-11-15

    Overexpression of CD146 in solid tumors has been linked to disease progression, invasion, and metastasis. We describe the generation of a {sup 64}Cu-labeled CD146-specific antibody and its use for quantitative immunoPET imaging of CD146 expression in six lung cancer models. The anti-CD146 antibody (YY146) was conjugated to 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid (NOTA) and radiolabeled with {sup 64}Cu. CD146 expression was evaluated in six human lung cancer cell lines (A549, NCI-H358, NCI-H522, HCC4006, H23, and NCI-H460) by flow cytometry and quantitative western blot studies. The biodistribution and tumor uptake of {sup 64}Cu-NOTA-YY146 was assessed by sequential PET imaging in athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous lung cancer xenografts. The correlation between CD146 expression and tumor uptake of {sup 64}Cu-NOTA-YY146 was evaluated by graphical software while ex vivo biodistribution and immunohistochemistry studies were performed to validate the accuracy of PET data and spatial expression of CD146. Flow cytometry and western blot studies showed similar findings with H460 and H23 cells showing high levels of expression of CD146. Small differences in CD146 expression levels were found among A549, H4006, H522, and H358 cells. Tumor uptake of {sup 64}Cu-NOTA-YY146 was highest in CD146-expressing H460 and H23 tumors, peaking at 20.1 ± 2.86 and 11.6 ± 2.34 %ID/g at 48 h after injection (n = 4). Tumor uptake was lowest in the H522 model (4.1 ± 0.98 %ID/g at 48 h after injection; n = 4), while H4006, A549 and H358 exhibited similar uptake of {sup 64}Cu-NOTA-YY146. A positive correlation was found between tumor uptake of {sup 64}Cu-NOTA-YY146 (%ID/g) and relative CD146 expression (r {sup 2} = 0.98, p < 0.01). Ex vivo biodistribution confirmed the accuracy of the PET data. The strong correlation between tumor uptake of {sup 64}Cu-NOTA-YY146 and CD146 expression demonstrates the potential use of this radiotracer for imaging tumors that elicit varying levels of CD146

  3. In situ, real-time thickness measurement techniques for bath-deposited CdS thin films on Cu(In,Ga)Se2

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mann, Jonathan R.; Noufi, Rommel

    2012-01-01

    A technique has been developed that can measure the thickness of a 30–70 nm thin film of cadmium sulfide on a Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 substrate, in real time, as it grows in a chemical bath. The technique does not damage the film, and can be used to monitor batch depositions and roll-to-roll depositions with equal accuracy. The technique is based on reflectance spectroscopy through the chemical bath. - Highlights: ► Reflection spectra were collected during the chemical bath deposition of CdS. ► Two algorithms were generated to extract film thickness from each spectrum. ► Two conventional techniques were used to independently verify CdS film thicknesses. ► The accuracies of the algorithms are within 7% of the actual thicknesses. ► The algorithms offer in situ, real time thicknesses through the chemical bath.

  4. Performances of some low-cost counter electrode materials in CdS and CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jun, Hieng Kiat; Careem, Mohamed Abdul; Arof, Abdul Kariem

    2014-02-10

    Different counter electrode (CE) materials based on carbon and Cu2S were prepared for the application in CdS and CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). The CEs were prepared using low-cost and facile methods. Platinum was used as the reference CE material to compare the performances of the other materials. While carbon-based materials produced the best solar cell performance in CdS QDSSCs, platinum and Cu2S were superior in CdSe QDSSCs. Different CE materials have different performance in the two types of QDSSCs employed due to the different type of sensitizers and composition of polysulfide electrolytes used. The poor performance of QDSSCs with some CE materials is largely due to the lower photocurrent density and open-circuit voltage. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy performed on the cells showed that the poor-performing QDSSCs had higher charge-transfer resistances and CPE values at their CE/electrolyte interfaces.

  5. Effect of process parameters on removal and recovery of Cd(II) and Cu(II) from electroplating wastewater by fixed-bed column of nano-dimensional titanium (IV) oxide agglomerates

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    Debnath, S

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Removal performances of Cd(II) and Cu(II) from water was investigated using agglomerated nanoparticle of hydrous titanium(IV) oxide (NTO) packed fixed bed. The parameters varied were the bed depth, flow rate and feed solution concentrations...

  6. Evaporación de Cu(In,GaSe2 en lámina delgada para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guillén, C.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this work is to study the structural and optical properties of Cu(In,GaSe2 (CIGS thin films after thermal and chemical treatments. Cu(In,GaSe2 thin films have been obtained by means of the selenization in vacuum or Ar of the metallic precursors evaporated sequentially. The sequence of evaporation was In/Ga/Cu/In. Single-phase chalcopyrite and polycrystalline CIGS films with (112 preferred orientation were obtained. An improvement in the crystallite feature and optical properties is observed after Ar selenization. Band gap energies, Eg, between 0.98 and 1.10 were obtained for different atomic ratios, being dominated by the Ga content. Thin films high absorption coefficient was reduced in band tails, specially when Cu content increases after chemical treatment in KCN.El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las propiedades estructurales y ópticas del Cu(In,GaSe2 (CIGS en lámina delgada tras diferentes tratamientos térmicos y químicos. El Cu(In,GaSe2 se ha obtenido mediante la selenización en vacío o Ar de los precursores metálicos evaporados secuencialmente. La secuencia de evaporación seguida fue In/Ga/Cu/In. Se obtuvieron láminas policristalinas de CIGS con estructura calcopirita fuertemente orientada en la dirección (112. Se observó una mejora de la naturaleza cristalina y de las propiedades ópticas tras la selenización en Ar. Se obtuvieron energías de banda prohibida, Eg, entre 0.98 y 1.10 eV para las diferentes relaciones atómicas, estando dominadas por el contenido de Ga. Se consiguió reducir la alta absorción por colas de banda de las láminas delgadas, especialmente cuando aumentaba el contenido de Cu, tras un tratamiento químico en KCN.

  7. Fitotoxidez de cádmio para Eucalyptus maculata e E. urophylla em solução nutritiva Cadmium phytotoxity to Eucalyptus maculata and E. urophylla in nutrient solution

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares

    2005-04-01

    Full Text Available Estudaram-se os efeitos de doses crescentes de Cd em solução nutritiva no crescimento e absorção mineral de mudas de Eucalyptus maculata e E. urophylla e respectivos sintomas de fitotoxidez em casa de vegetação. Mudas foram mantidas por cinco semanas em vasos contendo 2 L de solução nutritiva de Clark, adicionando-se 0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 miM de Cd fornecido como CdSO4. Após uma semana de exposição aos tratamentos, E. maculata exibiu pontuações avermelhadas nas nervuras, clorose internerval, necrose, murchamento das folhas e escurecimento das raízes. Além desses sintomas, E. urophylla apresentou morte das gemas apicais e acentuada queda de folhas. A dose crítica de Cd para reduzir em 10% a matéria seca da parte aérea foi baixa; 2,4 miM e 1,5 miM de Cd para E. maculata e E. urophylla, respectivamente. Os níveis críticos de toxidez na parte aérea foram de 14,5 mg kg-1 em E. maculata e 10,8 mg kg-1 de Cd em E. urophylla. Esses resultados indicaram que E. maculata é provavelmente menos sensível ao Cd do que E. urophylla. Foi também observado que o Cd reduziu a translocação de Cu em até 24 e 43% em E. maculata e E. urophylla, respectivamente. A translocação de Fe caiu de 36% em média, nas duas espécies no controle para apenas 12% com 180 miM Cd. A elevação nas doses de Cd reduziu os teores de Ca e Mg na parte aérea das espécies, atingindo-se teores de Mg abaixo da faixa considerada adequada em E. urophylla. Ficaram evidenciadas a fitotoxidez de Cd no Eucalyptus e a relação desta com a diminuição da translocação de Cu e Fe e com a diminuição dos teores foliares de Mg.The effects of increasing concentration of Cd in nutrient solution on growth, mineral uptake and phytotoxicity symptoms in Eucalyptus maculata and E. urophylla seedlings were studied under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings were kept for five weeks in 2 L pots containing Clark's nutrient solution amended with 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 muM as CdSO4

  8. DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN CONTROL DUAL POR MODOS DESLIZANTES PARA UN CONVERTIDOR BUCK CD-CA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime Ayala Taco

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo muestra un análisis orientado a la propuesta de diseño e implementaciónde un doble controlador en modo deslizante para un convertidor Buck CD-CA. Se planteanlas superficies de deslizamiento candidatas de acuerdo con las exigencias de la aplicación y,mediante una lógica de activación de las llaves semiconductoras (MOSFET, se obtiene un controlindependiente en la amplitud de la tensión para el semiciclo positivo y negativo de la onda desalida en CA, con el objetivo de lograr a voluntad un nivel de CD introducido en la señal de alterna.Se ingresan perturbaciones de tensión en la entrada del convertidor y se producen variacionesen la carga con el objetivo de probar la robustez del sistema de control propuesto. El controlse implementa en un microcontrolador AVR Atmega164PA y se prueba de manera práctica.Finalmente, se expone una comparación de los resultados obtenidos de manera experimentalcon las simulaciones realizadas en SCILAB5.

  9. Effective removal of heavy metal ions Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ from aqueous solution by polymer-modified magnetic nanoparticles

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ge, Fei; Li, Meng-Meng; Ye, Hui; Zhao, Bao-Xiang

    2012-01-01

    We prepared novel Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and copolymers of acrylic acid (AA) and crotonic acid (CA). The MNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infra-red spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. We explored the ability of the MNPs for removing heavy metal ions (Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ ) from aqueous solution. We investigated the adsorption capacity of Fe 3 O 4 -APS-AA-co-CA at different pH in solution and metal ion uptake capacity as a function of contact time and metal ion concentration. Moreover, adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were studied to understand the mechanism of the synthesized MNPs adsorbing metal ions. In addition, we evaluated the effect of background electrolytes on the adsorption. Furthermore, we explored desorption and reuse of MNPs. Fe 3 O 4 -APS-AA-co-CA MNPs are excellent for removal of heavy metal ions such as Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ from aqueous solution. Furthermore, the MNPs could efficiently remove the metal ions with high maximum adsorption capacity at pH 5.5 and could be used as a reusable adsorbent with convenient conditions.

  10. Adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), and As(V) on bacterially produced metal sulfides.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jong, Tony; Parry, David L

    2004-07-01

    The adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Fe(II) and As(V) onto bacterially produced metal sulfide (BPMS) material was investigated using a batch equilibrium method. It was found that the sulfide material had adsorptive properties comparable with those of other adsorbents with respect to the specific uptake of a range of metals and, the levels to which dissolved metal concentrations in solution can be reduced. The percentage of adsorption increased with increasing pH and adsorbent dose, but decreased with increasing initial dissolved metal concentration. The pH of the solution was the most important parameter controlling adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), and As(V) by BPMS. The adsorption data were successfully modeled using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Desorption experiments showed that the reversibility of adsorption was low, suggesting high-affinity adsorption governed by chemisorption. The mechanism of adsorption for the divalent metals was thought to be the formation of strong, inner-sphere complexes involving surface hydroxyl groups. However, the mechanism for the adsorption of As(V) by BPMS appears to be distinct from that of surface hydroxyl exchange. These results have important implications to the management of metal sulfide sludge produced by bacterial sulfate reduction.

  11. Comparative study of Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2}/CdS and Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2}/In{sub 2}S{sub 3} systems by surface photovoltage techniques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dittrich, Th., E-mail: dittrich@helmholtz-berlin.de [Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany); Gonzáles, A.; Rada, T. [Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany); Departamento de Física, Universidad del Norte, km 5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla (Colombia); Rissom, T.; Zillner, E. [Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany); Sadewasser, S. [Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany); International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avda. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga (Portugal); Lux-Steiner, M. [Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin (Germany)

    2013-05-01

    Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} absorbers were investigated by surface photovoltage (SPV) in the Kelvin probe and fixed capacitor arrangements before and after deposition of CdS or In{sub 2}S{sub 3} buffer layers as well as before and after deposition of ZnO window layers. Effects such as passivation of surface states, partial electron transfer from ZnO into In{sub 2}S{sub 3}, decrease of the ideality factor after deposition of ZnO and slow electron transfer through In{sub 2}S{sub 3} were demonstrated. The results show that SPV measurements open opportunities for dedicated studies of charge separation at hetero-junctions between ordered and disordered semiconductors. - Highlights: ► Surface photovoltage on chalcopyrite/buffer layer at different stages of formation ► Comparison of CdS and In{sub 2}S{sub 3} buffer layers ► Information about surface passivation, surface defects, ideality factor, transport.

  12. Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Magnesium Doped CuPc as an Efficient Electron Injection Layer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jun-Song, Cao; Min, Guan; Guo-Hua, Cao; Yi-Ping, Zeng; Jin-Min, Li; Da-Shan, Qin

    2008-01-01

    Bright organic electroluminescent devices are developed using a metal-doped organic layer intervening between the cathode and the emitting layer. The typical device structure is a glass substrate/indium-tin oxide (ITO)/copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)/N,N-bis-(1-naphthl)-diphenyl-1, 1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/Tris(8-quinolinolato) alu-minum(Alq 3 )/Mg-doped CuPc/Ag. At a driving voltage of 11 V, the device with a layer of Mg-doped CuPc (1:2 in weight) shows a brightness of 4312 cd/m 2 and a current efficiency of 2.52 cd/A, while the reference device exhibits 514 cd/m 2 and 1.25 cd/A

  13. Preparation of PtSnCu/C and PtSn/C electrocatalysts and activation by dealloying processes for ethanol electrooxidation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Crisafulli, Rudy

    2013-01-01

    PtSnCu/C (with different Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios) and PtSn/C (50:50) electrocatalysts were prepared by borohydride (BR) and alcohol-reduction (AR) processes using H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O, SnCl 2 .2H 2 O and CuCl 2 .2H 2 O as metal sources, NaBH 4 and ethylene glycol as reducing agents, 2-propanol and ethylene glycol/water as solvents and carbon black as support. In a further step, these electrocatalysts were activated by chemical (CD) and electrochemical (ED) dealloying processes through acid treatment and thin porous coating technique, respectively. These materials were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray, Xray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, line scan energy dispersive Xray and cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical studies for ethanol electro-oxidation were performed by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and in single Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell using Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). The anodic effluents were analysed by gas chromatography. The X-ray diffractograms of the as-synthesized electrocatalysts showed the typical face-centered cubic structure (FCC) of platinum and its alloys. After dealloying, the X-ray diffractograms showed that the Pt FCC structure was preserved. The crystallite sizes of the assynthesized electrocatalysts were in the range of PtSnCu/C (50:40:10) AR/ED > PtSnCu/C (50:10:40) BR/CD. PtSn/C (50:50) BR/CD, PtSnCu/C (50:10:40) BR/CD, PtSnCu/C (50:40:10) AR/CD electrocatalysts and Pt/C BASF, PtSn/C (75:25) BASF commercial electrocatalysts were tested in single Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell. The results showed the following performance for ethanol electro-oxidation: PtSn/C (50:50) BR/CD > PtSnCu/C (50:40:10) AR/CD > PtSnCu/C > PtSn/C (75:25) BASF > PtSnCu/C (50:10:40) BR/CD > Pt/C BASF. (author)

  14. Characterization of a metal resistant Pseudomonas sp. isolated from uranium mine for its potential in heavy metal (Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+) sequestration.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Choudhary, Sangeeta; Sar, Pinaki

    2009-05-01

    Heavy metal sequestration by a multimetal resistant Pseudomonas strain isolated from a uranium mine was characterized for its potential application in metal bioremediation. 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed phylogenetic relatedness of this isolate to Pseudomonas fluorescens. Metal uptake by this bacterium was monophasic, fast saturating, concentration and pH dependent with maximum loading of 1048 nmol Ni(2+) followed by 845 nmol Co(2+), 828 nmol Cu(2+) and 700 nmol Cd(2+)mg(-1) dry wt. Preferential metal deposition in cell envelope was confirmed by TEM and cell fractionation. FTIR spectroscopy and EDX analysis revealed a major role of carboxyl and phosphoryl groups along with a possible ion exchange mechanism in cation binding. Binary system demonstrated selective metal binding affinity in the order of Cu(2+)>Ni(2+)>Co(2+)>Cd(2+). A comparison with similar metal uptake reports considering live bacteria strongly indicated the superiority of this strain in metal sequestration, which could be useful for developing efficient metal removal system.

  15. Titulações potenciométricas de cátions metálicos tendo como eletrodo indicador o sistema Cu/Cu(II-EDTA Potentiometric titrations of metal cations with edta using the Cu/Cu(II-EDTA system as indicator electrode

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Paulo H. Pereira da Silva

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available In potentiometric titrations of metal cations with EDTA the Hg/HgY2- system is usually used to detect the end point. However, the use of mercury has been discouraged in analytical procedures due to its toxicity. In this work the Cu/CuY2- system was used as indicator electrode for potentiometric titrations of some metal cations with EDTA. The solutions of Cu2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ were titrated with Na2EDTA solution in the presence of a small concentration of the CuY2- complex using a copper wire as indicator electrode. The potentiometric titrations with the Cu/CuY2- system showed good correlation when compared with an Hg/HgY2- system.

  16. Short-term influence of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd excess on metabolism, ultrastructure and distribution of elements in lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Piovár, J; Weidinger, M; Bačkor, M; Bačkorová, M; Lichtscheidl, I

    2017-11-01

    Lichens are symbiotic organisms that are very sensitive to heavy metal pollution. However, there is little evidence of how heavy metal pollution affects the physiological status, ultrastructural changes and distribution of elements in the layers of lichen thalli. For this purpose we simulated metal pollution to lichens and studied its impact on Xanthoria parietina. Thalli were treated with the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd in the form of sulfates at concentrations of 100µM and 500µM during 24, 48 and 72h. Untreated lichens served as controls. We assessed the status of physiological parameters (fluorescence and integrity of chlorophyll a, content of soluble proteins and ergosterol), ultrastructural changes, especially to the photobiont, and the distribution of elements in the layers of thalli in relation to treatment with heavy metals. We found positive correlations between the content of all tested heavy metals and the physiological response. We assessed the toxicity of the selected metals as follows: Cd >= Cu >= Ni > Zn, based on the effects on the photobiont layer in the lichen thallus and physiological measurements. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  17. Simulation of the behaviour of a set of Cu/sub 2/S-CdS unit photocells. [Spice II program

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jacquemin, J L; Bordure, G

    1982-03-01

    With the help of a general simulation program (the Spice II program from the University of California, Berkeley), adapted to photocell modeling, authors studied the behavior of a large solar photocell consisting of smaller Cu/sub 2/S-CdS unit solar cells in parallel, in particular, a theoretical set of photocells identical with the best cell made in the laboratory, a set of 30 real photocells characterized individually and the effect of introducing low efficiency cells. The role of each parameter characterizing the photocells is indicated, in order to improve the behavior of photovoltaic panels of larger dimensions. 2 refs.

  18. Removal of Heavy Metals Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Fe3+ from Aqueous Solutions by using Xanthium Pensylvanicum

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaber SALEHZADEH

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available The hazardous ill effects of heavy metals on the environment and public health is a matter of serious concern. Biosorption is emerging as a sustainable effective technology. Heavy metals in water resources are one of the most important environmental problems of countries. The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The adsorption capacity of Xanthium Pensylvanicum towards metal ions such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Fe3+, was studied. The adsorption capacity was performed by batch experiments as a function of process parameters (such as sorption time and pH. Experimental results showed that the removal percentages increasing of metal ions at pH=4, initial concentration of metal ions 10 mg/L, and after 90 min of shaking was: Zn2+ < Cd2+ < Cu2+ < Pb2+ < Ni2+ < Fe3+ < Co2+.

  19. Evaluation de la contamination de la chaîne trophique par les éléments traces (Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, U, V et As dans le bassin de la Lufira supérieure (Katanga/RD Congo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Katemo Manda, B.

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Evaluation of Contamination of the Food Chain by Trace Elements (Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, U, V and As in the Basin of the Upper Lufira (Katanga/DR Congo. Seven trace elements (Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, Pb, U, V and As were analyzed using a HR ICP-MS in samples of water, plankton, leaves of Phragmites australis, muscle and gills of three fish species (Oreochromis macrochir, Tilapia rendalli, Clarias gariepinus collected in the basin of the upper Lufira. The results indicate a high copper (70.9 ppm and cobalt (32.3 ppm content in the effluent of complex hydrometallurgical Shituru. If contamination of rivers decreases with distance from the pollution source, the values are very high in lake Tshangalele for plankton and leaves of P. australis. For fish, the results indicate that Pb, U, V, Cu, Co and Cd accumulates preferentially in the gills but Zn accumulates more in the muscles. As accumulates in the same order of magnitude in both organs. These results confirm the pollution of the basin by the effluents from Lufira complex hydrometallurgical Shituru.

  20. Single crystalline multi-petal Cd nanoleaves prepared by thermal reduction of CdO

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Khan, Waheed S.; Cao, Chuanbao; Aslam, Imran; Ali, Zulfiqar; Butt, Faheem K.; Mahmood, Tariq; Nabi, Ghulam; Ihsan, Ayesha; Usman, Zahid; Rehman, Asma

    2013-01-01

    Highlights: ► Cd nanoleaves are obtained on abraded Cu substrate by thermal reduction of CdO. ► Vapour solid (VS) growth mechanism governs the formation of Cd nanoleaves (CdNLs). ► PL spectrum for CdNLs exhibits a strong ultraviolet (UV) emission band at 353 nm. ► UV band is attributed to interband radiative recombination under Xe illumination. -- Abstract: Multi-petal cadmium metal nanoleaves with 30–40 nm thickness were fabricated on abraded copper substrate by simple thermal reduction of cadmium oxide (CdO) powder at 1050 °C inside horizontal tube furnace (HTF) under nitrogen gas flow. The structural, compositional and morphological characterizations of the as-prepared cadmium nanoleaves (CdNLs) were performed by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. Non-catalytic vapour–solid (VS) process based growth mechanism governing the formation of CdNLs has been proposed and discussed briefly. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum for CdNLs measured at room temperature exhibited a single prominent emission band at 353 nm which may either be ascribed to surface oxidation effects or interband radiative recombination under Xe light illumination.

  1. Single crystalline multi-petal Cd nanoleaves prepared by thermal reduction of CdO

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Khan, Waheed S. [Research Centre of Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China); National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box No. 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad (Pakistan); Cao, Chuanbao, E-mail: cbcao@bit.edu.cn [Research Centre of Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China); Aslam, Imran; Ali, Zulfiqar; Butt, Faheem K.; Mahmood, Tariq; Nabi, Ghulam [Research Centre of Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China); Ihsan, Ayesha [National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box No. 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad (Pakistan); Usman, Zahid [Research Centre of Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China); Rehman, Asma [National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box No. 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad (Pakistan)

    2013-02-15

    Highlights: ► Cd nanoleaves are obtained on abraded Cu substrate by thermal reduction of CdO. ► Vapour solid (VS) growth mechanism governs the formation of Cd nanoleaves (CdNLs). ► PL spectrum for CdNLs exhibits a strong ultraviolet (UV) emission band at 353 nm. ► UV band is attributed to interband radiative recombination under Xe illumination. -- Abstract: Multi-petal cadmium metal nanoleaves with 30–40 nm thickness were fabricated on abraded copper substrate by simple thermal reduction of cadmium oxide (CdO) powder at 1050 °C inside horizontal tube furnace (HTF) under nitrogen gas flow. The structural, compositional and morphological characterizations of the as-prepared cadmium nanoleaves (CdNLs) were performed by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. Non-catalytic vapour–solid (VS) process based growth mechanism governing the formation of CdNLs has been proposed and discussed briefly. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum for CdNLs measured at room temperature exhibited a single prominent emission band at 353 nm which may either be ascribed to surface oxidation effects or interband radiative recombination under Xe light illumination.

  2. Estudio DRX en Materiales Catalizadores Cu-Ni-SiO2 para Hidrogenación de aceite de soya. Desarrollo de estructura cristalina y actividad catalítica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gloria I. Cubillos

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Para buscar elementos experimentales que soporten la hipótesis según la cual se forman estructuras cristalinas Cu-Ni o eventualmente Cu-Ni-SiO2 en la síntesis de catalizadores para la hidrogenación de aceite de soya, se prepararon mezclas de estos tres materiales a partir de sales de los metales con sílice (aerosil. Se calcinaron a 270oC y se redujeron a 330oC en atmósfera de hidrógeno. En  los materiales reducidos se  estudió el difractógrama de RX en el rango 37 a 53 grados, y se comparó con el difractógrama de aleaciones Cu-Ni, en las cuales se conoce la formación  de cristales mixtos, y  con los difractógramas de los elementos puros Cu y Ni.  Los resultados muestran que se presentan señales de difracción diferentes a las señales de los componentes puros. La actividad catalítica se muestra diferente en los materiales que presentan distorsión en su estructura cristalina.  

  3. Square-wave anodic-stripping voltammetric determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in a hydrofluoric acid solution of siliceous spicules of marine sponges (from the Ligurian Sea, Italy, and the Ross Sea, Antarctica)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Truzzi, C.; Annibaldi, A.; Illuminati, S.; Bassotti, E.; Scarponi, G. [Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona (Italy). Department of Marine Science

    2008-09-15

    Square-wave anodic-stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was set up and optimized for simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in siliceous spicules of marine sponges, directly in the hydrofluoric acid solution ({proportional_to}0.55 mol L{sup -1} HF, pH {proportional_to}1.9). A thin mercury-film electrode (TMFE) plated on to an HF-resistant epoxy-impregnated graphite rotating-disc support was used. The optimum experimental conditions, evaluated also in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, were as follows: deposition potential -1100 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, KCl 3 mol L{sup -1}, deposition time 3-10 min, electrode rotation 3000 rpm, SW scan from -1100 mV to +100 mV, SW pulse amplitude 25 mV, frequency 100 Hz, {delta}E{sub step} 8 mV, t{sub step} 100 ms, t{sub wait} 60 ms, t{sub delay} 2 ms, t{sub meas} 3 ms. Under these conditions the metal peak potentials were Cd -654{+-}1 mV, Pb -458 {+-} 1 mV, Cu -198{+-}1 mV. The electrochemical behaviour was reversible for Pb, quasi-reversible for Cd, and kinetically controlled (possibly following chemical reaction) for Cu. The linearity of the response with concentration was verified up to {proportional_to}4 {mu}g L{sup -1} for Cd and Pb and {proportional_to}20 {mu}g L{sup -1} for Cu. The detection limits were 5.8 ng L{sup -1}, 3.6 ng L{sup -1}, and 4.3 ng L{sup -1} for Cd, Pb, and Cu, respectively, with t{sub d}=5 min. The method was applied for determination of the metals in spicules of two specimens of marine sponges (Demosponges) from the Portofino natural reserve (Ligurian Sea, Italy, Petrosia ficiformis) and Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica, Sphaerotylus antarcticus). The metal contents varied from tens of ng g{sup -1} to {proportional_to}1 {mu}g g{sup -1}, depending on the metal considered and with significant differences between the two sponge species. (orig.)

  4. Use of composite materials for the determination of Cu, As, Mo, Cd and Sb in biological materials by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lucanikova, M.; John, J.; Kucera, J.; Sebesta, F.

    2006-01-01

    New composite materials were developed and tested for determination of Cu, As, Mo, Cd, and Sb in biological materials by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA). The materials were prepared by incorporation of solid zinc diethyldithiocarbamate or liquid bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid (CYANEX 301) into a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) binding matrix. The accuracy of the RNAA procedures was proved by analysis of NIST SRM-1515 Apple Leaves, NIST SRM-1577b Bovine Liver, and NIST SRM-1549 Non Fat Milk Powder. (author)

  5. Sr2YSbO6 como potencial sustrato para la deposición de películas supercnductoras de YBa2Cu3O7-δ

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Omar Ortiz

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available Se sinteitzó un nuevo material y por medio de la técnica de difracción de rayos X se encontró que su ordenamiento estructual corresponde al de una perovskita compleja de tipo A2BB'O6 con valor de parámetro de red 8,2561 A. Este estudio junto con un análisis EDX permitieron asignar a este compuesto la fórmula Sr2YSbO6. Se elaboraron mezclas homogéneas de este material con YBa2Cu3O7-δ, compactando luego las muestras en forma de pastilla para someterlas a un tratamiento térmico a 900 ºC durante diez horas. Los estudios de difracción de rayos X y magnetización para temperaturas entre 5 y 300 K sobre estas mezclas permitieron determinar que Sr2YSbO6 no reaccionó químicamente con el YBa2Cu3O7-δ y no altero el valor de la temperatura de transiión del superconductor a pesar del tratamiento térmico. Estos estudios permitieron determinar que el nuevo material Sr2YSbO6 podría ser utilizado como sustrato para el crecimiento epitaxial de películas superconductoras de YBa2Cu3O7-δ.

  6. Comprehensive risk assessment and source identification of selected heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg, As) in tidal saltmarsh sediments of Shuangtai Estuary, China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Chang-Fa; Li, Bing; Wang, Yi-Ting; Liu, Yuan; Cai, Heng-Jiang; Wei, Hai-Feng; Wu, Jia-Wen; Li, Jin

    2017-10-06

    Heavy metals do not degrade and can remain in the environment for a long time. In this study, we analyzed the effects of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg, and As, on environmental quality, pollutant enrichment, ecological hazard, and source identification of elements in sediments using data collected from samples taken from Shuangtai tidal wetland. The comprehensive pollution indices were used to assess environmental quality; fuzzy similarity analysis and geoaccumulation index were used to analyze pollution accumulation; correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and clustering analysis were used to analyze pollution source; environmental risk index and ecological risk index were used to assess ecological risk. The results showed that the environmental quality was either clean or almost clean. Pollutant enrichment analysis showed that the four sub-regions had similar pollution-causing metals to the background values of the soil element of the Liao River Plain, which were ranked according to their similarity. Source identification showed that all the elements were correlated. Ecological hazard analysis showed that the environmental risk index in the study area was less than zero, posing a low ecological risk. Ecological risk of the six elements was as follows: As > Cd > Hg > Cu > Pb > Zn.

  7. Electronic structure of Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1-x}){sub 4} surface and CdS/Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1-x}){sub 4} interface

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Udaka, Yusuke; Takaki, Shin' ichi; Isowaki, Keisuke; Terada, Norio [Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065 (Japan); Nagai, Takehiko; Kim, Kang Min; Kim, Shinho; Tampo, Hitoshi; Shibata, Hajime; Matsubara, Koji; Niki, Shigeru [Research Center for Photovoltaics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8568 (Japan); Sakai, Noriyuki; Kato, Takuya; Sugimoto, Hiroki [Solar Frontier K.K., 123-1 Shimo-Kawairi, Atsugi 243-0206 (Japan)

    2017-06-15

    Changes of the electronic structure of the Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1-x}){sub 4} [CZTSSe] films and the band alignment at the interfaces between CdS buffer and the CZTSSe in conjunction with the anion-mixing ratio x = 0-1 have been investigated using in situ X-ray, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS, UPS), and inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES). Changes of the UPS and IPES spectra in conjunction with x have revealed that the electronic structure of the CZTSSe surface is characterized with the preferential rise of conduction band minimum (CBM) in conjunction with the increase of x. As x increases, interface induced band bending decreases from 0.5 to 0.6 at the CdS/CZTSe (x = 0) interface to 0.1-0.2 at the CdS/CZTS (x = 1) one. And the downward shift of CBM due to the deposition of the CdS layer is enhanced as x increases. These changes result in the monotonous decrease of conduction band offset (CBO) in conjunction with the increase of x: CBO at the x = 0 and 1 interfaces are +0.5 and -0.14 to -0.15 eV, respectively. The values of CBO are consistent with the device properties; occasional emergence of double junction like current-voltage characteristics in the CdS/CZTSe-based cells, serious voltage-loss in the CdS/CZTS ones, and the highest performance achieved in the CdS/CZTSSe ones. (copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

  8. Efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity by band alignment in mesoporous ternary polyoxometalate-Ag2S-CdS semiconductors

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kornarakis, I.; Lykakis, I. N.; Vordos, N.; Armatas, G. S.

    2014-07-01

    anions with different reduction potentials, such as PW12O403-, SiW12O404- and PMo12O403-, were employed as electron acceptors in these ternary heterojunction photocatalysts. Characterization by small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and N2 physisorption measurements showed hexagonal arrays of POM-Ag2S-CdS hybrid nanorods with large internal BET surface areas and uniform mesopores. The Keggin structure of the incorporated POM clusters was also verified by elemental X-ray spectroscopy microanalysis, infrared and diffuse-reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. These new porous materials were implemented as visible-light-driven photocatalysts, displaying exceptional high activity in aerobic oxidation of various para-substituted benzyl alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Our experiments show that the spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes at CdS through the potential gradient along the CdS-Ag2S-POM interfaces is responsible for the increased photocatalytic activity. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: EDS spectra of STA/CdS and STA/Ag2S/CdS samples, SAXS patterns and N2 physisorption isotherms of SBA-15 silica, IR spectra of meso-CdS and POM-Ag2S-CdS materials, catalytic data of the as-prepared CdS based mesostructures and TiO2 (Degussa P25) nanoparticles, PL spectra of meso-CdS, Ag2S-CdS, CuS/CdS and STA/Ag2S/CdS samples, N2 physisorption isotherms of b-STA/Ag2S/CdS and STA/CuS/CdS, 1H NMR spectra of 8 oxidation products, and EDS and IR spectra and N2 physisorption isotherms of the reused STA/Ag2S/CdS catalyst. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01094a

  9. Fabrication and application of a new modified electrochemical sensor using nano-silica and a newly synthesized Schiff base for simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions in water and some foodstuff samples

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Afkhami, Abbas; Soltani-Felehgari, Farzaneh; Madrakian, Tayyebeh; Ghaedi, Hamed; Rezaeivala, Majid

    2013-01-01

    Highlights: ► A new modified electrochemical sensor was constructed and used. ► A new Schiff base coated nano-silica was used as modifier. ► The electrochemical properties of electrode were studied. ► This modifier enhanced the electrochemical properties of electrode. ► The electrode was used for simultaneous determination of Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ ions. -- Abstract: A new chemically modified carbon paste electrode was constructed and used for rapid, simple, accurate, selective and highly sensitive simultaneous determination of cadmium, copper and mercury using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The carbon paste electrode was modified by N,N′-bis(3-(2-thenylidenimino)propyl)piperazine coated silica nanoparticles. Compared with carbon paste electrode, the stripping peak currents had a significant increase at the modified electrode. Under the optimized conditions (deposition potential, −1.100 V vs. Ag/AgCl; deposition time, 60 s; resting time, 10 s; SW frequency, 25 Hz; pulse amplitude, 0.15 V; dc voltage step height, 4.4 mV), the detection limit was 0.3, 0.1 and 0.05 ng mL −1 for the determination of Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ , respectively. The complexation reaction of the ligand with several metal cations in methanol was studied and the stability constants of the complexes were obtained. The effects of different cations and anions on the simultaneous determination of metal ions were studied and it was found that the electrode is highly selective for the simultaneous determination of Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ . Furthermore, the present method was applied to the determination of Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ in water and some foodstuff samples

  10. Effect of Low-Melting Metals (Pb, Bi, Cd, In) on the Structure, Phase Composition, and Properties of Casting Al-5% Si-4% Cu Alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yakovleva, A. O.; Belov, N. A.; Bazlova, T. A.; Shkalei, I. V.

    2018-01-01

    The effect of low-melting metals (Pb, Bi, Cd, In) on the structure, phase composition, and properties of the Al-5% Si-4% Cu alloy was studied using calculations. Polythermal sections have been reported, which show that the considered systems are characterized by the presence of liquid regions and monotectic reactions. The effect of low-melting metals on the microstructure and hardening of base alloy in the cast and heat-treated states has been studied.

  11. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS REPRESENTING AVAILABLE AND TOTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn IN SOIL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vladimir Ivezić

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Various extraction methods are used to predict plant uptake of trace metals. Most commonly it is total concentration that is used for risk assessment and evaluation of trace metal availability. However, recent studies showed that total concentration is a poor indicator of availability while concentrations in soil solution show good correlation with plant uptake. Present study was conducted on magricultural soils with low levels of trace metals where 45 soil samples were collected from different soil types. The main objective was to compare four different extraction methods and examine how total and reactive (EDTA trace metal concentrations correlate ,with soil solution concentration (in this study determined by water extraction. The samples were analyzed by four extraction methods: strong acid extraction (ultra-pure HNO3 extraction and aqua regia, weak acid extraction by EDTA and the most available fraction, fraction in soil solution, were represented by water extraction (weakest extractant. Five elements were investigated (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Water extraction significantly correlated with EDTA extraction for Cu, Fe and Mn, while total extraction (HNO3 extraction and aqua regia correlated significantly with water extraction only for Cu. No correlation between water extraction and total extraction confirmed poor role of total concentration as an indicator of availability. EDTA extraction can be used to represent reactive pool of trace metals in soil but it should be also taken with caution when using it to describe available fraction.

  12. Dissolved trace metals in the water column of Reloncaví Fjord, Chile Metales trazas disueltos en la columna de agua en el fiordo Reloncaví, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramón Ahumada

    2011-11-01

    Full Text Available We analyzed the concentration of dissolved trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb in the water column of Reloncaví Fjord. Sampling was performed during the CIMAR 12 Fiordos cruise in 2006. A total of 36 passive samplers or DGTs (diffusion gradient in thin films were anchored at four stations along the longitudinal axis of the fjord. The DGTs were deployed at three depths per station and left there for 48 h. The metal contents on each thin film were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Concentrations were highest in the surface layer at the head of the estuary, which is directly influenced by Petrohué River. Characteristic sequences of the studied metals were defined in the area with the greatest continental influence (Z(5-25m = Cu >Mn> Fe > Ni >Pb> Cr > Cd > Co and in the area with a marine or coastal influence (Z(5-25m = Fe > Cu>Mn> Ni >Pb> Cr > Cd > Co. A similar metal sequence was found in the deepest layer: Z(40-m = Fe >Mn> Cu >Pb> Ni > Cd > Cr > Co. The passive sampling technique using DGTs to determine dissolved trace metals in the sea water provided robust information on the concentrations of the ten metals analyzed.Se analiza la concentración de metales trazas disueltos (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni y Pb, en la columna de agua del fiordo Reloncaví. El muestreo se realizó durante la campaña CIMAR 12 Fiordos, 2006. Para ello se fondeó en cuatro estaciones y en tres profundidades, un total de 36 muestreadores pasivos o DGT (láminas de gradiente de difusión a lo largo del eje longitudinal del fiordo, durante 48 h. El contenido de metales en cada lámina fue analizado mediante espectroscopía de emisión atómica con acoplamiento inductivo de plasma. Las mayores concentraciones se observaron en la superficie de la columna de agua, en la cabeza del estuario, directamente influenciada por el río Petrohué. Se definió para el área una secuencia de los metales estudiados característica, para la

  13. Solid phase extraction of trace amounts of Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn in environmental samples using magnetic nanoparticles coated by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol and modified with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and their determination by ICP-OES

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mashhadizadeh, Mohammad Hossein; Karami, Zahra

    2011-01-01

    Highlights: → The enrichment factors in this method are better than the other reported methods. → The proposed method showed a very good sensitivity and high enrichment factor. → This adsorbent was prepared easily, utilized conveniently and harmless to environment. → This method is suitable for preconcentration of heavy metals in environmental samples. - Abstract: A fast, sensitive, and simple method using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol and modified with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, as an adsorbent has been successfully developed for extraction, preconcentration, and determination of trace amounts of Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn from environmental samples. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These magnetic nanoparticles can be easily dispersed in aqueous samples and retrieved by the application of external magnetic field via a piece of permanent magnet. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as pH value, sample volume, eluent concentration and volume, ultrasonication time, and coexisting ions have been investigated and established. Under the optimal conditions, high concentration factors (194, 190, 170, and 182) were achieved for Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn with relative standard deviations of 5.31%, 4.03%, 3.62%, and 4.20%, respectively. The limits of detection for Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn were as low as 0.12, 0.12, 0.13 and 0.11 ng mL -1 . The prepared sorbent was applied for preconcentration of trace amounts of Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the various water samples with satisfactory results.

  14. Geographical and pedological drivers of distribution and risks to soil fauna of seven metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in British soils

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Spurgeon, David J.; Rowland, Philip; Ainsworth, Gillian; Rothery, Peter; Long, Sara; Black, Helaina I.J.

    2008-01-01

    Concentrations of seven metals were measured in over 1000 samples as part of an integrated survey. Sixteen metal pairs were significantly positively correlated. Cluster analysis identified two clusters. Metals from the largest (Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), but not the smallest (Cd, Pb) cluster were significantly negatively correlated with spatial location and soil pH and organic matter content. Cd and Pb were not correlated with these parameters, due possibly to the masking effect of recent extensive release. Analysis of trends with soil properties in different habitats indicated that general trends may not necessarily be applicable to all areas. A risk assessment indicated that Zn poses the most widespread direct risk to soil fauna and Cd the least. Any risks associated with high metal concentrations are, however, likely to be greatest in habitats such as arable and horticultural, improved grassland and built up areas where soil metal concentrations are more frequently elevated. - Metal distributions and risks explained by balance of sources and soil property effects on fate

  15. Geographical and pedological drivers of distribution and risks to soil fauna of seven metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in British soils.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Spurgeon, David J; Rowland, Philip; Ainsworth, Gillian; Rothery, Peter; Long, Sara; Black, Helaina I J

    2008-05-01

    Concentrations of seven metals were measured in over 1000 samples as part of an integrated survey. Sixteen metal pairs were significantly positively correlated. Cluster analysis identified two clusters. Metals from the largest (Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), but not the smallest (Cd, Pb) cluster were significantly negatively correlated with spatial location and soil pH and organic matter content. Cd and Pb were not correlated with these parameters, due possibly to the masking effect of recent extensive release. Analysis of trends with soil properties in different habitats indicated that general trends may not necessarily be applicable to all areas. A risk assessment indicated that Zn poses the most widespread direct risk to soil fauna and Cd the least. Any risks associated with high metal concentrations are, however, likely to be greatest in habitats such as arable and horticultural, improved grassland and built up areas where soil metal concentrations are more frequently elevated.

  16. The − 5 A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism in the core promoter region of MT2A and its effect on allele-specific gene expression and Cd, Zn and Cu levels in laryngeal cancer

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Starska, Katarzyna, E-mail: katarzyna.starska@umed.lodz.pl [I Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Łódź (Poland); Krześlak, Anna; Forma, Ewa [Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 142/143, 90-236 Łódź (Poland); Olszewski, Jurek [II Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Łódź (Poland); Morawiec-Sztandera, Alina [Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Łódź, Paderewskiego 4, 93-509 Łódź (Poland); Aleksandrowicz, Paweł [Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin (Poland); Lewy-Trenda, Iwona [Department of Pathology, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź (Poland); and others

    2014-10-15

    Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight, cysteine-rich heavy metal-binding proteins which participate in the mechanisms of Zn homeostasis, and protect against toxic metals. MTs contain metal-thiolate cluster groups and suppress metal toxicity by binding to them. The aim of this study was to determine the − 5 A/G (rs28366003) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the core promoter region of the MT2A gene and to investigate its effect on allele-specific gene expression and Cd, Zn and Cu content in squamous cell laryngeal cancer (SCC) and non-cancerous laryngeal mucosa (NCM) as a control. The MT2A promoter region − 5 A/G SNP was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism using 323 SCC and 116 NCM. MT2A gene analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR. The frequency of A allele carriage was 94.2% and 91.8% in SCC and NCM, respectively, while G allele carriage was detected in 5.8% and 8.2% of SCC and NCM samples, respectively. As a result, a significant association was identified between the − 5 A/G SNP in the MT2A gene with mRNA expression in both groups. Metal levels were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The significant differences were identified between A/A and both the A/G and G/G genotypes, with regard to the concentration of the contaminating metal. The Spearman rank correlation results showed that the MT2A expression and Cd, Zn, Cu levels were negatively correlated. Results obtained in this study suggest that − 5 A/G SNP in MT2A gene may have an effect on allele-specific gene expression and accumulation of metal levels in laryngeal cancer. - Highlights: • MT2A gene expression and metal content in laryngeal cancer tissues • Association between SNP (rs28366003) and expression of MT2A • Significant associations between the SNP and Cd, Zn and Cu levels • Negative correlation between MT2A gene expression and Cd, Zn and Cu levels.

  17. The − 5 A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism in the core promoter region of MT2A and its effect on allele-specific gene expression and Cd, Zn and Cu levels in laryngeal cancer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Starska, Katarzyna; Krześlak, Anna; Forma, Ewa; Olszewski, Jurek; Morawiec-Sztandera, Alina; Aleksandrowicz, Paweł; Lewy-Trenda, Iwona

    2014-01-01

    Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight, cysteine-rich heavy metal-binding proteins which participate in the mechanisms of Zn homeostasis, and protect against toxic metals. MTs contain metal-thiolate cluster groups and suppress metal toxicity by binding to them. The aim of this study was to determine the − 5 A/G (rs28366003) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the core promoter region of the MT2A gene and to investigate its effect on allele-specific gene expression and Cd, Zn and Cu content in squamous cell laryngeal cancer (SCC) and non-cancerous laryngeal mucosa (NCM) as a control. The MT2A promoter region − 5 A/G SNP was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism using 323 SCC and 116 NCM. MT2A gene analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR. The frequency of A allele carriage was 94.2% and 91.8% in SCC and NCM, respectively, while G allele carriage was detected in 5.8% and 8.2% of SCC and NCM samples, respectively. As a result, a significant association was identified between the − 5 A/G SNP in the MT2A gene with mRNA expression in both groups. Metal levels were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The significant differences were identified between A/A and both the A/G and G/G genotypes, with regard to the concentration of the contaminating metal. The Spearman rank correlation results showed that the MT2A expression and Cd, Zn, Cu levels were negatively correlated. Results obtained in this study suggest that − 5 A/G SNP in MT2A gene may have an effect on allele-specific gene expression and accumulation of metal levels in laryngeal cancer. - Highlights: • MT2A gene expression and metal content in laryngeal cancer tissues • Association between SNP (rs28366003) and expression of MT2A • Significant associations between the SNP and Cd, Zn and Cu levels • Negative correlation between MT2A gene expression and Cd, Zn and Cu levels

  18. Simultaneous removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from stormwater using high-efficiency industrial sorbents: Effect of pH, contact time and humic acid.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Genç-Fuhrman, Hülya; Mikkelsen, Peter S; Ledin, Anna

    2016-10-01

    The effect of contact time, solution pH, and the presence of humic acid (HA) on the combined removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn is investigated in batch tests using alumina, granulated activated carbon (GAC), and bauxsol coated sand (BCS) as sorbents. It is found that the equilibrium time for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn is about 4h, while no clear equilibrium is observed for As and Cr. It is also found that increasing the pH until pH~8 enhanced Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn removal, but increasing the pH above this point had no major effect. In the cases of As and Cr, higher pH values (i.e. >7) decreased their removal. The presence of both 20 and 100mg/L HA suppressed the heavy metal removal except for Cr, and the suppression was higher at the higher HA concentration. Geochemical simulations suggest that this is due to the formation of dissolved HA-metal complexes preventing effective metal sorption. In the case of Cr, the presence of HA increased the removal when using alumina or BCS, while hindering the removal when using GAC. The findings show that the pH-value of the stormwater to be treated must be in the range of 6-7 in order to achieve removal of the full spectrum of metals. The results also show that natural organic matter may severely influence the removal efficiency, such that, for most metals the removal was reduced to the half, while for Cr it was increased to the double for alumina and BCS. Consequently, a properly working filter set up may not work properly anymore when receiving high loads of natural organic acids during the pollen season in spring or during defoliation in autumn and early winter, and during mixing of runoff with snowmelt having a low pH. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. Photovoltaic performance of a Cd1−xMgxTe/CdS top-cell structure

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Martinez, Omar S.; Regalado-Pérez, E.; Mathews, N.R.; Morales, Erik R.; Reyes-Coronado, David; Galvez, Geovanni Hernández; Mathew, Xavier

    2015-01-01

    In this paper we report the progress in developing a wide band gap alloy material based on CdTe to use as the top-cell absorber in tandem solar cells. High photovoltaic performance for a Cd 1−x Mg x Te/CdS top-cell was achieved by tuning the composition of the Cd 1−x Mg x Te film, and optimizing the device processing. We have carried out studies on the effect of vapor chloride treatment of the Cd 1−x Mg x Te/CdS device and the thermal annealing of the Cu/Au contacts on the opto-electronic properties of the device. With improved contact processing and post deposition treatments, we were able to achieve 9.3% efficiency for a 1.6 eV band gap top-cell; Cd 1−x Mg x Te/CdS on conductive glass substrate. - Highlights: • Cd 1−x Mg x Te films obtained by co-evaporation of CdTe and Mg • Band gap of Cd 1−x Mg x Te can be easily tuned by verifying x. • Band gap of Cd 1−x Mg x Te is stable only for short annealing durations. • Obtained efficiency of a Cd 1−x Mg x Te based device with a band gap of 1.6 eV is 9.3%

  20. The effects of anionic and cationic surfactants on the ion flotation of Cd2+

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kobayashi, Koichi

    1975-01-01

    The ion flotation of Cd 2+ ions has been investigated from the surface chemical point of view in comparison with the case of Cu 2+ ions reported previously. The effects of the change in the pH, the anionic and cationic surfactants, and bentonite on the flotation rate have also been studied. Sodium α-sulfolaurate proved to be one of the best surfactants among the anionic surfactants used for removing Cd 2+ ions, showing as high as a 97% removal. About 97% of the Cd 2+ ions could be floated in the region of pH 11.3 when a cationic surfactant was used with bentonite, regardless of the exact surfactant used. The addition of bentonite reduced the foam formation and liquid hold-up, resulting in effective bubble flotation. This behavior was as a whole similar to that of Cu 2+ ions. However, in all the flotation systems tested, the flotation rate increased sharply at about pH 8, and the flotation rate vs. pH curve for Cd 2+ shifted towards a more alkaline region than that for Cu 2+ , because of the stronger basic nature of the former. Also, the flotation rate of Cd 2+ ions for the Cd 2+ -anionic surfactant systems attained a steady value after about 7 min, longer than the 2-min gas flow required in the case of Cu 2+ ion flotation. The adjustment of the pH using ammonia gave a lower rate of flotation than in the case of flotation using sodium hydroxide. (auth.)

  1. Development of an electronic ballast with high power factor, using cd/cd conversion techniques for fluorescent lamps; Desarrollo de un balastro electronico con alto factor de potencia, utilizando tecnicas de conversion cd/cd para lamparas fluorescentes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ortiz, Raul Antonio

    1995-02-01

    ballast formerly proposed (chapter 2) are presented, as well as the critical aspects in the design of it in the PFC as well as in the handling stage of the fluorescent lamp. The results obtained in each one of the stages formerly mentioned appear. In chapter 4 the comparative analysis of the different schemes from topologies (Cuk, Sepic and Boost) is approached, used as circuits for the active correction of the PF. Also, the results obtained from each one of the topologies formerly mentioned as FPC stages, will be given. The results presented are the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), PF and normalized output voltage based on the feeding AC line voltage variations. The control type implemented for the different studied topologies is mentioned. The conclusions of this thesis project, as well as some suggestions for future investigations as possible extensions of this work, are presented in chapter 5. Int he final part of this thesis the bibliographical references used for the development of this work are presented. In addition to the conclusion are two appendices. In appendix A the definitions of the important parameters in the electronic ballast design are presented. Appendix B covers the works published in relation to this thesis work. [Spanish] Los recientes avances y mejoramiento en las tecnologias de lamparas fluorescentes y balastros ha tenido como resultado una ganancia sustancial de eficiencia, en iluminacion (lm/w), en la vida util de la lampara, en balastros (caracteristicas electricas), y por consiguiente un incremento en el ahorro de energia de los sistemas de iluminacion fluorescentes. En este trabajo de tesis se propone el desarrollo de un balastro electronico, que incorpore correccion activa del FP, para el manejo de lamparas fluorescentes del tipo arranque rapido F4OW T-12. Para lo cual se concibio que el prototipo fuera implementado en dos etapas. En la primera etapa, para la CFP se escogio un convertidor CD/CD del tipo elevador (Boost) en Modo de Conduccion

  2. Opto-electronic properties and light-emitting device application of widegap layered oxychalcogenides: LaCuOCh (Ch=chalcogen) and La2CdO2Se2

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hiramatsu, Hidenori; Hirano, Masahiro; Kamioka, Hayato; Ueda, Kazushige; Ohta, Hiromichi; Kamiya, Toshio; Hosono, Hideo

    2006-01-01

    Electronic and optical properties of widegap oxychalcogenides, LaCuOCh (Ch chalcogen) and La 2 CdO 2 Se 2 , are reviewed with a focus on those relevant to their layered crystal structures, including high hole mobility, degenerate p-type conduction, room temperature exciton, and large third order optical nonlinearity. In particular, the widegap p-type metallic conduction was realized in Mg-doped LaCuOSe: the first demonstration among any class of widegap materials including GaN:Mg. Furthermore, we demonstrate the room temperature operation of a blue light-emitting diode using a pn hetero-junction composed of a LaCuOSe epilayer and an n-type amorphous InGaZn 5 O 8 . Those results strongly suggest that a series of the layered oxychalcogenides are applicable to the light-emitting layers in opto-electronic devices that operate in the ultraviolet-blue region as well as to transparent p-type conductors. (copyright 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (Abstract Copyright [2006], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

  3. AMINO AND MERCAPTO-SILICA HYBRID FOR Cd(II ADSORPTION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Buhani Buhani

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available Modification of silica gel with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane through sol-gel technique producing amino-silica hybrid (HAS and mercapto-silica hybrid (HMS, respectively, has been carried out using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS as silica source. The adsorbents were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR, and X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX. Adsorption of Cd(II individually as well as its binary mixture with Ni(II, Cu(II, and Zn(II in solution was performed in a batch system. Adsorption capacities of Cd(II ion on adsorbent of silica gel (SG, HAS, and HMS are 86.7, 256.4 and 319.5 μmol/g with the adsorption energies are 24.60, 22.61 and 23.15 kJ/mol, respectively. Selectivity coefficient (α of Cd(II ion toward combination of Cd(II/Ni(II, Cd(II/Cu(II, and Cd(II/Zn(II ions on HAS adsorbent is relatively smaller than those on HMS adsorbent which has α > 1.   Keywords: adsorption, amino-silica hybrid, mercapto-silica

  4. Zn{sub x}Cd{sub 1-} {sub x}S as a heterojunction partner for CuIn{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}S{sub 2} thin film solar cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kumar, Bhaskar [Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida, Cocoa, FL 32922 (United States); Vasekar, Parag [Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida, Cocoa, FL 32922 (United States)], E-mail: psvasekar@yahoo.com; Pethe, Shirish A.; Dhere, Neelkanth G. [Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida, Cocoa, FL 32922 (United States); Koishiyev, Galymzhan T. [Physics Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (United States)

    2009-02-02

    Zinc cadmium sulfide (Zn{sub x}Cd{sub 1-x}S) heterojunction partner layer prepared with chemical bath deposition (CBD) has exhibited better blue photon response and higher current densities due to its higher bandgap than that of conventional cadmium sulfide (CdS) layer for CuIn{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}S{sub 2} (CIGS2) solar cells. CIGS2/Zn{sub x}Cd{sub 1-x}S devices have also shown higher open circuit voltage, V{sub oc} indicating improved junction properties. A conduction band offset has been observed by J-V curves at various temperatures indicating that still higher V{sub oc} can be obtained by optimizing the conduction band offset. This contribution discusses the effect of variation of parameters such as concentration of compounds, pH of solution and deposition time during CBD on device properties and composition and crystallinity of film. Efficiencies comparable to CIGS2/CdS devices have been achieved for CIGS2/Zn{sub x}Cd{sub 1-x}S devices.

  5. Determination of mobile form contents of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in soil extracts by combined stripping voltammetry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nedeltcheva, T.; Atanassova, M.; Dimitrov, J.; Stanislavova, L.

    2005-01-01

    The amount of mobile forms of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in extracts obtained by treating soil samples with ammonium nitrate were determined by an appropriate combination of anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry with hanging mercury drop electrode. Every analysis required three mercury drops: on the first one, zinc was determined; on the second, cadmium and lead; on the third, copper was determined. Zinc, lead and cadmium were determined by conventional differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. For copper determination, adsorptive differential-pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry with amalgamation using chloride ions as a complexing agent was applied. The standard deviation of the results was from 1 to 10% depending on the metal content in the sample. Voltammetric results were in good agreement with the AAS analysis. No microwave digestion of soil extracts was necessary

  6. Determination of mobile form contents of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in soil extracts by combined stripping voltammetry

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nedeltcheva, T. [Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridsi Blvd., 1756 Sofia (Bulgaria)]. E-mail: nedel@uctm.edu; Atanassova, M. [Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridsi Blvd., 1756 Sofia (Bulgaria); Dimitrov, J. [N. Pushkarov Institute of Soil Science and Agroecology, 7 Shosse Bankya St., 1080 Sofia (Bulgaria); Stanislavova, L. [N. Pushkarov Institute of Soil Science and Agroecology, 7 Shosse Bankya St., 1080 Sofia (Bulgaria)

    2005-01-10

    The amount of mobile forms of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in extracts obtained by treating soil samples with ammonium nitrate were determined by an appropriate combination of anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry with hanging mercury drop electrode. Every analysis required three mercury drops: on the first one, zinc was determined; on the second, cadmium and lead; on the third, copper was determined. Zinc, lead and cadmium were determined by conventional differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. For copper determination, adsorptive differential-pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry with amalgamation using chloride ions as a complexing agent was applied. The standard deviation of the results was from 1 to 10% depending on the metal content in the sample. Voltammetric results were in good agreement with the AAS analysis. No microwave digestion of soil extracts was necessary.

  7. Photoelectrochemical detection of copper ions by modulating the growth of CdS quantum dots.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Grinyte, Ruta; Barroso, Javier; Díez-Buitrago, Beatriz; Saa, Laura; Möller, Marco; Pavlov, Valeri

    2017-09-15

    We discovered that copper ions (Cu 2+ ) catalyze the oxidation of cysteine (CSH) by oxygen (O 2 ) to modulate the growth of CSH-capped cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs). This new chemical process was applied to sensitive fluorogenic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection of Cu 2+ ions in real samples of mineral and tap water using the photocatalytic activity of the resulting NPs. Disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) modified with electroactive polyvinylpyridine bearing osmium complex (Os-PVP) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed for PEC analytical system. CdS NPs formed during the assay photocatalyze oxidation of 1-thioglycerol (TG) upon application of 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl to SPCEs. Os-PVP complex mediated the electron transfer between the electrode surface and CdS NPs. We proved that our assays did not suffer from interference from other ions accompanying Cu 2+ and the sensitivity of our assays covers the European Union standard limit of Cu 2+ ions in drinking water. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. Fabricación y caracterización de materiales Ag-Cd/CdO producidos mediante incorporación de partículas de CdO en aleaciones Ag-Cd líquidas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Equihua-Guillén, Fabián

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available In the present work it has been investigated the kinetic behavior of internal oxidation processes of strips of Ag-Cd/CdO materials fabricated by adding CdO particles (size of 5 and 20 μm in liquid Ag-Cd alloys. It has been established the metallurgical mechanism that controls the formation of the thickness covered with CdO particles produced by internal oxidation of the Ag-Cd/CdO material. It has been developed, successfully, a metallographic preparation technique for characterizing the morphology, size and distribution of CdO particles produced by heat treatment of internal oxidation on the surface of each sample based on the distance from the original surface to the boundary of dispersed CdO particles. The material strips were sequentially roughed on its surface and the roughing thickness was measured in the cross section of each new surface to determine the number of particles per area and average particle size.En el presente trabajo se investigó el comportamiento cinético del proceso de oxidación interna de láminas del material Ag-Cd/CdO fabricado mediante adición de partículas de CdO con tamaño de 5 y 20 μm en aleaciones Ag-Cd en estado líquido. Se ha establecido el mecanismo metalúrgico que controla la formación del espesor cubierto con partículas de CdO producido por oxidación interna del material Ag-Cd/CdO. Se desarrolló con éxito una técnica de preparación metalográfica para caracterizar el tamaño y distribución de partículas de CdO producidas por oxidación interna sobre la superficie de cada lámina en función de la distancia a partir de la superficie original hasta el límite de partículas de CdO dispersas. Las placas del material fueron desbastadas secuencialmente sobre su superficie y se midió el espesor desbastado en la sección transversal de cada nueva superficie para determinar el número de partículas por unidad de área y el tamaño promedio de partícula.

  9. Avaliação de catalisadores Cu/carvão ativo e Cu/SiO2 aerosil na reforma do etanol

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rita de Cássia Colman

    2000-05-01

    Full Text Available Com o objetivo de se utilizar um combustível não poluente, novas formas para a produção de hidrogênio, combustível ideal, estão sendo estudadas. Uma delas é a reforma do etanol, uma reação simples e com vantagens para países como o Brasil, onde a produção do etanol ocorre em larga escala. Como parte de um estudo mais amplo, foram preparados catalisadores Cu/carvão ativo com 5% de cobre e Cu/SiO2 aerosil com 2 e 5% de cobre por impregnação úmida, que foram caracterizados por redução à temperatura programada. Os resultados dos testes catalíticos indicaram que os catalisadores Cu/carvão ativo provavelmente ainda contêm enxofre, que interferiu de forma negativa, tendo seus resultados variando de forma aleatória com a área superficial do suporte. Já para Cu/SiO2 aerosil observa-se que ocorre uma redução da conversão com o aumento da área superficial do suporte e que o teor de cobre utilizado não provoca grandes variações.

  10. A two-storey structured photoanode of a 3D Cu2ZnSnS4/CdS/ZnO@steel composite nanostructure for efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Choi, Youngwoo; Baek, Minki; Zhang, Zhuo; Dao, Van-Duong; Choi, Ho-Suk; Yong, Kijung

    2015-09-01

    A two-storey structured photoanode of a 3D Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)/CdS/ZnO@steel composite nanostructure has been fabricated by using the solution method and demonstrated highly efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation due to its contraption in the structure for sufficient light absorption as well as the three step-down band alignments for efficient charge separation and transport. This composite structure is composed of two storeys: the upper storey is the CZTS/CdS/ZnO hetero-nanorods (NRs) covered on the stainless steel mesh; the bottom storey is the CZTS/CdS/ZnO hetero-NRs grown on the FTO glass. The CZTS/CdS/ZnO hetero-NRs have cascade band gaps decreasing from 3.15 to 1.82 eV, which gives them efficient charge transfer and broad photoresponse in the UV to near-IR region, resulting in 47% IPCE in a wide light region from 400 to 500 nm; and the stainless steel mesh serves not only as a conductor for charge transport, but also as a skeleton of the grid structure for absorbing more light. The related mechanism has been investigated, which demonstrates that the two-storey CZTS/CdS/ZnO@steel composite nanostructure would have great potential as a promising photoelectrode with high efficiency and low cost for PEC hydrogen generation.A two-storey structured photoanode of a 3D Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)/CdS/ZnO@steel composite nanostructure has been fabricated by using the solution method and demonstrated highly efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation due to its contraption in the structure for sufficient light absorption as well as the three step-down band alignments for efficient charge separation and transport. This composite structure is composed of two storeys: the upper storey is the CZTS/CdS/ZnO hetero-nanorods (NRs) covered on the stainless steel mesh; the bottom storey is the CZTS/CdS/ZnO hetero-NRs grown on the FTO glass. The CZTS/CdS/ZnO hetero-NRs have cascade band gaps decreasing from 3.15 to 1.82 eV, which gives them efficient charge transfer and broad

  11. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity response to environmentally relevant complex metal mixture (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd) accumulated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Part I: importance of exposure time and tissue dependence.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stankevičiūtė, Milda; Sauliutė, Gintarė; Svecevičius, Gintaras; Kazlauskienė, Nijolė; Baršienė, Janina

    2017-10-01

    Health impact of metal mixture at environment realistic concentrations are difficult to predict especially for long-term effects where cause-and-effect relationships may not be directly obvious. This study was aimed to evaluate metal mixture (Zn-0.1, Cu-0.01, Ni-0.01, Cr-0.01, Pb-0.005 and Cd-0.005 mg/L, respectively for 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days at concentrations accepted for the inland waters in EU) genotoxicity (micronuclei, nuclear buds, nuclear buds on filament), cytotoxicity (8-shaped nuclei, fragmented-apoptotic erythrocytes), bioaccumulation, steady-state and the reference level of geno-cytotoxicity in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon tissues. Metals accumulated mostly in gills and kidneys, to the lesser extent in the muscle. Uptake of metals from an entire mixture in the fish for 14 days is sufficient to reach steady-state Cr, Pb concentrations in all tissues; Zn, Cu-in kidneys and muscle, Ni-in liver, kidneys, muscle and Cd-in muscle. Treatment with metal mixture significantly increased summed genotoxicity levels at 7 days of exposure in peripheral blood and liver erythrocytes, at 14 days of exposure in gills and kidney erythrocytes. Significant elevation of cytotoxicity was detected after 2 and 14 days of exposure in gills erythrocytes and after 28 days-in peripheral blood erythrocytes. The amount of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd accumulated in tissues was dependent upon duration of exposure; nuclear buds, 8-shaped nuclei frequencies also were dependent upon duration of exposure. This study indicates that metals at low levels when existing in mixture causes significant geno-cytotoxicity responses and metals bioaccumulation in salmon.

  12. Rhizospheric Bacterial Strain Brevibacterium casei MH8a Colonizes Plant Tissues and Enhances Cd, Zn, Cu Phytoextraction by White Mustard.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Płociniczak, Tomasz; Sinkkonen, Aki; Romantschuk, Martin; Sułowicz, Sławomir; Piotrowska-Seget, Zofia

    2016-01-01

    Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in the world. Phytoextraction, which is one of the plant-based technologies, has attracted the most attention for the bioremediation of soils polluted with these contaminants. The aim of this study was to determine whether the multiple-tolerant bacterium, Brevibacterium casei MH8a isolated from the heavy metal-contaminated rhizosphere soil of Sinapis alba L., is able to promote plant growth and enhance Cd, Zn, and Cu uptake by white mustard under laboratory conditions. Additionally, the ability of the rifampicin-resistant spontaneous mutant of MH8a to colonize plant tissues and its mechanisms of plant growth promotion were also examined. In order to assess the ecological consequences of bioaugmentation on autochthonous bacteria, the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used. The MH8a strain exhibited the ability to produce ammonia, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, indole 3-acetic acid and HCN but was not able to solubilize inorganic phosphate and produce siderophores. Introduction of MH8a into soil significantly increased S. alba biomass and the accumulation of Cd (208%), Zn (86%), and Cu (39%) in plant shoots in comparison with those grown in non-inoculated soil. Introduced into the soil, MH8a was able to enter the plant and was found in the roots and leaves of inoculated plants thus indicating its endophytic features. PLFA analysis revealed that the MH8a that was introduced into soil had a temporary influence on the structure of the autochthonous bacterial communities. The plant growth-promoting features of the MH8a strain and its ability to enhance the metal uptake by white mustard and its long-term survival in soil as well as its temporary impact on autochthonous microorganisms make the strain a suitable candidate for the promotion of plant growth and the efficiency of phytoextraction.

  13. Fabricación de películas delgadas de CU2 S mediante una reacción de sustitución iónica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gerardo Gordillo Guzmán

    1990-01-01

    Full Text Available Se formaron películas delgadas de sulfuro cuproso (CU2S topotaxialmente sobre películas delgadas de sulfuro de cadmio (CdS mediante una reacción de intercambio de iones de Cu (I provenientes de una solución de CuCI con Iones de Cd (lI de la red de sulfuro de cadmio. Dos tipos diferentes de soluciones de CuCI fueron investigados y los resultados experimentales se evaluaron por medio de medidas de la característica corriente- voltaje (I-V de las celdas solares de CU2 S/CdS obtenidas. Eficiencias de conversión de 4.5% se lograron con dichas celdas solares.

  14. The influence of grain boundary diffusion on the electro-optical properties of CdTe/CdS solar cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Levi, D.H.; Albin, D.S.; Gessert, T.A.; Reedy, R.C.; Ahrenkiel, R.K. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States); Woods, L.M. [Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)

    1998-09-01

    The authors report on a study of the effects of diffusion of metals through polycrystalline CdTe thin films. The metals Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, and Te are deposited onto the back surface of 10-{micro}m thick CdTe/CdS device structures using room-temperature evaporation. The authors found that four out of the five metals produce significant changes in the photoluminescence (PL) of the near-junction CdTe material. These changes are explained in terms of spatial variations of the photoexcited carrier distribution and spatial variations in the sulfur composition of the CdTeS alloy material near the CdTeS interface. The changes in carrier distribution appear to be associated with band bending and electric fields induced by diffusion of the metals to the CdTe/CdS interface. In addition to PL measurements, the authors have also utilized a technique for detaching the CdTe film from the CdS/TCO/glass superstrate to directly access the front surface of the CdTe absorber layer. The authors have used secondary ion mass spectroscopy to measure the metal diffusion profiles from this interface.

  15. Fabrication and application of a new modified electrochemical sensor using nano-silica and a newly synthesized Schiff base for simultaneous determination of Cd{sup 2+}, Cu{sup 2+} and Hg{sup 2+} ions in water and some foodstuff samples

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Afkhami, Abbas, E-mail: afkhami@basu.ac.ir [Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Soltani-Felehgari, Farzaneh; Madrakian, Tayyebeh; Ghaedi, Hamed [Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Rezaeivala, Majid [Department of Chemical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

    2013-04-10

    Highlights: ► A new modified electrochemical sensor was constructed and used. ► A new Schiff base coated nano-silica was used as modifier. ► The electrochemical properties of electrode were studied. ► This modifier enhanced the electrochemical properties of electrode. ► The electrode was used for simultaneous determination of Cd{sup 2+}, Cu{sup 2+} and Hg{sup 2+} ions. -- Abstract: A new chemically modified carbon paste electrode was constructed and used for rapid, simple, accurate, selective and highly sensitive simultaneous determination of cadmium, copper and mercury using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The carbon paste electrode was modified by N,N′-bis(3-(2-thenylidenimino)propyl)piperazine coated silica nanoparticles. Compared with carbon paste electrode, the stripping peak currents had a significant increase at the modified electrode. Under the optimized conditions (deposition potential, −1.100 V vs. Ag/AgCl; deposition time, 60 s; resting time, 10 s; SW frequency, 25 Hz; pulse amplitude, 0.15 V; dc voltage step height, 4.4 mV), the detection limit was 0.3, 0.1 and 0.05 ng mL{sup −1} for the determination of Cd{sup 2+}, Cu{sup 2+} and Hg{sup 2+}, respectively. The complexation reaction of the ligand with several metal cations in methanol was studied and the stability constants of the complexes were obtained. The effects of different cations and anions on the simultaneous determination of metal ions were studied and it was found that the electrode is highly selective for the simultaneous determination of Cd{sup 2+}, Cu{sup 2+} and Hg{sup 2+}. Furthermore, the present method was applied to the determination of Cd{sup 2+}, Cu{sup 2+} and Hg{sup 2+} in water and some foodstuff samples.

  16. Enhancement of solar hydrogen evolution from water by surface modification with CdS and TiO2 on porous CuInS2 photocathodes prepared by an electrodeposition-sulfurization method.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhao, Jiao; Minegishi, Tsutomu; Zhang, Li; Zhong, Miao; Gunawan; Nakabayashi, Mamiko; Ma, Guijun; Hisatomi, Takashi; Katayama, Masao; Ikeda, Shigeru; Shibata, Naoya; Yamada, Taro; Domen, Kazunari

    2014-10-27

    Porous films of p-type CuInS2, prepared by sulfurization of electrodeposited metals, are surface-modified with thin layers of CdS and TiO2. This specific porous electrode evolved H2 from photoelectrochemical water reduction under simulated sunlight. Modification with thin n-type CdS and TiO2 layers significantly increased the cathodic photocurrent and onset potential through the formation of a p-n junction on the surface. The modified photocathodes showed a relatively high efficiency and stable H2 production under the present reaction conditions. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  17. Development of a computer model for polycrystalline thin-film CuInSe{sub 2} and CdTe solar cells. Final subcontract report, 1 January 1991--31 December 1991

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gray, J.L.; Schwartz, R.J.; Lee, Y.J. [Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN (United States)

    1992-09-01

    This report describes work to develop an accurate numerical model for CuInSe{sub 2} (CIS) and CdTe-based solar cells capable of running on a personal computer. Such a model will aid researchers in designing and analyzing CIS- and CdTe-based solar cells. ADEPT (A Device Emulation Pregrain and Tool) was used as the basis for this model. An additional objective of this research was to use the models developed to analyze the performance of existing and proposed CIS- and CdTe-based solar cells. The development of accurate numerical models for CIS- and CdTe-based solar cells required the compilation of cell performance data (for use in model verification) and the compilation of measurements of material parameters. The development of the numerical models involved implementing the various physical models appropriate to CIS and CdTe, as well as some common window. A version of the model capable of running on an IBM-comparable personal computer was developed (primary code development is on a SUN workstation). A user-friendly interface with pop-up menus is continuing to be developed for release with the IBM-compatible model.

  18. Influence of the optical window on the performance of TCO/CdS/CdTe solar cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gordillo, G [Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota (Colombia). Dept. de Fisica; Grizalez, M [Univ. de la Amazonia, Florencia (Colombia); Moreno, L C [Dept. de Quimica, Univ. Nacional de Colombia, Bogota (Colombia); Landazabal, F [Dept. de Fisica, Univ. de Cundinamarca, Fusagasuga (Colombia)

    2000-07-01

    Thin film solar cells, with structure TCO/CdS/CdTe/Cu, were fabricated using the transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) SnO{sub 2}:F, deposited by spray pyrolysis, and ZnO, deposited by reactive evaporation, as transparent electrodes. The TCO/CdS system with the CdS layer deposited by CBD (chemical bath deposition) method acts in the cell as an optical window and the CdTe deposited by CSS (close space sublimation) method acts as absorber layer, being the unique active layer of the cell. Details of the technological aspects of the solar cells fabrication as well as a discussion to explain the effect of the TCO layer on the solar cell performance will be given. The best results obtained in this work were: open circuit voltage of 0.57 V, short circuit current of 13 mA/cm{sup 2}, fill factor of 0.63 and conversion efficiency of 5.8%. (orig.)

  19. Doping of polycrystalline CdTe for high-efficiency solar cells on flexible metal foil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kranz, Lukas; Gretener, Christina; Perrenoud, Julian; Schmitt, Rafael; Pianezzi, Fabian; La Mattina, Fabio; Blösch, Patrick; Cheah, Erik; Chirilă, Adrian; Fella, Carolin M; Hagendorfer, Harald; Jäger, Timo; Nishiwaki, Shiro; Uhl, Alexander R; Buecheler, Stephan; Tiwari, Ayodhya N

    2013-01-01

    Roll-to-roll manufacturing of CdTe solar cells on flexible metal foil substrates is one of the most attractive options for low-cost photovoltaic module production. However, various efforts to grow CdTe solar cells on metal foil have resulted in low efficiencies. This is caused by the fact that the conventional device structure must be inverted, which imposes severe restrictions on device processing and consequently limits the electronic quality of the CdTe layer. Here we introduce an innovative concept for the controlled doping of the CdTe layer in the inverted device structure by means of evaporation of sub-monolayer amounts of Cu and subsequent annealing, which enables breakthrough efficiencies up to 13.6%. For the first time, CdTe solar cells on metal foil exceed the 10% efficiency threshold for industrialization. The controlled doping of CdTe with Cu leads to increased hole density, enhanced carrier lifetime and improved carrier collection in the solar cell. Our results offer new research directions for solving persistent challenges of CdTe photovoltaics.

  20. Deposition of CuIn(Se,S)2 thin films by sulfurization of selenized Cu/In alloys

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sheppard, C.J.; Alberts, V.; Bekker, W.J.

    2004-01-01

    The relatively small band gap values (close to 1eV) of CuInSe 2 thin films limits the conversion efficiencies of completed CuInSe 2 /CdS/ZnO solar cell devices. In the case of traditional two-stage growth techniques, limited success has been achieved to increase the band gap by substituting indium with gallium. In this study, sputtered copper-indium alloys were exposed to a H 2 Se/Ar atmosphere under defined conditions in order to produce partially reacted CuInSe 2 structures. These films were subsequently exposed to a H 2 S/Ar atmosphere to produce monophasic CuIn(Se, S) 2 quaternary alloys. The homogeneous incorporation of S into CuInSe 2 led to a systematic shift in the lattice parameters and band gap of the ab- sorber films. From these studies optimum selenization/sulfurization conditions were determined for the deposition of homogeneous CuIn(Se,S) 2 thin films with an optimum band gap values between 1.15 and 1.2 eV. (copyright 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (orig.)

  1. Analysis of Etched CdZnTe Substrates

    Science.gov (United States)

    Benson, J. D.; Bubulac, L. O.; Jaime-Vasquez, M.; Lennon, C. M.; Arias, J. M.; Smith, P. J.; Jacobs, R. N.; Markunas, J. K.; Almeida, L. A.; Stoltz, A.; Wijewarnasuriya, P. S.; Peterson, J.; Reddy, M.; Jones, K.; Johnson, S. M.; Lofgreen, D. D.

    2016-09-01

    State-of-the-art as-received (112)B CdZnTe substrates have been examined for surface impurity contamination and polishing residue. Two 4 cm × 4 cm and one 6 cm × 6 cm (112)B state-of-the-art as-received CdZnTe wafers were analyzed. A maximum surface impurity concentration of Al = 1.7 × 1015 atoms cm-2, Si = 3.7 × 1013 atoms cm-2, Cl = 3.12 × 1015 atoms cm-2, S = 1.7 × 1014 atoms cm-2, P = 1.1 × 1014 atoms cm-2, Fe = 1.0 × 1013 atoms cm-2, Br = 1.2 × 1014 atoms cm-2, and Cu = 4 × 1012 atoms cm-2 was observed on the as-received CdZnTe wafers. CdZnTe particulates and residual SiO2 polishing grit were observed on the surface of the as-received (112)B CdZnTe substrates. The polishing grit/CdZnTe particulate density on CdZnTe wafers was observed to vary across a 6 cm × 6 cm wafer from ˜4 × 107 cm-2 to 2.5 × 108 cm-2. The surface impurity and damage layer of the (112)B CdZnTe wafers dictate that a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) preparation etch is required. The contamination for one 4 cm × 4 cm and one 6 cm × 6 cm CdZnTe wafer after a standard MBE Br:methanol preparation etch procedure was also analyzed. A maximum surface impurity concentration of Al = 2.4 × 1015 atoms cm-2, Si = 4.0 × 1013 atoms cm-2, Cl = 7.5 × 1013 atoms cm-2, S = 4.4 × 1013 atoms cm-2, P = 9.8 × 1013 atoms cm-2, Fe = 1.0 × 1013 atoms cm-2, Br = 2.9 × 1014 atoms cm-2, and Cu = 5.2 × 1012 atoms cm-2 was observed on the MBE preparation-etched CdZnTe wafers. The MBE preparation-etched surface contamination consists of Cd(Zn)Te particles/flakes. No residual SiO2 polishing grit was observed on the (112)B surface.

  2. Environmental Dependence of Artifact CD Peaks of Chiral Schiff Base 3d-4f Complexes in Soft Mater PMMA Matrix

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yu Okamoto

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available Four chiral Schiff base binuclear 3d-4f complexes (NdNi, NdCu, GdNi, and GdCu have been prepared and characterized by means of electronic and CD spectra, IR spectra, magnetic measurements, and X-ray crystallography (NdNi. A so-called artifact peak of solid state CD spectra, which was characteristic of oriented molecules without free molecular rotation, appeared at about 470 nm. Magnetic data of the complexes in the solid state (powder and in PMMA cast films or solutions indicated that only GdCu preserved molecular structures in various matrixes of soft maters. For the first time, we have used the changes of intensity of artifact CD peaks to detect properties of environmental (media solid state (KBr pellets, PMMA cast films, concentration dependence of PMMA in acetone solutions, and pure acetone solution for chiral 3d-4f complexes (GdCu. Rigid matrix keeping anisotropic orientation exhibited a decrease in the intensity of the artifact CD peak toward negative values. The present results suggest that solid state artifact CD peaks can be affected by environmental viscosity of a soft mater matrix.

  3. Trace analysis of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in various materials using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ahmed, R.; Viqar-un-Nisa; Tanwir, R.

    1988-09-01

    Sampling and sample preparation methods have been described. Digestion methods for different types of materials and acid purification systems have been developed. For trace analysis purposes cleaning methods for glassware etc. have been described. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltametric (DPASV) method has been worked out for the trace analysis of zn, cd, pb and Cu in different types of materials. Linearity of the method has been checked by drawing concentration versus currents (peak height) curves. Precision of the method has been checked by analysing a number of actual samples. of the method has been verified by analysing standards of U.S.A. Comparative studies have been done between Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method and Atomic Absorption spectroscopic method. Problems of contamination and systematic errors during trace and ultra-trace analysis have been discussed. A variety of samples including soil, spinach, wheat flour, rice flour, dry milk, coriander, kidney stones, bladder stones etc. have been analysed and preliminary results have been reported. (author)

  4. Molecular dynamics simulations of the lattice thermal conductivity of thermoelectric material CuInTe{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wei, J. [Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 (China); Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong (Hong Kong); Liu, H.J., E-mail: phlhj@whu.edu.cn [Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 (China); Cheng, L.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, P.H.; Liang, J.H.; Fan, D.D.; Shi, J. [Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 (China)

    2017-05-10

    Highlights: • A simple but effective Morse potential is constructed to accurately describe the interatomic interactions of CuInTe{sub 2}. • The lattice thermal conductivity of CuInTe{sub 2} predicted by MD agrees well with those measured experimentally, as well as those calculated from phonon BTE. • Introducing Cd impurity or Cu vacancy can effectively reduce the lattice thermal conductivity of CuInTe{sub 2} and thus further enhance its thermoelectric performance. - Abstract: The lattice thermal conductivity of thermoelectric material CuInTe{sub 2} is predicted using classical molecular dynamics simulations, where a simple but effective Morse-type interatomic potential is constructed by fitting first-principles total energy calculations. In a broad temperature range from 300 to 900 K, our simulated results agree well with those measured experimentally, as well as those obtained from phonon Boltzmann transport equation. By introducing the Cd impurity or Cu vacancy, the thermal conductivity of CuInTe{sub 2} can be effectively reduced to further enhance the thermoelectric performance of this chalcopyrite compound.

  5. Effect of Na, Ca and pH on simultaneous uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the water flea Daphnia magna measured using stable isotopes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Komjarova, I.; Blust, R.

    2009-01-01

    The present study investigates the effects of Na + , Ca 2+ and pH on the kinetics of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn uptake in Daphnia magna at low exposure concentrations measured using a stable isotope technique. Using experimental data the uptake rate constants were calculated for each metal individually on the basis of total metal concentrations. The copper uptake was not significantly affected by variations in chemical composition of the test medium. Calcium had a suppressing effect on the uptake of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn. Specifically, Cd and Ni uptake rate constants decreased with increases in calcium concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 mM. The uptake of Zn and Pb was significantly suppressed only at 2.5 mM Ca. The effect of sodium was less clear. There was no effect of varying sodium concentrations on the Ni uptake rate constants. Cd and Pb showed an increase in uptake rate constants at elevated sodium concentrations (2-8 mM Na + for Cd and 8 mM Na + for Pb). A bell-shaped response on increasing Na + concentrations was observed for Zn with a maximum value of uptake rate constant at the middle value (2 mM Na + ). Variation in pH of the medium affected Cd, Ni and Zn uptake processes. When Daphnia were exposed to acidic conditions (pH 6), the Cd and Ni uptake rate constants were the highest, while similarly low values were observed at neutral and basic conditions. In contrast, the uptake rates of Zn were linearly increasing with increasing pH of the medium.

  6. Fundamental studies of the effect of crystal defects on CuInSe{sub 2}/CdS heterojunction behavior: Final report, 28 June 1993--30 June 1998

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rockett, A.

    1999-11-17

    This report describes the work performed by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The following results were obtained under the work funded by this subcontract: (1) Point defects and electronic properties of Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2}: New record results for hole mobilities in Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} based on single crystals grown by Rockett's group; Demonstrated the role of Ga in determining hole concentrations; Showed that Ga does not affect the hole mobility in this material and why this is the case; Determined the diffusion coefficient for Ga in single-crystal Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2}; Demonstrated the structure and optoelectronic properties of the CuIn{sub 3}Se{sub 5} ordered-defect phase of CuInSe{sub 2}; Characterized the detailed effects of Na on Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} solar cells and on the fundamental properties of the material itself (reduces compensating donors in p-type materials); and In collaboration with groups at the Universities of Salford and Liverpool in the United Kingdom, studied the effect of ion implantation damage on Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} single-crystals. (2) Materials for and characterization of devices: Developed a novel contact metallurgy that improves adhesion to the underlying Mo back-contact in solar cells made with Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2}; (This material has also yielded substantial novel materials science behaviors, including grain rotation and growth prior to phase separation in a metastable binary alloy.) Characterized the electroluminescence as a function of temperature and Ga content in Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} solar cells and showed that the radiative recombination pathways are not band-to-band as in normal semiconductors, but rather, proceed through defect states; and Working with a group at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, demonstrated novel aspects of the bonding and chemistry of dip-coated CdS heterojunction materials used as

  7. Essential trace (Zn, Cu, Mn and toxic (Cd, Pb, Cr elements in the liver of birds from Eastern Poland

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Komosa A.

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available We have focused our study on the concentrations of essential heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Mn and non-essential trace metals (Pb, Cd and Cr in the livers of birds from Eastern Poland. The largest mean amount of Zn - as much as 279 mg/kg dry mass (d.m. - was found in mute swans. However, only in one of the analysed buzzard specimens the concentration of Zn, found to be 664 mg/kg d.m., exceeded the level indicative of poisoning for this element. Birds specializing in catching rodents accumulated Mn in their livers in a very narrow range of concentrations, around 5.0 mg/kg d.m. on average. The range of mean Mn concentrations (around 6.5 mg/kg d.m. was also found to be narrow for piscivorous birds. The highest mean levels of Pb were found in mute swans (2.7 mg/kg d.m., and the highest levels of Cd (2.0 mg/kg d.m. for rooks. Concentrations of total Cr above detection level were found in 22 specimens (53.7%, and concentration values were highest for rooks. Analyses showed that the concentrations of biogenic elements did not exceed the levels indicative of poisoning (except in one specimen. The study demonstrated that lead shots remain a hazard to water ecosystems. Pb, Cd and Cr levels in the livers of omnivorous and piscivorous species indicate the permanent presence of these elements in the environment and may confirm the thesis about the growing role of electronic waste, including metallic e-waste, in the emission of the total amount of contamination with these elements.

  8. Microwave-assisted synthesis and photovoltaic measurements of CuInS2 nanoparticles prepared by using metal–organic precursors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hosseinpour-Mashkani, S. Mostafa; Mohandes, Fatemeh; Salavati-Niasari, Masoud; Venkateswara-Rao, K.

    2012-01-01

    Highlights: ► CuInS 2 nanoparticles were prepared using complexes via a microwave-assisted method. ► The effect of preparation parameters on the morphology of CuInS 2 was investigated. ► The as-deposited CdS/CuInS 2 films were used for the photovoltaic measurements. -- Abstract: In this work, CuInS 2 (CIS) nanoparticles have been synthesized with the aid of (1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctan)copper(II) sulfate ([Cu(DADO)]SO 4 ) and bis(propylenediamine)copper(II) sulfate ([Cu(pn) 2 ]SO 4 ) complexes as copper precursor in the presence of microwave irradiation. Besides, L-cystine, InCl 3 , and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were applied as sulfur source, indium precursor, and capping agent, respectively. To investigate the effect of preparation parameters like microwave power and irradiation time on the morphology and particle size of CuInS 2 , the experiment was carried out at different conditions. The as-synthesized CuInS 2 nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, PL, SEM, TEM, and EDS. The XRD results showed that pure tetragonal CuInS 2 could be only obtained after annealing at 400 °C for 2 h. The SEM images indicated that with decreasing the microwave power and irradiation time, particle size of CuInS 2 nanoparticles decreased. To fabricate a solar cell, CdS film was directly deposited on top of the CIS film prepared by Doctor's blade method through chemical bath deposition. The as-deposited CdS/CuInS 2 films were used for the photovoltaic measurements.

  9. Solvent extraction of Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, UO22+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ into nitrobenzene using strontium dicarbol-lylcobaltate and tetra-tert-butyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraacetate

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    E. MAKRLÍK

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available The exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M2+(aq + SrL2+(nb D ML2+ (nb + Sr2+ (aq occurring in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (M2+ = Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, UO22+, Mn2+, Co2+ or Ni2+; L = tetra-tert-butyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraacetate; aq = aqueous phase; nb = nitrobenzene phase were evaluated from extraction experiments and -activity measurements. Furthermore, the stability constants of the ML2+ complexes in water saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the cation order Ba2+ < Mn2+ < Pb2+, Co2+ < Cu2+, Zn2+ < Cd2+, Ni2+ < UO22+ < Ca2+.

  10. Isotermas de sorção de metais pesados em solos do cerrado de Goiás Sorption isotherm of heavy metals in soils of 'Cerrado' of Goiás

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luiz F. C. Oliveira

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available A contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas por metais pesados é, extremamente perniciosa por serem basntante persistentes no ambiente. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, a análise da sorção do Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb e Ni em Latossolo Vermelho Acriférrico (LVwf, Argissolo Vermelho Eutrófico (PVe, Nitossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico (NVef e Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ pelos modelos potencial e linear da isoterma Freundlich. Para o estabelecimento de isotermas de sorção adicionaram-se a 5,0 mL de solo e 50,0 mL de solução contendo o metal pesado a ser avaliado com diferentes concentrações, respeitando-se os limites aceitáveis. As isotermas de sorção potencial e linear apresentaram bom ajuste para descrever o comportamento de adsorção dos metais pesados nas diferentes classes de solo estudadas. A sequência da retenção dos metais pesados em ordem decrescente, foi, para: o PVe: Cr+3 > Cr+6 > Ni+2 > Zn+2 > Cu+2 > Pb+2 > Cd+2; o LVwf: Cr+3 > Cr+6 > Ni+2 > Cu+2 > Cd+2 > Zn+2 > Pb+2; o RQ: Cr+6 > Cr+3 >Cu+2 > Pb+2 > Ni+2 > Zn+2 > Cd+2 e, para, o NVef: Cr+3 > Cr+6 > Pb+2 > Cu+2 > Zn+2 > Ni+2 >Cd+2. O RQ foi a classe de solo que apresentou menor retenção de metais em comparação com as demais classes de solo sendo, portanto, mais vulnerável à contaminação de águas subterrâneas.The contamination of soil and groundwater by heavy metals is extremely damaging due to high persistence of heavy metals in the environment. This work targeted the analysis of the sorption in Oxisol Typic Acrustox(LVwf, Ultisol (PVe, Kandic Oxisol (NVef and Quartzipsamment (RQ of heavy metals Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni. The sorption of the heavy metals in the soil was evaluated by batch method and described by potential and linear models of the Freundlich isotherm. For the establishment the of sorption isotherm, 50.0 mL of solution containing the heavy metal were added in 5.0 mL of soil, assessing with different concentrations within the acceptable soil

  11. Estándares nutrimentales para aguacatero 'hass'

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    R. Maldonado-Torres

    2007-01-01

    de Cu, Fe, K, Ca, B y Zn, y niveles medios de Mg. Los intervalos de concentración foliar generados para el cultivo de aguacate en la región Purépecha, presentaron diferencias respecto a valores establecidos por otros investigadores, para regiones productoras de otros países. Los índices de balance Kenworthy estimados permitieron determinar que en términos generales, el Zn, Mn y Cu, mostraron niveles deficientes y abajo del normal, el B en exceso y el K, N, Mg y P en concentración normal.

  12. 113Cd-NMR investigation of a cadmium-substituted copper, zinc-containing superoxide dismutase from yeast

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Kofod, Pauli; Bauer, Rogert; Danielsen, Eva

    1991-01-01

    113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to investigate the metal binding sites of cadmium-substituted copper,zinc-containing superoxide dismutase from baker's yeast. NMR signals were obtained for 113Cd(II) at the Cu site as well as for 113Cd(II) at the Zn site. The two subunits...

  13. Cd-free buffer layer materials on Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4: Band alignments with ZnO, ZnS, and In2S3

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barkhouse, D. Aaron R.; Haight, Richard; Sakai, Noriyuki; Hiroi, Homare; Sugimoto, Hiroki; Mitzi, David B.

    2012-05-01

    The heterojunctions formed between Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 (CZTSSe) and three Cd-free n-type buffers, ZnS, ZnO, and In2S3, were studied using femtosecond ultraviolet photoemission and photovoltage spectroscopy. The electronic properties including the Fermi level location at the interface, band bending in the CZTSSe substrate, and valence and conduction band offsets were determined and correlated with device properties. We also describe a method for determining the band bending in the buffer layer and demonstrate this for the In2S3/CZTSSe system. The chemical bath deposited In2S3 buffer is found to have near optimal conduction band offset (0.15 eV), enabling the demonstration of Cd-free In2S3/CZTSSe solar cells with 7.6% power conversion efficiency.

  14. THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES ON THE ADSORPTION OF Cu2+ ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    KEY WORDS: Amine-modified bentonite, TEPA, Heavy metal ions, Adsorption ..... charged due to the isomorphous substitutions within the layers of Al3+ for Si4+ in ... temperature, high temperature was advantageous for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ ...

  15. Origin of the Distinct Diffusion Behaviors of Cu and Ag in Covalent and Ionic Semiconductors.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Deng, Hui-Xiong; Luo, Jun-Wei; Li, Shu-Shen; Wei, Su-Huai

    2016-10-14

    It is well known that Cu diffuses faster than Ag in covalent semiconductors such as Si, which has prevented the replacement of Ag by Cu as a contact material in Si solar cells for reducing the cost. Surprisingly, in more ionic materials such as CdTe, Ag diffuses faster than Cu despite that it is larger than Cu, which has prevented the replacement of Cu by Ag in CdTe solar cells to improve the performance. But, so far, the mechanisms behind these distinct diffusion behaviors of Cu and Ag in covalent and ionic semiconductors have not been addressed. Here we reveal the underlying mechanisms by combining the first-principles calculations and group theory analysis. We find that the symmetry controlled s-d coupling plays a critical role in determining the diffusion behaviors. The s-d coupling is absent in pure covalent semiconductors but increases with the ionicity of the zinc blende semiconductors, and is larger for Cu than for Ag, owing to its higher d orbital energy. In conjunction with Coulomb interaction and strain energy, the s-d coupling is able to explain all the diffusion behaviors from Cu to Ag and from covalent to ionic hosts. This in-depth understanding enables us to engineer the diffusion of impurities in various semiconductors.

  16. Rhizospheric bacterial strain Brevibacterium casei MH8a colonizes plant tissues and enhances Cd, Zn, Cu phytoextraction by white mustard

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tomasz ePłociniczak

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in the world. Phytoextraction, which is one of the plant-based technologies, has attracted the most attention for the bioremediation of soils polluted with these contaminants.The aim of this study was to determine whether the multiple-tolerant bacterium, Brevibacterium casei MH8a isolated from the heavy metal-contaminated rhizosphere soil of Sinapis alba L., is able to promote plant growth and enhance Cd, Zn and Cu uptake by white mustard under laboratory conditions. Additionally, the ability of the rifampicin-resistant spontaneous mutant of MH8a to colonize plant tissues and its mechanisms of plant growth promotion were also examined. In order to assess the ecological consequences of bioaugmentation on autochthonous bacteria, the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA analysis was used. The MH8a strain exhibited the ability to produce ammonia, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, indole 3-acetic acid and HCN but was not able to solubilize inorganic phosphate and produce siderophores. Introduction of MH8a into soil significantly increased S. alba biomass and the accumulation of Cd (208%, Zn (86% and Cu (39% in plant shoots in comparison with those grown in non-inoculated soil. Introduced into the soil, MH8a was able to enter the plant and was found in the roots and leaves of inoculated plants thus indicating its endophytic features. PLFA analysis revealed that the MH8a that was introduced into soil had a temporary influence on the structure of the autochthonous bacterial communities. The plant growth-promoting features of the MH8a strain and its ability to enhance the metal uptake by white mustard and its long-term survival in soil as well as its temporary impact on autochthonous microorganisms make the strain a suitable candidate for the promotion of plant growth and the efficiency of phytoextraction.

  17. Measurements of labile Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn levels at a northeastern Brazilian coastal area under the influence of oil production with diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT).

    Science.gov (United States)

    de Souza, João M; Menegário, Amauri A; de Araújo Júnior, Marcus A G; Francioni, Eleine

    2014-12-01

    In this work, the ability of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) was evaluated for monitoring the concentrations, and estimating the availability, of metals at a northeastern Brazilian coastal area under the influence of oil production. Three sites with an average distance between 0m (EM-1), 100 m (EM-2), and 1,000 m (EM-3) of a submarine outfall-I (Guamaré-RN, Brazil) and another site (GA-1) with an average distance of 12,000 m east of Outfall I, near the city of Galinhos, were studied. DGT units were deployed at the same sites in three campaigns from July, 2010 to June, 2011. Effects on the accuracy of analytical results regarding the deployment time, gel porosity, and thickness were evaluated. There was no difference between the measurements obtained with two sets of DGT devices, those assembled with open or restrictive pore gel, respectively, showing that organic metallic species are not present near the submarine outlet. After 21 day deployments in a region (near Submarine Outfall I) that receives produced waters that have been treated, there was evidence of biofilm formation on DGT membranes. However, it was demonstrated that the biofilm interference with DGT measurements was negligible. Data found in this work show that total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in seawater samples collected at sites GA-1 and EM-1 in two campaigns were below 0.33, 1.67, 0.47, 0.70, 2.86 ng mL(-1) respectively. For the first time, labile levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in an area under the influence of oil production were determined. DGT measurements allowed the verification of the effects of temporal variation on levels of Zn and Ni. There were no effects of spatial variations on levels of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn at the four studied sites, suggesting no contamination of these metals at the northeastern Brazilian coastal area investigated in this work. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  18. Leaching of Cu, Cd, Pb, and phosphorus and their availability in the phosphate-amended contaminated soils under simulated acid rain.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cui, Hongbiao; Zhang, Shiwen; Li, Ruyan; Yi, Qitao; Zheng, Xuebo; Hu, Youbiao; Zhou, Jing

    2017-09-01

    Phosphate amendments have been used to immobilize heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, phosphate amendments contain large amounts of phosphorus, which could leach out to potentially contaminate groundwater and surface water. A laboratory column leaching experiment was designed to study the effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) on the potential release of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and phosphorus (P), and their availability after immobilizing with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP). The application of HAP and PDP enhanced the leachate electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, and pH. Higher P was found in the PDP- (>4.29 mg L -1 ) and HAP-treated (>1.69 mg L -1 ) columns than that in untreated (phosphate amendments might promote the leaching of some metals while immobilizing others.

  19. Photovoltaic performance of a Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te/CdS top-cell structure

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez, Omar S. [Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580 (Mexico); Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad en el Sureste, Villahermosa, Tabasco 86080 (Mexico); Regalado-Pérez, E.; Mathews, N.R. [Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580 (Mexico); Morales, Erik R. [División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Cunduacán, Tabasco 86690 (Mexico); Reyes-Coronado, David [Unidad Académica Playa del Carmen, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo 77710 (Mexico); Galvez, Geovanni Hernández [Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad en el Sureste, Villahermosa, Tabasco 86080 (Mexico); Mathew, Xavier, E-mail: xm@ier.unam.mx [Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580 (Mexico)

    2015-05-01

    In this paper we report the progress in developing a wide band gap alloy material based on CdTe to use as the top-cell absorber in tandem solar cells. High photovoltaic performance for a Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te/CdS top-cell was achieved by tuning the composition of the Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te film, and optimizing the device processing. We have carried out studies on the effect of vapor chloride treatment of the Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te/CdS device and the thermal annealing of the Cu/Au contacts on the opto-electronic properties of the device. With improved contact processing and post deposition treatments, we were able to achieve 9.3% efficiency for a 1.6 eV band gap top-cell; Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te/CdS on conductive glass substrate. - Highlights: • Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te films obtained by co-evaporation of CdTe and Mg • Band gap of Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te can be easily tuned by verifying x. • Band gap of Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te is stable only for short annealing durations. • Obtained efficiency of a Cd{sub 1−x}Mg{sub x}Te based device with a band gap of 1.6 eV is 9.3%.

  20. Fundamental studies of the effect of crystal defects on CuInSe (sub 2)/CdS heterojunction behavior: Final report, 28 June 1993--30 June 1998; FINAL

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rockett, A.

    1999-01-01

    This report describes the work performed by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The following results were obtained under the work funded by this subcontract: (1) Point defects and electronic properties of Cu(In(sub 1-x)Ga(sub x))Se(sub 2): New record results for hole mobilities in Cu(In(sub 1-x)Ga(sub x))Se(sub 2) based on single crystals grown by Rockett's group; Demonstrated the role of Ga in determining hole concentrations; Showed that Ga does not affect the hole mobility in this material and why this is the case; Determined the diffusion coefficient for Ga in single-crystal Cu(In(sub 1-x)Ga(sub x))Se(sub 2); Demonstrated the structure and optoelectronic properties of the CuIn(sub 3)Se(sub 5) ordered-defect phase of CuInSe(sub 2); Characterized the detailed effects of Na on Cu(In(sub 1-x)Ga(sub x))Se(sub 2) solar cells and on the fundamental properties of the material itself (reduces compensating donors in p-type materials); and In collaboration with groups at the Universities of Salford and Liverpool in the United Kingdom, studied the effect of ion implantation damage on Cu(In(sub 1-x)Ga(sub x))Se(sub 2) single-crystals. (2) Materials for and characterization of devices: Developed a novel contact metallurgy that improves adhesion to the underlying Mo back-contact in solar cells made with Cu(In(sub 1-x)Ga(sub x))Se(sub 2); (This material has also yielded substantial novel materials science behaviors, including grain rotation and growth prior to phase separation in a metastable binary alloy.) Characterized the electroluminescence as a function of temperature and Ga content in Cu(In(sub 1-x)Ga(sub x))Se(sub 2) solar cells and showed that the radiative recombination pathways are not band-to-band as in normal semiconductors, but rather, proceed through defect states; and Working with a group at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, demonstrated novel aspects of the bonding and chemistry of dip-coated CdS heterojunction materials used as heterojunction

  1. Study of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle tissue of cow and sheep marketed in Hamedan in 2011

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    S Sobhanardakani

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Importance of heavy metals in food safety and detrimental effects of their high concentrations in food stuff is well documented. In this study, concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in kidney, liver and muscle tissues of cow and sheep at Hamedan retails were evaluated. A total number of 180 samples was assessed for the amount of heavy metals as ppb in wet weight. For this, wet-digestion method was used to determine the concentration of given elements by ICP (Varian ES-710. Results showed that the highest concentration of heavy metals was determined in the liver and kidney samples, while the lowest concentration was found in muscle tissue. Among the heavy metals, Fe in cow’s liver had the highest concentration (25507±879 ppb and Cd in muscle tissue of sheep has the lowest concentration (192±54 ppb. In overall, accumulation of heavy metals in tissues of cows was higher than sheep. Statistical comparison of accumulated metals concentration in various tissues of these two animal groups showed significant difference (P

  2. Insolation measurements with a portable CuS-CdS radiometer

    Science.gov (United States)

    Windawi, H. M.

    1976-01-01

    Solar radiation measurements were carried out with a portable Cu2S-Cds radiometer. The measurements were found to be accurate to better than 5% (better than 3% when sophisticated metering is employed). Calibration to an Eppley precision pyranometer is discussed.

  3. Dissolved and labile concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho: Comparisons among chemical equilibrium models and implications for biotic ligand models

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balistrieri, L.S.; Blank, R.G.

    2008-01-01

    In order to evaluate thermodynamic speciation calculations inherent in biotic ligand models, the speciation of dissolved Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in aquatic systems influenced by historical mining activities is examined using equilibrium computer models and the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique. Several metal/organic-matter complexation models, including WHAM VI, NICA-Donnan, and Stockholm Humic model (SHM), are used in combination with inorganic speciation models to calculate the thermodynamic speciation of dissolved metals and concentrations of metal associated with biotic ligands (e.g., fish gills). Maximum dynamic metal concentrations, determined from total dissolved metal concentrations and thermodynamic speciation calculations, are compared with labile metal concentrations measured by DGT to assess which metal/organic-matter complexation model best describes metal speciation and, thereby, biotic ligand speciation, in the studied systems. Results indicate that the choice of model that defines metal/organic-matter interactions does not affect calculated concentrations of Cd and Zn associated with biotic ligands for geochemical conditions in the study area, whereas concentrations of Cu and Pb associated with biotic ligands depend on whether the speciation calculations use WHAM VI, NICA-Donnan, or SHM. Agreement between labile metal concentrations and dynamic metal concentrations occurs when WHAM VI is used to calculate Cu speciation and SHM is used to calculate Pb speciation. Additional work in systems that contain wide ranges in concentrations of multiple metals should incorporate analytical speciation methods, such as DGT, to constrain the speciation component of biotic ligand models. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.

  4. Zinc-doping enhanced cadmium sulfide electrochemiluminescence behavior based on Au-Cu alloy nanocrystals quenching for insulin detection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhu, Wenjuan; Wang, Chao; Li, Xiaojian; Khan, Malik Saddam; Sun, Xu; Ma, Hongmin; Fan, Dawei; Wei, Qin

    2017-11-15

    Novel and sensitive sandwich-type electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was fabricated for insulin detection. Au-ZnCd 14 S combined nitrogen doping mesoporous carbons (Au-ZnCd 14 S/NH 2 -NMCs) acted as sensing platform and Au-Cu alloy nanocrystals were employed as labels to quench the ECL of Au-ZnCd 14 S/NH 2 -NMCs. Zinc-doping promoted the ECL behavior of CdS nanocrystals, with the best ECL emission obtained when the molar ratio of Zn/Cd was 1:14. Simultaneously, the modification of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and combination with NH 2 -NMC further enhanced the ECL emission of ZnCd 14 S due to its excellent conductivity and large specific surface area, which is desirable for the immunosensor construction. Au-Cu alloy nanocrystals were employed in the ECL system of ZnCd 14 S/K 2 S 2 O 8 triggering ECL quenching effects. The ECL spectra of ZnCd 14 S, acting as the energy donor, exhibited well overlaps with the absorption band of Au-Cu alloy nanocrystals which acted as the energy acceptor, leading to an effective ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET). On the basis of the ECL quenching effects, a sensitive ECL immunosensor for insulin detection was successfully constructed with a linear response range of insulin concentration from 0.1pg/mL to 30ng/mL and the limit of detection was calculated to be 0.03pg/mL (S/N = 3). Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Uso de sílica e sílica-titânia organofuncionalizadas para a remoção de Cu(II em aguardentes The use of organofuncionalized silica and silica-titania for Cu (II removal in spirits

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leonardo B. Cantanhede

    2005-09-01

    Full Text Available Devido a necessidade da presença de cobre nos alambiques e as exigências cada vez mais acirradas com relação ao seu teor no destilado, é de interesse o desenvolvimento de metodologias para o controle deste metal nos destilados e/ou a sua remoção até níveis aceitáveis, em conformidade com as legislações nacional e internacional. Este trabalho investigou a potencialidade de dois sólidos: sílica modificada com trimetóxisili(propiletilenodiamina (Si-Dia, e sílica-titânia, também modificada com trimetóxisili(propiletilenodiamina (Si-Ti-Dia, como agentes removedores de íons Cu2+. Foram empregadas tanto soluções padrão de Cu2+, com teor alcoólico que simulavam aguardentes, como amostras reais de destilados. Os resultados indicam que um grama das matrizes Si-Dia e Si-Ti-Dia adsorvem 1,39 e 73,5mmol de Cu2+, respectivamente, a partir das soluções padrão, nas seguintes condições: tempo de contato 22h, pH 4,0; temperatura 25 ± 1,0°C e agitação constante. Para amostras reais, sob as mesmas condições de análises, o sólido Si-Dia reduziu as concentrações dos íons divalentes Cu, Zn e Fe em, respectivamente, 82, 83 e 64%, enquanto o Si-Ti-Dia, reduziu os mesmos íons em 88, 31 e 22%, respectivamente.The high levels of copper in Brazilian spirits is a problem of prominent importance, taking into account the relevance of this metal. This work investigates the efficiency of two solids: silica organofunctionalized with thimethoxysil(propil ethylenediamine (Si-Dia and silica-titania modified with the same organofunctionaling agent (Si-Ti-Dia as copper sequestrating agents in a Brazilian spirit obtained from sugar cane. It was verified that the matrices Si-Dia and Si-Ti-Dia are very good sequiestrating agents, reducing the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Fe in the studied spirit sample in 82, 83 and 64% and 88, 31 and 22%, respectively at 25 ± 1.0°C and pH 4.0.

  6. THE ZN-SITE IN BOVINE COPPER, ZINC SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE STUDIED BY CD-111 PAC

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Kofod, Pauli; Bjerrum, Morten J.; Bauer, Rogert

    1991-01-01

    The active site in bovine copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu2. Zn2 SOD) has been studied by 111Cd time differential Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) on enzyme with Zn2+ replaced by excited 'Cd2+. The PAC spectra obtained for both the oxidized and the reduced form of Cu2Cd2SOD show...... no asymmetry between the two Zn-sites in the dimeric enzyme. The spectv further reveal that a significant change has taken place at the Zn-site in the reduced form compared to the oxidized form. Semi-empirical calculations based on the Angular Overlap Model (AOM) and coordinates from the crystal structure...... of the native enzyme are in agreement with the experimental PAC data of the oxidized enzyme. The results indicate that Cd2+ coordinates in the same manner as Zn2+ and that the crystal structure of SOD is valid for the enzyme in solution. The PAC spectrum of the reduced enzyme can be explained by extending...

  7. Distribution of POC, PON and particulate Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ti, Zn and δ13C in the English Channel and adjacent areas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dauby, P.; Frankignoulle, M.; Gobert, S.; Bouquegneau, J.M.

    1994-01-01

    A study of the spatial distribution of the total suspended matter and of its elemental composition (C, N and trace metals) has been performed in the English Channel. The Celtic Sea, and the Southern Bight of the North Sea in June and October 1991. South-west to north-east gradients of suspended matter mass and of lithogenic components (Ti an Al) linked to riverine inputs and to depth shallowing, are observed; organic carbon and nitrogen display an opposite distribution pattern and reach a maximum in the Biscay oceanic waters. Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations are highest near industrialized areas and large estuaries, showing the importance of river inputs. In contrast, Cd, Cu and Cr concentrations are markedly elevated in organic-rich suspended matter from waters in which suspended matter loadings are low, suggesting a significant biological uptake. Finally, 13 C/ 12 C analyses reveal the relative importance of coastal or continental inputs in the north-eastern Channel and in the North Sea. (authors). 56 refs., 12 figs., 3 tabs

  8. Preparation of p-type NiO films by reactive sputtering and their application to CdTe solar cells

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ishikawa, Ryousuke; Furuya, Yasuaki; Araki, Ryouichi; Nomoto, Takahiro; Ogawa, Yohei; Hosono, Aikyo; Okamoto, Tamotsu; Tsuboi, Nozomu

    2016-02-01

    Transparent p-type NiO films were prepared by reactive sputtering using the facing-target system under Ar-diluted O2 gas at Tsub of 30 and 200 °C. The increasing intensity of dominant X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks indicates improvements in the crystallinity of NiO films upon Cu doping. In spite of the crystallographic and optical changes after Cu-doping, the electrical properties of Cu-doped NiO films were slightly improved. Upon Ag-doping at 30 °C under low O2 concentration, on the other hand, the intensity of the dominant (111) XRD peaks was suppressed and p-type conductivity increased from ˜10-3 to ˜10-1 S cm-1. Finally, our Ag-doped NiO films were applied as the back contact of CdTe solar cells. CdTe solar cells with a glass/ITO/CdS/CdTe/NiO structure exhibited an efficiency of 6.4%, suggesting the high potential of using p-type NiO for the back-contact film in thin-film solar cells.

  9. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Trace Metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Coastal Waters off the West Coast of Taiwan

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kuo-Tung Jiann

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Surface water samples were collected along the west coast of Taiwan during two expedition cruises which represent periods of different regional climatic patterns. Information on hydrochemical parameters such as salinity, nutrients, suspended particulate matter (SPM, and Chlorophyll a concentrations were obtained, and dissolved and particulate trace metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations were determined. Spatial variations were observed and the differences were attributed to (1 influence of varying extents of terrestrial inputs from the mountainous rivers of Taiwan to the coast, and (2 urbanization and industrialization in different parts of the island. Geochemical processes such as desorption (Cd and adsorption to sinking particles (Pb also contributed to the variability of trace metal distributions in coastal waters. Results showed temporal variations in chemical characteristics in coastal waters as a consequence of prevailing monsoons. During the wet season when river discharges were higher, the transport of particulate metals was elevated due to increased sediment loads. During the dry season, lower river discharges resulted in a lesser extent of estuarine dilution effect for chemicals of anthropogenic sources, indicated by higher dissolved concentrations present in coastal waters associated with slightly higher salinity.

  10. Evaluación de metales pesados en los suelos del coto minero manganesífero Cristo -Barrancas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro S. Bergues-Garrido

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available Se estudiaron muestras de suelo de la antigua mina de manganeso Cristo-Barrancas y áreas adyacentes para evaluar el contenido de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Cu y Cr atendiendo a que, en la actualidad, algunos de estos suelos se dedican al cultivo de plantaciones para el consumo humano y animal. Se calcularon los índices de geoacumulación y de carga de polución, así como el factor de enriquecimiento y el grado de contaminación. Los resultados revelaron contaminación moderada por Cd, Co y Cu en ambas zonas y una ligera contaminación por Ni en el área de la mina. El empleo adicional de los estándares holandeses (lista ABC corroboró los niveles de contaminación obtenidos, al encontrarse los valores resultantes para el Cd, Co, Cu y Ni entre el nivel de referencia A y el nivel de contenido máximo admisible B; asimismo los resultados de la evaluación de los índices y estándares holandeses indicaron que, prácticamente, no existe contaminación por Pb, Cr y Zn. La contaminación moderada, principalmente por Cd, puede invalidar los suelos para el cultivo de hortalizas y viandas debido a la capacidad que tienen estos vegetales para absorber y acumular el cadmio en sus hojas, bulbos y tubérculos, los que al ser ingeridos pueden ocasionar daños a la salud.

  11. Teores de As, Pb, Cd e Hg e fertilidade de solos da região do Vale do Alto Guaporé, sudoeste do estado de Mato Grosso Contents of As, Pb, Cd e Hg and fertility of soils of Vale do Alto Guapore region, south-west of Mato Grosso state

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Aparecida Pereira Pierangeli

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available O diagnóstico da fertilidade e teores de elementos-traço (ETs em solos é importante, pois estes dados são escassos na literatura para áreas de transição Pantanal-Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica. Esse trabalho avaliou diversos parâmetros relacionados à fertilidade, teores biodisponíveis de Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu e B e semitotais de As, Cd, Hg e Pb de solos do Vale do Alto Guaporé, região sudoeste do estado de Mato Grosso. Foram coletadas amostras de solos (0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade em áreas de vegetação nativa (VN, pastagem (AP, cultura anual (CA e garimpo de ouro (G. As amostras foram analisadas conforme métodos de rotina para avaliação da fertilidade do solo e ETs pelo método SW-3051A e os resultados médios comparados com os valores de referência de qualidade (VRQ para solos estipulados pela Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB. Teores mais elevados de As e Hg foram verificados em VN e G com médias, respectivamente, iguais a 43,9 e 101,13 para o As; e 0,12 e 0,14 mg kg-1 para o Hg. Exceto Pb, vários locais de amostragem apresentaram teores dos ETs superiores ao VRQ: 46% em VN; 60% em G; 28% em CA; e 44% em AP, para o As; 20,8; 50; 55; e 22% em VN, G, CA e AP, respectivamente, para o Cd; 75; 65 e 67% das áreas de VN, G e CA e AP, respectivamente, para o Hg. A saturação por bases foi alta (60-80% em 51,5% das amostras, enquanto o P foi baixo em todas áreas. Valores de referência de qualidade de solo para o As e Hg devem ser estipulados para solos dessa região, tendo em vista que os teores observados em áreas nativas foram superiores ao VRQ.The fertility and trace elements diagnosis of soils is important for agricultural and environmental purposes, because there is little data available on the Pantanal-Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica transitional areas. This work evaluated many parameters relative to the fertility, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B bioavailability, and total content of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in soils of

  12. Interaction of Cu(II)-meso-tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2,3,4) with Native and Synthetic Polynucleotides Probed by Polarized Spectroscopy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lee, Mi Jin; Kim, Seog K.; Kim, Jong Moon; Lee, Dong Jin; Lee, Gil Jun

    2005-01-01

    The interactions of Cu(II)-meso-Tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2,3,4), respectively referred to as o-, m- and p-CuTMPyP, and DNA, poly[d(A-T) 2 ] and poly[d(G-C) 2 ] were investigated by circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD). In the o-CuTMPyP case, in which the rotation of the pyridinium ring is prevented, the shape of the CD spectrum when associated to DNA and poly[d(A-T) 2 ] resembles and is characterized by a positive band at a low drug to DNA concentration ratio (R ratio) and is bisignate at a high R ratio. The former CD spectrum shape has been attributed to porphyrin that is bound monomerically outside of DNA while the latter can be attributed to those that are stacked. When o-CuTMPyP is bound to poly[d(G-C) 2 ], the excitonic CD appeared at a relatively high R ratio. In contrast, a characteristic negative CD band in the Soret region was apparent for both m- and p-CuTMPyP when bound to DNA and poly[d(G-C) 2 ] at the low R ratios, indicating that the porphyrin molecule intercalates. However, the DNA is bent near the intercalation site and the plane of the porphyrin molecule tilts relative to the DNA helix axis, as judged by the magnitude of the reduced LD. Various stacking patterns were identified by the shape of the CD spectrum for m- and p-CuTMPyP when bound to poly[d(A-T) 2 ]. Three species for the former complex and two for the latter complex were found which may reflect the extent of the stacking

  13. Studies of the development and characterization of the Cu-Ni-Pt and Cu-Ni-Sn alloys for electro-electronic uses; Estudos do desenvolvimento e caracterizacao das ligas Cu-Ni-Pt e Cu-Ni-Sn para fins eletro-eletronicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Silva, Luis Carlos Elias da

    2006-07-01

    The Cu and its alloys have different applications in the owed modern society the excellent electric properties, thermal conductivity, resistance to the corrosion and other properties. These applications can be in valves, pipes, pots for absorption of solar energy, radiators for automobiles, current driver, electronic driver, thermostats elements and structural parts of nuclear reactors, as, for example, reels for field toroidal for a reactor of nuclear coalition. The alloys used in nuclear reactors, we can highlight Cu-Be, Cu-Sn and Cu-Pt. Ni and Co frequently are added to the Cu alloys so that the solubility is moved for temperatures more elevated with relationship to the binary systems of Cu-Sn and Cu-Pt. The addition of Ni-Pt or Ni-Sn to the Cu in the same or inferior percentages to 1,5% plus thermomechanical treatments changes the properties of the copper. We studied the electric conductivity and hardness Vickers of the Cu-Ni-Pt and Cu-Ni-Sn and compared with the electrolytic Cu. In the proposed flowcharts, breaking of the obtaining of the ingot, we proceeded with thermo mechanical treatments. (author)

  14. Potential barrier behavior in BiCuVOX materials Comportamento da barreira de potencial em materiais BiCuVOX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    S. M. Gheno

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available The BiMeVOX materials appear being high attractive for applications at low temperatures when the ionic conductivity is the determining parameter. The occurrence of many types substitution was confirmed for numerous Me ions, but the greatest interest have been focused on the BiCuVOX materials. The objective of this study was to image the potential barriers in BiCuVOX. The sample was sintered for 4 h at 750 °C and the results show that the high density compound can be obtained. Simultaneously, topography and electric force microscopy (EFM images are viewed side-by-side. EFM experiments were performed and the results show the maps of the electric field distribution on the surface of BiCuVOX. The formation of potential barrier was observed and the width and intensity were measured.Materiais do tipo BiMeVOX são muito atrativos para aplicações em baixas temperaturas quando a condutividade iônica for o parâmetro determinante. A ocorrência de muitos tipos de substituições foi confirmada para numerosos íons Me, dentre os quais, existe um grande interesse no estudo de materiais BiCuVOX. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o imageamento das barreiras de potencial em uma amostra de material BiCuVOX. A amostra foi sinterizada 4 h a 750 °C e apresentou alta densidade. Imagens da superfície topográfica e de microscopia de força elétrica (EFM foram obtidas simultaneamente em um microscópio de varredura por sonda. Os experimentos EFM mostraram um mapa da distribuição do campo elétrico na superfície do material BiCuVOx. A formação da barreira de potencial foi observada e tanto a largura quanto a altura foram medidas.

  15. Structural and photocarrier radiometric characterization of Cux(CdTe)yOz thin films growth by reactive sputtering

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Velazquez-Hernandez, R.; Rojas-Rodriguez, I.; Carmona-Rodriguez, J.; Jimenez-Sandoval, S.; Rodriguez-Garcia, M.E.

    2011-01-01

    This research presents a structural and photocarrier radiometric (PCR) characterization of Cu x (CdTe) y O z thin films grown using reactive radiofrequency co-sputtering. Electronic distribution induced by variations in dopant concentration as a function of the position was studied using photocarrier radiometric images. Optical and structural characterization of these thin films was carried out by using micro Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Due to its nondestructive and noncontact characteristics, the PCR is an excellent technique that permits one to obtain details of lateral electronic distribution across the sample. It was found that Cu target power influences the electronic distribution and produces different phases such as Cu 2 Te and CdO.

  16. Effect of temperature on current voltage characteristics in ZnO/CdS/CuGaSe2 single crystal solar cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Saad, M.; Kassis, A.

    2005-03-01

    Current voltage characteristics of Zn O/CdS/CuGaSe 2 single crystal solar cells, which have gone through repetitive annealing treatment and have been measured at different values of temperature and illumination intensity, were analyzed using the two-diode equation. The analysis revealed that current transport in these cells is governed by two competing transport mechanisms relating strongly to interface states and that both mechanisms are thermally and light activated. These two mechanisms are interface recombination and tunneling enhanced interface recombination. The activation energy values of the saturation current density in both mechanisms were calculated from the temperature dependence of the parameters describing each of them. It was found that these values depend on temperature and illumination intensity. Furthermore, the behavior of the photovoltaic parameters could be explained relying on the results of the analysis. (Authors)

  17. Determination of uranium isotopes (235U, 238U) and trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu and As) in bottled drinking water by Icp-SFMS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lara A, N.; Hernandez M, H.; Romero G, E. T.; Kuri de la C, A.; Perez B, M. A.

    2016-09-01

    In the present work we propose an optimized method for the quantification of uranium isotopes ( 235 U, 2 38 U) and the elements Cd, Pb, Cu and As in bottled water for drinking at trace levels of concentration. Based on the multi-element detection capability, the high sensitivity and resolution that the Mass Spectrometry with Magnetic Sector with Inductively Coupled Plasma Source (Icp-SFMS) technique offers; the high, medium and low resolution analysis conditions for the elements under study were established and optimized using and Element 2/Xr equipment and the 23 multi-elemental Certified Reference Material (CRM). The analysis method was validated using the standard reference material Nist 1643d and CRM mono-elemental s as external standards for the quantification of the analytes. Samples, targets and CRM were acidified with 2% of HNO 3 and analyzed without pretreatment under the established analysis conditions. The results obtained show concentrations of 235 U, 238 U, 111 Cd, 208 Pb, 63 Cu and 75 As in the range of μg L -1 , the linearity obtained from the calibration curves for each element has correlation coefficients < 0.99 in all cases, the accuracy of the method in terms of percent relative standard deviation (RSD %) was less than 5%, the mean recovery rate of Nist 1643d ranged from 96.46% to 101.12%. The optimization of the method guarantees the stability and calibration of the equipment throughout the analysis, as well as the ability to resolve interferences. In conclusion, the method proposed using Icp-SFMS offers the advantages of being fast and simple for the multi-elemental analysis in water at trace levels, with low limits of quantification and detection, with good linearity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility to a degree of reliability of 95%. (Author)

  18. Determination of trace Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn in diesel and gasoline by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after sample clean up with hollow fiber solid phase microextraction system

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nomngongo, Philiswa N.; Ngila, J. Catherine

    2014-01-01

    This study reports a simple and efficient method for the determination of trace Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn in diesel and gasoline samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after matrix removal and analyte pre-concentration using hollow fiber-solid phase microextraction (HF–SPME). The optimization of HF-SPME procedure was carried out using two-level full factorial and central composite designs. Four factors (variables), that are, sample solution pH, acceptor phase amount, extraction time and eluent concentration were optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the precision was ≤ 3% (C = 10 μg L −1 , n = 15), limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 μg L −1 and 0.3–0.9 μg L −1 , respectively, and the maximum preconcentration factor was 30. The HF-SPME method was applied for the determination of trace metals in real gasoline and diesel samples. - Highlights: • Hollow fiber solid phase microextraction of metal ions in diesel and gasoline • Use of hollow fiber-supported sol–gel combined with cation exchange resin • Optimization of HF-SPME using multivariate techniques • Determination of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn using ICP–MS • Relatively low LOD and LOQ

  19. Determination of trace Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn in diesel and gasoline by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after sample clean up with hollow fiber solid phase microextraction system

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nomngongo, Philiswa N.; Ngila, J. Catherine, E-mail: jcngila@uj.ac.za

    2014-08-01

    This study reports a simple and efficient method for the determination of trace Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn in diesel and gasoline samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after matrix removal and analyte pre-concentration using hollow fiber-solid phase microextraction (HF–SPME). The optimization of HF-SPME procedure was carried out using two-level full factorial and central composite designs. Four factors (variables), that are, sample solution pH, acceptor phase amount, extraction time and eluent concentration were optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the precision was ≤ 3% (C = 10 μg L{sup −1}, n = 15), limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 μg L{sup −1} and 0.3–0.9 μg L{sup −1}, respectively, and the maximum preconcentration factor was 30. The HF-SPME method was applied for the determination of trace metals in real gasoline and diesel samples. - Highlights: • Hollow fiber solid phase microextraction of metal ions in diesel and gasoline • Use of hollow fiber-supported sol–gel combined with cation exchange resin • Optimization of HF-SPME using multivariate techniques • Determination of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn using ICP–MS • Relatively low LOD and LOQ.

  20. Expressão da CASPASE-3 e CD-34 no adenocarcinoma de próstata

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vicente Paulo da Motta

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: 1. Avaliar em qual percentual as células tumorais se marcam com caspase-3 e CD-34; 2. quantificá-los nas células tumorais; 3. verificar correlação entre quantificação e grau de malignidade tumoral; 4. correlacioná-los entre si. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 38 blocos com adenocarcinoma, classificados por Gleason e marcação imunoistoquímica para caspase-3 e CD-34. As proteínas imunomarcadas foram quantificadas no software Immuno do Sistema Samba 4000 de citofotometria de imagem, pelo índice de marcagem e densidade óptica. RESULTADOS: Imunomarcou-se 25 lâminas para caspase-3 e 34 para CD-34. As quantificações da caspase-3 para o índice de marcagem foram acima de 50 em 76% e, para densidade óptica, abaixo de 50 para 96%. Em relação ao CD-34, índice de marcagem foi acima de 50 em 59% e densidade óptica abaixo de 50 em 56%. As correlações entre expressões dos marcadores e a gravidade do tumor, assim como entre os marcadores, não evidenciaram significância estatística. Não se mostrou relação de expressão com o score de Gleason. CONCLUSÃO: A presença caspase-3 e CD-34 foi de 73,5% e 100%, respectivamente; 2. caspase-3 e CD-34 apresentaram alta expressão do índice de marcagem, e baixa para densidade óptica; 3. não houve correlação entre as quantificações com a classificação de Gleason; 4. não houve correlação das expressões dos dois marcadores entre si.

  1. Cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures: Green synthesis and applications as catalyst and adsorbent

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jiang Yi [College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China); Gao Shuyan, E-mail: shuyangao@htu.cn [College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China); Li Zhengdao; Jia Xiaoxia; Chen Yanli [College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China)

    2011-08-15

    Highlights: > In this study we report a green, environment-friendly, efficient, and direct one-step process for the preparation of CuI cauliflower. > The as-formed CuI cauliflower shows excellent catalytic activity for coupling reaction between benzylamine and iodobenzene. > The cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures have been successfully demonstrated as adsorbent for Cd (II) with high removal capacity. > To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report that nanostructured CuI acts as catalyst for coupling reaction and adsorbent for heavy metal ion. > It is also a good example for the organic combination of green chemistry and functional materials. - Abstract: Cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures is realized by an ampicillin-assisted clean, nontoxic, environmentally friendly synthesis strategy at room temperature. The morphology, composition, and phase structure of as-prepared powders were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that ampicillin plays dual roles, reducing and morphology-directing agents, in the formation of the products. A possible growth mechanism of the cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures is tentatively proposed. The preliminary investigations show that the cauliflower-like CuI structure not only exhibits high catalytic activity with respect to coupling reaction between benzylamine and iodobenzene but also possesses high removal capacity for Cd (II), which may be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the special configuration. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report that cauliflower-like CuI nanoparticles act as catalyst for coupling reaction and adsorbent for heavy metal ion.

  2. Emulación en hardware de circuitos cuánticos basados en compuertas Toffoli

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge E. Duarte-Sánchez

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo presenta el diseño de una arquitectura hardware para emular circuitos cuánticos basados en compuertas tipo Toffoli con la cual se pueden emular circuitos de más de 50 qubits. El estado del sistema se obtiene procesando independientemente cada estado base mediante las funciones determinadas por las compuertas cuánticas para cada qubit; el tiempo requerido para la emulación crece exponencialmente en función del número de qubits que se usan solamente para generar una superposición de estados, y no en función de la cantidad total de qubits del sistema como ocurre cuando se usa la representación matricial convencional. Adicionalmente, se diseñó un arreglo de unidades de procesamiento para disminuir el tiempo de ejecución. Los resultados de síntesis permiten concluir que se requieren 9,35 segundos para emular la exponenciación modular de 8 bits, la cual utiliza 48 qubits, 155.312 compuertas cuánticas y requiere procesar 131.072 estados base. Estos resultados también permiten estimar que se pueden implementar 256 unidades de procesamiento de 52 qubits en el FPGA EP3C120F780I7.

  3. Effects of Crop Straw Returning with Lime on Activity of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in Paddy Soil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    NI Zhong-ying

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available Crop straw returning is an important measure for increasing soil carbon fixation and soil fertility in China, but it also may result in some risk of raising activity of heavy metals in the soil. In order to understand the effects of different sources of crop straw on heavy metals activity in soil with different pollution levels, and to take appropriate measures to prevent the activation of heavy metals in the soil, both pot and field experiments were carried out to study the effects of crop straw returning with lime on activity of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in paddy soil. The experiments were carried out in the soils with both light and heavy pollution of heavy metals. In the pot experiment, three straws, including rice straw with heavy pollution of heavy metals, rice straw with light pollution of heavy metals, and rape straw with light pollution of heavy metals, were tested. Two dosages of lime(0 kg·hm-2 and 750 kg·hm-2were applied. Field experiment had three treatments, ie., control without application of straw and lime, straw returning and straw returning + lime. Soil available heavy metals, accumulation of heavy metals in rice grain, and chemical forms of soil heavy metals were dynamical monitored. The results showed that crop straw returning increased significantly the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and water soluble heavy metals in paddy soils at the early stage of experiment (in first 20 days. The increase in water soluble heavy metals in the soil with heavy pollution of heavy metals was most obvious as compared with the control treatment. After 60th day of the experiment, the effects of straw returning on the activity of heavy metals in the soil decreased gradually with the time, and became no obvious. The concentrations of water soluble heavy metals in the soil treated with rape straw was generally lower than that of rice straw, while those in the soil treated with heavy pollution of rice straw was higher than low pollution of rice

  4. Succulent species differ substantially in their tolerance and phytoextraction potential when grown in the presence of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, Chengjun; Sale, Peter W G; Clark, Gary J; Liu, Wuxing; Doronila, Augustine I; Kolev, Spas D; Tang, Caixian

    2015-12-01

    Plants for the phytoextraction of heavy metals should have the ability to accumulate high concentrations of such metals and exhibit multiple tolerance traits to cope with adverse conditions such as coexistence of multiple heavy metals, high salinity, and drought which are the characteristics of many contaminated soils. This study compared 14 succulent species for their phytoextraction potential of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. There were species variations in metal tolerance and accumulation. Among the 14 succulent species, an Australian native halophyte Carpobrotus rossii exhibited the highest relative growth rate (20.6-26.6 mg plant(-1) day(-1)) and highest tolerance index (78-93%), whilst Sedum "Autumn Joy" had the lowest relative growth rate (8.3-13.6 mg plant(-1) day(-1)), and Crassula multicava showed the lowest tolerance indices (phytoextraction of these heavy metals than other species. These findings suggest that Carpobrotus rossii is a promising candidate for phytoextraction of multiple heavy metals, and the aquatic or semiterrestrial Crassula helmsii is suitable for phytoextraction of Cd and Zn from polluted waters or wetlands.

  5. A two-step leaching method designed based on chemical fraction distribution of the heavy metals for selective leaching of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb from metallurgical sludge.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Fen; Yu, Junxia; Xiong, Wanli; Xu, Yuanlai; Chi, Ru-An

    2018-01-01

    For selective leaching and highly effective recovery of heavy metals from a metallurgical sludge, a two-step leaching method was designed based on the distribution analysis of the chemical fractions of the loaded heavy metal. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used as a leaching agent in the first step to leach the relatively labile heavy metals and then ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was applied to leach the residual metals according to their different fractional distribution. Using the two-step leaching method, 82.89% of Cd, 55.73% of Zn, 10.85% of Cu, and 0.25% of Pb were leached in the first step by 0.7 M HCl at a contact time of 240 min, and the leaching efficiencies for Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb were elevated up to 99.76, 91.41, 71.85, and 94.06%, by subsequent treatment with 0.2 M EDTA at 480 min, respectively. Furthermore, HCl leaching induced fractional redistribution, which might increase the mobility of the remaining metals and then facilitate the following metal removal by EDTA. The facilitation was further confirmed by the comparison to the one-step leaching method with single HCl or single EDTA, respectively. These results suggested that the designed two-step leaching method by HCl and EDTA could be used for selective leaching and effective recovery of heavy metals from the metallurgical sludge or heavy metal-contaminated solid media.

  6. Caos en sistemas clásico-cuánticos

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dirani, L. D.; Núñez, J. A.

    Una de las formas de estudiar la existencia de caos en el comportamiento de un sistema clásico-cuántico, es truncando el espacio de Hilbert del sistema cuántico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar como afecta dicho truncamiento en la dinámica del sistema. Para tal fin se propone un Hamiltoniano integrable, cuyos valores de expectación asociados a coordenadas y momentos cuánticos responden, por el teorema de Ehrenfest, a un sistema de dos osciladores clásicos con acoplamiento lineal.

  7. Interface band gap narrowing behind open circuit voltage losses in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Crovetto, Andrea; Palsgaard, Mattias Lau Nøhr; Gunst, Tue

    2017-01-01

    We present evidence that bandgap narrowing at the heterointerface may be a major cause of the large open circuit voltage deficit of Cu2ZnSnS4/CdS solar cells. Bandgap narrowing is caused by surface states that extend the Cu2ZnSnS4valence band into the forbidden gap. Those surface states...... are consistently found in Cu2ZnSnS4, but not in Cu2ZnSnSe4, by first-principles calculations. They do not simply arise from defects at surfaces but are an intrinsic feature of Cu2ZnSnS4 surfaces. By including those states in a device model, the outcome of previously published temperature-dependent open circuit...... voltage measurements on Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells can be reproduced quantitatively without necessarily assuming a cliff-like conduction band offset with the CdS buffer layer. Our first-principles calculations indicate that Zn-based alternative buffer layers are advantageous due to the ability of...

  8. Certification of trace element contents (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Na, Pb and Zn) in a fly ash obtained from the combustion of pulverised coal

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Griepink, B.; Colinet, E.; Guzzi, G.; Haemers, L.; Muntau, H.

    1983-01-01

    The element contents of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Na, Pb and Zn of a fly ash from pulverised coal are certified. The procedures and their results for the homogenisation, the contamination and homogeneity checks and the analytical campaign are reported. The certified mass fractions and indicative values for Cr, Ni, Th, V and water soluble sulphate are given. The work was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the Commission of the European Communities. (orig.) [de

  9. Crystal structure and chemical bonding analysis of BaPtCd{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gulo, Fakhili [Department of Chemical Education, Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya 30662, South Sumatra (Indonesia); Koehler, Juergen [Max Planck Institut fuer Festkoerperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)

    2015-03-15

    The new ternary intermetallic phase, BaPtCd{sub 2}, was synthesized by solid-state reaction from direct combination of the elements in a stoichiometric mixture. The reaction was done at 850 C for 15 h, followed by an equilibration at 600 C for 4 d. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction method on a single crystal. BaPtCd{sub 2} is isotypic to MgCuAl{sub 2} and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm [a = 4.467(2), b = 11.143(4), c = 8.240(3) Aa, V = 410.2(3) Aa{sup 3}, and Z = 4]. Barium atoms are linked together forming zigzag chains. Cadmium atoms are bonded to each other forming six-membered rings of platinum centered boat and anti-boat conformations. BaPtCd{sub 2} contains 16 electrons per formula unit and belongs to the electron poorest compounds with MgCuAl{sub 2} type structure. Calculations based on the linear muffin-tin orbitals method in the atomic spheres approximation show that significant bonding states in BaPtCd{sub 2} are unoccupied. (Copyright copyright 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

  10. CD47 is a Potential Target for the Treatment of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ChunPing Yang

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available Background/Aims: This study aims to investigate the effect of CD47 on the development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC and the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibody against CD47 and its ligand SIRPα in the treatment of LSCC. Methods: We firstly detected the expressions of CD47 mRNA and protein in LSCC and para-carcinoma tissues, introduced the most efficient CD47siRNA sequence into LSCC cells by lentiviral transfection and employed three monoclonal antibodies to evaluate their anti-LSCC effects in vitro and in vivo. Results: We observed that the mRNA and protein expressions of CD47 in LSCC tissue had significant increase in LSCC tissues compared with those in para-carcinoma tissue (p Conclusion: The results suggested a critical role of CD47 in LSCC development and the promising treatment of antiCD47/SIRPα and/or CD47siRNA in LSCC.

  11. Study on accumulation of Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cd in Nerita lineata and Thais bitubercularis from Tanjung Harapan and Teluk Kemang, Malaysia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tengku

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available The presence of Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Sn were attributed to metal industries. Cu contamination was associated with piggery industry. Shipping activities contribute to elevated levels of Pb, Cu and As. Elevated levels of metals in the sediments are attributed to anthropogenic activities. Samples were collected in April 2012 and analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS. Fe is the most abundant metal in the tissue and shell compared to the rest of the metals. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soft tissues of Nerita lineata taken from Tanjung Harapan follow this order: Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd while in Thais bitubercularis, the metal concentrations were higher following the order of Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The samples taken from Teluk Kemang were higher and exhibited different trend for both organisms. Results from this study are useful for further exploration of Thais bitubercularis as accumulators of Cu, Cd, and Zn. For recommendation, more studies on monitoring the concentration level of heavy metals in marine environment should be done regularly and increase numbers of samples use to biomonitor the heavy metals in marine environment as it is important to have information or data regarding the quality of marine environment in order to control pollution such as water pollution from being contaminated with heavy metals. This is essential as the pollutants emit in the marine environment may affect marine lives as well as human’s health

  12. Analysis of Metal-Binding Features of the Wild Type and Two Domain-Truncated Mutant Variants of Littorina littorea Metallothionein Reveals Its Cd-Specific Character

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Òscar Palacios

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available After the resolution of the 3D structure of the Cd9-aggregate of the Littorina littorea metallothionein (MT, we report here a detailed analysis of the metal binding capabilities of the wild type MT, LlwtMT, and of two truncated mutants lacking either the N-terminal domain, Lltr2MT, or both the N-terminal domain, plus four extra flanking residues (SSVF, Lltr1MT. The recombinant synthesis and in vitro studies of these three proteins revealed that LlwtMT forms unique M9-LlwtMT complexes with Zn(II and Cd(II, while yielding a complex mixture of heteronuclear Zn,Cu-LlwtMT species with Cu(I. As expected, the truncated mutants gave rise to unique M6-LltrMT complexes and Zn,Cu-LltrMT mixtures of lower stoichiometry with respect to LlwtMT, with the SSVF fragment having an influence on their metal binding performance. Our results also revealed a major specificity, and therefore a better metal-coordinating performance of the three proteins for Cd(II than for Zn(II, although the analysis of the Zn(II/Cd(II displacement reaction clearly demonstrates a lack of any type of cooperativity in Cd(II binding. Contrarily, the analysis of their Cu(I binding abilities revealed that every LlMT domain is prone to build Cu4-aggregates, the whole MT working by modules analogously to, as previously described, certain fungal MTs, like those of C. neoformans and T. mesenterica. It is concluded that the Littorina littorea MT is a Cd-specific protein that (beyond its extended binding capacity through an additional Cd-binding domain confers to Littorina littorea a particular adaptive advantage in its changeable marine habitat.

  13. Associations between standardized school performance tests and mixtures of Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, and V in community soils of New Orleans

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zahran, Sammy; Mielke, Howard W.; Weiler, Stephan; Hempel, Lynn; Berry, Kenneth J.; Gonzales, Christopher R.

    2012-01-01

    In New Orleans a strong inverse association was previously identified between community soil lead and 4th grade school performance. This study extends the association to zinc, cadmium, nickel, manganese, copper, chromium, cobalt, and vanadium in community soil and their comparative effects on 4th grade school performance. Adjusting for poverty, food security, racial composition, and teacher-student ratios, regression results show that soil metals variously reduce and compress student scores. Soil metals account for 22%–24% while food insecurity accounts for 29%–37% of variation in school performance. The impact on grade point averages were Ni > Co > Mn > Cu ∼Cr ∼ Cd > Zn > Pb, but metals are mixtures in soils. The quantities of soil metal mixtures vary widely across the city with the largest totals in the inner city and smallest totals in the outer city. School grade point averages are lowest where the soil metal mixtures and food insecurity are highest. - Highlights: ► Mixtures of metals vary; largest totals in the inner city and lowest in the outer city. ► An inverse association between soil Pb and 4th grade school performance is known. ► Assuming the same exposure pathway, multiple metals are compared to performance. ► Soil metals account for 22%–24% of variation in school test performance. ► Soil metal plus food insecurity accounts for 54% of explained variance. - Controlling for potential confounding variables, the accumulation of metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Co) in neighborhood soils is significantly negatively associated with 4th grade school performance on standardized tests in New Orleans.

  14. Obtención y caracterización del polvo de bronce Cu88Sn6,5Zn4Pb1,5 para aplicaciones en cojinetes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Krivij, Natalia

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this work is the development of alloyed bronze powder Cu88Sn6,5Zn4Pb1,5 to substitute the material used in the manufacture of bearings with antifriction properties. The physical and chemical characterization of the powder has been carried out and an experimental 23 design to determine the optimal parameters of the technological process of powder sintering has been used in the specific case of sealed bearing manufacture of the subset shaft-seal of the open cooling compressor.

    El trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollo del polvo de bronce aleado Cu88Sn6,5Zn4Pb1,5 para sustituir el material originalmente utilizado en la fabricación de cojinetes con propiedades antifricción. Se realizó la caracterización física y química del polvo, y se empleó un diseño experimental 23 con vistas a determinar los parámetros óptimos del proceso tecnológico de sinterización del polvo, para el caso específico de la fabricación del cojinete de sellaje del subconjunto eje-sello del compresor abierto de refrigeración.

  15. Detección de metales pesados en bovinos, en los valles de los rios Sinú y San Jorge, departamento de Córdoba, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aura Madero G

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de metales pesados: plomo(Pb, cobre (Cu, cadmio (Cd y mercurio (Hg en hígado y músculo pectoral derecho de bovino, procedentes de fincas de la zona del Sinú y San Jorge. Materiales y métodos. Se muestrearon bovinos machos, adultos, de raza cebú mestizo, entre 2 a 7 años los cuales fueron sacrificados para consumo humano durante seis meses. Las muestras se analizaron mediante: espectroscopia de absorción atómica, empleando lámparas de cátodo hueco y un quemador de aire acetileno para determinar Cu; vapor frío para la detección de Hg y polarografía para la detección de Cd y Pb. Resultados. Se observó que Los rangos de Hg, Cu, Cd y Pb estaban por debajo de los parámetros de referencia de la Comisión Europea y la Norma Oficial Mexicana. En el 4% de las muestras se encontraron niveles de Cu no permisibles para consumo humano. Conclusiones. La industria cárnica de la región presenta una gran potencialidad para acceder a mercados internacionales, debido a que el 96% de las reses presentaron niveles de metales por debajo de los límites permisibles de México y Europa. A pesar de que los niveles de mercurio se encuentran en los límites permisibles, la evaluación del riesgo basado en el índice de peligrosidad, sugiere que el consumo diario de 100 gramos de productos cárnicos con niveles de 0.08 ppm, podría incrementar el riesgo de envenenamiento a una persona de 70Kg.

  16. Intermixing at the absorber-buffer layer interface in thin-film solar cells: The electronic effects of point defects in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S){sub 2} and Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(Se,S){sub 4} devices

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Varley, J. B.; Lordi, V. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 (United States)

    2014-08-14

    We investigate point defects in the buffer layers CdS and ZnS that may arise from intermixing with Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se){sub 2} (CIGS) or Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S,Se){sub 4} (CZTS) absorber layers in thin-film photovoltaics. Using hybrid functional calculations, we characterize the electrical and optical behavior of Cu, In, Ga, Se, Sn, Zn, Na, and K impurities in the buffer. We find that In and Ga substituted on the cation site act as shallow donors in CdS and tend to enhance the prevailing n-type conductivity at the interface facilitated by Cd incorporation in CIGS, whereas they are deep donors in ZnS and will be less effective dopants. Substitutional In and Ga can favorably form complexes with cation vacancies (A-centers) which may contribute to the “red kink” effect observed in some CIGS-based devices. For CZTS absorbers, we find that Zn and Sn defects substituting on the buffer cation site are electrically inactive in n-type buffers and will not supplement the donor doping at the interface as in CIGS/CdS or ZnS devices. Sn may also preferentially incorporate on the S site as a deep acceptor in n-type ZnS, which suggests possible concerns with absorber-related interfacial compensation in CZTS devices with ZnS-derived buffers. Cu, Na, and K impurities are found to all have the same qualitative behavior, most favorably acting as compensating acceptors when substituting on the cation site. Our results suggest one beneficial role of K and Na incorporation in CIGS or CZTS devices is the partial passivation of vacancy-related centers in CdS and ZnS buffers, rendering them less effective interfacial hole traps and recombination centers.

  17. Cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures: Green synthesis and applications as catalyst and adsorbent

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jiang Yi; Gao Shuyan; Li Zhengdao; Jia Xiaoxia; Chen Yanli

    2011-01-01

    Highlights: → In this study we report a green, environment-friendly, efficient, and direct one-step process for the preparation of CuI cauliflower. → The as-formed CuI cauliflower shows excellent catalytic activity for coupling reaction between benzylamine and iodobenzene. → The cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures have been successfully demonstrated as adsorbent for Cd (II) with high removal capacity. → To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report that nanostructured CuI acts as catalyst for coupling reaction and adsorbent for heavy metal ion. → It is also a good example for the organic combination of green chemistry and functional materials. - Abstract: Cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures is realized by an ampicillin-assisted clean, nontoxic, environmentally friendly synthesis strategy at room temperature. The morphology, composition, and phase structure of as-prepared powders were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that ampicillin plays dual roles, reducing and morphology-directing agents, in the formation of the products. A possible growth mechanism of the cauliflower-like CuI nanostructures is tentatively proposed. The preliminary investigations show that the cauliflower-like CuI structure not only exhibits high catalytic activity with respect to coupling reaction between benzylamine and iodobenzene but also possesses high removal capacity for Cd (II), which may be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the special configuration. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report that cauliflower-like CuI nanoparticles act as catalyst for coupling reaction and adsorbent for heavy metal ion.

  18. Estudio Te\\'orico del espectro de emisi\\'on para un sistema microcavidad-punto cu\\'antico en una aproximaci\\'on de campo medio (Theoretical study of emission spectrum for a quantum dot-microcavity system in a mean field approximation)

    OpenAIRE

    Rojas-Arias, Juan S.; Rodriguez, B.; Vinck-Posada, Herbert

    2015-01-01

    En este trabajo, se obtiene una expresi\\'on num\\'erica para calcular el espectro de emisi\\'on de un sistema microcavidad-punto cu\\'antico usando una teor\\'ia de campo medio en el formalismo de la matriz densidad. El sistema modelado es un micropilar semiconductor que contiene un \\'unico punto cu\\'antico en el interior de la microcavidad, este sistema presenta p\\'erdida de fotones a trav\\'es de los espejos de la cavidad y bombeo de excitones al punto cu\\'antico. Obtenemos una ecuaci\\'on maestr...

  19. Numerical Analysis of Novel Back Surface Field for High Efficiency Ultrathin CdTe Solar Cells

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. A. Matin

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available This paper numerically explores the possibility of high efficiency, ultrathin, and stable CdTe cells with different back surface field (BSF using well accepted simulator AMPS-1D (analysis of microelectronics and photonic structures. A modified structure of CdTe based PV cell SnO2/Zn2SnO4/CdS/CdTe/BSF/BC has been proposed over reference structure SnO2/Zn2SnO4/CdS/CdTe/Cu. Both higher bandgap materials like ZnTe and Cu2Te and low bandgap materials like As2Te3 and Sb2Te3 have been used as BSF to reduce minority carrier recombination loss at the back contact in ultra-thin CdTe cells. In this analysis the highest conversion efficiency of CdTe based PV cell without BSF has been found to be around 17% using CdTe absorber thickness of 5 μm. However, the proposed structures with different BSF have shown acceptable efficiencies with an ultra-thin CdTe absorber of only 0.6 μm. The proposed structure with As2Te3 BSF showed the highest conversion efficiency of 20.8% ( V,  mA/cm2, and . Moreover, the proposed structures have shown improved stability in most extents, as it was found that the cells have relatively lower negative temperature coefficient. However, the cell with ZnTe BSF has shown better overall stability than other proposed cells with temperature coefficient (TC of −0.3%/°C.

  20. Firma de la aplicación paralela para predecir el rendimiento

    OpenAIRE

    Wong, Alvaro

    2013-01-01

    Evaluar el rendimiento de una aplicación paralela es cada vez más complejo. Una vez terminado el desarrollo, cuando una aplicación pasa a producción, el rendimiento y la eficiencia son fundamentales para los usuarios y administradores. Por ello, cada vez es más importante ser capaz de tener información para seleccionar adecuadamente cuál es el sistema más apropiado para ejecutar la aplicación, o cuánto tiempo de ejecución llevará ejecutar la aplicación entera, a fin de tener una previsión que...

  1. Development of a lyophilized formulation for preparing the radiopharmaceutical {sup 177}Lu-DOTA-Anti-CD20; Desarrollo de una formulacion liofilizada para la preparacion del radiofarmaco {sup 177}-DOTA-Anti-CD20

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Serrano E, L. A.

    2015-07-01

    The radiolabeled proteins are molecules of interest in nuclear medicine for their diagnostic and therapeutic application in cancer. Antibodies, such as chimeric monoclonal antibody Anti-CD20 rituximab, have established themselves as suitable vectors of radionuclides (e.g. {sup 177}Lu) , introducing high affinity by the surface antigens over- expressed and widely distributed in cells involved in certain diseases. The aim of this work was to design, optimize and document the production process of radiopharmaceutical {sup 177}Lu-DOTA-Anti-CD20 for sanitary registration request to the Comision Federal para la Proteccion contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). First, a raw material analysis using the Ft-Mir technique and gamma spectrometry was performed. Then, was carried out the development of the lyophilized formulation for the preparation of {sup 177}Lu-DOTA-Anti-CD20, in which an ANOVA was performed where the dependent variable was the radiochemical purity. The optimal pharmaceutical formulation was: 5 mg DOTA-CD20 and 80 mg Mannitol to be reconstituted with 1 m L of acetate buffer 0.25 M, ph 7, with an incubation time of 15 min at 37 degrees Celsius in a dry bath. Once completed the development of the lyophilized formulation, we proceeded to the optimization of the production process, development and validation of the analytical method. Three batches were prepared under protocols of Good Manufacturing Practice, which met pre-established specifications as sterile and endotoxin-free of bacterial formulations, with greater that 95% of radiochemical purity. Currently, is conducting the study of shelf stability. Upon completion of the stability studies, the legal record of {sup 177}Lu-DOTA-Anti-CD20 will be integrated with documented evidence of the quality and stability of the formulation of this radiopharmaceutical. (Author)

  2. Stability of Cd_1_–_xZn_xO_yS_1_–_y Quaternary Alloys Assessed with First-Principles Calculations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Varley, Joel B.; He, Xiaoqing; Rockett, Angus; Lordi, Vincenzo

    2017-01-01

    One route to decreasing the absorption in CdS buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 and Cu_2ZnSn(S,Se)_4 thin-film photovoltaics is by alloying. Here we use first-principles calculations based on hybrid functionals to assess the energetics and stability of quaternary Cd, Zn, O, and S (Cd_1_–_xZn_xO_yS_1_–_y) alloys within a regular solution model. Our results identify that full miscibility of most Cd_1_–_xZn_xO_yS_1_–_y compositions and even binaries like Zn(O,S) is outside typical photovoltaic processing conditions. Finally, the results suggest that the tendency for phase separation of the oxysulfides may drive the nucleation of other phases such as sulfates that have been increasingly observed in oxygenated CdS and ZnS.

  3. The Y-Cu-Al system

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Krachan, T.; Stel'makhovych, B.; Kuz'ma, Yu.

    2003-01-01

    The phase diagram of the Y-Cu-Al system at 820 K has been constructed using X-ray powder diffraction. The existence of earlier known ternary aluminides has been confirmed and their homogeneity regions and atomic distributions in the structures have been determined: YCu 4.6-4.0 Al 7.4-8.0 (ThMn 12 -type R I =0.049), Y 2 Cu 12.0-10.5 Al 5.0-6.5 (Th 2 Zn 17 -type R I =0.092), YCu 1.0-1.1 Al 1.0-0.9 (Fe 2 P-type R I =0.068). It has been shown that the structure of Y(Cu,Al) 3 is characterized by an ordered distribution of the Cu and Al atoms and it should be referred as Ca 3 Cu 2 Al 7 structure type (R I =0.060) besides the PuNi 3 structure type with statistical occupancies of the smaller atoms. At the investigated temperature the compound YCu 1.0-0.25 Al 3.0-3.75 (BaAl 4 -type) was not observed. However, we found the ternary aluminide with composition Y 3 Cu 2.7-2.0 Al 8.3-9.0 and related La 3 Al 11 -type (space group Immm, a=0.4192-0.4228, b=1.2423-1.2557, c=0.9812-0.9895 nm, R I =0.069). The compounds YCu 6.8 Al 4.2 (space group Fddd, Tb(Cu 0.58 Al 0.42 ) 11 -type, a=1.42755, b=1.48587, c=0.65654 nm, R I =0.062) and YCu 6.5 Al 4.5 (space group I4 1 /amd, BaCd 11 -type, a=1.02774, c=0.65838 nm, R I =0.071) have been found and structurally refined for the first time

  4. Near-Infrared Emitting CuInSe2/CuInS2 Dot Core/Rod Shell Heteronanorods by Sequential Cation Exchange

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-01-01

    The direct synthesis of heteronanocrystals (HNCs) combining different ternary semiconductors is challenging and has not yet been successful. Here, we report a sequential topotactic cation exchange (CE) pathway that yields CuInSe2/CuInS2 dot core/rod shell nanorods with near-infrared luminescence. In our approach, the Cu+ extraction rate is coupled to the In3+ incorporation rate by the use of a stoichiometric trioctylphosphine-InCl3 complex, which fulfills the roles of both In-source and Cu-extracting agent. In this way, Cu+ ions can be extracted by trioctylphosphine ligands only when the In–P bond is broken. This results in readily available In3+ ions at the same surface site from which the Cu+ is extracted, making the process a direct place exchange reaction and shifting the overall energy balance in favor of the CE. Consequently, controlled cation exchange can occur even in large and anisotropic heterostructured nanocrystals with preservation of the size, shape, and heterostructuring of the template NCs into the product NCs. The cation exchange is self-limited, stopping when the ternary core/shell CuInSe2/CuInS2 composition is reached. The method is very versatile, successfully yielding a variety of luminescent CuInX2 (X = S, Se, and Te) quantum dots, nanorods, and HNCs, by using Cd-chalcogenide NCs and HNCs as templates. The approach reported here thus opens up routes toward materials with unprecedented properties, which would otherwise remain inaccessible. PMID:26449673

  5. Oxidación de propileno sobre catalizadores Pt-Cu/y-alúmina. Segunda Parte: Cinética química de catalizadores de Pt-Cu/y-alúmina en la oxidación de propileno

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis M. Carballo

    1999-09-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se trata el efecto de la composición de catalizadores de Pt-Cu/j-alúmína sobre la actividad superficial específica correspondiente a la oxidación total de propileno. Aunque la actividad del catalizador de Cu fue prácticamente nula, a las condiciones de operación, la actividad específica del catalizador Pt-Cu se incrementó con el aumento de la proporción contenida de Cu en el catalizador. La velocidad global total, por gramo de catalizador, también se incrementó con la introducción de Cu, pero únicamente a concentraciones medias y altas de propileno. La actividad superficial específica fue mayor para el catalizador sinterizado, para una composición dada del catalizador bimetálico, comparada con la del catalizador fresco (no sinterizado. Para explicar el comportamiento catalítico de la oxidación de propileno, sobre los catalizadores aquí estudiados, se postula que la molécula de propileno se adsorbe con menos fuerza sobre las caras que sobre las esquinas o bordes de los cristales del catalizador, y que el enlace de adsorción sobre un sitio de Pt dado se ve afectado por los átomos de Cu vecinos sobre la superficie causando cambios en la movilidad de las especies adsorbidas. Los resultados cinéticos revelan una dependencia compleja entre la velocidad de reacción y la concentración del propileno. A concentraciones bajas de propileno la velocidad de reacción se incrementó con la concentración hasta que alcanzó un máximo, para seguir con un decrecimiento marcado; y a concentraciones mayores de propileno la cinética de reacción se presenta como de orden cero con respecto al propileno, para unas concentraciones dadas de oxígen o.

  6. 河川水, 海水のCu, Pb, Cd, Znの分布と, その河口域における挙動の予察的研究

    OpenAIRE

    佐藤, 修; Sato, Osamu

    1980-01-01

    This report describes the distribution and speciation of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in natural waters and the laboratory experiments to examine the effects on river water of NaCl. Samples were collected from Tenpaku River, Kiso River, Toyo River and Atsumi Bay. The distribution of labile and total metales were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) before and after u. v. irradiation. CornpIexing capacity was determined by the method proposed by CHAU (1974). Analysis of T...

  7. Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) nanobeads containing imidazole groups for removal of Cu(II) ions

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tuerkmen, Deniz; Yilmaz, Erkut [Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara (Turkey); Oztuerk, Nevra; Akgoel, Sinan [Department of Chemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin (Turkey); Denizli, Adil, E-mail: denizli@hacettepe.edu.tr [Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara (Turkey)

    2009-08-01

    Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) nanobeads with an average size of 300 nm in diameter and with a polydispersity index of 1.156 were produced by a surfactant free emulsion polymerization. Specific surface area of the PHEMA nanobeads was found to be 996 m{sup 2}/g. Imidazole containing 3-(2-imidazoline-1-yl)propyl(triethoxysilane) (IMEO) was used as a metal-chelating ligand. IMEO was covalently attached to the nanobeads. PHEMA-IMEO nanobeads were used for the removal of copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. To evaluate the degree of IMEO loading, the PHEMA nanobeads were subjected to Si analysis by using flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometer and it was estimated as 973 {mu}mol IMEO/g of polymer. The PHEMA nanobeads were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in about 8 min. The adsorption of Cu{sup 2+} ions onto the PHEMA nanobeads was negligible (0.2 mg/g). The IMEO attachment into the PHEMA nanobeads significantly increased the Cu{sup 2+} adsorption capacity (58 mg/g). Adsorption capacity of the PHEMA-IMEO nanobeads increased significantly with increasing concentration. The adsorption of Cu{sup 2+} ions increased with increasing pH and reached a plateau value at around pH 5.0. Competitive heavy metal adsorption from aqueous solutions containing Cu{sup +}, Cd{sup 2+}, Pb{sup 2+} and Hg{sup 2+} was also investigated. The adsorption capacities are 61.4 mg/g (966.9 {mu}mol/g) for Cu{sup 2+}; 180.5 mg/g (899.8 {mu}mol/g) for Hg{sup 2+}; 34.9 mg/g (310.5 {mu}mol/g) for Cd{sup 2+} and 14.3 mg/g (69 {mu}mol/g) for Pb{sup 2+}. The affinity order in molar basis is observed as Cu{sup 2+} > Hg{sup 2+} > Cd{sup 2+} > Pb{sup 2+}. These results may be considered as an indication of higher specificity of the PHEMA-IMEO nanobeads for the Cu{sup 2+} comparing to other ions. Consecutive adsorption and elution operations showed the feasibility of repeated use for PHEMA

  8. Synthesis and characterization of Sn-doped CdZnS nanoparticles

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    Administrator

    Average crystallite size was measured from XRD data by using Scherrer's ... the solar cell.9 This CdZnS ternary compound is also potentially useful as a ... a monochromatic CuKα radiation (λ = 1.540600 Å) and an aperture diaphragm of 0.2°, ...

  9. Effect of Er doping on optical transmission and EL spectra of (Zn, Cd)S:Cu phosphors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Patil, P.K.; Nandgave, J.K.; Lawangar Pawar, R.D.

    1991-01-01

    Powder phosphors((Znsub(0.4)Cdsub(0.6))S)doped with Cu and Er have been prepared under the inert atmosphere of argon. The optical transmission spectra of Cu doped phosphors have been investigated and explained on the basis of copper associated defect states. The improvement of optical transmission of the phosphors due to Er doping has been reported and explained. The EL emission spectrum of (Znsub(0.4)Cdsub(0.6))S:Cu:Er phosphors exhibits two broad bands characteristic of Cu. The absence of characteristic Er bands has been explained as an effect of thermal quenching of Er donor levels. (author). 9 refs., 2 figs

  10. The production of 103Pd and 109Cd from a proton irradiated tandem natAg/natAg targets

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ineza, C.; Mphahlele, J.

    2014-01-01

    This paper describes a new method for the production of 103 Pd and 109 Cd using the 66 MeV proton beam of iThemba LABS on a tandem natural silver target (Ag/Ag). The radiochemical separation of the Pd radionuclides ( 103 Pd, 100 Pd) from the bulk nat Ag was done using a Chelex-100 chelating resin column. The recovery of 103 Pd from the irradiated nat Ag target was found to be >98 % without any Ag or Rh impurities detected. The radiochemical separation of 109 Cd from the bulk nat Ag target was done by the precipitation of Ag ions by Cu followed by the separation of 109 Cd, traces of Ag, Cu 2+ and Rh using a AG1-X10 anion exchange resin column. The recovery yield of 109 Cd was >99 % without any Ag or Rh impurities detected. (author)

  11. Dynamic adsorption of mixtures of Rhodamine B, Pb (II), Cu (II) and Zn(II) ions on composites chitosan-silica-polyethylene glycol membrane

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mahatmanti, F. W.; Rengga, W. D. P.; Kusumastuti, E.; Nuryono

    2018-04-01

    The adsorption of a solution mixture of Rhodamine B, Pb (II), Cu (II) and Zn(II) was studied using dynamic methods employing chitosan-silica-polyethylene glycol (Ch/Si/P) composite membrane as an adsorptive membrane. The composite Ch/Si/P membrane was prepared by mixing a chitosan-based membrane with silica isolated from rice husk ash (ASP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a plasticizer. The resultant composite membrane was a stronger and more flexible membrane than the original chitosan-based membrane as indicated by the maximum percentage of elongation (20.5 %) and minimum Young’s Modulus (80.5 MPa). The composite membrane also showed increased mechanical and hydrophilic properties compared to the chitosan membranes. The membrane was used as adsorption membrane for Pb (II), Cu (II), Cd (II) ions and Rhodamine B dyes in a dynamic system where the permeation and selectivity were determined. The permeation of the components was observed to be in the following order: Rhodamine B > Cd (II) > Pb (II) > Cu (II) whereas the selectivity was shown to decrease the order of Cu (II) > Pb (II) > Cd (II) > Rhodamine B.

  12. Impact of the Cd2+ treatment on the electrical properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Ben Messaoud, K.; Buffière, M.; Brammertz, G.; ElAnzeery, H.; Oueslati, S.; Hamon, J.; Kniknie, B.J.; Meuris, M.; Amlouk, M.; Poortmans, J.

    2015-01-01

    Modification of the absorber surface properties by Cd2+ treatment (Cd2+ partial electrolyte) results in the following: formation of Cd(OH)2 on the absorber surface, deposition of thinner chemical bath-deposited CdS buffer layer, and a smaller space charge region. The impact on electrical

  13. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}, ZnO, and CuO nanoparticles

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mahdavi, Shahriar, E-mail: smahdaviha@yahoo.com; Jalali, Mohsen, E-mail: jalali@basu.ac.ir [College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Department of Soil Science (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Afkhami, Abbas, E-mail: afkhami@basu.ac.ir [College of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Department of Analytical Chemistry (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

    2012-08-15

    This study investigated the removal of Cd{sup 2+}, Cu{sup 2+}, Ni{sup 2+}, and Pb{sup 2+} from aqueous solutions with novel nanoparticle sorbents (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}, ZnO, and CuO) using a range of experimental approaches, including, pH, competing ions, sorbent masses, contact time, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The images showed that Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}, ZnO, and CuO particles had mean diameters of about 50 nm (spheroid), 25 nm (rod shape), and 75 nm (spheroid), respectively. Tests were performed under batch conditions to determine the adsorption rate and uptake at equilibrium from single and multiple component solutions. The maximum uptake values (sum of four metals) in multiple component solutions were 360.6, 114.5, and 73.0 mg g{sup -1}, for ZnO, CuO, and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}, respectively. Based on the average metal removal by the three nanoparticles, the following order was determined for single component solutions: Cd{sup 2+} > Pb{sup 2+} > Cu{sup 2+} > Ni{sup 2+}, while the following order was determined in multiple component solutions: Pb{sup 2+} > Cu{sup 2+} > Cd{sup 2+} > Ni{sup 2+}. Sorption equilibrium isotherms could be described using the Freundlich model in some cases, whereas other isotherms did not follow this model. Furthermore, a pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to correctly describe the experimental data for all nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray before and after metal sorption, and soil solution saturation indices showed that the main mechanism of sorption for Cd{sup 2+} and Pb{sup 2+} was adsorption, whereas both Cu{sup 2+} and Ni{sup 2+} sorption were due to adsorption and precipitation. These nanoparticles have potential for use as efficient sorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions and ZnO nanoparticles were identified as the most promising sorbent due to their high metal uptake.

  14. Distribution of Cd, Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alriksson, A.; Eriksson, H. M.

    2001-01-01

    Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequential extractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn in case of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case of whole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd in the biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in the biomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters of the A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil

  15. Synthesis of cysteamine-coated CdTe quantum dots and its application in mercury (II) detection

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pei Jiying [State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022 (China); Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026 (China); Zhu Hui; Wang Xiaolei [State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022 (China); Zhang Hanchang [Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026 (China); Yang Xiurong, E-mail: xryang@ciac.jl.cn [State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022 (China)

    2012-12-13

    Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer High-quality CA-CdTe QDs were synthesized with a kinetic-growth strategy. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The synthesis procedures were very simple. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The obtained QDs were used to detect Hg{sup 2+} without the interference of Cu{sup 2+}. - Abstract: High-quality cysteamine-coated CdTe quantum dots (CA-CdTe QDs) were successfully synthesized in aqueous phase by a facile one-pot method. Through hydroxylamine hydrochloride-promoted kinetic growth strategy, water-soluble CA-CdTe QDs could be obtained conveniently in a conical flask by a stepwise addition of raw materials. The photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of the obtained QDs reached 9.2% at the emission peak of 520 nm. The optical property and the morphology of the QDs were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra (PL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the resultant QDs was quenched by copper (II) (Cu{sup 2+}) and mercury (II) (Hg{sup 2+}) meanwhile. It is worthy of note that to separately detect Hg{sup 2+}, cyanide ion could be used to eliminate the interference of Cu{sup 2+}. Under the optimal conditions, the response was linearly proportional to the logarithm of Hg{sup 2+} concentration over the range of 0.08-3.33 {mu}M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 {mu}M.

  16. Synthesis and characterization of a surface-grafted Cd(II) ion-imprinted polymer for selective separation of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solution

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Li, Min [State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China); Feng, Changgen, E-mail: cgfeng@cast.org.cn [State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China); Li, Mingyu; Zeng, Qingxuan; Gan, Qiang [State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China); Yang, Haiyan [Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057 (China)

    2015-03-30

    Highlights: • Cd(II) ion-imprinted polymer (Cd(II)-IIP) is prepared. • Cd(II)-IIP shows high stability, good selectivity and reusability. • Cd(II)-IIP can be used as a sorbent for selective removal of Cd(II) ion. - Abstract: A novel Cd(II) ion-imprinted polymer (Cd(II)-IIP) was prepared with surface imprinting technology by using cadmium chloride as a template and allyl thiourea (ATU) as a functional monomer for on-line solid-phase extraction of trace Cd(II) ion and selective separation Cd(II) ion in water samples. The Cd(II)-IIP exhibited good chemical performance and thermal stability. Kinetics studies showed that the equilibrium adsorption was achieved within 8.0 min and the adsorption process can be described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Compared to the Cd(II) non-imprinted polymer (Cd(II)-NIP), the Cd(II)-IIP had a higher adsorption capacity and selectivity for Cd(II) ion. The maximum adsorption capacities of the Cd(II)-IIP and Cd(II)-NIP for Cd(II) were 38.30 and 13.21 mg g{sup −1}, respectively. The relative selectivity coefficients of the adsorbent for Cd(II) in the presence of Cu{sup 2+}, Ni{sup 2+}, Co{sup 2+}, Pb{sup 2+} and Zn{sup 2+} were 2.86, 6.42, 11.50, 9.46 and 3.73, respectively. In addition, the Cd(II) ion adsorbed was easy to remove from sorbent and the Cd(II)-IIP exhibited good stability and reusability. The adsorption capacity had no obvious decrease after being used six times. The accuracy of this method was verified by the standard reference material, it was then applied for cadmium ion determination in different types of water samples.

  17. Positron emission tomography imaging of angiogenesis in a murine hindlimb ischemia model with 64Cu-labeled TRC105.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Orbay, Hakan; Zhang, Yin; Hong, Hao; Hacker, Timothy A; Valdovinos, Hector F; Zagzebski, James A; Theuer, Charles P; Barnhart, Todd E; Cai, Weibo

    2013-07-01

    The goal of this study was to assess ischemia-induced angiogenesis with (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 positron emission tomography (PET) in a murine hindlimb ischemia model of peripheral artery disease (PAD). CD105 binding affinity/specificity of NOTA-conjugated TRC105 (an anti-CD105 antibody) was evaluated by flow cytometry, which exhibited no difference from unconjugated TRC105. BALB/c mice were anesthetized, and the right femoral artery was ligated to induce hindlimb ischemia, with the left hindlimb serving as an internal control. Laser Doppler imaging showed that perfusion in the ischemic hindlimb plummeted to ∼ 20% of the normal level after surgery and gradually recovered to near normal level on day 24. Ischemia-induced angiogenesis was noninvasively monitored and quantified with (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 PET on postoperative days 1, 3, 10, 17, and 24. (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 uptake in the ischemic hindlimb increased significantly from the control level of 1.6 ± 0.2 %ID/g to 14.1 ± 1.9 %ID/g at day 3 (n = 3) and gradually decreased with time (3.4 ± 1.9 %ID/g at day 24), which correlated well with biodistribution studies performed on days 3 and 24. Blocking studies confirmed the CD105 specificity of tracer uptake in the ischemic hindlimb. Increased CD105 expression on days 3 and 10 following ischemia was confirmed by histology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This is the first report of PET imaging of CD105 expression during ischemia-induced angiogenesis. (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 PET may play multiple roles in future PAD-related research and improve PAD patient management by identifying the optimal timing of treatment and monitoring the efficacy of therapy.

  18. Organic acids effects on desorption of heavy metals from a contaminated soil Ácidos orgânicos e seus efeitos na dessorção de metais pesados em solo contaminado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available Phytoremediation of heavy metals is a biotechnology that extracts metals from soils and transfer them to plant. As hyperaccumulator species have demonstrated low potential for commercial phytoextraction, synthetic chelates have been successfully used to induce accumulation of metals by high-biomass plants. However, they pose serious environmental drawbacks regarding excessive amount of metals solubilized. In search for synthetic chelate-alternatives, this paper evaluate the performance of DTPA, EDTA, citric acid, oxalic acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid in desorbing Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni from soil. DTPA and EDTA were highly effective in desorbing Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni from soil. However, the excessively high concentration of metals brought in solution by such chelates limits their application in the field. Citric and oxalic acids desorbed substantial quantities of Zn, Cu, and Ni if applied at 10 or 20 mmol kg-1. At the 20 mmol kg-1 dose, vanillic and gallic acids solubilized significant amounts of Zn, Ni, and Cd from soil. None of the tested low molecular weight organic acids substantially increased the Pb concentration in soil solution.Fitoremediação de metais pesados é uma biotecnologia que usa plantas para extrair metais pesados de solos e transferi-los para a parte aérea. Como espécies naturalmente hiperacumuladoras de metais têm demonstrado baixo potencial para fitoextração comercial, agentes quelantes sintéticos são utilizados para induzir acumulação de metais em plantas de alta produção de biomassa. Esses quelantes, entretanto, apresentam a limitação ambiental de solubilizarem quantidades excessivamente altas de metais. Em busca de alternativas para o uso de quelantes sintéticos, o trabalho avaliou a capacidade de seis quelantes (DTPA, EDTA, ácido cítrico, ácido oxálico, ácido vanílico e ácido gálico na dessorção de Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu e Ni de um solo contaminado. DTPA e EDTA foram eficientes na dessorção de

  19. Índice de contaminação: novo parâmetro para análise de metais e de pesticidas no sangue materno e do cordão umbilical

    OpenAIRE

    Motta, Ilse Sodré da [UNESP

    2014-01-01

    A exposição a metais e pesticidas presentes no meio ambiente apresenta efeitos prejudiciais à saúde da população. Em especial, mulheres grávidas e fetos em desenvolvimento apresentam maiores riscos. O presente estudo foi delineado para avaliar o índice de contaminação por metais e pesticidas em mulheres grávidas na região de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os metais estudados foram: Mo, Cd, Hg, Pb, Co, As, Zn, Mn, Se e Cu e os pesticidas foram: (α- HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH) hexaclorocicloexan...

  20. Effect of zinc addition on properties of cadmium sulfide layer and performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bae, Dowon; Gho, Junghwan; Shin, Minjung; Kwon, Sehan

    2013-01-01

    Cd (1−x) Zn x S (CdS:Zn) thin films were grown on an indium tin oxide-coated glass substrate and Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) surface by chemical bath deposition for solar cell applications, and their composition, and optical properties were studied to decide the optimum process conditions for buffer layer growth. The average conversion efficiency of CIGS solar panels (24-in.) with the CdS:Zn layer was 0.35% higher than that of conventional solar panels mainly because of the increased open-circuit voltage. This efficiency improvement was not due to modification of the optical properties of the buffer layer, but due to the change in the deposition rate during buffer layer growth. - Highlights: ► CdS:Zn buffer layers were fabricated for Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) panels. ► Composition of buffer layers on indium–tin–oxide (ITO) and CIGS was investigated. ► Transmittance of CdS:Zn on ITO coated glass showed 5% higher than CdS. ► Efficiency of CdS:Zn solution adopted panels showed 0.47% higher than that with CdS. ► However, it was revealed that only Cd and S ions were found at the surface of CIGS

  1. Adsorción de metales pesados en andisoles, vertisoles y ácidos húmicos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Enrique Cortés Páez

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Se estudió la adsorción de los metales pesados cadmio (Cd, cobre (Cu, níquel (Ni, plomo (Pb y zinc (Zn en Andisoles (Typic Melanudand y Vertisoles (Epiaquert ústico arcilloso fino isohipertérmico 1% de Colombia y en ácidos húmicos (AH extraídos de muestras de leonardita tomadas en España. En todos los casos se determinaron las propiedades químicas y físicas: pH, capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC, carbono orgánico (%CO, bases intercambiables y contenido total de metales. La composición química de los AH se determinó empleando técnicas espectrométricas como ICP_MS, FTIR, UV-Vis, CPMAS 13C NMR y Py-GC/MS-THMA. Los resultados de adsorción de los metales ajustados al modelo de Freundlich mostraron un comportamiento diferente de los adsorbentes en relación con los metales estudiados, siendo la máxima capacidad de adsorción (K y la fuerza de retención (n de los metales diferente (P Pb > Cu > Ni > Zn; en Andisol: Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni; y en Vertisol: Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Z. Para n en ácidos húmicos: Pb > Zn > Cd > Cu > Ni; en Andisol: Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cd, y en Vertisol: Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd.

  2. Bandgap engineering of Cu2CdxZn1−xSnS4 alloy for photovoltaic applications: A complementary experimental and first-principles study

    KAUST Repository

    Xiao, Zhen-Yu

    2013-11-11

    We report on bandgap engineering of an emerging photovoltaic material of Cu2CdxZn1-xSnS4 (CCZTS) alloy. CCZTS alloy thin films with different Cd contents and single kesterite phase were fabricated using the sol-gel method. The optical absorption measurements indicate that the bandgap of the kesterite CCZTS alloy can be continuously tuned in a range of 1.55-1.09 eV as Cd content varied from x = 0 to 1. Hall effect measurements suggest that the hole concentration of CCZTS films decreases with increasing Cd content. The CCZTS-based solar cell with x = 0.47 demonstrates a power conversion efficiency of 1.2%. Our first-principles calculations based on the hybrid functional method demonstrate that the bandgap of the kesterite CCZTS alloy decreases monotonically with increasing Cd content, supporting the experimental results. Furthermore, Cu2ZnSnS4/Cu 2CdSnS4 interface has a type-I band-alignment with a small valence-band offset, explaining the narrowing of the bandgap of CCZTS as the Cd content increases. Our results suggest that CCZTS alloy is a potentially suitable material to fabricate high-efficiency multi-junction tandem solar cells with different bandgap-tailored absorption layers. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

  3. Determination of some inorganic metals in edible vegetable oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Musa Özcan, M.

    2008-09-01

    Full Text Available Seventeen edible vegetable oils were analyzed spectrometrically for their metal (Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn contents. Toxic metals in edible vegetable oils were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES. The highest metal concentrations were measured as 0.0850, 0.0352, 0.0220, 0.0040, 0.0010, 0.0074, 0.0045, 0.0254 and 0.2870 mg/kg for copper in almond oil, for iron in corn oil-(c, for manganese in soybean oil, for cobalt in sunflower oil-(b and almond oil, for chromium in almond oil, for lead in virgin olive oil, for cadmium in sunflower oil-(e, for nickel almond oil and for zinc in almond oil respectively. The method for determining toxic metals in edible vegetable oils by using ICP-AES is discussed. The metals were extracted from low quantities of oil (2-3 g with a 10% nitric acid solution. The extracted metal in acid solution can be injected into the ICPAES. The proposed method is simple and allows the metals to be determined in edible vegetable oils with a precision estimated below 10% relative standard deviation (RSD for Cu, 5% for Fe, 15% for Mn, 8% for Co, 10% for Cr, 20% for Pb, 5% for Cd, 16% for Ni and 11% for Zn.En este estudio se analizó espectrométricamente el contenido en metales (Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn de 17 aceites vegetales comestibles mediante ICP-AES. Las concentaciones más elevadas se encontraron para el cobre en el aceite de almendra (0.0850 mg/kg, para el hierro en el aceite de maiz(c,(0.0352 mg/kg, para el manganeso en el aceite de soja (0.0220 mg/kg, para el cobalto en el aceite de girasol (b (0.0040 mg/kg, para el cromo en el aceite de almendra (0.0010 mg/kg, para el plomo en el aceite de oliva virgen (0.0074 mg/kg, para el cadmio en el aceite de girasol (e (0.0045 mg/kg, para el niquel en el aceite de almendra (0.0254 mg/kg y para el zincen el aceite de almendra (0.2870 mg/kg. Los metales se extrajeron a partir de bajas cantidades de aceite (2-3 g, con

  4. Influence of CdSe layer air-baking on physical properties of CdSe-As2Se3 heterostructures

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schauer, F.; Heza, S.; Kosek, F.; Cimpl, Z.

    1980-01-01

    An investigation is made of the influence of the air-baking time on the physical properties of a CdSe layer, which is a part of the heterogeneous structure CdSe-As 2 Se 3 used as a camera tube target. The I-U characteristics, C-U characteristics, the dependence of both the real and imaginary part admittance on frequency, and the photoconductance characteristics are measured. All measurements are carried out on heterostructures prepared with variable air-baking time of the CdSe layer: t =0, 5, 15, 40, and 120 min. The results of measurements contribute to the finding of the optimal production procedure with a minimum baking time of tsub(min) = 15 min. The heterostructures exhibit satisfactory properties. The dark current Isub(d)(U =1 V, T = 300 K) = 10 -10 Acm -2 with a rectification factor g(U = 10 V) = 10 6 and a capacitance C (2 kHz) = 2900 pFcm -2 . (author)

  5. Intratumoral distribution of CU-ATSM and FDG: immunohistochemical characterization of the region with high CU-ATSM or FDG accumulation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Takako, Furukawa; Tsuneo, Saga; Yasuhisa, Fujibayashi [Institute of Radiological Sciences, Dept. of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging Center, Nationa, Chiba (Japan); Takako, Furukawa; Takeshi, Tanaka; Yasuhisa, Fujibayashi [Fukui Univ., Biomedica Imaging Research Center (Japan)

    2006-07-01

    Intratumoral distribution of [Cu-64]Cu-di-acetyl-bis (N4-methyl-thio-semi-carbazone ) ({sup 64}Cu-ATSM) and fluorine-18 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ({sup 18}FDG) in mice bearing tumors of four different origins, LLC1 (Lewis lung carcinoma), Meth-A (sarcoma), B16 (melanoma) and colon26 (adenocarcinoma), were compared to the immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cells (Ki67), blood vessels (CD34 or von Willebrand Factor (vWF)) and apoptotic cells (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method). With all the cell lines, {sup 64}Cu-ATSM and {sup 18}FDG were distributed to different regions of the tumor mass. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated that the high {sup 64}Cu-ASTM uptake regions were hypo-vascular and consisted of tumor cells arrested in cell cycle, while the high {sup 18}FGD uptake regions were hyper-vascular and consisted of proliferating cells. Through our study, it was revealed that one tumor mass contains two regions of different characteristics, which can be distinguished by {sup 64}Cu-ATSM and {sup 18}FDG. Since hypoxia and cell cycle arrest are critical factors to reduce the sensitivity of tumor to radiation and conventional chemotherapy, regions with such characteristics in tumor should be treated intensively as one of the primary targets. {sup 64}Cu-ATSM which can delineate hypoxic and cell cycle arrested regions in tumors can provide valuable information for cancer treatment as well as the possibility to treat such regions directly as an internal radiotherapy reagent. (author)

  6. Comparative toxicity of VO3-, CrO42-, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ to lettuce seedlings

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Berry, W.L.

    1978-01-01

    Lettuce seeds imbibed, germinated, and grown in a 0.1-strength modified Hoagland culture solution were subjected to a series of increasing concentrations of individual heavy metals up to and exceeding lethal levels. After an exposure of 5 days, seedlings were harvested, examined, and measured to determine toxic effects. A log--log plot of root length (yield) vs. heavy metal concentration was made for each metal to produce a dose response curve. The curves showed a growth plateau at low concentrations of the respective metals which was equivalent to the growth of the control. All metals inhibited root growth and caused lethal toxicity in the sub- and low-milliequivalent range. When concentrations of the tested metals exceeded their thresholds of acute toxicity, root growth was inhibited. In the zone of inhibition, between the acute toxic threshold and complete inhibition, the log--log dose response curves were approximately linear or were a series of linear steps. The threshold toxicity and the response slope were characteristic for each metal. Seedling lettuce showed a monophasic response to VO 3 - , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ ; a biphasic response to CrO 4 2 -, Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Cd 2+ ; and a quadraphasic response to Co 2+ . The acute toxicity threshold on an equivalent basis increased according to the following sequence: Cd 2+ much less than VO 3 - 2+ 2+ 2+ 4 2- 2+ much less than Mn 2+ . On this basis, Cd 2+ is the most toxic of the trace elements tested

  7. Tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes in early breast cancer reflect lymph node involvement Linfócitos T CD4+ tumor infiltrantes no câncer de mama inicial refletem envolvimento linfonodal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexandre Henrique Macchetti

    2006-06-01

    élulas tumorais para os linfonodos axilares. MÉTODOS: Amostras tumorais de 23 pacientes com câncer de mama inicial do Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (USP foram obtidas no momento da biópsia e depois submetidas ao método de digestão enzimática para a extração dos linfócitos tumor infiltrantes. Os linfócitos extraídos foram analisados por citometria de fluxo com anticorpos monoclonais nas seguintes combinações: CD3 FITC/CD19 PE, CD3 FITC/CD4 PE, CD3 FITC/CD8 PE, e CD16/56 PerCP, específicos para imunofenotipagem de linfócitos T e B, linfócitos T helper, linfócitos citotóxicos, e células Natural Killer. Os valores médios destas subpopulações leucocitárias foram comparados entre grupos de pacientes com ou sem metástases linfonodais. RESULTADOS: O valor médio do infiltrado por linfócitos T foi 24,72±17,37%, para o infiltrado por linfócitos B foi 4,22±6,27%, e para o infiltrado por células Natural Killer foi 4,41±5,22%, e para o infiltrado por linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ foram, respectivamente, 12,43±10,12% e 11,30±15,09%. Os valores médios do infiltrado por células T e T CD4+ foram maiores no grupo de pacientes com metástase axilar, enquanto nas outras subpopulações nada foi encontrado. CONCLUSÃO: A associação dos linfócitos T CD4+ tumor infiltrantes com metástases linfonodais sugere um papel destas células na disseminação das células neoplásicas aos linfonodos dos pacientes com câncer de mama inicial.

  8. Performance and Metastability of CdTe Solar Cells with a Te Back-Contact Buffer Layer

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moore, Andrew

    Thin-film CdTe photovoltaics are quickly maturing into a viable clean-energy solution through demonstration of competitive costs and performance stability with existing energy sources. Over the last half decade, CdTe solar technology has achieved major gains in performance; however, there are still aspects that can be improved to progress toward their theoretical maximum efficiency. Perhaps equally valuable as high photovoltaic efficiency and a low levelized cost of energy, is device reliability. Understanding the root causes for changes in performance is essential for accomplishing long-term stability. One area for potential performance enhancement is the back contact of the CdTe device. This research incorporated a thin-film Te-buffer layer into the contact structure, between the CdTe and contact metal. The device performance and characteristics of many different back contact configurations were rigorously studied. CdTe solar cells fabricated with the Te-buffer contact showed short-circuit current densities and open-circuit voltages that were on par with the traditional back-contacts used at CSU. However, the Te-buffer contact typically produced 2% larger fill-factors on average, leading to greater conversation efficiency. Furthermore, using the Te buffer allowed for incorporation of 50% less Cu, which is used for p-type doping but is also known to decrease lifetime and stability. This resulted in an additional 3% fill-factor gain with no change in other parameters compared to the standard-Cu treated device. In order to better understand the physical mechanisms of the Te-buffer contact, electrical and material properties of the Te layer were extracted and used to construct a simple energy band diagram. The Te layer was found to be highly p-type (>1018 cm-3) and possess a positive valence-band offset of 0.35-0.40 eV with CdTe. An existing simulation model incorporating the Te-layer properties was implemented and validated by comparing simulated results of Cd

  9. Expressão citofotométrica quantitativa da CASPASE-3 e do CD-34 no carcinoma ductal infiltrante de mama

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fábio Santana dos Passos

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Descrever, correlacionar e comparar a expressão dos marcadores tumorais CD-34 (angiogênese e caspase-3 (apoptose em carcinoma ductal invasor de mama. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 22 casos de adenocarcinoma infiltrante de mama provenientes de blocos de parafina e, após preparo específico para imunoistoquímica, 15 apresentaram leitura satisfatória e foram avaliados pelo sistema de fotocitometria de imagem SAMBA 4000® e software IMMUNO®. Os parâmetros analisados foram o índice de marcagem e densidade óptica. RESULTADOS: Para o CD-34 não houve normalidade dos dados na análise do índice de marcagem, com obtenção de P=0,019, havendo normalidade para a análise da densidade óptica, com P=0,199. Para a caspase-3 houve normalidade de dados para o índice marcagem com P=0,306 e para a densidade óptica com P=0,114; não houve diferença estatística significativa entre eles em relação à média do índice de marcagem (P=0,872 e da densidade óptica (P=0,816, quando analisados os parâmetros que definem a expressão dos marcadores; existiu tendência à associação entre a densidade óptica e o índice de marcagem do marcador tumoral caspase-3, com P=0,025. Não foi observada tendência à associação quando comparados densidade óptica e índice de marcagem do marcador tumoral CD-34; índice de marcagem do marcador tumoral caspase-3 e índice de marcagem do marcador tumoral CD-34; e densidade óptica da caspase-3 com a do CD-34. CONCLUSÃO: Dos 22 casos incluídos foi possível verificar a expressão do marcador CD-34 em 18 lâminas e da caspase-3 em 22 lâminas; Para o CD-34 não houve normalidade dos dados na análise do índice de marcagem, havendo sim normalidade para a análise da densidade óptica. Para a caspase-3 houve normalidade de dados tanto para o índice de marcagem como para a densidade óptica. Existe tendência à associação entre a densidade óptica e o índice de marcagem da caspase-3. Não foi observada

  10. Effect of zinc addition on properties of cadmium sulfide layer and performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} solar cell

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bae, Dowon, E-mail: bae.dowon@yahoo.co.kr; Gho, Junghwan; Shin, Minjung; Kwon, Sehan

    2013-05-01

    Cd{sub (1−x)}Zn{sub x}S (CdS:Zn) thin films were grown on an indium tin oxide-coated glass substrate and Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGS) surface by chemical bath deposition for solar cell applications, and their composition, and optical properties were studied to decide the optimum process conditions for buffer layer growth. The average conversion efficiency of CIGS solar panels (24-in.) with the CdS:Zn layer was 0.35% higher than that of conventional solar panels mainly because of the increased open-circuit voltage. This efficiency improvement was not due to modification of the optical properties of the buffer layer, but due to the change in the deposition rate during buffer layer growth. - Highlights: ► CdS:Zn buffer layers were fabricated for Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) panels. ► Composition of buffer layers on indium–tin–oxide (ITO) and CIGS was investigated. ► Transmittance of CdS:Zn on ITO coated glass showed 5% higher than CdS. ► Efficiency of CdS:Zn solution adopted panels showed 0.47% higher than that with CdS. ► However, it was revealed that only Cd and S ions were found at the surface of CIGS.

  11. Ultrasensitive Detection of Cu2+ Using a Microcantilever Sensor Modified with L-Cysteine Self-Assembled Monolayer.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Xu, Xiaohe; Zhang, Na; Brown, Gilbert M; Thundat, Thomas G; Ji, Hai-Feng

    2017-10-01

    A microcantilever was modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of L-cysteine for the sensitively and selectively response to Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution. The microcantilever undergoes bending due to sorption of Cu(II) ions. The interaction of Cu(II) ions with the L-cysteine on the cantilever is diffusion controlled and does not follow a simple Langmuir adsorption model. A concentration of 10 -10  M Cu(II) was detected in a fluid cell using this technology. Other cations, such as Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Ca 2+ , K + , and Na + , did not respond with a significant deflection, indicating that this L-cysteine-modified cantilever responded selectively and sensitively to Cu(II).

  12. Neutron scattering studies on phase transitions in (CD3ND3)2CuCl4 and MnCl2.4H2O

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Steijger, J.J.M.

    1982-10-01

    In this thesis the results of neutron scattering experiments and measurements of the susceptibility on some compounds which display magnetic and/or structural phase transitions, are described. Following an introductory chapter, chapter 2 shows that neutron scattering can be used as a tool for unravelling problems in crystallographic and magnetic structure. The qualitative different scattering patterns for scatters are described. In chapters 3 and 4 an investigation on the layered ferromagnets (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 CuCl 4 and (CD 3 ND 3 ) 2 CuCl 4 is described. In these materials the copper ions, which carry the magnetic moment, are more closely spaced in the ab-planes, and consequently the magnetic interactions in these planes are stronger than those in the direction perpendicular to these planes by about a factor of 10 5 . Chapter 5 presents a discussion and a calculation of demagnetizing and dipole fields. The second part of this thesis is concerned with the transition from the antiferromagnetic to the paramagnetic phase in MnCl 2 .4H 2 O in the presence of a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the preferred direction of the magnetic moments. The theory is reviewed in chapter 6 and in chapter 7 the correction procedure for inhomogeneous internal fields is applied to the measurements on MnCl 2 .4H 2 O. (Auth./C.F.)

  13. An Amidochlorin-Based Colorimetric Fluorescent Probe for Selective Cu2+ Detection

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wenting Li

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available The design and synthesis of selective and sensitive chemosensors for the quantification of environmentally and biologically important ionic species has attracted widespread attention. Amidochlorin p6 (ACP; an effective colorimetric and fluorescent probe for copper ions (Cu2+ in aqueous solution derived from methyl pheophorbide-a (MPa was designed and synthesized. A remarkable color change from pale yellow to blue was easily observed by the naked eye upon addition of Cu2+; and a fluorescence quenching was also determined. The research of fluorescent quenching of ACP-Cu2+ complexation showed the detection limit was 7.5 × 10−8 mol/L; which suggested that ACP can act as a high sensitive probe for Cu2+ and can be used to quantitatively detect low levels of Cu2+ in aqueous solution. In aqueous solution the probe exhibits excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward Cu2+ ions over other metal ions (M = Zn2+; Ni2+; Ba2+; Ag+; Co2+; Na+; K+; Mg2+; Cd2+; Pb2+; Mn2+; Fe3+; and Ca2+. The obvious change from pale yellow to blue upon the addition of Cu2+ could make it a suitable “naked eye” indicator for Cu2+.

  14. Supply risks associated with CdTe and CIGS thin-film photovoltaics

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Helbig, Christoph; Bradshaw, Alex M.; Kolotzek, Christoph; Thorenz, Andrea; Tuma, Axel

    2016-01-01

    Highlights: • Supply risks associated with thin film photovoltaic technologies are considered. • Eleven supply risk indicators are used to evaluate Cd, Te, Cu, In, Ga, Se and Mo. • Indicator weighting based on peer assessment and an Analytic Hierarchy Process. • Various possibilities for the aggregation of elemental supply risks discussed. • Aggregated results show a marginally lower supply risk for CdTe than for CIGS. - Abstract: As a result of the global warming potential of fossil fuels there has been a rapid growth in the installation of photovoltaic generating capacity in the last decade. While this market is dominated by crystalline silicon, thin-film photovoltaics are still expected to make a substantial contribution to global electricity supply in future, due both to lower production costs and to recent increases in conversion efficiency. At present, cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper-indium-gallium diselenide (CuIn_xGa_1_−_xSe_2) seem to be the most promising materials and currently have a share of ≈9% of the photovoltaic market. An expected stronger market penetration by these thin-film technologies raises the question as to the supply risks associated with the constituent elements. Against this background, we report here a semi-quantitative, relative assessment of mid- to long-term supply risk associated with the elements Cd, Te, Cu, In, Ga, Se and Mo. In this approach, the supply risk is measured using 11 indicators in the four categories “Risk of Supply Reduction”, “Risk of Demand Increase”, “Concentration Risk” and “Political Risk”. In a second step, the single indicator values, which are derived from publicly accessible databases, are weighted relative to each other specifically for the case of thin film photovoltaics. For this purpose, a survey among colleagues and an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach are used, in order to obtain a relative, element-specific value for the supply risk. The aggregation of these

  15. An investigation about the improvement of Tc for the n-type superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang Cong; Liang Jingkui; Chen Xiaolong; Min Jinrong; Cheng Xiangrong; Zhuang Weidong; Rao Guanghui

    1994-01-01

    Nd 2-x Ce x CuO 4 (x = 0.12 to 0.18) with T onset = 17 to 26 K is synthesized from the nominal composition of Nd 2-x Ce x CuO 4 + nSrCuO 2 (+nCaCuO 2 ) (n = 1, 2) under standard conditions without high pressure treatment. The sintering temperature, atmosphere, and synthetic procedure are important for the superconductivity of Nd 2-x Ce x CuO 4 . It is difficult to build up n blocks of SrCuO 2 , CaCuO 2 , or CdCuO 2 on Nd 2-x Ce x CuO 4 so as to add CuO 2 layers. In addition, the crystal structure and electrical resistance of Nd 2-x Ce x CuO 4 are studied. (orig.)

  16. Growth and Magnetotransport Properties of Dirac Semimetal Candidate Cu3PdN

    Science.gov (United States)

    Quintela, C. X.; Campbell, N.; Harris, D. T.; Shao, D. F.; Xie, L.; Pan, X. Q.; Tsymbal, E. Y.; Rzchowski, M. S.; Eom, C. B.

    Since the discovery of three-dimensional Dirac semimetals (DSM) Cd3As2 and Na3Bi, many efforts have been made to identify new DSM materials. Recently, nitride antiperovskite Cu3PdN has been proposed by two different groups as a new DSM candidate. However, until now, the experimental realization of bulk Cu3PdN and the study of its electronic properties has been hindered due to the difficulty of synthesizing bulk single crystals of this material. Here, we report the first growth and magnetotransport characterization of epitaxial Cu3PdN thin films on (001) SrTiO3 substrates. Magnetotransport measurements reveal p-type metallic conduction with very low temperature coefficient of the resistance and small non-linear magnetoresistance at low temperatures. The successful growth of Cu3PdN thin films opens the path to investigating the unknown electronic properties of this material, and provides a template for further research on other antiperovskite DSM candidates such as Cu3ZnN.

  17. Investigation of Cu2+, Cd2+-[Cr(SCN)6]3--DMSO systems in aqueous solution

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cherkasova, T.G.; Tatarinova, Eh.S.; Kuznethova, O.A.; Tryasunov, B.G.

    1990-01-01

    Physicochemical methods are used to study Cd 2+ -hexarhodanochromate(3) (A) - dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) system. Cd 3 A 2 ·4H 2 O and Cd 3 A 2 ·3DMSO composition cadmium complexes are extracted, their density is measured, magnetic properties and behaviour in different solvents are determined. Complexes individuality is proved by methods of IR spectroscopy and x-ray phase analysis. Thermal behaviour of compounds is studied under their air heating up to 1000 deg C

  18. Proficiency test Plant 6 - determination of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn in dry mushroom powder (Suillus bovinus)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Polkowska-Motrenko, H.; Dudek, J.; Chajduk, E.; Sypula, M.; Sadowska-Bratek, M.

    2006-01-01

    Proficiency testing scheme PLANT 6: Determination of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn in dry mushroom powder (Suillus bovinus) has been described. The proficiency test has been provided by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (Warsaw) with cooperation with POLLAB-CHEM/EURACHEM-PL and REFMAT Society. Wild mushrooms were collected in the forest in north-west Poland, cleaned, i.e. dust, soil and attached mosses were removed. Mushrooms were cut into smaller parts and air dried in a dryer. Dried mushrooms were milled in a centrifugal mill and sieved. Particles of fraction below 1 mm diameter were collected. Analytical samples of 20 g mass were prepared. The material were then characterized by homogeneity testing and determination of assigned values for concentration of elements in question. The testing samples were sent to the laboratories participating in the proficiency test. The results supplied by the participants were statistically evaluated and the calculated values of z-score and En numbers were used for the evaluation of the participating laboratory competency. (author)

  19. Remediation of Cu in the Contaminated Soil by Using Equisetum debile (Horsetail

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Irna Rahmaniar

    2015-05-01

    Full Text Available Paddy fields in the Rancaekek area, Bandung Regency-Indonesia, has been contaminated by textile wastewater. The area needs to recover back to its normal condition and function. Several compounds were found in the soil, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, and Cr. Phytoremediation was selected as a site remediation strategy, which employs plants to remove non-volatile and immiscible soil contents. The objective of the study was to determine the ability of Equisetum debile to absorb Cu from the contaminated soil. Cu measurement was conducted by using the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method. The study has shown that Equisetum debile can absorb Cu concentrations of up to 25.3 ppm in 60 days after initial planting. However, the Enrichment Coefficient value (0.392 indicated that Equisetum debile was not efficient as a hyperaccumulator plant.

  20. Thermal decomposition studies of CuInS2

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    Sunil H. CHAKI

    2008-01-01

    Single crystals of copper indium disulphide (CuInS2) have been successfully grown by the chemical vapour transport (CVT) technique using iodine as the transporting agent. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out for the CVT grown CuInS2 single crystals. It was revealed that the crystals are thermally stable between the ambient temperature (300 K) and 845 K and that the decomposi-tion occurs sequentially in three steps. The kinetic para-meters, e.g., activation energy, order of reaction, and frequency factor were evaluated using non-mechanistic equations for thermal decomposition.

  1. Reseña de los trabajos de grado en el Departamento de Física de la Universidad Nacional. (1988 - II sem. 1989

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Revista de física Momento

    1989-01-01

    Full Text Available Estudlo de Propledades Superconductoras de Compuestos Blnarlos / Diseño, Construcción y Prueba de un Espectrómetro de Electrones Auger / Diseño, Construcción y Caracterlzacón de una Fuente de lones para implantación en Semiconductores / Producclon de películas de Cu2S para la fabricación de celdas solares de Cu2S /CdS / Construcclón de un filtro de Wien para el implantador de lones / Estudios de difracción de rayos x y microscopía electrónica de barrido en celdas solares de Cu2S-CdS / Mecanísmos de transorte eléctrico en películas delgadas (ZnCd y CdS / Detección y medición de lujos de neutrones / Programa de control de calidad para radiodiagnóstico en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Estudio y comparación de las distribuciones de dosis de radiación en las diferentes técnicas utilizadas en teleterapia / Estudio de las propiedades termonluminiscentes de detectores de fluoruro de litio para aplicaciones en dosimetría por termoluminiscencia / Evaluación de dosis por contaminación interna debida al I-131 en el Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares / Modelos radiobiológicos de utilidad en radioterapia práctica / Proyecto de reglamento sobre radiaciones ionizantes / Módulo para experimentación en acústica / Diseño y construcción de un amplificador analógico sincrónico Lock-in / Influencia del oxigeno en superconductores cdalientes analizada mediante espectrometría de masas / Estudio de la radiación térmica: Una aproximación experimental / Análisis cualitativo y semicuantitativo de muestras de hierro por el método de espectroscopía de emisión / Aplicación del tubo de calor a procesos de destilación / Estudio de la plasticidad en monocristales metálicos.

  2. Síntese e caracterização de compósito magnético nanoestruturado contendo óxido de manganês para remoção de íons Cd(II do meio aquoso

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    A. P. Heitmann

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available O tratamento de efluentes contendo cádmio é de grande interesse devido à persistência desse contaminante no meio ambiente e às graves doenças que pode causar ao homem. No presente trabalho, foi utilizado o compósito magnético Mn3O4/Fe3O4 como adsorvente do íon cádmio (II em meio aquoso. O material adsorvente foi sintetizado e caracterizado segundo as técnicas de difração de raios X (DRX, espectroscopia Raman, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e sorção de N2 (BET. Ênfase foi dada à quantificação das fases do compósito pela análise de DRX combinada ao método Rietveld. O estudo de adsorção foi realizado variando o pH do meio e a concentração do íon cádmio em solução. A análise dos resultados possibilitou verificar que a remoção de Cd(II utilizando compósito magnético Mn3O4/Fe3O4 em meio aquoso é dependente do pH duplicando a medida que o pH varia de 3 para 7. O estudo de imobilização do íon contaminante em solução apresentou valores significativos de capacidade máxima de adsorção, de 12,3 mgCd/g no pH 6 e 13,6 mgCd/g no pH 7, indicando uma remoção de até 98% para concentrações baixas do íon, sugerindo que o adsorvente apresenta elevado potencial para remoção de Cd(II em meio aquoso.

  3. Tolerância de rizóbios de diferentes procedências ao zinco, cobre e cádmio Tolerance of rhizobia genera from different origins to zinc, copper and cadmium

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexandre Matsuda

    2002-03-01

    Full Text Available Sessenta estirpes/isolados dos gêneros Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium e Azorhizobium, procedentes de diferentes locais (Mata Atlântica, Amazônia, culturas agrícolas e experimentos com metais pesados e de espécies hospedeiras pertencentes às subfamílias Papilionoideae, Mimosoideae e Caesalpinoideae, foram avaliadas quanto à tolerância a Zn, Cu e Cd em meio YMA modificado pela adição de tampões biológicos (HEPES e MES e suplementados com Cu (0 a 60 mg L-1, Cd (0 a 60 mg L-1 e Zn (0 a 1.000 mg L-1. Mediante padrões de crescimento atribuídos às culturas nas diferentes concentrações dos metais, avaliaram-se as concentrações máximas toleradas e as doses tóxicas destes metais para redução de crescimento em 25% (DT25 e 50% (DT50. Não houve influência da procedência na concentração máxima de metal tolerada. A ordem de sensibilidade aos metais, considerando-se as concentrações máximas toleradas, foi Azorhizobium > Rhizobium = Mesorhizobium = Sinorhizobium > Bradyrhizobium. A DT25 e a DT50 foram úteis para diferenciarem estirpes/isolados de um mesmo gênero, que atingiram a mesma concentração máxima tolerada a Zn, Cu e Cd. A ordem de toxicidade dos metais estudados foi Cu > Cd > Zn.Sixty strains/isolates of the genera Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Azorhizobium, isolated from different hosts (legume subfamilies: Papilionoideae, Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae and location (Atlantic Forest, Amazon region, crop plantings and heavy metal experiments, were evaluated for Zn, Cu and Cd tolerance in YMA medium modified by the addition of biological buffers (HEPES and MES and supplemented with Cu (0 to 60 mg L-1, Cd (0 to 60 mg L-1, and Zn (0 to 1,000 mg L-1sulphates. Growth standards were applied to evaluate rhizobia cultures growth at different metal concentrations, allowing evaluation of highest tolerated concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd and the toxic doses

  4. Development, validation and accreditation of a method for the determination of Pb, Cd, Cu and As in seafood and fish feed samples.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Psoma, A K; Pasias, I N; Rousis, N I; Barkonikos, K A; Thomaidis, N S

    2014-05-15

    A rapid, sensitive, accurate and precise method for the determination of Pb, Cd, As and Cu in seafood and fish feed samples by Simultaneous Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was developed in regard to Council Directive 333/2007EC and ISO/IEC 17025 (2005). Different approaches were investigated in order to shorten the analysis time, always taking into account the sensitivity. For method validation, precision (repeatability and reproducibility) and accuracy by addition recovery tests have been assessed as performance criteria. The expanded uncertainties based on the Eurachem/Citac Guidelines were calculated. The method was accredited by the Hellenic Accreditation System and it was applied for an 8 years study in seafood (n=202) and fish feeds (n=275) from the Greek market. The annual and seasonal variation of the elemental content and correlation among the elemental content in fish feeds and the respective fish samples were also accomplished. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Etude d’impact des métaux traces (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu et Zn) dans les cystes et la biomasse "d’Artemia" exploités dans la saline de Sfax

    OpenAIRE

    Aloui, N.; Amorri, M.; Choub., L.

    2010-01-01

    RESUME La saline de Sfax constitue un site potentiel pour l’exploitation et la production de l’Artemia locale. Des quantités importantes d’Artemia sont exploitées chaque année (60 kg de cystes poids sec) et sont utilisées en alimentation larvaire. Afin de démontrer l’impact de divers rejets industriels, agricoles dans cette saline, nous avons procédé à la détermination de quelques métaux traces toxiques : le mercure (Hg), le cadmium (Cd), le plomb (Pb), le cuivre (Cu) et le zinc (Zn) p...

  6. The quadrupole moments of Cd and Zn isotopes - an apology

    Science.gov (United States)

    Haas, H.; Barbosa, M. B.; Correia, J. G.

    2016-12-01

    In 2010 we presented an update of the nuclear quadrupole moments (Q) for the Cd and Zn isotopes, based essentially on straightforward density functional (DF) calculations (H. Haas and J.G. Correia, Hyperfine Interact 198, 133-137 (2010)). It has been apparent for some years that the standard DF procedure obviously fails, however, to reproduce the known electric-field gradient (EFG) for various systems, typical cases being Cu2O, As and Sb, and the solid halogens. Recently a cure for this deficiency has been found in the hybrid DF technique. This method is now applied to solid Cd and Zn, and the resultant quadrupole moments are about 15 % smaller than in our earlier report. Also nuclear systematics, using the recently revised values of Q for the long-lived 11/2 isomers in111Cd to129Cd, together with earlier PAD data for107,109Cd, leads to the same conclusion. In addition, EFG calculations for the cadmium dimethyl molecule further support the new values: Q(111Cd, 5/2+) = .683(20) b, Q(67Zn, gs) = .132(5) b. This implies, that the value for the atomic EFG in the 3it {P}1 state of Zn must be revised, as it has been for Cd.

  7. Lineage determination of CD7+ CD5- CD2- and CD7+ CD5+ CD2- lymphoblasts: studies on phenotype, genotype, and gene expression of myeloperoxidase, CD3 epsilon, and CD3 delta.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yoneda, N; Tatsumi, E; Teshigawara, K; Nagata, S; Nagano, T; Kishimoto, Y; Kimura, T; Yasunaga, K; Yamaguchi, N

    1994-04-01

    The gene expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), CD3 epsilon, and CD3 delta molecules, the gene rearrangement of T-cell receptor (TCR) delta, gamma, and beta and immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) chain, and the expression of cell-surface antigens were investigated in seven cases of CD7+ CD5- CD2- and four cases of CD7+ CD5+ CD2- acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma (ALL/LBL) blasts, which were negative for cytochemical myeloperoxidase (cyMPO). More mature T-lineage blasts were also investigated in a comparative manner. In conclusion, the CD7+ CD5- CD2- blasts included four categories: undifferentiated blasts without lineage commitment, T-lineage blasts, T-/myeloid lineage blasts, and cyMPO-negative myeloblasts. The CD7+ CD5+ CD2- blasts included two categories; T-lineage and T-/myeloid lineage blasts. The 11 cases were of the germ-line gene (G) for TCR beta and IgH. Four cases were G for TCR delta and TCR gamma. The others were of the monoclonally rearranged gene (R) for TCR delta and G for TCR gamma or R for both TCR delta and TCR gamma. The expression or in vitro induction of CD13 and/or CD33 antigens correlated with the immaturity of these neoplastic T cells, since it was observed in all 11 CD7+ CD5- CD2- and CD7+ CD5+ CD2-, and some CD7+ CD5+ CD2+ (CD3- CD4- CD8-) cases, but not in CD3 +/- CD4+ CD8+ or CD3+ CD4+ CD8- cases. CD3 epsilon mRNA, but not CD3 delta mRNA, was detected in two CD7+ CD5- CD2- cases, while mRNA of neither of the two CD3 molecules was detected in the other tested CD7+ CD5- CD2- cases. In contrast, mRNA of both CD3 epsilon and CD3 delta were detected in all CD7+ CD5+ CD2- cases, indicating that CD7+ CD5- CD2- blasts at least belong to T-lineage. The blasts of two CD7+ CD5- CD2- cases with entire germ-line genes and without mRNA of the three molecules (MPO, CD3 epsilon, and CD3 delta) were regarded as being at an undifferentiated stage prior to their commitment to either T- or myeloid-lineage. The co-expression of the genes of MPO

  8. Determination of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd by Atomic Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma in Organs of the Specie Gambusia punctata (Poeciliidae)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Argota Perez, George; Argota Coello, Humberto; Rodriguez Amado, Jesus; Fernandez Heredia, Angel

    2013-01-01

    The aim of this research was to adequate the ICP-AES method to the quantification of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in brain, liver and gills of the specie Gambusia punctata, in order to know the level of exposure of the ecosystems San Juan and File in Santiago de Cuba province. To achieve the fitness for purpose of the method, limits of detection, reproducibility and accuracy were evaluated using reference certificated materials of fishes. The biological samples were classified according the ecosystem, length, sex and organ. It were dried, digested with mix of acids and the metals measured in the spectrometer. The results demonstrated that factors as length and sex have not influence in the bioaccumulation, whereas the gill was the organ where all the elements were bioaccumulated. Finally, due that the smallest concentrations of metals were in the File ecosystem, it could be used as an environmental reference

  9. Ferrite formation in the MeO – Fe2O3 (Me - Zn, Cd, Cu) systems and its impact for the zinc hydrometallurgy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Boyanov, Boyan S.; Cherkezova-Zheleva, Zara

    2011-01-01

    Study on the solid state interactions between MeO (Me - Zn, Cd, Cu) and α-Fe 2 O 3 is very important for metallurgy as well as for the preparation of magnetic materials and new catalysts. Zinc, copper and cadmium ferrites are obtained by the conventional ceramic technology. Chemical, DTA and TG analyses, Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis have been used in the study of intermediate and final products of solid state interactions. The kinetics of formation of MeFe 2 O 4 is investigated by different kinetics equations and the activation energy values are obtained. The ferrite formation process in the system ZnO - α-Fe 2 O 3 and the effectiveness of zinc extraction during the hydrometallurgical treatment of the zinc calcine and the fuming of zinc containing slags are discussed. Key words: ferrites, zinc, copper, cadmium, kinetics, zinc concentrate, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Xray phase analysis

  10. Evaluación de la toxicidad y de la bioacumulación del Cu en un cultivo acumulador (Lactuca sativa L.) y otro no-acumulador (Solanum lycopersicum L.) en suelos agrícolas mediterráneos representativos, como base para la propuesta de estrategias de gestión

    OpenAIRE

    Sacristán Moraga, Daniel

    2015-01-01

    Las principales conclusiones de la presente Tesis son: 1. Los valores de toxicidad establecidos para los diferentes suelos cultivados con lechuga de las diferentes regiones agrícolas mediterráneas consideradas abarcaron rangos similares, siendo de 8 a 752 mgCu/kg en la región española y de 49 a 728 mgCu/kg en la australiana. En ambos casos, el valor máximo se obtuvo para el suelo con el mayor pH y el mayor contenido en arcilla, independientemente del tipo de suelo. Por tanto, estas dos pr...

  11. Evaluation of the air quality regarding total suspended particles and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr) in the Hermosillo city, Sonora, Mexico, during a yearly period; Evaluacion de la calidad del aire respecto de particulas suspendidas totales y metales pesados (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr) en la Ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, durante un periodo anual

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cruz C, M. E.; Quintero N, M. [Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Instituto de Ingenieria, Campus Mexicali, Calle de la Normal s/n, y Blvd. Benito Juarez, Col. Insurgentes Este, Mexicali, Baja California (Mexico); Gomez A, A.; Varela S, J., E-mail: martincruzcampas@hotmail.com [Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica y Metalurgia, Blvd. Rosales y Luis Ensina s/n, Edificio 5B, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora (Mexico)

    2013-07-01

    In the present study, the air quality of the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico was assessed considering total suspended particulates (tsp) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr) from June 2001 through May 2002 in three monitoring sites Centro (Mazon), Nor este (CESUES) and Noroeste (CBTIS). The filter-samples used for that purpose were provided by the Air Quality Evaluation and Improvement Program (PEMCA) of the municipality of Hermosillo. The sampling method was based on high volume sampling frequency set every 6 days with non-simultaneous sampling among the three sampling sites. Filters were dissolved for metal determination by acidic-extraction, and then analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results indicate that tsp concentrations at Centro and Noroeste sites were frequently higher than the maximum daily permissible level (260 {mu}g/m{sup 3}), while in the three sites the annual average was higher than the maximum annual permissible level (75 {mu}g/m{sup 3}) both established in the standard NOM-024-Ssa-1993 (Ssa 1994a). According to the Air Quality Standard Index (US EPA 1992a), used in Mexico by Air Quality Metropolitan Index (IMECA) the results indicate that the air quality in the city of Hermosillo regarding tsp was placed between no satisfactory and poor. In regard to heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr), concentrations detected were below the maximum permissible levels and/or criteria taking into account the standard NOM-026-Ssa-1993 (Ssa 1994b), the Who criterion (2000), the European Union criterion (Cec 2003), and the European Environmental Agency criteria (EEA 2004). Such findings would mean that airborne metals are of no concern; however, air quality is still classified as no satisfactory due to high particulate matter concentrations. Keeping air quality parameters monitoring is recommended in order to get extensive data for use in risk studies of air quality and health (morbidity/mortality), as well as topographic conditions

  12. Carencias de la realidad: conciencia, universo y mecánica cuántica. Ramón Lapiedra expone la inviabilidad cuántica del universo determinista

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Javier Monserrat

    2015-02-01

    Full Text Available Hoy en día es imposible entender no sólo la ontología del mundo físico, sino también la del mundo viviente y humano, o sea, entender la ontología del universo, de la vida y del hombre (la conciencia, sin hacerlo de acuerdo con la imagen de la realidad que nos ha propuesto la mecánica cuántica. Para Ramón Lapiedra esta imagen cuántica nos lleva a entender que, detrás de nuestras experiencias o medidas experimentales, se esconde una enigmática realidad cuántica «con carencias de realidad» que excluye el determinismo absoluto…

  13. CD47 is a Potential Target for the Treatment of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

    OpenAIRE

    ChunPing Yang; ShuFeng Gao; HaiZhen Zhang; Lian Xu; JianGuo Liu; Meiqun Wang; ShaoRong Zhang

    2016-01-01

    Background/Aims: This study aims to investigate the effect of CD47 on the development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibody against CD47 and its ligand SIRPα in the treatment of LSCC. Methods: We firstly detected the expressions of CD47 mRNA and protein in LSCC and para-carcinoma tissues, introduced the most efficient CD47siRNA sequence into LSCC cells by lentiviral transfection and employed three monoclonal antibodies to evaluate the...

  14. Electrical and impedance spectroscopy analysis of sol-gel derived spin coated Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gupta, Goutam Kumar; Garg, Ashish; Dixit, Ambesh

    2018-01-01

    We carried out electrical and impedance studies on solution derived Al:ZnO/ZnO/CdS/Cu2ZnSnS4/Mo/Glass multilayered solar cell structures to understand their impact on photovoltaic performance. The Cu2ZnSnS4 layer is synthesized on a molybdenum (Mo) coated soda lime glass substrate as an absorber and characterized intensively to optimize the absorber physical properties. The optimized Cu2ZnSnS4 is p-type with 5.8 × 1017 cm-3 hole carrier concentration. The depletion width of the junction is around 20.5 nm and the diffusion capacitance is ˜35.5 nF for these devices. We observed relatively large minority carrier life time ˜23 μs for these structures using open voltage decay analysis. The measured Cu2ZnSnS4/MoS2 and Cu2ZnSnS4/CdS interface resistances are 7.6 kΩ and 12.5 kΩ, respectively. The spatial inhomogeneities are considered and the corresponding resistance is ˜11.4 kΩ. The impedance measurements suggest that in conjunction with series resistance ˜350 Ω, the interface and spatial inhomogeneity resistances also give a significant contribution to the photovoltaic performance.

  15. Contenido de metales en Cancer polyodon (Crustacea: Decapoda en un sistema de bahías del norte de Chile (27°S Metal contents in Cancer polyodon (Crustacea: Decapoda in a bay system of northern Chile (27°S

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexis Castillo

    2011-11-01

    Full Text Available El contenido de Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Al y Ni fue analizado en tejido muscular de Cancer polyodon en las bahías de Caldera, Calderilla, Inglesa y Salada (Atacama, Chile. Los resultados fueron comparados con estudios similares desarrollados por otros autores y la normativa de carácter nacional e internacional relacionada con el contenido de metales pesados en crustáceos para consumo humano. El orden de abundancia de los metales analizados en C. polyodon fue CdThe contents of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Al and Ni in the muscle tissue of Cancer polyodon from Caldera, Calderilla, Inglesa, and Salada bays (Atacama, Chile were quantified. The results were compared with similar studies by other authors and with the national and international regulatory standards for heavy metal contents in crustaceans for human consumption. In increasing order, the metal contents in C. polyodon were: Cd< Ni< Cu< Pb< ZnCd, Pb, Fe and Al were highest in Salada Bay: Cu and Ni were highest in Caldera Bay; and Zn was highest in Inglesa Bay. All the metals except Cu differed significantly (P < 0.05 among the analyzed bays. Of the seven metals analyzed, Pb, Fe, and Al concentrations in C. polyodon were higher than those reported for other coastal systems. Concentrations of Cu (except Calderilla, Cd (except Caldera and Inglesa, and Pb exceeded the threshold values indicated by the national and international standards, suggesting that the presence of these metals in C. polyodon represents a potential risk for human health.

  16. Insights into the mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulation in S. kali, a desert plant species

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guadalupe de la Rosa

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Salsola kali, una planta desértica, ha sido propuesta como un potencial hiperacumulador de Cd. Estudios de espectroscopía de Rayos-X han mostrado que compuestos conteniendo oxígeno y grupos tiol están involucrados en la absorción de Cd en esta planta. Por ello se ha planteado que algunos ácidos orgánicos, pared celular, fitoquelatinas y otros compuestos conteniendo glutatión, pueden estar relacionados con los mecanismos de hiperacumulación de Cd en S. kali. En esta investigación se expusieron plantas silvestres a diferentes concentraciones de Cd para determinar el contenido de este metal en el xilema y floema, así como en fracciones proteínicas. Adicionalmente, extractos de las plantas se analizaron mediante cromatografía líquida a alta presión para identificar y cuantificar ácidos orgánicos. Las plantas se trataron con 0, 20, 200 y 400 mg Cd L-1 por 48 h en hidroponia. La incorporación de Cd se midió por separado en raíces, floema y xilema. Se encontró que en plantas tratadas con concentraciones de Cd por encima de los 200 mg Cd L-1, el contenido de Cd fue mayor en el floema que en el xilema. El perfil proteínico (SDS-PAGE mostró que en plantas tratadas con Cd se incrementa la presencia de dos péptidos y se expresa uno nuevo. Después de una filtración en gel G25 y codeterminación de Cd, se encontró que es muy probable que dos proteínas (de 29 kDa y 14 kDa estén asociadas al Cd. El uso de primers degenerados de la familia Brassica permitió la identificación de un posible gen de la fitoquelatin sintasa. Los ácidos cítrico y oxálico fueron identificados en los extractos de las plantas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones de ácido cítrico en plantas control y en aquellas tratadas con Cd. Por otro lado, la cantidad de ácido oxálico en plantas expuestas a Cd fue significativamente menor que en las plantas control. Estos datos pueden indicar que el Cd pudo haber precipitado como

  17. Fluctuaciones cuánticas y cosmología

    Science.gov (United States)

    Calzetta, E.

    El objetivo de la charla es repasar 1) los motivos para creer que el Universo pasó por una etapa inflacionaria antes del período dominado por la radiación, durante la cual se habrían formado las fluctuaciones primordiales en la densidad de energía que luego colapsaron para formar estructuras cosmológicas 2) los mecanismos que crearon dichas fluctuaciones a partir de fluctuaciones cuánticas del campo del ``inflaton" durante dicho período y 3) los problemas abiertos en el estudio de modelos inflacionarios, especialmente respecto al inicio y final del mismo.

  18. Forest Soil Pollution with Heavy Metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu in the Area of the “French Mines” on the Medvednica Mountain, Republic of Croatia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ivan Perković

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Background and Purpose: This paper deals with the results of the investigation of the selected heavy metal contents in forest soil in the region of an abandoned mine. The analysis of the forest ecosystem soil on the Medvednica Mountain was conducted in the region of the so-called “French Mines” (FM. The elements selected for analyses were cadmium (Cd, copper (Cu, lead (Pb, and zinc (Zn because of their toxicological characteristics. Material and Methods: In the investigated area - five entrances of the FM - composite topsoil samples (0–5 cm were taken. Those samples were compared to the control samples which were taken outside the area affected by mines. The soil samples were analysed for the following parameters: pH, particle size distribution, organic C content and pseudo-total mass fractions of the selected heavy metals. The heavy metals were determined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS. Results and Conclusion: The results reveal that the soil is locally polluted, i.e. the highest mass fraction values of these four heavy metals were found in the area of the FM. Average pseudo-total fraction of Cd in the analysed topsoil samples was in the range of 0.17–4.41 mg·kg−1 (median: 0.97 mg·kg−1. Cu was found in the range of 4.54–1260 mg·kg−1 (median: 45.7 mg·kg−1. In the case of Zn, mass fraction values were found in the range of 36.8–865 mg·kg−1 (median: 137 mg·kg−1. Finally, average values of the pseudo-total fraction of Pb were found in the range of 58.4–12000 mg·kg−1 (median: 238 mg·kg−1. The results reveal that mining activities leave consequences on soil for a long time.

  19. Deuterium markers in CdS and Zn(O,S) buffer layers deposited by solution growth for Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} thin-film solar cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Witte, Wolfram; Eicke, Axel; Hariskos, Dimitrios [Zentrum fuer Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Wuerttemberg (ZSW), Stuttgart (Germany); Souza, Roger A. de; Martin, Manfred [Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University (Germany)

    2017-12-15

    This contribution describes an easy and cheap approach to introduce deuterium (D) as an isotopic marker into the commonly used buffer layer materials CdS and Zn(O,S) for Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. D was successfully incorporated during the growth of Zn(O,S) and CdS buffer layers by chemical bath deposition (CBD) with D{sub 2}O. CIGS solar cells prepared with D-containing buffers grown by CBD exhibit power conversion efficiencies above 16%, that is, the D content has no detrimental effect on the performance or other solar cell parameters of the devices. With depth profiles obtained by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) we clearly detect the intentionally incorporated D within the solution-grown Zn(O,S) buffer. Assuming that D is present as OD, we compare the amount of OD within the Zn(O,S) layer with the amount of OH on the surface of the subsequent sputtered (Zn,Mg)O layer. Possible applications and future experiments of the method inserting isotopic markers such as D in functional layers of chalcopyrite-type thin-film solar cells and beyond are discussed. (copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

  20. Building a loudspeaker with two CD

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Capell Arqués, Celestí

    2011-11-01

    Full Text Available Para motivar a los alumnos y captar su atención, se ha diseñado una experiencia para fabricar un altavoz a partir de materiales cotidianos, tales como CD-DVD, bobinas de cobre y un imán. Siempre hay que apostar por una didáctica experimental que pueda causar admiración o curiosidad desde el principio. Esta iniciativa, puede ayudar a entender, de manera divertida, los complejos y abstractos fenómenos electromagnéticos, no siempre fácilmente explicables dentro del aula. En esta sencilla experiencia podemos obtener un plus de motivación, sobre todo cuando el resultado final es satisfactorio.

  1. Linfócitos CD4, CD8 e células NK no estroma da cérvice uterina de mulheres infectadas pelo papilomavírus humano CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and NK cells in the stroma of the uterine cervix of women infected with human papillomavirus

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniella Borges Alves

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: A resposta imune pode ser um elemento chave para a progressão ou remissão da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV no estroma da cérvice uterina. Este estudo objetivou quantificar no estroma cervical a presença de linfócitos T CD4, CD8 e células NK, por imunohistoquímica, em lesões de alto e baixo grau em pacientes infectadas por HPV MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 56 amostras de biópsia da estroma cervical, sendo 43 amostras positivas para DNA de HPV de alto risco oncogênico e com diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC de alto e baixo grau, ou negativa para lesão intraepitelial e malignidade (NILM, e 13 amostras de pacientes negativas para DNA de HPV com diagnóstico histopatológico NILM RESULTADOS: Maior quantidade de linfócitos T CD4 foi observada em amostras NIC II/III, carcinoma e NILM (p=0,04 e naquelas cuja carga viral esteve entre 10 e 1,000 RLU/PCB. O predomínio de linfócitos T CD8 ocorreu em maior proporção nas amostras NIC II/III (p=0,02 e em amostras com carga viral entre 100 e 1.000 RLU/PCB. As células NK prevaleceram nas amostras com lesões de baixo grau e com baixa carga viral CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo comprovou que nas fases iniciais da infecção, onde não há ainda alterações celulares de alto grau, não temos a presença de células que possam desencadear a fase efetora da resposta imune.INTRODUCTION: Immune response might be a key element regarding the progression or regression of human papillomavirus (HPV infection in the stroma of the uterine cervix. This study aimed to quantify the presence of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and NK cells in the cervical stroma, by means of immunohistochemistry, in high and low grade lesions in patients infected by HPV METHODS: Fifty-six biopsy samples from the uterine cervix were used. Forty-three samples were positive for oncogenic high-risk HPV DNA and had a histopathological diagnosis of high and low-grade cervical intraepithelial

  2. Preparation of Cu{sub 2}ZnSnS{sub 4} thin films by sulfurization of co-electroplated Cu-Zn-Sn precursors

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Araki, Hideaki; Kubo, Yuki; Jimbo, Kazuo; Maw, Win Shwe; Katagiri, Hironori; Yamazaki, Makoto; Oishi, Koichiro; Takeuchi, Akiko [Nagaoka National College of Technology, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-8532 (Japan)

    2009-05-15

    Cu{sub 2}ZnSnS{sub 4} (CZTS) thin films were prepared by sulfurization of electrodeposited Cu-Zn-Sn precursors. The Cu-Zn-Sn precursors were deposited on Mo-coated glass substrates in a one-step process from an electrolyte containing copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, tin (II) chloride dehydrate and tri-sodium citrate dehydrate. The precursors were sulfurized by annealing with sulfur at temperatures of 580 C and 600 C in an N{sub 2} atmosphere. X-ray diffraction peaks attributable to CZTS were detected in the sulfurized films. Photovoltaic cells with the structure glass/Mo/CZTS/ CdS/ZnO:Al/Al were fabricated using the CZTS films by sulfurizing the electrodeposited precursors. The best photovoltaic cell performance was obtained with Zn-rich samples. An open-circuit voltage of 540 mV, a short-circuit current of 12.6 mA/cm{sup 2} and an efficiency of 3.16% were achieved. (copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (orig.)

  3. Nanocrystalline CdSnO3 Based Room Temperature Methanol Sensor

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Shanabhau BAGUL

    2017-04-01

    Full Text Available Synthesis of nanocrystalline CdSnO3 powder by ultrasonic atomizer assisted wet chemical method is reported in this paper. Synthesized CdSnO3 powder was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM to examine phase and microstructure. FESEM and TEM analysis reveals that the CdSnO3 powder prepared here is porous monodisperse nanocrystalline in nature, with average particle size of approximately 17 nm or smaller. The material is also characterized by UV-Visible and Photoluminescence (PL spectroscopy. Thick films of synthesized CdSnO3 powder fired at 850 0C are made by using screen printing method. The films surface is modified by using dipping method. CuCl2 (0.005 M dipped (for 2 min thick film shows high response (R= 477 to 100 ppm methanol at room temperature (35 0C. The sensor shows good selectivity and fast response recovery time to methanol. The excellent methanol sensing performance, particularly high response values is observed to be mainly due to porous CdSnO3 surface.

  4. Metales pesados en el riñón del delfín franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetácea: Pontoporiidae y su relación con parámetros biológicos Heavy metals in kidney tissues of Franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea: Pontoporiidae, and their relationship with biological parameters

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María V Panebianco

    2011-11-01

    Full Text Available En este estudio se determinó los niveles de metales pesados (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr y Ni en el tejido renal del delfín franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei, y se estableció la influencia de los parámetros ecológicos y biológicos sobre la bioacumulación de estos elementos. Se analizaron muestras de 38 ejemplares colectados entre 2004 y 2010 en el sur de Buenos Aires, Argentina. La edad de los animales y el estado de madurez sexual se determinaron por métodos histológicos, y los niveles de metales pesados por Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica. No se determinaron diferencias significativas para las concentraciones de Zn, Cu y Cd entre ambos sexos. Los niveles de Cd presentaron diferencias según el estado de madurez sexual y se relacionaron positivamente con la longitud, peso corporal y edad. Los niveles de Cd, Cu y Zn resultaron menores a los informados en estudios previos realizados en el norte de Buenos Aires y Uruguay.Heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr,Ni concentrations were determined in the kidney tissue of the Franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, and the influence of ecological and biological parameters on the bioaccumulation of these elements was established. Samples from 38 specimens, collected between 2004 and 2010 off southern Buenos Aires, Argentina, were analyzed. Histological methods were used to determine both the age and sexual maturity of the animals. Heavy metal concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No significant differences were found by sex for Zn, Cu, and Cd. However, Cd levels differed between maturity stages and were positively related to length, body weight, and age. The Cd, Cu, and Zn levels reported here in were lower than those included in previous studies done off northern Buenos Aires and Uruguay.

  5. The Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films solar cells synthesized by electrodeposition route

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Ji; Ma, Tuteng; Wei, Ming; Liu, Weifeng; Jiang, Guoshun; Zhu, Changfei

    2012-06-01

    An electrodeposition route for preparing Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films for thin film solar cell absorber layers is demonstrated. The Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films are prepared by co-electrodeposition Cu-Zn-Sn metallic precursor and subsequently annealing in element selenium atmosphere. The structure, composition and optical properties of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrometry, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film with high crystalline quality was obtained, the band gap and absorption coefficient were 1.0 eV and 10-4 cm-1, which is quite suitable for solar cells fabrication. A solar cell with the structure of ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/CdS/Cu2ZnSnSe4/Mo/glass was fabricated and achieved an conversion efficiency of 1.7%.

  6. Pinning down high-performance Cu-chalcogenides as thin-film solar cell absorbers: A successive screening approach

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zhang, Yubo; Zhang, Wenqing, E-mail: wqzhang@mail.sic.ac.cn, E-mail: pzhang3@buffalo.edu [Materials Genome Institute and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 (China); State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Wang, Youwei; Zhang, Jiawei; Xi, Lili [State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Zhang, Peihong, E-mail: wqzhang@mail.sic.ac.cn, E-mail: pzhang3@buffalo.edu [Materials Genome Institute and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 (China); Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14260 (United States)

    2016-05-21

    Photovoltaic performances of Cu-chalcogenides solar cells are strongly correlated with the absorber fundamental properties such as optimal bandgap, desired band alignment with window material, and high photon absorption ability. According to these criteria, we carry out a successive screening for 90 Cu-chalcogenides using efficient theoretical approaches. Besides the well-recognized CuInSe{sub 2} and Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4} materials, several novel candidates are identified to have optimal bandgaps of around 1.0–1.5 eV, spike-like band alignments with CdS window layer, sharp photon absorption edges, and high absorption coefficients. These new systems have great potential to be superior absorbers for photovolatic applications if their carrrier transport and defect properties are properly optimized.

  7. Behavior of Electrochemically Prepared CuInSe2 as Photovoltaic Absorber in thin Film Solar Cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Guillen, C; Martinez, M.A.; Dona, J. M.; Herrero, J; Gutierrez, M. T.

    2000-01-01

    Two different objectives have been pursued in the present investigation: 1) optimization of the CuInSe, preparation parameters from electrodeposited precursors, and 2) evaluation of their photovoltaic behavior by preparing and enhancing Mo/CuInSe,/CdS/TCO devices. When Cu-In-Se precursors are directly electrodeposited, the applied potential fit is essential to improve the photovoltaic performance. Suitable absorbers have been also obtained by evaporating an In layer onto electrodeposited Cu-Se precursors. In this case, the substrate temperature during evaporation determines the CuInSe, quality. Similar results have been reached by substituting typical Mo-coated glass substrates by flexible Mo foils. Different TCO tested (ZnO and ITO) have been found equivalent as front electrical contact in the devices. Solar cell performance can be improved by annealing in air at 200 degree centigree. (Author) 46 refs

  8. Complejos de Cu(II: Alternativas en la terapia antineoplásica Complejos de Cu(II: Alternativas en la terapia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Myrna Sabanero López

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available En el presente estudio, fué evaluada la actividad biológica de nuevos complejos de cobre (II fenantrolina unidos a aminoácidos, como ácido glutámico, isoleucina y α-metil-dopa. Para ésto se utilizaron células neoplásicas de pulmón humano y dos dosis (30 y 60 μg/ml de los compuestos fueron aplicadas a los cultivos celulares. También se realizaron ensayos inmunocitoquímicos para microtúbulos, microfi lamentos y electroforesis del DNA genómico. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los complejos de Cu (II fenantrolina con ácido glutámico y α-metil-dopa afectan la adhesión celular (50% y 45%, respectivamente, alterando la distribución de los microtúbulos y microfi lamentos. La fragmentación del DNA, apoya el ensayo del efecto antitumoral del Cu (II fenantrolina con ácido glutámico y α-metil-dopa sobre los cultivos de células de pulmón humano in vitro, de manera dosis dependiente. En conclusión, los complejos de Cu (II fenantrolina con ácido glutámico y α-metil-dopa, presentan un efecto signifi cativo sobre la actividad celular, sugiriendo que estos complejos podrían ser potencialmente compuestos antitumorales. In this study, the biological activity of new copper (II phenanthroline compounds bound to amino acids such as glutamicacid, isoleucine and α-methyl dopa was evaluated. To accomplish this, tumor cells from the human lung and two doses of compounds (30 and 60 μg/ml were applied to cell cultures. Also, immunostaining of microtubules, phalloidin staining of microfilaments, and electrophoresis of genomic DNA were performed. The results showed that compounds of Cu(II phenanthroline with glutamic acid and α methyl-dopa significantly affected cellular adhesion (by 50% and 45%, respectively by altering the distribution of microtubules and microfilaments. Evaluation of DNA fragmentation supported the tumor suppressing effect of Cu (II Phenantroline with glutamicacid and α-Methyl Dopa on human lung cell cultures in

  9. Year 5 Pupils Reading an "Interactive Storybook" on CD-ROM: Losing the Plot?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Trushell, John; Burrell, Clare; Maitland, Amanda

    2001-01-01

    This study examined whether small groups of grade 5 students in a London primary school, without teacher supervision, progressed linearly through an interactive storybook on CD-ROM, and whether such diversions as cued animations affected pupil comprehension. Results showed students' recall of the storyline was poor. (Author/LRW)

  10. El concepto de desarrollo y las propuestas de comunicación para el desarrollo: hojas de ruta de la comunicación para la paz

    OpenAIRE

    Sala Valdés, Cristina

    2011-01-01

    La comunicación para el desarrollo y la comunicación para la paz han evolucionado de forma paralela durante los últimos cuarenta años, siendo la comunicación para la paz un área menos explorada teóricamente y por tanto más asentada en la práctica. El repaso histórico y análisis de los paradigmas que han ido vertebrando tanto el concepto de desarrollo como el de comunicación para el desarrollo permiten descubrir cuáles son los ejes teóricos y prácticos que pueden orientar la comunicación para ...

  11. Infiltração cutânea na leucemia megacariocítica aguda com expressão de CD56 Cutaneous infiltration in acute megakaryocytic leukemia with CD56 expression

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mariela G. Farias

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available A LMA-M7 é um subtipo raro de leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA. Está freqüentemente associada a mielofibrose e representa um subtipo de mau prognóstico. Raramente apresenta infiltração em sítios extramedulares. O aspirado de medula óssea ou biópsia mostra uma população de células pleomórficas e basofílicas, que podem apresentar projeções citoplasmáticas. A utilização da imunofenotipagem é essencial para o diagnóstico de LMA-M7. O imunofenótipo característico apresenta uma população de células leucêmicas com ausência da maioria dos marcadores linfóides e mielóides de superfície, porém com expressão para os antígenos da linhagem megacariocítica: CD41a (complexo glicoprotéico IIb/IIIa, CD42b (glicoproteína Ib e/ou CD61 (glicoproteína IIIa, ou antígeno relacionado ao fator VIII. Freqüentemente, a coloração citoquímica Sudan Black para os blastos megacariocíticos é negativa; neste caso, foi positiva para 40% das células analisadas. A presença de CD56, cuja expressão aberrante em algumas leucemias mielóides é indicativo de mau prognóstico, pode estar associada à infiltração da pele.AML-M7 is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML. It is frequently associated with myelofibrosis and corresponds to a poor prognosis subtype. It rarely presents with infiltration at extramedullary sites. The bone marrow aspirate or biopsy identifies pleomorphic and basophilic cell populations that may present with cytoplasmatic projections. The use of immunophenotyping is essential for the diagnosis of AML-M7. The characteristic immunophenotype presents a leukemic cell population without most lymphoid and myeloid surface markers, but with an expression of the megakaryocytic antigens: CD41a (glycoprotein complex IIb/IIIa, CD42b (glycoprotein Ib and/or CD61 (glycoprotein IIIa, or the factor VIII-related antigen. The cytochemical stain Sudan Black is frequently negative for megakaryocytic blasts; in this case, it was

  12. Assessing comparative terrestrial ecotoxicity of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn: The influence of aging and emission source

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Owsianiak, Mikołaj; Holm, Peter E.; Fantke, Peter; Christiansen, Karen S.; Borggaard, Ole K.; Hauschild, Michael Z.

    2015-01-01

    Metal exposure to terrestrial organisms is influenced by the reactivity of the solid-phase metal pool. This reactivity is thought to depend on the type of emission source, on aging mechanisms that are active in the soil, and on ambient conditions. Our work shows, that when controlling for soil pH or soil organic carbon, emission source occasionally has an effect on reactivity of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn emitted from various anthropogenic sources followed by aging in the soil from a few years to two centuries. The uncertainties in estimating the age prevent definitive conclusions about the influence of aging time on the reactivity of metals from anthropogenic sources in soils. Thus, for calculating comparative toxicity potentials of man-made metal contaminations in soils, we recommend using time-horizon independent accessibility factors derived from source-specific reactive fractions. - Highlights: • We found an effect of source on reactivity of anthropogenic metals in soils. • The influence of aging on reactivity of anthropogenic metals was not consistent. • We recommend including source and disregarding aging in calculation of CTPs values. - Improving current life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) practice in terrestrial ecotoxicity assessment of metals.

  13. Effect of sodium admixtures on properties of Cd1-xZnxS films prepared by pulverization

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bajramov, A.I.; Dzhafarov, T.D.; Nadzhafov, Kh.I.; Novruzov, V.D.; Rzakuliev, N.A.

    1992-01-01

    A study was made on the effect of sodium additions, introduced during deposition, on structure, electric, optical and luminescence properties of Cd 1-x Zn x S films of fixed composition (x = 0.15), as well as on photoelectric properties of Cu 2 S/Cd 1-x Zn x S heterophotoelements, prepared on the basis of such films. It is shown that sodium introduction into composition of Cd 1-x Zn x S films leads to decrease of their specific resistance, growth of transparency in the region of optical transmission, increase of primary grain orientation along [101] axis

  14. Electronic structure, defect formation energy, and photovoltaic properties of wurtzite-derived CuGaO2

    Science.gov (United States)

    Okumura, H.; Sato, K.; Kakeshita, T.

    2018-04-01

    Wurtzite-derived CuGaO2 (β-CuGaO2) is a recently synthesized oxide and expected as a candidate material for photovoltaic solar cells. In this paper, we propose computational material design concerning β-CuGaO2 based on the first-principles calculations. We perform hybrid calculations by using the VASP code. It is predicted that β-CuGaO2 has a direct bandgap (Eg = 1.56 eV), which is nearly optimal for high efficiency solar cells. The calculated formation energy of Cu vacancy (VCu) is very small and can be negative depending on the Fermi level. This result reasonably explains the observed p-type conduction in this material. As for the n-type doping, Cd doping could be suitable; however, VCu formation needs to be repressed in order to realize n-type β-CuGaO2. It is also shown that halogen impurities are not suitable for n-type β-CuGaO2 because of their large formation energy. Band alignment between β-CuGaO2 and ZnO is predicted to be type-II, leading to a suggestion of photovoltaic device based on the heterojunction.

  15. Assessment of potential soybean cadmium excluder cultivars at different concentrations of Cd in soils.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhi, Yang; He, Kangxin; Sun, Ting; Zhu, Yongqiang; Zhou, Qixing

    2015-09-01

    The selection of cadmium-excluding cultivars has been used to minimize the transfer of cadmium into the human food chain. In this experiment, five Chinese soybean plants were grown in three soils with different concentrations of Cd (0.15, 0.75 and 1.12mg/kg). Variations in uptake, enrichment, and translocation of Cd among these soybean cultivars were studied. The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in seeds that grew at 1.12mg/kg Cd in soils exceeded the permitted maximum levels in soybeans. Therefore, our results indicated that even some soybean cultivars grown on soils with permitted levels of Cd might accumulate higher concentrations of Cd in seeds that are hazardous to human health. The seeds of these five cultivars were further assessed for interactions between Cd and other mineral nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. High Cd concentration in soil was found to inhibit the uptake of Mn. Furthermore, Fe and Zn accumulations were found to be enhanced in the seeds of all of the five soybean cultivars in response to high Cd concentration. Cultivar Tiefeng 31 was found to fit the criteria for a Cd-excluding cultivar under different concentrations of Cd in soils. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  16. Fabrication of Cu-Ag core-shell bimetallic superfine powders by eco-friendly reagents and structures characterization

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhao Jun; Zhang Dongming; Zhao Jie

    2011-01-01

    Superfine bimetallic Cu-Ag core-shell powders were synthesized by reduction of copper sulfate pentahydrate and silver nitrate with eco-friendly ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and cyclodextrins as a protective agent in an aqueous system. The influence of Ag/Cu ratio on coatings was investigated. Ag was homogeneously distributed on the surface of Cu particles at a mole ratio of Ag/Cu=1. FE-SEM showed an uniformity of Ag coatings on Cu particles. Antioxidation of Cu particles was improved by increasing Ag/Cu ratio. TEM-EDX and UV-vis spectra also revealed that Cu cores were covered by Ag nanoshells on the whole. The surface composition analysis by XPS indicated that only small parts of Cu atoms in the surface were oxidized. It was noted that the hindrance of cyclodextrins chemisorbed on particles plays an important role in forming high quality and good dispersity Cu-Ag (Cu-Ag) core-shell powders. - Graphical abstract: Mechanism of fabricating Cu-Ag particles with good dispersibility using β-CDs as a protective agent was studied because of its special structure. Highlights: → Green supramolecular β-CD used as a protective agent and ascorbic acid(Vc) as a reducing agent to fabricate Cu-Ag powders. → Particles are monodisperse and the diameter is close to nanoscale(100-150 nm). → Resistance of Cu particles to oxidation was higher. → Formation mechanism explained.

  17. Pollution of soils (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni) along the ring road of Wrocław (Poland)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hołtra, Anna; Zamorska-Wojdyła, Dorota

    2017-11-01

    The concentrations of metallic pollution in soils and plants along the ring road of Wrocław, Poland, have been determined. Environmental samples were collected from the surface layer of the profile within 2-3 m from the edge of the road. The analysis of metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) has been carried out through FAAS and GFAAS methods. The mineralizates of soils and plants were prepared in HNO3, 65% supra pure, using the Microwave Digestion System. The pH and conductivity of the soil solutions were measured to evaluate their active and exchangeable acidity and the salinity of the soils. The index of the enrichment of soils in metals (Wn) and the bioaccumulation coefficient (WB) have been determined. Also, histograms of the frequency of the occurrence of metals in the environmental samples and the Pearson's correlation coefficients were presented. The results of metal concentrations in soils were compared to the geochemical background in uncontaminated soils of Poland. The assessment of the results in the soils was also made relative to the standard, according to the Polish Ministry of Environment Regulation from September 1st, 2016. During the assessment of the bioaccumulation coefficients of metals in plants a reference was made to the content of undesirable substances in feed in agreement with the Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Regulation from January 23rd, 2007.

  18. Effect of heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Pb) on aspartate and alanine aminotransferase in Ruditapes philippinarum (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Blasco, J.; Puppo, J.

    1999-01-01

    The accumulation of cadmium, copper and lead and their effects on aspartate and alanine aminotransferases in digestive gland, gills, foot and soft body in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum were examined. The animals were exposed to different concentrations: Cd (200-600 μg·l -1 ), Pb (350-700 μg·l -1 ) and Cu (10-20 μg·l -1 ) for 7 days. The highest concentrations were found in digestive gland for cadmium and copper, and in gills for lead, and the lowest values were observed in the foot. Aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST), in general, was not inhibited by cadmium, lead or copper during the exposure. Only in clams exposed to cadmium (600 μg·l -1 , 7 days) and copper (20 μg·l -1 , 5 days) were observed significant differences (P -1 . A significant correlation (P<0.05) was observed between ALT and metal accumulation for cadmium, copper and lead in gills. In the case of soft body, only cadmium and lead showed a significant correlation. In summary, R. philippinarum can be considered a bioindicator species for cadmium and lead accumulation and ALT could be useful as biomarker of sublethal stress for these metals in soft tissues and gills. Only gills can be considered an adequate target tissue for copper. (Copyright (c) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. All rights reserved.)

  19. Metais pesados em solos de área de rejeitos de indústria de processamento de zinco

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. R. Ribeiro-Filho

    1999-06-01

    Full Text Available Apesar de a poluição do solo ser amplamente constatada, estudos sobre as concentrações e formas dos metais pesados em solos e seus efeitos no ecossistema são ainda pouco enfatizados, principalmente em condições tropicais. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em área de rejeitos de uma unidade de extração e industrialização de zinco pertencente à Companhia Mineira de Metais-CMM, em Três Marias (MG, com o objetivo de avaliar as quantidades e formas de metais pesados em sete locais representativos da área. Os locais foram selecionados para amostragem, baseando-se em diferenças na forma de contaminação, aspectos de solo, topografia e vegetação. Realizaram-se análises químicas de fracionamento de metais pesados e extrações simples com DTPA e Mehlich-1, buscando determinar os teores e formas dos metais na superfície e em profundidade e fazer inferências sobre o potencial de risco ambiental desses metais. Os teores totais dos metais nas camadas superficiais dos locais estudados foram, em média, de: 13.533 mg kg-1, para Zn; 170 mg kg-1, para Cd; 865 mg kg-1, para Cu, e 612 mg kg-1, para Pb, enquanto os teores trocáveis (MgCl2 nessas mesmas camadas variaram de 231 a 1.407 mg kg-1, para Zn; 14 a 390 mg kg-1, para Cd, e 11 a 33 mg kg-1, para Pb; o Cu raramente ocorreu nesta forma. Os solos dos locais estudados, com teores excessivos de Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb, são considerados poluídos. Em determinados locais contaminados por escoamento (superficial e subsuperficial e arraste de material de solo e rejeito, a poluição mostrou-se mais evidente nas camadas superficiais. No local da ustulação, verificou-se maior percentagem de Zn trocável em todos os níveis de profundidade. Nos demais locais, o Cd apresentou também grandes concentrações nas formas trocáveis, razão por que tal elemento oferece maior risco de contaminação ambiental. De modo geral, a ocorrência de Zn foi maior nas formas carbonato e residual, enquanto o Cd

  20. Thin film CdTe solar cells by close spaced sublimation: Recent results from pilot line

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Siepchen, B.; Drost, C.; Späth, B.; Krishnakumar, V.; Richter, H.; Harr, M.; Bossert, S.; Grimm, M.; Häfner, K.; Modes, T.; Zywitzki, O.; Morgner, H.

    2013-01-01

    CdTe is an attractive material to produce high efficient and low cost thin film solar cells. The semiconducting layers of this kind of solar cell can be deposited by the Close Spaced Sublimation (CSS) process. The advantages of this technique are high deposition rates and an excellent utilization of the raw material, leading to low production costs and competitive module prices. CTF Solar GmbH is offering equipment and process knowhow for the production of CdTe solar modules. For further improvement of the technology, research is done at a pilot line, which covers all relevant process steps for manufacture of CdTe solar cells. Herein, we present the latest results from the process development and our research activities on single functional layers as well as for complete solar cell devices. Efficiencies above 13% have already been obtained with Cu-free back contacts. An additional focus is set on different transparent conducting oxide materials for the front contact and a Sb 2 Te 3 based back contact. - Highlights: ► Laboratory established on industrial level for CdTe solar cell research ► 13.0% cell efficiency with our standard front contact and Cu-free back contact ► Research on ZnO-based transparent conducting oxide and Sb 2 Te 3 back contacts ► High resolution scanning electron microscopy analysis of ion polished cross section