Physico-Chemical and Structural Properties of DeNOx and SO2 Oxidation Catalysts

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Masters, Stephen Grenville; Oehlers, Cord; Nielsen, Kurt

1996-01-01

Commercial catalysts for NOx removal and SO2 oxidation and their model systems have been investigated by spectroscopic, thermal, electrochemical and X-ray methods. Structural information on the vanadium complexes and compounds as well as physico-chemical properties for catalyst model systems have...

Airborne emission measurements of SO2, NOx and particles from individual ships using sniffer technique

Science.gov (United States)

Beecken, J.; Mellqvist, J.; Salo, K.; Ekholm, J.; Jalkanen, J.-P.

2013-12-01

A dedicated system for airborne ship emission measurements of SO2, NOx and particles has been developed and used from several small aircrafts. The system has been adapted for fast response measurements at 1 Hz and the use of several of the instruments is unique. The uncertainty of the given data is about 20.3% for SO2 and 23.8% for NOx emission factors. Multiple measurements of 158 ships measured from the air on the Baltic and North Sea during 2011 and 2012 show emission factors of 18.8 ± 6.5 g kgfuel-1, 66.6 ± 23.4 g kgfuel-1, and 1.8 ± 1.3 × 1016 particles kgfuel-1 for SO2, NOx and particle number respectively. The particle size distributions were measured for particle diameters between 15 and 560 nm. The mean sizes of the particles are between 50 and 62 nm dependent on the distance to the source and the number size distribution is mono-modal. Concerning the sulfur fuel content 85% of the ships comply with the IMO limits. The sulfur emission has decreased compared to earlier measurements from 2007 to 2009. The presented method can be implemented for regular ship compliance monitoring.

Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO2 and NOX Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mohaddeseh Azimi

2018-01-01

Full Text Available This paper investigates inequality in SO2 and NOX emissions, by observing their extraordinary levels and uneven distribution in China during the period of the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans (FYPs, 2006–2015. This provincial and regional analysis utilizing the Theil index and Kaya factors help us to find the trajectory of inequality and its primary sources. Based on our analysis, we conclude the driving factors behind emissions inequalities are as follows. There are four economic factors of per capita SO2 emission: SO2 emission intensity of coal consumption, coal intensity of power generation, power intensity of GDP, and per capita GDP. Additionally, there are four urban development factors of per capita NOX emission: NOX emission intensity of gasoline consumption, proportion of gasoline vehicles, vehicle use in urban population, and urbanization rate. The SO2 emission results represent an increase of 6% in overall inequality where the inequality of power intensity of GDP is the main contributor. In terms of NOX emission, the 3% growth in total inequality is related to the high effect of NOX emission intensity of gasoline consumption. We also examine the effect of other factors affecting the trajectory of inequalities. To apply these results in practice, we compare the 11th and 12th FYPs and give some policy suggestions.

Projection of SO2, NOx, NMVOC, particulate matter and black carbon emissions - 2015-2030

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nielsen, Ole-Kenneth; Plejdrup, Marlene Schmidt; Hjelgaard, Katja Hossy

This report contains a description of models and background data for projection of SO2, NOX, NMVOC, PM2.5 and black carbon for Denmark. The emissions are projected to 2030 using basic scenarios together with the expected results of a few individual policy measures. Official Danish forecasts...

Comparison and evaluation of anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx over China

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Li

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Bottom-up emission inventories provide primary understanding of sources of air pollution and essential input of chemical transport models. Focusing on SO2 and NOx, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find clues to improve emission inventories. We first compared the activity rates and emission factors used in two inventories and investigated the reasons of differences and the impacts on emission estimates. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between two inventories (with 1 % differences, while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those of MIX. The FGD (flue-gas desulfurization device penetration rate and removal efficiency, LNB (low-NOx burner application rate and abatement efficiency in power plants, emission factors of industrial boilers and various vehicle types, and vehicle fleet need further verification. Diesel consumptions are quite uncertain in current inventories. Discrepancies at the sectorial and provincial levels are much higher than those of the national total. We then examined the impacts of different inventories on model performance by using the nested GEOS-Chem model. We finally derived top-down emissions by using the retrieved columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI compared with the bottom-up estimates. High correlations were observed for SO2 between model results and OMI columns. For NOx, negative biases in bottom-up gridded emission inventories (−21 % for MIX, −39 % for ECLIPSE were found compared to the satellite-based emissions. The emission trends from 2005 to 2010 estimated by two inventories were both consistent with satellite observations. The inventories appear to be fit for evaluation of the policies at an aggregated or national level; more work is needed in specific areas in order to improve the accuracy and robustness of

Comparison and evaluation of anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx over China

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Meng; Klimont, Zbigniew; Zhang, Qiang; Martin, Randall V.; Zheng, Bo; Heyes, Chris; Cofala, Janusz; Zhang, Yuxuan; He, Kebin

2018-03-01

Bottom-up emission inventories provide primary understanding of sources of air pollution and essential input of chemical transport models. Focusing on SO2 and NOx, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find clues to improve emission inventories. We first compared the activity rates and emission factors used in two inventories and investigated the reasons of differences and the impacts on emission estimates. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between two inventories (with 1 % differences), while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those of MIX. The FGD (flue-gas desulfurization) device penetration rate and removal efficiency, LNB (low-NOx burner) application rate and abatement efficiency in power plants, emission factors of industrial boilers and various vehicle types, and vehicle fleet need further verification. Diesel consumptions are quite uncertain in current inventories. Discrepancies at the sectorial and provincial levels are much higher than those of the national total. We then examined the impacts of different inventories on model performance by using the nested GEOS-Chem model. We finally derived top-down emissions by using the retrieved columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) compared with the bottom-up estimates. High correlations were observed for SO2 between model results and OMI columns. For NOx, negative biases in bottom-up gridded emission inventories (-21 % for MIX, -39 % for ECLIPSE) were found compared to the satellite-based emissions. The emission trends from 2005 to 2010 estimated by two inventories were both consistent with satellite observations. The inventories appear to be fit for evaluation of the policies at an aggregated or national level; more work is needed in specific areas in order to improve the accuracy and robustness of outcomes at finer spatial

THE EFFECT OF IRRADIATION DOSE AND AMMONIA CONCENTRATION ON THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRON BEAM FOR TREATMENT GASES POLLUTION OF SO2AND NOX

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Erizal Erizal

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The application of electron beam for treatment gases pollution of SO2 and NOx has been studied.  The simulated SO2 and NOx gases stream produced from diesel fuel burning boiler were flown into electron beam chamber. Irradiation was conducted using 1000 keV electron beam machine at the dose up to 8.8 kGy, while   water vapour and the ammonia gas with variation concentration flew into the system during irradiation. The concentrations of the gases change were observed during processes. After evaluation, it was found that by increasing irradiation dose, the concentration of SO2 and NOx gases removal increases.  The efficiency of gases removal may reach 98 % for SO2 and 88 % for NOX at a dose of 8.8 kGy. By increasing ammonia concentration, the efficiency gas removal increases. Besides, by-products from the irradiation yield were sulfate and nitrate salt compound which are possible to be used as a fertilizer.      Keywords: radiation, electron beam, gas pollution, SO2, NOx, ammonia

Current status and future trends of SO2 and NOx pollution during the 12th FYP period in Guiyang city of China

Science.gov (United States)

Tian, Hezhong; Qiu, Peipei; Cheng, Ke; Gao, Jiajia; Lu, Long; Liu, Kaiyun; Liu, Xingang

2013-04-01

In order to investigate the future trends of SO2 and NOx pollution in Guiyang city of China, the MM5/CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system is applied to assess the effects of air pollution improvement that would result from reduction targets for SO2 and NOx emissions during the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). Three scenarios are established for the objective year 2015 based on the reference emissions in base year 2010. Scenario analysis and modeling results show that emissions are projected to increase by 26.5% for SO2 and 138.0% for NOx in 2015 Business-As-Usual (BAU) relative to base year 2010, respectively, which will lead to a substantial worsening tendency of SO2 and NOx pollution. In comparison, both the 2015 Policy Reduction (PR) and 2015 Intensive Policy Reduction (IPR) scenarios would contribute to improve the urban air quality. Under 2015 PR scenario, the maximum annual average concentration of SO2 and NOx will reduce by 54.9% and 31.7%, respectively, relative to the year 2010, with only 2.1% of all individual gridded receptors exceed the national air quality standard limits; while the maximum annual average concentrations of SO2 and NOx can reduce further under 2015 IPR scenario and comply well with standards limits. In view of the technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness, the emission reduction targets set in the 2015 PR scenario are regarded as more reasonable in order to further improve the air quality in Guiyang during the 12th FYP period and a series of comprehensive countermeasures should be effectively implemented.

Emissions of HC, CO, NOx, CO2, and SO2 from civil aviation in China in 2010

Science.gov (United States)

Fan, Weiyi; Sun, Yifei; Zhu, Tianle; Wen, Yi

2012-09-01

Civil aviation in China has developed rapidly in recent years, and the effects of civil aviation emissions on the atmospheric environment should not be neglected. The establishment of emission inventories of atmospheric pollutants from civil aviation contributes to related policy formation and pollution control. According to the 2010's China flight schedules, aircraft/engine combination information and revised emission indices from the International Civil Aviation Organization emission data bank based on meteorological data, the fuel consumption and HC, CO, NOx, CO2, SO2 emissions from domestic flights of civil aviation in China (excluding Taiwan Province) in 2010 are estimated in this paper. The results show that fuel consumption in 2010 on domestic flights in China is 12.12 million tons (metric tons), HC, CO, NOx, CO2 and SO2 emissions are 4600 tons, 39,700 tons, 154,100 tons, 38.21 million tons and 9700 tons, respectively. The fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of China Southern Airline are responsible for the largest national proportion of each, accounting for 27% and 25-28%, respectively.

Airborne emission measurements of SO2 , NOx and particles from individual ships using a sniffer technique

Science.gov (United States)

Beecken, J.; Mellqvist, J.; Salo, K.; Ekholm, J.; Jalkanen, J.-P.

2014-07-01

A dedicated system for airborne ship emission measurements of SO2, NOx and particles has been developed and used from several small aircraft. The system has been adapted for fast response measurements at 1 Hz, and the use of several of the instruments is unique. The uncertainty of the given data is about 20% for SO2 and 24% for NOx emission factors. The mean values with one standard deviation for multiple measurements of 158 ships measured from the air on the Baltic and North Sea during 2011 and 2012 show emission factors of 18.8 ± 6.5 g kg-1 fuel , 66.6 ± 23.4 g kg-1 fuel and 1.8 ± 1.3 1016 particles kg-1 fuel for SO2, NOx and particle number, respectively. The particle size distributions were measured for particle diameters between 15 and 560 nm. The mean sizes of the particles are between 45 and 54 nm dependent on the distance to the source, and the number size distribution is monomodal. Concerning the sulfur fuel content, around 85% of the monitored ships comply with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) limits. The reduction of the sulfur emission control area (SECA) limit from 1.5 to 1% in 2010 appears to have contributed to reduction of sulfur emissions that were measured in earlier studies from 2007 to 2009. The presented method can be implemented for regular ship compliance monitoring.

RETROFIT COSTS FOR SO2 AND NOX CONTROL OPTIONS AT 200 COAL-FIRED PLANTS, VOLUME I - INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY

Science.gov (United States)

The report gives results of a study, the objective of which was to significantly improve engineering cost estimates currently being used to evaluate the economic effects of applying SO2 and NOx controls at 200 large SO2-emitting coal-fired utility plants. To accomplish the object...

40 CFR 97.288 - CAIR SO2 allowance allocations to CAIR SO2 opt-in units.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false CAIR SO2 allowance allocations to CAIR SO2 opt-in units. 97.288 Section 97.288 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS...

40 CFR 96.288 - CAIR SO2 allowance allocations to CAIR SO2 opt-in units.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false CAIR SO2 allowance allocations to CAIR SO2 opt-in units. 96.288 Section 96.288 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR...

Aircraft measurements of SO2, NOx, CO, and O3 over the coastal and offshore area of Yellow Sea of China.

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Xiaoyang; Wang, Xinhua; Yang, Wen; Xu, Jun; Ren, Lihong; He, Youjiang; Liu, Bing; Bai, Zhipeng; Meng, Fan; Hu, Min

2016-09-01

In order to investigate long-range transport of the air pollution in the East Asia, air pollutants, including SO2, NOx, CO, and O3, were observed by aircraft measurement over the coastal and offshore area of Yellow Sea of China in April 2011. NOx and SO2 seemed to become moderate in recent years, and the concentrations during the whole observations ranged from 0.49 to 9.57 ppb and from 0.10 to 16.02 ppb, respectively. The high concentrations of CO were measured with an average value of 0.98 ppm. The measured O3 average concentration was 76.25 ppb, which showed a higher level comparing with the results from some previous studies. Most of the results for the concentration values generally followed the typical characteristic of vertical and spatial distribution, which were "low altitude > high altitude" and "land/coastal > sea," respectively. Transport of polluted air mass from the continent to the aircraft measurement area was confirmed in some days during the observation by the meteorological analysis, while the measurement results supposed to represent the background level of the pollutants in rest days. Additionally, some small-scale air pollution plumes were observed. Significant positive correlations between NOx and SO2 indicated that these two species originated from the same region. On the other hand, good positive correlations between NOx and O3 found during 2-day flight suggested that the O3 formation was probably under "NOx-limited" regime in these days.

Experimental study on removals of SO2 and NO(x) using adsorption of activated carbon/microwave desorption.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Shuang-Chen; Yao, Juan-Juan; Gao, Li; Ma, Xiao-Ying; Zhao, Yi

2012-09-01

Experimental studies on desulfurization and denitrification were carried out using activated carbon irradiated by microwave. The influences of the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), the flue gas coexisting compositions, on adsorption properties of activated carbon and efficiencies of desulfurization and denitrification were investigated. The results show that adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of NO decrease with the increasing of SO2 concentrations in flue gas; adsorption capacity of NO increases slightly first and drops to 12.79 mg/g, and desulfurization efficiency descends with the increasing SO2 concentrations. Adsorption capacity of SO2 declines with the increasing of O2 content in flue gas, but adsorption capacity of NO increases, and removal efficiencies of NO and SO2 could be larger than 99%. Adsorption capacity of NO declines with the increase of moisture in the flue gas, but adsorption capacity of SO2 increases and removal efficiencies of NO and SO2 would be relatively stable. Adsorption capacities of both NO and SO2 decrease with the increasing of CO2 content; efficiencies of desulfurization and denitrification augment at the beginning stage, then start to fall when CO2 content exceeds 12.4%. The mechanisms of this process are also discussed. The prominent SO2 and NOx treatment techniques in power plants are wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and the catalytic decomposition method like selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR). However, these processes would have some difficulties in commercial application due to their high investment, requirement of expensive catalysts and large-scale equipment, and so on. A simple SO2 and NOx reduction utilizing decomposition by microwave energy method can be used. The pollutants control of flue gas in the power plants by the method of microwave-induced decomposition using adsorption of activated carbon/microwave desorption can meet the

Kinetics of the reaction of hydrated lime with SO{sub 2} at low temperatures: effects of the presence of CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, and NOx

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liu, C.F.; Shih, S.M. [National Taiwan University, Taipei (Taiwan). Dept. of Chemical Engineering

2008-12-15

The effects of the presence Of CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, and NOx in the flue gas on the kinetics of the sulfation of hydrated lime at low temperatures were studied using a differential fixed-bed reactor. When O{sub 2} and NOx were not present together the reaction kinetics was about the same as that under gas mixtures containing SO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O, and N2 only. When both O{sub 2} and NOx were present, sulfation of hydrated lime was greatly enhanced, forming a large amount of calcium sulfate in addition to calcium sulfite. Sulfation of hydrated lime was well described by the surface coverage model, despite the gas-phase conditions being different. Relative humidity is the major factor affecting the reaction, and its effect was more marked when both O{sub 2} and NOx were present. The kinetic model equations obtained in this work can be used to describe the sulfation of hydrated lime in the low-temperature dry and semidry flue gas desulfurization processes with or without an upstream NOx removal unit.

Application of banana peels waste as adsorbents for the removal of CO2, NO, NOx, and SO2 gases from motorcycle emissions

Science.gov (United States)

Viena, V.; Elvitriana; Wardani, S.

2018-03-01

The aims of the study were to investigate the application of banana peels as adsorbent for the removal of CO, NO, NOx and SO2 gases from motorcycles emissions. The effect of differents thermal activation on the characteristics of banana peels adsorbent (BPA) such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon has been studied using proximate analysis. The study of Iodine adsorption capacity of BPA was obtained at 952 mg/g adsorbent. Structure and morphology of BPA were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that BPA could significantly adsorbed the CO and SO2 gases emissions from motorcycles, but not applicable for NO, NOx gases. After 10 minutes of flue gas analysis at idle mode using BPA adsorption tube, CO gas could be totally removed, from initial 19618 ppm to 0 ppm, while SO2 gas could also be totally removed from 24523 ppm to 0 ppm. SEM test showed that temperature of activation had significant effect on the size of pores of BPA formed. BPA was suitable for application in removing CO and SO2 gases emissions from motorcycles and it helps to reduce the green house gas effects of fossil fuel to the environment.

Effects of SO/sub 2/ or NOx on toxic and genotoxic properties of chemical carcinogens. II. Short term in vivo studies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pool, B L; Brendler, S; Klein, R G; Monarca, S; Pasquini, R; Schmezer, P; Zeller, W J

1988-07-01

Short term in vivo studies were performed to study biological effects of the common air pollutants SO2 or NOx and their influence on the genotoxic activities of nitrosamines. Hepatocytes and lung cells were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats which had inhaled 50 p.p.m. of SO2 or NOx for 2 weeks. After incubating the cells for 1 h, genotoxicity was determined in hepatocytes by measuring DNA single-strand breaks induced by N-nitroso-acetoxymethylmethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine. Parameters of toxicity (trypan blue exclusion and leakage of serum enzymes) were determined in both liver and lung cells also following 1 h incubation. The activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), nitrosodimethylamine demethylase (NDMA-D) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were determined in subcellular microsomal fractions isolated from lung and liver tissues. Finally, as a measure of overall toxicity, the activities of various serum enzymes were determined in the blood serum of the rats. It was found that the induction of DNA single-strand breaks by three nitrosamines was decreased in hepatocytes from SO2-treated animals. The viability of rat hepatocytes and of rat lung cells, as determined by trypan blue exclusion, was similar in all three treatment groups immediately after isolation, as well as after 1 h incubation with DMSO or with the nitrosamines. In contrast, the leakage of enzymes was different in hepatocytes of SO2-treated rats, since lactate dehydrogenase activity was decreased. Leakage of enzymes from the lung cells did not differ from group to group, but was lower than from hepatocytes. Foreign compound metabolizing enzymes were mainly decreased in NOx-treated animals, namely AHH, NDMA-D and GST in liver and GST in the lung. For SO2-treated animals NDMA-D was increased in liver and GST was decreased in lung.

Smog chamber study on aging of combustion soot in isoprene/SO2/NOx system: Changes of mass, size, effective density, morphology and mixing state

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Kangwei; Chen, Linghong; Han, Ke; Lv, Biao; Bao, Kaiji; Wu, Xuecheng; Gao, Xiang; Cen, Kefa

2017-02-01

Atmospheric soot aging process is always accompanied by secondary particle formation, which is a comprehensive environmental issue that deserves great attention. On one hand, aging of primary soot could change its own physicochemical properties; on the other hand, complex air pollution caused by pollutant emission from various sources (e.g., vehicle exhausts, coal-fired flue gases and biogenic VOCs emission) may contribute to secondary particle formation onto primary particle surface. In this study, aging of combustion soot in isoprene/SO2/NOx system was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions in several smog chamber experiments. During the evolution of soot, several physical properties such as mass, size, effective density, morphology and mixing state were determined simultaneously by an integrated aerosol analytical system of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), Differential Mobility Analyzer-Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer-Condensation Particle Counter (DMA-APM-CPC) and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (TEM/EDX) techniques. Here, based on the experimental results of soot aging under different gas-phase composition and relative humidity (RH), we firstly proposed possible aging pathways of soot in isoprene/SO2/NOx system. A synergetic effect was speculated to exist between SO2 and isoprene on soot aging process, which led to more secondary particle formation. At the same time, TEM/EDX analysis showed that a competitive mechanism between H2SO4(g) and isoprene oxidation vapor may exist: H2SO4(g) firstly condensed onto fresh soot, then an acceleration of isoprene oxidation products formed onto H2SO4 pre-coated soot. In isoprene/SO2/NOx system, high RH conditions could contribute to soot aging and new particle formation. The changes of effective density and dynamic shape factor of soot also indicated that high RH conditions could accelerate soot aging process, and led chain-like soot into more spherical

40 CFR 96.253 - Recordation of CAIR SO2 allowances.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Recordation of CAIR SO2 allowances. 96... (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS CAIR SO2 Allowance Tracking System § 96.253 Recordation of CAIR SO2 allowances. (a)(1) After a...

40 CFR 97.253 - Recordation of CAIR SO2 allowances.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Recordation of CAIR SO2 allowances. 97... (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS CAIR SO2 Allowance Tracking System § 97.253 Recordation of CAIR SO2 allowances. (a)(1) After a compliance account is...

Increasing Pragmatic Awareness: Die Vagheit der Sprache "und so"

Science.gov (United States)

Overstreet, Maryann; Tran, Jennie; Zietze, Sylvia

2006-01-01

This article presents a description of some pragmatic expressions ("oder so," "und so," "oder wie") rarely found in textbooks, but common in everyday conversation. Though often treated as vague or superfluous, these expressions perform important functions in interpersonal communication. Focusing on these easily identifiable phrases can help…

RETROFIT COSTS FOR SO2 AND NOX CONTROL OPTIONS AT 200 COAL-FIRED PLANTS, VOLUME II - SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES FOR AL, DE. FL, GA, IL

Science.gov (United States)

The report gives results of a study, the objective of which was to significantly improve engineering cost estimates currently being used to evaluate the economic effects of applying SO2 and NOx controls at 200 large SO2-emitting coal-fired utility plants. To accomplish the object...

40 CFR 96.286 - Withdrawal from CAIR SO2 Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Withdrawal from CAIR SO2 Trading... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS CAIR SO2 Opt-in Units § 96.286 Withdrawal from CAIR SO2 Trading Program. Except as provided...

40 CFR 97.286 - Withdrawal from CAIR SO2 Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Withdrawal from CAIR SO2 Trading... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS CAIR SO2 Opt-in Units § 97.286 Withdrawal from CAIR SO2 Trading Program. Except as provided under paragraph (g) of...

RETROFIT COSTS FOR SO2 AND NOX CONTROL OPTIONS AT 200 COAL-FIRED PLANTS, VOLUME III - SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES FOR IN, KY, MA, MD, MI, MN

Science.gov (United States)

The report gives results of a study, the objective of which was to significantly improve engineering cost estimates currently being used to evaluate the economic effects of applying SO2 and NOx controls at 200 large SO2-emitting coal-fired utility plants. To accomplish the object...

RETROFIT COSTS FOR SO2 AND NOX CONTROL OPTIONS AT 200 COAL-FIRED PLANTS, VOLUME V - SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES FOR PA, SC, TN, VA, WI, WV

Science.gov (United States)

The report gives results of a study, the objective of which was to significantly improve engineering cost estimates currently being used to evaluate the economic effects of applying SO2 and NOx controls at 200 large SO2-emitting coal-fired utility plants. To accomplish the object...

RETROFIT COSTS FOR SO2 AND NOX CONTROL OPTIONS AT 200 COAL-FIRED PLANTS, VOLUME IV - SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES FOR MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH

Science.gov (United States)

The report gives results of a study, the objective of which was to significantly improve engineering cost estimates currently being used to evaluate the economic effects of applying SO2 and NOx controls at 200 large SO2-emitting coal-fired utility plants. To accomplish the object...

Kinetics of the reaction of iron blast furnace slag/hydrated lime sorbents with SO{sub 2} at low temperatures: effects of the presence of CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, and NOx

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liu, C.F.; Shih, S.M. [Industrial Technological Research Institute, Hsinchu (Taiwan)

2009-09-15

The effects of the presence of CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, and NOx in the flue gas on the kinetics of the sulfation of blast furnace slag/hydrated lime sorbents at low temperatures were studied using a differential fixed-bed reactor. When O{sub 2} and NOx were not present simultaneously, the reaction kinetics was about the same as that under the gas mixtures containing SO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O, and N{sub 2} only, being affected mainly by the relative humidity. The sulfation of sorbents can be described by the surface coverage model and the model equations derived for the latter case. When both O{sub 2} and NOx, were present, the sulfation of sorbents was greatly enhanced, forming a great amount of sulfate in addition to sulfite. The surface coverage model is still valid in this case, but the model equations obtained show a more marked effect of relative humidity and negligible effects of SO{sub 2} concentration and temperature on the reaction. The effect of sorbent composition on the reaction kinetics was entirely represented by the effects of the initial specific surface area (S{sub g0}) and the Ca molar content (M{sup -1}) of sorbent. The initial conversion rate of sorbent increased linearly with increasing S{sub g0}, and the ultimate conversion increased linearly with increasing S{sub g0}M{sup -1}. The model equations obtained in this work are applicable to describe the kinetics of the sulfation of the sorbents in the low-temperature dry and semidry fine gas desulfurization processes either with an upstream NOx, removal unit or without.111

Was ist so Berlin? Eine kritische Rezension aktueller Linien und Fragestellungen der Stadtforschung in der deutschen Hauptstadt

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Samuel Merrill

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Ende 2012 hat das Zitty Magazin des Tagesspiegels seine Werbekampagne „Das ist so Berlin“ gestartet. Seither sind kleine rot-weiße Aufkleber mit dieser Aussage überall in der Stadt aufgetaucht, auf Mülleimern, U-Bahn-Schildern und Bushaltestellen. Zum Teil als Reaktion auf diese Kampagne, fragt diese kritische, bilinguale Rezension Was ist so Berlin? um die aktuellen Linien und Fragestellungen der Stadtforschung in Berlin zu diskutieren. Dazu werden die Berlin-Sitzungen zweier internationaler Tagungen des Jahres 2013 rezensiert, die Sitzungen der Jahreskonferenz der Association of American Geographers (Los Angeles 9-13 April und es Jahrestreffen des Research Committee 21 (Berlin 29-31, sowie der Sammelband – The Berlin Reader: A Compendium on Urban Change and Activism (Transcript, 2013, herausgegeben von Matthias Bernt, Britta Grell und Andrej Holm. Im Anschluss betont die Rezension die Notwendigkeit die Vorstellungen zu Berlin und Berlins exceptionalism, die in der Stadtforschung entwickelt werden, fortlaufend so zu beleuchten, dass eine pluralistische Rhetorik, die Position und Verantwortung von Forscher_innen und wissenschaftliche Forschungslücken, berücksichtigt werden.

Federal NOx Budget Trading Program and CAIR NOx and SO2 Trading Programs (40 CFR Part 97)

Science.gov (United States)

This part establishes general provisions and the applicability, permitting, allowance, excess emissions, monitoring, and opt-in provisions for the federal NOx Budget Trading Program as a means of mitigating interstate transport of ozone and nitrogen oxides

Chemical-physical studies on SO{sub 2} deposition on rock samples and other absorber surfaces; Chemisch-physikalische Untersuchungen zur Deposition von Schwefeldioxid auf Gesteinsproben und anderen Absorberoberflaechen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wiese, U.

2000-07-01

Stone and other surfaces are still corroded by dry-deposited sulphur dioxide, although the present concentration is in the lower ppbv range. In this work experiments were conducted to separate and assign the different resistances during the deposition process at concentrations of SO{sub 2} found in the environment today. To compare surfaces with different reactivities, the varying uptake and the resulting SO{sub 2} concentration over the surface has to be concerned. Therefore a test chamber has been developed that allows the SO{sub 2} concentration to keep constant independent of the SO{sub 2} uptake. Different stones and passive samplers were investigated in this chamber, scanning a wide range of humidity and concentration that has not been studied before. The passive sampler was also studied in a closed wind tunnel with a sulphur dioxide containing atmosphere. It has been found that the deposition velocity is increasing with decreasing SO{sub 2} concentration for all stone types. (orig.) [German] Alle technischen Oberflaechen unterliegen Alterungsprozessen. Atmosphaerische Schadgase wie Schwefeldioxid tragen zur Korrosion dieser Oberflaechen in erheblichem Umfang bei. Auch wenn insbesondere die Konzentration an SO{sub 2} in der Aussenluft in den letzten Jahren in den unteren ppbV-Bereich gesunken ist, so ist der Anteil und die Potenz dieses Gases am Zerfallsprozess von Natursteinen aufgrund seiner guten Wasserloeslichkeit und der Saeurestaerke noch immer sehr hoch. Dennoch finden sich in der Literatur kaum zuverlaessige Daten ueber die Schwefeldioxid-Aufnahme verschiedener Natursteinvarietaeten. Insbesondere mangelt es an systematischen Untersuchungen der verschiedenen, den SO{sub 2}-Depositionsprozess bestimmenden Faktoren. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Schliessung dieser Luecken zu leisten. Dazu wurde ein Messsystem zur Untersuchung verschiedenartiger Gesteinsproben im Labor konzipiert und in Betrieb genommen. (orig.)

A hybrid plasma-chemical system for high-NOx flue gas treatment

Science.gov (United States)

Chmielewski, Andrzej G.; Zwolińska, Ewa; Licki, Janusz; Sun, Yongxia; Zimek, Zbigniew; Bułka, Sylwester

2018-03-01

The reduction of high concentrations of NOx and SO2 from simulated flue gas has been studied. Our aim was to optimise energy consumption for NOx and SO2 removal from off-gases from a diesel generator using heavy fuel oil. A hybrid process: electron beam (EB) plasma and wet scrubber has been applied. A much higher efficiency of NOx and SO2 removal was achieved in comparison to dry, ammonia free, electron beam flue gas treatment (EBFGT). A recorded removal from a concentration of 1500 ppm NOx reached 49% at a low dose of 6.5 kGy, while only 2% NOx was removed at the same dose if EB only was applied. For SO2, removal efficiency at a dose of 6.5 kGy increased from 15% (EB only) to 84% when sea water was used as a wet scrubber agent for 700 ppm SO2. The results of this study indicate that EB combined with wet scrubber is a very promising technology to be applied for removal of high concentrations of NOx and SO2 emitted from diesel engines operated e.g. on cargo ships, which are the main sources of SO2 and NOx pollution along their navigation routes.

ROS-induced ROS release orchestrated by Nox4, Nox2, and mitochondria in VEGF signaling and angiogenesis.

Science.gov (United States)

Kim, Young-Mee; Kim, Seok-Jo; Tatsunami, Ryosuke; Yamamura, Hisao; Fukai, Tohru; Ushio-Fukai, Masuko

2017-06-01

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase (NOX) and mitochondria play a critical role in growth factor-induced switch from a quiescent to an angiogenic phenotype in endothelial cells (ECs). However, how highly diffusible ROS produced from different sources can coordinate to stimulate VEGF signaling and drive the angiogenic process remains unknown. Using the cytosol- and mitochondria-targeted redox-sensitive RoGFP biosensors with real-time imaging, here we show that VEGF stimulation in human ECs rapidly increases cytosolic RoGFP oxidation within 1 min, followed by mitochondrial RoGFP oxidation within 5 min, which continues at least for 60 min. Silencing of Nox4 or Nox2 or overexpression of mitochondria-targeted catalase significantly inhibits VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2-pY), EC migration and proliferation at the similar extent. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) or overexpression of Nox4, which produces H 2 O 2 , increases mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), which is prevented by Nox2 siRNA, suggesting that Nox2 senses Nox4-derived H 2 O 2 to promote mtROS production. Mechanistically, H 2 O 2 increases S36 phosphorylation of p66Shc, a key mtROS regulator, which is inhibited by siNox2, but not by siNox4. Moreover, Nox2 or Nox4 knockdown or overexpression of S36 phosphorylation-defective mutant p66Shc(S36A) inhibits VEGF-induced mtROS, VEGFR2-pY, EC migration, and proliferation. In summary, Nox4-derived H 2 O 2 in part activates Nox2 to increase mtROS via pSer36-p66Shc, thereby enhancing VEGFR2 signaling and angiogenesis in ECs. This may represent a novel feed-forward mechanism of ROS-induced ROS release orchestrated by the Nox4/Nox2/pSer36-p66Shc/mtROS axis, which drives sustained activation of angiogenesis signaling program. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.

In-situ functionalization of mesoporous hexagonal ZnO synthesized in task specific ionic liquid as a photocatalyst for elimination of SO2, NOx, and CO

Science.gov (United States)

Kowsari, Elaheh; Abdpour, Soheil

2017-12-01

A novel mesoporous structure of zinc oxide was synthesized in hydrothermal autocalve in the presence of a functional ionic liquid (FIL) {[CH2CH2] O2 (mm)2}. This FIL with ether groups was used simultaneously as a designer templating agent and a source of the hydroxyl radical. The presence of this ionic liquid led to producing ethylene glycol in the reaction media, which adsorb on the surface of mesoporous hexagonal ZnO plates. These mesoporous structures can adsorb pollutant gases and increase photocatalytic oxidation of pollutant gases in compare with commercial ZnO nanoparticles and agglomerated nanoparticles synthesized in this work. XPS data confirmed ethylene glycol production by the ionic liquid, which could prove a role for ionic liquids as designers. The estimated BET surface area values of ZnO hexagonal mesoporous plates and agglomerated particles were 84 m2/g and 12 m2/g respectively. Optical properties of the mesoporous structures were analyzed by photoluminescence spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy. The performance of these structures as efficient photocatalysts was further demonstrated by their removal of NOx, SO2, and CO under UV irradiation. The removal of NOx, SO2, and CO under UV irradiation was 56%, 81%, and 35% respectively, after 40 min of irradiation time. Reusability of the photocatalyst was determined; the results show no significant decrease of activity of photocatalyst. after five cycles.

Emission control at stationary sources in the Federal Republic of Germany. Vol 1. Sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide emission control; Massnahmen zur Emissionsminderung bei stationaeren Quellen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bd. 1. Minderung der SO{sub 2}- und NO{sub x}-Emissionen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rentz, O; Schleef, H J; Dorn, R; Sasse, H; Karl, U

1997-05-01

Primaer- und Sekundaermassnahmen in den emissionsrelevanten Industriesektoren fuer SO{sub 2}- und NO{sub x} in Deutschland. Der Bericht gibt einen Ueberblick ueber die Entwicklung der SO{sub 2}- und NO{sub x}-Emissionen in ausgewaehlten europaeischen Laendern waehrend der letzten 20 Jahre und in Europa. Daran schliessen sich aktuelle nationale und europaeische Grenzwerte und Richtlinien zu der SO{sub 2}- und NO{sub x} Emissionen aus stationaeren Quellen an. Der Anwendungsstand von Massnahmen zur Minderung der SO{sub 2}- und NO{sub x}-Emissionen wird fuer jeden relevanten Industriesektor untersucht und primaere Minderungsoptionen beschrieben. Spezielle Prozesseinheiten mit direktem Kontakt von Flamme und Prozessgut werden in den einzelnen Prozessen diskutiert, waehrend externe Verbrennungsprozesse zur ausschliesslichen Bereitstellung von Prozesswaerme und elektrischer Energie sektoruebergreifend in einem separaten Kapitel behandelt werden. Der Bericht schliesst mit einem Ueberblick ueber die zur Verfuegung stehenden sekundaeren Minderungsmassnahmen. Fuer die einzelnen Sektoren werden Beispiele fuer Investitionen und Kosten fuer installierte Minderungstechnologien gegeben, die als einzelfallabhaengig anzusehen sind. Zusaetzlich stellten die Anbieter von Emissionsminderungstechnologien Verfahrensbeschreibungen ihrer Produkte einschliesslich Referenzen zur Verfuegung, die im Bericht enthalten sind. (orig.)

Emission control of SO2 and NOx by irradiation methods

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radoiu, Marilena T.; Martin, Diana I.; Calinescu, Ioan

2003-01-01

Microwave discharges at 2.45 GHz frequency and accelerated electron beams operated at atmospheric pressure in synthetic gas mixtures containing N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , SO 2 , and NO x are investigated experimentally for various gas mixture constituents and operating conditions, with respect to their ability to purify exhaust gases. An original experimental unit easily adaptable for both separate and simultaneous irradiation with microwaves and electron beams was set up. The simultaneous treatment with accelerated electron beams and microwaves was found to increase the removal efficiency of NO x and SO 2 and also helped to reduce the total required dose rate with ∼30%. Concomitant removal of NO x (∼80%) and SO 2 (>95%) by precipitation with ammonia was achieved

Increases to Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols from SO2 and NOx in the Southeastern US

Science.gov (United States)

Russell, L. M.; Liu, J.; Ruggeri, G.; Takahama, S.; Claflin, M. S.; Ziemann, P. J.; Lee, A.; Murphy, B.; Pye, H. O. T.; Ng, N. L.; McKinney, K. A.; Surratt, J. D.

2017-12-01

During the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) measurements of submicron mass were collected at Look Rock, Tennessee, and Centreville, Alabama. The low NOx, low wind, little rain, and increased daytime isoprene emissions led to multi-day stagnation events at Look Rock that provided clear evidence of particle-phase sulfate enhancing biogenic secondary organic aerosol (bSOA) by selective uptake. Organic mass (OM) sources were apportioned as 42% "vehicle-related" and 54% bSOA, with the latter including "sulfate-related bSOA" that correlated to sulfate (r=0.72) and "nitrate-related bSOA" that correlated to nitrate (r=0.65). Single-particle mass spectra showed three composition types that corresponded to the mass-based factors with spectra cosine similarity of 0.93 and time series correlations of r>0.4. The vehicle-related OM with m/z 44 was correlated to black carbon, "sulfate-related bSOA" was on particles with high sulfate, and "nitrate-related bSOA" was on all particles. The similarity of the m/z spectra (cosine similarity=0.97) and the time series correlation (r=0.80) of the "sulfate-related bSOA" to the sulfate-containing single-particle type provide evidence for particle composition contributing to selective uptake of isoprene oxidation products onto particles that contain sulfate from power plants. Since Look Rock had much less NOx than Centreville, comparing the bSOA at the two sites provides an evaluation of the role of NOx for bSOA. CO and submicron sulfate and OM concentrations were 15-60 % higher at Centreville than at Look Rock but their time series had moderate correlations of r= 0.51, 0.54, and 0.47, respectively. However, NOx had no correlation (r=0.08) between the two sites. OM correlated with the higher NOx levels at Centreville but with O3 at Look Rock. OM sources identified by Positive Matrix Factorization had three very similar factors at both sites from FTIR

Soil acidification in China: is controlling SO2 emissions enough?

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Yu; Duan, Lei; Xing, Jia; Larssen, Thorjorn; Nielsen, Chris P; Hao, Jiming

2009-11-01

Facing challenges of increased energy consumption and related regional air pollution, China has been aggressively implementing flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and phasing out small inefficient units in the power sector in order to achieve the national goal of 10% reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) emissions from 2005 to 2010. In this paper, the effect of these measures on soil acidification is explored. An integrated methodology is used, combining emission inventory data, emission forecasts, air quality modeling, and ecological sensitivities indicated by critical load. National emissions of SO(2), oxides of nitrogen (NO(X)), particulate matter (PM), and ammonia (NH(3)) in 2005 were estimated to be 30.7, 19.6, 31.3, and 16.6 Mt, respectively. Implementation of existing policy will lead to reductions in SO(2) and PM emissions, while those of NO(X) and NH(3) will continue to rise, even under tentatively proposed control measures. In 2005, the critical load for soil acidification caused by sulfur (S) deposition was exceeded in 28% of the country's territory, mainly in eastern and south-central China. The area in exceedance will decrease to 26% and 20% in 2010 and 2020, respectively, given implementation of current plans for emission reductions. However, the exceedance of the critical load for nitrogen (N, combining effects of eutrophication and acidification) will double from 2005 to 2020 due to increased NO(X) and NH(3) emissions. Combining the acidification effects of S and N, the benefits of SO(2) reductions during 2005-2010 will almost be negated by increased N emissions. Therefore abatement of N emissions (NO(X) and NH(3)) and deposition will be a major challenge to China, requiring policy development and technology investments. To mitigate acidification in the future, China needs a multipollutant control strategy that integrates measures to reduce S, N, and PM.

Exploring the atmospheric chemistry of O2SO3− and assessing the maximum turnover number of ion-catalysed H2SO4 formation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

N. Bork

2013-04-01

Full Text Available It has recently been demonstrated that the O2SO3− ion forms in the atmosphere as a natural consequence of ionizing radiation. Here, we present a density functional theory-based study of the reactions of O2SO3− with O3. The most important reactions are (a oxidation to O2SO3− and (b cluster decomposition into SO3, O2 and O3−. The former reaction is highly exothermic, and the nascent O2SO3− will rapidly decompose into SO4− and O2. If the origin of O2SO3− is SO2 oxidation by O3−, the latter reaction closes a catalytic cycle wherein SO2 is oxidized to SO3. The relative rate between the two major sinks for O2SO3− is assessed, thereby providing a measure of the maximum turnover number of ion-catalysed SO2 oxidation, i.e. how many SO2 can be oxidized per free electron. The rate ratio between reactions (a and (b is significantly altered by the presence or absence of a single water molecule, but reaction (b is in general much more probable. Although we are unable to assess the overall importance of this cycle in the real atmosphere due to the unknown influence of CO2 and NOx, we roughly estimate that ion-induced catalysis may contribute with several percent of H2SO4 levels in typical CO2-free and low NOx reaction chambers, e.g. the CLOUD chamber at CERN.

40 CFR 96.85 - NOX Budget opt-in permit contents.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false NOX Budget opt-in permit contents. 96... (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Individual Unit Opt-ins § 96.85 NOX Budget opt-in permit contents. (a) Each NOX Budget opt-in permit...

40 CFR 97.85 - NOX Budget opt-in permit contents.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false NOX Budget opt-in permit contents. 97... (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Individual Unit Opt-ins. § 97.85 NOX Budget opt-in permit contents. (a) Each NOX Budget opt-in permit will contain all elements...

40 CFR 97.86 - Withdrawal from NOX Budget Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Withdrawal from NOX Budget Trading... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Individual Unit Opt-ins. § 97.86 Withdrawal from NOX Budget Trading Program. (a) Requesting withdrawal. To...

40 CFR 96.86 - Withdrawal from NOX Budget Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Withdrawal from NOX Budget Trading... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Individual Unit Opt-ins § 96.86 Withdrawal from NOX Budget Trading Program. (a) Requesting...

40 CFR 96.24 - Effective date of initial NOX Budget permit.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Effective date of initial NOX Budget... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.24 Effective date of initial NOX Budget permit. The initial NOX Budget permit...

NOx, N2O and SO2 emissions from pressurized fluidized bed combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Korpela, T.; Lu, Y.

1996-01-01

This project continues the analysis of available data from the experimental work at the Otaniemi PFBC test rig using various solid fuels. The study concentrates on the emission and control of NO x N 2 O, and SO 2 under pressurized conditions. The aim of the study is to prepare the database from the available data and make empirical correlations for estimating nitrogen oxide emissions and sulfur capture from PFBC as a function of significant operating parameters and fuel properties. As the first generation of an empirical model, multiple linear regression was developed for predicting NO x , N 2 O and SO 2 emissions from PFBC. These correlations may facilitate preliminary FBC design by estimating NO x , N 2 O and SO 2 emissions. On the basis of statistical inference, the operating conditions employed and the fuel properties selected in the correlations may lend insight into the mechanisms of the formation and destruction of NO x , N 2 O and SO 2 . (author)

Molekulargenetische Studie zur Verbreitung und Interaktion von PCV-2 bei Haus- und Wildschweinen

OpenAIRE

Bronnert, Bastian Balthasar Marcel

2014-01-01

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Wild- und Hausschweingewebeproben aus den Jahren 2005 bis 2008 mittels nested PCR auf das Vorkommen von PCV-2 untersucht und die positiv getesteten Proben mittels Realtime PCR quantifiziert. Zusätzlich wurden die Proben im Institut für Pathologie der Justus-Liebig-Universität histologisch und immunhistologisch untersucht (Dissertation Hohloch). Ziel war es das Vorkommen von PCV-2 und die Häufigkeit von PCV-2 assoziierter Erkankungen bei Haus- und Wilds...

40 CFR 96.186 - Withdrawal from CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... Trading Program. 96.186 Section 96.186 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS CAIR NOX Opt-in Units § 96.186 Withdrawal from CAIR NOX Annual Trading...

40 CFR 97.186 - Withdrawal from CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... Trading Program. 97.186 Section 97.186 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS CAIR NOX Opt-In Units § 97.186 Withdrawal from CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program. Except as provided...

Anthropogenic SO2/NOx committee--current status

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Benkovitz, C.M.

1993-04-01

Current activities of the Anthropogenic SO 2 /NO x Committee center around the compilation of Version 1 of the GEIA inventories. These inventories will be based on the GEIA-specified 1 degrees by 1 degrees grid (lower left corner at 180 degrees W/90 degrees S, west to east and south to north), reflect 1985 emissions and consist of two data sets: Version 1A inventories with annual emissions at one level and Version 1B inventories with seasonal emissions, two vertical levels (defined at 100 m) and sectoral split information. The basic information used for both versions of the GEIA inventories will be identical; i.e., emissions totals across both inventories will be the same. Work is being carried out in two complementary working groups; Carmen Benkovitz, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA heads the work on the annual inventory, Eva Voldner, Atmospheric Environment Services, Canada and Trevor Scholtz, ORTECH International, Canada, head the work on the seasonal inventory

Sulfate Formation Enhanced by a Cocktail of High NOx, SO2, Particulate Matter, and Droplet pH during Haze-Fog Events in Megacities in China: An Observation-Based Modeling Investigation.

Science.gov (United States)

Xue, Jian; Yuan, Zibing; Griffith, Stephen M; Yu, Xin; Lau, Alexis K H; Yu, Jian Zhen

2016-07-19

In recent years in a few Chinese megacities, fog events lasting one to a few days have been frequently associated with high levels of aerosol loading characterized by high sulfate (as high as 30 μg m(-3)), therefore termed as haze-fog events. The concomitant pollution characteristics include high gas-phase mixing ratios of SO2 (up to 71 ppbv) and NO2 (up to 69 ppbv), high aqueous phase pH (5-6), and smaller fog droplets (as low as 2 μm), resulting from intense emissions from fossil fuel combustion and construction activities supplying abundant Ca(2+). In this work, we use an observation-based model for secondary inorganic aerosols (OBM-SIA) to simulate sulfate formation pathways under conditions of haze-fog events encountered in Chinese megacities. The OBM analysis has identified, at a typical haze-fogwater pH of 5.6, the most important pathway to be oxidation of S(IV) by dissolved NO2, followed by the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 on the aerosol surface. The aqueous phase oxidation of S(IV) by H2O2 is a very minor formation pathway as a result of the high NOx conditions suppressing H2O2 formation. The model results indicate that the unique cocktail of high fogwater pH, high concentrations of NO2, SO2, and PM, and small fog droplets are capable of greatly enhancing sulfate formation. Such haze-fog conditions could lead to rapid sulfate production at night and subsequently high PM2.5 in the morning when the fog evaporates. Sulfate formation is simulated to be highly sensitive to fogwater pH, PM, and precursor gases NO2 and SO2. Such insights on major contributing factors imply that reduction of road dust and NOx emissions could lessen PM2.5 loadings in Chinese megacities during fog events.

40 CFR 96.83 - Applying for NOX Budget opt-in permit.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applying for NOX Budget opt-in permit... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Individual Unit Opt-ins § 96.83 Applying for NOX Budget opt-in permit. (a) Applying for...

Trauma und Terror

OpenAIRE

Szyszkowitz, T. (Tessa)

2007-01-01

1. Einleitung Ausgehend von der Fragestellung, warum gerade bei Tschetschenen und Palästinensern der Selbstmordterrorismus in den letzten Jahren so populär geworden ist, analysiert die Autorin die Geschichte dieser beiden Völker. Einer der Gründe ist bisher wenig beachtet worden. Der Einfluss eines kollektiven Traumas, das als solches nicht anerkannt, behandelt und auch nicht einer politischen Lösung zugeführt wurde. 2. Geschichte der Palästinenser und Tschetschenen Im Zuge der Err...

40 CFR 97.83 - Applying for NOX Budget opt-in permit.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applying for NOX Budget opt-in permit... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Individual Unit Opt-ins. § 97.83 Applying for NOX Budget opt-in permit. (a) Applying for initial NO X Budget opt...

40 CFR 97.386 - Withdrawal from CAIR NOX Ozone Season Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... Trading Program. 97.386 Section 97.386 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS CAIR NOX Ozone Season Opt-in Units § 97.386 Withdrawal from CAIR NOX Ozone Season Trading Program...

NOx processing on Solar gas turbines; Turbines, traitement des nox sur les turbines a gaz solar

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chausse, X. [Spie Trindel, 95 - Cergy (France). Service TAG

1997-12-31

The Solar Company, in cooperation with Tuma Turbomach, has developed the SoLoNOx combustion system with a dry, lean, premixed compound, allowing for reduced NOx and CO emission levels (respectively 42 ppmv and 50 ppmv at 15 pc O{sub 2}). The combustor size is larger than a conventional combustor in order to maintain combustion efficiency and reduce carbon monoxide levels. Leaner combustion occurs at lower temperatures which produce less nitrogen oxides but require more volume to complete the combustion process. New developments should allow for a further reduction of NOx level at 25 ppmv

Enantioselektivität und Isotopendiskriminierung - Zur Analytik von 1,2-Propandiol und 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanon (Furaneol)

OpenAIRE

Hartlieb, Ariane

2009-01-01

Aussagekräftige Methoden zur Authentizitätsbewertung sind unerlässlich, um so-wohl einen fairen Handel als auch das Vertrauen der Verbraucher in die Qualität von Lebensmitteln zu gewährleisten. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, anhand der Parameter 'Enantioselektivität' und 'Iso-topendiskriminierung' Methoden zur Authentizitätskontrolle von Schaumweinen und Erdbeeren, beides Produkte mit einem vergleichsweise hohen Handelswert, zur Verfügung zu stellen. Um unmittelbare Anwendbarkeit in der Praxi...

Ti and Si doping as a way to increase low temperature activity of sulfated Ag/Al2O3 in H2-assisted NH3-SCR of NOx

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Doronkin, Dmitry E.; Fogel, Sebastian; Gabrielsson, Pär

2013-01-01

Ag/Al2O3 catalysts modified by Si, Ti, Mg and W were studied to obtain higher NOx SCR activity and potentially also higher SO2 resistance than the pure silver-based catalyst for automotive applications. Addition of Ti or Si to the alumina support leads to a better NOx removal at low temperature i......-TPR) and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). The obtained results suggest a better silver dispersion and better regeneration capability in the case of Ti- and Si-modified Ag/Al2O3 catalysts........e. reduces the SCR onset temperature by about 10°C under the applied conditions. However, it does not increase the SO2 resistance. The catalysts and the supports have been characterized by BET, conventional and synchrotron XRD, X-ray absorption spectroscopy during temperature-programmed reduction (XAS......Ag/Al2O3 catalysts modified by Si, Ti, Mg and W were studied to obtain higher NOx SCR activity and potentially also higher SO2 resistance than the pure silver-based catalyst for automotive applications. Addition of Ti or Si to the alumina support leads to a better NOx removal at low temperature i...

Nox2 in regulatory T cells promotes angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular remodeling.

Science.gov (United States)

Emmerson, Amber; Trevelin, Silvia Cellone; Mongue-Din, Heloise; Becker, Pablo D; Ortiz, Carla; Smyth, Lesley A; Peng, Qi; Elgueta, Raul; Sawyer, Greta; Ivetic, Aleksandar; Lechler, Robert I; Lombardi, Giovanna; Shah, Ajay M

2018-04-24

The superoxide-generating enzyme Nox2 contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling triggered by activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Multiple Nox2-expressing cells are implicated in angiotensin II (AngII)-induced pathophysiology, but the importance of Nox2 in leukocyte subsets is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of Nox2 in T cells, particularly Tregs. Mice globally deficient in Nox2 displayed increased numbers of Tregs in the heart at baseline whereas AngII-induced T-effector cell (Teffs) infiltration was inhibited. To investigate the role of Treg Nox2, we generated a mouse line with CD4-targeted Nox2 deficiency (Nox2fl/flCD4Cre+). These animals showed inhibition of AngII-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling related to increased tissue-resident Tregs and reduction in infiltrating Teffs, including Th17 cells. The protection in Nox2fl/flCD4Cre+ mice was reversed by anti-CD25 Ab-depletion of Tregs. Mechanistically, Nox2-/y Tregs showed higher in vitro suppression of Teffs proliferation than WT Tregs, increased nuclear levels of FoxP3 and NF-κB, and enhanced transcription of CD25, CD39, and CD73. Adoptive transfer of Tregs confirmed that Nox2-deficient cells had greater inhibitory effects on AngII-induced heart remodeling than WT cells. These results identify a previously unrecognized role of Nox2 in modulating suppression of Tregs, which acts to enhance hypertension and cardiac remodeling.

Laser diagnosis and plasma technology: Fundamentals for reduction of emissions and fuel consumption in DI internal combustion engines. Sub-project: Purification of diesel exhaust in pulsed plasma. Final report; Laserdiagnostische und plasmatechnologische Grundlagen zur Verminderung von Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbrauch von DI-Verbrennungsmotoren. Teilvorhaben: Reinigung von Dieselabgasen in gepulsten Plasmen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hammer, T.; Kishimoto, T.; Birckigt, R.

2000-12-01

Selective catalytic reduction using ammonia based reducing agents is known to reduce the NOx-emissions from Diesel cars. However, it does not work efficiently under cold starting and urban driving conditions, because efficient reduction requires catalyst temperatures above 170 C. Without additional measures, pulsed plasma treatment does not cause reduction but mainly oxidation of nitric oxides preferably emitted as NO. By the combination of pulsed DBD-plasma treatment with selective catalytic reduction efficient NOx-reduction was obtained at catalyst temperatures below 170 C. It could be shown, that this low temperature reduction is a synergistic effect caused by plasma induced oxidation of some fraction of the NO. Based on this knowledge of the reaction mechanism plasma- and SCR-reactors were built, which were tested on a test bench equipped with a modern cars Diesel engine. Under cold starting and urban driving conditions by application of average plasma powers below 300 W the NOx-emissions were reduced for about 60%, the maximum degree of NOx-reduction was 85%. The plasma induced removal of hydrocarbons and particles, as well as the formation of by-products and the influence of hydrocarbons on the plasma induced selective catalytic reduction processes were investigated. No disadvantageous by-products could be found. (orig.) [German] Die selektive katalytische Reduktion mit Ammoniak als Reduktionsmittel ist ein bekanntes Verfahren zur Reduktion der Stickoxidemissionen von Diesel-Pkw, arbeitet aber erst ab Katalysatortemperaturen oberhalb 170 C und ist damit unter Kaltstart- und Stadtverkehrsbedingungen wenig wirksam. Gepulste Plasmen bewirken ohne zusaetzliche Massnahmen keine ausreichende chemische Reduktion sondern ueberwiegend Oxidation der als NO emittierten Stickoxide. Durch Kombination von DBE-Plasmen mit der selektiven katalytischen Reduktion hingegen konnte auch bei Katalysatortemperaturen unter 170 C wirkungsvolle NOx-Reduktion erzielt werden. Es konnte

NOx, N2O and SO2 emissions from pressurized fluidized bed combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Korpela, T.; Lu Yong

1995-01-01

This project continues the analysis of available data from the experimental work at the Otaniemi PFBC test rig, including LIEKKI project 4-1a and 4- 4 during the past years. The study concentrates on the effects of the operating parameters on gas emissions, such as NO x , N 2 O and SO 2 , under pressurized conditions. The aim of the study is to prepare the database from the available data and make empirical correlations for estimating nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions from PFBC as a function of significant operating parameters and fuel properties. The major aspect in this work is that the correlations, in general, are also available for existing data in the literature. These correlations may facilitate preliminary FBC design by estimating NO x , N 2 O and SO 2 emissions based on the fuel selected and the operating conditions employed. In addition, the fuel properties selected in the correlations on the basis of statistical inference may lend insight into the mechanisms of the formation and destruction of NO x , N 2 O and SO 2 Therefore, the results are expected to be valuable for energy producers, FBC boiler manufacturers. (author)

Editorial: Partizipationschancen im Kulturraum Internet nutzen und gestalten: Das Beispiel Web 2.0

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kerstin Mayrberger

2011-10-01

Full Text Available Hatte man in den Neunzigerjahren das Netz vor allem als virtuelle Realität charakterisiert, das dem realen Alltag gegenübersteht, so wird immer stärker deutlich, wie stark die Kultur der alltäglichen Lebenswelt mit dem Kulturraum Internet verflochten ist. So wird das Netz, wo man online einkauft, Freunde im Chat trifft, sich täglich über aktuelle Nachrichten informiert, immer mehr als Erweiterung des alltäglichen Lebens betrachtet. Dies bedeutet daher auch, dass wer am Netz aktiv partizipiert, zugleich über einen Anteil an gesellschaftlicher Macht verfügt. Politische Kampagnen im Internet oder die Präsentation von Politikern/-innen bei Wahlkämpfen im Netz unterstreichen diesen Trend auf eindrückliche Weise. Damit ist das Internet ist in den letzten Jahren zu einem Kulturraum sui generis avanciert. Zuerst war das Netz vor allem ein vom Sender gesteuertes «Push-Medium», von welchem Informationen rezipiert und heruntergeladen wurden. Nicht jede/r konnte die Funktion des Senders einnehmen. Mit der technischen und sozialen Weiterentwicklung des Internets in den letzten Jahren hin zum so genannten Web 2.0 ist jede/r potenziell ein «Prosumer», also Produzent/in und Konsument/in in einem. Jede/r kann sich dank technisch niedrigschwelliger Softwareangebote potenziell am «Mitmachnetz» beteiligen. Inhalte werden von Einzelnen oder kollaborativ im Netz erstellt und publiziert, (ausgewählt rezipiert und weiterpubliziert. Damit hat sich das neue Netz zu einem «Pull-Medium» weiterentwickelt, das massgeblich von den Beiträgen der Empfänger/innen mitgestaltet wird. Das Internet wird so zu einem wesentlichen Medium der Partizipation. Die These, wonach das Internet immer stärker zu einem partizipativen Medium wird, ist allerdings nicht unumstritten. So wird eingewandt, dass das Pull-Prinzip des Internets sich oft auf private Inhalte bezieht und dass es schwierig ist, in dem unübersichtlichen Netz eine wirksame Gegen

40 CFR 96.386 - Withdrawal from CAIR NOX Ozone Season Trading Program.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... Trading Program. 96.386 Section 96.386 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR... Season Trading Program. Except as provided under paragraph (g) of this section, a CAIR NOX Ozone Season...

Integrated Dry NOx/SO2 Emissions Control System, A DOE Assessment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

National Energy Technology Laboratory

2001-10-01

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Program is to furnish the energy marketplace with a number of advanced, more efficient, and environmentally responsible coal utilization technologies through demonstration projects. These projects seek to establish the commercial feasibility of the most promising advanced coal technologies that have developed beyond the proof-of-concept stage. This document serves as a DOE post-project assessment (PPA) of a project selected in CCT Round III, the Integrated Dry NO{sub x}/SO{sub 2} Emissions Control System (IDECS), as described in a Report to Congress (U.S. Department of Energy 1991). The desire to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO, nitric oxide, and NO{sub 2}, nitrogen dioxide, collectively referred to as NO{sub x}) and sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) by up to 70 percent at a minimum capital expenditure, while limiting waste production to dry solids that can be handled by conventional ash-removal equipment, prompted Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCC) to submit the proposal for the IDECS project. In March 1991, PSCC entered into a cooperative agreement with DOE to conduct the study. The project was sited at PSCC's Arapahoe Steam Electric Generating Station in Denver, Colorado. The purpose of this CCT project was to demonstrate the reduction of NO{sub x} and SO{sub 2} emissions by installing a combination of existing and emerging technologies, which were expected to work synergistically to reduce emissions. The technologies were low-NO{sub x} burners (LNBS), overfire air (OFA), and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) for NO{sub x} reduction; and dry sorbent injection (DSI), both with and without flue-gas humidification (FGH), for SO{sub 2} reduction. DOE provided 50 percent of the total project funding of $26.2 million.

Exploring the atmospheric chemistry of O2SO3- and assessing the maximum turnover number of ion-catalysed H2SO4 formation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bork, Nicolai Christian; Kurtén, T.; Vehkamäki, H.

2013-01-01

molecule, but reaction (b) is in general much more probable. Although we are unable to assess the overall importance of this cycle in the real atmosphere due to the unknown influence of CO2 and NOx, we roughly estimate that ion-induced catalysis may contribute with several percent of H2SO4 levels......It has recently been demonstrated that the O2SO3- ion forms in the atmosphere as a natural consequence of ionizing radiation. Here, we present a density functional theory-based study of the reactions of O2SO3- with O-3. The most important reactions are (a) oxidation to O3SO3- and (b) cluster...... the two major sinks for O2SO3- is assessed, thereby providing a measure of the maximum turnover number of ion-catalysed SO2 oxidation, i.e. how many SO2 can be oxidized per free electron. The rate ratio between reactions (a) and (b) is significantly altered by the presence or absence of a single water...

Selective Reversible Absorption of the Industrial Off-Gas Components CO2 and NOx by Ionic Liquids

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kaas-Larsen, Peter Kjartan; Thomassen, P.; Schill, Leonhard

2016-01-01

Ionic liquids are promising new materials for climate and pollution control by selective absorption of CO2 and NOx in industrial off-gases. In addition practical cleaning of industrial off gases seems to be attractive by use of ionic liquids distributed on the surface of porous, high surface area...... carriers in the form of so-called Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) materials. The potential of selected ionic liquids for absorption of CO2 and NOx are demonstrated and the possible interference of other gases influencing the stability and absorption capacity of the ionic liquids are investigated...

[Die baltischen Lande im Zeitalter der Reformation und Konfessionalisierung. Livland, Estland, Ösel, Ingermanland, Kurland und Letgallen. Stadt, Land und Konfession 1500-1721. 2. und 3. Teil] / Anti Selart

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Selart, Anti, 1973-

2012-01-01

Arvustus: Die baltischen Lande im Zeitalter der Reformation und Konfessionalisierung. Livland, Estland, Ösel, Ingermanland, Kurland und Letgallen. Stadt, Land und Konfession 1500-1721. Hrsg. von Matthias Asche, Werner Buchholz, Anton Schindling. 2. und 3. Teil.

THE DETERMINATION THE POLLUTION EMISSIONS OF SO2, NOX, CO, CO2 AND O2 FROM THE CHANNELS OF BURNT GAS ON BOILER OF 420 T/H - STEAM, IN THE SIGHT APPLICATION PROCEEDING TO REDUCE OF THESE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Valentin Nedeff

2007-03-01

Full Text Available The work present the results obtained after dynamic analyze the pollution emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, CO2 and O2 on evacuation channels of burnt gas on boiler of 420 t/h steam, having right the basic combustible the lignite, and auxiliary combustible the fuel oil and the natural gas. The values of pollution emission was analyze beside the admissible maxims values required by European legislation for Romania in the year 2005. The conclusion elaborated it adverted to: the values of oxides azoth, carry they frame in the limits provide in Environmental Authorization, under 60 mg/Nmc on 6% oxygen, the concentration values of SO2 which was bigger in report with one authorized comprised between 3500-3900 mg/Nmc confronted by 3400 mg/Nm. For integration in the foresee Government Decision 541/2003 aren't sufficient just proceeding of below reduce SO2, must take and another measures such as: get the fuel with quantity of sulphur 0.5% and with a content of ash below 35%.

One year observations of atmospheric reactive gases (O3, CO, NOx, SO2) at Jang Bogo base in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica

Science.gov (United States)

Siek Rhee, Tae; Seo, Sora

2016-04-01

Antarctica is a remote area surrounded by the Southern Ocean and far from the influence of human activities, giving us unique opportunity to investigate the background variation of trace gases which are sensitive to the human activities. Korean Antarctic base, Jang Bogo, was established as a unique permanent overwintering base in Terra Nova Bay in February, 2014. One year later, we installed a package of instruments to monitor atmospheric trace gases at the base, which includes long-lived greenhouse gases, CO2, CH4, and N2O, and reactive gases, O3, CO, NOx, and SO2. The atmospheric chemistry observatory, where these scientific instruments were installed, is located ca. 1 km far from the main building and power plant, minimizing the influence of pollution that may come from the operation of the base. Here we focus on the reactive gases measured in-situ at the base; O3 displays a typical seasonal variation with high in winter and low in summer with seasonal amplitude of ~18 ppb, CO was high in September at ~56 ppb, probably implying the invasion of lower latitude air mass with biomass burning, and low in late summer due to photochemical oxidation. NO did not show clear seasonal variation, but SO2 reveals larger values in summer than in winter. We will discuss potential atmospheric processes behind these first observations of reactive gases in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica.

Control strategies for vehicular NOx emissions in Guangzhou, China

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shao Min; Zhang Yuanhang; Raufer, Roger

2001-01-01

Guangzhou is a city in southern China that has experienced very rapid economic development in recent years. The city's air has very high concentrations of various pollutants, including sulphur dioxide (SO 2 , oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O 3 ) and particulate. This paper reviews the changes in air quality in the city over the past 15 years, and notes that a serious vehicular-related emissions problem has been superimposed on the traditional coal-burning problem evident in most Chinese cities. As NOx concentrations have increased, oxidants and photochemical smog now interact with the traditional SO 2 and particulate pollutants, leading to increased health risks and other environmental concerns. Any responsible NOx control strategy for the city must include vehicle emission control measures. This paper reviews control strategies designed to abate vehicle emissions to fulfill the city's air quality improvement target in 2010. A cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that, while NOx emission control is expensive, vehicular emission standards could achieve a relatively sizable emissions reduction at reasonable cost. To achieve the 2010 air quality target of NOx, advanced implementation of EURO3 standards is recommended, substituting for the EURO2 currently envisioned in the national regulations Related technical options, including fuel quality improvements and inspection/maintenance (I/M) upgrades (ASM or IM240) are assessed as well. (author)

Hybrid selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR)/selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx removal using low-temperature SCR with Mn-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst.

Science.gov (United States)

Choi, Sung-Woo; Choi, Sang-Ki; Bae, Hun-Kyun

2015-04-01

cause of acid rain and ozone hole. A technology, so-called hybrid SNCR/SCR process, was tested using Mn-V2O5/TiO2 monolithic catalyst for NOx reduction, and the method is promising. The results of this study would provide some ideas to parties such as policy makers, environmental engineers, and so on.

Teilchendetektoren Grundlagen und Anwendungen

CERN Document Server

Kolanoski, Hermann

2016-01-01

In diesem Buch werden die experimentellen Grundlagen von Teilchendetektoren und ihre Anwendung in Experimenten beschrieben. Die Entwicklung von Detektoren ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Teilchen-, Astroteilchen- und Kernphysik und gehört daher zum Handwerk des Experimentalphysikers in diesen Gebieten. Dieses umfassende Werk beinhaltet den kompletten Stoff für entsprechende Master-Module in der experimentellen Teilchenphysik, geht aber im Inhalt auch darüber hinaus. Zielgruppe sind Studierende, die sich in die Materie vertiefen möchten, aber auch Lehrende und Wissenschaftler, die das Buch zum Einstieg in das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten an Detektorentwicklungen verwenden können. Zielrichtung des Buches ist, die physikalischen Grundlagen für die Detektoren und ihrer verschiedenen Ausführungen so klar wie möglich und so tiefgehend wie nötig darzustellen. Die Breite des für die Detektorentwicklung nötigen Wissens umfasst viele Bereiche der Physik und Technik, von den Wechselwirkun...

Cardiac and renal upregulation of Nox2 and NF-κB and repression of Nox4 and Nrf2 in season- and diabetes-mediated models of vascular oxidative stress in guinea-pig and rat.

Science.gov (United States)

Gajos-Draus, Anna; Duda, Monika; Beręsewicz, Andrzej

2017-11-01

The superoxide-forming NADPH oxidase homologues, Nox1, Nox2, and Nox5, seem to mediate the pro-atherosclerotic vascular phenotype. The hydrogen peroxide-forming Nox4 afforded vascular protection, likely via NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation and/or Nox2 downregulation in transgenic mice. We hypothesized that oxidative stress in the intact vasculature involves, aside from the upregulation of the superoxide-forming Noxs, the downregulation of the Nox4/Nrf2 pathway. Guinea-pigs and rats were studied either in winter or in summer, and the streptozotocin diabetic rats in winter. Plasma nitrite, and superoxide production by isolated hearts were measured, while frozen tissues served in biochemical analyses. Summer in both species and diabetes in rats downregulated myocardial Nox4 while reciprocally upregulating Nox2 and Nox5 in guinea-pigs, and Nox2 in rats. Simultaneously, myocardial Nrf2 activity and the expression of the Nrf2-directed heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial NO synthase were reduced while activity of the nuclear factor κ B (NF- κ B) and the expression of NF- κ B-directed inducible NO synthase and the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were increased. Cardiac superoxide production was increased while plasma nitrite was decreased reciprocally. Analogous disregulation of Noxs, Nrf2, and NF- κ B, occurred in diabetic rat kidneys. Given the diversity of the experimental settings and the uniform pattern of the responses, we speculate that: (1) chronic vascular oxidative stress is a nonspecific (model-, species-, organ-independent) response involving the induction of Nox2 (and Nox5 in guinea-pigs) and the NF- κ B pathway, and the repression of Nox4 and the Nrf2 pathway; and (2) the systems Nox2-NF- κ B and Nox4-Nrf2 regulate each other negatively. © 2017 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOX with ammonia absorbent in a packed column

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jia, Yong; Du, Daqian; Zhang, Xinxi; Ding, Xilou; Zhong, Oin

2013-01-01

Catalytic oxidation of NO followed by simultaneous removal of SO 2 and NO X with ammonia is a promising method for control of coal-fired flue gas pollutants. We investigated simultaneous absorption of SO 2 and NO X in a packed column with ammonia, and found that SO 2 and NO X could promote absorption with each other in the process of simultaneous removal SO 2 and NO X . The removal efficiency of SO 2 and NO X was, respectively, about 98% and 70.9% at pH 5.5, temperature 323.15 K, SO 2 concentration 1,800x10 −6 , NO X concentration 400x10 −6 and m NO2 /m NO 1 in our experimental system. The experimental results also show that the formation of sulfite oxidized by reacting with dissolved NO 2 and the molar ratio of sulfite to total sulfur is more than 0.8 in the solution. Accordingly, the energy consumption for sulfite oxidation would be greatly reduced in the process of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification with ammonia

Composite TiO{sub 2}/clays materials for photocatalytic NOx oxidation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Todorova, N.; Giannakopoulou, T.; Karapati, S.; Petridis, D. [Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki (Greece); Vaimakis, T. [Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10, Ioannina (Greece); Trapalis, C., E-mail: trapalis@ims.demokritos.gr [Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10, Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki (Greece)

2014-11-15

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Clays-supported TiO{sub 2} photocatalysts are prepared by simple, scalable method. • Visible light active TiO{sub 2} is incorporated in hydrotalcite, talk and kunipia clays. • The alkali substrates facilitate the NOx adsorption to the photocatalytic surface. • Low-content TiO{sub 2} photocatalysts demonstrated high NOx oxidation activity. • Titania/hydrotalcite photocatalyst exhibited remarkable NOx removal activity. - Abstract: TiO{sub 2} photocatalyst received much attention for air purification applications especially for removal of air pollutants like NOx, VOCs etc. It has been established that the activity of the photocatalyst can be significantly enhanced by its immobilization onto suitable substrates like inorganic minerals, porous silica, hydroxyapatite, adsorbent materials like activated carbon, various co-catalysts such as semiconductors, graphene, reduced graphite oxide, etc. In the present work, photocatalytic composite materials consisted of mineral substrate and TiO{sub 2} in weight ratio 1:1 were manufactured and examined for oxidation and removal of nitric oxides NOx (NO and NO{sub 2}). Commercial titania P25 (Evonik-Degussa) and urea-modified P25 were used as photocatalytically active components. Inorganic minerals, namely kunipia, talk and hydrotalcite were selected as supporting materials due to their layered structure and expected high NOx adsorption capability. Al{sup 3+} and Ca{sup 2+} intercalation was applied in order to improve the dispersion of TiO{sub 2} and its loading into the supporting matrix. The X-ray diffraction analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the binary structure of the composites and homogeneous dispersion of the photocatalyst into the substrates. The photocatalytic behavior of the materials in NOx oxidation and removal was investigated under UV and visible light irradiation. The composite materials exhibited superior photocatalytic activity than the bare titania

Radiation processes for the control of NOx/SO2 emissions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dickson, L.W.; Singh, A.

1988-01-01

This report provides a brief review of the use of radiation for the treatment of flue gases and identifies areas for additional research. Two different radiation-based processes have been developed for the removal of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide from the flue gases of coal-fired boilers. In the technique developed by the Ebara Corporation and Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, ammonia is injected prior to the irradiation step to enhance the process efficiency and to yield a solid ammonium sulphate - ammonium nitrate product that may be used as a fertilizer. The process developed by the Research-Cottrell Corporation uses electron-beam irradiation downstream of a lime spray dryer to remove nitrogen oxides and to enhance the sulphur dioxide removal efficiency. Both of these processes require large quantities of electron-beam power and are currently expected to be more expensive than other available sulphur dioxide emission control technologies. Present emission control regulations in North America do not require the high degree of nitrogen oxide removal provided by the radiation-based processes. Research into the radiolytic oxidation of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, the radiolytic oxidation of NO x /SO 2 on solid sorbents, and the radiolytic oxidation of NO x /SO 2 in electric fields may lead to the development of more economical radiation treatment processes for flue gases. 44 refs

Methylcholanthrene-Induced Sarcomas Develop Independently from NOX2-Derived ROS.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maarten A Ligtenberg

Full Text Available Reactive oxygen species (ROS produced by the inducible NADPH oxidase type 2 (NOX2 complex are essential for clearing certain infectious organisms but may also have a role in regulating inflammation and immune response. For example, ROS is involved in myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC- and regulatory T cell (T(reg mediated T- and NK-cell suppression. However, abundant ROS produced within the tumor microenvironment, or by the tumor itself may also yield oxidative stress, which can blunt anti-tumor immune responses as well as eventually leading to tumor toxicity. In this study we aimed to decipher the role of NOX2-derived ROS in a chemically (by methylcholanthrene (MCA induced sarcoma model. Superoxide production by NOX2 requires the p47(phox (NCF1 subunit to organize the formation of the NOX2 complex on the cell membrane. Homozygous mutant mice (NCF1*/* have a functional loss of their super oxide burst while heterozygous mice (NCF1*/+ retain this key function. Mice harboring either a homo- or a heterozygous mutation were injected intramuscularly with MCA to induce sarcoma formation. We found that NOX2 functionality does not determine tumor incidence in the tested MCA model. Comprehensive immune monitoring in tumor bearing mice showed that infiltrating immune cells experienced an increase in their oxidative state regardless of the NOX2 functionality. While MCA-induced sarcomas where characterized by a T(reg and MDSC accumulation, no significant differences could be found between NCF1*/* and NCF1*/+ mice. Furthermore, infiltrating T cells showed an increase in effector-memory cell phenotype markers in both NCF1*/* and NCF1*/+ mice. Tumors established from both NCF1*/* and NCF1*/+ mice were tested for their in vitro proliferative capacity as well as their resistance to cisplatin and radiation therapy, with no differences being recorded. Overall our findings indicate that NOX2 activity does not play a key role in tumor development or immune cell

Integrated Dry NOx/SO2 Emissions Control System, A DOE Assessment; FINAL

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

National Energy Technology Laboratory

2001-01-01

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Program is to furnish the energy marketplace with a number of advanced, more efficient, and environmentally responsible coal utilization technologies through demonstration projects. These projects seek to establish the commercial feasibility of the most promising advanced coal technologies that have developed beyond the proof-of-concept stage. This document serves as a DOE post-project assessment (PPA) of a project selected in CCT Round III, the Integrated Dry NO(sub x)/SO(sub 2) Emissions Control System (IDECS), as described in a Report to Congress (U.S. Department of Energy 1991). The desire to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO, nitric oxide, and NO(sub 2), nitrogen dioxide, collectively referred to as NO(sub x)) and sulfur dioxide (SO(sub 2)) by up to 70 percent at a minimum capital expenditure, while limiting waste production to dry solids that can be handled by conventional ash-removal equipment, prompted Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCC) to submit the proposal for the IDECS project. In March 1991, PSCC entered into a cooperative agreement with DOE to conduct the study. The project was sited at PSCC's Arapahoe Steam Electric Generating Station in Denver, Colorado. The purpose of this CCT project was to demonstrate the reduction of NO(sub x) and SO(sub 2) emissions by installing a combination of existing and emerging technologies, which were expected to work synergistically to reduce emissions. The technologies were low-NO(sub x) burners (LNBS), overfire air (OFA), and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) for NO(sub x) reduction; and dry sorbent injection (DSI), both with and without flue-gas humidification (FGH), for SO(sub 2) reduction. DOE provided 50 percent of the total project funding of$26.2 million

Gosvig und das Problem der Geschichte

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Wentzer, Thomas Schwarz

2016-01-01

Der Essay geht der Frage nach, wieso so viele philosophische Bücher, insbesondere innerhalb der sogenannten 'kontinentalen' Philosophie des 20. Jhs, einen Titel tragen, der durch die Struktur 'x und y' gekennzeichnet ist. Hat Heideggers 'Sein und Zeit' auch hier Schule gemacht? Wenn ja, wie so? U...... These, dass die Iteration des 'und' tatsächlich und in Kontrast zur Genetivkonstruktion der Idealisten ('Phänomenologie des Geistes') die Geschichtlichkeit im Zeitalter postsubjektivistischen Denkens reflektiert....

The Gothenburg Protocol: NOx emissions problematic for Norway

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lind, Oddvar

2000-01-01

The Gothenburg Protocol concerns long-range air pollution and is a continuation of earlier protocols and agreements. Its recommendations are based on calculations of where the greatest possible health- and environmental impact is obtained per dollar invested. European countries have done much to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide. Norway and most other countries, however, have difficulties reducing their emissions of nitrogen oxides. In Norway, the emission of sulphur dioxide must also be substantially reduced, as the tolerance limit for SO2 in nature is low. It is socio-economically profitable for Norway to conform to the Gothenburg Protocol. One of the largest environmental problems in Norway is acid rain and death of fish. Although it is difficult to calculate the exact values of fishing-lakes and of reduced health injuries when the emissions of harmful waste gases are reduced, the profit is very high. 90% of the SO2 pollution in Norway is long-range transported from abroad. Yet Norway must reduce the domestic emissions from 30 000 to 22 000 tonnes the next 10 years. Most of the present emission of SO2 in Norway comes from the production of metals. The reduction goal can be achieved by a combination of improving industrial processes, SO2 cleaning, and reducing the sulphur content of oil. In many European countries, the greatest problem is the increasing emission of NOx and formation of ozone at the ground, which is largely due to the rapidly increasing motor traffic. In Norway, most of the NOx emission comes from the coastal traffic and the fishing fleet, followed by the motor traffic, the petroleum industry and the processing industry. The most cost-effective NOx reductions can be obtained in the North Sea by installing low-NOx gas turbines. In ships, catalytic cleaning of NOx and engine improvements will contribute. On land, the goods traffic can be made more efficient. Most of the emission of ammonia comes from agriculture, where special measures are

Sulfur Deactivation of NOx Storage Catalysts: A Multiscale Modeling Approach

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rankovic N.

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Lean NOx Trap (LNT catalysts, a promising solution for reducing the noxious nitrogen oxide emissions from the lean burn and Diesel engines, are technologically limited by the presence of sulfur in the exhaust gas stream. Sulfur stemming from both fuels and lubricating oils is oxidized during the combustion event and mainly exists as SOx (SO2 and SO3 in the exhaust. Sulfur oxides interact strongly with the NOx trapping material of a LNT to form thermodynamically favored sulfate species, consequently leading to the blockage of NOx sorption sites and altering the catalyst operation. Molecular and kinetic modeling represent a valuable tool for predicting system behavior and evaluating catalytic performances. The present paper demonstrates how fundamental ab initio calculations can be used as a valuable source for designing kinetic models developed in the IFP Exhaust library, intended for vehicle simulations. The concrete example we chose to illustrate our approach was SO3 adsorption on the model NOx storage material, BaO. SO3 adsorption was described for various sites (terraces, surface steps and kinks and bulk for a closer description of a real storage material. Additional rate and sensitivity analyses provided a deeper understanding of the poisoning phenomena.

Politische Bildung und das Web 2.0

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Heike Schaumburg

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Aktuell erhält die Diskussion um die Rolle des Internet in der Politischen Bildung neuen Auftrieb durch die Entwicklung der sogenannten Web-2.0- Technologien, die im Vergleich zum Web 1.0 ein erheblich grösseres Potenzial zur Mitgestaltung politischer Inhalte und Prozesse und bzw. zur Partizipation bieten, aber auch neue Möglichkeiten der Kommunikation und Vernetzung eröffnen. In der vorliegenden Studie wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit das Internet und speziell das Web 2.0 in der Lage sind, die in die Technik gesetzten Hoffnungen zu erfüllen. Dabei wird zunächst ausgelotet, welche Potenziale das Web 2.0 für die Politische Bildung mit Blick auf ihre didaktische Gestaltung bieten könnte. Im Anschluss daran wird auf der Basis einer Analyse des Internet-Angebots der traditionellen Anbieter Politischer Bildung (Bundes- und Landeszentralen für Politische Bildung, politische Stiftungen sowie von Internetportalen im Bereich Politische Bildung festgestellt, welche Verbreitung Web-2.0-Angebote gegenwärtig besitzen. Schliesslich wird auf der Grundlage einer Nutzerbefragung an knapp 300 Teilnehmern virtueller politischer Bildungsangebote einer politischen Stiftung der Frage nachgegangen, wie Web-2.0-Angebote in der Politischen Bildungsarbeit aus Nutzersicht beurteilt werden.

PHP und MySQL der Web-Baukasten fur Einsteiger und Individualisten

CERN Document Server

Damaschke, Giesbert

2015-01-01

Sie haben schon eigene Webseiten gebaut und mochten diese nun mit Funktionen ausstatten, fur die Sie PHP und MySQL benotigen? Giesbert Damaschke zeigt Ihnen in diesem Buch, wie Sie das schaffen. Schritt fur Schritt erlernen Sie die benotigten Programmier- und Datenbankgrundlagen - immer im Rahmen von typischen dynamischen Anwendungen. So erheben und speichern Sie zum Beispiel mit Formularen Kontaktdaten, prufen Benutzereingaben, erstellen Menus, richten einen Besucherzahler ein, verschicken E-Mails mit PHP oder entwickeln sogar einen eigenen Blog. Alle Codebeispiele werden ausfuhrlich erklart,

Composite TiO2/clays materials for photocatalytic NOx oxidation

Science.gov (United States)

Todorova, N.; Giannakopoulou, T.; Karapati, S.; Petridis, D.; Vaimakis, T.; Trapalis, C.

2014-11-01

TiO2 photocatalyst received much attention for air purification applications especially for removal of air pollutants like NOx, VOCs etc. It has been established that the activity of the photocatalyst can be significantly enhanced by its immobilization onto suitable substrates like inorganic minerals, porous silica, hydroxyapatite, adsorbent materials like activated carbon, various co-catalysts such as semiconductors, graphene, reduced graphite oxide, etc. In the present work, photocatalytic composite materials consisted of mineral substrate and TiO2 in weight ratio 1:1 were manufactured and examined for oxidation and removal of nitric oxides NOx (NO and NO2). Commercial titania P25 (Evonik-Degussa) and urea-modified P25 were used as photocatalytically active components. Inorganic minerals, namely kunipia, talk and hydrotalcite were selected as supporting materials due to their layered structure and expected high NOx adsorption capability. Al3+ and Ca2+ intercalation was applied in order to improve the dispersion of TiO2 and its loading into the supporting matrix. The X-ray diffraction analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the binary structure of the composites and homogeneous dispersion of the photocatalyst into the substrates. The photocatalytic behavior of the materials in NOx oxidation and removal was investigated under UV and visible light irradiation. The composite materials exhibited superior photocatalytic activity than the bare titania under both types of irradiation. Significant visible light activity was recorded for the composites containing urea-modified titania that was accredited to the N-doping of the semiconductor. Among the different substrates, the hydrotalcite caused highest increase in the NOx removal, while among the intercalation ions the Ca2+ was more efficient. The results were related to the improved dispersion of the TiO2 and the synergetic activity of the substrates as NOx adsorbers.

Sodium bicarbonate in-duct injection with sodium sulfate recovery for SO2/NOx control

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bennett, R.; Darmstaedter, E.

1991-01-01

Dry sodium injection with sodium bicarbonate has been used commercially at industrial sites since the mid 1980's. In the past three years, five full scale commercial demonstrations have been completed on electric utility coal fired units. Up to 75% SO 2 removal with 0-40% NO x removal has been achieved on units equipped with ESPs. Recent slip stream studies have proven up to 90% SO 2 removal and 25% NO x removal when injection is ahead of a baghouse. If dry sodium bicarbonate sorbent injection technology is used prior to a retrofitted baghouse, but after an existing ESP the sodium sulfate by-product/flyash mixture in the baghouse is over 90% Na 2 SO 4 . Simple filtration and crystallization will yield a high value 99% + pure Na 2 SO 4 for sale. In this application, no liquid discharge occurs and potentially no solids discharge, since flyash recovered from the filter is either recycled to the boiler with the coal stream or reinjected into the boiler. EPA IAPCS model Version 4 is modified to project costs for this SO 2 /NO x removal technology when couples with Na 2 SO 4 recovery. In this paper an example is used to show hardware requirements, consumables accountability, by-product recovery rates, capital costs and levelized costs

Nox2 and p47phox modulate compensatory growth of primary collateral arteries

Science.gov (United States)

DiStasi, Matthew R.; Unthank, Joseph L.

2014-01-01

The role of NADPH oxidase (Nox) in both the promotion and impairment of compensatory collateral growth remains controversial because the specific Nox and reactive oxygen species involved are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the primary Nox and reactive oxygen species associated with early stage compensatory collateral growth in young, healthy animals. Ligation of the feed arteries that form primary collateral pathways in rat mesentery and mouse hindlimb was used to assess the role of Nox during collateral growth. Changes in mesenteric collateral artery Nox mRNA expression determined by real-time PCR at 1, 3, and 7 days relative to same-animal control arteries suggested a role for Nox subunits Nox2 and p47phox. Administration of apocynin or Nox2ds-tat suppressed collateral growth in both rat and mouse models, suggesting the Nox2/p47phox interaction was involved. Functional significance of p47phox expression was assessed by evaluation of collateral growth in rats administered p47phox small interfering RNA and in p47phox−/− mice. Diameter measurements of collateral mesenteric and gracilis arteries at 7 and 14 days, respectively, indicated no significant collateral growth compared with control rats or C57BL/6 mice. Chronic polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase administration significantly suppressed collateral development in rats and mice, implying a requirement for H2O2. Taken together, these results suggest that Nox2, modulated at least in part by p47phox, mediates early stage compensatory collateral development via a process dependent upon peroxide generation. These results have important implications for the use of antioxidants and the development of therapies for peripheral arterial disease. PMID:24633549

Electrochemical reduction of NOx

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Traulsen, Marie Lund

NO and NO2 (collectively referred to as NOx) are air pollutants, and the largest single contributor to NOx pollution is automotive exhaust. This study investigates electrochemical deNOx, a technology which aims to remove NOx from automotive diesel exhaust by electrochemical reduction of NOx to N2...... and O2. The focus in this study is on improving the activity and selectivity of solid oxide electrodes for electrochemical deNOx by addition of NOx storage compounds to the electrodes. Two different composite electrodes, La0.85Sr0.15MnO3-δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (LSM15-CGO10) and La0.85Sr0.15FeO3-δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O......1.95 (LSF15-CGO10), have been investigated in combination with three different NOx storage compounds: BaO, K2O and MnOx. The main focus in the investigation has been on conversion measurements and electrochemical characterization, the latter by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy...

Editorial 01/2013 Normen und Normierungen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christian Swertz

2013-03-01

Humboldt als fremd- und selbstbestimmt zugleich beschreiben, weshalb es bei ihm zu einer nützlichen dialektischen Aufhebung kommt, die mit Kants Autonomiebegriff, seiner Selbstgesetzgebung und dem Konzept der Mündigkeit zusammengebracht werden kann. Die kritische Dimension von Medienkompetenz – so Damberger abschließend – ist daher die Norm der Medienmündigkeit. Wer aber über diese mündige, individuelle kritische Dimension nicht verfügen kann, der ist im pädagogischen Sinne halbmedienkompetent bzw. medieninkompetent.Darüber hinaus verweist ein interessanter Bericht, den Thorsten Fuchs für die LeserInnen der MEDIENIMPULSE als Abschluss des Schwerpunktteils erstellt hat, auf eine Tagung, die am 01. und 02. November am Institut für Bildungswissenschaft der Universität Wien zum Thema „Normativität und Normative (in der Pädagogik“ stattfand, in deren Rahmen eine ausgewiesene ExpertInnenrunde unser Schwerpunktthema diskutierte. Dabei wurde u. a. diskutiert, inwiefern bildungspolitische Normen ein kritisches Intervenieren schwierig aber nicht unmöglich machen so wie die Notwenigkeit betont wurde, konkrete Praktiken in ihrer Normativität zu beschreiben.Aber auch in den anderen Ressorts hat sich Einiges getan, das für unsere LeserInnen mit Sicherheit von großem Interesse ist. So haben Andreas Steininger und Christian Swertz im Ressort Forschung das Lernen durch Spielen von Echzeitstrategiespielen (RTS – Real Time Strategy Games untersucht, indem sie anhand von Starcraft 2 den subjektiv wahrgenommenen Wissenstransfer von 444 SpielerInnen mit einem Fragebogen erkundeten. Dabei sehen etwas weniger als die Hälfte der Befragten einen Wissenstransfer im Bereich der sozialen Kompetenz, der Medienkompetenz, der persönlichkeitsorientierten Kompetenz und der kognitiven Kompetenz. Und mehr als 50% der Befragten nehmen subjektiv einen Wissenstransfer im Bereich der sensomotorischen Kompetenzen und der Fremdsprachkenntnisse wahr.Auch im Ressort Praxis haben wir f

Nrf2 mediates redox adaptation in NOX4-overexpressed non-small cell lung cancer cells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wu, Qipeng; Yao, Bei; Li, Ning; Ma, Lei; Deng, Yanchao; Yang, Yang; Zeng, Cheng; Yang, Zhicheng [Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Liu, Bing, E-mail: liubing520@gdpu.edu.cn [Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006 (China)

2017-03-15

The redox adaptation mechanisms in cancer cells are very complex and remain largely unclear. Our previous studies have confirmed that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is abundantly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and confers apoptosis resistance on NSCLC cells. However, the comprehensive mechanisms for NOX4-mediated oxidative resistance of cancer cells remain still undentified. The present study found that NOX4-derived H{sub 2}O{sub 2} enhanced the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) stability via disruption of redox-dependent proteasomal degradation and stimulated its activity through activation of PI3K signaling. Specifically, the results showed that ectopic NOX4 expression did not induce apoptosis of A549 cells; however, inhibition of Nrf2 resulted in obvious apoptotic death of NOX4-overexpressed A549 cells, accompanied by a significant increase in H{sub 2}O{sub 2} level and decrease in GSH content. Besides, inhibition of Nrf2 could suppress cell growth and efficiently reverse the enhancement effect of NOX4 on cell growth. The in vivo data confirmed that inhibition of Nrf2 could interfere apoptosis resistance in NOX4-overexpressed A549 tumors and led to cell growth inhibition. In conclusion, these results reveal that Nrf2 is critically involved in redox adaptation regulation in NOX4-overexpressed NSCLC cells. Therefore, NOX4 and Nrf2 may be promising combination targets against malignant progression of NSCLC. - Highlights: • NOX4-derived H{sub 2}O{sub 2} upregulates Nrf2 expression and activity in NSCLC. • Nrf2 confers apoptosis resistance in NOX4-overexpressed NSCLC cells. • Inhibition of Nrf2 reverses the enhancement effect of NOX4 on cell growth.

Modeling the effects of changes in new source review on national SO{sub 2} and NOx emissions from electricity-generating units

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

David A. Evans; Benjamin F. Hobbs; Craig Oren; Karen L. Palmer [Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (United States)

2008-01-15

The Clean Air Act establishes New Source Review (NSR) programs that apply to construction or modification of major stationary sources. In 2002 and 2003, EPA revised its rules to narrow NSR's coverage of renovations. Congress mandated a National Research Council study of the revisions' impacts. In that study, we used an electricity-sector model to explore possible effects of the equipment replacement provision (ERP), the principal NSR change directed at power plants. We find that, assuming implementation of the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), tight enforcement of the prerevision NSR rules would likely lead to no or limited decreases in national emissions compared to policies such as ERP. However, emissions might shift forward in time because the previous NSR rules would depress allowance prices, discouraging banking and encouraging allowance use. Only under the most aggressive prerevision NSR enforcement scenario, in which essentially all coal capacity is compelled to retrofit controls by 2020, do NOx emissions fall below ERP levels. Even then, total 2007-2020 SO{sub 2} emissions are unaffected. Further decreases in national emissions could be accomplished more cheaply by tighter emissions caps than through NSR because caps provide incentives for efficient operating strategies, such as fuel switching, as well as retrofits. 23 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

Modeling the effects of changes in new source review on national SO2 and NOx emissions from electricity-generating units.

Science.gov (United States)

Evans, David A; Hobbs, Benjamin F; Oren, Craig; Palmer, Karen L

2008-01-15

The Clean Air Act establishes New Source Review (NSR) programs that apply to construction or modification of major stationary sources. In 2002 and 2003, EPA revised its rules to narrow NSR's coverage of renovations. Congress mandated a National Research Council study of the revisions' impacts. In that study, we used an electricity-sector model to explore possible effects of the equipment replacement provision (ERP), the principal NSR change directed at power plants. We find that, assuming implementation of the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), tight enforcement of the prerevision NSR rules would likely lead to no or limited decreases in national emissions compared to policies such as ERP. However, emissions might shift forward in time because the previous NSR rules would depress allowance prices, discouraging banking and encouraging allowance use. Only under the most aggressive prerevision NSR enforcement scenario, in which essentially all coal capacity is compelled to retrofit controls by 2020, do NOx emissions fall below ERP levels. Even then, total 2007-2020 SO2 emissions are unaffected. Further decreases in national emissions could be accomplished more cheaply by tighter emissions caps than through NSR because caps provide incentives for efficient operating strategies, such as fuel switching, as well as retrofits.

Blended Learning zur integrierten und standardisierten Vermittlung klinischer Untersuchungstechniken: Das KliFO-Projekt [A blended learning approach for the integrated and standardized teaching of clinical skills: The CliSO project

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Brüchner, Kirsten

2009-02-01

Full Text Available [english] Objective: The medical faculties of LMU Munich and CAU Kiel have developed a joint blended learning concept for computer-based learning and practical training of clinical skills: "CliSO – Clinical Skills Online" (. CliSO is implemented in their core curricula with the intention to foster students’ medical examination skills at the preclinical and clinical level. Methods: Both partners contributed their special competencies in the fields of case-based learning (Munich: CASUS e-learning platform and systematic learning (Kiel: Nickels e-learning platform. The didactic concept comprises the integration of theory and practice. It combines the standardized teaching of the following three components: Clinical skills are trained and reviewed in face-to-face courses. In the e-learning environment, the well-directed combination of case-based and systematic learning together with the chosen diversity of media (video, audio, animation facilitates situated learning as well as the intelligible presentation of clinical skills and their biomedical background. Both faculties agreed on joint learning objectives and standards. Results and prospects: It was possible to apply the concept to the different target groups at both faculties (first and second study phases and the differently designed face-to-face courses (Kiel: students examine each other; Munich: patients are examined in addition. Evaluations and studies confirmed the success of this approach, so that a transfer of the concept to other faculties is intended. [german] Zielsetzung: Mit „KliFO – Klinische Fertigkeiten Online“ ( haben die Medizinischen Fakultäten der LMU München und der CAU Kiel ein gemeinsames Blended Learning-Konzept zum computergestützten Lernen und praktischen Trainieren von klinischen Untersuchungstechniken entwickelt und in Pflichtveranstaltungen der Curricula integriert. Ziele sind die Verbesserung der Vor- und Nachbereitung von Untersuchungskursen im

Aqueous-phase mechanism for secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene: application to the southeast United States and co-benefit of SO2 emission controls

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

E. A. Marais

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Isoprene emitted by vegetation is an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol (SOA, but the mechanism and yields are uncertain. Aerosol is prevailingly aqueous under the humid conditions typical of isoprene-emitting regions. Here we develop an aqueous-phase mechanism for isoprene SOA formation coupled to a detailed gas-phase isoprene oxidation scheme. The mechanism is based on aerosol reactive uptake coefficients (γ for water-soluble isoprene oxidation products, including sensitivity to aerosol acidity and nucleophile concentrations. We apply this mechanism to simulation of aircraft (SEAC4RS and ground-based (SOAS observations over the southeast US in summer 2013 using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx  ≡  NO + NO2 over the southeast US are such that the peroxy radicals produced from isoprene oxidation (ISOPO2 react significantly with both NO (high-NOx pathway and HO2 (low-NOx pathway, leading to different suites of isoprene SOA precursors. We find a mean SOA mass yield of 3.3 % from isoprene oxidation, consistent with the observed relationship of total fine organic aerosol (OA and formaldehyde (a product of isoprene oxidation. Isoprene SOA production is mainly contributed by two immediate gas-phase precursors, isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX, 58 % of isoprene SOA from the low-NOx pathway and glyoxal (28 % from both low- and high-NOx pathways. This speciation is consistent with observations of IEPOX SOA from SOAS and SEAC4RS. Observations show a strong relationship between IEPOX SOA and sulfate aerosol that we explain as due to the effect of sulfate on aerosol acidity and volume. Isoprene SOA concentrations increase as NOx emissions decrease (favoring the low-NOx pathway for isoprene oxidation, but decrease more strongly as SO2 emissions decrease (due to the effect of sulfate on aerosol acidity and volume. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA projects 2013–2025 decreases in

INF-γ Enhances Nox2 Activity by Upregulating phox Proteins When Applied to Differentiating PLB-985 Cells but Does Not Induce Nox2 Activity by Itself.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michael A Ellison

Full Text Available The cytokine and drug interferon-γ enhances superoxide anion production by the antimicrobicidal Nox2 enzyme of neutrophils. Because mature neutrophils have a short lifespan, we hypothesized that the effects of interferon-γ on these cells might be mediated by its prolonged exposure to differentiating neutrophil precursors in the bone marrow rather than its brief exposure to mature circulating neutrophils. Effects of INF-Γ on NOX2 activity: To address this possibility we exposed the myeloid PLB-985 cell line to interferon-γ for 3 days in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide which induces terminal differentiation of these cells. Interferon-γ was found to enhance superoxide production by Nox2 in a concentration dependent manner. In contrast, application of interferon-γ alone for 3 days failed to induce detectible Nox2 activity. Additionally, application of interferon-γ for 3 hours to pre-differentiated PLB-985 cells, which models studies using isolated neutrophils, was much less effective at enhancing superoxide anion production. Effects of INF-Γ on phox protein levels: Addition of interferon-γ during differentiation was found to upregulate the Nox2 proteins gp91phox and p47phox in concert with elevated transcription of their genes. The p22phox protein was upregulated in the absence of increased transcription presumably reflecting stabilization resulting from binding to the elevated gp91phox. Thus, increased levels of gp91phox, p47phox and p22phox likely account for the interferon-γ mediated enhancement of dimethyl sulfoxide-induced Nox2 activity. In contrast, although interferon-γ alone also increased various phox proteins and their mRNAs, the pattern was very different to that seen with interferon-γ plus dimethyl sulfoxide. In particular, p47phox was not induced thus explaining the inability of interferon -γ alone to enhance Nox2 activity. Short application of interferon-γ to already differentiated cells failed to increase any phox

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SOx and NOx emissions from ships

Science.gov (United States)

Balzani Lööv, J. M.; Alfoldy, B.; Gast, L. F. L.; Hjorth, J.; Lagler, F.; Mellqvist, J.; Beecken, J.; Berg, N.; Duyzer, J.; Westrate, H.; Swart, D. P. J.; Berkhout, A. J. C.; Jalkanen, J.-P.; Prata, A. J.; van der Hoff, G. R.; Borowiak, A.

2014-08-01

Methods for the determination of ship fuel sulphur content and NOx emission factors based on remote measurements have been compared in the harbour of Rotterdam and compared to direct stack emission measurements on the ferry Stena Hollandica. The methods were selected based on a review of the available literature on ship emission measurements. They were either optical (LIDAR, Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), UV camera), combined with model-based estimates of fuel consumption, or based on the so called "sniffer" principle, where SO2 or NOx emission factors are determined from simultaneous measurement of the increase of CO2 and SO2 or NOx concentrations in the plume of the ship compared to the background. The measurements were performed from stations at land, from a boat and from a helicopter. Mobile measurement platforms were found to have important advantages compared to the land-based ones because they allow optimizing the sampling conditions and sampling from ships on the open sea. Although optical methods can provide reliable results it was found that at the state of the art level, the "sniffer" approach is the most convenient technique for determining both SO2 and NOx emission factors remotely. The average random error on the determination of SO2 emission factors comparing two identical instrumental set-ups was 6%. However, it was found that apparently minor differences in the instrumental characteristics, such as response time, could cause significant differences between the emission factors determined. Direct stack measurements showed that about 14% of the fuel sulphur content was not emitted as SO2. This was supported by the remote measurements and is in agreement with the results of other field studies.

Führung und Machiavellismus

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Belschak, F.D.; den Hartog, D.N.; Felfe, J.

2015-01-01

In diesem Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Führung und Machiavellismus aus zwei verschiedenen Perspektiven betrachtet. Zum einen werden neuere Forschungsergebnisse referiert, wie machiavellistische Mitarbeiter auf verschiedene Führungsstile ihres Vorgestzten reagieren und so mit Hinblick auf

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart III... - States With Approved State Implementation Plan Revisions Concerning CAIR SO2 Opt-In Units

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... Implementation Plan Revisions Concerning CAIR SO2 Opt-In Units A Appendix A to Subpart III of Part 97 Protection... BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS CAIR SO2 Opt-in Units Pt. 97, Subpt. III... Concerning CAIR SO2 Opt-In Units 1. The following States have State Implementation Plan revisions under § 51...

Medien als Lernform und die Trimediale Redaktion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wolf Hilzensauer

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt ein Konzept für eine handlungsorientierte Medienpädagogik im Bildungsbereich. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die SO!-Campusredaktion, die als Methode für expansives Lernen die Möglichkeit bietet, unabhängig von Thema oder Medium die Verantwortung für den Lernprozess in die Hände der Lernenden zu legen. Der Dokumentation von Reflexion über den Lernprozess wird dabei eine besondere Bedeutung zugesprochen. Gleichzeitig werden unterschiedliche mediale Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten (Audio/Radio, Video/Fernsehen und Zeitung – sowohl als Print- als auch als Onlinemedium vorgestellt, die durch das Konzept BYOD – bring your own device – auch einfach und niederschwellig im Bildungskontext umsetzbar sind. Dadurch ergeben sich innovative Möglichkeiten, einen Lernprozess sichtbar zu machen und gleichzeitig eine Grundlage für eine alternative Leistungsbeurteilung anzubieten. Die SO!-Campusredaktion wird derzeit an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Salzburg in Kooperation mit dem Communitysender FS1 und der Radiofabrik entwickelt und erprobt. Community Medien nehmen als MedienpartnerInnen eine bedeutende Stellung ein: Durch ihren offenen Zugang zu Know How und Equipment sowie durch die Möglichkeit, Medienproduktionen über die verfügbaren Distibutionskanäle (Radiofrequenz oder Sendeplatz einer breiten Bevölkerung zugänglich zu machen, gewinnt die Medienpädagogik einen wichtigen Mehrwert in ihrer schulischen und außerschulischen Arbeit. (Dieser Artikel knüpft an den Artikel "BYOD, Smartphonefilme und webbasierte Videoschnittprogramme" der Medienimpulse, Ausgabe 2/2014, an.

Post combustion methods for control of NOx emission

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rosenberg, H S; Curran, L M; Slack, A V; Ando, J; Oxley, J H

1980-01-01

Review of stack gas treatment methods for the control of NOx emissions. Particular emphasis is placed on status of development and factors affecting the performance of the processes. Catalytic, noncatalytic, and scrubbing processes are compared on a uniform engineering basis. Most of the active process development work is taking place in Japan. The three leading stack gas treatment techniques for NOx control are catalytic reduction with ammonia, noncatalytic reduction with ammonia, and direct scrubbing of NO with simultaneous absorption of SO2. The wet processes are much less developed than the dry processes.

Vergleich von ADEPT2 und BPMN

OpenAIRE

Reich, Sandra; Müller, Michael; Hood, Norman

2013-01-01

Bei den Sprachen zur Geschäftsprozessmodellierung existieren neben dem weitverbreiteten BPMN noch weniger bekannte Sprachen wie ADEPT. Da BPMN zunehmend zum Quasi-Standard der Geschäftsprozessmodellierung wird, stellt sich zunehmend die Frage um die Daseinsberechtigung für die anderen Sprachen. Sie müssen BPMN in Teilbereichen überlegen sein und auch die Werkzeugunterstützung muss ausgereift genug sein, um mit den gebräuchlichen BPMN-Werkzeugen mitzuhalten. So verspricht ADEPT beispielsweise ...

Game-Review: Trilogie Mass Effect 1, 2 und 3

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Karl H. Stingeder

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Karl Stingeder hat als Spieletester die Science Fiction Trilogie Mass Effect (1,2 und 3 rezensiert. Er berichtet von der inneren Vielfalt und dem spannenden Gameplay. Tauchen Sie ein in eine Welt, die ihnen eine lange Spielzeit garantiert und genießen Sie die Pracht dieser Kunstwerke.

Gaseous ligand selectivity of the H-NOX sensor protein from Shewanella oneidensis and comparison to those of other bacterial H-NOXs and soluble guanylyl cyclase.

Science.gov (United States)

Wu, Gang; Liu, Wen; Berka, Vladimir; Tsai, Ah-Lim

2017-09-01

To delineate the commonalities and differences in gaseous ligand discrimination among the heme-based sensors with Heme Nitric oxide/OXygen binding protein (H-NOX) scaffold, the binding kinetic parameters for gaseous ligands NO, CO, and O 2 , including K D , k on , and k off , of Shewanella oneidensis H-NOX (So H-NOX) were characterized in detail in this study and compared to those of previously characterized H-NOXs from Clostridium botulinum (Cb H-NOX), Nostoc sp. (Ns H-NOX), Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis (Tt H-NOX), Vibrio cholera (Vc H-NOX), and human soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), an H-NOX analogue. The K D (NO) and K D (CO) of each bacterial H-NOX or sGC follow the "sliding scale rule"; the affinities of the bacterial H-NOXs for NO and CO vary in a small range but stronger than those of sGC by at least two orders of magnitude. On the other hand, each bacterial H-NOX exhibits different characters in the stability of its 6c NO complex, reactivity with secondary NO, stability of oxyferrous heme and autoxidation to ferric heme. A facile access channel for gaseous ligands is also identified, implying that ligand access has only minimal effect on gaseous ligand selectivity of H-NOXs or sGC. This comparative study of the binding parameters of the bacterial H-NOXs and sGC provides a basis to guide future new structural and functional studies of each specific heme sensor with the H-NOX protein fold. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. and Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.

Myeloid-specific deletion of NOX2 prevents the metabolic and neurologic consequences of high fat diet.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jennifer K Pepping

Full Text Available High fat diet-induced obesity is associated with inflammatory and oxidative signaling in macrophages that likely participates in metabolic and physiologic impairment. One key factor that could drive pathologic changes in macrophages is the pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase. However, NADPH oxidase is a pleiotropic enzyme with both pathologic and physiologic functions, ruling out indiscriminant NADPH oxidase inhibition as a viable therapy. To determine if targeted inhibition of monocyte/macrophage NADPH oxidase could mitigate obesity pathology, we generated mice that lack the NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit NOX2 in myeloid lineage cells. C57Bl/6 control (NOX2-FL and myeloid-deficient NOX2 (mNOX2-KO mice were given high fat diet for 16 weeks, and subject to comprehensive metabolic, behavioral, and biochemical analyses. Data show that mNOX2-KO mice had lower body weight, delayed adiposity, attenuated visceral inflammation, and decreased macrophage infiltration and cell injury in visceral adipose relative to control NOX2-FL mice. Moreover, the effects of high fat diet on glucose regulation and circulating lipids were attenuated in mNOX2-KO mice. Finally, memory was impaired and markers of brain injury increased in NOX2-FL, but not mNOX2-KO mice. Collectively, these data indicate that NOX2 signaling in macrophages participates in the pathogenesis of obesity, and reinforce a key role for macrophage inflammation in diet-induced metabolic and neurologic decline. Development of macrophage/immune-specific NOX-based therapies could thus potentially be used to preserve metabolic and neurologic function in the context of obesity.

Experimental study on removals of SO2 and NOX using adsorption of activated carbon/microwave desorption.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Shuang-Chen; Yao, Juan-Juan; Gao, Li; Ma, Xiao-Ying; Zhao, Yi

2012-09-01

Experimental studies on desulfurization and denitrification were carried out using activated carbon irradiated by microwave. The influences of the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), the flue gas coexisting compositions, on adsorption properties of activated carbon and efficiencies of desulfurization and denitrification were investigated. The results show that adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of NO decrease with the increasing of SO 2 concentrations in flue gas; adsorption capacity of NO increases slightly first and drops to 12.79 mg/g, and desulfurization efficiency descends with the increasing SO 2 concentrations. Adsorption capacity of SO 2 declines with the increasing of O 2 content in flue gas, but adsorption capacity of NO increases, and removal efficiencies of NO and SO 2 could be larger than 99%. Adsorption capacity of NO declines with the increase of moisture in the flue gas, but adsorption capacity of SO 2 increases and removal efficiencies of NO and SO 2 would be relatively stable. Adsorption capacities of both NO and SO 2 decrease with the increasing of CO 2 content; efficiencies of desulfurization and denitrification augment at the beginning stage, then start to fall when CO 2 content exceeds 12.4%. The mechanisms of this process are also discussed. [Box: see text].

Hydrogen Peroxide Enhances Removal of NOx from Flue Gases

Science.gov (United States)

Collins, Michelle M.

2005-01-01

Pilot scale experiments have demonstrated a method of reducing the amounts of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emitted by industrial boilers and powerplant combustors that involves (1) injection of H2O2 into flue gases and (2) treatment of the flue gases by caustic wet scrubbing like that commonly used to remove SO2 from combustion flue gases. Heretofore, the method most commonly used for removing NOx from flue gases has been selective catalytic reduction (SCR), in which the costs of both installation and operation are very high. After further development, the present method may prove to be an economically attractive alternative to SCR.

Planning, installation and use of ventilation systems for smoke and heat removal. Cooperation between architects, planners, and builder-owners; Planung, Einbau und Anwendung von Rauch- und Waermeabzugsanlagen. Zusammenwirken zwischen Architekt, Planer und Bauherr

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koschnitzki, K. [Duisburg Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Anlagenplanung und Systemtechnik; Berg, M. [e.t.s. Umwelt- und Sicherheitstechnik GmbH, Kleve (Germany)

1998-05-01

Cooperation between planners, builder-owners and technical experts is important for efficient fire prevention. This involves ventilation systems for smoke and heat removal as well as other safety components. Legal regulations must be implemented so as to obtain a fire protection concept with defined goals and to achieve maximum protection of furniture and inhabitants. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei der Umsetzung von Brandschutzkonzepten in der Gebaeude- und Anlagenplanung ist das gemeinsame Vorgehen von Planer, Bauherr und Fachunternehmen von elementarer Wichtigkeit fuer ein ausgereiftes Sicherheitskonzept. Hierzu gehoeren Rauch- und Waermeabzugsanlagen und weitergehende sicherheitstechnische Komponenten. Auflagen und behoerdliche Bestimmungen sind so umzusetzen, dass ein Brandschutzkonzept mit definierten Schutzzielen entsteht. Fuer den Bauherrn soll ein maximaler Sachwert- und Personenschutz gewaehrleistet sein. (orig.)

Industrial application of the decomposition of CO2 . NOx by large flow atmospheric microwave plasma LAMP employed in motorcar

Science.gov (United States)

Pandey, Anil; Niwa, Syunta; Morii, Yoshinari; Ikezawa, Shunjiro

2012-10-01

In order to decompose CO2 . NOx [1], we have developed the large flow atmospheric microwave plasma; LAMP [2]. It is very important to apply it for industrial innovation, so we have studied to apply the LAMP into motorcar. The characteristics of the developed LAMP are that the price is cheap and the decomposition efficiencies of CO2 . NOx are high. The mechanism was shown as the vertical configuration between the exhaust gas pipe and the waveguide was suitable [2]. The system was set up in the car body with a battery and an inverter. The battery is common between the engine and the inverter. In the application of motorcar, the flow is large, so the LAMP which has the merits of large flow, high efficient decomposition, and cheap apparatus will be superior.[4pt] [1] H. Barankova, L. Bardos, ISSP 2011, Kyoto.[0pt] [2] S. Ikezawa, S. Parajulee, S. Sharma, A. Pandey, ISSP 2011, Kyoto (2011) pp. 28-31; S. Ikezawa, S. Niwa, Y. Morii, JJAP meeting 2012, March 16, Waseda U. (2012).

40 CFR 76.6 - NOX emission limitations for Group 2 boilers.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false NOX emission limitations for Group 2 boilers. 76.6 Section 76.6 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.6 NOX emission limitations...

Deficiency of Nox2 prevents angiotensin II-induced inward remodeling in cerebral arterioles

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Siu-Lung eChan

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Angiotensin II is an important determinant of inward remodeling in cerebral arterioles. Many of the vascular effects of angiotensin II are mediated by reactive oxygen species generated from homologues of NADPH oxidase with Nox2 predominating in small arteries and arterioles. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that superoxide generated by Nox2 plays a role in angiotensin II-induced cerebral arteriolar remodeling. We examined Nox2-deficient and wild-type mice in which a pressor or a non-pressor dose of angiotensin II (1000 or 200 ng/kg/day or saline was infused for 4 weeks via osmotic minipumps. Systolic arterial pressure was measured by a tail-cuff method. Pressure and diameter of cerebral arterioles were measured through an open cranial window in anesthetized mice. Cross-sectional area (by histology and superoxide level (by hydroethidine staining of cerebral arterioles were determined ex vivo. The pressor, but not the non-pressor, dose of angiotensin II significantly increased systolic arterial pressure in both wild-type and Nox2-deficient mice. Both doses of angiotensin II increased superoxide levels and significantly reduced external diameter in maximally dilated cerebral arterioles in wild-type mice. Increased superoxide and inward remodeling were prevented in Nox2-deficient mice. Moreover, only the pressor dose of AngII increased cross-sectional area of arteriolar wall in wild-type mice and was prevented in Nox2-deficient mice. In conclusion, superoxide derived from Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase plays an important role in angiotensin II-mediated inward remodeling in cerebral arterioles. This effect appears to be independent of pressure and different from that of hypertrophy.

Kommunikation und Lernen in partizipativen kulturellen und medialen Räumen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elke Zobl

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Eine der interessantesten Transformationen in der Jugendkultur seit den 1990er-Jahren ist die steigende Zahl vor allem an Mädchen und jungen Frauen, die zu aktiven kulturellen Produzentinnen wurden. In diesem Artikel wird argumentiert, dass sie mit ihren eigenen kulturellen Produktionen und Netzwerken neue soziale und mediale Räume öffnen, die durch eine partizipative Kultur, selbst-organisiertes Lernen in informellen Kontexten und lokale, transnationale und virtuelle Vernetzung und Kommunikation geprägt sind. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, das Kommunizieren und Lernen in partizipativen kulturellen (bzw. sozialen und medialen Räumen am Beispiel queer-feministischer Festivals – sogenannter „Ladyfeste“ – darzustellen und ihre Bedeutung in (medien-pädagogischen Kontexten zu diskutieren.One of the most interesting transformations in youth culture since the 1990s is the growing number of girls and young women as active cultural producers. By creating their own cultural productions and networks, this article argues, that they open up new cultural (i. e. social and media spaces which are characterized by a participatory culture, self-organised learning and local, transnational and virtual networks and communication. Taking the example of queer-feminist festivals (so called “Ladyfests”, the aim of this article is to discuss communication and learning in participatory cultural and media spaces and their meaning in the context of (media-pedagogy.

Worldwide biogenic soil NOx emissions inferred from OMI NO2 observations

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vinken, G.C.M.; Boersma, K.F.; Maasakkers, J.D.; Adon, M.; Martin, R.V.

2014-01-01

Biogenic NOx emissions from soils are a large natural source with substantial uncertainties in global bottom-up estimates (ranging from 4 to 15 Tg N yr-1). We reduce this range in emission estimates, and present a top-down soil NOx emission inventory for 2005 based on retrieved tropospheric NO2

Worldwide biogenic soil NOx emissions inferred from OMI NO2 observations.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vinken, G.C.M.; Boersma, K.F.; Maasakkers, J.D.; Adon, M.; Martin, R.V.

2014-01-01

Biogenic NOx emissions from soils are a large natural source with substantial uncertainties in global bottom-up estimates (ranging from 4 to 15 Tg N yr-1). We reduce this range in emission estimates, and present a top-down soil NOx emission inventory for 2005 based on retrieved tropospheric NO2

Preliminary performance and operating results from the integrated dry NOx/SO2 emissions control system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hunt, T.; Schott, G.; Smith, R.; Muzio, L.; Jones, D.; Mali E.; Arrigoni, T.

1993-01-01

The Integrated Dry NO x /SO 2 Emissions Control System was installed at Public Service Company of Colorado's Arapaho 4 generating station in 1992 in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). This full scale 100 MWe demonstration combines low-NO x burners, overfire air, and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) for NO x control and dry sorbent injection with humidification for SO 2 control. Operation and testing of the Integrated Dry NO x /SO 2 Emissions Control System began in August 1992 and will continue through mid 1994. Preliminary results of the NO x control technologies show that the original system goal of 70% NO x removal has been easily met and that NO x removals of up to 80% are possible at full load with the combustion and SNCR systems. Testing of the dry sorbent injection system with low sulfur coal began in April 1993 using a calcium-based reagent. A maximum SO 2 removal of 40% has been achieved with duct injection of commercial calcium hydroxide and humidification to a 25 degrees F approach to saturation. Sodium-based dry sorbent injection is expected to achieved up to a 70% SO 2 reduction

Influence of Co or Ce addition on the NOx storage and sulfur-resistance performance of the lean-burn NOx trap catalyst Pt/K/TiO{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zou Zhiqiang [Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China); Meng, Ming, E-mail: mengm@tju.edu.cn [Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China); Tsubaki, Noritatsu [Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama city, Toyama 930 8555 (Japan); He Junjun; Wang Gang; Li Xingang; Zhou Xiaoyan [Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China)

2009-10-15

The Pt/K/TiO{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2} catalysts promoted by Co or Ce were prepared by successive impregnation or mechanically mixing method. The influence of Co or Ce addition on the NOx storage and sulfur-resistance performance of the catalyst was investigated carefully. The techniques of XRD, FT-IR, in-situ DRIFTS, H{sub 2}-TPR and XPS were employed for catalyst characterization. The Co or Ce addition can greatly improve the NOx storage capacity of Pt/K/TiO{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2} due to the enhanced oxidation ability and the release of more K sites. Ce addition induces higher K/Ti atomic ratio and larger NOx storage capacity as compared with Co addition. After sulfation and regeneration, the promoted catalysts shows more or less decreased NSC than Pt/K/TiO{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2} due to the formation of more sulfates, especially for the Co-promoted catalysts, which possess better oxidation ability and facilitate the formation of large sulfates. The effect of Ce addition on Pt/K/TiO{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2} largely depends on the addition mode. The high oxidation ability and the high K/Ti ratio of the mechanically prepared Ce-promoted catalyst make it still possess considerable NOx storage capacity (NSC) of 142 {mu}mol/g after sulfation and regeneration. With the decrease of sulfur content in fuels, the Co- and Ce-promoted catalysts possessing large NOx storage capacity, will be applicable to the purification of lean-burn NOx.

Integrated dry NO{sub x}/SO{sub 2} emissions control system sodium-based dry sorbent injection test report. Test period: August 4, 1993--July 29, 1995

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Smith, R.A.; Shimoto, G.H.; Muzio, L.J. [Fossil Energy Research Corp., Laguna Hills, CA (United States); Hunt, T. [Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, CO (United States)

1997-04-01

The project goal is to demonstrate up to 70% reductions in NOx and SO{sub 2} emissions through the integration of: (1) down-fired low-NOx burners with overfire air; (2) Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) for additional NOx removal; and (3) dry sorbent injection and duct humidification for SO{sub 2} removal. This report documents the sixth phase of the test program, where the performance of dry sorbent injection with sodium compounds was evaluated as a SO{sub 2} removal technique. Dry sorbent injection was performed in-duct downstream of the air heater (ahead of the fabric filter), as well as at a higher temperature location between the economizer and air heater. Two sodium compounds were evaluated during this phase of testing: sodium sesquicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate. In-duct sodium injection with low levels of humidification was also investigated. This sixth test phase was primarily focused on a parametric investigation of sorbent type and feed rate, although boiler load and sorbent preparation parameters were also varied.

Honey as a bioindicator for environmental pollution with SO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Maja Ponikvar; Joze Snajder; Borka Sedej [Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana (Slovenia)

2005-07-01

The authors have proved honey to be a highly sensitive bioindicator for estimation of the environmental pollution with SO{sub 2}. A bee monitoring net consisting of 32 apiaries and covering an area of about 700 km{sup 2} was configured surrounding the Sostanj coal-fired power plant. The results of investigations revealed that the amount of sulphate determined in honey from this area correlated with total yearly emissions of SO{sub 2} observed by an electronic monitoring. When exhaust gases at the power plant were purified, a corresponding decrease in the amounts of sulphate in honey was observed. The proposed bee monitoring net is an example of using biomonitoring for tracing environmental pollution, which could be also applied to estimate the impact of NOx gases or to trace other pollutants.

NOx emission trade. What is the state-of-the-art?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Witkamp, J.

2003-01-01

In Leiden, Netherlands, 28 November 2002, a symposium was organized on the subject of NOx emission trade in preparation of a NOx emission trade system. In this article an overview is given of the developments so far [nl

Solar energy and nuclear power. Energy sources, environmental pollution and CO{sub 2} - problem; Solarenergie und Atomstrom. Energiequellen, Umweltbelastung und das CO{sub 2}-Problem

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Metzner, H.

1999-07-01

In this volume the energy sources used today and possible alternatives like solar-, wind-, and hydro power, geothermal energy and renewable fuels are presented. The environmental pollution due to fossil fuel application (e.g. sulfur- and nitrogen oxides) as the use of nuclear power are discussed in detail. An extra chapter covers the CO2 problem (greenhouse effect, ice cover on earth, sea level, influence on plant growth and agricultural crop) as climatic forecasting. [German] In diesem Band werden die heute nutzbaren Energiequellen und die dazu moeglichen Alternativen wie Solarenergie, Wind-, und Wasserkraft, Erdwaerme und nachwachsende Rohstoffe aufgezeigt. Die Umweltbelastungen aus der Nutzung fossiler Brennstoffe (z.B. Schwefel- und Stickoxide) sowie der Kernenergie sind ausfuehrlich besprochen. Dem CO2-Problem (Treibhauseffekt, Eisbedeckung der Erde, Hoehe des Meeresspiegels, Auswirkungen auf Pflanzenwuchs und Agrarertraege) sowie den Klimaprognosen ist ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet.

Comparison of wintertime CO to NOx ratios to MOVES and MOBILE6.2 on-road emissions inventories

Science.gov (United States)

Wallace, H. W.; Jobson, B. T.; Erickson, M. H.; McCoskey, J. K.; VanReken, T. M.; Lamb, B. K.; Vaughan, J. K.; Hardy, R. J.; Cole, J. L.; Strachan, S. M.; Zhang, W.

2012-12-01

The CO-to-NOx molar emission ratios from the US EPA vehicle emissions models MOVES and MOBILE6.2 were compared to urban wintertime measurements of CO and NOx. Measurements of CO, NOx, and volatile organic compounds were made at a regional air monitoring site in Boise, Idaho for 2 months from December 2008 to January 2009. The site is impacted by roadway emissions from a nearby busy urban arterial roads and highway. The measured CO-to-NOx ratio for morning rush hour periods was 4.2 ± 0.6. The average CO-to-NOx ratio during weekdays between the hours of 08:00 and 18:00 when vehicle miles travelled were highest was 5.2 ± 0.5. For this time period, MOVES yields an average hourly CO-to-NOx ratio of 9.1 compared to 20.2 for MOBILE6.2. Off-network emissions are a significant fraction of the CO and NOx emissions in MOVES, accounting for 65% of total CO emissions, and significantly increase the CO-to-NOx molar ratio. Observed ratios were more similar to the average hourly running emissions for urban roads determined by MOVES to be 4.3.

Upregulation of NOX2 and NOX4 Mediated by TGF-β Signaling Pathway Exacerbates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Oxidative Stress Injury

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zheng Lou

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Background/Aims: Ischemic stroke is still one of the leading debilitating diseases with high morbidity and mortality. NADPH oxidase (NOX-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS play an important role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R injury. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of ROS generation is still not fully elucidated. This study aims to explore the role of transforming growth beta (TGF-β signals in ROS generation. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to I/R injury, and PC-12 cells were challenged by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R and/or treated with activin receptor-like kinase (ALK5 inhibitor Sb505124 or siRNA against ALK5. Brain damage was evaluated using neurological scoring, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, infarct volume measurement, TUNEL staining, and caspase-3 activity measurement. Expression of TGF-β and oxidative stress-related genes was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot; NOX activity and ROS level were measured using spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Results: I/R contributed to severe brain damage (impaired neurological function, brain infarction, tissue edema, apoptosis, TGF-β signaling activation (upregulation of ALK5, phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and oxidative stress (upregulation of NOX2/4, rapid release of ROS [oxidative burst]. However, Sb505124 significantly reversed these alterations and protected rats against I/R injury. As in the animal results, H/R also contributed to TGF-β signaling activation and oxidative stress. Likewise, the inhibition of ALK5 or ALK5 knockdown significantly reversed these alterations in PC-12 cells. Other than ALK5 knockdown, ALK5 inhibition had no effect on the expression of ALK5 in PC-12 cells. Conclusions: Our studies demonstrated that TGF-β signaling activation is involved in the regulation of NOX2/NOX4 expression and exacerbates cerebral I/R injury.

Neutron studies of nanostructured CuO-Al2O3 NOx removal catalysts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ozawa, Masakuni; Loong Chun-Keung

1997-01-01

Nanostructured powders of automotive catalytic system CuO0Al 2 O 3 , targeted for nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal under lean-burn engine conditions, were investigated using neutron diffraction and small-angle neutron scattering. The crystal phases, structural transformations and microstructure of 10 mol% Cu-Al 2 O 3 powders are characterized according to the heat-treatment conditions. These properties are correlated with the pore structure and NOx removal efficiency determined by nitrogen adsorption isotherm, electron spin resonance, and temperature programmed reaction measurements. The γ-(Cu, Al) 2 O 3 phase and the mass-fractal-like aggregate of particles (size ∼ 26 nm) at annealing temperatures below 900 degrees C were found to be crucial to the high NOx removal performance. The transformation to bulk crystalline phases of α-Al 2 O 3 + CuAl 2 O 4 spinel above ∼1050 degrees C corresponds to a drastic drop of Nox removal efficiency. The usefulness of neutron-scattering techniques as well as their complementarity with other traditional methods of catalytic research are discussed

Decomposition of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions from energy use of major economic sectors in Taiwan

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sue J. Lin; Tzu C. Chang

1996-01-01

In this paper we use the Divisia index approach to decompose emission changes of SO 2 , NO, and CO 2 from major economic sectors in Taiwan during 1980 to 1992. The study highlights the interrelationships between energy use and environmental quality, and provides insights for policy making. The emission changes are decomposed into five components-pollution coefficient, fuel mix, energy intensity, economic growth and industrial structure. Of all components analyzed, economic growth had the largest positive effect on emission changes for Taiwan's major economic sectors. Emissions of SO 2 in industry and other sectors showed a decreasing trend due to fuel quality improvements antipollution control. However, NO, and CO 2 emissions increased sharply in all sectors. Comparisons were also made with Germany, Japan and USA. This study has shown that improvement in energy efficiency, pollution control and fuel substitution are major options to reduce SO 2 , NO, and CO 2 emissions

Neue Shandite und Parkerite. Darstellung und röntgenographische Charakterisierung

OpenAIRE

Anusca, Irina

2009-01-01

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, neue Verbindungen mit Shandit- und Parkeritstruktur zu darstellen und mittels röntgenographischen Methoden (Pulverdiffraktometrie und Einkristallanalyse), das thermische Verhalten durch DTA / DSC - Messungen und Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen (REM, EDX) zu charakterisieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist wie folgt im zwei Themen gegliedert: Shandite und Parkerite. Der ersten Teil dieser Arbeit befaßt sich mit metallreichen ternären Chalkogeniden M3A2X2, ...

Soot and NOx simultaneous reduction by use of CO2 mixed fuel; Ekika CO2 yokai nenryo ni yoru diesel kikan no susu, NOx no doji teigen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Senda, J; Yokoyama, T; Ikeda, M; Fujimoto, H [Doshisha University, Kyoto (Japan); Ifuku, Y [Kubota Corp., Osaka (Japan)

1997-10-01

We propose the new fuel injection system by use of diesel fuel dissolved with CO2 to reduce both soot and NOx simultaneously. In this paper spray combustion characteristics of CO2 mixed fuel is reported. It is revealed that flame temperature and KL factor at the CO2 mixed fuel combustion are lower than at the only n-tridecane combustion due to separation or partly flashing of CO2component. And the result of exhaust gas measurement shows the capability that CO2 mixed fuel is able to reduce both soot and NOx simultaneously. 12 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

40 CFR 52.2237 - NOX RACT and NOX conformity exemption.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false NOX RACT and NOX conformity exemption... RACT and NOX conformity exemption. Approval. EPA is approving the section 182(f) oxides of nitrogen (NOX) reasonably available control technology (RACT) and NOX conformity exemption request submitted by...

Deutsch-slawischer Siedlungs- und Sprachkontakt im Gebiet zwischen Saale und Neiße – vorgestellt an ausgewählten Ortsnamen (Siedlungsnamen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Inge Bily

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Saale und Elbe bilden im Wesentlichen die westliche Begrenzung des ehemals kompakten altsorbischen Sprachgebietes. Im Norden schließt das Altsorbische an das Altpolabische, im Osten und Südosten an das Polnische und Tschechische an. Eigennamen bilden eine wichtige Quelle sowohl für die Aufhellung der Geschichte der Besiedlung wie auch ethnischer, sprachlicher und sozialer Verhältnisse, denn historische Siedlungsprozesse fanden ihren Niederschlag u.a. in historischen Belegen von Namen. Diese Belege wie auch die Ableitungsbasen und Benennungsmotive ebenso wie die phonologischen und morphologischen Merkmale der Namen des altsorbischen Kontaktgebietes enthalten eine Vielzahl von Zeugnissen deutsch-slawischer Kontinuität. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher Studien zu Ortsnamen stellt der Beitrag ausgewählte Beispiele vor. Im ehemals altsorbischen Kontaktgebiet können Ortsnamen (Siedlungsnamen und ihre historische Überlieferung Hinweise auf Siedlungs- und Sprachkontakt geben. Dies belegen eine ganze Reihe von Merkmalen, so z.B.: 1. Unterscheidende Bestimmungswörter 2. Parallele Namengebung mit zeitweiliger Mehrnamigkeit 3. Umbenennung 4. Übersetzung 5. Benennungsparallelismus im deutsch-slawischen Kontaktgebiet 6. Scheinbare sekundäre semantische Verankerung (SSSV 7. Namenpaare 8. Unterscheidende Zusätze 9. Mischnamen (Hybride

Projection of SO₂, NO_x, NMVOC, NH₃ and particulate matter

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nielsen, Ole-Kenneth; Plejdrup, Marlene Schmidt; Winther, Morten

2012-01-01

This report contains a description of models and background data for projection of SO2, NOX, NH3, NMVOC, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 for Denmark. The emissions are projected to 2030 using basic scenarios together with the expected results of a few individual policy measures. Official Danish forecasts...

Steuern und Governance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eduard Müller

2014-05-01

Full Text Available ENGLISH: Taxation, in the modern state, has long been a mass phenomenon with an interdisciplinary outlook. On the macro level of the state, a new generation of administrative reforms has crystallized under the label “good public governance”. These reforms seek to resolve regulatory interdependence of state and non - state actors by way of cooperation and interaction. In parallel, on the micro level of businesses, “corporate governance” – voluntary compliance with legal and ethical standards – has become an increasingly important issue. With a view to tax law and tax collection, these developments open up new possibilities to raise tax compliance by means of consensual and cooperative instruments and, accordingly, address taxation as a mass phenomenon. DEUTSCH: Besteuerung ist im modernen Staat ein Massenphänomen und längst interdisziplinär ausgerichtet. Auf der Makro-Ebene des Staates hat sich unter dem Begriff Good Public Governance eine neue Generation von Staats- und Verwaltungsreformen herausgebildet, die Regelungsbeziehungen von staatlichen und nichtstaatlichen Akteuren durch Kooperationen und Interaktionen zu lösen versucht. Parallel dazu hat auf der Mikro-Ebene der Unternehmen mit dem Thema Corporate Governance die freiwillige Einhaltung von rechtlichen und ethischen Regeln an Bedeutung gewonnen. Für das Steuerrecht und den Steuervollzug resultieren aus diesen Entwicklungen neue Möglichkeiten, durch Nutzung konsens- und kooperationsorientierter Instrumente die Tax Compliance zu erhöhen und so dem Massenphänomen Besteuerung gerecht zu werden.

Effects of dark chocolate on NOX-2-generated oxidative stress in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Science.gov (United States)

Loffredo, L; Del Ben, M; Perri, L; Carnevale, R; Nocella, C; Catasca, E; Baratta, F; Ceci, F; Polimeni, L; Gozzo, P; Violi, F; Angelico, F

2016-08-01

Activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is considered a pathogenetic mechanism determining fibrosis and disease progression in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Polyphenols exert antioxidant action and inhibit NADPH oxidase in humans. To analyse the effect of cocoa polyphenols on NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) activation, oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis in a population affected by NASH. In a cross-sectional study comparing 19 NASH and 19 controls, oxidative stress, as assessed by serum NOX2 activity and F2-isoprostanes, and hepatocyte apoptosis, as assessed by serum cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) levels, were measured. Furthermore, the 19 NASH patients were randomly allocated in a crossover design to 40 g/day of dark chocolate (>85% cocoa) or 40 g/day of milk chocolate (chocolate intake. Compared to controls, NASH patients had higher sNOX2-dp, serum isoprostanes and CK-18 levels. A significant difference for treatments was found in subjects with respect to sNOX2-dp, serum isoprostanes and serum CK-18. The pairwise comparisons showed that, compared to baseline, after 14 days of dark chocolate intake, a significant reduction in sNOX2-dp serum isoprostanes and CK-18 M30 was found. No change was observed after milk chocolate ingestion. A simple linear regression analysis showed that ∆ of sNOX2-dp was associated with ∆ of serum isoprostanes. Cocoa polyphenols exert an antioxidant activity via NOX2 down-regulation in NASH patients. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Top-down NOX Emissions of European Cities Derived from Modelled and Spaceborne Tropospheric NO2 Columns

Science.gov (United States)

Verstraeten, W. W.; Boersma, K. F.; Douros, J.; Williams, J. E.; Eskes, H.; Delcloo, A. W.

2017-12-01

High nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2) concentrations near the surface impact humans and ecosystems badly and play a key role in tropospheric chemistry. NO2 is an important precursor of tropospheric ozone (O3) which in turn affects the production of the hydroxyl radical controlling the chemical lifetime of key atmospheric pollutants and reactive greenhouse gases. Combustion from industrial, traffic and household activities in large and densely populated urban areas result in high NOX emissions. Accurate mapping of these emissions is essential but hard to do since reported emissions factors may differ from real-time emissions in order of magnitude. Modelled NO2 levels and lifetimes also have large associated uncertainties and overestimation in the chemical lifetime which may mask missing NOX chemistry in current chemistry transport models (CTM's). The simultaneously estimation of both the NO2 lifetime and as well as the concentrations by applying the Exponentially Modified Gaussian (EMG) method on tropospheric NO2 columns lines densities should improve the surface NOX emission estimates. Here we evaluate if the EMG methodology applied on the tropospheric NO2 columns simulated by the LOTOS-EUROS (Long Term Ozone Simulation-European Ozone Simulation) CTM can reproduce the NOX emissions used as model input. First we process both the modelled tropospheric NO2 columns for the period April-September 2013 for 21 selected European urban areas under windy conditions (averaged vertical wind speeds between surface and 500 m from ECMWF > 2 m s-1) as well as the accompanying OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) data providing us with real-time observation-based estimates of midday NO2 columns. Then we compare the top-down derived surface NOX emissions with the 2011 MACC-III emission inventory, used in the CTM as input to simulate the NO2 columns. For cities where NOX emissions can be assumed as originating from one large source good agreement is found between the top-down derived

Überzeugen, Stupsen, Zwingen – Die Konzeption von Nudge und Libertärem Paternalismus und ihr Verhältnis zu anderen Formen der Verhaltenssteuerung

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Düber Dominik

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Trotz der überwältigenden öffentlichen wie wissenschaftlichen Resonanz, auf die der Nudge-Ansatz von Thaler und Sunstein gestoßen ist, bleiben die genauen Konturen dieses Theorie und Policyvorschlages unscharf. So ist an vielen Stellen unklar, worin die spezifische Differenz gegenüber klassischen Formen der Verhaltenssteuerung liegen soll. Für eine Bewertung des Ansatzes in seinen Vorzügen und Nachteilen gegenüber klassischen Steuerungsformen ist eine solche klärende Einordnung jedoch notwendige Vorbedingung. Der Aufsatz arbeitet daher die bestehenden Definitions- und Abgrenzungsprobleme von „Nudge“ und „Libertärem Paternalismus“ heraus und plädiert sodann für einen Kernbegriff von „Nudge“, der dessen Extension einschränkt, um ihn als originären und eigenständigen Vorschlag einzugrenzen. Ein so präzisiertes Verständnis von Nudge wird dann hinsichtlich seiner Eigenschaften sowie der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zu klassischen Formen der Verhaltenssteuerung ins Verhältnis gesetzt.

Theoretical and experimental investigations of on-board control of combustion air and/or fuel for emission reduction in internal combustion engines. Final report; Durchfuehrung theoretischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen zu den Moeglichkeiten der On-Board-Beeinflussung der Verbrennungsluftzusammensetzung und/oder des Kraftstoffs fuer Verbrennungsmotoren mit dem Ziel der Emissionsminderung. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Velji, A.; Hofmann, U.

2001-11-01

Theoretical and experimental investigations were made in order to find the optimal composition of combustion air for simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulate emissions. The effect was found to be in the same order of magnitude as with exhaust recirculation. 'Optimized' air should have an oxygen content of more than 20 percent and a CO2 content of more than 10 percent, with nitrogen more or less accounting for the rest. [German] Ausgehend von der Abgasrueckfuehrung wurde in theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen die optimale Zusammensetzung der Verbrennungsluft zur gleichzeitigen Reduktion der NO{sub x}- und Partikelemission ermittelt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass es mit dieser Verbrennungsluft moeglich ist, eine aehnlich hohe NO{sub x}-Reduktion wie bei der Abgasrueckfuehrung zu erzielen, ohne dass die Partikelemission drastisch ansteigt. Die 'optimale' Verbrennungsluft muss einen Sauerstoffgehalt groesser als 20% und einen CO{sub 2}-Gehalt groesser als 10% aufweisen. Der Rest besteht im Wesentlichen aus Stickstoff. (orig.)

On-road NOx and CO2 investigations of Euro 5 Light commercial vehicles

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kadijk, G.; Ligterink, N.E.; Spreen, J.S.

2015-01-01

NOx emissions of vehicles contribute to the ambient NO2 concentration. To gain insight into those NOx emissions, TNO, commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, regularly performs real-world emission measurements on vehicles. The measurements mainly focus on vehicles

Supraleitung Grundlagen und Anwendungen

CERN Document Server

Buckel, Werner

2013-01-01

Grundlegende Konzepte und Eigenschaften von Supraleitern, die Herstellung und Entwicklung von neuen supraleitenden Materialien sowie moderne Anwendungsbereiche sind die Schwerpunktthemen des Buches. Das größte Potential zur Nutzung der Supraleitung liegt in der Energietechnik. Fast unbemerkt trägt die Einführung von Kabeln, Magneten, Transformatoren oder Lagern aus supraleitenden Materialien bei zur Effizienzsteigerung bei der Stromübertragung oder in Motoren. Durch seiner klare Sprache und zahlreiche erläuternde Abbildungen eignet sich der Band hervorragend als einführendes Lehrbuch. Der Schwierigkeitsgrad wird von Kapitel zu Kapitel gesteigert. So können auch Einsteiger ohne einschlägige Vorkenntnisse dem Stoff folgen. Dank der über 350 Literaturhinweise bekommt der Leser außerdem einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Publikationen zum Thema. Ein unverzichtbares Lehrbuch also für Physik-Studenten und Studierende der Ingenieurwissenschaften. Fachleuten in Forschung und Praxis leistet das Buch au...

Intertextuelle und intramediale Bezüge als Orientierungsangebot – systematische Überlegungen und exemplarische Untersuchungen zu Verweisen auf das Fernsehangebot

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ben Bachmair

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Auch wenn das Internet sich weder so schnell noch so nachhaltig im Alltag und als Bestandteil von Massenkommunikation etablierte, wie es Ende der neunziger Jahre den Anschein hatte, so zeigt sich am Internet doch, was sich mit der Vernetzungs- und Verfügbarkeitslogik verändern könnte, die dem Internet zu eigen ist. Manuel Castells (2001 mit seiner Analyse des „Informationszeitalters“ und der als instrumentellem Netzwerk organisierten Gesellschaft skizziert die Umrisse, wie sich unsere Gesellschaft mit welcher Dynamik entwickelt. Er spricht von einer „informationeilen Entwicklungsweise“ (ebd., S. 17, die anders als die „agrarische“ oder die „industrielle“ auf das gesellschaftliche Verhältnis der Menschen zur Natur („Produktion“, zu sich selber („Erfahrung“, „kulturelle Identität“ und zu anderen (.Macht“ einwirkt. Einen Aspekt dieser „informationellen Entwicklungsweise“ beschreibt Castells mit dem Hinweis auf „globale Netzwerke der Instrumentalität“, die eine „unüberschaubare Anzahl virtueller Gemeinschaften“ hervorbringt (ebd., S. 23. Dabei konstituiert sich auch eine Art von Subjektivität, die sich im Moment als „zunehmende Distanz zwischen Globalisierung und Identität, zwischen dem Netz und dem Ich“ beschreiben lässt (ebd., S. 24. In dieser Spannung bekommt .Multimedia“ die Funktion einer „symbolischen Umwelt“ (ebd., S. 415.

NOX2 Inhibition Impairs Early Muscle Gene Expression Induced by a Single Exercise Bout.

Science.gov (United States)

Henríquez-Olguín, Carlos; Díaz-Vegas, Alexis; Utreras-Mendoza, Yildy; Campos, Cristian; Arias-Calderón, Manuel; Llanos, Paola; Contreras-Ferrat, Ariel; Espinosa, Alejandra; Altamirano, Francisco; Jaimovich, Enrique; Valladares, Denisse M

2016-01-01

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate as signaling molecules in response to exercise in skeletal muscle. However, the source of ROS and the molecular mechanisms involved in these phenomena are still not completely understood. The aim of this work was to study the role of skeletal muscle NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) in the molecular response to physical exercise in skeletal muscle. BALB/c mice, pre-treated with a NOX2 inhibitor, apocynin, (3 mg/kg) or vehicle for 3 days, were swim-exercised for 60 min. Phospho-p47(phox) levels were significantly upregulated by exercise in flexor digitorum brevis (FDB). Moreover, exercise significantly increased NOX2 complex assembly (p47(phox)-gp91(phox) interaction) demonstrated by both proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation. Exercise-induced NOX2 activation was completely inhibited by apocynin treatment. As expected, exercise increased the mRNA levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), citrate synthase (CS), mitochondrial transcription factor A (tfam) and interleukin-6 (IL-I6) in FDB muscles. Moreover, the apocynin treatment was associated to a reduced activation of p38 MAP kinase, ERK 1/2, and NF-κB signaling pathways after a single bout of exercise. Additionally, the increase in plasma IL-6 elicited by exercise was decreased in apocynin-treated mice compared with the exercised vehicle-group (p < 0.001). These results were corroborated using gp91-dstat in an in vitro exercise model. In conclusion, NOX2 inhibition by both apocynin and gp91dstat, alters the intracellular signaling to exercise and electrical stimuli in skeletal muscle, suggesting that NOX2 plays a critical role in molecular response to an acute exercise.

The use of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to oxidize SO2 and NOx for simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ye, Junhui; Shang, Jing; Li, Qian; Xu, Weiwei; Liu, Jia; Feng, Xiang; Zhu, Tong

2014-01-01

Highlights: • ROS, ·OH, ·HO 2 , ·O, and O 3 were generated by VUV photolysis of water and oxygen. • SO 2 and NO x can react with ROS to offer 90% and 96% removal efficiency, respectively. • The flue gas factors’ influences on SO 2 and NO x removal efficiency were investigated. • Mechanisms were proposed based on the photooxidation reactions and ROS generation. • The final products H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 can be used as industrial raw materials. - Abstract: A simple and efficient method for simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification via vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation and with no additional chemicals is presented. The simultaneous removal of 90% SO 2 and 96% NO x (NO + NO 2 ) was achieved from the simulated flue gas under the irradiation from a low-pressure mercury lamp with main wavelengths of 185 and 254 nm, respectively. The composition, flow rate, and temperature of the simulated flue gas, as well as the VUV light intensity, were evaluated as the factors impacting on the efficiency of SO 2 and NO x removal. The ·OH, ·HO 2 , ·O, and O 3 produced from the photolysis of H 2 O and O 2 were concluded as the major reactive oxygen species that oxidized SO 2 and NO x . The additional ·OH and ·HO 2 generated through the reactions of NO + ·HO 2 and SO 2 + ·OH/·HO 2 improved treatment efficiency, while the oxidation products of NO x , e.g., NO 2 , HNO 2 , HNO 3 , and HNO 4 , consumed massive reactive oxygen species (such as ·O, ·OH, and ·HO 2 ) and thereby reducing the removal efficiencies. The main reaction products were characterized as H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 by ion chromatography, which could be used as chemical or fertilizer raw materials

Characterization of NOx emission in the suburbs of Tokyo based on simultaneous and real-time observations of atmospheric Ox and NOx

Science.gov (United States)

Matsumoto, J.

2013-12-01

Nitrogen oxides, NOx (NO, NO2), and volatile organic compounds, VOCs, are important as precursors of photochemical oxidants (tropospheric ozone, O3). To predict and control photochemical oxidants, NOx emission should be captured precisely. In addition, the ratio of NO2/NOx in the exhaust gas is also important as the initial balance between NO and NO2 in the atmosphere. Monitoring the NO2/NOx ratio in the exhaust gases is essential. Especially, the influence of the NOx emission on the real atmosphere should be explored. However, conversion reactions among NO, NO2 and O3 are typically in the time scale of minutes. The NO2/NOx ratio can change rapidly just after emission. Real-time observations of these compounds in the second time scale are essential. In view of photochemical oxidant, near emission sources of NO, ozone concentration can be easily perturbed by reaction with locally emitted NO. As an index of oxidant, the sum of O3 and NO2 (Ox = O3 + NO2) is useful. In this study, a simultaneous and real-time analyzer of atmospheric Ox and NOx has been developed utilizing the dual NO2 detectors based on laser-induced fluorescence technique (LIF), and characterization of NOx emission was explored through the observations of Ox and NOx in the suburbs of Tokyo. The dual LIF detectors consisted of one laser head, two LIF cells, and one common vacuum pump. As the Ox monitor, the excess NO was added to the sample and O3 was converted to NO2, and then the sum of O3 and NO2 in the sample was quantified at the 1st LIF cell. As the NOx monitor, the excess O3 was added to the sample and NO was converted to NO2, and then the sum of NO and NO2 in the sample was quantified at the 2nd LIF cell. Both the ';Ox' and ';NOx' channels in the dual LIF analyzer were simultaneously monitoring Ox and NOx in the sample air, respectively. The temporal resolution of observed data was 1 s. Typical conversion efficiencies of O3 and NO to NO2 were more than 0.98. The lower detection limits were 0

Formation of fuel NOx during black-liquor combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nichols, K.M.; Lien, S.J.

1993-01-01

Fuel NOx and thermal NOx were measured in combustion gases from black liquors in two laboratory furnaces. Combustion at 950 C in air (8% O 2 ) produced NOx concentrations of 40-80ppm. Combustion at 950 C in synthetic air containing no nitrogen (21% 0 2 in Ar) produced the same result, demonstrating that all of the NOx produced during combustion at 950 C was fuel NOx. Formation of fuel NOx increased moderately with increasing temperature in the range of 800-1,000 C, but temperature sensitivity of fuel NOx was much less than that of thermal NOx. The results imply that the major source of NOx in recovery furnace emissions is the fuel NOx in recovery furnace formed by conversion of liquor-bound nitrogen during combustion. This is consistent with thermal NOx theory, which postulates that black-liquor combustion temperatures are too low to generate significant amounts of thermal NOx

Anthropogenic SO2/NOx committee summary of current status--annual inventory

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Benkovitz, C.M.

1992-06-01

At the First GEIA Workshop on Global Emissions Inventories, held in Baltimore, MD on December 1--2, 1991, data on anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen developed by Dignon (1992) were selected to form the basis for the GEIA SO 2 and NO x annual inventories. The Dignon data include emissions from fuel combustion only and currently extend to 1980. The methodology used was detailed in Dignon and Hameed (1985) and consists of statistical regression models based on available emissions data from the U.S and some other member countries of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes Australia, Canada, Japan and western European countries. Control regulations are incorporated via the use of different statistical parameter The grid definition from these inventories was also adopted for the GEIA grid: origin at 180 degree W, 90 degree S, 1 degree x 1 degree resolution (i.e., 360 cells in the longitude direction, 180 cells in the latitude direction). To upgrade the basic GEIA inventories, data for the different geographic regions being solicited from researchers located within these areas. This paper contains the upgrades which have been accomplished to date

Investigations to single and combined effects of organic pollutants (PAH, PCB) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu) on biomass production and soil-plant transfer by cultivation of raw and energy plants. Final report; Bodenoekologische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung und Verteilung von organischen Stoffgruppen (PAK, PCB) in ballungsraumtypischen Oekosystemen. Untersuchungen zu Einzel- und Kombinationswirkungen von organischen Schadstoffen (PAK, PCB) und Schwermetallen (Cd, Cu) auf Biomasseertrag und Boden-Pflanze-Transfer beim Anbau von Rohstoff- und Energiepflanzen. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Metz, R.; Dorn, J.; Sauer, W.

1997-05-01

Together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals other elements and compounds as well as nutrients are present in typical contaminated areas like sewage fields. They are found as mixed undisturbed contamination and the transfer of these pollutants into food or forage plants is dangerous for people. So far investigations of ecological effects of these substances are focused mainly on single agents or on some agents of the same chemical group. But in most cases the mixture of different chemical compounds in extremely contaminated fields cause synergistic effects resulting in yield reduction and decrease of microbiological activity. Therefore the aim of the present report is to show combined effects of selected organic pollutants (benzo-a-pyren, 2,2`, 5,5` tetrachlorbiphenyl) and heavy metals (cadmium, copper) on parameters of soil biology, biomass production and pollutant uptake by plants. Resulting changes of cellulose decomposition, CO{sub 2}-release from soil and N-mineralization after separated and combined enrichment of weakly polluted sewage field soil with said pollutants up to concentrations of extremely polluted sewage field soils are presented in this paper. Data of yields and pollutant contents of plants (rye, maize and potatoes) cultivated on experimental soils are summarised and ecotoxicological risks resulting form pollutants and their interactions discussed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, Polychlorierte Biphenyle und Schwermetalle sind zusammen mit anderen Elementen und Verbindungen u.a. auch mit Naehrstoffen als gemischte gewachsene Kontamination in ballungsraumtypischen Belastungsflaechen (z.B. Rieselfelder) vorhanden und stellen bei einem Transfer in Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen eine besondere Gefaehrdung fuer den Menschen dar. Bei Untersuchungen hinsichtlich oekosystemarer Konsequenzen dieser Substanzen wurden bisher vor allem Einzelstoffbetrachtungen angestellt bzw. mehrere

NOX2-Induced Activation of Arginase and Diabetes-Induced Retinal Endothelial Cell Senescence

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Modesto Rojas

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS and decreases in nitric oxide (NO have been linked to vascular dysfunction during diabetic retinopathy (DR. Diabetes can reduce NO by increasing ROS and by increasing activity of arginase, which competes with nitric oxide synthase (NOS for their commons substrate l-arginine. Increased ROS and decreased NO can cause premature endothelial cell (EC senescence leading to defective vascular repair. We have previously demonstrated the involvement of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2-derived ROS, decreased NO and overactive arginase in DR. Here, we investigated their impact on diabetes-induced EC senescence. Studies using diabetic mice and retinal ECs treated with high glucose or H2O2 showed that increases in ROS formation, elevated arginase expression and activity, and decreased NO formation led to premature EC senescence. NOX2 blockade or arginase inhibition prevented these effects. EC senescence was also increased by inhibition of NOS activity and this was prevented by treatment with a NO donor. These results indicate that diabetes/high glucose-induced activation of arginase and decreases in NO bioavailability accelerate EC senescence. NOX2-generated ROS contribute importantly to this process. Blockade of NOX2 or arginase represents a strategy to prevent diabetes-induced premature EC senescence by preserving NO bioavailability.

Potential impacts of NOx and SO2 constraints on CIPS operations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Almasque, J.; Montgomery, D.; Le, K.; Boyle, R.; Nguyen, M.; Orndoff, D.

1994-01-01

To meet the Clean Air Act requirements, CIPS will need to spend around $30 million to curtail its SO 2 and NO x emissions by 40 percent. A key challenge facing CIPS management is to determine an emission compliance strategy that minimizes the total system production costs while maintaining a reasonable safety margin and back-up plan. CIPS is currently testing tools to perform emission-constrained unit commitment and economic dispatch. This ''soft'' option provides a back-up measure, should unforeseen occurrences take place or newly installed NO x reduction equipment fail to perform as expected. Algorithm development, software modification, procedural changes, and data collection required to implement emission-constrained dispatch will need to be in place by January, 1995. By taking advantage of ''soft'' methods, such as emission-constrained dispatch, emission trading, and operator training, CIPS hopes to reduce its emission-related capital expenditures by 5--20 percent

Studienbegleitender und studienvorbereitender Deutschunterricht international (2: Einführung

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sabine Ylönen

2016-04-01

deutsche EUROMOBIL-Programm verwendet und im Kontaktunterricht studentische Referate gehalten wurden. Agnese Dubova & Egita Proveja berichten über ihr von der Europäischen Kommission unterstütztes Projekt „Datengeleitetes Lernen im studienbegleitenden Deutschunterricht am Beispiel des KoGloss-Ansatzes“, das korpusbasiertes forschungsorientiertes Lernen mit Konzentration auf Konstruktionsgrammatik fördert. Michael Seyfarth schlägt für heterogene Studierende unterschiedlicher Fächer die Arbeit mit der Fernsehkrimiserie Tatort und damit vernetzten Textsorten, wie Online-Fan-Foren, vor: „Der Tatort im studienbegleitenden Deutschunterricht ab B2. Potenziale für heterogene Studierendengruppen im nichtdeutschsprachigen Raum“. Empirische Studien sind die von Joanna Kic-Drgas „Studienbegleitender Deutschunterricht in Polen – Eine Bedarfsanalyse unter Studierenden der Technischen Universität Koszalin“, von Yinan Jiang zum „Mehrwert des Chateinsatzes beim studienvorbereitenden Online-Deutschlernen“ und von Yasmin El-Hariri & Nina Jung zum Thema „Distanzen überwunden? Eine Evaluation von e-Tandem Erfahrungen Deutschlernender in Kolumbien“. In den beiden letzten empirischen Studien geht es um die Entwicklung interkultureller Kompetenzen in Auslandsprogrammen: Kacy Peckenpaugh analysiert den „Erwerb interkultureller Kompetenz in Kurzzeitauslandsprogrammen“ und Rosalind Blood & Alexandra Ludewig „Interkulturelles Lernen während eines kurzzeitigen, studienbegleitenden Fremdsprachenprogramms. Erfahrungen australischer Studierender in Deutschland“. Außerhalb des Themenschwerpunkts erscheinen der Artikel von Ana Petravić & Ana Šenjug Golub über „Entwicklung der interkulturellen Kompetenz im Unterricht Deutsch als Fremdsprache: Eine empirische Untersuchung zum interkulturell orientierten Kompetenzprofil der DaF-Lehrkräfte“ sowie zwei Rezensionen aktueller Publikationen. Abschließend möchte ich mich herzlich bei allen BeiträgerInnen f

Combined effects Na and SO{sub 2} in flue gas on Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH{sub 3} simulated by Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} doping

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhou, Aiyi [Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 (China); Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023 (China); Yu, Danqing [School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081 (China); Yang, Liu [Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 (China); Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023 (China); Sheng, Zhongyi, E-mail: 09377@njnu.edu.cn [Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 (China); Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023 (China)

2016-08-15

Highlights: • Sodium sulfate (Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) was deposited on Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalyst to simulate the co-existing of sodium and SO{sub 2} in the flue gas. • Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} had strong and fluctuant influence on Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalyst’s performance in SCR of NOx with NH{sub 3}, due to the combined effect of the deactivation of sodium salts and the enhanced performance of ceria with surface sulfation. • The changes of the surface chemical species and acid sites on the Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} deposited catalysts could be considered as the main reasons for the fluctuation changes with the catalytic activity. - Abstract: A series of Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalysts were synthesized through an impregnation method and used for low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with ammonia (NH{sub 3}). Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} was added into the catalyst to simulate the combined effects of alkali metal and SO{sub 2} in the flue gas. Experimental results showed that Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} had strong and fluctuant influence on the activity of Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2}, because the effect of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} included pore occlusion and sulfation effect simultaneously. When Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} loading content increased from 0 to 1 wt.%, the SCR activities of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}-doped catalysts decreased greatly. With further increasing amount of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, however, the catalytic activity increased gradually. XRD results showed that Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} doping could induce the crystallization of MnOx phases, which were also confirmed by TEM and SEM results. BET results showed that the surface areas decreased and a new bimodal mesoporous structure formed gradually with the increasing amount of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. XPS results indicated that part of Ce{sup 4+} and Mn{sup 3+} were transferred to Ce{sup 3+} and Mn{sup 4+} due to the sulfation after Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} deposition on the surface of the catalysts. When the doped amounts of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} increased, NH{sub 3

Konstruieren von Pkw-Karosserien: Grundlagen, Elemente und Baugruppen, Vorschriftenübersicht, Beispiele mit CATIA V4 und V5

Science.gov (United States)

Grabner, Jörg; Nothhaft, Richard

Die Faszination, die vom Auto ausgeht, ist und bleibt ungebrochen. Entsprechend interessant ist es, sich vor dem Hintergrund konventioneller Konstruktionstechniken über die virtuelle Produktentwicklung von Pkw-Karosserien an modernen CAD-Arbeitsplätzen informieren zu können. Die Autoren führen in die Grundlagen ein und zeigen anhand von Beispielen und zahlreichen Abbildungen, wie mit dem System CATIA der Rohbau sowie die Ausstattung innen und au=C3=9Fen konstruiert werden. Darüber hinaus wird das so genannte "Package" an Beispielen beschrieben, also das Management und die Harmonisierung der Anforderungen an die Bauräume (z.

Rho Kinase ROCK2 Mediates Acid-Induced NADPH Oxidase NOX5-S Expression in Human Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jie Hong

Full Text Available Mechanisms of the progression from Barrett's esophagus (BE to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA are not fully understood. We have shown that NOX5-S may be involved in this progression. However, how acid upregulates NOX5-S is not well known. We found that acid-induced increase in NOX5-S expression was significantly decreased by the Rho kinase (ROCK inhibitor Y27632 in BE mucosal biopsies and FLO-1 EA cells. In addition, acid treatment significantly increased the Rho kinase activity in FLO-1 cells. The acid-induced increase in NOX5-S expression and H2O2 production was significantly decreased by knockdown of Rho kinase ROCK2, but not by knockdown of ROCK1. Conversely, the overexpression of the constitutively active ROCK2, but not the constitutively active ROCK1, significantly enhanced the NOX5-S expression and H2O2 production. Moreover, the acid-induced increase in Rho kinase activity and in NOX5-S mRNA expression was blocked by the removal of calcium in both FLO-1 and OE33 cells. The calcium ionophore A23187 significantly increased the Rho kinase activity and NOX5-S mRNA expression. We conclude that acid-induced increase in NOX5-S expression and H2O2 production may depend on the activation of ROCK2, but not ROCK1, in EA cells. The acid-induced activation of Rho kinase may be mediated by the intracellular calcium increase. It is possible that persistent acid reflux present in BE patients may increase the intracellular calcium, activate ROCK2 and thereby upregulate NOX5-S. High levels of reactive oxygen species derived from NOX5-S may cause DNA damage and thereby contribute to the progression from BE to EA.

NOX2 inhibition impairs early muscle gene expression induced by a single exercise bout

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Henríquez-Olguín

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Reactive oxygen species (ROS participate as signaling molecules in response to exercise in skeletal muscle. However, the source of ROS and the molecular mechanisms involved in these phenomena are still not completely understood. The aim of this work was to study the role of skeletal muscle NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2 in the molecular response to physical exercise in skeletal muscle. BALB/c mice, pre-treated with a NOX2 inhibitor, apocynin, (3 mg/kg or vehicle for 3 days, were swim-exercised for 60 min. Phospho-p47phox levels were significantly upregulated by exercise in flexor digitorum brevis (FDB. Moreover, exercise significantly increased NOX2 complex assembly (p47phox-gp91phox interaction demonstrated by both proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation. Exercise-induced NOX2 activation was completely inhibited by apocynin treatment. As expected, exercise increased the mRNA levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx, citrate synthase (CS, mitochondrial transcription factor A (tfam and interleukin-6 (IL-6 in FDB muscles. Moreover, the apocynin treatment was associated to a reduced activation of p38 MAP kinase, ERK 1/2, and NF-κB signaling pathways after a single bout of exercise. Additionally, the increase in plasma IL-6 elicited by exercise was decreased in apocynin-treated mice compared with the exercised vehicle-group (p<0.001. These results were corroborated using gp91-dstat in an in-vitro exercise model. In conclusion, NOX2 inhibition by both apocynin and gp91dstat, alters the intracellular signaling to exercise and electrical stimuli in skeletal muscle, suggesting that NOX2 plays a critical role in molecular response to an acute exercise.

Matthias Asche, Werner Buchholz, Anton Schindling (Hrsg.): Die baltischen Lande im Zeitalter der Reformation und Konfessionalisierung. Livland, Estland, Ösel, Ingermanland, Kurland und Lettgallen. Stadt, Land und Konfession 1500-1721. Tl. 2, Münste

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Wittram, Heinrich, 1931-

2011-01-01

Arvustus: Die baltischen Lande im Zeitalter der Reformation und Konfessionalisierung : Livland, Estland, Ösel, Ingermanland, Kurland und Lettgallen : Stadt, Land und Konfession 1500-1721. Teil 2. Münster, 2010

Regional up-regulation of NOX2 contributes to the differential vulnerability of outer hair cells to neomycin.

Science.gov (United States)

Qi, Meihao; Qiu, Yang; Zhou, Xueying; Tian, Keyong; Zhou, Ke; Sun, Fei; Yue, Bo; Chen, Fuquan; Zha, Dingjun; Qiu, Jianhua

2018-06-02

In hearing loss induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics, the outer hair cells (OHCs) in the basal turn are always more susceptible than OHCs in the apical turn, while the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we reported that NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) played an important role in the OHCs damage preferentially in the basal turn. Normally, NOX2 was evenly expressed in OHCs among different turns, at a relatively low level. However, after neomycin treatment, NOX2 was dominantly induced in OHCs in the basal turn. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that inhibition of NOX2 significantly alleviated neomycin-induced OHCs damages, as seen from both the cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL staining. Moreover, gp91 ds-tat delivery and DHE staining results showed that NOX2-derived ROS was responsible for neomycin ototoxicity. Taken together, our study shows that regional up-expression of NOX2 and subsequent increase of ROS in OHCs of the basal turn is an important factor contributing to the vulnerability of OHCs there, which should shed light on the prevention of hearing loss induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Personen- und Güterverkehr

Science.gov (United States)

Flämig, Heike; Gertz, Carsten; Mühlhausen, Thorsten

Im Jahr 2010 war in Deutschland der Verkehrssektor für fast 20 % der energiebedingten Treibhausgase verantwortlich. Das Klima hat sich bereits so weit verändert, dass zur Sicherung der Funktion der Verkehrssysteme auch Anpassungsmaßnahmen notwendig sind. Diese Maßnahmen müssen durch verkehrsreduzierende bzw. -beeinflussende Maßnahmen ergänzt werden. Ausgehend von den Emissionen im Verkehrssektor und möglichen Minderungen schlägt das Kapitel den Bogen zu Optionen der Anpassung an den Klimawandel, die ausführlich und konkret dargestellt werden. Besonders betrachtet werden die mannigfaltigen Gefahren der Rückkopplung sowie die vielfältigen Wechselwirungen mit anderen Themengebieten und Sektoren.

Klima- und umweltbezogene Lernprozesse in partizipativen Produktentwicklungsverfahren: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen

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Marlen Arnold

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Für erfolgreiche und nachhaltige Produktentwicklung reichen heute Marktbeobachtung und Kund/innenbefragungen alleine nicht mehr aus. Mit Verfahren zur partizipativen Produktentwicklung (PPE können sowohl das kreative Potenzial von Nutzer/innen für die Produktentwicklung erschlossen als auch marktfähige nachhaltige Produkte entwickelt werden. Sie ermöglichen so aktives Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement. Am Beispiel des INNOCOPE-Pilotverfahrens wird diskutiert, wie nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Lernprozesse in PPE-Prozessen initiiert werden können und welche Faktoren dabei wesentlich sind. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass vor allem die sich wiederholende, direkte und möglichst gleichberechtigte Interaktion von Unternehmensvertreter/innen und von Konsument/innen einen themenbezogenen Wissensaustausch und wechselseitige Lernprozesse ermöglicht. Dabei sind der inhaltliche Aufbau der Treffen und der zeitlich gestaffelte Einsatz von Lernmethoden wesentlich.Today, market observation and customer surveys alone do not suffice to develop successful and sustainable products. Methods of participatory product development (PPD allow to open up the creative potential of users for product development, and to develop marketable sustainable products. Thereby, they support active sustainability management. Taking the INNOCOPE pilot process as an example, we discuss the possibilities and the relevant factors to initiate sustainability- and climate-related learning processes within PPD processes. Our findings indicate that repeated, direct and equitable interaction between company representatives and customers are fundamental for relevant knowledge exchange and mutual learning processes. Other key issues are the thematic structure of the meetings and the timing of learning methods.

Zwischen Freakout und Normcore

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Beate Großegger

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Bis Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts war Rebellion jugendkulturell ein großes Thema. Heute hat die Jugend das so genannte Establishment aus den Augen verloren; die breite Mehrheit gibt sich postheroisch, setzt auf individualitätsbezogene Werte und träumt, eingeschlossen in ihre bunten Lifestyleblasen, von einem perfekten Leben. Bezugnehmend auf aktuelle Befunde der Jugend- und Generationenforschung gibt Beate Großegger in ihrem Beitrag einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Werte- und Lifestyletrends im frühen 21. Jahrhundert und zeigt dabei, wie sehr die heutige Jugend Kind ihrer Zeit und Produkt gesellschaftlicher Rahmenbedingungen ist. Until the late 20th century rebellion was an important aspect of various youth subcultures. But today’s youth has a different mindset. The majority acts post-heroically, i.e. they rather focus on their individual, their private lifestyle than opposing against the establishment. Wrapped in their lifestyle filterbubbles, they dream of a perfect life. Based on recent youth und generation studies Beate Großegger gives an overview of the most important youth cultural trends in the fields of values and lifestyles and introduces today’s youth as a child of our times.

Medienbildung und Schulkultur. Implikationen der Verbindung von Medienbildung und Schulkultur für die Medienpädagogik

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Nina Grünberger

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Gegenwärtig werden häufig Fragen nach der Konstituierung der Medienpädagogik als Disziplin gestellt und Antwortversuche aus je unterschiedlicher Perspektive formuliert. Der vorliegende Beitrag unternimmt einen solchen Versuch durch die Diskussion von Implikationen weitreichender Medialisierungsprozesse für die «Disziplinierung» der Medienpädagogik und ihrer Forschungsfelder am Beispiel von Schule als genuin pädagogischem Ort. Die Zusammenführung einer poststrukturalistisch gedachten Medienbildung und einer damit einhergehenden Entdichotomisierung von Subjekt und Welt respektive Subjekt und Medien mit dem Konzept der Schulkultur und einem damit verbundenen holistischen Blick auf das Schulgefüge eröffnet eine neue, produktive und gleichsam kritische Perspektive, ohne dabei jeweils auf eine vereinfachte Gesellschaftskritik zurück zu fallen. Dies stellt bisherige medienpädagogische Theoreme und insbesondere das Medienkompetenzkonzept, das über den medienpädagogischen Wirkungskreis hinaus auch in anderen Kontexten etabliert ist, in Frage. So wird eine neue Perspektive auf Medienpädagogik und ihre Ziele eröffnet, die nicht vorschnell in Abgrenzungsmechanismen unterschiedlicher medienpädagogischer Schulen verfällt, sondern zu aller erst eine «offene» sein will.

Märkte und Macht der Internetkonzerne: Konzentration - Konkurrenz - Innovationsstrategien

OpenAIRE

Dolata, Ulrich

2014-01-01

In diesem Aufsatz, der auf einer systematischen Auswertung von Geschäftsberichten, Dokumenten, verfügbarem empirischem Material, Literatur und Presseberichten basiert, werden die Konzentrationsprozesse auf den wesentlichen Internetmärkten so- wie die Expansions- und Innovationsstrategien der fünf führenden Konzerne Google, Facebook, Apple, Amazon und Microsoft analysiert. Die Befunde, die der Text vorstellt, sind von einer Dezentralisierung der Markt- und Demokratisierung der Innovationsproze...

NADPH Oxidase Isoform 2 (NOX2 Is Involved in Drug Addiction Vulnerability in Progeny Developmentally Exposed to Ethanol

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Marcela L. Contreras

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Ethanol exposure increases oxidative stress in developing organs, including the brain. Antioxidant treatment during maternal ethanol ingestion improves behavioral deficits in rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD. However, the impact of general antioxidant treatment in their adult offspring and the Specific Reactive Species (ROS-dependent mechanism, are not fully understood. We hypothesized that pre and early postnatal ethanol exposure (PEE modifies redox homeostasis, in particular NOX2 function during reward signaling in the mesocorticolimbic pathway, which reinforces the effects of alcohol. We developed a FASD rat model which was evaluated during adolescence (P21 and adulthood (P70. We first studied whether redox homeostasis is affected in PEE animals, by analyzing mRNA expression of SOD1, CAT, and Gpx1. We found that PEE reduced the mRNA levels of these three anti-oxidant enzymes in PFC and HIPP at P21 and in the VTA at P70. We also analyzed basal mRNA and protein expression of NOX2 subunits such as gp91phox, p22 phox, and p47 phox, in mesocorticolimbic brain areas of PEE rat brains. At P21, gp91 phox, and p47 phox levels in the VTA were decreased. At P70, gp91 phox mRNA levels was decreased in HIPP and both mRNA and protein levels were decreased in PFC. Since NOX2 is regulated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor (NMDAR, we analyzed NMDAR mRNA expression and found differential expression of NMDAR subunits (NR1 and NR2B in the PFC that was age dependent, with levels decreased at P21 and increased at P70. The analysis also revealed decreased NR2B mRNA expression in HIPP and VTA at P70. Offspring from maternal ethanol users consumed 25% more ethanol in a free choice alcohol consumption test than control rats, and showed place preference for an alcohol-paired compartment. In vivo inhibition of NOX2 using apocynin in drinking water, or infusion of blocked peptide gp91 phox ds in the VTA normalized alcohol place preference

NADPH Oxidase Isoform 2 (NOX2) Is Involved in Drug Addiction Vulnerability in Progeny Developmentally Exposed to Ethanol.

Science.gov (United States)

Contreras, Marcela L; de la Fuente-Ortega, Erwin; Vargas-Roberts, Sofía; Muñoz, Daniela C; Goic, Carolina A; Haeger, Paola A

2017-01-01

Ethanol exposure increases oxidative stress in developing organs, including the brain. Antioxidant treatment during maternal ethanol ingestion improves behavioral deficits in rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). However, the impact of general antioxidant treatment in their adult offspring and the Specific Reactive Species (ROS)-dependent mechanism, are not fully understood. We hypothesized that pre and early postnatal ethanol exposure (PEE) modifies redox homeostasis, in particular NOX2 function during reward signaling in the mesocorticolimbic pathway, which reinforces the effects of alcohol. We developed a FASD rat model which was evaluated during adolescence (P21) and adulthood (P70). We first studied whether redox homeostasis is affected in PEE animals, by analyzing mRNA expression of SOD1, CAT, and Gpx1. We found that PEE reduced the mRNA levels of these three anti-oxidant enzymes in PFC and HIPP at P21 and in the VTA at P70. We also analyzed basal mRNA and protein expression of NOX2 subunits such as gp91phox, p22 phox, and p47 phox, in mesocorticolimbic brain areas of PEE rat brains. At P21, gp91 phox, and p47 phox levels in the VTA were decreased. At P70, gp91 phox mRNA levels was decreased in HIPP and both mRNA and protein levels were decreased in PFC. Since NOX2 is regulated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor (NMDAR), we analyzed NMDAR mRNA expression and found differential expression of NMDAR subunits (NR1 and NR2B) in the PFC that was age dependent, with levels decreased at P21 and increased at P70. The analysis also revealed decreased NR2B mRNA expression in HIPP and VTA at P70. Offspring from maternal ethanol users consumed 25% more ethanol in a free choice alcohol consumption test than control rats, and showed place preference for an alcohol-paired compartment. In vivo inhibition of NOX2 using apocynin in drinking water, or infusion of blocked peptide gp91 phox ds in the VTA normalized alcohol place preference, suggesting that NOX

Inhibition of NAPDH Oxidase 2 (NOX2 Prevents Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Abnormalities Caused by Saturated Fat in Cardiomyocytes.

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Leroy C Joseph

Full Text Available Obesity and high saturated fat intake increase the risk of heart failure and arrhythmias. The molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that physiologic levels of saturated fat could increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS in cardiomyocytes, leading to abnormalities of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function. We investigated the effect of saturated fat on mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis in isolated ventricular myocytes. The saturated fatty acid palmitate causes a decrease in mitochondrial respiration in cardiomyocytes. Palmitate, but not the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate, causes an increase in both total cellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS. Palmitate depolarizes the mitochondrial inner membrane and causes mitochondrial calcium overload by increasing sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak. Inhibitors of PKC or NOX2 prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and the increase in ROS, demonstrating that PKC-NOX2 activation is also required for amplification of palmitate induced-ROS. Cardiomyocytes from mice with genetic deletion of NOX2 do not have palmitate-induced ROS or mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that palmitate induces mitochondrial ROS that is amplified by NOX2, causing greater mitochondrial ROS generation and partial depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The abnormal sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak caused by palmitate could promote arrhythmia and heart failure. NOX2 inhibition is a potential therapy for heart disease caused by diabetes or obesity.

Experimental investigation of N2O formation in selective non-catalytic NOx reduction processes performed in stoker boiler

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Krawczyk Piotr

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Stoker fired boiler plants are common throughout Eastern Europe. Increasingly strict emission standards will require application of secondary NOx abatement systems on such boilers. Yet operation of such systems, in addition to reducing NOx emissions, may also lead to emission of undesirable substances, for example N2O. This paper presents results of experimental tests concerning N2O formation in the selective non-catalytic NOx emission reduction process (SNCR in a stoker boiler (WR 25 type. Obtained results lead to an unambiguous conclusion that there is a dependency between the NOx and N2O concentrations in the exhaust gas when SNCR process is carried out in a coal-fired stoker boiler. Fulfilling new emission standards in the analysed equipment will require 40–50% reduction of NOx concentration. It should be expected that in such a case the N2O emission will be approximately 55–60 mg/m3, with the NOx to N2O conversion factor of about 40%.

Mitbestimmung von Studierenden bei der Qualitätssicherung und Hochschulentwicklung

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lippert, Ingmar

2005-01-01

Hochschule hat bestimmte Aufgaben. Sie soll durch Forschung und Lehre Wissen und Methoden in die Gesellschaft tragen. Sie soll auch direkt andere gesellschaftliche Institutionen beraten. Bei diesen Interaktionen soll aber – und das ist so spezifisch für Hochschulen – die gesellschaftliche Praxis ...

Zur mediopassiven 2. Und 3. Person dualis im indogermanischen

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Bojan Čop

1972-12-01

Full Text Available Bekanntlich gibt es in einigen seltenen idg. Sprachen (im Arischen, Griechischen, Tocharischen auch Personal - suffixe für die 2. u n d 3. P. Du. des Mediopassivs. Von diesen sind die griechischen Ausgänge – 2. und 3. Du primär, 2. Du. sekundär, Du. sekundär sicher junge Neubildungen, s. z. B. Brugmann, Grdr.2 II 3 II, 657, § 602; Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. I 670, 672. Ein voll ausgebildetes System solcher Endungen besitzt das Arische; im Tocharischen kommt nur eine einzige Form mit solcher Endung vor, die die 2. P. Du. Med. lmperativi darstellt. Unter solchen Umständen scheint es schwierig, aus diesem Material wahrscheinliche Schlüsse für da_s Urindogermanische zu machen. Und doch ist gerade die tocharische Form, die uns eine ausserordentlich grosse Hilfe leistet, wenn man sie richtig zu beurteilen vermag. Die tocharische Endung, verbunden mit den arischen, wird unter Einschluss der allgemeinen Tendenzen und Regelungen im System der indogermanischen Personalsuffixe ohne Schwierigkeit die urindogermanische Urform erscheinen lassen.

Supraleitung Grundlagen und Anwendungen

CERN Document Server

Buckel, Werner

2004-01-01

Seit nunmehr drei Jahrzehnten ist der "Buckel" das Referenzwerk in deutscher Sprache zum Thema Supraleitung. Immer wieder aktualisiert, hat das Lehrbuch Generationen von Studenten begleitet. In der 6., vollständig überarbeiteten Auflage wird das bewährte didaktische Konzept beibehalten, inhaltlich wurde der Band dem aktuellen Stand von Forschung und Technik angepasst. Das Autorenteam um Prof. Kleiner verzichtet auf komplizierte mathematische Herleitungen. Es baut ganz auf das bewährte Step-by-Step-Prinzip: Der Schwierigkeitsgrad wird von Kapitel zu Kapitel gesteigert. So können auch Einsteiger ohne einschlägige Vorkenntnisse dem Stoff bequem folgen. Dank seiner klaren Sprache und zahlreicher Abbildungen eignet sich der Band hervorragend als einführendes Lehrbuch - und zwar nicht nur für Physik-Studenten, sondern auch für Studierende angrenzender Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften. Grundlegende Eigenschaften, supraleitende Elemente, Cooper-Paarung, Thermodynamik, kritische Ströme, Josephsonkontakte...

Einfluß der Stimulation mit CpG-Oligodesoxynukleotiden und Kostimulation mit CpG-Desoxynukleotiden und IL-2 auf Proliferation, Zytokinproduktion und Expression von Oberflächenmolekülen bei B-CLL-Zellen

OpenAIRE

Kronschnabl, Manuela

2005-01-01

B-CLL-Zellen sind langlebige Zellen, die aufgrund einer Apoptoseinhibition akkumulieren. Sie führen zu einer unzureichenden Immunantwort, bedingt durch die geringe Dichte an T-Zell-aktivierenden Oberflächenmolekülen. Durch CpG-ODN (bakterielle DNA) und IL-2 können diese Oberflächenmoleküle bei normalen und malignen B-Zellen hochreguliert sowie Proliferation und Sekretion von Immunglo-bulin und Zytokinen induziert werden. Diese Arbeit untersuchte die Expression der Oberflächenmoleküle CD 25, C...

Technical and economical aspects of SO2 and NOx removal from flue gas by electron beam irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Turhan, S.; Karadeniz, S.; Tugluoglu, N.; Eken, M.; Oktar, O.; Ercan, I.

2001-01-01

The emission of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 , also SO 3 ) and nitrogen oxides (NO, NO 2 , called NO x ) from fossil fuel burning power and industrial plants is one of the major sources of environmental pollution. These pollutants are named as acid gases causing acid rain and also indirect greenhouse gases contributing greenhouse effect. Acid rain damages forest, agriculture fields and flora, and cause public health concerns in regions having a number of industrial plants. Today, many countries have started to impose industrial emission limits and this movement has generated renewed interest in finding viable and cost effective solutions to SO 2 and NO x pollution control. The conventional technologies, wet scrubbing de-SO 2 and de-NO x , now reached their full potential therefore these methods are not expected to provide further improvements in terms of efficiency or reduction in construction costs. However, new technologies are being investigated for industrial scale commercial viability. One of them is electron beam process, which is dry scrubbing process and simultaneously removes SO 2 and NO x , and useful by-product for agriculture fertilizer. In this study, the economical and technical aspects of electron beam flue gas treatment process are discussed. Because an electron accelerator facility with electron beam energy of 500 KeV and electron beam current of 20 mA will be installed at ANRTC in TURKEY

Paradigmen und Textsorten lebensgeschichtlichen Erzählens

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Neva Šlibar

1995-12-01

Full Text Available Denn im Grunde, heißt es da, ist Jugendfreundschaft um so sonderbarer, je älter man wird. Man ändert sich im Laufe solcher Jahre vom Scheitel bis zur Sohle und von den Härchen der Haut bis ins Herz, aber das Verhältnis zueinander bleibt merkwürdigerweise das gleiche und ändert sich sowenig wie die Beziehungen, die jeder einzelne Mensch zu den verschiedenen Herren pflegt, die er der Reihe nach mit Ich anspricht. Es kommt ja nicht darauf an, ob man so empfindet wie der kleine Knabe mit dickem Kopf und blondem Haar, der einst photographiert worden ist; nein, man kann im Grunde nicht einmal sagen, daß man dieses kleine, alberne, ichige Scheusal gern hat.

Development of power plant emissions of NO{sub 2} and CO{sub 2}; Entwicklung der Kraftwerksemissionen bei NO{sub 2} und CO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Friede, H.; Rosenbauer, G. [Siemens AG Power Generation, Erlangen (Germany)

2007-07-01

In the future energy demand will further increase. Therefore it will be necessary to use also minor fuel qualities. More effort for fuel preparation and flue gas cleaning will be necessary. Some disadvantages may be minimised with new technologies, e.g. integrated gasification combined cycle, fuel change and fuel preparation. Hugh improvements are already achieved in regard to the emissions of the classical components CO, VOC, NOx, SO{sub 2}, Particulate Matter and Mercury. More progress can be expected with optimisation of existing technologies, especially DeNOx-catalysis, catalysis for oxidation of CO and VOC, flue gas desulfurisation, bathhouse filters and electrostatic filters for the reduction of PM and Mercury assisted by adsorbers. Important is a kind of emission limit flexibility, a contribution to the security of supply while using renewable energies and lifetime optimisation. More and more emphasis is put on cost/benefit considerations for a better environment. Measures for CO{sub 2}-Reduction need plant screening and for the efficient exhaust emission reduction fair play in trading emission certificates. (orig.)

Removal of NO and SO2 in Corona Discharge Plasma Reactor with Water Film

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

贺元吉; 董丽敏; 杨嘉祥

2004-01-01

In this paper, a novel type of a corona discharge plasma reactor was designed, which consists of needle-plate-combined electrodes, in which a series of needle electrodes are placed in a glass container filled with flue gas, and a plate electrode is immersed in the water. Based on this model, the removal of NO and SO2 was tested experimentally. In addition, the effect of streamer polarity on the reduction of SO2 and NO was investigated in detail. The experimental results show that the corona wind formed between the high-voltage needle electrode and the water by corona discharge enhances the cleaning efficiency of the flue gas because of the presence of water,and the cleaning efficiency will increase with the increase of applied dc voltage within a definite range. The removal efficiency of SO2 up to 98%, and about 85% of NOx removal under suitable conditions is obtained in our experiments.

Co-controlling CO2 and NOx emission in China's cement industry: An optimal development pathway study

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Xiang-Zhao Feng

2018-03-01

Full Text Available It is of important practical significance to reduce NOx emission and CO2 emission in China's cement industry. This paper firstly identifies key factors that influence China's future cement demand, and then uses the Gompertz model to project China's future cement demand and production. Furthermore, the multi-pollutant abatement planning model (MAP was developed based on the TIMES model to analyze the co-benefits of CO2 and NOx control in China's cement industry. During modeling analysis, three scenarios such as basic as usual scenario (BAU, moderately low carbon scenario (MLC, and radically low carbon scenario (RLC, were built according to different policy constraints and emission control goals. Moreover, the benefits of co-controlling NOx and CO2 emission in China's cement industry have been estimated. Finally, this paper proposes a cost-efficient, green, and low carbon development roadmap for the Chinese cement sector, and puts forwards countermeasures as follows: first, different ministries should enhance communication and coordination about how to promote the co-control of NOx and CO2 in cement industry. Second, co-control technology list should be issued timely for cement industry, and the R&D investment on new technologies and demonstration projects should be increased. Third, the phase-out of old cement capacity needs to be continued at policy level. Fourth, it is important to scientifically evaluate the relevant environmental impact and adverse motivation of ammonia production by NOx removal requirement in cement industry. Keywords: Cement industry, CO2 abatement, NOx reduction, Co-benefit analysis

Zwischen Commonsense und Wissenschaft Mathematik in der Erziehungsphilosophie A. N. Whiteheads

Science.gov (United States)

Sölch, Dennis

Obwohl Whitehead heute wie selbstverständlich als Philosoph rezipiert wird, so hat er seine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn doch als Mathematiker begonnen. Lange Zeit war er gemeinsam mit Bertrand Russell als Autor der Principia Mathematica unter Mathematikern und mathematischen Logikern deutlich besser bekannt als unter Philosophen. Doch selbst von denjenigen, die sich mit Whiteheads Überlegungen zur Metaphysik, zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und zur Theologie befassen, werden seine Schriften zur Philosophie von Erziehung und Bildung häufig kaum beachtet. So entgeht es leicht, dass Whitehead nicht nur ein auf theoretischem Gebiet brillanter Mathematiker war, sondern sein theoretisches Fachwissen im Hinblick auf pädagogische und didaktische Relevanz fortwährend reflektiert hat.

NOx PREDICTION FOR FBC BOILERS USING EMPIRICAL MODELS

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Jiří Štefanica

2014-02-01

Full Text Available Reliable prediction of NOx emissions can provide useful information for boiler design and fuel selection. Recently used kinetic prediction models for FBC boilers are overly complex and require large computing capacity. Even so, there are many uncertainties in the case of FBC boilers. An empirical modeling approach for NOx prediction has been used exclusively for PCC boilers. No reference is available for modifying this method for FBC conditions. This paper presents possible advantages of empirical modeling based prediction of NOx emissions for FBC boilers, together with a discussion of its limitations. Empirical models are reviewed, and are applied to operation data from FBC boilers used for combusting Czech lignite coal or coal-biomass mixtures. Modifications to the model are proposed in accordance with theoretical knowledge and prediction accuracy.

Constitutive NADPH-dependent electron transferase activity of the Nox4 dehydrogenase domain.

Science.gov (United States)

Nisimoto, Yukio; Jackson, Heather M; Ogawa, Hisamitsu; Kawahara, Tsukasa; Lambeth, J David

2010-03-23

NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is constitutively active, while Nox2 requires the cytosolic regulatory subunits p47(phox) and p67(phox) and activated Rac with activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). This study was undertaken to identify the domain on Nox4 that confers constitutive activity. Lysates from Nox4-expressing cells exhibited constitutive NADPH- but not NADH-dependent hydrogen peroxide production with a K(m) for NADPH of 55 +/- 10 microM. The concentration of Nox4 in cell lysates was estimated using Western blotting and allowed calculation of a turnover of approximately 200 mol of H(2)O(2) min(-1) (mol of Nox4)(-1). A chimeric protein (Nox2/4) consisting of the Nox2 transmembrane (TM) domain and the Nox4 dehydrogenase (DH) domain showed H(2)O(2) production in the absence of cytosolic regulatory subunits. In contrast, chimera Nox4/2, consisting of the Nox4 TM and Nox2 DH domains, exhibited PMA-dependent activation that required coexpression of regulatory subunits. Nox DH domains from several Nox isoforms were purified and evaluated for their electron transferase activities. Nox1 DH, Nox2 DH, and Nox5 DH domains exhibited barely detectable activities toward artificial electron acceptors, while the Nox4 DH domain exhibited significant rates of reduction of cytochrome c (160 min(-1), largely superoxide dismutase-independent), ferricyanide (470 min(-1)), and other electron acceptors (artificial dyes and cytochrome b(5)). Rates were similar to those observed for H(2)O(2) production by the Nox4 holoenzyme in cell lysates. The activity required added FAD and was seen with NADPH but not NADH. These results indicate that the Nox4 DH domain exists in an intrinsically activated state and that electron transfer from NADPH to FAD is likely to be rate-limiting in the NADPH-dependent reduction of oxygen by holo-Nox4.

Formation pathways of DMSO from DMS-OH in the presence of O(2) and NO(x): A theoretical study.

Science.gov (United States)

Ramírez-Anguita, Juan M; González-Lafont, Angels; Lluch, José M

2009-01-30

The relative importance of the reaction pathways and thus the product yields in the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) degradation scheme initiated by the hydroxyl (OH) radical has been said to be influenced by the content of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) in chamber experiments. In this study, ab initio and density functional electronic structure calculations of all the possible reaction pathways corresponding to the reaction process initiated by DMS-OH + oxygen (O(2)), leading to the formation of the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) product in the presence of NO(x) (NO and NO(2)), are carried out for the first time. The results for the different pathways are compared with the objective of inferring their kinetic relevance in the laboratory experiments that measure DMSO formation yields. Our theoretical results clearly show the existence of NO(x)-dependent pathways leading to the formation of DMSO in addition to O(2)-dependent channels. So then, NO(x)-containing conditions would have to modify the relative importance of the addition channel in the DMS oxidation process. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

NOx Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) on Self-Supported V-W-doped TiO2 Nanofibers

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Marani, Debora; Silva, Rafael Hubert; Dankeaw, Apiwat

2017-01-01

Electrospun V–W–TiO2 catalysts, resulting in a solid solution of V and W in the anatase phase, are prepared as nonwoven nanofibers for NOx selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Preliminary catalytic characterization indicates their superior NOx conversion efficiency to the-state-of-the-art materia...

Role of Nox2 and p22phox in Persistent Postoperative Hypertension in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma Patients after Adrenalectomy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xiaojing Geng

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA, producing the salt-retaining hormone aldosterone, commonly causes secondary hypertension, which often persists after unilateral adrenalectomy. Although persistent hypertension was correlated with residual hormone aldosterone, the in vivo mechanism remains unclear. NADPH oxidase is the critical cause of aldosterone synthesis in vitro. Nox2 and p22phox comprise the NADPH oxidase catalytic core, serving to initiate a reactive oxygen species (ROS cascade that may participate in the pathology. mRNAs of seven NADPH oxidase isoforms in APA were evaluated by RT-PCR and Q-PCR and their proteins by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. NADPH oxidase activity was also detected. Nox2 and p22phox were especially abundant in APA. Particularly higher Nox2 and p22phox gene and protein levels were seen in APA than controls. Significant correlations between Nox2 mRNA and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2 mRNA (R=0.66, P<0.01 and Nox2 protein and baseline plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC (R=0.503, P<0.01 were detected in APA; however, none were found between p22phox mRNA, CYP11B2 mRNA, p22phox protein, and baseline PAC. Importantly, we found that Nox2 localized specifically in hyperplastic zona glomerulosa cells. In conclusion, our results highlight that Nox2 and p22phox may be directly involved in pathological aldosterone production and zona glomerulosa cell proliferation after APA resection.

Chamber simulation of photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide and isoprene in the presence of NOx

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Jang

2012-11-01

Full Text Available To improve the model prediction for the formation of H2SO4 and methanesulfonic acid (MSA, aerosol-phase reactions of gaseous dimethyl sulfide (DMS oxidation products [e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO] in aerosol have been included in the DMS kinetic model with the recently reported gas-phase reactions and their rate constants. To determine the rate constants of aerosol-phase reactions of both DMSO and its major gaseous products [e.g., dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2 and methanesulfinic acid (MSIA], DMSO was photooxidized in the presence of NOx using a 2 m3 Teflon film chamber. The rate constants tested in the DMSO kinetic mechanisms were then incorporated into the DMS photooxidation mechanism. The model simulation using the newly constructed DMS oxidation mechanims was compared to chamber data obtained from the phototoxiation of DMS in the presence of NOx. Within 120-min simulation, the predicted concentrations of MSA increase by 200–400% and those of H2SO4, by 50–200% due to aerosol-phase chemistry. This was well substantiated with experimental data. To study the effect of coexisting volatile organic compounds, the photooxidation of DMS in the presence of isoprene and NOx has been simulated using the newly constructed DMS kinetic model integrated with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM for isoprene oxidation, and compared to chamber data. With the high concentrations of DMS (250 ppb and isoprene (560–2248 ppb, both the model simulation and experimental data showed an increase in the yields of MSA and H2SO4 as the isoprene concentration increased.

Mechatronics in electric machinery and drives; 2. ed.; Mechatronik in elektrischen Maschinen und Antrieben

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gutt, H.J. [comp.

1995-12-31

Mechatronics is a novel field of work (characterized by closely interlocked and interdisciplinary collaboration among university faculties, institutes, and industrial enterprise) in which activities so far have been harvesting unexpectedly successful results in terms of synergetic effects marking a signpost to the future in many fields of application. Electric machines and drives play a major role in this process as the link between the field of electrical engineering and mechanics on the one hand, and technical computer science on the other. In driving systems, many accessory components such as electronic components or sensors can be saved by skilful and purposeful selection and combination, and design, of electric driving mechanisms and actuators. One contribution in this report presents an interesting case showing that employment of an unconventional synchronous motor can replace all electronic instrumentation hitherto used for run up and monitoring. Another contribution shows that the electric machines can be used for twofold tasks, also serving as essential information sources in combination with neural networks, an emerging development that may have a brilliant future. (orig./GL) [Deutsch] Die Mechatronik (d.h. das engverzahnte interdisziplinaere Zusammenwirken mehrerer Fakultaeten, Institute und interessierter Industrieunternehmen) zeigt zukunftsweisend auf vielfaeltigen Einsatzgebieten unerwartete synergetische Erfolge. Eine wesentliche Schluesselrolle kommt hierbei den elektrischen Maschinen und Antrieben als Bindeglied der Elektrotechnik zwischen der Mechanik einerseits und der Informatik andererseits zu. In kompletten Antriebssystemen allein durch die geschickte Wahl und Gestaltung der elektrischen Antriebsmaschinen und Aktoren zugleich viele, bisher additiv verwendete Komponenten der Sensorik und Eletronik eingespart werden koennen. Ausserdem wird ein Extremfall der Verbilligung dargestellt, in dem unter Verwendung eines unkonventionellen Synchronmotors

Type approval and real-world CO_2 and NO_x emissions from EU light commercial vehicles

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zacharof, Nikiforos; Tietge, Uwe; Franco, Vicente; Mock, Peter

2016-01-01

In the European Union, light duty vehicles (LDVs) are subject to emission targets for carbon dioxide (CO_2) and limits for pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO_x). CO_2 emissions are regulated for both passenger vehicles (PV) and light commercial vehicles (LCV), as individual manufacturers are required to reach fleet averages of 130 g/km by 2015 and 175 g/km by 2017, respectively. In the case of PVs, it has been found that there is a significant divergence between real-world and type-approval CO_2 emissions, which has been increasing annually, reaching 40% in 2014. On-road exceedances of regulated NO_x emission limits for diesel passenger cars have also been documented. The current study investigated the LCV characteristics and CO_2 and NO_x emissions in the European Union. A vehicle market analysis found that LCVs comprise 17% of the diesel LDV market and while there were some data for CO_2 emissions, there were hardly any data publicly available for NO_x emissions. Monitoring the divergence in CO_2 emissions revealed that it increased from 14% in 2006 to 33% in 2014, posing an additional annual fuel cost from 120€ in 2006 to 305€ in 2014, while a significant percentage of Euro 5 vehicles exceeded NO_x emission standards. - Highlights: • Light commercial vehicles comprise 17% of diesel light duty vehicle market. • On-road CO_2 emissions were found to be on average 33% higher than compared to type approval measurements. • The annual additional fuel cost due to the on-road and type approval divergence is estimated at 400€. • Data indicates exceedances in on-road NO_x emissions. • Little attention has been given to light commercial vehicles compared to passenger vehicles.

Technical measurement of pressure and force; 2. new rev. and enl. ed.; Technische Druck- und Kraftmessung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bonfig, K.W. [Siegen Univ. (Gesamthochschule) (Germany). Inst. fuer Messtechnik; Bill, B. [Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterhthur (Switzerland); Haase, H.J. [Siemens AG, Karlsruhe (Germany); Kloucek, F.; Martini, K.H. [Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterhthur (Switzerland); Mueller, R. [Schenck (C.) AG, Darmstadt (Germany); Paetow, J. [Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany)

1995-12-31

The methods used in the field of technical measurement of pressure and force which employ an electric, pressure-proportional output signal have been increasingly applied over the last years. Methods with inductive and capacitative transducers or wire strain gauge transducers have been continuously further developed and perfected. Transducers which use piezoelectrical or piezoresistive methods are also widely applied. This book describes a large number of typical applications and solutions to problems in the fields of research, development, manufacturing and project development. (orig./GL). 135 figs, 3 tabs., 126 refs. [Deutsch] Auf dem Gebiet der technischen Druck- und Kraftmessung haben die Verfahren, bei denen ein elektrisches, druckproportionales Ausgangssignal abgegeben wird, in den letzten Jahren eine staendig zunehmende Anwendung gefunden. So sind die Verfahren mit induktiven und kapazitiven Aufnehmern ebenso wie die mit Dehnungsmessstreifen-Aufnehmern staendig weiterentwickelt und vervollkommnet worden. Daneben haben auch die Messwertaufnehmer, die nach dem piezoelektrischen oder dem piezoresistiven Verfahren arbeiten, starke Verbreitung gefunden. Ausserdem werden Ausfuehrungen fuer spezielle industrielle Einsatzfaelle dargestellt. Besonderes Gewicht wird bei den einzelnen Beitraegen auf die Darstellung von typischen Anwendungsbeispielen und Problemloesungen in Forschung, Entwicklung, Fertigung und Projektierung gelegt. (orig./GL)

EVALUATION OF INTERNALLY STAGED COAL BURNERS AND SORBENT JET AERODYNAMICS FOR COMBINED SO2/NOX CONTROL IN UTILITY BOILERS, VOLUME 1, TESTING IN A 10 MILLION BTU/HR EXPERIMENTAL FURNACE

Science.gov (United States)

The document gives results of tests conducted in a 2 MWt experimental furnace to: (1) investigate ways to reduce NOx emissions from utility coal burners without external air ports (i.e., with internal fuel/air staging); and (2) improve the performance of calcium-based sorbents fo...

Interlaboratory research project: behaviour of microorganisms and viruses during drinking water conditioning. Partial project 2: Campylobacter and Yersinia. Final report; Verhalten von Mikroorganismen und Viren bei der Trinkwasseraufbereitung. Teilvorhaben 2: Campylobacter und Yersinia. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schulze, E.; Feuerpfeil, I.; Vobach, V.

1997-09-01

Dysentery, typhus and cholera, diseases which, in Robert Koch`s time, could still be caused by drinking water, have long ceased to be relevant to us. This is safeguarded by modern conditioning methods and the monitoring of drinking water as laid down in the ordinance on drinking water, which is based in hygienic-microbiological regards on the indicator system. The conditions governing the development of the indicator system were the use of water from protected water reservoirs, and its upgrading by means of slow filtration.- But in recent times the situation has changed in so far as it is increasingly necessary to use water reservoirs that are not optimally protected, so that the water must be conditioned with an ever increasing technical effort.- An additionally complicating factor is that new microbiological and molecular-biological verification methods have proved the existence of further pathogens transmitted via water, whose behaviour during drinking water conditioning has hardly been investigated and to which the indicator principle may or may not be applicable. Moreover, some of these micro-organisms are very chlorine-resistent (for instance, permanent forms of parasites) and are inadequately eliminated even by modern conditioning techniques such as ozoning or UV disinfection.- In recent years, increased susceptibility to potentially pathogenous micro-organisms and opportunistic pathogens, which can be linked to water, has also been observed in certain groups of the population (persons treated with immuno-suppressants, allergics, cancer and AIDS patients).- In 1993, the WHO, in its ``Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality``, published a list of potential pathogens in drinking water, with their origin and an assessment of their hygienic importance on the basis of the latest microbiological and epidemiological state of knowledge. Micro-organisms included in this list are strains of Campylobacter and Yersinia. These two have become known mainly as pathogens

Numerical simulation of flue gas purification from NOx, SO2 by electron beam

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Morgunov, V.V.; Shkilko, A.M.; Fainchtein, O.L.

2011-01-01

received: NO - 99.97%, NO 2 - -17.53% (the concentration growth was observed), SO 2 - 77.32% (without taking into consideration direct reaction SO 2 and NH 3 ); amount of selected species - 111; amount of selected reactions - 941. Elaborated computer code can be used for optimization of the EB flue gases purification technology, modeling kinetic mechanism of radiation-chemical processes in the flue gases, carry out numerical experiments.

Recht und Rechtssystem als globale Struktur und Medium der Verhaltensorientierung / Raul Narits

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Narits, Raul, 1952-

2008-01-01

Äratr.: Multiple Modernität, Globalisierung der Rechtsordnung und Kommunikationsstruktur der Rechtssysteme : Internationales Symposium zur Theorie der Rechtskommunikation an der Universität Tartu im April 2006 ; II. Sonderheft Estland. Berlin, 2008, lk. 219-238. - (Rechtstheorie : Zeitschrift für Logik und Juristische Methodenlehre, Rechtsinformatik, Kommunikationsforschung, Normen- und Handlungstheorie, Soziologie und Philosophie des Rechts ; Bd. 38, 2007, H. 2/3)

NOx reduction using amine reclaimer wastes (ARW) generated in post combustion CO2 capture

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Botheju, Deshai; Glarborg, Peter; Tokheim, Lars-Andre

2012-01-01

Amine reclaimer wastes (ARW) generated in CO2 capture processes demand suitable disposal means. Such wastes contain remaining amine, NH3 and other degradation compounds. This study investigated the potential of using ARW as a NOx reducing agent, under laboratory conditions in a flow reactor....../NO ratios (waste product, together with its demonstrated NOx reduction capability and its calorific value contribution, makes it attractive as an additive...

Editorial: Theoriebildung in Mediendidaktik und Wissensmanagement

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michael Kerres

2002-10-01

Full Text Available Das Internet trägt massgeblich zur Entstehung einer neuen Lern- und Wissenskultur bei und ist mittlerweile Gegenstand einer ganzen Reihe von Projekten in der Erziehungswissenschaft. So wird zum Beispiel der Frage nachgegangen, welche Möglichkeiten der Strukturierung und Gestaltung von Lernmaterialien am besten geeignet sind, um Lernprozesse anzuregen, wie die interpersonale Kommunikation im Internet durch didaktische Gestaltungsmassnahmen gefördert werden können oder wie die entfernte Betreuung von Lernenden über das Netz funktioniert. Zunehmend wird dabei auch der Übergang bedeutsam zwischen didaktisch aufbereiteten Lernangeboten, wie sie die Mediendidaktik traditionell beschäftigt, und dem Austausch von nicht didaktisch aufbereiteten Informationen in Organisationen, wie es im Bereich des Wissensmanagements diskutiert wird. In diesen Projekten werden vielfach Detailfragen behandelt, und isoliert, ohne Bezug zu grundlegenden Theoriefragen untersucht. Es mangelt an einer genuin mediendidaktischen Theoriediskussion, die einen übergreifenden Bezugsrahmen aus erziehungswissenschaftlicher Perspektive liefert. In der Vergangenheit ist die Mediendidaktik von Seiten einer «kritischen» Medienpädagogik zeitweise skeptisch beäugt und in ihrer Existenz grundlegend infrage gestellt worden. In der aktuellen Diskussion wird gerne auf lerntheoretische Ansätze zurückgegriffen, die Lernen als aktiven Vorgang der individuellen und kooperativen Wissenskonstruktion begreifen. Doch Wissens- und Lerntheorien ersetzen keine mediendidaktische Modell- und Theoriebildung, die Perspektiven für eine Gestaltung zukünftiger Lernwelten liefert und dabei zum Beispiel sowohl bildungstheoretische Überlegungen als auch Konzepte des instructional design einbezieht. In dem ersten Teil dieser Ausgabe geht es um theoretische Perspektiven der Mediendidaktik. So diskutiert der Artikel von Michael Kerres und Claudia de Witt den Beitrag der Positionen von Behaviorismus

Analyse und Bewertung von Naturgefahren als Grundlage für ein nachhaltiges Naturgefahrenmanagement in Gebirgssystemen SO-Kasachstans am Beispiel des Ile-Alatau

OpenAIRE

Yegorov, Alexandr

2007-01-01

Den Fragen der Erarbeitung des Naturgefahrenmanagements in Gebirgsystemen SO-Kasachstans und in den Ländern des Zentralasiens insgesamt wurde bisher keine gebührende Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. Die Naturkatastrophen der letzten Jahrzehnte sowie die Erfahrung mit Maßnahmen zum Schutz des Ile-Alatau vor Naturgefahren haben gezeigt, dass die Lösung dieser Probleme für die weitere nachhaltige Entwicklung dieser Region von erstrangiger Bedeutung ist. In dieser Arbeit wurde vom Autor umfangreiches Ma...

Effects of NOX Storage Component on Ammonia Formation in TWC for Passive SCR NOX Control in Lean Gasoline Engines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prikhodko, Vitaly Y. [ORNL; Pihl, Josh A. [ORNL; Toops, Todd J. [ORNL; Parks, II, James E. [ORNL

2018-04-01

A prototype three-way catalyst (TWC) with NOX storage component was evaluated for ammonia (NH3) generation on a 2.0-liter BMW lean burn gasoline direct injection engine as a component in a passive ammonia selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. The passive NH3 SCR system is a potential approach for controlling nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions from lean burn gasoline engines. In this system, NH3 is generated over a close-coupled TWC during periodic slightly-rich engine operation and subsequently stored on an underfloor SCR catalyst. Upon switching to lean, NOX passes through the TWC and is reduced by the stored NH3 on the SCR catalyst. Adding a NOX storage component to a TWC provides two benefits in the context of a passive SCR system: (1) enabling longer lean operation by storing NOX upstream and preserving NH3 inventory on the downstream SCR catalyst; and (2) increasing the quantity and rate of NH3 production during rich operation. Since the fuel penalty associated with passive SCR NOX control depends on the fraction of time that the engine is running rich rather than lean, both benefits (longer lean times and shorter rich times achieved via improved NH3 production) will decrease the passive SCR fuel penalty. However, these benefits are primarily realized at low to moderate temperatures (300-500 °C), where the NOX storage component is able to store NOX, with little to no benefit at higher temperatures (>500 °C), where NOX storage is no longer effective. This study discusses engine parameters and control strategies affecting the NH3 generation over a TWC with NOX storage component.

Die Interhalogenkationen [Br2F5]+ und [Br3F8].

Science.gov (United States)

Ivlev, Sergei; Karttunen, Antti; Buchner, Magnus; Conrad, Matthias; Kraus, Florian

2018-05-02

Wir berichten über die Synthese und Charakterisierung der bislang einzigen Polyhalogenkationen, in denen verbrückende Fluoratome vorliegen. Das [Br2F5]+-Kation enthält eine symmetrische [F2Br-µ-F-BrF2]-Brücke, das [Br3F8]+-Kation enthält unsymmetrische µ-F-Brücken. Die Fluoronium-Ionen wurden in Form ihrer [SbF6]--Salze erhalten und Raman-, und 19F-NMR-spektroskopisch, sowie durch Röntgenbeugung am Einkristall untersucht. Quantenchemische Rechnungen, sowohl für die isolierten Kationen in der Gasphase, als auch für die Festkörper selbst, wurden durchgeführt. Populationsanalysen zeigen, dass die µ-F-Atome die am stärksten negativ partialgeladenen Atome der Kationen sind. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Polen, Deutschland, die EU und Russland

OpenAIRE

Wilkiewicz, Zbigniew

2009-01-01

Besonders seit dem EU-Beitritt Polens ist es um die deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen nicht besonders gut bestellt. In den vergangenen Jahren hat man sich in erster Linie an bilateralen Konflikten abgearbeitet und keine gemeinsame Europapolitik betrieben. Im Beitrag wird diese Entwicklung rekonstruiert und danach gefragt, ob es angesichts einer solchen Entwicklung Aussichten auf die Wiederherstellung der deutsch-polnischen Interessengemeinschaft gibt oder die Interessen beider Staaten so stark d...

Environment and traffic. Contribution to environmentally compatible projecting and analysis of roads; Umwelt und Verkehr. Beitraege zur umweltvertraeglichen Planung und Beurteilung von Verkehrswegen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2001-07-01

The book contains contributions on air pollution abatement, noise and vibration abatement, conservation and landscaping. It addressses experts, who are given information on efficient and low-cost planning of new roads with minimum adverse effects on nature and landscape and minimum pollutant and noise problems. The focus is on noise, as this field is often left out of account in environmental protection considerations. [German] Das Heft beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung von Beitraegen aus den Fachbereichen der Luftreinhaltung, des Laerm- und Erschuetterungsschutzes sowie des Naturschutzes und der Landschaftspflege. Es soll der Fachwelt Hinweise und Anregungen geben, um Verkehrswege zweckmaessig und kostenguenstig zu planen sowie Eingriffe in die Natur und Landschaft und verkehrsbedingte Einwirkungen von Schadstoffen und Laerm so gering wie moeglich zu halten. Das Thema Laerm dominiert hier ganz bewusst. Wenn auch bei allen Arten der Umweltbeeintraechtigung durch den Verkehr nach weiteren Loesungen gesucht werden muss, besteht im Laermschutz ein besonderer technischer und regelnder Nachholbedarf. (orig.)

Effect of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) and toluene on SO2 photooxidation, nucleation and growth: A smog chamber study

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Kangwei; Chen, Linghong; White, Stephen J.; Han, Ke; Lv, Biao; Bao, Kaiji; Wu, Xuecheng; Gao, Xiang; Azzi, Merched; Cen, Kefa

2017-08-01

The formation and growth of new particles has recently been shown to have a significant influence on Chinese haze pollution, and sulfuric acid has long been recognized as a major contributor to new particle formation. In this study, four comparison groups of experiments related to SO2 photooxidation, as well as aerosol nucleation and growth, have been conducted in the CAPS-ZJU (Complex Air Pollution Study-Zhejiang University) smog chamber. These were conducted either under SO2/NOx or SO2/toluene gas-phase environments in the absence of seed particles. During aerosol nucleation and growth process, several physical properties such as mass, size and effective density were measured simultaneously by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and Differential Mobility Analyzer-Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer-Condensation Particle Counter (DMA-APM-CPC). The effective density of new particles decreased from 1.8 to 1.35 g/cm3 as the particle size increased from 20 to 65 nm. The single particle mass showed good power-law relationship with mobility diameter, with an average mass-mobility exponent of 2.885. A new algorithm and a reference density of 1.38 g/cm3 based on size-resolved single particle mass (SPM) were proposed to calculate the mass concentration of new particles. Two methods based on Log Normal and Max Concentration were applied to derive particle growth rate (GR), and data merging from both methods was implemented to decrease calculation uncertainty. Meanwhile, both continuous nucleation and inhibition of further growth in sub-20 nm size range were observed in different experiments depending on composition, and possible reasons were analyzed. The presence of NO was found to suppress nucleation and subsequent aerosol growth; while the presence of NO2 or toluene promoted it. It was concluded that decreasing NOx (NO or NO2) or increasing toluene may promote SO2 photooxidation, nucleation and subsequent aerosol growth, all of which is significant for deeper

NOx reduction and NO2 emission characteristics in rich-lean combustion of hydrogen

OpenAIRE

Shudo, Toshio; Omori, Kento; Hiyama, Osamu

2008-01-01

Hydrogen is a clean alternative to conventional hydrocarbon fuels, but it is very important to reduce the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions generated by hydrogen combustion. The rich-lean combustion or staged combustion is known to reduce NOx emissions from continuous combustion burners such as gas turbines and boilers, and NOx reduction effects have been demonstrated for hydrocarbon fuels. The authors applied rich-lean combustion to a hydrogen gas turbine and showed its NOx reduction effect in...

Alternative deNOx catalysts and technologies

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Due-Hansen, Johannes

The present thesis entitled Alternative deNOx Catalysts and technologies revolves around the topic of removal of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides, NOx, are unwanted byproducts formed during combustion (e.g. in engines or power plants). If emitted to the atmosphere, they are involved...... in the formation of acid rain and photochemical smog. Some basic concepts and reactions regarding the formation and removal of NOx are presented in chapter 1 and 2. Two approaches are undertaken in the present work to reduce the emission of NOx: by means of catalytic removal, and by NO absorption in ionic liquids....... The commercial catalyst used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides exhibits high activity and selectivity towards N2. However, the vanadia-titania-based catalyst used is very sensitive to deactivation by alkali-species (primarily potassium), which are typically present in high amounts...

NO_x reduction and N_2O emissions in a diesel engine exhaust using Fe-zeolite and vanadium based SCR catalysts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cho, Chong Pyo; Pyo, Young Dug; Jang, Jin Young; Kim, Gang Chul; Shin, Young Jin

2017-01-01

Highlights: • NO_x reduction and N_2O emission of urea-SCR catalysts with the oxidation precatalysts were investigated. • Fe-zeolite and V-based catalysts were noticeably affected by the NO_2/NOx ratio. • Remarkable N_2O formation was observed only for the Fe-zeolite catalyst. - Abstract: Among various approaches used to comply with strict diesel engine exhaust regulations, there is increasing interest in urea based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) as a NO_x reduction technology, due to its high reduction and excellent fuel efficiencies. NO_x reduction by SCR catalysts is affected by variations in the NO_2/NO_x ratio, caused by oxidation catalysts such as the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) installed in diesel engines. Recently, it has been reported that the greenhouse gas (GHG) variant N_2O, which is a by-product of the NO_x conversion process in the after-treatment system, will be subject to regulation. Using a real diesel engine installed with DOC and DPF, the NO_x reduction and N_2O emission performances of commonly used Fe-zeolite and V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 catalysts were investigated under various operating conditions. The exhaust of the diesel engine used in this study had a NO_2/NO_x ratio of over 50% for temperatures below 400 °C due to the oxidation catalysts, while the NO_2/NO_x ratio was significantly lower for temperatures above 400 °C. Under such conditions, it was found that the Fe-zeolite and V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 catalysts were noticeably affected by the NO_2/NOx ratio and exhaust temperature. Although both catalysts showed satisfactory NO conversions, the V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 catalyst showed decreasing NO_2 conversion rates between 250 °C and 320 °C. The V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 catalyst exhibited NH_3 slip relatively frequently because of its low NH_3 storage capacity. For the Fe-zeolite catalyst, a significant increase in the amount of generated N_2O was observed for high NO_x conversion conditions due to side

Smog chamber studies on the air chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons in the presence of ozone, NOx and SO2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nolting, F.; Zetzsch, C.

1990-01-01

The influence of SO 2 on the photochemical degradation processes of the biogenic hydrocarbon α-pinene was studied with respect to the present forest decline. For that purpose premixed air was irradiated with simulated sunlight in laboratory experiments using a modified smog chamber. The performance of a novel semi continuous analyzer for H 2 SO 4 /sulfate was tested for smog chamber studies of the transformation of SO 2 to sulfuric acid and sulfur containing aerosol. An influence of SO 2 on the formation of ozone was not detected. The rates of degradation cannot be described by gas phase reactions alone, and, in addition, they are faster in the presence of humidity. Depending on humidity, 30-50% of the consumed SO 2 can be recovered in the suspended aerosol. In the presence of 60% relative humidity the nearly exclusive product is sulfur aerosol that needs further characterization. (orig.) With 9 figs., 42 refs [de

First Simultaneous Visualization of SO2 and NO2 Plume Dispersions using Imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lee, Hanlim; Hong, Hyunkee; Han, Kyungsoo; Noh, Youngmin; Kwon, Soonchul

2014-01-01

Imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Imaging-DOAS) has been utilized in recent years to provide slant column density (SCD) distributions of several trace gas species in the plume. The present study introduces a new method using Imaging-DOAS data to determine two-dimensional plume structure from the plume emissions of power plant in conditions of negligible aerosol effects on radiative transfer within the plume. We demonstrates for the first time that two-dimensional distributions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in power plant emissions can be determined simultaneously in terms of SCD distribution. The SO 2 SCD values generally decreased with increasing distance from the stack and with distance from the center of the plume. Meanwhile, high NO 2 SCD was observed at locations several hundred meters away from the first stack due to the ratio change of NO to NO 2 in NOx concentration, attributed to the NO oxidation by O 3 . The results of this study show the capability of the Imaging-DOAS technique as a tool to estimate plume dimensions in power plant emissions

Is there a “net generation” in veterinary medicine? A comparative study on the use of the Internet and Web 2.0 by students and the veterinary profession [Gibt es eine „net-Generation“ in der Tiermedizin? Eine Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Nutzung von Internet und Web 2.0 bei Studierenden und der Tierärzteschaft

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tenhaven, Christoph

2013-02-01

Full Text Available [english] Introduction: Informal and formal lifelong learning is essential at university and in the workplace. Apart from classical learning techniques, Web 2.0 tools can be used. It is controversial whether there is a so-called net generation amongst people under 30.Aims: To test the hypothesis that a net generation among students and young veterinarians exists.Methods: An online survey of students and veterinarians was conducted in the German-speaking countries which was advertised via online media and traditional print media.Results: 1780 people took part in the survey. Students and veterinarians have different usage patterns regarding social networks (91.9% vs. 69% and IM (55.9% vs. 24.5%. All tools were predominantly used passively and in private, to a lesser extent also professionally and for studying.Outlook: The use of Web 2.0 tools is useful, however, teaching information and media skills, preparing codes of conduct for the internet and verification of user generated content is essential.[german] Einleitung: Informelles und formelles lebenslanges Lernen ist im Studium und Beruf essenziell. Dazu können neben der klassischen Fortbildung auch Web 2.0 Tools benutzt werden. Umstritten in der Literatur ist allerdings, ob es unter den „Unter 30 Jährigen“ eine sogenannte Net-Generation gibt. Ziel: Überprüfung der Hypothese, dass eine Net-Generation unter Studierenden und jungen Tierärzten existiert. Methode: Eine Onlineumfrage unter Studierenden und der Tierärzteschaft wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum durchgeführt, die per Onlinemedien und klassischen Printmedien beworben wurde.Ergebnisse: An der Befragung haben 1780 Personen teilgenommen. Es gibt unterschiedliches Nutzungsverhalten von Studierenden und der Tierärzteschaft bei sozialen Netzwerken (91,9% vs. 69% und IMs (55,9% vs. 24,5%. Alle Tools wurden hauptsächlich passiv und privat genutzt, im geringeren Maße auch für den Beruf und das Studium.Ausblick: Der Einsatz von Web 2

Commercial introduction of the Advanced NOxTECH system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sudduth, B.C. [NOxTECH, Inc., Irvine, CA (United States)

1997-12-31

NOxTECH is BACT for diesel electric generators. Emissions of NO{sub x} are reduced 95% or more with substantial concurrent reductions in CO, particulates, and ROG`s. No engine modifications or other exhaust aftertreatments can remove all criteria pollutants as effectively as NOxTECH. The NOxTECH system reliably maintains NH{sub 3} slip below 2 ppm. Unlike other emissions controls, NOxTECH does not generate hazardous by-products. The Advanced NOxTECH system reduces the size, weight, and cost for BACT emissions reductions. Based on the operation of a 150 kW prototype, NOxTECH, Inc. is quoting commercial units for diesel electric generators. Advanced NOxTECH equipment costs about half as much as SCR systems, and NO{sub x} reduction can exceed 95% with guarantees for emissions compliance.

Boltzmann und das Ende des mechanistischen Weltbildes

CERN Document Server

Renn, Jürgen

2007-01-01

Der Wissenschaftshistoriker und Physiker Jürgen Renn untersucht die Rolle des österreichischen Physikers und Philosophen Ludwig Boltzmann (18441906) bei der Entwicklung der modernen Physik. Boltzmann war einer der letzen Vertreter des mechanistischen Weltbildes und stand somit am Ende eines Zeitalters. Renn porträtiert den Wissenschaftler aber als einen Pionier der modernen Physik, dessen Beschäftigung mit den inneren Spannungen der klassischen Physik ihn visionär zukünftige Fragestellungen aufgreifen ließ. So befasste sich Boltzmann etwa mit den Grenzproblemen zwischen Mechanik und Thermodynamik, die ihn zur Entwicklung immer raffinierterer Instrumente der statistischen Physik antrieb, die schließlich zu Schlüsselinstrumenten der modernen Physik wurden. Boltzmanns Werk steht somit am Übergang vom mechanistischen Weltbild zur Relativitäts- und Quantentheorie. Der Aussage des viel bekannteren Physikers Albert Einstein, dass Fantasie wichtiger sei als Wissen, hält Jürgen Renn im Hinblick auf Leben ...

Characterization of LSM/CGO Symmetric Cells Modified by NOx Adsorbents for Electrochemical NOx Removal with Impedance Spectroscopy

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Shao, Jing; Kammer Hansen, Kent

2013-01-01

in the resistance of the low-frequency processes, which were ascribed to adsorption, diffusion, and transfer of O2 species and NOx species at or near the triple phase boundary (TPB) region and the formation of the reaction intermediate NO2. The BaO impregnation improved the adsorption of NOx on the LSM....../CGO electrode by selectively trapping NO2 in the form of nitrate over the BaO sites and provided availability for a direct reduction of the stored nitrate. The BaO-Pt-Al2O3 layer enhanced the NOx adsorption and promoted the formation of NO2 due to the NO oxidation ability of the Pt catalyst, but hindered...... the gas diffusion to the reaction sites....

Modeling the Formation of N2O and NO2 in the Thermal De-NOx Process

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Miller, James A.; Glarborg, Peter

1996-01-01

A chemical kinetic model is formulated that satisfactorily predicts the NO removed and the N2O and NO2 produced by the Thermal De-NOx process over a wide range of temperatures and initial oxygen concentrations....

Risiko Video- und Computerspiele? Eine Studie über Video- und Computerspielnutzung und Aggression bei 12- und 16- jährigen Jugendlichen

OpenAIRE

Schiller, Eva-Maria; Strohmeier, Dagmar; Spiel, Christiane

2009-01-01

Video -und Computerspielen ist heutzutage eine beliebte Freizeitaktivität von Kindern und Jugendlichen, besonders von Jungen. Trotz der großen Vielfalt der angebotenen Video- und Computerspiele für Kinder und Jugendliche, konzentriert sich die Forschung vorwiegend auf negative Einflüsse von gewalthaltigen Video- und Computerspielen. Da nicht alle Kinder und Jugendliche ausschließlich gewalthaltige Video- und Computerspiele spielen, betrachten wir diesen Fokus in der Wissenschaft als zu eng ge...

Ueber die arten und den Skelettbau von Culcita

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hartlaub, Clemens

1892-01-01

Das Genus Culcita Agass. zählt durch die merkwürdige Form und die ansehnliche Grösse seiner Arten zu den interessantesten Asteriden, und gut conservirte Exemplare davon gehören zu den Zierden unsrer Museen. Um so bedauerlicher erschien es mir, als ich vor einiger Zeit den Versuch machte die von

Organic Trace Compounds as Emisions of Incineration Plants and their Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Classification - Part 2. Toxicological and ecotoxicological classification; Organische Spurenstoffe als Emissionen aus Verbrennungsanlagen und deren humantoxikologische und oekotoxikologische Einordnung. T. 2. Humantoxikologische und oekotoxikologische Einordnung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kaiser, G.; Wiedmann, T.; Ballschmiter, K.

1998-02-01

In this report (`Organic Trace Compounds as Emissions of Incineration Plants and their Toxicological and Ecotoxicologial Classification - Part 2: Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Classification`) emissions of organic compounds, measured from German municipal waste incineration plants, are compared with toxicological and ecotoxicological data, limits and threshold values and environmental baseline levels. Emission data of other combustion processes are integrated if available. A modern waste incineration plant, observing German emission regulations, emits less of most substances reported here than other industrial processes or e.g. the combustion of wood or coal. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im vorliegenden Arbeitsbericht (`Organische Spurenstoffe als Emissionen aus Verbrennungsanlagen und deren humantoxikologische und oekotoxikologische Einordnung - Teil 2: Humantoxikologische und oekotoxikologische Einordnung`) werden die realen organischen Emissionen von Muellverbrennungsanlagen in groesstmoeglicher stofflicher Differenzierung toxikologisch eingeordnet. Hierzu werden die Daten mit human-/oekotoxikologischen Kenngroessen, Grenz- und Orientierungswerten sowie mit der Hintergrundbelastung verglichen und die inhalative Zusatzbelastung wird berechnet. Diese liegt fuer alle Stoffe im Bereich von 10{sup -9} bis 10{sup -1} Prozent. Eine Ausnahme bilden die Phthalsaeureester mit einem Spitzenwert fuer die Zusatzbelastung von 6,5%. Wenn vorhanden, werden die Emissionsdaten von anderen Verbrennungsprozessen mit in die Einordnung aufgenommen. Von vielen Substanzklassen wird bei einer Abfallverbrennungsanlage, die die Grenzwerte der 17. BImSchV einhaelt, weniger an die Umgebungsluft abgegeben als bei anderen industriellen Prozessen oder z.B. bei der Verbrennung von Kohle oder Holz. (orig.)

Technical mathematics for plumbers and gas-fitters. Formulas and tables; Technische Mathematik fuer Gas- und Wasserinstallateure. Formeln und Tabellen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Beck, H.G.; Pfau, A.; Trudwig, R.

1996-12-31

The book contains formulas, tables and diagrams on the following subjects: General fundamentals, materials data, pipeline laying and assembly techniques, freshwater supply, electrical installations, hot water supply, waste water technology, sanitary systems, gas technology. There are no further explanations and no calculation examples, which makes the book an appropriate tool for examinations. (HW) [Deutsch] In dem vorliegenden Buch sind Formeln, Tabellen und Diagramme zu folgenden Themen zusammengestellt: Allgemeines, Werkstoffkenngroessen, Rohrleitungs- und Montagetechnik, Trinkwasserversorgung, Elektrotechnik, Warmwasserversorgung, Abwassertechnik, sanitaere Einrichtungen, Gastechnik. Es enthaelt keine weiterfuehrenden Erlaeuterungen und keine Beispiele, so dass es in Pruefungsarbeiten eingesetzt werden kann. (HW)

Von Nischen und Infrastrukturen - Herausforderungen und neue Ansätze politischer Technologien

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Felix Stalder

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Neue Technologien aus dem aktivistischen Umfeld bieten radikale Alternativen zu kultureller Nischenbildung und zentralisierten Web 2.0-Infrastrukturen. Die sozialen und politischen Realitäten der Digitalisierung und Vernetzung sind heute von zwei konstitutiven, aber grundsätzlich unterschiedlichen, ja teilweise sogar entgegengesetzten Dynamiken geprägt. Beide stellen den Medienaktivismus vor neue Herausforderungen. Zum einen können wir ein Aufblühen neuer kultureller Nischen und horizontaler Organisationsformen beobachten. Zum anderen erleben wir gleichzeitig eine enorme Zentralisierung und Konzentration auf der Ebene der Plattformen, welche einen grossen Teil der infrastrukturellen Grundlage des Wachstum der Nischen und neuen Kooperationsmuster darstellen. Nachdem der Aufbau alternativer Infrastrukturen – Zeitschriften, TV Kanäle und Internetplattformen – in den ersten 30 Jahren medienaktivistischer Projekte eine grosse Rolle gespielt hat (Stalder 2008 sind diese Fragen in den letzten 10 Jahren etwas in den Hintergrund getreten. Denn die Komplexität der Infrastrukturen nahm stetig zu, was es immer aufwendiger machte, sie zu betreiben und die neuen, offene Plattformen, wie sie für Web 2.0 typisch sind, stellten allen - scheinbar ohne Einschränkungen - mächtige Werkzeuge zu Verfügung. Warum eine eigene Plattform betreiben, wenn grosse professionelle Anbieter das besser, sicherer und kostenfrei anbieten? Heute sind die Probleme dieser Entwicklungen aber deutlich zu erkennen. Im Folgenden werden die Herausforderungen dieser Nischenbildung, die dunkle Seite der zentralisierten Infrastrukturen sowie die darauf reagierenden, neue Entwürfe für de-zentrale Infrastrukturen skizziert.

Editorial zum Tagungsband: Spannungsfelder und blinde Flecken. Medienpädagogik zwischen Emanzipationsanspruch und Diskursvermeidung

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sven Kommer

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Die erziehungswissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Medien hat in Deutschland eine lange und vielfältige Tradition. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich die Medienpädagogik zu einer eigenständigen akademischen (Teil-Disziplin entwickelt, die in der (Fach-Öffentlichkeit wahrgenommen wird und sich aktiv in aktuelle gesellschaftliche Diskurse einbringt. Sichtbar wird die Etablierung als Fach u. a. daran, dass an einer Reihe von Hochschulen Professuren geschaffen wurden, die für medienpädagogische Studienelemente oder -gänge und/oder Zusatzausbildungen verantwortlich sind. Der gestiegene Stellenwert der Disziplin zeigt sich auch an ihrer Rolle in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Erziehungswissenschaft, innerhalb derer sie sich von einer «Arbeitsgemeinschaft auf Zeit» (Mitte der 1990er-Jahre zu einer eigenständigen Sektion (seit 2010 entwickelt hat. Angesichts der gegenwärtig zu beobachtenden Entwicklungen im Medienbereich (u. a. Digitalisierung, Globalisierung, Algorithmisierung, deren Folgen für gesellschaftliche und pädagogische Prozesse und Bereiche kaum zu unterschätzen sind, erstaunt es, dass die Medienpädagogik bis heute dazu neigt, Rechtfertigungsstrategien für die eigenen Existenz zu generieren. Bei einer kritischen Betrachtung (z. B. der universitären Stellenpolitik ist aber zu konstatieren, dass sich die Medienpädagogik auch 40 Jahre nach dem Erscheinen von Dieter Baackes wegweisender Schrift Kommunikation und Kompetenz ihrer Anerkennung und festen Verankerung im akademischen Feld tatsächlich noch immer nicht sicher sein kann. Eine Ursache hierfür liegt möglicherweise in der noch immer grossen (und oftmals geradezu zelebrierten Heterogenität des Faches. So sind die unterschiedlichen Traditionslinien des pädagogischen Umgangs mit Medien, die mitunter nur bedingt miteinander vereinbar sind, bis heute zu beobachten und wirkmächtig. Zu unterscheiden ist hierbei bspw. eine auf Emanzipation, kommunikative Kompetenz

Development and test of a mobile environmental system for emission and ambient air measurement in the eastern part of Germany. Final report; Entwicklung und Erprobung eines mobilen Messsystems zur Emissions- und Immissionsmessung von Schadstoffen in den neuen Bundeslaendern; Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mosebach, H; Schaefer, K; Haus, R; Eisenmann, T; Rippel, H; Klein, V; Wehner, D

1993-06-30

A mobile environmental laboratory was developed and successfully tested. This system is used for the remote emissions and ambient air measurements. The key instrument of this laboratory is the Kayser-Threde double pendulum interferometer K300, a field proven FT-IR system for remote emission and ambient air measurements. In addition, the laboratory contains conventional ambient air sensors and a battery system for current source free usage. Basic scientific research was necessary for the development of appropriate analysis methods for quantitative detection of emissions from smoke stacks when doing remote sensing, as well as for ambient air measurements. The mobile laboratory was used in a number of measurement campaigns. The following gaseous specimens could quantitatively analyzed: H{sub 2}O, CO{sub 2}, CO, NO, NO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O, SO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, HCl, HCHO and total hydrocarbons (THC). The correspondence between the K300 remote sensing results with the measured values taken by conventional reference systems was good to excellent, in many cases considerably better than expected. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wurde ein Umwelt-Messfahrzeug entwickelt und erfolgreich erprobt, das fuer die Fernerkundungsmessung von Emissionen und Immissionen eingesetzt werden kann. Das zentrale Messgeraet in diesem Fahrzeug ist die Kayser-Threde Eigenentwicklung K300, ein feldtaugliches FT-IR-Geraet, das zur Fernerkundungsmessung von Emissionen und Immissionen dient. Weiterhin sind u.a. in dem Fahrzeug konventionelle eignungsgepruefte Immissionsmessgeraete und eine autarke Stromversorgungseinheit eingebaut. Eine Erarbeitung fundierter wissenschaftlicher Grundlagen und daraus resultierender Analyseverfahren waren notwendig, um in Fernerkundung Emissionen aus Kraftwerken sowie Immissionen qualitativ erfassen zu koennen. In einer Reihe von Messkampagnen wurde das Messfahrzeug eingesetzt und eine Analytik fuer folgende Stoffe durchgefuehrt: H{sub 2}O, CO{sub 2}, CO, NO, NO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via the NOD2/COX-2/NOX4 signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Science.gov (United States)

Kong, Ling-Jun; Liu, Xiao-Qian; Xue, Ying; Gao, Wei; Lv, Qian-Zhou

2018-03-20

Vascular endothelium dysfunction caused by oxidative stress accelerates the pathologic process of cardiovascular diseases. NOD2, an essential receptor of innate immune system, has been demonstrated to play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Here, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) on NOX4-mediated ROS generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining was to measure the intracellular ROS level and showed MDP promoted ROS production in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The mRNA and protein levels of NOX4 and COX-2 were detected by real-time PCR and western blot. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence NOD2 or COX-2 gene expression and investigate the mechanism of NOD2-mediated signaling pathway in HUVECs. Data showed that MDP induced NOX4 and COX-2 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. NOD2 knock-down suppressed up-regulation of COX-2 and NOX4 in HUVECs treated with MDP. Furthermore, silence of COX-2 in HUVECs down-regulated the NOX4 expression after MDP stimulation. Collectively, we indicated that NOD2 played a leading role in MDP-induced COX-2/NOX4/ROS signaling pathway in HUVECs, which was a novel regulatory mechanism in the progress of ROS generation.

Sicherung und Verunsicherung. ‚Rasse‘ und Geschlecht in Fetisch, Körper und Blick Security and Uncertainty. “Race” and Gender in Fetish, Body, and the Gaze

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iris Homann

2005-07-01

Full Text Available Rosa B. Schneider untersucht in ihrer literatur- und geschichtswissenschaftliche Fragen verbindenden Dissertation Um Scholle und Leben die Konstruktion von ‚Rasse‘ und Geschlecht in der deutschen Kolonialliteratur um 1900. Die ambitionierten Versprechen der Einleitung können zwar nicht alle eingehalten werden. Die Autorin kann dies jedoch durch großzügig über ihre Abhandlung verstreute ‚Aha-Effekte‘ glücklich wieder ausgleichen. So interveniert sie auf lesenswerte Weise in aktuell geführte Debatten beider Disziplinen.Rosa B. Schneider examines in her dissertation Um Scholle und Leben (On Earth Clods and Life the construction of “race” and gender in German colonial literature around 1900 at the point where history and literary studies interface. The ambitious promises of the introduction, however, cannot all be held. The author is able to nevertheless successfully compensate for this by the generous appearance of “aha-effects” spread throughout her study. She thus intervenes in recent debates of both disciplines in a readable manner.

Immer schlanker und kranker? Models in der Werbung

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Koch, T.; Hofer, L.; Holtz-Bacha, C.

2011-01-01

Es gibt eine mit Regelmäßigkeit und Vehemenz in den Massenmedien geführte Diskussion darüber, ob die mediale Darstellung so genannter „Magermodels" insbesondere für junge Frauen als eine Art Vorbild dienen könnte und spezifische Wirkungen nach sich zöge, etwa negative Körperbilder, Magersucht oder

Transkriptionelle Regulation des Wachstumsfaktors Gastrin beim kleinzelligen- und nichtkleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinom

OpenAIRE

Zippert, Renate

2000-01-01

Die transkriptionelle Regulation der Expression von Gastrin in SCLC- und NSCLC-Zellen war bisher nicht untersucht worden. Die Klonierung der 5´-flankierenden Sequenzen des Gastringens und die Herstellung von Gastrinpromotor-Reportergenkonstrukten ermöglichte eine vergleichende funktionelle Untersuchung der Gastrinpromotor-Aktivität in der SCLC-Zellinie H69, der NSCLC-Zellinie 32M1 und der Mesotheliom-Zellinie MSTO-211H. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnten so eine zelltypspezifisc...

Satellitenbewegung, band III: Natiirliche und gesteuerte bewegung.

Science.gov (United States)

Jochim, E. F.

2014-12-01

Im dritten Band der Satellitenbewegung werden in fortlaufender Nummerierung einige für Untersuchungen der Bewegung der künstlichen Satelliten wichtige Grundlagen der Astrodynamik mit ausführlichen mathematischen Formelsystemen behandelt. Dazu zählen die unterschiedlichen Aspekte der Bewegung der natürlichen Himmelskörper, die Steuerung und Kontrolle von künstlichen Objekten, und insbesondere die für eine Satellitenbahnanalyse wichtigen physikalischen Beeinflussungen einer Satellitenbewegung. Mathematisch entscheidend ist die Wahl geeigneter Bahnparameter, die ein bestimmtes Bewegungsproblem widerspruchsfrei und singularitätenfrei zu behandeln gestatten. Für die Behandlung routinemäßiger Aufgabenstellungen der Satellitenbewegung, in erster Linie einer präzisen Bahnbestimmung und Bahnverbesserung, kann auf eine Fülle von lehrbuchartigen Monographien verwiesen werden, so dass diese Problematik in der vorliegenden Arbeit nur angedeutet werden soll.

Editorial: Computerspiele und Videogames in formellen und informellen Bildungskontexten

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Johannes Fromme

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Computer- und Videospiele sind heute ein selbstverständlicher Bestandteil der Lebenswelt vieler Kinder und Jugendlicher, aber auch von (jüngeren Erwachsenen, die mit diesen neuen Medien aufgewachsen sind. Lange Zeit haben elektronische Bildschirmspiele allenfalls sporadische Beachtung gefunden. Weder in der Medienforschung oder Medienpädagogik noch in der breiteren Öffentlichkeit waren sie ein Gegenstand von breiterem Interesse.* In den letzten knapp zehn Jahren sind Video- und Computerspiele allerdings zunehmend in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit gerückt. Dabei sind in der massenmedial vermittelten Öffentlichkeit vor allem Amokläufe in Schulen in einen direkten Zusammenhang mit den Vorlieben (der Täter für bestimmte Computerspiele gebracht worden. Die auch von prominenten Politikern aufgegriffene These lautete, dass gewalthaltige Spiele wie der First Person Shooter «Counterstrike» ein virtuelles Trainingsprogramm für das Töten und daher als wesentliche Ursache solcher Schulmassaker anzusehen seien. Auf der Basis dieser kausalen Wirkungsannahmen bzw. der unterstellten negativen Lern- und Trainingseffekte werden seither immer wieder Forderungen nach einem Verbot solcher «Killerspiele» oder gar nach der Verbannung aller Bildschirmmedien aus den Kinderzimmern abgeleitet. Neben solcher skandalisierter Thematisierung ist aber zunehmend auch eine nüchterne wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung zu konstatieren. So haben sich seit Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends die «digital game studies» als interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld etabliert. Im Jahr 2000 wurde innerhalb der Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft z.B. die AG Games gebildet, die sich zu einem wichtigen deutschsprachigen Forum für die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit Computerspielen entwickelt hat, und im Jahr 2002 entstand die internationale Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA, die im September 2009 ihre vierte grosse Konferenz nach 2003, 2005 und 2007 durchgeführt hat

Work-Life-Balance und Frauenbiographien

OpenAIRE

Macha, Hildegard

2006-01-01

Work-Life-Balance und Frauenbiographien. - In: Bildungs- und Karrierewege von Frauen / Anne Schlüter (Hrsg.). - Opladen : Budrich, 2006. - S. 17-32. - (Reihe: Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft ; 2)

Spatial and temporal evaluation of long term trend (2005-2014) of OMI retrieved NO2 and SO2 concentrations in Henan Province, China

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Leishi; Lee, Chih Sheng; Zhang, Ruiqin; Chen, Liangfu

2017-04-01

Tropospheric NO2 and SO2 concentrations are of great importance with regard to air quality, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change. Due to lack of surface monitoring stations, this study analyzes long term trend of NO2 and SO2 levels (2005-2014), retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) board on the NASA's Aura satellite, in an important region of China - Henan Province. Henan Province, located in North China Plain, has encountered serious air pollution problems including extremely high PM2.5 concentrations and as one of the most polluted region in China. The satellite spatial images clearly show that high levels of both NO2 and SO2 are concentrated in north and northeastern regions with much lower levels observed in other parts of Henan. Both pollutants exhibit the highest levels in winter with the least in summer/spring. The temporal trend analysis based on moving average of deseasonalized and decyclic data indicates that for NO2, there is a continuous increasing pattern from 2005 to 2011 at 6.4% per year, thereafter, it shows a decreasing trend (10.6% per year). As for SO2, the increasing trend is about 16% per year from 2005 to 2007 with decreasing rate 7% per year from 2007 to 2014. The economic development with incredible annual 11% GDP growth in Henan is responsible for increasing levels of NO2 and SO2. The observed decreasing SO2 level starting in 2007 is due to reduced SO2 emission, utilization of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) devices and to some extent, in preparation of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. On the other hand, increasing vehicle numbers (155% from 2006 to 2012) and coal consumption (37% during the same span), along with the lack of denitration process for removing flue/exhaust gas NOx are responsible for increasing NO2 trend until 2011. The ratio of SO2/NO2 started decreasing in 2007 and dropped significantly from 2011 to 2013 indicating good performance of FGD and ever increasing NOx contribution from mobile sources. Unlike those

Effect of outdoor and indoor air pollution on lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and risk of pulmonary disease of adults; Langzeitevaluation von Umwelteinfluessen auf Lungenfunktion, bronchiale Hyperreagibilitaet und Krankheitsrisiko von Erwachsenen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Eltschka, R [Freiburg Univ. (Germany). Zentrum Innere Medizin

1992-10-01

The effect of outdoor exposure to SO{sub 2}, NO{sub 2}, particulate pollutants, ozone and pollen on pulmonary function and respiratory discomfort was studied over a period of 1 1/2 yr in 133 no smoking adults at the city of Freiburg. Concentration of indoor and outdoor pollutants were measured. Between January and December 1989 we found in comparison with other large towns low levels of SO{sub 2}, NO{sub 2} and particulate combustion products. The evaluation of individual exposure to air pollutants with lung function measurements shows that participants with essential hyperreactivity demonstrate a significant decrease of the FEV1/IVC - ratio with a threshold value of about 30 {mu}g/m{sup 3} NO{sub 2}. The analyses of the longitudinal study shows a significant correlation between daily peakflow measurements and ozone levels in patients with symptomatic asthma bronchiale and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For pollen, SO{sub 2}, NO{sub 2} and anorganic particulate pollutants we did not find any significant effects on peak expiratory flow measurements. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] Der Einfluss von Aussenluftschadstoffen (SO{sub 2}, NO{sub 2}, Staub und Ozon) auf die Lunge wurde in Freiburg in Form einer 1 1/2-jaehrigen Longitudinalstudie bei 133 nicht rauchenden Erwachsenen untersucht. Waehrend des Beobachtungszeitraumes 10/88 - 4/90 erfolgte die Messung der Aussen- und Innenluftschadstoffe. Die Messungen des DW und der LFU zeigen fuer den Zeitraum Januar-Dezember 1989 im Vergleich zu anderen Grossstaedten niedrige Schwefeldioxid-, Stickoxid- und Staubkonzentrationen. Die Querschnittsuntersuchung mit Anamnesefragebogen, Bodyplethysmographie und inhalativem Provokationstest zeigt bei Teilnehmern mit essentieller Hyperreagibilitaet eine signifikante Abnahme des gemessenen und adjustierten Tiffeneau-Index durch NO{sub 2} mit einem Schwellenwert bei 30 {mu}g/m{sup 3}. Die multivariate Analyse der Longitudinalstudie zeigt bei Patienten mit symptomatischem Asthma und

Editorial: Informationstechnische Bildung und Medienerziehung

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Annemarie Hauf-Tulodziecki

2001-10-01

Full Text Available Die schulische Medienerziehung bzw. die Medienbildung hat ihre derzeit hohe öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit nicht zuletzt der Tatsache zu verdanken, dass gerade die so genannten «Neuen Medien» - heute oft mit den Schlagworten «Multimedia» oder «Internet» abgekürzt - wichtige Erziehungs- und Bildungsmassnahmen erforderlich machen. In der öffentlichen Diskussion gehören inhaltliche Kurzschlüsse zur Tagesordnung: Wenn von «Medienkompetenz» die Rede ist, verbirgt sich dahinter häufig nur ein «Internetführerschein». Diese Beobachtung ärgert nicht nur Medienpädagogen, sondern auch Vertreter einer Informationstechnischen Bildung (1, da berechtigte pädagogische Ansprüche beider Gruppen wenig Beachtung finden. Mittlerweile gibt es eine Reihe von Empfehlungen von BLK und KMK zu diesem Thema, in denen zudem deutlich auf die wechselseitigen Bezüge hingewiesen werden. Die wachsende Bedeutung des Mediums Computer und die weiter zunehmende Digitalisierung traditioneller Medien erfordert sowohl für die Medienerziehung als auch für die Informatische Bildung eine Weiterentwicklung ihrer Ziele und Inhalte. Die Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. hat 1999 in ihrer Empfehlung «Informatische Bildung und Medienerziehung» aus ihrer Perspektive dargestellt, welche Aufgaben auf die Medienerziehung zukommen, wenn auch die Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien bzw. die computerbasierten Medien in einer angemessenen Form thematisiert werden sollen. Erste praktische Ansätze, Inhalte aus beiden Bereichen bewusst zusammenzuführen, auch unter einer gemeinsamen Fach- oder Kursbezeichnung, sind häufig additiv und orientieren sich – trotz vorhandener Überschneidungen – an den etablierten medienpädagogischen oder an den informatischen Unterrichtsprinzipien. In dem vorliegenden Themenheft wird aus einer übergeordneten, medienpädagogischen Perspektive die Frage gestellt, wie eine konsistente Weiterentwicklung der Medienerziehung unter angemessener

Geist, Logik, Kapital und die Technik des Maßes

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Frank Engster

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes (PhdG und seine Wissenschaft der Logik (WdL sowie Marx Kapital sind, so wird im ersten Teil gezeigt, jeweils Ausdruck einer Verlegenheit. Alle drei stehen nämlich vor der Herausforderung, in Geist, Logik und Kapital letztlich eine Methode darstellen zu müssen, und sie müssen darüber auch noch die Möglichkeit der Darstellung ebendieser Methode einholen und begründen. Diese Übereinkunft zwischen der Methode der Darstellung mit dem Methodischen aufseiten des dargestellten Geistes, der Logik und des Kapitals gelingt, so die These des zweiten Teils, durch die Technik des Maßes. Maß und Messung konstituieren bereits in der Naturwissenschaft Objektivität im neuzeitlichen Sinne: Gehalten an und gebrochen durch ihre eigenen Maß, werden die Verhältnisse der Natur durch die ermittelten Werte wie ein selbständiger Gegenstand objektiv bestimmbar und im Wissen subjektiv aufgehoben. Dagegen zeigen Geist, Logik und Kapital jeweils, dass die Technik des Maßes nicht nur Objektivität im neuzeitlichen Sinne konstituiert, sondern die gesamte neuzeitliche Form der Gegenständlichkeit von Objektivität und Subjektivität, Bewusstsein und Gegenstand. In Hegels Phänomenologie und seiner Logik sowie in Marx Kapital eröffnet das Maß diese Gegenständlichkeit, indem jeweils eine Objektivität konstituiert wird, die einem Subjekt buchstäblich zu denken gegeben wird. Es ist allerdings unmittelbar die Objektivität der Subjektivität selbst, die jeweils gegeben wird: phänomenologisch wird durch das Maß die Objektivität der Subjektivität des Geistes gegeben (PhdG, rein logisch wird die Objektivität des Seins durch die Subjektivität des Begriffs gegeben (WdL, und der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft ist durch quantitative Werte die eigene Objektivität gegeben, und zwar gegeben durch ein Geld, das dadurch zu einer überindividuellen, automatischen Subjektivität wird. Für das Maß steht in der Phänomenologie das

Der Fliegende Wildretter in Aktion: DLR und BJV nutzen ferngesteuerte Flugplattform zur Rehkitzrettung

OpenAIRE

Wimmer, Tilman; Israel, Martin; Haschberger, Peter; Weimann, Anita

2013-01-01

Der Fliegende Wildretter des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt ist als prototypische Kleinserie seit dem Jahr 2010 erfolgreich in Deutschland und Österreich im Einsatz, um aus der Luft Wildtiere während der Wiesenmahd aufzuspüren und diese so vor dem Tod durch das Mähwerk zu retten. Der Prototyp basiert auf einem ferngesteuerten Multikopter, der mit mehreren Kameras ausgestattet ist und damit im Flug zuverlässiger und wesentlich schneller Wildtiere erkennen kann, als dies mit bish...

Impact of passenger car NOX emissions on urban NO2 pollution - Scenario analysis for 8 European cities

Science.gov (United States)

Degraeuwe, Bart; Thunis, Philippe; Clappier, Alain; Weiss, Martin; Lefebvre, Wouter; Janssen, Stijn; Vranckx, Stijn

2017-12-01

Residents of large European cities are exposed to NO2 concentrations that often exceed the established air quality standards. Diesel cars have been identified as a major contributor to this situation; yet, it remains unclear to which levels the NOX emissions of diesel cars have to decrease to effectively mitigate urban NO2 pollution across Europe. Here, we take a continental perspective and model urban NO2 pollution in a generic street canyon of 8 major European cities for various NOX emission scenarios. We find that a reduction in the on-road NOX emissions of diesel cars to the Euro 6 level can in general decrease the regional and urban NO2 concentrations and thereby the frequency of exceedances of the NO2 air quality standard. High NO2 fractions in the NOX emissions of diesel cars tend to increase the urban NO2 concentrations only in proximity of intense road traffic typically found on artery roads in large cities like Paris and London. In cities with a low share of diesel cars in the vehicle fleet such as Athens or a high contribution from the NO2 background to the urban NO2 pollution such as Krakow, measures addressing heavy-duty vehicles, and the manufacturing, energy, and mining industry are necessary to decrease urban air pollution. We regard our model results as robust albeit subject to uncertainty resulting from the application of a generic street layout. With small modifications in the input parameters, our model could be used to assess the impact of NOX emissions from road transport on NO2 air pollution in any European city.

Schule forscht Ansätze und Methoden zum forschenden Lernen

CERN Document Server

2009-01-01

Kinderunis, Science Center, Experimentierlabore – der Markt der außerschulischen Wissenschaftsvermittlung für Kinder und Jugendliche boomt. Doch in den Schulen findet forschendes Lernen noch wenig Beachtung. Dabei fördert die Methode wichtige Fähigkeiten der Schüler und bietet Chancen für eine zukunftsweisende Schulentwicklung. Die Jugendlichen erarbeiten in Forschungsprojekten eigenständig wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen, suchen Lösungswege, dokumentieren und präsentieren ihre Erkenntisse: Sie trainieren so wissenschaftliches Arbeiten, Eigenverantwortlichkeit, Teamfähigkeit und Zeitmanagement. Lehrer werden zu Lernbegleitern, Schulen öffnen sich für Kooperationen und entwickeln Alternativen zum 45-minütigen Unterrichtstakt. Die Fachbeiträge von Andreas Müller, Ilka Parchmann, Gerhard Roth u. a. untermauern die Praxisberichte aus lern- und entwicklungspsychologischer Sicht. Die Autoren sind sich einig: Wer bereits in der Schule forscht, ist in Studium und Beruf einen großen Schritt voraus....

Neue Technologien und Erziehung/Bildung

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Norbert Meder

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Es wird gezeigt, dass Computertechnologie zur pädagogischen Aufgabe wird, weil es sich um eine Kulturtechnik handelt. Ausgehend vom Begriff der Bildung als Ausbildung eines Verhältnisses zu mir selbst, zu anderen und zur Welt wird Computertechnologie als Problemlösungsautomat, Sprachentwicklungsmaschine, Simulationsmaschine, Kommunikationsmaschine, Bildschirmgestaltungsmaschine, Schlüsselloch und Superzeichenmaschine analysiert. Die Analyse zeigt, daß Computertechnologie ein neues Bildungsideal erforderlich macht: Den Sprachspieler. Der Sprachspieler kennt sein doppelt reflexives Verhältnis zu sich selbst, zu anderen und zur Welt und beherrscht so das Spiel mit der Sprache zur Ausübung von Macht und Gewalt in der Informationsgesellschaft. Der Text geht in folgenden Schritten vor: Zunächst werden mit den Begriffen "Kulturtechnik" und "Bildung" die Prinzipien der Analyse bestimmt. Anschließend wird eine Sachanalyse der Computertechnologie durchgeführt und die gefundenen Eigenschaften jeweils in Relation zum Kulturtechnik- und Bildungsbegriff gesetzt. Computer technology becomes a challenge for education if it is understood as a cultural technology. Starting with the term bildung as the formation of relations to my self, to others and the world, computer technology is analysed as problem solving machine, language development machine, simulation machine, communication machine, screen design machine, keyhole, and super sign machine. It is shown, that computertechnology reqiures a new ideal for bildung: the language player. The language player knows his double reflective relation to his self, to others and the world and thus rules the game with language that is used to excercise power and force in the information society. The text argues in the following steps: At first the principles of the analyses are defined with the terms cultural technology and bildung. Susequently, computer technology is analysed. The identified qualities are finally

Global NOx emission estimates derived from an assimilation of OMI tropospheric NO2 columns

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K. Sudo

2012-03-01

Full Text Available A data assimilation system has been developed to estimate global nitrogen oxides (NOx emissions using OMI tropospheric NO2 columns (DOMINO product and a global chemical transport model (CTM, the Chemical Atmospheric GCM for Study of Atmospheric Environment and Radiative Forcing (CHASER. The data assimilation system, based on an ensemble Kalman filter approach, was applied to optimize daily NOx emissions with a horizontal resolution of 2.8° during the years 2005 and 2006. The background error covariance estimated from the ensemble CTM forecasts explicitly represents non-direct relationships between the emissions and tropospheric columns caused by atmospheric transport and chemical processes. In comparison to the a priori emissions based on bottom-up inventories, the optimized emissions were higher over eastern China, the eastern United States, southern Africa, and central-western Europe, suggesting that the anthropogenic emissions are mostly underestimated in the inventories. In addition, the seasonality of the estimated emissions differed from that of the a priori emission over several biomass burning regions, with a large increase over Southeast Asia in April and over South America in October. The data assimilation results were validated against independent data: SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 columns and vertical NO2 profiles obtained from aircraft and lidar measurements. The emission correction greatly improved the agreement between the simulated and observed NO2 fields; this implies that the data assimilation system efficiently derives NOx emissions from concentration observations. We also demonstrated that biases in the satellite retrieval and model settings used in the data assimilation largely affect the magnitude of estimated emissions. These dependences should be carefully considered for better understanding NOx sources from top-down approaches.

"Tabula Sinvs Venetici" von W. Barents und ihre Geschichtilische und Geographische Bedeutung

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Mithad Kozličić

1999-06-01

Full Text Available In der wissenschaftlichen Literatur sind zwei Varianten der Seekarte der Adria vom niederländischen Seefahrer und Polarforscher Willem Barents (1550-1597 bekannt. Die erste, in diesem Aufsatz als K-1 bezeichnete Karte, wurde in Amsterdam 1595 hergestellt und gedruckt. Sie hatte anfänglich eine praktisch-navigatorische Funktion. Die zweite, K-2, ins Jahr 1595 datierte (1637-1662 Karte, wurde als geostrategische Karte der Adria und der südlichen Teile Europas ausgenützt. An den adriatischen Nordküsten, besonders in ihrem Hinterland, geschahen mit dem Durchbruch der Türken seit der Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts wichtige militärische und politische Änderungen. In den “Atlanten” des Niederländers Jan (Johann; Joannes Janssonius (1588-1664 fehlte gerade solch eine Karte, die auch mehrmals in Amsterdam gedruckt wurde, aber zwischen 1637 und 1662. Die K-1 von Barents, deren Druckplatte Janssonius zur Verfügung hatte, konnte diese Funktion befriedigen. Deswegen machte Janssonius nur die nötigen dem darstellenden Standard der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts entsprechenden Änderungen, und als solche wurde sie gedruckt. Die K-2 verlor ihre ursprüngliche praktisch-navigatorische Funktion und wurde eine Karte von geostrategischer Bedeutung. Mit diesen Grundfragen befaßt sich dieser Aufsatz.

NOX4-dependent Hydrogen peroxide promotes shear stress-induced SHP2 sulfenylation and eNOS activation.

Science.gov (United States)

Sánchez-Gómez, Francisco J; Calvo, Enrique; Bretón-Romero, Rosa; Fierro-Fernández, Marta; Anilkumar, Narayana; Shah, Ajay M; Schröder, Katrin; Brandes, Ralf P; Vázquez, Jesús; Lamas, Santiago

2015-12-01

Laminar shear stress (LSS) triggers signals that ultimately result in atheroprotection and vasodilatation. Early responses are related to the activation of specific signaling cascades. We investigated the participation of redox-mediated modifications and in particular the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the sulfenylation of redox-sensitive phosphatases. Exposure of vascular endothelial cells to short periods of LSS (12 dyn/cm(2)) resulted in the generation of superoxide radical anion as detected by the formation of 2-hydroxyethidium by HPLC and its subsequent conversion to H2O2, which was corroborated by the increase in the fluorescence of the specific peroxide sensor HyPer. By using biotinylated dimedone we detected increased total protein sulfenylation in the bovine proteome, which was dependent on NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-mediated generation of peroxide. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to identify the phosphatase SHP2 as a protein susceptible to sulfenylation under LSS. Given the dependence of FAK activity on SHP2 function, we explored the role of FAK under LSS conditions. FAK activation and subsequent endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation were promoted by LSS and both processes were dependent on NOX4, as demonstrated in lung endothelial cells isolated from NOX4-null mice. These results support the idea that LSS elicits redox-sensitive signal transduction responses involving NOX4-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide, SHP2 sulfenylation, and ulterior FAK-mediated eNOS activation. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Osteoporose und Genetik des Knochenstoffwechsels

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Obermayer-Pietsch B

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Osteoporose ist in hohem Maß genetisch determiniert. Neue Wege der molekularbiologischen Forschung haben sich in den letzten Jahren auf diesem Gebiet etabliert. "Gene mapping" mit polymorphen genetischen Markern auf der Suche nach Phänotyp-assoziierten Genen ist ein aufwendiges, aber vielversprechendes Verfahren und wird durch die Erkenntnisse des Human Genome Projects beschleunigt. So wurde jüngst u. a. das Low-density Lipoprotein 5-Gen als wichtig für den Knochenstoffwechsel identifiziert. Kandidaten-gene wie Hormonrezeptor-, Cytokin- oder Kollagen-Gene werden hinsichtlich ihrer Gen-Gen- und Gen-Umwelt- Interaktionen untersucht und erlauben neue funktionelle Einsichten in Erkrankungen des Knochenstoffwechsels. Mutationen der Kollagen-Gene sind bei einigen seltenen Erkrankungen, wie dem Osteoporose-Pseudogliom-Syndrom oder der Osteogenesis imperfecta gefunden worden, könnten aber auch für häufige Varianten von Bindegewebsstörungen wie der congenitalen Hüftdysplasie verantwortlich sein, die etwa 10 % der weiblichen kaukasischen Bevölkerung in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß betrifft. Osteoporose am Schenkelhals und erhöhte Gelenkslaxizität sowie andere generalisierte Veränderungen des Knochen- und Kollagenstoffwechsels können hier möglicherweise ebenfalls durch Störungen des Kollagen I alpha 1-Gens erklärt werden. In Summe können wir zahlreiche neue Einsichten in die Pathophysiologie des Skelettsystems erwarten, die uns auch neue Zugangswege für Diagnostik und Therapie unserer Patienten ermöglichen werden.

Darwinische Kulturtheorie - Evolutionistische und "evolutionistische`` Theorien sozialen Wandels

Science.gov (United States)

Antweiler, Christoph

Evolutionistische Argumentationen außerhalb der Biologie sind weit verbreitet. Wenn sie vertreten werden, heißt das mitnichten, dass sie notwendigerweise von darwinischen Argumenten geprägt sind. Wenn man Evolution und Kultur aus explizit darwinischer Perspektive zusammen bringt, bedeutet das noch lange nicht unbedingt Soziobiologie. Und es bedeutet sicherlich nicht Sozialdarwinismus. Dieser Beitrag soll einen Überblick der so genannten evolutionären Ansätze bzw. evolutionistischen Ansätze zu menschlichen Gesellschaften bzw. Kulturen geben. Es soll gezeigt werden, was in den Ansätzen analytisch zu trennen ist und was synthetisch zusammen gehört. Mein Beitrag ist nicht wissenschaftsgeschichtlich angelegt, sondern systematisch ausgerichtet und hat zwei Schwerpunkte (Antweiler 2008; Antweiler 2009b). Zum einen geht es um kausale Zusammenhänge von organischer Evolution und gesellschaftlichem Wandel. Auf der anderen Seite werden Analogien zwischen biotischer und kultureller Evolution erläutert, die als spezifische Ähnlichkeiten dieser beiden als grundsätzlich verschieden gesehenen Prozesse aufgefasst werden. Dadurch wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob die Evolution von Organismen einerseits und die Transformation von Gesellschaften bzw. Kulturen andererseits, spezielle Fälle eines allgemeinen Modells von Evolution darstellen.

Defects in Nicotinamide-adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Genes NOX1 and DUOX2 in Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseSummary

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Patti Hayes

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Background & Aims: Defects in intestinal innate defense systems predispose patients to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS generated by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH oxidases in the mucosal barrier maintain gut homeostasis and defend against pathogenic attack. We hypothesized that molecular genetic defects in intestinal NADPH oxidases might be present in children with IBD. Methods: After targeted exome sequencing of epithelial NADPH oxidases NOX1 and DUOX2 on 59 children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD, the identified mutations were validated using Sanger Sequencing. A structural analysis of NOX1 and DUOX2 variants was performed by homology in silico modeling. The functional characterization included ROS generation in model cell lines and in in vivo transduced murine crypts, protein expression, intracellular localization, and cell-based infection studies with the enteric pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Results: We identified missense mutations in NOX1 (c.988G>A, p.Pro330Ser; c.967G>A, p.Asp360Asn and DUOX2 (c.4474G>A, p.Arg1211Cys; c.3631C>T, p.Arg1492Cys in 5 of 209 VEOIBD patients. The NOX1 p.Asp360Asn variant was replicated in a male Ashkenazi Jewish ulcerative colitis cohort. Patients with both NOX1 and DUOX2 variants showed abnormal Paneth cell metaplasia. All NOX1 and DUOX2 variants showed reduced ROS production compared with wild-type enzymes. Despite appropriate cellular localization and comparable pathogen-stimulated translocation of altered oxidases, cells harboring NOX1 or DUOX2 variants had defective host resistance to infection with C. jejuni. Conclusions: This study identifies the first inactivating missense variants in NOX1 and DUOX2 associated with VEOIBD. Defective ROS production from intestinal epithelial cells constitutes a risk factor for developing VEOIBD. Keywords: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, NADPH Oxidase

Vom Geheimen und Verborgenen : Enthüllen und Entdecken in der Medizin

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Nagenborg, Michael; Müller, Sabine; Müller, Melanie; Rosentreter, Michael

2017-01-01

Wer den kleinsten Teil seines Geheimnisses hingibt, hat den anderen nicht mehr in der Gewalt, so Jean Paul. Diese Erkenntnis findet sich auch in dem Titel des vorliegenden Bands reflektiert, in dem Aspekte des „Verborgenen“ und „Geheimen“ in der Medizin interdisziplinär untersucht werden. Aus

Signal Control for Reducing Vehicle NOx and CO2 Emissions Based on Prediction of Arrival Traffic Flows at Intersections

Science.gov (United States)

Oda, Toshihiko

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from vehicles have been increasing every year because of the growing number of vehicles, and they cause serious environmental problems such as air pollution and global warming. To alleviate these problems, this paper proposes a new traffic signal control method for reducing vehicle NOx and CO2 emissions on arterial roads. To this end, we first model the amount of vehicle emissions as a function of the traffic delay and the number of stops at intersections. This step is necessary because it is difficult to obtain the amount of emissions directly using traffic control systems. Second, we introduce a signal control model in which the control parameters are continuously updated on the basis of predictions of arrival traffic flows at intersections. The signal timings are calculated in such a manner so as to minimize the weighted sum of the two emissions, which depend on the traffic flow. To evaluate the validity of this method, simulation experiments are carried out on an arterial road. The experiments show that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing methods in reducing both the emissions and travel time.

Reduction of construction cost and carbon dioxide emissions by heat contracting. Obstacles and solutions. Final report; Baukostensenkung und CO{sub 2}-Minderung durch Waerme-Contracting. Hemmnisse und Loesungswege. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ebert, V.; Liebernickel, T.; Froemel, T.; Kues, H.

2000-11-01

The poor condition of many heating systems is caused by a conflict of interest between investors and users. Landlords tended to opt for low investment cost, while the accompanying higher consumption cost was paid by their tenants. The only thing that has changed here is the fact that the 'secondary cost' has become a criterion for new tenants' decision to rent an apartment. Heat contracting may be a way out of the problem as contractors are interested in high-efficiency heating systems and optimally controlled operation. Heat contracting is a service concept of private and communal organisations that involves payment, construction and operation of a heating system by the contractor depending on the contracting model used. [German] Die relativ schlechte und veraltete heizungstechnische Ausruestung der Wohngebaeude in Deutschland ist auf den lange Jahre bestehenden Interessenkonflikt zwischen Investor und Nutzer im Mietwohnungsbau zurueckzufuehren. Durch die Umlagefaehigkeit der Heizkosten auf die Nutzer (Mieter) war der Gebaeudeeigentuemer i.d.R. bestrebt, eine Anlage zu guenstigen Investitionskosten zu erwerben. Die daraus resultierenden, relativ hoeheren Verbrauchskosten waren als Betriebskosten auf die Mieter umlegbar und belasteten den Vermieter nicht. An dieser Situation hat sich bis heute prinzipiell nichts geaendert; allerdings sind die Nebenkosten mit der Hauptkostenposition 'Heizkosten' zu einem Kriterium der Vermietbarkeit geworden, so dass der Vermieter heute die Kosten moeglichst niedrig halten muss. Ein Ausweg aus dem Interessenkonflikt und der neuen Vermietsituation koennte das Waerme-Contracting sein. Seitens des Contractors ist der Einsatz hocheffizienter Anlagentechnik und optimale, d.h. ueberwachte Betriebsbedingungen fuer einen wirtschaftlichen Erfolg unabdingbar. Waerme-Contracting ist ein Dienstleistungskonzept von privatwirtschaftlichen und kommunalen Unternehmen, die - je nach Contracting

Ausrüstung von Starkstromanlagen mit elektronischen Betriebsmitteln / Achtung: Abschnitte 5.3.2.2.2 (einschließlich Kurve 2 in Bild 2) und 7.3.1.2 gelten erst ab Mai 1990. Bestehende Anlagen und Betriebsmittel einschließlich Ersatzlieferungen brauchen nicht den Anforderungen dieser neuen Norm angepaßt zu werden.

CERN Document Server

Deutsches Institut für Normung. Berlin

1988-01-01

Ausrüstung von Starkstromanlagen mit elektronischen Betriebsmitteln / Achtung: Abschnitte 5.3.2.2.2 (einschließlich Kurve 2 in Bild 2) und 7.3.1.2 gelten erst ab Mai 1990. Bestehende Anlagen und Betriebsmittel einschließlich Ersatzlieferungen brauchen nicht den Anforderungen dieser neuen Norm angepaßt zu werden.

Sticktechnologie für medizinische Textilien und Tissue Engineering

Science.gov (United States)

Karamuk, Erdal; Mayer, Jörg; Wintermantel, Erich

Textile Strukturen werden in grossem Ausmass als medizinische Implantate eingesetzt, um Weich- und Hartgewebe zu unterstützen oder zu ersetzen. Im Tissue Engineering gewinnen sie an Bedeutung als scaffolds, um biologische Gewebe in vitro zu züchten für anschliessende Implantation oder extrakorporale Anwendungen. Textilien sind gewöhnlich anisotrope zweidimensionale Strukturen mit hoher Steifigkeit in der Ebene und geringer Biegesteifigkeit. Durch eine Vielzahl textiler Prozesse und durch entsprechende Wahl des Fasermaterials ist es möglich, Oberfläche, Porosität und mechanische Anisotropie in hohem Masse zu variieren. Wegen ihrer einzigartigen strukturellen und mechanischen Eigenschaften können faserbasierte Materialien in weitem Masse biologischem Gewebe nachgeahmt werden [1]. Gesticke erweitern das Feld von technischen und besonders medizinischen Textilien, denn sie vereinen sehr hohe strukturelle Variabilität mit der Möglichkeit, mechanische Eigenschaften in einem grossen Bereich einzustellen, um so die mechanischen Anforderungen des Empfängergewebes zu erfüllen (Abb. 42.1).

Ofloxacin induces apoptosis via β1 integrin-EGFR-Rac1-Nox2 pathway in microencapsulated chondrocytes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sheng, Zhi-Guo; Huang, Wei; Liu, Yu-Xiang; Yuan, Ye; Zhu, Ben-Zhan

2013-01-01

Quinolones (QNs)-induced arthropathy is an important toxic side-effect in immature animals leading to the restriction of their therapeutic use in pediatrics. Ofloxacin, a typical QN, was found to induce the chondrocytes apoptosis in the early phase (12–48 h) of arthropathy in our previous study. However, the exact mechanism(s) is unclear. Microencapsulated juvenile rabbit joint chondrocytes, a three-dimensional culture system, is utilized to perform the present study. Ofloxacin, at a therapeutically relevant concentration (10 μg/ml), disturbs the interaction between β1 integrin and activated intracellular signaling proteins at 12 h, which is inhibited when supplementing Mg 2+ . Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increases in a time-dependent manner after exposure to ofloxacin for 12–48 h. Furthermore, ofloxacin markedly enhances the level of activated Rac1 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, and its inhibition in turn reduces the ROS production, apoptosis and Rac1 activation. Silencing Nox2, Rac1 or supplementing Mg 2+ inhibits ROS accumulation, apoptosis occurrence and EGFR phosphorylation induced by ofloxacin. However, depletion of Nox2, Rac1 and inhibition of EGFR do not affect ofloxacin-mediated loss of interaction between β1 integrin and activated intracellular signaling proteins. In addition, ofloxacin also induces Vav2 phosphorylation, which is markedly suppressed after inactivating EGFR or supplementing Mg 2+ . These results suggest that ofloxacin causes Nox2-mediated intracellular ROS production by disrupting the β1 integrin function and then activating the EGFR-Vav2-Rac1 pathway, finally resulting in apoptosis within 12–48 h exposure. The present study provides a novel insight regarding the potential role of Nox-driven ROS in QNs-induced arthropathy. - Highlights: ► Ofloxacin induces Nox2-driven ROS in encapsulated chondrocyte at 12–48 h. ► Ofloxacin stimulates ROS production via the β1

Ofloxacin induces apoptosis via β1 integrin-EGFR-Rac1-Nox2 pathway in microencapsulated chondrocytes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sheng, Zhi-Guo [State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085 (China); Huang, Wei [Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 1000191 (China); Liu, Yu-Xiang [State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085 (China); Yuan, Ye [Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850 (China); Zhu, Ben-Zhan, E-mail: bzhu@rcees.ac.cn [State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085 (China); Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (United States)

2013-02-15

Quinolones (QNs)-induced arthropathy is an important toxic side-effect in immature animals leading to the restriction of their therapeutic use in pediatrics. Ofloxacin, a typical QN, was found to induce the chondrocytes apoptosis in the early phase (12–48 h) of arthropathy in our previous study. However, the exact mechanism(s) is unclear. Microencapsulated juvenile rabbit joint chondrocytes, a three-dimensional culture system, is utilized to perform the present study. Ofloxacin, at a therapeutically relevant concentration (10 μg/ml), disturbs the interaction between β1 integrin and activated intracellular signaling proteins at 12 h, which is inhibited when supplementing Mg{sup 2+}. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increases in a time-dependent manner after exposure to ofloxacin for 12–48 h. Furthermore, ofloxacin markedly enhances the level of activated Rac1 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, and its inhibition in turn reduces the ROS production, apoptosis and Rac1 activation. Silencing Nox2, Rac1 or supplementing Mg{sup 2+} inhibits ROS accumulation, apoptosis occurrence and EGFR phosphorylation induced by ofloxacin. However, depletion of Nox2, Rac1 and inhibition of EGFR do not affect ofloxacin-mediated loss of interaction between β1 integrin and activated intracellular signaling proteins. In addition, ofloxacin also induces Vav2 phosphorylation, which is markedly suppressed after inactivating EGFR or supplementing Mg{sup 2+}. These results suggest that ofloxacin causes Nox2-mediated intracellular ROS production by disrupting the β1 integrin function and then activating the EGFR-Vav2-Rac1 pathway, finally resulting in apoptosis within 12–48 h exposure. The present study provides a novel insight regarding the potential role of Nox-driven ROS in QNs-induced arthropathy. - Highlights: ► Ofloxacin induces Nox2-driven ROS in encapsulated chondrocyte at 12–48 h. ► Ofloxacin stimulates ROS production via

Kontinuierliche Wanddickenbestimmung und Visualisierung des linken Herzventrikels

Science.gov (United States)

Dornheim, Lars; Hahn, Peter; Oeltze, Steffen; Preim, Bernhard; Tönnies, Klaus D.

Zur Bestimmung von Defekten in der Herztätigkeit kann die Veränderung der Wanddicke des linken Ventrikels in zeitlichen MRTAufnahmesequenzen gemessen werden. Derzeit werden für diese Bestimmung im allgemeinen nur die aufwändig manuell erstellte Segmentierungen der Endsystole und Enddiastole benutzt. Wir stellen ein bis auf die Startpunktinitialisierung automatisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Wanddicke des linken Ventrikels und ihrer Veränderung vor, das auf einer vollständigen Segmentierung der Herzwand in allen Zeitschritten durch ein dynamisches dreidimensionales Formmodell (Stabiles Feder-Masse-Modell) basiert. Dieses Modell nutzt bei der Segmentierung neben der Grauwertinformation eines Zeitschrittes auch die Segmentierungen der anderen Zeitschritte und ist so aufgebaut, dass die Wanddicken direkt gemessen und visualisiert werden können. Auf diese Weise werden die lokalen Wanddickenextrema über den gesamten Aufnahmezeitraum detektiert, auch wenn sie nicht in die Endsystole bzw. -diastole fallen. Das Verfahren wurde auf sechs 4D-Kardio-MRT-Datensätzen evaluiert und stellte sich als sehr robust bzgl. der einzig nötigen Interaktion heraus.

Übergewicht und Adipositas in Kindheit und Jugend

OpenAIRE

Nitzko, Sina

2010-01-01

Einführend wird auf wesentliche Entwicklungsaspekte der interessierenden Lebensphasen Kindheit und Jugend eingegangen. Im Anschluss daran werden verschiedene Aspekte von Übergewicht und Adipositas in Kindheit und Jugend thematisiert. Neben der Definition und Diagnostik, wird auf Möglichkeiten der Klassifikation sowie die Epidemiologie eingegangen. Dargestellt werden darüber hinaus körperliche und psychische Folgestörungen, welche mit Adipositas assoziiert sein können. Basierend auf der...

Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) für Menschen nach Gewalt und Flucht : Ein Einblick in das Verfahren

OpenAIRE

Schauer, Maggie; Elbert, Thomas; Neuner, Frank

2017-01-01

Die Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) ist ein effizientes Kernelement der Behandlung von Kindern und Erwachsenen, die unter den Folgen von Mehrfach- und Komplextraumatisierung nach Gewalt und Flucht leiden. Die chronologische Erarbeitung einer Narration, der individuellen Lebensgeschichte in der NET ermöglicht Traumaüberlebenden eine Gesamtschau ihres Lebens und so die Integration der Lebenserfahrungen in den biografischen Zusammenhang. Sie aktiviert Ressourcen und erlaubt korrigierende Bez...

NADPH Oxidase, NOX1, Mediates Vascular Injury in Ischemic Retinopathy

Science.gov (United States)

Deliyanti, Devy; Rana, Indrajeetsinh; Miller, Antonia G.; Agrotis, Alex; Armani, Roksana; Szyndralewiez, Cédric; Wingler, Kirstin; Touyz, Rhian M.; Cooper, Mark E.; Jandeleit-Dahm, Karin A.; Schmidt, Harald H.H.W.

2014-01-01

Abstract Aims: Ischemic retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity are major causes of blindness due to damage to the retinal microvasculature. Despite this clinical situation, retinopathy of prematurity is mechanistically poorly understood. Therefore, effective preventative therapies are not available. However, hypoxic-induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to be involved with NADPH oxidases (NOX), the only known dedicated enzymatic source of ROS. Our major aim was to determine the contribution of NOX isoforms (1, 2, and 4) to a rodent model of retinopathy of prematurity. Results: Using a genetic approach, we determined that only mice with a deletion of NOX1, but not NOX2 or NOX4, were protected from retinal neovascularization and vaso-obliteration, adhesion of leukocytes, microglial accumulation, and the increased generation of proangiogenic and proinflammatory factors and ROS. We complemented these studies by showing that the specific NOX inhibitor, GKT137831, reduced vasculopathy and ROS levels in retina. The source of NOX isoforms was evaluated in retinal vascular cells and neuro-glial elements. Microglia, the immune cells of the retina, expressed NOX1, 2, and 4 and responded to hypoxia with increased ROS formation, which was reduced by GKT137831. Innovation: Our studies are the first to identify the NOX1 isoform as having an important role in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that strategies targeting NOX1 have the potential to be effective treatments for a range of ischemic retinopathies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 2726–2740. PMID:24053718

The Cs2SO4-Ce2(SO4)3-H2SO4-H2O system at 150 and 200 deg C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bondar', S.A.; Belokoskov, V.I.; Trofimov, G.V.

1982-01-01

Solubility in the system Cs 2 SO 4 -Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O using the isothermal method at 150 and 200 deg C at molar ratios Cs 2 SO 4 :Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 =1:5 and conditions of sulfate crystallization Cs 2 SO 4 xCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 x0.5H 2 SO 4 xnH 2 O (n=2-3) and Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 x3H 2 SO 4 are determined. Double sulfate Cs 2 SO 4 xCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 is studied using the methods of crystallooptical, thermal, X-ray phase analyses and IR spectroscopy

In vitro and in vivo studies of the carcinogenic, toxic and genotoxic activities of the air pollutants SO2 and NOx, separately and in combination with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and N-nitrosamines. In vivo- und in vitro-Studien zur carcinogenen, toxischen und genschaedigenden Wirkung von Luftschadstoffen (SO sub 2 , NO sub x , PAH, N-Nitrosoverbindungen, allein und in Kombination)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmezer, P; Zeller, W J; Klein, R G; Pool-Zobel, B L [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Toxikologie und Chemotherapie

1990-04-01

Previous studies with different in vitro cell systems had shown that the DNA-damaging activity of several carcinogens may be decreased by SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x}. Experiments to elucidate possible mechanisms responsible for the observed effects were conducted. Comparative studies with the DNA-repair inhibitor novobiocin revealed that the reduction of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced DNA-single strand breaks (DNA-SSB) in fetal hamster lung cells (FHLC) is probably caused by an inhibition of DNA-repair processes. Experiments with the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay showed that neither SO{sub 2} nor NO{sub x} influence the overall rate of BaP metabolism. Although it has been shown that both gases are able to influence appropriate enzyme activities, the net yield of mutagenic BaP metabolites is not altered. Finally, new investigations with primary rat hepatocytes revealed that no decrease of N-nitrosamine genotoxicity (DNA-SBB) was observed following simultaneous gas and nitrosamine exposure. With this system experiments are underway to elucidate if, in contrast, local influences (lung, nasal mucosa) are triggered by the in vivo combination treatment (SO{sub 2} and N-nitrosodimethylamine, NDMA). The present status of an ongoing inhalation study for carcinogenic activity of NDMA with and without the simultaneous application of the air pollutants is reported. The histopathological analysiss of the treatment groups receiving only NDMA exposure showed that even with an exposure as low as 0.04 ppm NDMA in the breathing air, which leads to a daily intake of 10 {mu}g NDMA/kg during 207 days of application, a 36% rate of tumor induction was observed.

Constraints on Eurasian ship NOx emissions using OMI NO2 observations and GEOS-Chem

Science.gov (United States)

Vinken, Geert C. M.; Boersma, Folkert; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Zhang, Lin

2013-04-01

Ships emit large quantities of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), important precursors for ozone (O3) and particulate matter formation. Ships burn low-grade marine heavy fuel due to the limited regulations that exist for the maritime sector in international waters. Previous studies showed that global ship NOx emission inventories amount to 3.0-10.4 Tg N per year (15-30% of total NOx emissions), with most emissions close to land and affecting air quality in densely populated coastal regions. Bottom-up inventories depend on the extrapolation of a relatively small number of measurements that are often unable to capture annual emission changes and can suffer from large uncertainties. Satellites provide long-term, high-resolution retrievals that can be used to improve emission estimates. In this study we provide top-down constraints on ship NOx emissions in major European ship routes, using observed NO2 columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and NO2 columns simulated with the nested (0.5°×0.67°) version of the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model. We use a plume-in-grid treatment of ship NOx emissions to account for in-plume chemistry in our model. We ensure consistency between the retrievals and model simulations by using the high-resolution GEOS-Chem NO2 profiles as a priori. We find evidence that ship emissions in the Mediterranean Sea are geographically misplaced by up to 150 km and biased high by a factor of 4 as compared to the most recent (EMEP) ship emission inventory. Better agreement is found over the shipping lane between Spain and the English Channel. We extend our approach and also provide constraints for major ship routes in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Using the full benefit of the long-term retrieval record of OMI, we present a new Eurasian ship emission inventory for the years 2005 to 2010, based on the EMEP and AMVER-ICOADS inventories, and top-down constraints from the satellite retrievals. Our work shows that satellite retrievals can

The ternary system K2SO4MgSO4CaSO4

Science.gov (United States)

Rowe, J.J.; Morey, G.W.; Silber, C.C.

1967-01-01

Melting and subsolidus relations in the system K2SO4MgSO4CaSO4 were studied using heating-cooling curves, differential thermal analysis, optics, X-ray diffraction at room and high temperatures and by quenching techniques. Previous investigators were unable to study the binary MgSO4CaSO4 system and the adjacent area in the ternary system because of the decomposition of MgSO4 and CaSO4 at high temperatures. This problem was partly overcome by a novel sealed-tube quenching method, by hydrothermal synthesis, and by long-time heating in the solidus. As a result of this study, we found: (1) a new compound, CaSO4??3MgSO4 (m.p. 1201??C) with a field extending into the ternary system; (2) a high temperature form of MgSO4 with a sluggishly reversible inversion. An X-ray diffraction pattern for this polymorphic form is given; (3) the inversion of ??-CaSO4 (anhydrite) to ??-CaSO4 at 1195??C, in agreement with grahmann; (1) (4) the melting point of MgSO4 is 1136??C and that of CaSO4 is 1462??C (using sealed tube methods to prevent decomposition of the sulphates); (5) calcium langbeinite (K2SO4??2CaSO4) is the only compound in the K2SO4CaSO4 binary system. This resolved discrepancies in the results of previous investigators; (6) a continuous solid solution series between congruently melting K2SOP4??2MgSO4 (langbeinite) and incongruently melting K2SO4??2CaSO4 (calcium langbeinite); (7) the liquidus in the ternary system consists of primary phase fields of K2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, langbeinite-calcium langbeinite solid solution, and CaSO4??3MgSO4. The CaSO4 field extends over a large portion of the system. Previously reported fields for the compounds (K2SO4??MgSO4??nCaSO4), K2SO4??3CaSO4 and K2SO4??CaSO4 were not found; (8) a minimum in the ternary system at: 740??C, 25% MgSO4, 6% CaSO4, 69% K2SO4; and ternary eutectics at 882??C, 49% MgSO4, 19% CaSO4, 32% K2SO4; and 880??, 67??5% MgSO4, 5% CaSO4, 27??5% K2SO4. ?? 1967.

Effects on NOx and SO2 Emissions during Co-Firing of Coal With Woody Biomass in Air Staging and Reburning

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nihad Hodžić

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Co-firing coal with different types of biomass is increasingly being applied in thermal power plants in Europe. The main motive for the use of biomass as the second fuel in coal-fired power plants is the reduction of CO2 emissions, and related financial benefits in accordance with the relevant international regulations and agreements. Likewise, the application of primary measures in the combustion chamber, which also includes air staging and/or reburning, results in a significant reduction in emission of polluting components of flue gases, in particular NOx emissions. In addition to being efficient and their application to new and future thermoblocks is practically unavoidable, their application and existing conventional combustion chamber does not require significant constructional interventions and is therefore relatively inexpensive. In this work results of experimental research of co-firing coals from Middle Bosnian basin with waste woody biomass are presented. Previously formed fuel test matrix is subjected to pulverized combustion under various temperatures and various technical and technological conditions. First of all it refers to the different mass ratio of fuel components in the mixture, the overall coefficient of excess air and to the application of air staging and/or reburning. Analysis of the emissions of components of the flue gases are presented and discussed. The impact of fuel composition and process temperature on the values of the emissions of components of the flue gas is determined. Additionally, it is shown that other primary measures in the combustion chamber are resulting in more or less positive effects in terms of reducing emissions of certain components of the flue gases into the environment. Thus, for example, the emission of NOx of 989 mg/ measured in conventional combustion, with the simultaneous application of air staging and reburning is reduced to 782 mg/, or by about 21%. The effects of the primary measures

Datierung und Isotopenanalysen an Grübchenkeramik im Kattegat-Gebiet

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Philippsen, Bente; Persson, Per

Küstenregionen des Kattegat. Kontakte zwischen Schweden und Dänemark und generell die Ausbreitung der GRK können nur auf der Basis verlässlicher Datierungen verstanden werden. In Djursland ist das Fundmaterial der GRK oft mit (früheren) Funden der Trichterbecherkultur vermischt, so dass die Zugehörigkeit von...

Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase.

Science.gov (United States)

Gandara, Ana Caroline Paiva; Torres, André; Bahia, Ana Cristina; Oliveira, Pedro L; Schama, Renata

2017-03-29

NADPH oxidases (NOX) are ROS producing enzymes that perform essential roles in cell physiology, including cell signaling and antimicrobial defense. This gene family is present in most eukaryotes, suggesting a common ancestor. To date, only a limited number of phylogenetic studies of metazoan NOXes have been performed, with few arthropod genes. In arthropods, only NOX5 and DUOX genes have been found and a gene called NOXm was found in mosquitoes but its origin and function has not been examined. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of this gene family in arthropods. A thorough search of genomes and transcriptomes was performed enabling us to browse most branches of arthropod phylogeny. We have found that the subfamilies NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod groups. We also show that a NOX gene, closely related to NOX4 and previously found only in mosquitoes (NOXm), can also be found in other taxonomic groups, leading us to rename it as NOX4-art. Although the accessory protein p22-phox, essential for NOX1-4 activation, was not found in any of the arthropods studied, NOX4-art of Aedes aegypti encodes an active protein that produces H 2 O 2 . Although NOX4-art has been lost in a number of arthropod lineages, it has all the domains and many signature residues and motifs necessary for ROS production and, when silenced, H 2 O 2 production is considerably diminished in A. aegypti cells. Combining all bioinformatic analyses and laboratory work we have reached interesting conclusions regarding arthropod NOX gene family evolution. NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod lineages but it seems that a NOX2-like gene was lost in the ancestral lineage leading to Ecdysozoa. The NOX4-art gene originated from a NOX4-like ancestor and is functional. Although no p22-phox was observed in arthropods, there was no evidence of neo-functionalization and this gene probably produces H 2 O 2 as in other metazoan NOX4 genes. Although functional and present in the genomes of many

Cs2SO4-Pr2(SO4)3-H2O and NiSO4-Pr2(SO4)3-H2O systems at 75 deg C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Onishchenko, M.K.; Skorikov, V.M.; Shevchuk, V.G.; AN SSSR, Moscow. Inst. Obshchej i Neorganicheskoj Khimii)

1979-01-01

To investigate physico-chemical properties of equilibrium saturated solutions and to elucidate the chemical changes under way, the aqueous systems of cesium, nickel and praseodymium (3) sulfates are studied. The method of isothermal saturation of salts at 75 deg C is used. It has been found that in the system Cs 2 SO 4 -Pr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -H 2 O in a wide concentration range the soluble binary salt Cs 2 SO 4 xPr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 csytallizes in a congruent way. For the system NiSO 4 -Pr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -H 2 O a solubility curve of the eutonic type is obtained, there being no chemical interaction between the components. The solubility isotherms for the system are given

Updated SO2 emission estimates over China using OMI/Aura observations

Science.gov (United States)

Elissavet Koukouli, Maria; Theys, Nicolas; Ding, Jieying; Zyrichidou, Irene; Mijling, Bas; Balis, Dimitrios; van der A, Ronald Johannes

2018-03-01

The main aim of this paper is to update existing sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission inventories over China using modern inversion techniques, state-of-the-art chemistry transport modelling (CTM) and satellite observations of SO2. Within the framework of the EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) MarcoPolo (Monitoring and Assessment of Regional air quality in China using space Observations) project, a new SO2 emission inventory over China was calculated using the CHIMERE v2013b CTM simulations, 10 years of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Aura total SO2 columns and the pre-existing Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC v1.2). It is shown that including satellite observations in the calculations increases the current bottom-up MEIC inventory emissions for the entire domain studied (15-55° N, 102-132° E) from 26.30 to 32.60 Tg annum-1, with positive updates which are stronger in winter ( ˜ 36 % increase). New source areas were identified in the southwest (25-35° N, 100-110° E) as well as in the northeast (40-50° N, 120-130° E) of the domain studied as high SO2 levels were observed by OMI, resulting in increased emissions in the a posteriori inventory that do not appear in the original MEIC v1.2 dataset. Comparisons with the independent Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, EDGAR v4.3.1, show a satisfying agreement since the EDGAR 2010 bottom-up database provides 33.30 Tg annum-1 of SO2 emissions. When studying the entire OMI/Aura time period (2005 to 2015), it was shown that the SO2 emissions remain nearly constant before the year 2010, with a drift of -0.51 ± 0.38 Tg annum-1, and show a statistically significant decline after the year 2010 of -1.64 ± 0.37 Tg annum-1 for the entire domain. Similar findings were obtained when focusing on the greater Beijing area (30-40° N, 110-120° E) with pre-2010 drifts of -0.17 ± 0.14 and post-2010 drifts of -0.47 ± 0.12 Tg annum-1. The new SO2 emission inventory is publicly available and forms

Innere Emigration und Diktatur die getarnten Botschaften in den Opern der meister aus bojana von Konstantin Iliev und der gefesselte Prometeus von Lazar Nikolov

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kostakeva Maria

2004-01-01

Full Text Available (nemački Die Frage der "inneren Emigration" in den ehemaligen kommunistischen Ländern Europas wird an Beispielen zweier Opern der wichtigen bulgarischen Komponisten Konstantin Iliev und Lazar Nikolov untersucht. Ähnlich wie Paul Hindemith in Mathis der Maler, in Ilievs Meister aus Bojana (1962, kam die Inspiration von einer mittelalterlichen Legende her, und iM Mittelpunkt des Dramas steht das Problem der Freiheit der Schöpfer unter der dogmatischen Gewalt. IM Gefesselten Prometeus (1972 von Nikolov ist die Hauptperson als Symbol des Protests gegen die Tyrannei und die Unterdrückung zu verstehen und so lässt sich in allen Zeiten politisch interpretieren, umso mehr bei einem kommunistischen Regime.

Konflikte und Konfliktlösungen in patriarchalischen Gemeinschaften am Beispiel der Solidargruppen in Ostanatolien

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ilhan Kizilhan

2002-04-01

Full Text Available Patriarchalische Gesellschaften verfügen über eine komplexe Struktur mit verinnerlichten Prozessen, die Jahrhunderte überdauern können. Für Individuen in einer derartigen Gesellschaft sind diese Prozesse und Regeln manchmal so verinnerlicht, dass sie in bestimmten Situationen und Konstellationen beginnen, automatisch zu handeln, ohne dass ihnen bewusst ist, weshalb sie sich gerade in dieser Situation so und nicht anders verhalten. Gerade bei Konflikten zwischen einem Individuum und einer Gruppe werden diese automatisierten Verhaltens- und Handlungsprogramme aktiviert. Die kollektiven Gesellschaften mit starken patriarchalischen Strukturen verfügen vermehrt über automatisierte Verhaltensweisen und Regeln, die historisch in der Gruppe entwickelt worden sind. Prozesse der Kontrolle oder Überprüfung und Neubewertung von Situationen sind weniger ausgeprägt oder finden wieder automatisiert in dem vorgegebenen Rahmen der patriarchalischen Strukturen statt. In diesem Beitrag werden am Beispiel von patriarchalischen Solidargruppen in Ostanatolien die Konflikte, aber auch mögliche Konfliktlösungen diskutiert. Zur Konfliktlösung ist eine genaue Information über Regeln, Rituale, Zeremonien und historische Gegebenheiten der jeweiligen Gruppe Grundvoraussetzung, um z.B. Schlichtungen oder Lösungen zu ermöglichen. Geringe Kenntnisse dieser Strukturen, Verhaltens- und Handlungsprogramme können die Konflikte verschärfen und zu verheerenden Folgen führen. So ist es durchaus möglich, eine Blutrachetat nach bestimmten Regeln zu schlichten. Bei falschen Konfliktlösungsstrategien kann die Folge jedoch z.B. ein erneuter Krieg zwischen zwei Stämmen sein. Daher werden wir zunächst die Gesellschaftsstruktur genauer diskutieren und dann auf die möglichen Konfliktlösungen eingehen. Zu den Solidargruppen in Ostanatolien zählen sowohl Türken, Kurden, Iraner als auch Araber, aber auch ethnische und religiöse Gruppen, wie z.B. Yeziden, Aleviten

Biokompatible Implantate und Neuentwicklungen in der Gynäkologie

Science.gov (United States)

Jacobs, Volker R.; Kiechle, Marion

Für den Einsatz in der Gynäkologie stehen heute eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher, biokompatibler Materialien und Implantate zur Verfügung. Auf eine Auswahl soll hier näher eingegangen werden, die die verschiedenen Materialien und Bauweisen repräsentieren. So sind Brustimplantate seit fast vier Jahrzehnten im Gebrauch für die Brustvergrösserung und den Brustwiederaufbau. Material, Bauweisen und medizinische Aspekte einschliesslich der kontroversen Diskussion um Silikon werden im folgenden erläutert. Neuere Entwicklungen von Verhütungstechniken für permanente Sterilisation wie den Filshie ClipTM für transabdominalen und den STOPTM für intraluminalen Verschluss der Eileiter oder die intrauterin plazierte Hormonspirale MirenaTM für zeitlich begrenzte Verhütung werden beschrieben. Eine neue Perspektive zur Verhinderung postoperativer intraabdominaler Adhäsionen stellt Spray-GelTM, ein Zweikomponenten Hydrogel aus Polyethylenglykol, dar.

A review of NOx formation mechanisms in recovery furnaces

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nichols, K.M.; Thompson, L.M.; Empie, H.J.

1993-01-01

Review of NOx formation studies shows that NO forms in recovery furnaces primarily by two independent mechanisms, thermal and fuel. Thermal NO formation is extremely temperature-sensitive. However, theoretical predictions indicate that recovery furnace temperatures are not high enough to form significant thermal NO. Fuel NO formation is less temperature-sensitive, and is related to fuel nitrogen content. Black liquors are shown to contain 0.05 to 0.24 weight percent fuel nitrogen. Conversion of just 20% of this would yield approximately 25-120 ppm NOx (at 8% 0 2 ) in the flue gas, enough to represent the majority of the total NOx. Data from operating recovery furnaces show NOx emissions ranging from near zero to over 100 ppm at 8% 0 2 . An apparent increase in recovery furnace NOx emissions was observed with increasing solids. This increase is much less than predicted by thermal NO formation theory, indicating that other NO formation/destruction mechanisms, such as fuel NO formation, are important. No data are available to show the relative importance of thermal and fuel NO to total NOx during black liquor combustion

SOx-NOx-Rox Box{trademark} flue gas clean-up demonstration. Final report

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1995-09-01

Babcock and Wilcox`s (B and W) SOx-NOx-Rox Box{trademark} process effectively removes SOx, NOx and particulate (Rox) from flue gas generated from coal-fired boilers in a single unit operation, a high temperature baghouse. The SNRB technology utilizes dry sorbent injection upstream of the baghouse for removal of SOx and ammonia injection upstream of a zeolitic selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst incorporated in the baghouse to reduce NOx emissions. Because the SOx and NOx removal processes require operation at elevated gas temperatures (800--900 F) for high removal efficiency, high-temperature fabric filter bags are used in the baghouse. The SNRB technology evolved from the bench and laboratory pilot scale to be successfully demonstrated at the 5-MWe field scale. This report represents the completion of Milestone M14 as specified in the Work Plan. B and W tested the SNRB pollution control system at a 5-MWe demonstration facility at Ohio Edison`s R.E. Burger Plant located near Shadyside, Ohio. The design and operation were influenced by the results from laboratory pilot testing at B and W`s Alliance Research Center. The intent was to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of the SNRB process. The SNRB facility treated a 30,000 ACFM flue gas slipstream from Boiler No. 8. Operation of the facility began in May 1992 and was completed in May 1993. About 2,300 hours of high-temperature operation were achieved. The main emissions control performance goals of: greater than 70% SO{sub 2} removal using a calcium-based sorbent; greater than 90% NOx removal with minimal ammonia slip; and particulate emissions in compliance with the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) of 0.03 lb/million Btu were exceeded simultaneously in the demonstration program when the facility was operated at optimal conditions. Testing also showed significant reductions in emissions of some hazardous air pollutants.

Leisure travel. Current and future challenges and chances; Freizeitverkehr. Aktuelle und kuenftige Herausforderungen und Chancen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-07-01

Leisure travel increases more and more which is proved by forcasts. Nevertheless unlimited growth can not be left to its own in an environment of limited resources. Before society is ruled by restrictions and limitations of political inventions, all creation possibilities should be exhausted to ensure individual mobility for a long time. Experts from policy, science and economy discussed in this meeting on the present situation, challenges in future and also possible strategies. This book gives a comprehensive overview on essential contributions, results and conclusions. [German] Der Freizeitverkehr weist seit laengerem unvermindert steigende Zuwachsraten auf. Alle Prognosen deuten darauf hin, dass dies auch in Zukunft so bleiben wird. Allerdings kann unbegrenztes Wachstum in einem Umfeld begrenzter Ressourcen nicht sich selbst ueberlassen werden. Bevor aber der Gesellschaft Einschraenkungen und Begrenzungen in Form ordnungspolitischer Interventionen auferlegt werden, sollten alle Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten zur langfristigen Sicherung der individuellen Mobilitaet ausgeschoepft sein. Im Rahmen einer Konferenz mit Experten aus Politik, Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft wurden diesbezueglich sowohl die gegenwaertige Situation als auch kuenftige Herausforderungen und moegliche Strategien diskutiert. Dieses Buch gibt einen umfassenden Ueberblick ueber die wesentlichen Beitraege, Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen. (orig.)

Organizers and activators: Cytosolic Nox proteins impacting on vascular function.

Science.gov (United States)

Schröder, Katrin; Weissmann, Norbert; Brandes, Ralf P

2017-08-01

NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiovascular system. Of the 7 members of the Nox family, at least three depend for their activation on specific cytosolic proteins. These are p47phox and its homologue NoxO1 and p67phox and its homologue NoxA1. Also the Rho-GTPase Rac is important but as this protein has many additional functions, it will not be covered here. The Nox1 enzyme is preferentially activated by the combination of NoxO1 with NoxA1, whereas Nox2 gains highest activity with p47phox together with p67phox. As p47phox, different to NoxO1 contains an auto inhibitory region it has to be phosphorylated prior to complex formation. In the cardio-vascular system, all cytosolic Nox proteins are expressed but the evidence for their contribution to ROS production is not well established. Most data have been collected for p47phox, whereas NoxA1 has basically not yet been studied. In this article the specific aspects of cytosolic Nox proteins in the cardiovascular system with respect to Nox activation, their expression and their importance will be reviewed. Finally, it will be discussed whether cytosolic Nox proteins are suitable pharmacological targets to tamper with vascular ROS production. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Promotion effect of H2 on ethanol oxidation and NOx reduction with ethanol over Ag/Al2O3 catalyst.

Science.gov (United States)

Yu, Yunbo; Li, Yi; Zhang, Xiuli; Deng, Hua; He, Hong; Li, Yuyang

2015-01-06

The catalytic partial oxidation of ethanol and selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ethanol (ethanol-SCR) over Ag/Al2O3 were studied using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS). The intermediates were identified by PIMS and their photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra. The results indicate that H2 promotes the partial oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde over Ag/Al2O3, while the simultaneously occurring processes of dehydration and dehydrogenation were inhibited. H2 addition favors the formation of ammonia during ethanol-SCR over Ag/Al2O3, the occurrence of which creates an effective pathway for NOx reduction by direct reaction with NH3. Simultaneously, the enhancement of the formation of ammonia benefits its reaction with surface enolic species, resulting in producing -NCO species again, leading to enhancement of ethanol-SCR over Ag/Al2O3 by H2. Using VUV-PIMS, the reactive vinyloxy radical was observed in the gas phase during the NOx reduction by ethanol for the first time, particularly in the presence of H2. Identification of such a reaction occurring in the gas phase may be crucial for understanding the reaction pathway of HC-SCR over Ag/Al2O3.

Von Start-ups lernen - Methoden und Entwicklungsprozesse, die Jungunternehmen erfolgreich machen

Science.gov (United States)

Böhme, Eckhart

Die Start-up-Bewegung bringt beständig sog. Disruptoren hervor, die jede Branche betreffen und so gut wie keinen Lebensbereich auslassen. Diese Jungunternehmen, insbesondere aus der Softwarebranche, verfügen zwar nicht über Ressourcen wie etablierte Unternehmen, sie sind jedoch agil, "hungrig", können frei von "Ballast" agieren und treiben die Digitalisierung aller Branchen voran. Aber auch Start-ups können nicht einfach ungetestete Ideen in erfolgreiche Produkte oder Dienstleistungen umwandeln und ihren Erfolg dem Zufall überlassen. Erfolgreiche Jungunternehmen folgen vielmehr einem strukturierten Prozess, um marktgetestete Nutzenversprechen und Geschäftsmodelle zu entwickeln. Zunehmend adaptieren etablierte Unternehmen innovative Entwicklungsprozesse und Methoden. Die Fragestellung für Energieversorgungsunternehmen (EVUs) lautet, welche Methoden, Werkzeuge und Entwicklungsprozesse, die heute bei vielen Start-ups eingesetzt werden, sie aufgreifen können, um das Unternehmen gegenüber Disruptoren robust zu machen?

Ellbogen- und Handgelenksendoprothetik beim Rheumatiker - Richtlinien und Rehabilitation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chochole M

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Die Endoprothetik an Ellbogen und Handgelenk ist seit etwa drei Jahrzehnten etabliert. An beiden Gelenken haben sich einzelne Implantate oder Designs durchgesetzt. Operationstechniken und Nachuntersuchungsergebnisse sind publiziert. Wenig ist jedoch zum Thema Nachbehandlung und Nachsorge veröffentlicht. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich detailliert mit der ärztlichen und therapeutischen Betreuung nach Implantation einer Ellbogen- oder Handgelenksendoprothese beim Patienten mit rheumatischer Arthritis unter Aufgliederung in Krankenhausaufenthalt, ambulanter Nachsorge sowie stationärer Rehabilitation. Dabei werden Zeitrahmen, Therapieziele und Behandlungen gesondert angeführt.

Nox4 Is Dispensable for Exercise Induced Muscle Fibre Switch.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Juri Vogel

Full Text Available By producing H2O2, the NADPH oxidase Nox4 is involved in differentiation of mesenchymal cells. Exercise alters the composition of slow and fast twitch fibres in skeletal. Here we hypothesized that Nox4 contributes to exercise-induced adaptation such as changes in muscle metabolism or muscle fibre specification and studied this in wildtype and Nox4-/- mice.Exercise, as induced by voluntary running in a running wheel or forced running on a treadmill induced a switch from fast twitch to intermediate fibres. However the induced muscle fibre switch was similar between Nox4-/- and wildtype mice. The same held true for exercise-induced expression of PGC1α or AMPK activation. Both are increased in response to exercise, but with no difference was observed between wildtype and Nox4-/- mice.Thus, exercise-induced muscle fibre switch is Nox4-independent.

Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of NOx and O3 in Central Amazon

Science.gov (United States)

Wiedemann, K. T.; Swofsy, S. C.; Munger, J. W.; Saleska, S. R.; Rizzo, L. V.; Silva Campos, K.

2017-12-01

The primary source of atmospheric OH is the photolysis of O3 in the presence of water vapor. NOx gases are the main precursors of O3 and OH. In NOx-rich environments that have both high humidity and high solar radiation, OH concentrations are enhanced, making tropical forests dominant in global oxidation of long lived gases. The Amazon rain forest has a unique combination of vegetation with diverse characteristics, climate, and a dynamic land use, factors that altogether govern the emission and fate of trace gases, particle formation and atmospheric chemistry. Understanding the interactions among the mechanisms that govern local precursor emissions will lead to a better description of the local atmospheric chemistry and its global impacts. As part of the GoAmazon project, an array of complementary measurements was conducted in a research site in central Amazon, near Santarem (PA, Brazil), inside the Tapajos National Forest. The research site is surrounded by intact rain forest in a 6km radius, and a 45m canopy. The 67m tower was assembled in the site in 2001 for flux measurements (CO2 and H2O). In mid 2014 additional instrumentation were added, measuring NOx, O3, CH4, and SO2 fluxes and profiles. The low concentrations of SO2 (up to 0.1ppb during the peak of the dry season), and a small vertical gradient, suggest the predominance of biogenic sources. O3 show no significant seasonality between the daytime and nighttime vertical profiles, but occasional nighttime high concentrations for levels below canopy were observed. Hourly ozone fluxes suggest a production of O3 under canopy. NO soil emissions are indicated by concentrations in the ppb range for lower profile levels, decreasing to a few hundreds ppt above the canopy, and emission rates of NO from Amazonian soils may be higher than expected from earlier measurements. Daytime data indicate that not all of this NOx escapes to the atmosphere, however. Fluxes of NO average 133x109 molec cm-2 s-1, a factor of 4 higher

XML-basierte Produkt- und Prozessdaten für die Leittechnik-Projektierung

Science.gov (United States)

Schleipen, Miriam

Für die Überwachung und Steuerung hochkomplexer Produktionsprozesse werden Prozessleitsysteme eingesetzt. Ständige Veränderungen zwingen Produktionsbetriebe wandlungsfähig zu sein. Entsprechend muss auch die Technik diese Flexibilität unterstützen. Jede Veränderung des Produktionsprozesses muss eingeplant, die Anlagen neu konfiguriert und projektiert werden. Dabei müssen auch neue Prozessbilder für die Bedien- und Steuerungssysteme erstellt werden. Am Fraunhofer IITB wurde ein Engineering-Framework entwickelt, das das Leitsystem automatisch projektiert und die zugehörige Prozessvisualisierung generiert. In diesem Beitrag wird das Modul vorgestellt, dass die Prozessabbilder erstellt. Neben der Visualisierung von Anlagen werden auch laufende Prozesse und bearbeitete Produkte dargestellt. So können beispielsweise Identsysteme mit der Leittechnik gekoppelt werden.

Oxidation of elemental mercury by modified spent TiO2-based SCR-DeNOx catalysts in simulated coal-fired flue gas.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Lingkui; Li, Caiting; Zhang, Xunan; Zeng, Guangming; Zhang, Jie; Xie, Yin'e

2016-01-01

In order to reduce the costs, the recycle of spent TiO2-based SCR-DeNOx catalysts were employed as a potential catalytic support material for elemental mercury (Hg(0)) oxidation in simulated coal-fired flue gas. The catalytic mechanism for simultaneous removal of Hg(0) and NO was also investigated. The catalysts were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method. Results indicated that spent TiO2-based SCR-DeNOx catalyst supported Ce-Mn mixed oxides catalyst (CeMn/SCR1) was highly active for Hg(0) oxidation at low temperatures. The Ce1.00Mn/SCR1 performed the best catalytic activities, and approximately 92.80% mercury oxidation efficiency was obtained at 150 °C. The inhibition effect of NH3 on Hg(0) oxidation was confirmed in that NH3 consumed the surface oxygen. Moreover, H2O inhibited Hg(0) oxidation while SO2 had a promotional effect with the aid of O2. The XPS results illustrated that the surface oxygen was responsible for Hg(0) oxidation and NO conversion. Besides, the Hg(0) oxidation and NO conversion were thought to be aided by synergistic effect between the manganese and cerium oxides.

Rise and fall of the NOx emissions trade; Opkomst en ondergang van NOx-emissiehandel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Van der Velde, R. [Royal Haskoning DHV, Amersfoort (Netherlands); Van der Kolk, J. [Van der Kolk Advies, Soest (Netherlands)

2013-04-15

In 2005, the Netherlands started NOx emission trading. In 2014 they are terminating these activities. Are they stopping because the targets have been realized? This article provides an overview of the developments and experiences that have ultimately led to the termination of the NOx emission trade in the Netherlands [Dutch] In 2005 is Nederland begonnen in NOx-emissiehandel. In 2014 stoppen we er weer mee. Stoppen we omdat de doelen zijn gehaald? Een overzicht wordt gegeven van de ontwikkelingen en ervaringen die uiteindelijk hebben geleid tot beeindiging van de NOx-emissiehandel in Nederland.

Power transmission in combined compressors comprising a radial and side channel stage. Final report and appendices; Untersuchungen ueber die Energieuebertragung in kombinierten Verdichtern aus Radial- und Seitenkanalstufe. Abschlussbericht und Anlagen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Surek, D.

2001-07-30

nachgeschaltete Seitenkanalstufe mit der eigenen instationaeren turbulenten Wirbelstroemung beeinflusst die Stroemung der Radialverdichterstufe positiv, so dass die Druckzahl der Radialverdichterstufe im Kombinationsbetrieb gegenueber dem Einzelbetrieb um 2,3% erhoeht und der Arbeitsbereich zu groesseren und auch zu wesentlich kleineren Volumenstroemen verschoben werden kann. Die Ursachen fuer diese Beeinflussung der Kennlinie der Radialverdichterstufe durch die Seitenkanalverdichterstufe wurden durch die Untersuchung der instationaeren Druckschwingungen in beiden Verdichterstufen und am Druckstutzen des Verdichters ermittelt. Eine nachgeschaltete Seitenkanalverdichterstufe wirkt sich noch staerker auf die instationaere Stroemung in der Radialverdichterstufe aus als die vorgeschaltete Seitenkanalverdichterstufe. (orig.)

Emotion, Motivation und Volition

OpenAIRE

Ulich, Dieter

1996-01-01

Emotion, Motivation und Volition / D. Ulich ; V. Brandstätter ; P. M. Gollwitzer. - In: Psychologie / hrsg. von Dietrich Dörner ... - 2., überarb. und erw. Aufl. - Stuttgart u.a. : Kohlhammer, 1996. - S. 115-135

Observations of total RONO2 over the boreal forest: NOx sinks and HNO3 sources

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

E. C. Browne

2013-05-01

Full Text Available In contrast with the textbook view of remote chemistry where HNO3 formation is the primary sink of nitrogen oxides, recent theoretical analyses show that formation of RONO2 (ΣANs from isoprene and other terpene precursors is the primary net chemical loss of nitrogen oxides over the remote continents where the concentration of nitrogen oxides is low. This then increases the prominence of questions concerning the chemical lifetime and ultimate fate of ΣANs. We present observations of nitrogen oxides and organic molecules collected over the Canadian boreal forest during the summer which show that ΣANs account for ~20% of total oxidized nitrogen and that their instantaneous production rate is larger than that of HNO3. This confirms the primary role of reactions producing ΣANs as a control over the lifetime of NOx (NOx = NO + NO2 in remote, continental environments. However, HNO3 is generally present in larger concentrations than ΣANs indicating that the atmospheric lifetime of ΣANs is shorter than the HNO3 lifetime. We investigate a range of proposed loss mechanisms that would explain the inferred lifetime of ΣANs finding that in combination with deposition, two processes are consistent with the observations: (1 rapid ozonolysis of isoprene nitrates where at least ~40% of the ozonolysis products release NOx from the carbon backbone and/or (2 hydrolysis of particulate organic nitrates with HNO3 as a product. Implications of these ideas for our understanding of NOx and NOy budget in remote and rural locations are discussed.

Nationale und transnationale Vernetzung polnischer Städte und Regionen: Auf dem Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung

OpenAIRE

Dorsch, Pamela

2003-01-01

"Die Studie 'Nationale und transnationale Vernetzung polnischer Städte und Regionen - Bedeutung für eine nachhaltige Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung' liefert einen Überblick über die Einbindung polnischer Kommunen und Wojewodschaften in allgemeine und politikfeldspezifische Netzwerke auf nationaler und transnationaler Ebene. Besondere Berücksichtigung findet hierbei die Vernetzung in Fragen von Nachhaltigkeit und des Umweltschutzes. Einführend zeigt die Studie den Prozess zunehmender Dezentral...

Biofuels - Properties and application experience; Biokraftstoffe - Eigenschaften und Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmiedel, H.P.

2002-12-01

The European Union wants to promote the use of renewable raw materials also in the traffic sector in order to meet the internationally committed reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. At the same time a new market shall be created for farming and jobs shall be secured. Fatty acid methyl esters in the diesel market and ethanol and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) in gasoline are discussed as compounds that can be produced from renewable raw materials and be applied as fuels in the short term. This literature survey deals with the extent of CO{sub 2} / greenhouse gas emission reductions, the availability of biofuels and summarizes the economical and technical experiences obtained so far with their application. The use of pure vegetable oils, dimethylether and pyrolysis oil is also briefly covered. (orig.) [German] Die EU will auch im Verkehrsbereich den Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe foerdern, um die international zugesagte Reduzierung der Kohlendioxid-Emissionen zu erreichen. Gleichzeitig sollen damit der Landwirtschaft ein neuer Markt eroeffnet und Arbeitsplaetze gesichert werden. Fettsaeuremethylester fuer den Dieselbereich sowie Ethanol und Ethyltertiaerbutylether (ETBE) fuer Ottokraftstoff werden als Verbindungen genannt, die aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen gewonnen und kurzfristig als Kraftstoff eingesetzt werden koennen. Die vorliegende Literaturstudie beleuchtet den Umfang der CO{sub 2}- bzw. Klimagasreduktion, die Verfuegbarkeit der Biokraftstoffe und fasst die oekonomischen und technischen Erfahrungen zusammen, die bisher in ihrer Anwendung erhalten wurden. Die Nutzung von reinen Pflanzenoelen, Dimethylether und Pyrolyseoel wird gestreift. (orig.)

Suppression of new particle formation from monoterpene oxidation by NOx

Science.gov (United States)

Wildt, J.; Mentel, T. F.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Hoffmann, T.; Andres, S.; Ehn, M.; Kleist, E.; Müsgen, P.; Rohrer, F.; Rudich, Y.; Springer, M.; Tillmann, R.; Wahner, A.

2014-03-01

The impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) on new particle formation (NPF) and on photochemical ozone production from real plant volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions was studied in a laboratory setup. At high NOx conditions ([BVOC] / [NOx] 23 ppb) new particle formation was suppressed. Instead, photochemical ozone formation was observed resulting in higher hydroxyl radical (OH) and lower nitrogen monoxide (NO) concentrations. When [NO] was reduced back to levels below 1 ppb by OH reactions, NPF was observed. Adding high amounts of NOx caused NPF to be slowed by orders of magnitude compared to analogous experiments at low NOx conditions ([NOx] ~300 ppt), although OH concentrations were higher. Varying NO2 photolysis enabled showing that NO was responsible for suppression of NPF. This suggests that peroxy radicals are involved in NPF. The rates of NPF and photochemical ozone production were related by power law dependence with an exponent approaching -2. This exponent indicated that the overall peroxy radical concentration must have been similar when NPF occurred. Thus, permutation reactions of first-generation peroxy radicals cannot be the rate limiting step in NPF from monoterpene oxidation. It was concluded that permutation reactions of higher generation peroxy-radical-like intermediates limit the rate of new particle formation. In contrast to the strong effects on the particle numbers, the formation of particle mass was substantially less sensitive to NOx concentrations. If at all, yields were reduced by about an order of magnitude only at very high NOx concentrations.

Intracellular compartimentation of abscisic acid (ABA) in guard cells and mesophyll cells under exposure to SO sub 2. Kompartimentierung von Abscisinsaeure (ABA) in Schliess- und Mesophyllzellen unter SO sub 2 -Belastung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baier, M.; Daeter, W.; Hartung, W. (Wuerzburg Univ. (Germany, F.R.). Lehrstuhl fuer Botanik 1)

1989-07-01

The effect of SO{sub 2} on the intracellular compartimentation of ABA in guard cells and mesophyll cells of Valerianella locusta was investigated, using the efflux compartmental analysis, as described by Behl and Hartung (1986). The cytoplasmic ABA content of the guard cells was reduced drastically by 6 {mu}molxm{sup -3} SO{sub 2} (20% of the controls). The vacuolar content was decreased less dramatically (70% of the controls). The ABA distribution of mesophyll cells remained uneffected by 6 {mu}molxm{sup -3} SO{sub 2}. The SO{sub 2} effects are explained by an acidification of the compartments. (orig.).

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx and N{sub 2}O by NH{sub 3} over Fe-FER; Developpement d'un traitement catalytique combine des NOx et de N{sub 2}O par NH{sub 3} sur Fe-Fer

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kieger, St. [Grande Paroisse, 76 - Grand-Quevilly (France); Navascues, L.; Gry, Ph. [Grande Paroisse, 92 - Paris la Defense (France)

2001-07-01

The emission of nitrogen oxides from anthropogenic activities is a major environmental issue. N{sub 2}O is taking part to the global warming and depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, and NOx to acid rains. At the Kyoto Conference in 1997, the European Union committed itself to reduce by 8% the release of greenhouse gases at the horizon 2010. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by NH{sub 3} is nowadays the main control technology for the emissions from nitric acid plant. Therefore, Grande Paroisse and IRMA have developed a new catalyst (Fe-FER) for the SCR of N{sub 2}O by NH{sub 3}. The catalyst was evaluated in a pilot plant and in the same operating conditions than a DeNOx catalyst. At a space velocity of 9000 to 12000 h{sup -1}, a decomposition of 50% of N{sub 2}O was achieved at 440 deg C. Moreover for the same decomposition level, the temperature could be shifted to 390 deg C by adding ammonia, and the complete reduction of NOx was also observed. This new catalyst is rather bi-functional. Also after months of using, the catalyst did not show major loss of activity nor mechanical strength. (authors)

ULTRA LOW NOx INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR NOx EMISSION CONTROL FROM COAL-FIRED BOILERS

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Galen H. Richards; Charles Q. Maney; Richard W. Borio; Robert D. Lewis

2002-12-30

ALSTOM Power Inc.'s Power Plant Laboratories, working in concert with ALSTOM Power's Performance Projects Group, has teamed with the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE NETL) to conduct a comprehensive study to develop/evaluate low-cost, efficient NOx control technologies for retrofit to pulverized coal fired utility boilers. The objective of this project was to develop retrofit NOx control technology to achieve less than 0.15 lb/MMBtu NOx (for bituminous coals) and 0.10 lb/MMBtu NOx (for subbituminous coals) from existing pulverized coal fired utility boilers at a cost which is at least 25% less than SCR technology. Efficient control of NOx is seen as an important, enabling step in keeping coal as a viable part of the national energy mix in this century, and beyond. Presently 57% of U.S. electrical generation is coal based, and the Energy Information Agency projects that coal will maintain a lead in U.S. power generation over all other fuel sources for decades (EIA 1998 Energy Forecast). Yet, coal-based power is being strongly challenged by society's ever-increasing desire for an improved environment and the resultant improvement in health and safety. The needs of the electric-utility industry are to improve environmental performance, while simultaneously improving overall plant economics. This means that emissions control technology is needed with very low capital and operating costs. This project has responded to the industry's need for low NOx emissions by evaluating ideas that can be adapted to present pulverized coal fired systems, be they conventional or low NOx firing systems. The TFS 2000{trademark} firing system has been the ALSTOM Power Inc. commercial offering producing the lowest NOx emission levels. In this project, the TFS 2000{trademark} firing system served as a basis for comparison to other low NOx systems evaluated and was the foundation upon which refinements were made to further

E-Government und E-Banking: Aktueller Stand, Evaluation und Erfolgsfaktoren

OpenAIRE

Bayer, Tobias

2002-01-01

Zu Max Webers Zeiten entsprach die Bürokratie noch ganz dem Vorbild des preussischen Militärs " klare Hierarchien und klare Aufgabenbereiche schlugen sich nieder in Effizienz und Effektivität. Heute ist das Bild getrübt und Worte wie "Erstarrung", "Überreglementierung" und "Verwaltungskultur" machen die Runde. Neben den gestiegenen Erwartungen der Bürger, die sich in Zeiten des E-Banking und E-Commerce nicht mehr in lange Warteschlangen einreihen wollen und auf die rigiden Öffnungszeiten der ...

A feasible process for simultaneous removal of CO2, SO2 and NOx in the cement industry by NH3 scrubbing

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dong, Ruifeng; Lu, Hongfang; Yu, Yunsong; Zhang, Zaoxiao

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► Simultaneous removal of CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x is realized by NH 3 scrubbing with NaClO 2 . ► The crystallization process of NH 4 HCO 3 is employed instead of CO 2 regeneration. ► Energy consumption reduces hugely while CO 2 removal rate remains higher than 90%. ► Exergy calculation reveals that a higher thermodynamic perfection degree is achieved. -- Abstract: With the rapid economic and industrial development, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing enormously, which has greatly affected the global climate and human living environment. At present, a lot of technologies have been applied to CO 2 removal in fossil fuel-fired power plants, which are one of the main CO 2 emission sources. But few researches have been done in the cement industry, which is the third largest CO 2 emission source. There is no mature technology of CO 2 removal in cement industry mentioned before. This paper proposes a feasible process for simultaneous removal of CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x in the cement industry by NH 3 scrubbing. As there is no ready steam source for the regeneration of CO 2 -rich loading solvent after absorption, a process with the final product of ammonium bicarbonate is developed. With the oxidative additive of NaClO 2 added in the aqueous ammonium absorbent, the simultaneous removal of CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x is feasible by NH 3 scrubbing. The products of the process are mainly ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, which are all good fertilizers for crops and plants. The crystallization of NH 4 HCO 3 is easier for storage and transportation than that for liquid carbon dioxide, which becomes more stable when dicyandiamide (DCD) is added. The thermodynamic analysis proves that the proposed process has the advantages of energy conservation and high thermodynamic perfection degree compared with the traditional ones.

Determination and calculation of hazardous incident scenarios in accordance with the 3rd hazardous incident administrative instruction. Vol. 2; Ermittlung und Berechnung von Stoerfallablaufszenarien nach Massgabe der 3. Stoerfallverwaltungsvorschrift. Bd. 2: Berechnungsmethoden, aktuelle Modelle und Modellgleichungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kaiser, W; Rogazewski, P; Schindler, M [TUeV Anlagentechnik GmbH, Berlin-Schoeneberg (Germany). Unternehmensgruppe TUeV Rheinland/Berlin-Brandenburg; Acikalin, A; Albrecht, M; Lambert, M; Steinbach, J [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany)

2000-07-01

At present there are used various of procedures, calculation methods, models and model equations for hazardous incident scenarios. The procedure on principle is varying often. This guideline explains in one main part and six appendixes the methodical procedure to select specifications and assumptions on hazardous incident scenarios and their processing. Hazardous incident scenarios lead to information on emergency preparedness planning. Both general viewpoints and possibilities are shown, how to find necessary basic assumptions on a hazardous incident scenario from information on hazardous substances, on comparable hazardous incidents and on conditions of the site and the plant. Appendixes deal with precise instructions distinguished between substance release, explosion and fire (app. 1: Assessment of source terms, app. 2: Assessment of dispersion, app. 3: Assessment of effects). Appendix 4 gives explanations to appendixes 1, 2 and 3. Appendix 5 contains a collection of 15 examples of hazardous incident scenarios, which illustrate and comment the methodical procedure. Appendix 6 describes and comments software available on German market which assists the calculating of hazardous incidents. Volume 2 determines procedures with regard to methods of calculation, current models and model equations from scientists point of view. (orig.) [German] Derzeit wird eine Vielzahl von Vorgehensweisen, Berechnungsmethoden, Modellen und Modellgleichungen fuer Stoerfallablaufszenarien verwendet. Das prinzipielle Vorgehen ist haeufig unterschiedlich. Dieser Leitfaden enthaelt in einem Hauptteil und sechs Anhaengen das methodische Vorgehen zur Auswahl von Angaben und Annahmen fuer Stoerfallablaufszenarien sowie deren Bearbeitung. Stoerfallablaufszenarien fuehren zu Angaben fuer die Gefahrenabwehrplanung. Fuer das Ableiten von Stoerfallablaufszenarien sind sowohl allgemeine Gesichtspunkte als auch Moeglichkeiten dargelegt, wie man aus Angaben zu Gefahrstoffen, zu vergleichbaren

NOx photocatalytic degradation on gypsum plates modified by TiO2-N,C photocatalysts

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Janus Magdalena

2015-09-01

Full Text Available In presented studies the photocatalytic decomposition of NOx on gypsum plates modified by TiO2-N,Cphotocatalysts were presented. The gypsum plates were obtained by addition of 10 or 20 wt.% of different types of titanium dioxide, such as: pure TiO2 and carbon and nitrogen co-modified TiO2 (TiO2-N,C to gypsum. TiO2-N,C photocatalysts were obtained by heating up the starting TiO2 (Grupa Azoty Zakłady Chemiczne Police S.A in the atmosphere of ammonia and carbon at the temperature: 100, 300 i 600ºC. Photocatalyst were characterized by FTIR/DRS, UVVis/DR, BET and XRD methods. Moreover the compressive strength tests of modified gypsum were also done. Photocatalytic activity of gypsum plates was done during NOx decomposition. The highest photocatalytic activity has gypsum with 20 wt.% addition of TiO2-N,C obtained at 300ºC.

Benefits and drawbacks of TOFD and SAFT for crack depth measurement at thick-walled vessels; Vor- und Nachteile von TOFD und SAFT zur Risstiefenmessung an dickwandigen Behaeltern

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmitz, V.; Mueller, W. [IZFP, Saarbruecken (Germany); Hecht, A. [BASF AG, Ludwigshafen (Germany)

1999-08-01

The results presented in the paper show that TOFD can be applied in many cases as a low-cost and reliable testing method, but is less suitable for some cases. These are: Description of cracks in welded joints which yield a multitude of data, as e.g. microstructural data, so that the method is less suitable for austenitic weld testing; detection of small cracks. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Aus den gezeigten Beispielen ergibt sich, dass TOFD in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungsfaellen als preisguenstiges und zuverlaessiges Pruefverfahren eingesetzt werden kann, dass es aber fuer einige Anwendungsfaelle weniger geeignet ist: Diese Anwendungsfaelle sind: (1) Nachweis von Rissen in Schweissnaehten mit vielen Anzeigen, z.B. Gefuegeanzeigen, d.h. insbesondere bei austenitischen Schweissnaehten, und (2) Nachweis von kleinen Rissen. Der Nachweis auch von kleinen Rissen wird dahingegen beim Impuls-Echo Verfahren aufgrund des vorliegenden Winkelspiegeleffektes durchaus moeglich sein. Durch eine nachgeschaltete SAFT-Auswertung werden zum einen stoerendes Gefuegerauschen unterdrueckt und zum anderen Echos von Fehlstellen angehoben. Diese Verbesserung des Signal-Rausch-Abstandes fuehrt zu einer Verbesserung der Fehlererkennbarkeit und der Fehlerbewertung. (orig.)

Impact of NOx and OH on secondary organic aerosol formation from β-pinene photooxidation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Sarrafzadeh

2016-09-01

Full Text Available In this study, the NOx dependence of secondary organic aerosol (SOA formation from photooxidation of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC β-pinene was comprehensively investigated in the Jülich Plant Atmosphere Chamber. Consistent with the results of previous NOx studies we found increases of SOA yields with increasing [NOx] at low-NOx conditions ([NOx]0  <  30 ppb, [BVOC]0 ∕ [NOx]0  >  10 ppbC ppb−1. Furthermore, increasing [NOx] at high-NOx conditions ([NOx]0  >  30 ppb, [BVOC]0 ∕ [NOx]0  ∼  10 to  ∼  2.6 ppbC ppb−1 suppressed the SOA yield. The increase of SOA yield at low-NOx conditions was attributed to an increase of OH concentration, most probably by OH recycling in NO + HO2  →  NO2 + OH reaction. Separate measurements without NOx addition but with different OH primary production rates confirmed the OH dependence of SOA yields. After removing the effect of OH concentration on SOA mass growth by keeping the OH concentration constant, SOA yields only decreased with increasing [NOx]. Measuring the NOx dependence of SOA yields at lower [NO] ∕ [NO2] ratio showed less pronounced increase in both OH concentration and SOA yield. This result was consistent with our assumption of OH recycling by NO and to SOA yields being dependent on OH concentrations. Our results furthermore indicated that NOx dependencies vary for different NOx compositions. A substantial fraction of the NOx-induced decrease of SOA yields at high-NOx conditions was caused by NOx-induced suppression of new particle formation (NPF, which subsequently limits the particle surface where low volatiles condense. This was shown by probing the NOx dependence of SOA formation in the presence of seed particles. After eliminating the effect of NOx-induced suppression of NPF and NOx-induced changes of OH concentrations, the remaining effect of NOx on the SOA yield from �

Die Position des Rätoromanischen und seine Beziehungen zum Deutschen, Französischen und Italienischen

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Roland Bauer

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Die Dialektometrie (DM ist eine induktive Methode, die es erlaubt, in Massendaten versteckte Oberflächenmuster und Tiefenstrukturen zu entdecken und mittels multipler, computergestützter Visualisierungen sicht- und damit auch interpretierbar zu machen. So bietet die DM u.a. eine Reihe von Möglichkeiten, Relationen zwischen den untersuchten Objekten (das sind in der Regel alle in einem Sprachatlas datenseitig abgebildeten Dialekte aufzudeckenund kartographisch in verschiedenster Form zu modellieren, um solcherart u.a. die Position einzelner Dialekte bzw. Geotypen im gesamten Beobachtungsraum näher bestimmen zu können. In diesem Zusammenhang hat es sich als durchaus nützlich erwiesen, zusätzliche Vergleichspunkte mit akrolektalen, also auf Standard- bzw. Hochsprachen bezogene Datenserien einzubauen. Im vorliegenden Fall konnten solcherart wechselseitige, je nach innerlinguistischer Ausrichtung der gewählten Corpora unterschiedlich ausgerichtete Einflüsse der Großsprachen Französisch und Italienisch auf die oberitalienische Dialektlandschaft sowie auf die drei Mitglieder der Sprachfamilie Rätoromanisch (nach Gartner 1883 bzw. ladino (nach Ascoli 1873 aufgezeigt werden. Dem Sprachkontakt aller genannten Idiome mit dem Deutschen konnte hingegen sowohl über die Visualisierung der relativen Präsenz von Germanismen mittels einer Dichtekarte als auch über eine gesonderte dialektometrische Ähnlichkeitskartierung nachgegangen werden, wobei interessante Einblicke in die von verschiedenen Substrat- und Adstratwirkungen abhängige, z.T. deutlich divergente Bewirtschaftung der rätoromanischen Teilräume gewonnen werden konnten.

Ambient NOx concentrations in the UK, 1976-84: a summary

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Williams, M.L.; Broughton, G.F.J.; Bower, J.S.; Drury, V.J.; Lilley, K.

1987-01-01

This report summarizes NOx concentration data obtained at Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) sites up to and including 1984. The statistics of NO and NO/sub 2/ concentrations are discussed, and an extreme value analysis of upper-percentile NO/sub 2/ concentrations is presented. The seasonal behavior, diurnal averages, and weekday/weekend differences of NO and NO/sub 2/ concentrations are discussed in terms of the more-important sources of NOx and the mechanisms for the production and loss of NO/sub 2/. An investigation of the NO/sub 2//NOx relationship is presented.

Pilot-plant for NOx, SO2, HCl removal from flue-gas of municipal waste incinerator by electron beam irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Doi, Takeshi; Suda, Shoichi; Morishige, Atsushi; Tokunaga, Okihiro; Aoki, Yasushi; Sato, Shoichi; Komiya, Mikihisa; Hashimoto, Nobuo; Nakajima, Michihiro.

1992-01-01

A pilot-Plant for NO x , SO 2 and HCl removal from flue-gas of municipal waste incinerator by electron beam irradiation was designed and its construction at Matsudo City Waste Disposal Center was planned. The flue-gas of 1,000 Nm 3 /hr is guided from the waste incinerator flue-gas line of 30,000 Nm 3 /hr to the Pilot-Plant to be processed by spraying Ca(OH) 2 slurry (NKK-LIMAR Process) and irradiating high-energy electron beam of an accelerator. NO x , SO 2 and HCl are removed simultaneously from the flue-gas by the enhanced reaction with Ca(OH) 2 under irradiation. According to the basic research performed using a small size reactor at TRCRE of JAERI, the electron beam irradiation process was proved to be very effective for these harmful gases removal. Based on this result, the Pilot-Plant was designed for the demonstration of NO x , SO 2 and HCl removal performance using electron accelerator of maximum energy 0.95 MeV and maximum power 15 kW. The designing and planning were promoted by NKK in cooperation with JAERI and Matsudo City. (author)

Thermodynamic modeling of NH_3-CO_2-SO_2-K_2SO_4-H_2O system for combined CO_2 and SO_2 capture using aqueous NH_3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Qi, Guojie; Wang, Shujuan

2017-01-01

Highlights: • A new application of aqueous NH_3 based combined CO_2 and SO_2 process was proposed. • A thermodynamic model simulated the heat of absorption and the K_2SO_4 precipitation. • The CO_2 content can be regenerated in a stripper with lower heat of desorption. • The SO_2 content can be removed by K_2SO_4 precipitation from the lean NH_3 solvent. - Abstract: A new application of aqueous NH_3 based post-combustion CO_2 and SO_2 combined capture process was proposed to simultaneously capture CO_2 and SO_2, and remove sulfite by solid (K_2SO_4) precipitation method. The thermodynamic model of the NH_3-CO_2-SO_2-K_2SO_4-H_2O system for the combined CO_2 and SO_2 capture process was developed and validated in this work to analyze the heat of CO_2 and SO_2 absorption in the NH_3-CO_2-SO_2-H_2O system, and the K_2SO_4 precipitation characteristics in the NH_3-CO_2-SO_2-K_2SO_4-H_2O system. The average heat of CO_2 absorption in the NH_3-CO_2-H_2O system at 40 °C is around −73 kJ/mol CO_2 in 2.5 wt% NH_3 with CO_2 loading between 0.2 and 0.5 C/N. The average heat of SO_2 absorption in the NH_3-SO_2-H_2O system at 40 °C is around −120 kJ/mol SO_2 in 2.5 wt% NH_3 with SO_2 loading between 0 and 0.5 S/N. The average heat of CO_2 absorption in the NH_3-CO_2-SO_2-H_2O system at 40 °C is 77, 68, and 58 kJ/mol CO_2 in 2.5 wt% NH_3 with CO_2 loading between 0.2 and 0.5 C/N, when SO_2 loading is 0, 0.1, 0.2 S/N, respectively. The solubility of K_2SO_4 increases with temperature, CO_2 and SO_2 loadings, but decreases with NH_3 concentration in the CO_2 and SO_2 loaded aqueous NH_3. The thermodynamic evaluation indicates that the combined CO_2 and SO_2 capture process could employ the typical absorption/regeneration process to simultaneously capture CO_2 and SO_2 in an absorber, thermally desorb CO_2 in a stripper, and feasibly remove sulfite (oxidized to sulfate) content by precipitating K_2SO_4 from the lean NH_3 solvent after the lean/rich heat exchanger.

Digitale Rekonstruktion von historischem Bibliotheksgut. Projektvorstellung Leibniz-Fragmente und Massendigitalisierung von Flachware

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Matthias Wehry

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Der Universalgelehrte Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz verwendete eine besondere Form der Wissensordnung: Teile seiner Manuskripte und Arbeitspapiere, z.B. Abschriften und Exzerpte, wurden von ihm zerschnitten und in einem so genannten „Zettel-Schrancken“, einem großen Zettelkasten, geordnet. Im vorgestellten Projekt wurde ein automatisiertes virtuelles Assistenzsystem erarbeitet, um die ursprünglichen Zusammenhänge der Notata im Augenblick ihrer Entstehung wiederherzustellen. Das Ergebnis des Projektes ist ein innovatives Massenverfahren zum Puzzeln und Scannen historischer handschriftlicher Dokumente. The polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz used a specific technique for knowledge organisation: He cut parts of his manuscripts and working papers, e.g., copies and excerpts, in pieces and filed them systematically in a so called “Zettel-Schrancken”, a hugh slipbox. In the project presented in this paper, an automated virtual reconstruction of the notes’ initial context at the moment of origin was developed. The result of the project is an innovative mass processing method for puzzling and scanning historical handwritten documents

FY-2016 Methyl Iodide Higher NOx Adsorption Test Report

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Soelberg, Nicholas Ray [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Watson, Tony Leroy [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

2016-09-01

Deep-bed methyl iodide adsorption testing has continued in Fiscal Year 2016 under the Department of Energy (DOE) Fuel Cycle Technology (FCT) Program Offgas Sigma Team to further research and advance the technical maturity of solid sorbents for capturing iodine-129 in off-gas streams during used nuclear fuel reprocessing. Adsorption testing with higher levels of NO (approximately 3,300 ppm) and NO2 (up to about 10,000 ppm) indicate that high efficiency iodine capture by silver aerogel remains possible. Maximum iodine decontamination factors (DFs, or the ratio of iodine flowrate in the sorbent bed inlet gas compared to the iodine flowrate in the outlet gas) exceeded 3,000 until bed breakthrough rapidly decreased the DF levels to as low as about 2, when the adsorption capability was near depletion. After breakthrough, nearly all of the uncaptured iodine that remains in the bed outlet gas stream is no longer in the form of the original methyl iodide. The methyl iodide molecules are cleaved in the sorbent bed, even after iodine adsorption is no longer efficient, so that uncaptured iodine is in the form of iodine species soluble in caustic scrubber solutions, and detected and reported here as diatomic I2. The mass transfer zone depths were estimated at 8 inches, somewhat deeper than the 2-5 inch range estimated for both silver aerogels and silver zeolites in prior deep-bed tests, which had lower NOx levels. The maximum iodine adsorption capacity and silver utilization for these higher NOx tests, at about 5-15% of the original sorbent mass, and about 12-35% of the total silver, respectively, were lower than for trends from prior silver aerogel and silver zeolite tests with lower NOx levels. Additional deep-bed testing and analyses are recommended to expand the database for organic iodide adsorption and increase the technical maturity if iodine adsorption processes.

Deficiency of NOX1 or NOX4 Prevents Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice through Inhibition of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tian Lan

Full Text Available Reactive oxygen species (ROS produced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX play a key role in liver injury and fibrosis. Previous studies demonstrated that GKT137831, a dual NOX1/4 inhibitor, attenuated liver fibrosis in mice as well as pro-fibrotic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs as well as hepatocyte apoptosis. The effect of NOX1 and NOX4 deficiency in liver fibrosis is unclear, and has never been directly compared. HSCs are the primary myofibroblasts in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of NOX1 and NOX4 in liver fibrosis, and investigated whether NOX1 and NOX4 signaling mediates liver fibrosis by regulating HSC activation. Mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis. Deficiency of either NOX1 or NOX4 attenuates liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis after CCl4 compared to wild-type mice. NOX1 or NOX4 deficiency reduced lipid peroxidation and ROS production in mice with liver fibrosis. NOX1 and NOX4 deficiency are approximately equally effective in preventing liver injury in the mice. The NOX1/4 dual inhibitor GKT137831 suppressed ROS production as well as inflammatory and proliferative genes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF, or sonic hedgehog (Shh in primary mouse HSCs. Furthermore, the mRNAs of proliferative and pro-fibrotic genes were downregulated in NOX1 and NOX4 knock-out activated HSCs (cultured on plastic for 5 days. Finally, NOX1 and NOX4 protein levels were increased in human livers with cirrhosis compared with normal controls. Thus, NOX1 and NOX4 signaling mediates the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, including the direct activation of HSC.

Diffusion formation and psychiatric diseases; Diffusionsbildung und psychiatrische Erkrankungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reith, W.; Kulikovski, J. [Universitaetsklinikum des Saarlandes, Klinik fuer Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Homburg/Saar (Germany)

2015-09-15

The basic principle behind diffusion is Brownian motion. The diffusion parameters obtained in a clinical association provide information on the spatial distribution of water molecule mobility and, therefore, evidence of the morphological integrity of the white and grey matters of the brain. In recent years functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) could contribute to obtaining a detailed understanding of the cortical and subcortical cerebral networks. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) investigations can demonstrate the extent of anisotropy and the fiber pathways in so-called parametric images. For example, in Alzheimer's disease DTI reveals a reduced structural connectivity between the posterior cingulum and the hippocampus. This article shows examples of the application of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in psychiatric disorders. (orig.) [German] Die Grundlagen der Diffusion bildet die brownsche Molekularbewegung. Die im klinischen Zusammenhang gewonnenen Diffusionsparameter geben Auskunft ueber die raeumliche Verteilung der Wassermolekuelmobilitaet und damit Hinweise auf die morphologische Integritaet der weissen und grauen Hirnsubstanz. Die funktionelle MRT (fMRT) konnte in den letzten Jahren dazu beitragen, ein detailliertes Verstaendnis der kortikalen und subkortikalen zerebralen Netzwerke zu erlangen. Diffusion-tensor-imaging(DTI)-Untersuchungen koennen in sogenannten Parameterbildern das Ausmass der Anisotropie und den Faserverlauf darstellen. So zeigte z. B. die DTI bei der Alzheimer-Demenz eine verminderte strukturelle Konnektivitaet zwischen dem posterioren Zingulum und dem Hippokampus. Dieser Beitrag zeigt Beispiele der Anwendung der Diffusionsbildgebung (''diffusion-weighted imaging'', DWI) bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. (orig.)

First Simultaneous Visualization of SO{sub 2} and NO{sub 2} Plume Dispersions using Imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, Hanlim; Hong, Hyunkee; Han, Kyungsoo [Pukyong National Univ., Busan (Korea, Republic of); Noh, Youngmin [Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju (Korea, Republic of); Kwon, Soonchul [Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (United States)

2014-04-15

Imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Imaging-DOAS) has been utilized in recent years to provide slant column density (SCD) distributions of several trace gas species in the plume. The present study introduces a new method using Imaging-DOAS data to determine two-dimensional plume structure from the plume emissions of power plant in conditions of negligible aerosol effects on radiative transfer within the plume. We demonstrates for the first time that two-dimensional distributions of sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) and nitrogen dioxide (NO{sub 2}) in power plant emissions can be determined simultaneously in terms of SCD distribution. The SO{sub 2} SCD values generally decreased with increasing distance from the stack and with distance from the center of the plume. Meanwhile, high NO{sub 2} SCD was observed at locations several hundred meters away from the first stack due to the ratio change of NO to NO{sub 2} in NOx concentration, attributed to the NO oxidation by O{sub 3}. The results of this study show the capability of the Imaging-DOAS technique as a tool to estimate plume dimensions in power plant emissions.

Sorption und Verbreitung per- und polyfluorierter Chemikalien (PFAS) in Wasser und Boden

OpenAIRE

Gellrich, Vanessa

2014-01-01

PFAS (= Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) sind persistente organische Spurenstoffe, die weltweit in verschiedenen Umweltkompartimenten nachgewiesen werden konnten. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation sollte die Frage geklärt werden, wie die physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften der PFAS - besonders ihre Sorption am Boden - ihr Verhalten und ihre Verbreitung in der Umwelt beeinflussen. Dazu wurde zunächst eine Messmethode entwickelt, optimiert und validiert, mit der 17 per- und polyf...

‹Digitale Bildung› und die Genealogie digitaler Kultur: historiographische Skizzen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Benjamin Jörissen

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Wenn Aspekte ‹Digitaler Kultur› und Effekte der ‹Digitalisierung› der Selbst- und Weltverhältnisse thematisiert werden – vom Selfie über das quantified Self zur Big Data – so geschieht dies meist unter der Perspektive emergenter medientechnologischer Brüche und Umbrüche von Kultur. Man findet entsprechend dort, wo überhaupt historische Perpektiven bemüht werden, vor allem technik-, medien- und kommunikationszentrierte Emergenznarrationen. Es stellt sich angesichts der enormen Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit der Digitalisierung jedoch die Frage nach ihren kulturellen Möglichkeitsbedingungen. Die offenkundig hohe Anschlussfähigkeit des Digitalen setzt auf – prinzipiell bekannten – kulturhistorischen Strukturbildungen auf, die ihm überhaupt erst ‹Bedeutung› geben können. Eine solche ‹Digitalisierung avant la technique› skizziert der Beitrag anhand dreier historischer Prozesslinien seit der Neuzeit – der Quantifizierung von Zahlverständnissen, der Organisation von ‹Wissen› im proto-datenbankförmigen Tableau und der Verknüpfung von Subjektivität und Sichtbarkeit.

Manual heat pumps. Planning and projecting; Handbuch Waermepumpen. Planung und Projektierung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bonin, Juergen

2009-07-01

The special value of this publication for planning and projecting of heat pump devices lays in an information processing independent of manufacturers: specialists of civil engineering receive so a fact source to compare as much as possible systems and possibilities. Furthermore renewable energy sources to change heating systems are presented - which is from advantage during times of high energy cost. Main topics on overview: ecological and economical aspects, introduction in refrigerating engineering, water-water heat pump devices, brake-water- and air-water heat pump devices, projecting of all required components as well as projecting examples (tasks and solutions). (orig./GL) [German] Der besondere Wert dieser Publikation zur Planung und Projektierung von Waermepumpenanlagen liegt in einer markenneutral gehaltenen Informationsaufbereitung: Fachkraefte der Baubranche erhalten so eine Faktenquelle zum Vergleichen moeglichst vieler Systeme und Moeglichkeiten. Zudem werden alternative Energiequellen zur Heizungsumstellung vorgestellt - was gerade in Zeiten hoher Energiekosten von grossem Vorteil ist. Schwerpunkte im Ueberblick: Oekologische und wirtschaftliche Aspekte, Einfuehrung in die Kaeltetechnik, Wasser-Wasser-Waermepumpenanlagen, Sole-Wasser-Waermepumpenanlagen, Luft-Wasser-Waermepumpenanlagen, Projektierung aller erforderlichen Komponenten sowie Projektierungsbeispiele (Aufgaben und Loesungen). (orig.)

Neue Laser und Strahlquellen - alte und neue Risiken?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Paasch, Uwe; Schwandt, Antje; Seeber, Nikolaus

2017-01-01

Die Entwicklungen im Bereich dermatologischer Laser, hochenergetischer Blitzlampen, LED und neuer Energie- und Strahlquellen der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, dass mit neuen Wellenlängen, Konzepten und Kombinationen zusätzliche, zum Teil über den ästhetischen Bereich hinaus gehende therapeutische ...

Updated SO2 emission estimates over China using OMI/Aura observations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. E. Koukouli

2018-03-01

drifts of −0.47 ± 0.12 Tg annum−1. The new SO2 emission inventory is publicly available and forms part of the official EU MarcoPolo emission inventory over China, which also includes updated NOx, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter emissions.

Fundamental limits on gas-phase chemical reduction of NOx in a plasma

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Penetrante, B.M.; Hsiao, M.C.; Merritt, B.T.; Vogtlin, G.E. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States)

1997-12-31

In the plasma, the electrons do not react directly with the NOx molecules. The electrons collide mainly with the background gas molecules like N{sub 2}, O{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O. Electron impact on these molecules result partly in dissociation reactions that produce reactive species like N, O and OH. The NOx in the engine exhaust gas initially consist mostly of NO. The ground state nitrogen atom, N, is the only species that could lead to the chemical reduction of NO to N{sub 2}. The O radical oxidizes NO to NO{sub 2} leaving the same amount of NOx. The OH radical converts NO{sub 2} to nitric acid. Acid products in the plasma can easily get adsorbed on surfaces in the plasma reactor and in the pipes. When undetected, the absence of these oxidation products can often be mistaken for chemical reduction of NOx. In this paper the authors will examine the gas-phase chemical reduction of NOx. They will show that under the best conditions, the plasma can chemically reduce 1.6 grams of NOx per brake-horsepower-hour [g(NOx)/bhp-hr] when 5% of the engine output energy is delivered to the plasma.

OMS, OM(η2-SO), and OM(η2-SO)(η2-SO2) molecules (M = Ti, Zr, Hf): infrared spectra and density functional calculations.

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Xing; Wang, Xuefeng; Wang, Qiang; Andrews, Lester

2012-07-02

Infrared spectra of the matrix isolated OMS, OM(η(2)-SO), and OM(η(2)-SO)(η(2)-SO(2)) (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) molecules were observed following laser-ablated metal atom reactions with SO(2) during condensation in solid argon and neon. The assignments for the major vibrational modes were confirmed by appropriate S(18)O(2) and (34)SO(2) isotopic shifts, and density functional vibrational frequency calculations (B3LYP and BPW91). Bonding in the initial OM(η(2)-SO) reaction products and in the OM(η(2)-SO)(η(2)-SO(2)) adduct molecules with unusual chiral structures is discussed.

Nox1 oxidase suppresses influenza a virus-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Stavros Selemidis

Full Text Available Influenza A virus infection is an ongoing clinical problem and thus, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms that regulate the lung inflammation in order to unravel novel generic pharmacological strategies. Evidence indicates that the Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase enzyme promotes influenza A virus-induced lung oxidative stress, inflammation and dysfunction via ROS generation. In addition, lung epithelial and endothelial cells express the Nox1 isoform of NADPH oxidase, placing this enzyme at key sites to regulate influenza A virus-induced lung inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Nox1 oxidase regulates the inflammatory response and the oxidative stress to influenza infection in vivo in mice. Male WT and Nox1-deficient (Nox1(-/y mice were infected with the moderately pathogenic HkX-31 (H3N2, 1×10(4 PFU influenza A virus for analysis of bodyweight, airways inflammation, oxidative stress, viral titre, lung histopathology, and cytokine/chemokine expression at 3 and 7 days post infection. HkX-31 virus infection of Nox1(-/y mice resulted in significantly greater: loss of bodyweight (Day 3; BALF neutrophilia, peri-bronchial, peri-vascular and alveolar inflammation; Nox2-dependent inflammatory cell ROS production and peri-bronchial, epithelial and endothelial oxidative stress. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including CCL2, CCL3, CXCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF and TNF-α was higher in Nox1(-/y lungs compared to WT mice at Day 3, however, the expression of CCL2, CCL3, CXCL2, IFN-γ and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were lower in lungs of Nox1(-/y mice vs. WT mice at Day 7. Lung viral titre, and airways infiltration of active CD8(+ and CD4(+ T lymphocytes, and of Tregs were similar between WT and Nox1(-/y mice. In conclusion, Nox1 oxidase suppresses influenza A virus induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice particularly at the early phases of the infection. Nox1 and Nox2 oxidases appear

Corrosion processes and coalification of ferrtic-martensitic steels in H{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2} atmospheres; Korrosionsprozesse und Aufkohlung von ferritisch-martensitischen Staehlen in H{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2} Atmosphaeren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Huenert, Daniela

2010-09-20

The dissertation desribes the corrosion of steels with chromium concentrations of 1-12 percent in H{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2} atmospheres at variable pressure in the temperature range of 500-650 C and shows the corresponding degree of coalification. The investigations were carried out in a specially constructed corrosion unit which enables simulations of the power plant conditions temperature, pressure, gas composition, and gas flow rate. Above 575 C, the experimentally measured corrosion rates decrease, similar to those in hydrogen. Below 575 C, higher corrosion rates are observed in H{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2} atmospheres than in hydrogen, which is assumed to be the result of chromium fixation by the carbon formed in the corrosion process and of the existence of wuestite below this temperature. Below 600 C, temperature and pressure act independently of each other. Investigations between 600 and 625 C showed that pressure and temperature are not independent parameters with regard to oxide layer growth. The combined effect of these parameters results in higher corrosion rates and coalification depths. The dissertation describes this higher corrosion rate and coalification depth by an enhanced transport model. (orig.) [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Korrosionsverhalten an Stahlqualitaeten mit Chromgehalten zwischen 1 und 12 % in H{sub 2}O-CO-2-Atmosphaeren bei unterschiedlichem Druck im Temperaturbereich von 500 bis 650 C dargestellt und die parallel erfolgende Aufkohlung gezeigt. Fuer die Untersuchungen wurde eine Korrosionsanlage aufgebaut, welche die Simulation der Kraftwerksbedingungen Temperatur, Druck und Gaszusammensetzung und -geschwindigkeit erlaubt. Die experimentell bestimmten Korrosionsraten sind oberhalb von 575 C vergleichbar mit denen in Wasserdampf. Unterhalb von 575 C werden hoehere Korrosionsraten in H2O-CO2- Atmosphaeren beobachtet als in Wasserdampf, was als Folge der Fixierung des Chroms durch den waehrend des Korrosionsprozesses gebildeten

Control of SO2 and NOx emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants: Research and practice of TPRI

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ming-Chuan Zhang.

1993-01-01

The generation of electric power in China has been dominated by coal for many years. By the end of 1990, total installed generating capacity reached 135 GW, of which fossil fuel-fired plants accounted for 74 percent. The total electricity generated reached 615 TWh, with fossil fuels accounting for 80.5 percent. About 276 million tons of raw coal are consumed in these fossil fuel-burning units per year, accounting for about 25 percent of the total output of the country. According to the government, by the year 2000, the total installed capacity of Chinese power systems should be at least 240 GW, of which fossil fuels will account for about 77 percent. The coal required for power generation will increase to about 530 million tons per year, accounting for about 38 percent of the total coal output. So, it is obvious that coal consumed in coal-fired power plants occupies a very important place in the national fuel balance. The current environmental protection standards, which are based on ground-level concentrations of pollutants, do not effectively lead to the control of pollution emission concentrations or total SO 2 emissions. Due to the practical limitations of the Chinese economy, there is a limited capability to introduce advanced sulfur emission control technologies. Thus, except for the two 360 MW units imported from Japan for the Luohuang Power Plant in Shichuan province, all the other fossil fuel-fired units have not yet adopted any kind of SO 2 removal measures. The Luohuang units are equipped with Mitsubishi limestone flue gas desulfurization systems. Because of the lack of effective pollution control technologies, large areas of the country have been seriously polluted by SO 2 , and some of them even by acid rain

Logfile-Analysen: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen ihrer Nutzung bei Untersuchungen zur Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Burkhard Priemer

2004-06-01

Full Text Available Die Aufzeichnung der Computernutzung in automatisch generierten elektronischen Protokollen – so genannten Logfiles – entwickelt sich zu einer zunehmend genutzten Erfassungsmethode bei Untersuchungen der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Computer. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen einführenden Überblick über Verfahren der Logfile-Aufzeichnung und der Analyse der Daten. Neben einer Erläuterung der Begrifflichkeiten werden sowohl Vor- und Nachteile von Logfile-Auswertungen als auch grundlegende Methoden, mathematische Beschreibungen des Nutzerverhaltens und Ansätze der Typisierung von Nutzeraktivitäten dargestellt.

Zoophilie in Zoologie und Roman: Sex und Liebe zwischen Mensch und Tier bei Plutarch, Plinius dem Älteren, Aelian und Apuleius

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Judith Hindermann

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Die Bedeutung von Zoophilie in der antiken Literatur wurde bislang – mit Ausnahme des Mythos – kaum untersucht. Überblickt man die überlieferten literarischen Texte, fällt auf, dass Zoophilie ausserhalb des Mythos vor allem in zwei literarischen Gattungen auftritt : Einerseits in den zoologischen Schriften von Plutarch, Plinius dem Älteren und Aelian, andererseits im antiken Roman, d.h. in den Metamorphosen des Apuleius und im pseudo-lukianischen Onos. In diesem Beitrag soll untersucht werden, welche Funktion Zoophilie in den beiden literarischen Gattungen hat und wie die Autoren die sexuelle Praktik bewerten, die weder nach griechischem noch römischen Recht strafbar war. Da Vorstellungen über Tiere eng mit Gender und Geschlechterhierarchien verbunden sind, soll insbesondere die Frage berücksichtigt werden, inwiefern männliche und weibliche Verhaltens- und Rollenzuschreibungen bei der Darstellung zoophiler Akte wirksam werden.

Die biene und ihre produkte in der kunst und im alltagsleben (Fruhchristliche und byzantinische Zeit

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Liveri Angeliki

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in zwei Teile geteilt: den kunst- und kulturhistorischen Teil. Im ersten Teil werden Darstellungen uber Bienen Bienenzucht, Honig und Wachs seit der fruhchristlichen bis zur spatbyzantinischen Zeit vorgefuhrt. Daher ist es als Beitrag in der "Ikonographie" der Biene wahrend dieser Zeit zu verstehen. Im kulturhistorischen Teil werden Informationen uber die Bienenzucht, den Handel mit Honig und Wachs sowie ihre vielfaltige Anwendung von der byzantinischen Gesellschaft an Hand der primaren Quellen, des Standes der Forschung und der archaologischen Funden erwahnt. Damit ist erwunscht ein moglichst gutes Bild der byzantinischen Bienenzucht wieder zu geben und die Nutzung der Bienenprodukte in Byzanz anschaulich zu machen.

Vom Stabilitäts- und Wachstumsgesetz zum Wohlstands- und Nachhaltigkeitsgesetz

OpenAIRE

Koll, Willi

2016-01-01

Das Stabilitäts- und Wachstumsgesetz wird bald 50 Jahre alt. Neue Herausforderungen erfordern eine Wirtschaftspolitik, die weit über die Ziele des Gesetzes hinausweist. Sie muss wirtschaftliches Wachstum und Stabilität mit den Zielen fiskalischer, sozialer und ökologischer Nachhaltigkeit auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene verbinden. Der Autor gibt einen Über blick über solche umfassenden Zielsysteme und leitet daraus ab, wie eine derart erweiterte wirtschaftspolitische Agenda in ein Wohlst...

Nighttime NOx Chemistry in Coal-Fired Power Plant Plumes

Science.gov (United States)

Fibiger, D. L.; McDuffie, E. E.; Dube, W. P.; Veres, P. R.; Lopez-Hilfiker, F.; Lee, B. H.; Green, J. R.; Fiddler, M. N.; Ebben, C. J.; Sparks, T.; Weinheimer, A. J.; Montzka, D.; Campos, T. L.; Cohen, R. C.; Bililign, S.; Holloway, J. S.; Thornton, J. A.; Brown, S. S.

2015-12-01

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. During the day, they catalyze ozone (O3) production, while at night they can react to form nitric acid (HNO3) and nitryl chloride (ClNO2) and remove O3 from the atmosphere. These processes are well studied in the summer, but winter measurements are more limited. Coal-fired power plants are a major source of NOx to the atmosphere, making up approximately 30% of emissions in the US (epa.gov). NOx emissions can vary seasonally, as well as plant-to-plant, with important impacts on the details of the plume chemistry. In particular, due to inefficient plume dispersion, nighttime NOx emissions from power plants are held in concentrated plumes, where rates of mixing with ambient O3 have a strong influence on plume evolution. We will show results from the aircraft-based WINTER campaign over the northeastern United States, where several nighttime intercepts of power plant plumes were made. Several of these intercepts show complete O3 titration, which can have a large influence on NOx lifetime, and thus O3 production, in the plume. When power plant NO emissions exceed background O3 levels, O3 is completely consumed converting NO to NO2. In the presence of O3, NO2 will be oxidized to NO3, which will then react with NO2 to form N2O5, which can then form HNO3 and/or ClNO2 and, ultimately, remove NOx from the atmosphere or provide next-day oxidant sources. If there is no O3 present, however, no further chemistry can occur and NO and NO2 will be transported until mixing with sufficient O3 for higher oxidation products. Modeling results of plume development and mixing, which can tell us more about this transport, will also be presented.

Application of molecular biological methods in groundwater and drinking water analysis. Papers and discussions; Anwendung molekularbiologischer Verfahren in der Grund- und Trinkwasseranalytik. Textbeitraege und Diskussionsergebnisse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuhlmann, B.; Preuss, G. (eds.)

2000-07-01

Water management and water supply make demands on microbiology which so far were difficult to meet. However, new molecular-biological methods were developed by ecologically oriented scientists which open up new options in groundwater and freshwater analysis. [German] Aus dem Bereich der Wasserwirtschaft und -versorgung werden vermehrt Anforderungen und Fragen an die Mikrobiologie gestellt, die bisher aufgrund der eingeschraenkten methodischen Moeglichkeiten nur unzureichend beantwortet werden konnten. In unterschiedlichen, meist oekologisch orientierten Forschungsbereichen wurden jedoch neue, im Wesentlichen molekularbiologische Methoden entwickelt, die auch in Hinblick auf die mikrobiologische Untersuchung des Grund- und Trinkwassers neue Perspektiven eroeffneten. (orig.)

Sich selbst und den anderen aus einer asymmetrischen Position verstehen – Die Kunst der Unterscheidung

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marek Čikel

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Sich selbst und den Anderen zu kennen setzt immer eine asymmetrische Position voraus. Die Person ist darauf gestellt, diese Leistung aus einer Position durchzuführen, die keine klare Orientierung ermöglicht und unsere derzeitigen Dispositionen beträchtlich übersteigt. Dem Menschen wird schließlich immer so viel gezeigt, damit er weiß und sieht, aber nicht so klar, damit er auch versteht. Die Art und Weise, in welcher eine Person mit sich selbst, mit dem Zorn, der Frustration, den Leidenschaften, der Sprache umgeht, vermittelt Informationen über individuelle Regungen der Seele, über Bewältigungsmechanismen. Man kann sie für eine gewisse Hilfestellung der Sprache selbst halten. Aber das Verständnis dieser Hilfestellung und des Ratschlags nur im Verhältnis zu sich selbst wäre zu eng. Wir wollen oder bekommen oft Ratschläge, die andere betreffen, aber wir müssen sie „aus sich selbst“ lösen. Und gerade aus sich selbst sollen wir fragen und sprechen. Im Augenblick, wenn diese Tiefe des Sprechens und Hörens erreicht wird, eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit, mit sich selbst und mit dem Anderen zu sein. Es ist jedoch zugleich ein Augenblick des Kampfes, der sich am Hintergrund des Gehörten konstituiert, das am Anfang oft als etwas Unverständliches erscheint oder das durch Vorstellungen und Schmerzen gestört wird. Die Antwort auf diesen Kampf ist die Kunst der Unterscheidung.

Ships going slow in reducing their NOx emissions

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Boersma, K.F.; Vinken, G.C.M.; Tournadre, J.

2015-01-01

Weaddress the lack of temporal information on ship emissions, and report on rapid short-term variations of satellite-derived shipNOx emissions between 2005 and 2012 over European seas. Our inversion is based onOMI observed troposphericNO2 columns and GEOS-Chem simulations. Average European shipNOx

Plasma and catalyst for the oxidation of NOx

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jögi, I.; Erme, K.; Levoll, E.

2017-01-01

The removal of NOx from the exhaust gases requires the oxidation of most abundant NO to NO2 or N2O5. The oxidation can be done by non-thermal plasma but the efficiency is limited due to the back-reaction of NO2 to NO by O radicals. Present contribution investigates the role of catalysts in the im......The removal of NOx from the exhaust gases requires the oxidation of most abundant NO to NO2 or N2O5. The oxidation can be done by non-thermal plasma but the efficiency is limited due to the back-reaction of NO2 to NO by O radicals. Present contribution investigates the role of catalysts...... in the improvement of oxidation efficiency based on the stationary and time-dependent studies of the NOx oxidation at different reactor configurations and experimental conditions. The plasma produced active oxygen species (O, O3) were shown to play an important role in the reactions taking place on the catalyst...... surfaces while the exact mechanism and extent of the effect depended on the reactor configuration. The effect of catalyst at different experimental conditions was quantitatively described with the aid of analytical lumped kinetic models derived for the NOx oxidation when the catalyst was directly...

Nox regulation of smooth muscle contraction

OpenAIRE

Ritsick, Darren R.; Edens, William A.; Finnerty, Victoria; Lambeth, J. David

2007-01-01

The catalytic subunit, gp91phox (a.k.a., Nox2) of the NADPH-oxidase of mammalian phagocytes is activated by microbes and immune mediators to produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which participate in microbial killing. Homologs of gp91phox, the Nox and Duox enzymes, were recently described in a range of organisms, including plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster. While their enzymology and cell biology is being extensively studied in many labor...

Altautoverwertung zwischen Staat und Markt: Bedingungen und Potentiale zur Modernisierung von Lagerhaltung und Marketing gebrauchter Autoteile

OpenAIRE

Lucas, Rainer

2000-01-01

Das Arbeitspapier diskutiert vor dem Hintergrund veränderter gesetzlicher Rahmen-und Wettbewerbsbedingungen in der Autoverwertung Ziele und Maßnahmen zurStärkung kleiner und mittelständischer Verwertungsbetriebe. Der Bereich GebrauchteAutoteile wird im Rahmen eines regionalen Fallbeispiels einer tiefergehenden Analyseunterzogen. Hieraus werden Vorschläge zur regionalen Netzwerkbildung innerhalb derBranche und neue Dienstleistungsperspektiven abgeleitet. Ein wesentliches Koope-rationsfeld ist ...

TMEM16A Contributes to Endothelial Dysfunction by Facilitating Nox2 NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Hypertension.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Ming-Ming; Gao, Min; Guo, Kai-Min; Wang, Mi; Li, Xiang-Yu; Zeng, Xue-Lin; Sun, Lu; Lv, Xiao-Fei; Du, Yan-Hua; Wang, Guan-Lei; Zhou, Jia-Guo; Guan, Yong-Yuan

2017-05-01

Ca 2+ -activated Cl - channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes. However, the role of TMEM16A in vascular endothelial dysfunction during hypertension is unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific involvement of TMEM16A in regulating endothelial function and blood pressure and the underlying mechanism. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, confocal imaging, patch-clamp recordings, and TMEM16A endothelial-specific transgenic and knockout mice were used. We found that TMEM16A was expressed abundantly and functioned as a Ca 2+ -activated Cl - channel in endothelial cells. Angiotensin II induced endothelial dysfunction with an increase in TMEM16A expression. The knockout of endothelial-specific TMEM16A significantly lowered the blood pressure and ameliorated endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-induced hypertension, whereas the overexpression of endothelial-specific TMEM16A resulted in the opposite effects. These results were related to the increased reactive oxygen species production, Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase activation, and Nox2 and p22phox protein expression that were facilitated by TMEM16A on angiotensin II-induced hypertensive challenge. Moreover, TMEM16A directly bound with Nox2 and reduced the degradation of Nox2 through the proteasome-dependent degradation pathway. Therefore, TMEM16A is a positive regulator of endothelial reactive oxygen species generation via Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase, which induces endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Modification of TMEM16A may be a novel therapeutic strategy for endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases. © 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.

Experiment und Wissensvermittlung. Alexander von Humboldts Darstellungsmethoden in seinen Versuchen über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alexander Stöger

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Zusammenfassung Alexander von Humboldt hat sich in jungen Jahren mit galvanischen Experimenten beschäftigt und die Resultate in einem umfassenden, zweibändigen Werk publiziert. Dabei zeigte er nicht nur, dass er als Experimentator und Teil der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft fähig war, sich mit einem so neuen und komplexen Phänomen zu beschäftigen. Es lässt sich auch erkennen, dass er bereits in dieser frühen Schrift versuchte, das umfangreiche Wissen dem Leser zugänglich zu machen. Der Artikel betrachtet Humboldts Galvanismusschrift Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser (1797–1798 und untersucht einige Elemente wie Anhänge und Schreibstil, die Humboldt nutzte, um die umfangreichen Informationen zu ordnen und dem Leser so neben den Big Data seiner Erkenntnisse auch passende Suchfunktionen zur Verfügung zu stellen, die eine gezielte Nutzung überhaupt ermöglichen.  Abstract In the early stages of his scientific career, Alexander von Humboldt took an interest in experiments in galvanism. He publicised the results in a two-volume work under the title Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser (Experiments on the Stimulated Muscle and Nerve Fibre in 1797 and 1798. In this treatise, he presented himself as competent experimenter and member of the scientific community, but also demonstrated that he was capable of researching new and complex phenomena. These volumes also provide insight into his early attempts to facilitate the readers’ access to the extensive information he had compiled. This article analyses some aspects of Humboldt’s efforts to arrange his vast numbers of observations and theories, for example by means of appendices and narrative style, which he used not only to present the resulting big data collected during his research, but also to make it possible for the reader to organise and utilise this data.   Resumen A temprana edad Alexander von Humboldt se dedicó a galvanismo. En 1797 y 1798

Mobility at any cost? Necessity and limits. Part 2; Mobilitaet um jeden Preis? Notwendigkeit und Grenzen. T. 2

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haury, H J; Assmann, G; Froese, B; Jahn, T [comps.

1996-08-01

Mobility and progress have caused depletion of resources, air pollution, noise and stress resulting from increasing traffic. Ecological and health effects impose limits on mobility. Solutions are offered by intelligent traffic concepts (task sharing between transportation systems, logistics and telecommunication, sustainable mobility, environment-friendly transportation systems and measures for traffic reduction) and, best of all, by preventing traffic. This, however, necessitates a new concept of mobility. (GL) [Deutsch] Mobilitaet und Fortschritt fuehren in die Sackgasse: Resourcenverbrauch, Luftverschmutzung, Laerm und Stress erfolgen durch wachsendes Verkehrsaufkommen. Oekologische Folgen und gesundheitliche Auswirkungen setzen dem Mobilitaetsbeduerfnis deutliche Grenzen. Loesungsansaetze fuer umwelt- und gesundheitsvertraegliche Verkehrsentwicklung sind intelligente Verkehrskonzepte (Aufgabenverteilung zwischen den Verkehrsmitteln, Logistik und Telekommunikation, sustainable Mobility, Einsatz umweltfreundlicher Verkehrsmittel und umweltbezogene Massnahmen zur Verkehrsreduktion) und als wichtigste Groesse die Verkehrsvermeidung. Dafuer bedarf es in unserer Gesellschaft ein neues Verstaendnis von Mobilitaet.(GL)

Properties and behaviour of SO{sub 2} adsorbents for CFBC

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Smith, I.M.

2007-11-15

Sulphur capture in FBC boilers usually relies on addition of limestone, which is not used efficiently. Limestones with lower sulphation capacities are undesirable because they increase the raw materials and the residues requiring management. This increases operating costs and CO{sub 2} emissions. It is preferable to use less limestone or shells instead. The performance of adsorbents varies widely and depends mainly on their morphology and microstructure rather than on their chemical properties. Adsorption mechanisms are investigated. Fragmentation and attrition are important during calcination. Sulphation is affected by boiler size, configuration, operating conditions, oxidising and reducing zones, reactions with compounds in coal ash, and attrition. Preparation and handling of limestone at the plant is examined and care has to be taken to avoid moisture in all systems. Recently designed plants achieve an SO{sub 2} capture efficiency at or over 95% with addition of adsorbent at a Ca:S molar ratio of 2-2.5 depending on the sulphur content of the fuel and the reactivity of the adsorbent. Various methods of enhancing SO{sub 2} capture are reviewed. Sorbent reactivation by pressurised steam hydration or grinding/hydration appear to be most promising but are not yet used on full-scale CFBC. Fuels and operating conditions affect emissions control and the production of residues. The adsorbent requirement may be reduced by cofiring with low sulphur high calcium fuels and by optimising the furnace temperature for different fuels. The effect of sulphur capture on other emissions ie examined. NOx and N{sub 2}O emissions may be reduced by choice of fuels and adsorbent. An increase in CO{sub 2} emissions results from minimising use of limestone or by carbonization/calcination to capture CO{sub 2} before sulphation. 110 refs., 11 figs., 10 tab.

Marktkonstitution und Regulierung der unabhängigen Film- und Fernsehproduktion : Staat, Verbände und Gewerkschaften im deutsch-britischen Vergleich

OpenAIRE

Elbing, Sabine; Voelzkow, Helmut

2006-01-01

"In einem internationalen Vergleich von Deutschland und Großbritannien wird untersucht, welche Beiträge die staatliche Politik und die Wirtschafts- und Sozialpartner (Wirtschafts- und Arbeitgeberverbände sowie Gewerkschaften) zur Förderung der unabhängigen Film- und Fernsehproduktion leisten. Es wird gezeigt, dass die britische Medienpolitik die Position der unabhängigen Film- und Fernsehproduktion gegenüber den Fernsehsendern gestärkt hat. In Deutschland hat die Medienpolitik darauf verzicht...

On-road assessment of light duty vehicles in Delhi city: Emission factors of CO, CO2 and NOX

Science.gov (United States)

Jaiprakash; Habib, Gazala

2018-02-01

This study presents the technology based emission factors of gaseous pollutants (CO, CO2, and NOX) measured during on-road operation of nine passenger cars of diesel, gasoline, and compressed natural gas (CNG). The emissions from two 3-wheelers, and three 2-wheelers were measured by putting the vehicles on jacks and operating them according to Modified Indian Driving Cycle (MIDC) at no load condition. The emission factors observed in the present work were significantly higher than values reported from dynamometer study by Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI). Low CO (0.34 ± 0.08 g km-1) and high NOX (1.0 ± 0.4 g km-1) emission factors were observed for diesel passenger cars, oppositely high CO (2.2 ± 2.6 g km-1) and low NOX (1.0 ± 1.6 g km-1) emission factors were seen for gasoline powered cars. The after-treatment technology in diesel vehicles was effective in CO reduction. While the use of turbocharger in diesel vehicles to generate high combustion temperature and pressure produces more NOx, probably which may not be effectively controlled by after-treatment device. The after-treatment devices in gasoline powered Post-2010, Post-2005 vehicles can be acclaimed for reduced CO emissions compared to Post-2000 vehicles. This work presents a limited data set of emission factors from on-road operations of light duty vehicles, this limitation can be improved by further measurements of emissions from similar vehicles.

Investigating SO3 Formation from the Combustion of Heavy Fuel Oil in a Four-Stroke Medium Speed Test Engine

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Cordtz, Rasmus Lage; Schramm, Jesper; Rabe, Rom

2013-01-01

conversion and indirect detection via light absorption in a photometer. Present results show that SO3 formation is favored by elevated pressure histories, premixed combustion, and reduced speeds. The fraction of fuel sulfur converted to SO3 is measured to be on the order of 0.5%−2.4%, corresponding to 4......The validation of detailed models, in terms of SO3 formation in large marine engines operating on sulfur-containing heavy fuel oils (HFOs), relies on experimental work. The requisite is addressed in the present work, where SO3 is measured in the exhaust gas of an 80 kW medium-speed single......−14 ppmv. SO3 and NOx are not comparable, according to thermodynamic considerations, yet both species involve the radical pool and are studied in parallel. Resulting emissions of SO3 and NOx in the exhaust gas follow a comparable trend throughout the experiments....

Funktionalisierung von Nanodiamanten für Wirkstofftransport und Knochenersatzmaterialien

OpenAIRE

Waag, Thilo

2013-01-01

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist das Design, die Synthese und das anschließende Testen von Nanodiamant-Wirkstoff-Konjugaten. Dafür müssen zunächst Nanodiamanten mit geeigneten Linkersystemen funktionalisiert werden, um anschließend verschiedene pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe auf der Diamantoberfläche zu immobilisieren. Die Wirksamkeit der so angebundenen Inhibitoren auf die verschiedenen Erreger muss anschließend in vitro und in vivo getestet werden. Auch die Art der Aufnahme der Nanodiaman...

Optimierung von Elektrophorese- und Blottingtechnik der vWF-Multimeranalyse

OpenAIRE

Thiel, Christopher

2010-01-01

Die vWF-Multimeranalyse ist in ihrem Ablauf eine sehr komplexe, arbeitsaufwendige und störungsanfällige Methode zur Diagnostik eines VWS. So war es in der Vergangenheit schwierig, einen streng horizontalen Lauf der Plasmen während der Elektrophorese sicherzustellen. Es kam oftmals, vermutlich durch Leitfähigkeitsunterschiede, zu einem Aufstieg und Übertritt der Plasmen in den darüberliegenden Elektrodenpuffer. Ausserdem war es notwendig vor dem Blotten einen exakten Kontakt zwischen Agarosege...

Geraniol improves endothelial function by inhibiting NOX-2 derived oxidative stress in high fat diet fed mice

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, Xiaoyu; Zhao, Shiqi; Su, Mengqi; Sun, Li; Zhang, Song; Wang, Dingyu; Liu, Zhaorui; Yuan, Yue; Liu, Yang; Li, Yue

2016-01-01

Endothelial dysfunction occurs in obese patients and high-fat diet (HFD) fed experimental animals. While geraniol has been reported to ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, and improve atherosclerosis, its direct effect on endothelial function remains uncharacterized. The present study therefore investigated the effect of geraniol on endothelial function in HFD mice and its underlying mechanisms. C57 BL/6 mice were fed an HFD (n = 40) or a normal diet (n = 20) for 8 weeks. HFD fed mice then were randomized to intraperitoneal treatment with geraniol (n = 20) or vehicle (n = 20) for another 6 weeks. Acetylcholine (Ach)-induced endothelial dependent vasorelaxation was measured on wire myography; reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was assessed by fluorescence imaging, and NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and adhesive molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 protein expression by western blotting. Geraniol improved endothelial function in HFD fed mice, as evidenced by its: 1. restoring endothelial dependent vasorelaxation induced by Ach, and reversing increased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression; 2. attenuating HFD induced increased serum TBARS and aortic ROS generation; and 3. downregulating aortic NOX-2 expression in both HFD fed mice and in palmitic acid treated endothelial cells. Geraniol therefore protects against endothelial dysfunction induced by HFD through reducing NOX-2 associated ROS generation. -- Highlights: •Geraniol improved endothelial dependent relaxation in high fat diet fed mice. •Geraniol alleviated vascular injury in high fat diet fed mice. •Geraniol inhibited ROS generation through downregulating NOX-2 expression.