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Sample records for northern bahr-el-ghazal state

  1. MSF treats highest number of malaria patients in years in parts of ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    to late September 2015, spikes of malaria in MSF projects in Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Warrap State and the Abyei. Special Administrative Area have continued, and ... to nearly double the number of severe malaria patients as last year. In the Yida refugee camp in northern Unity. State, MSF provided hospital care to over 60 ...

  2. Reliability of the Anthropometric Indicators of Acute Malnutrition in Pastoralist Populations: Secondary Analysis of a Recent Survey in Bahr-El-Ghazal, Chad

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Guesdon, Benjamin; Camara, Facely; Ait Aissa, Myriam

    2014-01-01

    Full text: A cross-sectional survey conducted by ACF among the Gorane pastoralist population of the north Bahr-El-Ghazal region, Chad, in April 2013, confirmed the existence of a massive difference in the diagnosis of acute malnutrition according to Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and Weight-for-Height Z-score (WHZ), with WHZ returning much larger estimates of acute malnutrition than MUAC. While both indicators are recommended proxies to identify 6 to 59 months old children suffering from non-oedematous acute malnutrition, a previously formulated hypothesis is that WHZ overestimates the diagnosis of acute malnutrition among pastoralist children because of their assumed slender morphology. An alternative hypothesis is that MUAC underestimates acute malnutrition in the older, male, and non-stunted children. We aimed at testing these hypotheses, as well as evaluating if MUAC could be considered as a suitable stand-alone criterion in this context. Besides anthropometric measurements (including sitting height), statements of the caretaker regarding child’s morbidity, loss of weight and lack of food intake has been collected. We first assessed the association between risk factors such as age, sex, stunting and proportion of legs in total body size, and MUAC- or WHZ-based diagnoses. We then described the cases of moderate or severe acute malnutrition diagnosed by WHZ but not by MUAC in terms of slender morphology (high height-for-age and/or long legs compared to the trunk) and vulnerability (anthropometric deficits and caretaker’s anamnesis). Finally, we defined alternative indicators of acute malnutrition by combining subjective statements of the caretaker and anthropometric deficits (underweight without stunting). We assessed if MUAC diagnosis was, more than WHZ, associated with these indicators, first through sensitivity and specificity calculations, then through logistic regression. Analyses were further stratified by legs proportion. Having a high proportion

  3. A Study of the Meters of Bidel Dehlavi\\'s Ghazals(Sonnets and their Comparison with the Meters of Ghazals(Sonnets in Persian and Indian-Style Ghazals(Sonnets

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mahdi Kamali

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available Abstract  Bidel Dehlavi ( 1644 A.D./1054 A.H.-1721 A.D./1133 A.H . was one of the most famous Persian poets of India and the greatest poet in Indian branch of a style well-known as Sabk-e Hendi (Indian Style. However, his poems have not sufficiently been studied in Iran .   Meter is one of the basic elements and most effective one in poetry. Therefore, examining the quality of its meter could be one of the basic steps in interpreting and evaluating a poem.   Most of Bidel-readers and Bidel-scholars consider his ghazals as the most valuable product of his wit. Furthermore, according to its history and lyrical nature, ghazal pattern has a closer connection with music and the function of meter in ghazal form is more prominent than that of the others. For this reason, in the present study, first the meters of this poet's ghazals have been introduced and then they are compared with current meters of Persian ghazal and those of the eleventh ( A.H . century. Finally, the metrical features of his ghazals are determined as follows:  Bidel composed 2858 ghazals in 32 different meters, six of which were the most frequent ones in all Persian ghazals and in the eleventh ( A.H . century. In this way, Bidel, whose poems are famous because of their different and unusual quality, significantly conforms four fifth of his ghazals to the standard and thus they are considered "ordinary". But one can see some creativity and experimentation in the meters which are relatively less frequent meters: among the five less frequent meters in Persian poetry, Bidel composed from 1 to 56 ghazals in those meters and 4 ghazals in one meter which, according to the current evidence, there was not such an example known in Persian classical poetry at all.

  4. Methods of Cinematic Narrative in Today’s Ghazal

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    Mohsen Mohammadi fesharaki

    2014-08-01

    entrance into Ghazal. To understand the lyric narrative and to achieve the artistic experience that makes it up, it is sufficient to trace the narrative. Although sometimes, knowing allusions and metaphors in Persian language makes most of the audiences enjoy poetry, but instead, loss of pleasure in understanding this lyric narrative is not due to ironic and metaphorical decoding.   3- Narrative in lyric helps Ghazal to consider details instead of general and diverse subjects, and u sing this purposeful ordering of the details, it goes to the state of general issues. Since the details of each poet’s mind are different, this consideration makes a distinction in today's Ghazals.  4- Considering limitations of rhyme and rows that tie poet's hands and feet, addressing narrative in a closed form such as Ghazal is not an easy task so sometimes pursuing a narrative will force the poet to neglect rhyme or rows and make changes in the structure of Ghazal.   5- Entrance of words, new combinations and non-poetic terms into Ghazal is another consequence of becoming Ghazal a narrative.  6-The language of Ghazal went towards spoken language so that some lines of poetry accorded exactly with syntax and nature of people's everyday conversations.  Poetic narrative and fictional narrative  Narrative is an essential requirement of the story, but it has option to accept or reject the narrative poem. Poetic narrative is not as naked as fictional narrative. Entrance of narrative in poem not only creates a harmonious narrative, but also assists the creation of imagination and poetic speech. Therefore the poet is not bounded by a specific point of view, and doesn't need to persue the logic of the story.  In poetry, the word has all of its features and capabilities, and a good poet is someone who knows the value of words and makes use of all its functions, but because the storywriter has not such al limitation on the structure, he doesn’t have to notice all capacities of the word. One

  5. The Coherent Structure of Hafez's Ghazals (Sonnets

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    Dr. Teimour Malmir

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Hafez's poetry, despite its structural coherence, appears to be incoherent and fragmented. Some opponents, then, based on this surface appearance have criticized Hafez since each line of his ghazals contains an independent point; some have also used this quality as a pretext to invalidate his main themes; or they have separated the lines to diminish and neutralize the stinging bitterness of his critical comments. However, today, regardless of such controversial views, this independence of the lines has been considered as Hafez's craft and art. The present article, after discussing the roots of emergence of such diverse criticism, has dealt with the vital structural coherence of Hafez' ghazals interpretively posing one example from each of his mystic, witty love ghazals and clarifying the co-relationship among those lines.

  6. Morphology of Ghazals of Attar’s Poetical Works

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    Ali Garavand

    2014-08-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Mathnavi (Couplet has been used constantly by poets to express detailed subjects including narratives and stories whereas Ghazal (Ode has been used to express general and internal emotions briefly. But many poets has used Ghazal (Ode and qasideh for telling tales and narratives at the beginning of Persian literature formation. Attar Neishaboori is the first poet that has used Ghazal (Ode for telling tales effectively. These tales are actually the reflection of his mental states and his spiritual observations. Attar is Roomi’s predecessor in storytelling. The number of stories in his poems (Ghazals is more than Roomi’s as well. Attar’s Poetical works consists of 872 Ghazals in which there are 62 stories (about more than each 14 Ghazals one story which in comparison to Roomi's Ghazal iat is a higher percentage (91 stories in 3200 Ghazals meaning each 36 Ghazals one story but their structure and fundamental elements are rather simpler and less artistically complicated than Roomi’s.  In this paper we are going to find out if there is a single story structure in Attar’s Ghazal iyat in order to have a general judgment about Attar’s storytelling in Ghazal iat. Are the chain of acts in the stories are following a special template? To which part in Attar’s system of thought these templates are guiding us?  Methods of research are descriptive and analytical Of course the reliance of morphologic and structuralistic analysis is on description of the phenomena in order to reach general judgments about the subjects of the researches. To accomplish this, the outer layer is removed to get to the skeleton and the so-called general plan of the work this makes this kind of researches look rather descriptive.  In this paper the method of analyzing the stories are mostly similar to Vladimir Propp’s style in The morphology of Russian fairy tales. In addition to keeping on Propp’s style, it has been tried to use the styles of another

  7. Methods of Cinematic Narrative in Today’s Ghazal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mohsen Mohammadi fesharaki

    2014-07-01

    -Translatability is the other results of narrative entrance into Ghazal. To understand the lyric narrative and to achieve the artistic experience that makes it up, it is sufficient to trace the narrative. Although sometimes, knowing allusions and metaphors in Persian language makes most of the audiences enjoy poetry, but instead, loss of pleasure in understanding this lyric narrative is not due to ironic and metaphorical decoding.   3- Narrative in lyric helps Ghazal to consider details instead of general and diverse subjects, and u sing this purposeful ordering of the details, it goes to the state of general issues. Since the details of each poet’s mind are different, this consideration makes a distinction in today's Ghazals.  4- Considering limitations of rhyme and rows that tie poet's hands and feet, addressing narrative in a closed form such as Ghazal is not an easy task so sometimes pursuing a narrative will force the poet to neglect rhyme or rows and make changes in the structure of Ghazal.   5- Entrance of words, new combinations and non-poetic terms into Ghazal is another consequence of becoming Ghazal a narrative.  6-The language of Ghazal went towards spoken language so that some lines of poetry accorded exactly with syntax and nature of people's everyday conversations.  Poetic narrative and fictional narrative  Narrative is an essential requirement of the story, but it has option to accept or reject the narrative poem. Poetic narrative is not as naked as fictional narrative. Entrance of narrative in poem not only creates a harmonious narrative, but also assists the creation of imagination and poetic speech. Therefore the poet is not bounded by a specific point of view, and doesn't need to persue the logic of the story.  In poetry, the word has all of its features and capabilities, and a good poet is someone who knows the value of words and makes use of all its functions, but because the storywriter has not such al limitation on the

  8. Morphology of Ghazals of Attar’s Poetical Works

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ali Garavand

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available     Abstract Mathnavi (Couplet has been used constantly by poets to express detailed subjects including narratives and stories whereas Ghazal (Ode has been used to express general and internal emotions briefly. But many poets has used Ghazal (Ode and qasideh for telling tales and narratives at the beginning of Persian literature formation. Attar Neishaboori is the first poet that has used Ghazal (Ode for telling tales effectively. These tales are actually the reflection of his mental states and his spiritual observations. Attar is Roomi’s predecessor in storytelling. The number of stories in his poems (Ghazals is more than Roomi’s as well. Attar’s Poetical works consists of 872 Ghazals in which there are 62 stories (about more than each 14 Ghazals one story which in comparison to Roomi's Ghazal iat is a higher percentage (91 stories in 3200 Ghazals meaning each 36 Ghazals one story but their structure and fundamental elements are rather simpler and less artistically complicated than Roomi’s.  In this paper we are going to find out if there is a single story structure in Attar’s Ghazal iyat in order to have a general judgment about Attar’s storytelling in Ghazal iat. Are the chain of acts in the stories are following a special template? To which part in Attar’s system of thought these templates are guiding us?  Methods of research are descriptive and analytical Of course the reliance of morphologic and structuralistic analysis is on description of the phenomena in order to reach general judgments about the subjects of the researches. To accomplish this, the outer layer is removed to get to the skeleton and the so-called general plan of the work this makes this kind of researches look rather descriptive.  In this paper the method of analyzing the stories are mostly similar to Vladimir Propp’s style in The morphology of Russian fairy tales. In addition to keeping on Propp’s style, it

  9. A study on the mutual relationship between Sa’di’s ghazals and Iranian vocal music

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    Zolfaghar Alami

    2016-06-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Persian poetry forms –at least since the time of Rudaki- have played a significant role in Iranian’s lyrical music. In most of Iranian songs since the time they were recorded on gramophones to day are seen pieces of sa’di’s ghazals. Sometimes it is so outstanding as if there has been no other means more suitable to the singer or player mood than sa’di’s ghazals. The question now is “why sa’di’s ghazals are deeply ingrained in Iranian music?” or “what feature in sa’di’s poetry has caused his ghazals to be favored in relating Iranian music?” It seems as if sa’di himself has composed his ghazals just for this purpose and he has been familiar with Persian present radif of music. Unlike poets such as Manouchehri, Rudaki, Farrokhi and … who have explicitly expressed they are singers and players, Sa’di has no claim in knowing music. So what is that which has made his poetry more suitable to Persian radif of music than that of those poets who claim are familiar with Iranian radif of music. The present paper emphasizing content analysis is an effort to answer the question. Based on the evidence found in sa’di’s works, there is no doubt that he took part in music gatherings as a listener and enjoyed benefited them and also was familiar with musical instruments and music terminology. What ever the music at the time of sa’di, it has been so far away from its present systematized (standardized trend (style, but this revolution is not in violation of the claim that Sheikh of Shiraz, sa’di, purposefully has used specific meters and rhythms in such a way that most of them despite their being Mozahaf are eloquent and suitable for music tonse. This has caused men of art to have a tendency towards using sa’di’s ghazals in todey’s radif of music. In fact, although there is a very wide gap between sa’di’s ghazal and our present music, concerning enjoying musical mysteries and elegance as well as poetry

  10. Nutrition and mortality assessment--southern Sudan, March 1993.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1993-04-30

    During the last 5 years of Sudan's decade-long civil war, increased fighting and food shortages in southern Sudan have led to displacement of large numbers of persons. In late 1992, the United Nations (UN), the government of Sudan, and factions of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army negotiated increased access for delivery of relief aid to civilians in southern Sudan. To assist in the targeting of food and other relief aid, CDC and the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance conducted rapid assessments of nutritional status (children aged Akon (Bahr el Ghazal) (Figure 1). This report summarizes findings of the assessments.

  11. Silent Speech A Reflection on the body language in Shams's ghazals

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    Mohammad Reza Hashemi

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Literature as a verbal medium containing human characters is full of non verbal signs such as body language. Use of this indicational language in the Shams's sonnets is considerable. Mowlavi in this work, mostly for preserving sanctum of character, specially Shams, has described his gestures in various position, utilizing of body language in symbolic way. So, taking care of them, one can understand the response of addresser into addressee and assess his place and sense into him on the basis of discourse approach.    This article consists of an introduction and three parts. Introduction and the part of problem statement involves defining the problem, questions, hypotheses and background of research. After introduction, the theoretical basis for research has been mentioned. In this section, we discussed non-verbal signs and body language, researchers’ ideas about the role of body language in literature and kinds of nonverbal signs. Then we spoke about methods of applying body language. For this purpose, non-verbal signs including a kind of visual, phonetic and symptoms related to the physical distance have been studied and then semantic range and frequency of repetition of each item have been determined. Main part of this article is dedicated to analyzing the data obtained from ghazals. At this stage of the research, studying the body language of Shams’s ghazals, different movements and the meaning of each, every effects related to the body language approach has been collected based on author’s linguistic talent. Then the list of gestures and their meanings, in terms of semiotics, has been prepared. It is to be said that due to the multiplicity of samples and the limitations of paper, just some examples of usage of body language in Mowlavi's verses has been analyzed. To learn more about that, readers can see final notes listed. In the next stage, by drawing a diagram, the frequencies of these signs used in the

  12. Silent Speech A Reflection on the body language in Shams\\'s ghazals

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mina Behnam

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Literature as a verbal medium containing human characters is full of non verbal signs such as body language. Use of this indicational language in the Shams's sonnets is considerable. Mowlavi in this work, mostly for preserving sanctum of character, specially Shams, has described his gestures in various position, utilizing of body language in symbolic way. So, taking care of them, one can understand the response of addresser into addressee and assess his place and sense into him on the basis of discourse approach.    This article consists of an introduction and three parts. Introduction and the part of problem statement involves defining the problem, questions, hypotheses and background of research. After introduction, the theoretical basis for research has been mentioned. In this section, we discussed non-verbal signs and body language, researchers’ ideas about the role of body language in literature and kinds of nonverbal signs. Then we spoke about methods of applying body language. For this purpose, non-verbal signs including a kind of visual, phonetic and symptoms related to the physical distance have been studied and then semantic range and frequency of repetition of each item have been determined. Main part of this article is dedicated to analyzing the data obtained from ghazals. At this stage of the research, studying the body language of Shams’s ghazals, different movements and the meaning of each, every effects related to the body language approach has been collected based on author’s linguistic talent. Then the list of gestures and their meanings, in terms of semiotics, has been prepared. It is to be said that due to the multiplicity of samples and the limitations of paper, just some examples of usage of body language in Mowlavi's verses has been analyzed. To learn more about that, readers can see final notes listed. In the next stage, by drawing a diagram, the frequencies of these signs used in the context and other

  13. Identifying uncertainty of the mean of some water quality variables along water quality monitoring network of Bahr El Baqar drain

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    Hussein G. Karaman

    2013-10-01

    Full Text Available Assigning objectives to the environmental monitoring network is the pillar of the design to these kinds of networks. Conflicting network objectives may affect the adequacy of the design in terms of sampling frequency and the spatial distribution of the monitoring stations which in turn affect the accuracy of the data and the information extracted. The first step in resolving this problem is to identify the uncertainty inherent in the network as the result of the vagueness of the design objective. Entropy has been utilized and adopted over the past decades to identify uncertainty in similar water data sets. Therefore it is used to identify the uncertainties inherent in the water quality monitoring network of Bahr El-Baqar drain located in the Eastern Delta. Toward investigating the applicability of the Entropy methodology, comprehensive analysis at the selected drain as well as their data sets is carried out. Furthermore, the uncertainty calculated by the entropy function will be presented by the means of the geographical information system to give the decision maker a global view to these uncertainties and to open the door to other researchers to find out innovative approaches to lower these uncertainties reaching optimal monitoring network in terms of the spatial distribution of the monitoring stations.

  14. “LOVE IS WAR” METAPHOR IN GHAZALS OF AFGHAN POET ‘ABD AL-HAMID MOHMAND (DIED APPROX.1732/33

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    Pischurnikova, E.P.

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available The article analyses the conceptual metaphor ‘love is war’ in the ghazals of ‘Abd al-Hamid Mohmand, an Afghan classical poet of the late 17th-early 18th century, and showcases its versatile manifestations. In poetic tradition this metaphor is utilized to map the source domain of ‘war’ to the sensual and non-empiric target domain of ‘love’, which means that the relationship between the lyric hero and his Beloved is conceptualized in terms of war or a battle. This conceptual pattern relies on associations to produce a myriad of metaphors where military and love concepts are amazingly intertwined. In Hamid's ghazals ‘love is war’ pattern would imply that it is the lyric hero who is suffering from love. His suffering is meticulously displayed by various situation metaphors. The investigation into the conceptual metaphor ‘love is war’ and its use in Hamid Mohmand's ghazals yields the conclusion that the poet did not develop this metaphoric pattern without any purpose. Jointly, numerous poetic images create Hamid Mohmand's impressive poetic landscape that emerges through metaphorical mapping of the source domain of ‘war’ to the target domain of ‘love’.

  15. An Investigation of Pun Translatability in English Translations of Sa'di's Ghazals Based on Delabastita's Proposed Model

    Science.gov (United States)

    Koochacki, Fahime

    2016-01-01

    The rich cultural connotations behind puns and the distinctive features of the puns' form, sound and meanings pose great challenges to the translator. Furthermore, given puns' non-negligible effects in Persian literary texts, it has been the aim of the present study to analyze and measure how puns in Sa'di's Ghazals have actually been treated in…

  16. What are the risk factors for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a war-affected population? a cross-sectional community study in South Sudan

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    Ayazi Touraj

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Limited data exists on the association of war trauma with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD-depression in the general population of low-income countries. The present study aimed to evaluate socioeconomic and trauma-related risk factors associated with PTSD, depression, and PTSD-depression comorbidity in the population of Greater Bahr el Ghazal States, South Sudan. Methods In this cross-sectional community study (n=1200 we applied the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ and MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI to investigate the prevalence of PTSD, depression, and PTSD-depression comorbidity. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between these disorders, previous trauma exposure, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic factors. Results PTSD only was found in 331 (28% and depression only in 75 (6.4% of the study population. One hundred and twelve (9.5% of the participants had PTSD-depression comorbid diagnosis. Exposure to traumatic events and socioeconomic disadvantage were significantly associated with having PTSD or PTSD-depression comorbidity but not with depression. Participants with a comorbid condition were more likely to be socioeconomic disadvantaged, have experienced more traumatic events, and showed higher level of psychological distress than participants with PTSD or depression alone. Conclusions In individuals exposed to war trauma, attention should be given to those who may fulfill criteria for a diagnosis of both PTSD and depression.

  17. La revolución llega a Bahréin

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    María Luisa Peñalva Vélez

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available Bahréin, pequeno país situado en un lugar estratégico en el Golfo pérsico por su proximidad con Irán y con Arabia Saudita; es protagonista; desde el 14 de febrero de 2011; de una revuelta parecida a las vividas por otros países como Egipto o Túnez. Sus particularidades geográficas; históricas (país bajo tutela británica hasta su efectiva independencia en 1971; políticas (desequilibrio en el reparto de poderes ; geoestratégicas (base de la quinta flota americana; sociodemográficas (mestizaje cultural debido al importante porcentage de población extranjera entre expertos; trabajadores cualificados y/o mano de obra de Europa; América y Asia; económicas (diversificación económica; religiosas (diversidad de cultos, etc. deben ser tenidas en cuenta a la hora de evaluar las causas; los objetivos y las posibles consecuencias de la revuelta de una mayoría chiíta gobernada por una minoría sunita. Este artículo pretende analizar los diferentes aspectos de esta crisis política, que es bien anterior a los acontecimientos del mes de febrero; y que sería reduccionista reducir a un puro enfrentamiento entre sunitas y chiítas. Al albor de los ultimos acontecimientos; y en especial debido al aumento gradual de la violencia ; cabe prever la existencia de una fractura social creada por estas divisiones promulgadas por líderes políticos y medios de comunicación y que probablemente ralentizará la instauración de reformas democráticas. Palabras clave: Bahrein, revoluciones del mundo árabe, petróleo, sunita, chiíta.___________________________Abstract:Bahrain, a small country considered as strategically located in the Persian Gulf due to its proximity to both Iran and Saudi Arabia, has been witnessing a revolt since 14 February 2011, similar to those which took place in Tunisia and Egypt. Bahrain’s particularities are numerous: geographical, historical (the country was under British protectorate until its independence in 1971

  18. Elemental analysis and plant samples at el-Manzala lake by neutron activation analysis technique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eissa, E A; Rofail, N B; Abdel-Haleem, A S; El-Abbady, W H; Hassan, A M [Arab Republic of Egypt, Atomic energy Authority, Reactor and Neutron Physiscs Department, Cairo (Egypt)

    1996-12-31

    A soil and a plant samples were taken from two locations, Bahr el-Bakar and Bahr Kados at the Manzala lake, where a high pollution is expected. The samples were especially treated and prepared for investigation by thermal neutron activation analysis (NAA). The irradiation facilities of the first egyptian research reactor (ET-R R-1) and the hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detection system were used for such a type of analysis. Among the 34 identified elements Fe, Co, As, Ru, Cd, Te, La, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hg, Th, and U are of a special significance because of their toxic deleterious impact to organisms. This work is a part of a research project concerning pollution studies on the river nile and some lakes of egypt. The data obtained in the present work stand as a reference basic record for any future follow up of the contamination level. 1 tab.

  19. Elemental analysis and plant samples at el-Manzala lake by neutron activation analysis technique

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Eissa, E.A.; Rofail, N.B.; Abdel-Haleem, A.S.; El-Abbady, W.H.; Hassan, A.M.

    1995-01-01

    A soil and a plant samples were taken from two locations, Bahr el-Bakar and Bahr Kados at the Manzala lake, where a high pollution is expected. The samples were especially treated and prepared for investigation by thermal neutron activation analysis (NAA). The irradiation facilities of the first egyptian research reactor (ET-R R-1) and the hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detection system were used for such a type of analysis. Among the 34 identified elements Fe, Co, As, Ru, Cd, Te, La, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hg, Th, and U are of a special significance because of their toxic deleterious impact to organisms. This work is a part of a research project concerning pollution studies on the river nile and some lakes of egypt. The data obtained in the present work stand as a reference basic record for any future follow up of the contamination level. 1 tab

  20. Elemental analysis of soil and plant samples at El-Manzala lake neutron activation analysis technique. Vol. 4

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eissa, E A; Rofail, N B; Hassan, A M [Reactor and Neutron Physics Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo (Egypt); Abd El-Haleem, A S [Radiactive Environment Pollution Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo (Egypt); El-Abbady, W H [Phsics Department, Faculty of Science , Al-Azhar University, (Egypt)

    1996-03-01

    Soil and plant samples were collected from from two locations, Bahr El-Baker, and Bahr kados at the manzala lake, where, where high pollution is expected. The samples were especially treated and prepared for investigation by thermal neutron activation analysis (NAA). The irradiation facilities of the first egyptian research reactor (ET-R R-1), and the hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detection system were used for analysis. Among the 34 identified Fe, Co, As, Cd, Te, La, Sm, Rb, Hg, Th, and U are of a special significance because of the their toxic deleterious impact on living organisms. This work is part of a research project concerning pollution studies on the river Nile and some lakes of egypt. The data obtained in the present work stands as a reference basic record for any future follow up of contamination level. 1 tab.

  1. Elemental analysis of soil and plant samples at El-Manzala lake neutron activation analysis technique. Vol. 4

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Eissa, E.A.; Rofail, N.B.; Hassan, A.M.; Abd El-Haleem, A.S.; El-Abbady, W.H.

    1996-01-01

    Soil and plant samples were collected from from two locations, Bahr El-Baker, and Bahr kados at the manzala lake, where, where high pollution is expected. The samples were especially treated and prepared for investigation by thermal neutron activation analysis (NAA). The irradiation facilities of the first egyptian research reactor (ET-R R-1), and the hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detection system were used for analysis. Among the 34 identified Fe, Co, As, Cd, Te, La, Sm, Rb, Hg, Th, and U are of a special significance because of the their toxic deleterious impact on living organisms. This work is part of a research project concerning pollution studies on the river Nile and some lakes of egypt. The data obtained in the present work stands as a reference basic record for any future follow up of contamination level. 1 tab

  2. Origin of a Tertiary oil from El Mahafir wildcat & geochemical correlation to some Muglad source rocks, Muglad basin, Sudan

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fadul Abul Gebbayin, Omer. I. M.; Zhong, Ningning; Ali Ibrahim, Gulfan; Ali Alzain, Mohamed

    2018-01-01

    Source rock screening analysis was performed on four stratigraphic units from the Muglad basin namely; Abu Gabra, Zarqa, Ghazal, and Baraka formations using pyrolysis and Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro). Results, integrated with the chromatographic and isotopic data from these rocks extracts and a Tertiary oil from El Mahafir-1 wild cat, were used to determine the origin of the oil. A good organic source within the Middle Abu Gabra Formation is observed in wells El Toor-6 and Neem Deep-1 (TOC, 1.0-2.0% & S2 5.0-10.0 mg C/g rock), with mixed kerogens I, II, & III, and thermally mature (% Ro = 0.74-0.94). The Campanian-Early Maastrichtian sequence, i.e. Zarqa and Ghazal formations are generally poor (TOC, diversity, both in space and time and is characterized by dominant algal input at some areas and or stratigraphic intervals [Elevated tricyclics, higher C29/C30 hopanes (0.5-1.14), and relatively low Gammacerane indices (4.6-14.4)], while mixed with abundant terrigenous material at others. A direct correlation between El Mahafir oil and the Abu Gabra extracts is thus inferred based on: its mixed organic source nature, oxic to sub-oxic depositional environment (Pr/Ph 1.22), relatively low C29/C30 hopanes (0.54), low C28 steranes (29%), and a high gammacerane index (20.5). This is largely supported by the maturity modeling results which suggest generation is only from the Abu Gabra at this location.

  3. Executive Summary: Forests of the Northern United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stephen R. Shifley; Francisco X. Aguilar; Nianfu Song; Susan I. Stewart; David J. Nowak; Dale D. Gormanson; W. Keith Moser; Sherri Wormstead; Eric J. Greenfield

    2012-01-01

    This executive summary provides an overview of the 200-page report, Forests of the Northern United States, which covers in detail current forest conditions, recent trends, issues, threats and opportunities in the forests in the 20 Northern States. It provides a context for subsequent Northern Forest Futures Project analyses that will forecast alternative future...

  4. Colitis ulcerosa idiopática

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel Sánchez Herrera

    1944-07-01

    IV El prof. Manson-Bahr ratifica plenamente el concepto de los autores de que el enfermo Fideligno Suárez murió de una Colitis Ulcerosa Idiopática con claros signos de neumonía lobar posiblemente neumocóccica.

  5. Overlaps of partial Néel states and Bethe states

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Foda, O; Zarembo, K

    2016-01-01

    Partial Néel states are generalizations of the ordinary Néel (classical anti-ferromagnet) state that can have arbitrary integer spin. We study overlaps of these states with Bethe states. We first identify this overlap with a partial version of reflecting-boundary domain-wall partition function, and then derive various determinant representations for off-shell and on-shell Bethe states. (paper: quantum statistical physics, condensed matter, integrable systems)

  6. High Lassa Fever activity in Northern part of Edo State, Nigeria ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    The purpose was to establish simple statistics of the effects of lassa fever in northern part of Edo State, Nigeria. Lassa fever activity in the northern part of Edo state, Nigeria, was confirmed in 2004 by laboratory analysis of samples sent to Bernhard–Nocht Institute (BNI) for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany.

  7. Effects of acacia senegal (L.,Willd.) on sandy soils: A case study of El damokeya forest, Northern Kordofan State

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ahmed, D. M; Nimer, A. M.

    2002-01-01

    Soil properties were studied in El Damokeya forest, located at 30 km east of Elobeid town, Northern Kordofan State, during the rainy season of 1998. The aim was to characterize the soils of the area and to examine the effects of Acacia senegal plantations on the soils physical and chemical properties. The results showed that the soils were sandy, weakly structured, yellowish-red, neutral and poor in nutrient content, and that Acacia senegal plantations had induced considerable changes in the soil morphological, physical and chemical properties. The soil became more differentiated, with a third layer clearly discernible. No change had occurred in the soil texture. But, it became well structured with stable aggregates. Its organic matter content had been augmented to about one and half times, deeply incorporated and stained the whole profile with darker hues. The soil reaction became slightly acidic (ph 6.3). The exchange capacity was improved qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, cation exchange capacity values increased from 2.8 in the bare land to 4.0 meq/100g soil under the forest, and the soil was saturated to 98% with base cations. The major nutrient elements (N,P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe) had generally increased with various proportions ranging from 10% to more than 130%, but only Ca showed significant difference at P=0.05. Among the trace elements, Cu and Co had significantly decreased in the forest soil, but Zn and Mn had increased to about 100%.(Author)

  8. Bioindicators of climate and trophic state in lowland and highland aquatic ecosystems of the Northern Neotropics

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Liseth Pérez

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Chironomids, diatoms and microcrustaceans that inhabit aquatic ecosystems of the Northern Neotropics are abundant and diverse. Some species are highly sensitive to changes in water chemical composition and trophic state. This study was undertaken as a first step in developing transfer functions to infer past environmental conditions in the Northern lowland Neotropics. Bioindicator species abundances were related to multiple environmental variables to exploit their use as environmental and paleoenvironmental indicators. We collected and analyzed water and surface sediment samples from 63 waterbodies located along a broad trophic state gradient and steep gradients of altitude (~0-1 560m.a.s.l. and precipitation (~400-3 200mm/y, from NW Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico to southern Guatemala. We related 14 limnological variables to relative abundances of 282 diatom species, 66 chironomid morphospecies, 51 species of cladocerans, 29 non-marine ostracode species and six freshwater calanoid copepods. Multivariate statistics indicated that bicarbonate is the strongest driver of chironomid and copepod distribution. Trophic state is the second most important factor that determines chironomid distribution. Conductivity, which is related to the precipitation gradient and marine influence on the Yucatán Peninsula, is the main variable that shapes diatom, ostracode and cladoceran communities. Diatoms, chironomids and cladocerans displayed higher diversities (H=2.4-2.6 than ostracodes and copepods (H=0.7- 1.8. Species richness and diversity were greater at lower elevations (Los quironómidos, diatomeas y microcrustaceos que habitan ecosistemas acuáticos en el norte de los Neotrópicos son abundantes y diversos. Algunas especies son altamente sensibles a cambios en la composición química del agua y en el estado trófico. Este estudio se realizó como el primer paso para desarrollar funciones de transferencia para inferir condiciones ambientales en el norte de las

  9. Investigation of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in northern states of ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancers and leading cause of death among women worldwide. In Sudan breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and its incidence has been rising for the past two decades. Objective: To investigate whether the breast risk factors of northern states (Northern ...

  10. The prevalence of blinding trachoma in northern states of Sudan.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Awad Hassan

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Despite historical evidence of blinding trachoma, there have been no widespread contemporary surveys of trachoma prevalence in the northern states of Sudan. We aimed to conduct district-level surveys in this vast region in order to map the extent of the problem and estimate the need for trachoma control interventions to eliminate blinding trachoma. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Separate, population based cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 88 localities (districts in 12 northern states of Sudan between 2006 and 2010. Two-stage cluster random sampling with probability proportional to size was used to select the sample. Trachoma grading was done using the WHO simplified grading system. Key prevalence indicators were trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF in children aged 1-9 years and trachomatous trichiasis (TT in adults aged 15 years and above. The sample comprised 1,260 clusters from which 25,624 households were surveyed. A total of 106,697 participants (81.6% response rate were examined for trachoma signs. TF prevalence was above 10% in three districts and between 5% and 9% in 11 districts. TT prevalence among adults was above 1% in 20 districts (which included the three districts with TF prevalence >10%. The overall number of people with TT in the population was estimated to be 31,072 (lower and upper bounds = 26,125-36,955. CONCLUSION: Trachoma mapping is complete in the northern states of Sudan except for the Darfur States. The survey findings will facilitate programme planning and inform deployment of resources for elimination of trachoma from the northern states of Sudan by 2015, in accordance with the Sudan Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH objectives.

  11. Vegetation composition and altitudinal distribution of Andean rain forests in El Angel and Guandera reserves, northern Ecuador

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Moscol Olivera, M.C.; Cleef, A.M.

    2009-01-01

    Patterns of vascular plant species composition and structure of the remaining rain forest of the Andean Cordillera in northern Ecuador were studied in two reserves: Guandera and El Angel. Thirty three plots located between 3300 and 3700 in were examined along two altitudinal transects crossing the

  12. Vegetation composition and altitudinal distribution of Andean rain forests in El Angel and Guandera reserves, northern Ecuador

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Moscol Olivera, M.C.; Cleef, A.M.

    2009-01-01

    Patterns of vascular plant species composition and structure of the remaining rain forest of the Andean Cordillera in northern Ecuador were studied in two reserves: Guandera and El Angel. Thirty three plots located between 3300 and 3700 m were examined along two altitudinal transects crossing the

  13. Marine radiocarbon reservoir age variation in Donax obesulus shells from northern Peru: late Holocene evidence for extended El Niño

    Science.gov (United States)

    Etayo-Cadavid, Miguel F.; Andrus, C. Fred T.; Jones, Kevin B.; Hodgins, Gregory W. L.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Uceda-Castillo, Sandiago; Quilter, Jeffrey

    2013-01-01

    For at least 6 m.y., El Niño events have posed the greatest environmental risk on the Peruvian coast. A better understanding of El Niño is essential for predicting future risk and growth in this tropical desert. To achieve this we analyzed archaeological and modern pre-bomb shells from the surf clam Donax for the radiocarbon reservoir effect (ΔR) to characterize late Holocene coastal upwelling conditions in northern Peru (8°14′S). Mean ΔR values from these shells suggest that modern upwelling conditions in this region were likely established between A.D. 539 and A.D. 1578. Our radiocarbon data suggest that upwelling conditions ca. A.D. 539 were less intense than those in modern times. The observed coastal water enrichment in 14C may be consequence of frequent strong El Niño events or extended El Niño–like conditions. These ΔR-inferred marine conditions are in agreement with proposed extended El Niño activity in proxy and archaeological records of ca. A.D. 475–530. Extended El Niño conditions have been linked to political destabilization, societal transformation, and collapse of the Moche civilization in northern Peru. A return to such conditions would have significant impacts on the dense population of this region today and in the near future.

  14. An alluvial record of El Niño events from northern coastal Peru

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wells, Lisa E.

    1987-12-01

    Overbank flood deposits of northern coastal Peru provide the potential for the development of a late Quaternary chronology of El Niño events. Alluvial deposits from the 1982-1983 El Niño event are the basis for establishing a type El Niño deposit. Sedimentary structures suggesting depositional processes range from sheet flows to debris flows, with sheet flood deposits being the most common. The 1982-1983 deposits are characterized by a 50- to 100-cm- thick basal gravel, overlain by a 10- to 100-cm-thick sand bed, grading into a 1- to 10-cm-thick silty sand bed and capped by a very thin layer of silt or clay. The surface of the deposit commonly displays the original shear flow lines crosscut by postdepositional mud cracks and footprints (human and animal). Stacked sequences of flood deposits are present in Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial fill, suggesting that El Niño type events likely occurred throughout the late Quaternary. A relative chronology of the deposits is developed based on terrace and soil stratigraphy and on the degree of preservation of surficial features. A minimum of 15 El Niño events occurred during the Holocene; a minimum of 21 events occurred during the late Pleistocene. Timing of the Holocene events is bracketed by isochrons derived from the archaeologic stratigraphy. Corrected radiocarbon ages from included detrital wood provide the following absolute dates for El Niño events: 1720 ± 60 A.D., 1460 ± 20 A.D., 1380 ± 140 A.D. (error overlaps with the A.D. 1460 event; these may represent a single event), and 1230 ± 60 B.C.

  15. Climatic anomalies in Northern South China Sea during 1986-1987 El Nino

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Chen Tegu (Academia Sinica, Beijing (China)); Zhou Qiang

    1990-05-01

    In this paper, the climatic anomalies in Northern South China Sea (NSCS) during 1986-1987 El Nino were analyzed according to meteorological and hydrographic observation data. The results showed that the most apparent anomalies were: (1) continuously weaker monsoon strength, (2) continuously much higher South China Sea High Pressure strength; (3) in 1987 only six typhoons occurred in NSCS (four less than normal), with the first typhoon occurring on 25 June, (about one month later than usual); (4) positive air temperature anomaly, negative annual precipitation and evaporation anomaly; (5) sea surface temperature and surface salinity anomaly was positive; (6) monthly mean sea level was 1 to 10cm lower than normal.

  16. Private forest-land owners of the Northern United States, 1994

    Science.gov (United States)

    Thomas W. Birch; Thomas W. Birch

    1996-01-01

    A statistical analytical report on mail canvass of private forest-land owners in the Northern United States. Landowner characteristics attitudes harvesting experience tenure and management planning are discussed.

  17. A chronology of El niño events from primary documentary sources in northern Peru

    OpenAIRE

    García Herrera, Ricardo; Díaz, H. F.; García, R. R.; Prieto, M. R.; Barriopedro Cepero, David; Moyano, R.; Hernández Martín, Emiliano

    2008-01-01

    The authors present a chronology of El Niño (EN) events based on documentary records from northern Peru. The chronology, which covers the period 1550-1900, is constructed mainly from primary sources from the city of Trujillo (Peru), the Archivo General de Indias in Seville (Spain), and the Archivo General de la Nacion in Lima (Peru), supplemented by a reassessment of documentary evidence included in previously published literature. The archive in Trujillo has never been systematically evaluat...

  18. War and early state formation in the northern Titicaca Basin, Peru.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stanish, Charles; Levine, Abigail

    2011-08-23

    Excavations at the site of Taraco in the northern Titicaca Basin of southern Peru indicate a 2,600-y sequence of human occupation beginning ca. 1100 B.C.E. Previous research has identified several political centers in the region in the latter part of the first millennium B.C.E. The two largest centers were Taraco, located near the northern lake edge, and Pukara, located 50 km to the northwest in the grassland pampas. Our data reveal that a high-status residential section of Taraco was burned in the first century A.D., after which economic activity in the area dramatically declined. Coincident with this massive fire at Taraco, Pukara adopted many of the characteristics of state societies and emerged as an expanding regional polity. We conclude that organized conflict, beginning approximately 500 B.C.E., is a significant factor in the evolution of the archaic state in the northern Titicaca Basin.

  19. Biomass utilization at Northern States Power Company

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ellis, R.P.

    1994-01-01

    Northern States Power Company (open-quotes NSPclose quotes) generates, transmits and distributes electricity and distributes natural gas to customers in Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota and Michigan. An important and growing component of the fuel needed to generate steam for electrical production is biomass. This paper describes NSP's historical use of biomass, current biomass resources and an overview of how NSP plans to expand its use of biomass in the future

  20. [Poles of American tegumentary leishmaniasis production in northern Paraná State, Brazil].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo; Neitzke, Herintha Coeto; Silveira, Thaís Gomes Verzignassi; Lonardoni, Maria Valdrinez Campana; Teodoro, Ueslei; Ferreira, Maria Eugênia Moreira Costa

    2009-05-01

    American tegumentary leishmaniasis is endemic in the State of Paraná, with 99.3% of the cases reported in the South of Brazil. Spatial distribution of the disease in northern Paraná was verified, identifying the most relevant geographic areas in epidemiological terms. The study used data recorded on epidemiological forms from the Teaching and Research Clinical Test Laboratory of the State University in Maringá, from 1987 to 2004. The study only included individuals that were infected in the municipalities (counties) in northern Paraná. Identification of the epidemiological units (poles and circuits) was based on spatial density of cases, according to the model proposed by the National Health Foundation, considering the most likely infection sites. Considering 1,933 reported cases, 1,611 were infected in northern Paraná. American tegumentary leishmaniasis distribution in Paraná State suggests two circuits for production of the disease: Paraná-Paranapanema, highlighting the Cinzas-Laranjinha, Tibagi, Ivaí-Pirapó, Piquiri, and Baixo Iguaçu poles, and Ribeira, highlighting the Alto Ribeira pole.

  1. The Middle Jurassic microflora from El Maghara N° 4 borehole, Northern Sinai, Egypt

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mohsen, Sayed Abdel

    The coal bearing formation in El Maghara area, northern Sinai, yielded abundant, diverse and generally well preserved spores, pollen and marine microflora. The palynological analysis of the fine clastic sediments in this formation yielded (71) species related to (44) genera. Three different palynological assemblage zones can be distinguished. The sediments which contain lower and the upper assemblage zones bearing the coal seems, were deposited in non-marine (swamp) environment. In the middle assemblage zone few marine microflora can be identified, indicating a coastal near shore marine environment. Compared with other palynologic data obtained from Egypt and other countries, the three described assemblage zones belong to Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) age.

  2. 77 FR 46008 - Approval and Promulgation of State Implementation Plans: Idaho; Boise-Northern Ada County Air...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-08-02

    ... Promulgation of State Implementation Plans: Idaho; Boise-Northern Ada County Air Quality Maintenance Area... the Northern Ada County Air Quality Maintenance Area Second 10-year Carbon Monoxide Maintenance Plan...-Northern Ada County Air Quality Maintenance Area will maintain air quality standards for carbon monoxide...

  3. 76 FR 44535 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Northern Sierra Air Quality Management...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-07-26

    ... the California State Implementation Plan, Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District, Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District, and South Coast Air Quality Management District AGENCY... the Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District (NSAQMD), Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality...

  4. 76 FR 44493 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Northern Sierra Air Quality Management...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-07-26

    ... California State Implementation Plan, Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District, Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District, and South Coast Air Quality Management District AGENCY... approve revisions to the Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District (NSAQMD), Sacramento Metropolitan...

  5. Haematology outreach clinics in the Free State and Northern Cape

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    patients' domicile, how they were referred, types of diagnoses and ... The intention was to offer a more accessible and affordable service to more patients in the Free State and Northern Cape, in accordance with provincial policy.' The Departments of ... The cost would have been higher if consultants had had to stay over.

  6. Author Details

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    El-Bahr, S M. Vol 25, No 2 (2007) - Articles The Protective Effect Of Turmeric On Iron Overload In Albino Rats Abstract. ISSN: 1687-1502. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms and Conditions of Use · Contact ...

  7. Change of austenite state before martensite transformation and Msub(el) temperature

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sarrak, V.I.; Suvorova, S.O.

    1978-01-01

    The N31 alloy austenite behaviour in the premartensite temperature range is investigated. To study the austenite state the method of resistance to microplastic deformation sensitive to the structural state of metals is used. The resistance to microplastic deformation was determined by amplitude dependence of internal friction. The Msub(el) temperature is found at which the change of austenite state is observed due to the appearence of elastic nuclei of martensite below the Msub(el) temperature

  8. Assessment of terrestrial gamma-radiation in Northern State

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Osman, E. H.

    2007-07-01

    This study is primarily conducted at the request of Northern State government to investigate the present of abnormal radioactivity in Northern State as claimed publicly. Activity concentration of 238 U, 232 Th, 40 K and 137 Cs in soil samples collected from different locations have been measured using high resolution γ-spectrometry. The average concentration were 19±4 Bg/kg for 238 U, 47±11 Bq/kg for 232 Th, 317±65 Bq/kg for 40 K and 2.26 Bq/kg for 137 Cs which means a very little contribution to the total exposure. The obtained results were found to be lower than the corresponding global values reported in the UNSCEAR publication for normal background areas. Absorbed dose rate in air at a height of 1m from the ground was calculated using six sets of dose rate conversion factors and corresponding annual effective dose was estimated. On the average, the values obtained were 52.90, 50.43, 50.41, 43.54, 44.07 and 45.85 nGy.h -1 with corresponding annual effective doses of 64.93, 61.89, 61.87, 53.43, 54.08 and 56.27 μSv/y respectively. These values lie with in the worldwide range for normal radiation areas. The results obtained using these different DRCFs, although the approach used for their estimation was different, revealed no remarkable variation. Using Geographical Information System (GIS), prediction maps for concentration of 238 U, 232 Th, 40 K and 137 Cs was produced. Also a map for absorbed dose rate in air at a height of one-meter above ground level was produced, which showed a trend of increase form the west towards south-east of the State.(Author)

  9. 77 FR 45962 - Approval and Promulgation of State Implementation Plans: Idaho; Boise-Northern Ada County Air...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-08-02

    ... Promulgation of State Implementation Plans: Idaho; Boise-Northern Ada County Air Quality Maintenance Area... (IDEQ) submitted the Northern Ada County Air Quality Maintenance Area Second 10-year Carbon Monoxide... Ada County Air Quality Maintenance Area will maintain air quality standards for carbon monoxide (CO...

  10. Futures project anticipates changes and challenges facing forests of the northern United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stephen R. Shifley; W. Keith Moser; Michael E. Goerndt; Nianfu Song; Mark D. Nelson; David J. Nowak; Patrick D. Miles; Brett J. Butler; Ryan D. DeSantis; Francisco X. Aguilar; Brian G. Tavernia

    2014-01-01

    The Northern Forest Futures Project aims to reveal how today's trends and choices are likely to change the future forest landscape in the northeastern and midwestern United States. The research is focused on the 20-state quadrant bounded by Maine, Maryland, Missouri, and Minnesota. This area, which encompasses most of the Central Hardwood Forest region, is the...

  11. Émergence de la « nationalité » et institutionnalisation des clivages sociaux au Koweït et au Bahreïn

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Claire Beaugrand

    2007-03-01

    Full Text Available A travers l’étude des variations de signification du concept de nationalité dans le Golfe au cours du xxe siècle, cet article analyse l’origine et l’institutionnalisation des lignes de clivages sociaux dans les sociétés nationales du Koweït et du Bahreïn. Il distingue entre le concept de « nationalité », considérée par l’empire britannique comme un groupe ethnico-culturel, et l’interprétation moderne qui en fait un lien juridique entre l’individu et l’État. Dans ce contexte, les deux pays étudiés ont opté pour une application hybride de ce concept. Bien que définissant légalement leurs ressortissants conformément aux exigences internationales, leurs lois sur la nationalité ont non seulement établi des hiérarchies entre nationaux, mais surtout favorisé l’absence d’intégration, ce qui a contribué à rendre plus difficile l’émergence d’une identité nationale propre.The Appearance of « Nationality » and the Institutionnalization of Social Hierarchy in Kuweit et au BahreinBy investigating the variations that affected the meaning of ‘nationality’ in the Gulf during the 20th century, this article aims at analysing the origin and the institutionalisation of the cleavages existing within the national Kuwaiti and Bahraini societies. It distinguishes between two kinds of conception: ‘nationality’ as understood by the British Empire in the sense of ethno-cultural groups and ‘nationality’ as the juridical link between an individual and a state as theorised by the international law. Against this background, it shows that Kuwait and Bahrain have both opted for an ambiguous application of the concept: though filing the international system’s requirements, their nationality laws set up hierarchies between nationals, providing no mechanisms of integration between them. This, it is claimed, hampered the national identity building.

  12. Primary School Environment Trend, Class-Ratio and Head Teachers Overcrowded Classrooms Management Strategies in Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria

    Science.gov (United States)

    Babatunde, Ehinola Gabriel

    2015-01-01

    Primary school Enrolment Trend, Class-Ratio and Head Teachers overcrowded classrooms management strategies in Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria was investigated. The purpose of the study is to examine the current enrolment trend in public primary schools in northern senatorial District of Ondo State. Also, is to ascertain the…

  13. The Northern States Power Company welding manual advisor

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lu, Yi; Wood, R.M.

    1993-01-01

    The Welding Manual Advisor (WMA) is an object oriented expert system designed to assist Northern States Power (NSP) personnel in implementing the company's Welding Manual. The expert system captures the knowledge of welding experts, addresses important issues in welding activities and automates the use of the Welding Manual. It is estimated that use of the WMA will save $81,000 over the next six years at NSP, because of the reduction of labor and errors in the use of the Welding Manual, and facilitation of training of NSP personnel. The important features of the WMA include the accuracy and consistency in determining welding procedure and requirements, update capability, user friendly interface, on-line help function, back-up capability, and well-documented manuals

  14. Politika «Severnogo izmerenija»: sovremennoe sostojanie i perspektivy razvitija [The Northern Dimension policy: current state and development prospects

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bolotnikova Yekaterina

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available This article examines the evolution and current state of the Northern Dimension policy and its role in Russia-EU relations. The authors analyse the discrepancy between the actual achievements of the Northern Dimension and its potential and the over-high expectations, which accompanied the policy renewal.

  15. State-building, migration and economic development on the frontiers of northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Christian Bleuer

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available The Kunduz River Valley of northern Afghanistan and the Vakhsh River Valley of southern Tajikistan followed what initially appear to be vastly different trajectories. Despite these two adjacent areas having had much in common throughout many periods of history, the present-day region of northern Afghanistan was eventually taken under the control of the Afghan state while the areas north of the Amu Darya and Panj River were to become part of the Soviet Union. However, instead of a divergent course of development and state-building, these two regions were subjected to very similar patterns of agricultural development and migration policies. “Empty” areas were to be populated, by force if necessary, wetlands were to be drained for agriculture, and cotton farming was to become pre-eminent. The end result in both areas was the creation of a socially diverse and economically significant region that was fully integrated into the modern state’s economy and politics. This article analyzes and compares the motives and implementation of the state-building projects in both of these now domestically important regions and finds remarkable similarities despite the obvious differences in the structure of the Afghan and Soviet states.

  16. Prevalence and Significance of Parasites of Horses in Some States of Northern Nigeria

    Science.gov (United States)

    EHIZIBOLO, David O.; KAMANI, Joshua; EHIZIBOLO, Peter O.; EGWU, Kinsley O.; DOGO, Goni I.; SALAMI-SHINABA, Josiah O.

    2012-01-01

    This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and significance of parasites of horses in northern Nigeria. Blood and faecal samples were randomly collected from 243 horses from different stables in some states of northern Nigeria for laboratory analyses. Fifty-seven horses (23.5%) were found infected with parasites. The hemoparasites detected, 21 (8.6%), include Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi. The endoparasites encountered, 29 (11.9%) were Strongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Oxyuris equi, Parascaris equorum, Paragonimus spp. and Dicrocoelium spp., 3 (1.2%) was Eimeria spp. Four horses (1.6%) had mixed infection of hemo- and endoparasites. This preliminary finding shows that parasitism is a problem in the horse stables examined, and calls for proper stable hygiene, routine tick control and regular deworming programme. PMID:24833991

  17. Phytogeographical patterns of dry forests sensu stricto in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Arruda, Daniel M; Ferreira-Júnior, Walnir G; Duque-Brasil, Reinaldo; Schaefer, Carlos E R

    2013-01-01

    The Deciduous Complex that occurs in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, raises questions about the floristic affinities of these formations in relation to neighboring phytogeographical domains. Little is known about the identity of the seasonal forest formations that comprise this complex, or about its relationships to abiotic components, such as soils, topography and climate. This study aimed to recognize the patterns of floristic similarity of all studied fragments of dry forest of northern Minas Gerais with soil and climate attributes, based on the available database. Cluster analysis indicated the existence of two floristic groups that had clear associations with either the Koppen's BSh (semi-arid) or Aw (seasonal tropical) climates. Likewise, the subdivisions of these groups showed clear associations with the dominant soil classes in the region. The Red-Yellow Latosol is the dominant soil classes in the BSh climatic domain, seconded by alluvial areas associated with Fluvic Neosols. The Aw domain comprised a much varied set of soils: Nitosols, Argisols, Cambisols and Litholic Neosols, most derived from the Bambuí limestone/slate formation. The ecotonal nature of northern Minas Gerais State provides a complex interaction between the flora of neighboring phytogeographical domains. This, allied to pedogeomorphological factors, allowed a better understanding of the effects of late Quaternary climate changes for the Deciduous Complex evolution. We conclude that the Latosols under present-day semi-arid climates (BSh) are relicts of former wetter climates, during which humid forest (semideciduous) expansion took place. Later, these semideciduous forests were subjected to a much drier climate, when selection for deciduousness led to the present-days Deciduous Complex scenario.

  18. Bâkî’nin Pervane Bey Mecmuası’nda Yer Alan Yayımlanmamış Gazelleri Bâkî’s Unpublished Ghazals In The Macmua Of Pervane Bey

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Savaşkan Cem BAHADIR

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available Bâkî (1526-1600, has become one of the cornerstones of classical Turkish literature with his Divan. His reputation was spread around Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan and the Indian palaces. After the death of Hayali Bey he became “sultan of the Anatolian poets” and he wrote some works. Although Bâkî arrenge his Divan while he was alive some of his poems can be find in different copy of his divan or nazeerah macmuas. As a natural result some of Bâkî’s poems couldn’t take place in his Divan while it was publishing. Bâkî’s Divan has more than hundreds of copy in library both in Turkey and Europe. Bâkî’s Divan has been publihed three time. These works are prepared by Rudolf Dvorak, Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun and Sabahattin Küçük.The subject of this study is including the poems of Bâkî which don’t included his published Divan. These poems are in a nazeerah macmua called the Macmua of Pervane Bey (Mecmûa’tü’n- Nezâ’ir. This macmua is compiled by Pervâne b. Abdullah in 1560. The Macmua of Pervane Bey composed of 627 pages and it is bulky. In this work we research 23 master thesis. These theses are prepared in Marmara University from 2001 until 2006. After this analysis we reveal 28 unpublished ghazel which are belong to Bâkî. These ghazals are compare with the other article include unpublished ghazals of Bâkî. These ghazals redacted and come into use of science world. Bâkî (1526-1600, ortaya koyduğu divanı ile klasik Türk edebiyatının mihenk taşlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Şöhreti daha o hayattayken İran, Irak, Azerbaycan ve Hint saraylarına ulaşmıştır. Hayali Bey’in ölümünün ardından devrin “sultânü’ş-şu’arâsı” olmuş ve başta divanı olmak üzere çeşitli eserler vermiştir. Bâkî, divanını hayattayken tertip etmiş olmasına rağmen ona ait bazı şiirler farklı divan nüshalarında ya da şiir mecmuaları içinde yer almıştır. Bunun doğal bir sonucu olarak da bazı

  19. Nuevos registros del parásito Probopyrus pacificensis (Isopoda: Bopyridae en el sur de Nayarit y norte de Jalisco, México New records of the parasite Probopyrus pacificensis (Isopoda: Bopyridae in southern Nayarit and northern Jalisco, Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alberto Ocaña-Luna

    2009-04-01

    Full Text Available Se presentan nuevos registros de Probopyrus pacificensis en el arroyo San Francisco, sur de Nayarit y en el arroyo Palo María, norte de Jalisco en el Pacífico mexicano, parasitando a camarones de agua dulce de la especie Macrobrachium tenellum.New observations of Probopyrus pacificensis were recorded in Arroyo San Francisco, southern Nayarit, and Arroyo Palo María, northern Jalisco, in the Mexican Pacific, infesting the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium tenellum.

  20. Timber harvesting patterns for major states in the central, northern, and mid-Atlantic hardwood regions

    Science.gov (United States)

    William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

    2018-01-01

    Timber harvesting is a major disturbance agent influencing the composition and structure of eastern hardwood forests. To better understand timber harvesting practices, we examined roundwood harvesting patterns in 13 eastern states in the Central, Mid-Atlantic, and Northern regions that contained high proportional volumes of hardwood in their forest inventories. Nearly...

  1. El Salvador - Non-Formal Skills Development

    Data.gov (United States)

    Millennium Challenge Corporation — The Non-Formal Skills Development Sub-Activity had a budget of $5 million (USD) to provide short-term training to vulnerable populations in El Salvador's Northern...

  2. Coupling between the environment and the pelagic resources exploited off northern Chile: ecosystem indicators and a conceptual model Acoplamiento entre el ambiente y los recursos pelágicos explotados en el norte de Chile: un modelo conceptual

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eleuterio Yáñez

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available The eastern boundary of the Chile-Peru Current System constitutes one of the most biologically productive ecosystems in the world, due largely to coastal upwelling and the horizontal advection of nutrients. In this ecosystem, El Niño events are of great importance in the interannual variability of the environment. A change was observed in the environmental regime at the beginning of the 1970s with the onset of the 1972-1973 El Niño, marking an important decrease in the anchovy fishery (Engraulis ringens. After the mid-1970s, sardine (Sardinops sagax landings increased noticeably. A second regime shift at the end of the 1980s was seen mostly in the noticeable recovery of anchovy and the decline of sardine. Herein, we present an integrated conceptual model of the different local and large-scale phenomena that affect the marine environment off northern Chile and the distribution and abundance of pelagic resources. The model considers an analysis of environmental and bio-fishery data on different scales and describes how the interdecadal (associated with re-gime shifts and interannual (associated with El Niño events fluctuations in the Equatorial Pacific are mani-fested in the eastern South Pacific and, therefore, in the northern zone off Chile, affecting the annual eyele, the dynamic of the coastal trapped waves, and coastal upwelling. In this framework, interdecadal fluctuations play an important role in the anchovy-sardine-anchovy replacement sequence.El borde oriental del Sistema de Corrientes de Chile-Perú constituye uno de los ecosistemas de mayor productividad biológica del mundo, debido principalmente a la surgencia costera y advección horizontal de nutrientes. En este ecosistema, los eventos El Niño son de mayor importancia en la variabilidad interanual del ambiente. No obstante, un cambio de régimen ambiental es observado a inicio de los 70's el que hubiera comenzado con El Niño 1972-73 y que marca la gran disminución de la

  3. Status of oak seedlings and saplings in the northern United States: implications for sustainability of oak forests

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chris W. Woodall; Randall S. Morin; Jim R. Steinman; Charles H. Perry

    2008-01-01

    Oak species are a substantial component of forest ecosystems in a 24-state region spanning the northern U.S. During recent decades, it has been documented that the health of oak forests has been experiencing large-scale decline. To further evaluate the sustainability of oak forests in nearly half the states of the U.S., the current status of oak seedlings and saplings...

  4. Effects of El Niño on Summertime Ozone Air Quality in the Eastern United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shen, Lu; Mickley, Loretta J.

    2017-12-01

    We investigate the effect of El Niño on maximum daily 8 h average surface ozone over the eastern United States in summer during 1980-2016. El Niño can influence the extratropical climate through the propagation of stationary waves, leading to (1) reduced transport of moist, clean air into the middle and southern Atlantic states and greater subsidence, reduced precipitation, and increased surface solar radiation in this region, as well as (2) intensified southerly flow into the south central states, which here enhances flux of moist and clean air. As a result, each standard deviation increase in the Niño 1 + 2 index is associated with an increase of 1-2 ppbv ozone in the Atlantic states and a decrease of 0.5-2 ppbv ozone in the south central states. These influences can be predicted 4 months in advance. We show that U.S. summertime ozone responds differently to eastern-type El Niño events compared to central-type events.

  5. Cigarette smoking and khat chewing among University instructors in ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors of cigarette smoking and khat chewing. Design: College based cross sectional. Setting: Four colleges found in north west Ethiopia namely Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar College of Teachers Education, Bahr Dar University Engineering Faculty, and Bahr ...

  6. EJST V9N2

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    2 Department of Chemistry, Bahr Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahr Dar, Ethiopia. ABSTRACT ... organic, inorganic, suspended solids and sediments, heavy metals .... (DPC) method as a complexing agent for the ..... School of Chemical and Food Engineering of Bahir ... American Journal of Applied Sciences 2(10):.

  7. Hedychium putaoense (Zingiberaceae, a new species from Putao, Kachin State, Northern Myanmar

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hong-Bo Ding

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available Hedychium putaoense Y.H. Tan & H.B. Ding, a new species of Zingiberaceae from Putao, Kachin state, Northern Myanmar, is described and illustrated. It is similar to H. densiflorum Wall. and H. longipedunculatum A.R.K. Sastry & D.M. Verma, but differs by its very small bract (4–6 × 2.5–3 mm vs. 18–19 × 5–5.5 mm and ca. 11 × 7 mm, respectively, semicircle and dark red bracteole, orange flower and broadly falcate to lanceolate lateral staminodes.

  8. Stability analysis and hazard assessment of the northern slopes of San Vicente Volcano in central El Salvador

    Science.gov (United States)

    Smith, Daniel M.

    Geologic hazards affect the lives of millions of people worldwide every year. El Salvador is a country that is regularly affected by natural disasters, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tropical storms. Additionally, rainfall-induced landslides and debris flows are a major threat to the livelihood of thousands. The San Vicente Volcano in central El Salvador has a recurring and destructive pattern of landslides and debris flows occurring on the northern slopes of the volcano. In recent memory there have been at least seven major destructive debris flows on San Vicente volcano. Despite this problem, there has been no known attempt to study the inherent stability of these volcanic slopes and to determine the thresholds of rainfall that might lead to slope instability. This thesis explores this issue and outlines a suggested method for predicting the likelihood of slope instability during intense rainfall events. The material properties obtained from a field campaign and laboratory testing were used for a 2-D slope stability analysis on a recent landslide on San Vicente volcano. This analysis confirmed that the surface materials of the volcano are highly permeable and have very low shear strength and provided insight into the groundwater table behavior during a rainstorm. The biggest factors on the stability of the slopes were found to be slope geometry, rainfall totals and initial groundwater table location. Using the results from this analysis a stability chart was created that took into account these main factors and provided an estimate of the stability of a slope in various rainfall scenarios. This chart could be used by local authorities in the event of a known extreme rainfall event to help make decisions regarding possible evacuation. Recommendations are given to improve the methodology for future application in other areas as well as in central El Salvador.

  9. Three-dimensional morphometrics of thoracic vertebrae in Neandertals and the fossil evidence from El Sidrón (Asturias, Northern Spain).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bastir, Markus; García Martínez, Daniel; Rios, Luis; Higuero, Antonio; Barash, Alon; Martelli, Sandra; García Tabernero, Antonio; Estalrrich, Almudena; Huguet, Rosa; de la Rasilla, Marco; Rosas, Antonio

    2017-07-01

    Well preserved thoracic vertebrae of Neandertals are rare. However, such fossils are important as their three-dimensional (3D) spatial configuration can contribute to the understanding of the size and shape of the thoracic spine and the entire thorax. This is because the vertebral body and transverse processes provide the articulation and attachment sites for the ribs. Dorsal orientation of the transverse processes relative to the vertebral body also rotates the attached ribs in a way that could affect thorax width. Previous research indicates possible evidence for greater dorsal orientation of the transverse processes and small vertebral body heights in Neandertals, but their 3D vertebral structure has not yet been addressed. Here we present 15 new vertebral remains from the El Sidrón Neandertals (Asturias, Northern Spain) and used 3D geometric morphometrics to address the above issues by comparing two particularly well preserved El Sidrón remains (SD-1619, SD-1641) with thoracic vertebrae from other Neandertals and a sample of anatomically modern humans. Centroid sizes of El Sidrón vertebrae are within the human range. Neandertals have larger T1 and probably also T2. The El Sidrón vertebrae are similar in 3D shape to those of other Neandertals, which differ from Homo sapiens particularly in central-lower regions (T6-T10) of the thoracic spine. Differences include more dorsally and cranially oriented transverse processes, less caudally oriented spinous processes, and vertebral bodies that are anteroposteriorly and craniocaudally short. The results fit with current reconstructions of Neandertal thorax morphology. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Quantitative analysis of the relief in watersheds of the “El Ávila” massif northern hillside (Vargas State, Venezuela and its hydrogeomorphological meaning

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Williams José Méndez Mata

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available The morphological features of the relief and its quantitative morphometric quantification are essential elements in interpreting its influence on the hydrogeomorphological dynamics of watersheds in mountainous environments. This is particularly important when studying small spatial units (micro watersheds and torrential regimes, as this influences the sudden and aggressive hydrological responses of these systems and the likelihood of activation of mass removal processes. In the study region (Vargas State, Venezuela the most important debris flow recorded in Venezuela’s history occurred on December 14, 15 and 16, 1999, as a consequence of extremely heavy rainfall in those dates associated with a very particular weather. For the above reasons, this research conducted a quantitative analysis of the relief features in watersheds of “El Ávila” massive northern hillside and their impact on the local hydrogeomorphological dynamics, aimed at identifying the main attributes influencing these dynamics. The study area is located in the northern-central region of Venezuela, in the central part of Vargas state, delimited by 10º32’25”-10º37’35”N and 66º40’08”- 66º59’12”W, and comprises thirteen micro watersheds of mountainous environment. The methodology consisted of (a the geomorphological characterization of the area, from the review and interpretation of digitized base maps at scales 1:5 000 and 1:25 000, the digital elevation model (DEM, aerial photographs at scale 1:5 000, orthophotomaps at scale 1:25 000, satellite images, Google Earth and Google Maps images, and geomorphological maps (landforms and geomorphological processes at scale 1:25 000; (b measurements and calculations of basic morphometric parameters of watershed relief on digital mapping using the ArcGIS 9.2 and their Spatial Analysis and ArcHydro modules, and the mathematical equations that define the other parameters using MS Excel; (c descriptive statistical

  11. İbn Kuteybe’ye Göre Şiirde Yetenek Sorunu

    OpenAIRE

    Öznurhan, Halim

    2005-01-01

    ‛Abdü’s-Selâm ‛Abdü’l-Hafîz ‛Abdü’l-‛Âl, Nakdü’ş-şi‛r beyne İbn Kuteybe ve İbn Tabâtabâ el-‛Alevî, Dâru’l-fikri’l-‛Arabî, Mısır, ts. , 166. ‛Abdü’l-‛Âl, aynı yer. İbn Kuteybe, 12, 13. Ebû ‛Usmân ‛Amr b. Bahr el-Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn, nşr: ‛Abdü’s-Selâm M. Hârûn, Kahire, 1948, I, 208. İbn Kuteybe, 17. Krş: el-Câhiz, I, 207 ve II, 13. Krş: el-Câhiz, II, 13. Bkz: İbn Kuteybe, 476, 497, 501

  12. Factors structuring the phytoplankton community in the upwelling site off El Loa River in northern Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Herrera, Liliana; Escribano, Ruben

    2006-06-01

    Understanding processes affecting the structure of the autotrophic community in marine ecosystems is relevant because species-dependent characters may affect productivity and carbon fluxes of the ocean. In this work, we studied the influence of oceanographic variability on phytoplankton species composition at a coastal upwelling site off northern Chile. Four seasonal cruises carried out during 2003 off El Loa River (21°S) showed that upwelling occurs year-round supporting a large number of diatoms, dinoflagellates, naked nanoflagellates, and silicoflagellates. The analysis of species composition showed that changes in the structure of the autotrophic community are expressed both in abundance and in differences in species assemblages. These changes occurred not only over the seasonal scale but also over the spatial pattern of distribution, and they correlated well to temporal variability of upwelling and spatial variation of upwelling conditions over the cross-shelf axis. A K-means clustering and principal component analyses showed that species assemblages can be represented by few dominant species strongly coupled to alternate upwelling vs. non-upwelling conditions. Both conditions are well defined, and mostly explained by changes in depth of the upper boundary of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) (a prominent feature in northern Chile), surface temperature and water column stratification. Abundance of dominant phytoplankton species were strongly correlated to both OMZ depth and water column stratification. Processes through which OMZ depth might influence species abundance and composition are unknown, although they may relate to changes in redox conditions which affect the nutrient field. Another explanation may relate to changes in grazing pressure derived from the effect of low oxygen water on zooplankton vertical distribution.

  13. TOPEX/El Nino Watch - El Nino Warm Water Pool Returns to Near Normal State, Mar, 14, 1998

    Science.gov (United States)

    1998-01-01

    This image of the Pacific Ocean was produced using sea surface height measurements taken by the U.S.-French TOPEX/Poseidon satellite. The image shows sea surface height relative to normal ocean conditions on Mar. 14, 1998 and sea surface height is an indicator of the heat content of the ocean. The image shows that the sea surface height along the central equatorial Pacific has returned to a near normal state. Oceanographers indicate this is a classic pattern, typical of a mature El Nino condition. Remnants of the El Nino warm water pool, shown in red and white, are situated to the north and south of the equator. These sea surface height measurements have provided scientists with a detailed view of how the 1997-98 El Nino's warm pool behaves because the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite measures the changing sea surface height with unprecedented precision. In this image, the white and red areas indicate unusual patterns of heat storage; in the white areas, the sea surface is between 14 and 32 centimeters (6 to 13 inches) above normal; in the red areas, it's about 10 centimeters (4 inches) above normal. The green areas indicate normal conditions, while purple (the western Pacific) means at least 18 centimeters (7 inches) below normal sea level. The El Nino phenomenon is thought to be triggered when the steady westward blowing trade winds weaken and even reverse direction. This change in the winds allows a large mass of warm water (the red and white area) that is normally located near Australia to move eastward along the equator until it reaches the coast of South America. The displacement of so much warm water affects evaporation, where rain clouds form and, consequently, alters the typical atmospheric jet stream patterns around the world. Using satellite imagery, buoy and ship data, and a forecasting model of the ocean-atmosphere system, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (NOAA), has continued to issue an advisory indicating the so-called El Nino weather

  14. Mortalidad evitable en los estados de la frontera del norte de México: posibles implicaciones sociales y para los servicios de salud / Avoidable mortality in the border states of northern Mexico: potential implications for social determinants and health services

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana M. López J.

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la mortalidad evitable en los estados de la frontera del norte de México entre 1998 y 2007 para indirectamente evaluar la calidad de los servicios de salud en la región. Metodología: se analizó la información sobre mortalidad del Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud (sinais. La unidad de análisis fue la causa básica de la defunción codificada según la décima revisión de la CIE. La mortalidad evitable fue clasificada según el catálogo de causas de muerte propuesto por Gómez. Se hizo un análisis exploratorio de la relación entre la mortalidad evitable y la derechohabiencia y el nivel socioeconómico de los municipios correspondientes a las muertes. Resultados: la tasa de mortalidad evitable global fue de 350,2 muertes por mil habitantes en la región. La mortalidad evitable por diagnóstico y tratamiento médico precoz, violencia y VIH/SIDA tuvo tasas de 223, 60 y 5 por mil habitantes, respectivamente, presentando variaciones de magnitud, sociodemográficas y por derechohabiencia entre estados. Discusión y conclusiones: las poblaciones de los estados de la frontera norte de México se caracterizan por tener una dinámica sociodemográfica y de los servicios de salud muy intensa. Los resultados sugieren que el sistema de salud está siendo rebasado en su respuesta a una alta frecuencia de enfermedades no transmisibles. En el aspecto social existen condiciones estructurales en México que favorecen la presencia de narcotráfico y su consecuente causa de violencia y consumo de drogas ilegales que podrían estar relacionadas con la frecuencia de muertes violentas y en forma subsidiaria con las causadas por el VIH/SIDA. / ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze avoidable mortality between 1998 and 2007 in the border states of Northern Mexico to evaluate, indirectly, the quality of the region's health care services. Methodology: the information on mortality provided by the National Health Information System

  15. Effects of land use/cover change and harvests on forest carbon dynamics in northern states of the United States from remote sensing and inventory data: 1992-2001

    Science.gov (United States)

    Daolan Zheng; Linda S. Heath; Mark J. Ducey; James E. Smith

    2011-01-01

    We examined spatial patterns of changes in forest area and nonsoil carbon (C) dynamics affected by land use/cover change (LUC) and harvests in 24 northern states of the United States using an integrated methodology combining remote sensing and ground inventory data between 1992 and 2001. We used the Retrofit Change Product from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics...

  16. Effects of El Nino Modoki on winter precipitation in Korea

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kim, Do-Woo [Korea Meteorological Administration, National Institute of Meteorological Research, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Choi, Ki-Seon [Korea Meteorological Administration, National Typhoon Center, Jeju (Korea, Republic of); Byun, Hi-Ryong [Pukyong National University, Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Nam-gu, Busan (Korea, Republic of)

    2012-04-15

    This study compares the impacts of El Nino Modoki and El Nino on precipitation over Korea during the boreal winters from 1954 to 2009. Precipitation in Korea tends to be equal to or greater than the normal level during an El Nino Modoki winter, whereas there is no significant change during an El Nino winter. Greater than normal precipitation during El Nino Modoki was also found over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China and much of southern Japan. The latitudes of these regions are 5-10 further north than in southern China, where precipitation increases during El Nino. The following two anomalous atmospheric circulations were found to be causes that led to different precipitation distributions over East Asia. First, an atmospheric wave train in the lower troposphere, which propagated from the central tropical Pacific (cyclonic) through the southern Philippine Sea (anticyclonic) to East Asia (cyclonic), reached the southern China and northern Philippine Sea during El Nino, whereas it reached Korea and southern Japan during El Nino Modoki. Second, an anomalous local meridional circulation, which consists of air sinking in the tropics, flowing poleward in the lower troposphere, and rising in the subtropics, developed between the southern Philippine Sea and northern Philippine Sea during El Nino. During El Nino Modoki, however, this circulation expanded further to the north and was formed between the southern Philippine Sea and regions of Korea and southern Japan. (orig.)

  17. Light hydrocarbons as redox and temperature indicators in the geothermal field of El Tatio (northern Chile)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tassi, F. [University of Florence (Italy). Dept. of Earth Sciences; Martinez, C. [University Catolica del Norte, Antofagasta (Chile). Dept. of Earth Science; Vaselli, O. [University of Florence (Italy). Dept. of Earth Sciences; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Florence (Italy). National Council of Research; Capaccioni, B. [University of Urbino (Italy). Institute of Volcanology and Geochemistry; Viramonte, J. [National University of Salta (Argentina). Institute GEONORTE and CONICET

    2005-11-15

    El Tatio (northern Chile), one of the largest geothermal fields of South America, is presently undergoing a new program of geothermal exploration, after the failure of the first exploration phase in the early 1970s. The geochemical features of the fluid discharges characterizing this system mainly consist of boiling pools and fumaroles, and represent the result of a complex mixing process involving 3 main components: (i) hydrothermal; (ii) atmospheric; (iii) magmatic. Chemical reactions involving light hydrocarbons equilibrate at higher temperature than those directly measured in the geothermal wells and calculated on the basis of the composition of the inorganic gas species. This suggests that in the deeper parts of the hydrothermal system temperatures higher than 300{sup o}C may be achieved. Such results can have a strong impact for the evaluation of the potential resources of this geothermal system. Moreover, the chemical characteristics of the organic gas fraction allow the assessment of the chemical-physical conditions governing the geochemical processes acting on geothermal fluids at depth. (author)

  18. Practitioner survey of the state of health integration in environmental assessment: The case of northern Canada

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Noble, Bram; Bronson, Jackie

    2006-01-01

    Based on a case study of health integration in Canadian northern EA, this paper further demonstrates the lack of consistent integration of health in EA practice. A survey was administered to northern EA and health practitioners, administrators and special interest groups to assess current northern health assessment practices, the scope of health in EA, EA performance with regard to health assessment and the perceived barriers to health integration. Results suggest that health is currently recognized as an important component of northern EA and is addressed in the majority of cases; however, health is addressed primarily during the pre-decision stages of EA and less often during post-decision follow-up and monitoring. Moreover, when health is addressed, attention is limited to the physical components of health and health impacts due to physical environmental change, with considerably less attention given to the social aspects of health. Results also suggest dissent between EA practitioners, health practitioners and other interests concerning the overall state of health in EA; however, there is consensus on the key challenges to improved integration, namely differences in understanding of the scope of health and expectations of EA to assess health impacts; limited coordination between EA and health practitioners; limited scope and requirements of current EA legislation for health assessment; and the lack of supporting EA methods and frameworks

  19. 75 FR 44292 - Northern States Power Company; Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Units 1 and 2; Notice of...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-28

    ... and DPR-60] Northern States Power Company; Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Units 1 and 2... assessment, and behavioral observation) of the unescorted access authorization program when making the... under consideration to determine whether it met the criteria established in NRC Management Directive (MD...

  20. Northern States Power Company's open transmission tariff from a customer's perspective

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Marietta, K.E.; Achinger, S.K.

    1993-01-01

    In October of 1990, Northern States Power Company (NSP or Company), filed a unique open transmission tariff for both captive customers and through-system transactions. This is an important step towards expanding transmission services in the United States. Many individuals in the utility industry, who may be considering Imposing generation costs on transmission services, have been closely monitoring NSP's case which is currently before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). NSP's innovative generation costs include charges for reactive power production, frequency control, load dispatching, and load following. The results of this case may also have an important impact on the future of open transmission tariffs. Rates for these services depend on the customer's classification as either a captive or through-system consumer. The proposed tariff raises critical issues related to the costing of these transmission services. NSP's methodology has caused serious concern because the proposed tariff would increase transmission costs by an average of 53%. This paper will discuss the benefits of transmission, proposed rates, contract terms, and costing methodologies of NSP's plan

  1. Northern Dimension: Participant Strategies

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Busygina I.

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available his article is devoted to the “Northern Dimension” initiative of the EU which also includes North-West Russia, Norway and Iceland. It is noted that the “Northern Dimension” in the theoretical perspective can be considered as part of strategic multi-level interactions between member-states of the EU and Russia. On this basis, the authors analyze implications and effects of the strategic interdependence of all the EU-Russia relation levels.

  2. Northern Dimension: Participant Strategies

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Busygina Irina

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available This article is devoted to the “Northern Dimension” initiative of the EU which also includes North-West Russia, Norway and Iceland. It is noted that the “Northern Dimension” in the theoretical perspective can be considered as part of strategic multi-level interactions between member-states of the EU and Russia. On this basis, the authors analyze implications and effects of the strategic interdependence of all the EU-Russia relation levels.

  3. Northern blotting analysis

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Josefsen, Knud; Nielsen, Henrik

    2011-01-01

    Northern blotting analysis is a classical method for analysis of the size and steady-state level of a specific RNA in a complex sample. In short, the RNA is size-fractionated by gel electrophoresis and transferred by blotting onto a membrane to which the RNA is covalently bound. Then, the membrane...... is analysed by hybridization to one or more specific probes that are labelled for subsequent detection. Northern blotting is relatively simple to perform, inexpensive, and not plagued by artefacts. Recent developments of hybridization membranes and buffers have resulted in increased sensitivity closing...

  4. Des filets à nuages sur la crête d'El Tofo | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    31 janv. 2011 ... Collecting fog on El Tofo. In the early 1990s, the global news media became entranced by a small town in northern Chile that started drinking the fog. View moreCollecting fog on El Tofo ...

  5. Reestablecimiento de Choromytilus chorus (Molina, 1782 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae en el norte de Chile Reestablishment of Choromytilus chorus (Molina, 1782 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae in northern Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel Avendaño

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available Hasta fines del siglo pasado no existían registros de la presencia de Choromytilus chorus al norte de los 23°S, pese a antecedentes que señalaban su existencia en épocas pasadas. Ciertos cambios relacionados con las masas de agua costeras de esta zona, habrían generado la ausencia o escasez que presentaba el entorno costero actual. Sin embargo, hace una década atrás, su presencia en el norte de Chile, comienza a tener connotación pesquera. En el presente trabajo se confirma su reestablecimiento en las regiones de Antofagasta y Tarapacá, mediante prospecciones realizadas en seis lugares donde se registró su presencia, así como mediante la captación de semilla en colectores suspendidos. Se indica interacción con Aulacomya ater, a la cual ha desplazado a estratos más profundos, mientras que su reestablecimiento, iniciado en las regiones de Atacama y Antofagasta, y que se amplió posteriormente a la región de Tarapacá; permite postular la hipótesis que la dinámica de estos bancos, respondería a una estructura de metapoblación, dado el sistema de corrientes y vientos que predominan en la zona norte, permitiendo la advección larval de poblaciones existentes en la región de Coquimbo.Despite indications of its presence in past ages, until the end of the last century, no records showed Choromytilus chorus north of 23°S. Certain changes related to coastal water masses in the zone could be responsible for the present lack or scarcity of this species in the coastal area. However, a decade ago, this species appeared in northern Chile in the context of fisheries. This study confirms the re-establishment of C. chorus in the Antofagasta and Tarapaca regions through surveys at six sites where the species had been registered and spat collection using suspended collectors. This species has interacted with Aulacomya ater, displacing it towards deeper habitats. The re-establishment of C. chorus began in the Atacama and Antofagasta regions and

  6. 76 FR 26224 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Northern Sonoma County Air Pollution...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-05-06

    ...EPA is proposing to approve revisions to the Northern Sonoma County Air Pollution Control District (NSCAPCD) and Mendocino County Air Quality Management District (MCAQMD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). Both districts are required under Part C of title I of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to adopt and implement SIP- approved Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permit programs. These proposed revisions update the definitions used in the districts' PSD permit programs.

  7. Hemophilia care in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil El tratamiento de la hemofilia en el estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eva M. A. Fontes

    2003-03-01

    Full Text Available In the developing countries of the world, few people with hemophilia receive adequate care. Nevertheless, Brazil has made significant advances in the treatment of hemophilia over the last decade. The provision of factor concentrates imported by the Government of Brazil is gradually increasing, and patients receive the concentrates for free. A national register was established as well as a coordinated program for comprehensive care. Of the 6 297 persons with hemophilia in Brazil who were registered as of January 2001, 689 of them (11.1% were registered in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Of those 689, 664 of them were being monitored at the state's coordinating blood transfusion center, which is located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Among those 664, factor VIII inhibitors were identified in 81 of them (12.2%. Among 653 of the Rio de Janeiro patients who were tested for transfusion-transmitted diseases, the overall prevalence found was 41.5%, with the specific rates being 13.3% for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, 2.9% for hepatitis B virus (HBV, and 39.4% for hepatitis C virus (HCV. The state of Rio de Janeiro has adopted a comprehensive hemophilia management approach that includes medical, psychological, and social care. As a result, the quality of life of hemophilia patients has improved noticeably. For example, the rate of hospitalization among patients fell by 30% between 1998 and 2001, and there has also been a decline in the school and work activities that they have missed.En los países en desarrollo, pocas personas con hemofilia reciben un tratamiento adecuado. No obstante, el Brasil ha logrado grandes avances en este sentido en el último decenio. La provisión de concentrados de factores de la coagulación importados por el gobierno de Brasil va aumentando gradualmente y los pacientes reciben el concentrado gratis. Un registro nacional se estableció junto con un programa coordinado de atención global. De las 6 297 personas con

  8. Anomalous ichthyoplankton distributions and concentrations in the northern California Current during the 2010 El Niño and La Niña events

    Science.gov (United States)

    Auth, Toby D.; Brodeur, Richard D.; Peterson, Jay O.

    2015-09-01

    In late spring of 2010, the northern California Current (NCC) experienced a transition from El Niño to La Niña conditions resulting in anomalous distributions and concentrations within the ichthyoplankton community. We analyzed larval fish data collected during the four months before and after this transition and compared them to data from three previous studies conducted in the NCC. In one comparison, concentrations of larvae collected during winter from stations 2 to 46 km offshore along the central Oregon coast were higher in 2010 than in any other year from 1998 to 2011. In a second comparison of nearshore larvae collected during six periods (1971-1972, 1978, 1983, 1998, 1999-2002, and 2003-2005) previous to 2010, concentrations of total larvae and most dominant larval taxa were higher during the winter/spring and lower during the summer/fall seasons in 2010 (corresponding to the shift from El Niño to La Niña conditions) than during similar seasons in any other annual period. In a third comparison, larvae collected from stations 21 to 102 km offshore along the southern Washington to south-central Oregon coast in May 2010, at the end of the El Niño event, were found in higher concentrations than during any May from 2004 to 2009 and 2011. The high concentration of larvae in the winter and spring of 2010 was likely the direct result of El Niño and warm-ocean conditions (high values of the MEI, NOI, and PDO) along with strong downwelling and onshore transport that increased the abundance of offshore taxa over the shelf. Continued monitoring of the NCC is warranted as El Niño effects on larval fish observed in the past may not be indicative of future effects.

  9. Coal Development in the Northern Great Plains. The Impact on Revenues of State and Local Governments. Agricultural Economic Report No. 394.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stinson, Thomas F.; Voelker, Stanley W.

    Development of Northern Great Plains coal resources will create new demands for state and local government services. Development will also produce increased government revenues. Special taxes on coal production have been enacted in Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming in order to ensure that state and local governments receive sufficient revenues to…

  10. Employability of People with Disabilities in the Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia: Employers’ Perspective

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Khoo Suet Leng

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available Purpose: This study investigates employers’ perspective towards employing people with disabilities  in the northern states of Peninsular Malaysia. The research also endeavoured to identify factors that promote or hinder gainful employment of people with disabilities in Malaysia.Method: The data was collected through postal questionnaires distributed to several types of industries in the northern region of Malaysia.Results: The results indicated that most of the employers are in favour of employing persons with disabilities. However, very few have such enabling policies, or a mechanism to handle issues related to persons with disabilities, or a built environment which is fully accessible to persons with disabilities.  They are also concerned about the  ability of workers with disabilities to comprehend and follow orders, as well as the costs involved in employing and training them. These results imply that if employers  want to fulfil their intentions of recruiting persons with disabilities, a lot has to be done to employ and sustain them in their jobs.Key words: Employment, People with Disabilities, Malaysiadoi 10.5463/DCID.v22i2.28

  11. 76 FR 26192 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Northern Sonoma County Air Pollution...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-05-06

    ...EPA is taking direct final action to approve revisions to the Northern Sonoma County Air Pollution Control District (NSCAPCD) and Mendocino County Air Quality Management District (MCAQMD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). Both districts are required under Part C of title I of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to adopt and implement SIP-approved Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permit programs. These revisions update the definitions used in the districts' PSD permit programs.

  12. The Northern Climate Exchange Gap Analysis Project : an assessment of the current state of knowledge about the impacts of climate change in northern Canada

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2002-01-01

    The Northern Climate ExChange (NCE) Gap Analysis Project was launched in 1999 with an objective to assess the state of knowledge on climate change in northern Canada. Resulting products of the project have included the Infosource Database, an on-line database of published climate change research related to the Canadian North, the Directory of Contacts, another on-line database of interested parties to climate change issues, and a set of tables that rate the level of available information on climate change as it relates to natural, economic and community systems. Other products include a report of a workshop on climate change research, 2 reports assessing the level of traditional northern knowledge about climate change, 2 reports assessing the completeness and value of the Infosource Database, a web site for NCE, and this report. All products are available to the public on the Internet or on a CD-ROM. The NCE Gap Analysis Project has shown there are inequalities in the amount of information across different systems, and that there is more knowledge on predicted temperature changes than for other climate components. The study notes that there are strong regional trends for compiled knowledge, with some regions having been better studied than others. The project revealed that traditional knowledge of climate change has not been well documented, and that more information exists about climate change impacts on biological systems with an economic component than those without economic significance. refs., tabs., figs

  13. Young Adolescents' Positioning of Human Rights: Findings from Colombia, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland and the United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barton, Keith C.

    2015-01-01

    This study investigated how young adolescents thought about the location of human rights issues and the nature of violations in differing geographic regions. Open-ended, task-based interviews were conducted with 116 students in Colombia, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the United States. Although students in each location pointed to…

  14. New record of the mangrove rivulid Kryptolebias hermaphroditus Costa, 2011 (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) in the Pará state, northern Brazil

    OpenAIRE

    Guimarães-Costa, Auryceia; Schneider, Horacio; Sampaio, Iracilda

    2017-01-01

    The mangrove killifish Kryptolebias herma­phro­ditus is reported to the southeast and northeast regions of Brazil. Recently, a specimen of K. hermaphroditus was collected in a shallow running seawater stream at Ajuruteua beach, Pará state, northern Brazil. This new record is ca. 1,350 km from the nearest previously known occurrence in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Morphological, molecular, and ecological aspects of this species are described.

  15. Rayleigh and Love Wave Phase Velocities in the Northern Gulf Coast of the United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, A.; Yao, Y.

    2017-12-01

    The last major tectonic event in the northern Gulf Coast of the United States is Mesozoic continental rifting that formed the Gulf of Mexico. This area also experienced igneous activity and local uplifts during Cretaceous. To investigate lithosphere evolution associated with the rifting and igneous activity, we construct Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocity models at the periods of 6 s to 125 s in the northern Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Alabama including the eastern Ouachita and southern Appalachian orogeny. The phase velocities are derived from ambient noise and earthquake data recorded at the 120 USArray Transportable Array stations. At periods below 20 s, phase velocity maps are characterized by significant low velocities in the Interior Salt Basin and Gulf Coast Basin, reflecting the effects of thick sediments. The northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas are imaged as a low velocity anomaly in Rayleigh wave models but a high velocity anomaly of Love wave at the periods of 14 s to 30 s, indicating strong lower crust extension to the Ouachita front. High velocity is present in the Mississippi Valley Graben from period 20 s to 35 s, probably reflecting a thin crust or high-velocity lower crust. At longer periods, low velocities are along the Mississippi River to the Gulf Coast Basin, and high velocity anomaly mainly locates in the Black Warrior Basin between the Ouachita Belt and Appalachian Orogeny. The magnitude of anomalies in Love wave images is much smaller than that in Rayleigh wave models, which is probably due to radial anisotropy in the upper mantle. A 3-D anisotropic shear velocity model will be developed from the phase velocities and will provide more details for the crust and upper mantle structure beneath the northern Gulf of Mexico continental margin.

  16. Nesting ecology of the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) (Cheloniidae) at el Valle Beach, northern pacific, Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Karla G Barrientos Munoz; Cristian Ramirez Gallego; Vivian Paez

    2014-01-01

    The olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) is the most common sea turtle to nest in Colombia. El valle beach is considered the most important nesting beach for this species in South America. Intensive direct capture of nesting females and egg poaching for consumption and local commercial purposes has been a common practice for years. We conducted an analysis of the nesting ecology of the olive ridley on el valle beach in the northern pacific of Colombia in 2008. A total of 164 clutches were transferred to an artificial hatchery for protection. The peak of nesting occurred from the second half of August until the end of September, accounting for 64.6 % of all nests. Along the beach, the section most frequently used was section 3, with 26 % of the nests. The nests were laid mainly in zone 3.69 %. We encountered 55 nesting females and marked 46 of them. Mean CCL was 64.9 ± 2.4 cm and mean CCW was 68.6 ± 2.6 cm. females laid on average of 87.3 ± 14.2 eggs per clutch. We recorded two nesting events per female, with a mean inter-nesting period of 18.8 ± 4.2 days. The reproductive output for the season was 181.5 ± 34.8 eggs / female. Mean hatching success was 81.1 ± 12.1 % and mean emergence success was 77.6 ± 12.7 %. The incubation period was 65 ± 4.7 days. Our study is a valuable contribution to knowledge of the reproductive ecology of the olive ridley population regionally and globally.

  17. Morphological re-description of Electrotaenia malapteruri (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) and Dujardinnascaris malapteruri (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae) infecting the Electric catfish Malapterurus electricus and heavy metal accumulation in host and parasites in relation to water and sediment analysis in Lake Manzala, North Delta, Egypt.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Abdel-Gaber, Rewaida; Abdel-Ghaffar, Fathy; Abdallah Shazly, Mohamed; Morsy, Kareem; Al Quraishy, Saleh; Mohamed, Sanna; Mehlhorn, Heinz

    2017-06-01

    Parasites are one of the most serious limiting factors in aquaculture. The Electric catfish Malapterurus electricus was subjected to study the prevalence and mean intensity of parasitic infections throughout the whole year of 2015. Heavy metals accumulation in host fish and parasites were determined in relation to water quality and sediments of two different sites of Lake Manzala (Manzala and Bahr El-Baqar), Egypt. A total of 100 specimens of Electric catfish were collected and examined for the presence of helminth parasites. Two parasite species were recovered and morphologically identified. These were cestoda Electrotaenia malapteruri and nematode Dujardinnascaris malapteruri. Heavy metal analysis in water and sediments showed that measured heavy metals in Bahr El-Baqar were found in risky levels higher than permissible limits and Manzala site. Sediments were found to contain a higher level of metals than water samples. Heavy metals accumulation in recovered parasites and their host were also determined and showed significantly higher concentrations in parasites compared to their host tissues. According to bioconcentration factors, E. malapteruri showed that highest accumulation rate for all recorded elements up to 302. Essential elements like Cu and Fe were found in significantly higher concentrations in D. malapteruri, whereas E. malapteruri accumulated elements Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn, Zn and Ca to a significantly higher degree. Accordingly, the ratios (C[D.malapteruri]/C[E. malapteruri]) for most essential elements were higher than 0.5. Therefore, fish cestodes can be regarded as useful bio-indicators more than nematodes when evaluating the environmental pollution of aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals.

  18. ¿Qué es el multiculturalismo? La nueva cuestión étnica en el Chile neoliberal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Boccara, Guillaume

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Since the end of the dictatorship, there has been a redefinition of the relationships between the Chilean State and the indigenous peoples. A new political, legal and ideological framework has been implemented in order to deal with the so-called «indigenous problem» and multiculturalism has become the buzzword of official discourses. In this essay, we shall focus on the political nature of this new national and nationalizing project called multiculturalism through the examination of its everyday practices and representations in specific ethnographic sites. Drawing on the critical anthropology of development and of the neoliberal state, we shall concentrate on the brand new IDB-sponsored ethnodevelopment program called Orígenes as well as on the structuring of the intercultural health field in the northern part of Chile. We shall then draw some general conclusions about the nature of neoliberal multiculturalism and the shaping of what we shall call ethnogovernmentality.

    Desde la vuelta a la democracia se ha iniciado en Chile un proceso de redefinición de la relación del estado con los pueblos indígenas del país. Definiendo en una sola palabra de aparente sencillez este nuevo panorama social, legal e institucional, el multiculturalismo se ha instalado con fuerza en la arena pública. En este ensayo, examinamos la naturaleza política de este nuevo proyecto cultural nacional a través de sus prácticas y representaciones cotidianas en sitios etnográficos específicos. Inscribiéndonos en el nuevo campo de reflexión abierto por la antropología crítica del desarrollo y la etnografía del estado neoliberal, focalizamos nuestra atención sobre el programa de etnodesarrollo llamado Orígenes y más específicamente sobre la formación del campo etnoburocrático de la salud intercultural en el norte de Chile mediante el análisis de la primera consultoría en salud intercultural en la Comuna de San Pedro de Atacama.

  19. Captura incidental de tortugas marinas durante El Niño 1997-1998, en el norte del Perú Sea turtles by-catch during El Niño 1997-1998, in northern Perú

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Javier Castro

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta evidencia del aumento de capturas incidentales de tortugas marinas en el norte del Perú, durante el fenómeno El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENOS 1997-1998. El área de estudio se ubica frente a Lambayeque, entre 6°20'S y 7°10'S, y desde la costa hasta 35 mn mar afuera. Se analizaron y describieron los aparejos de enmalle por ser los que más interactuaban con estas tortugas, así como las características de las embarcaciones. Se registraron las tortugas capturadas por la flota artesanal entre enero 1996 y diciembre 1998; se identificó las especies capturadas y se analizó la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE; la información se correlacionó con la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM. Se analizó un total de 265 operaciones de pesca, capturándose un total de 383 tortugas, correspondiendo 80,4% a la tortuga pico de loro (Lepidochelys olivacea, 19,3% a la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas y 0.2% a la tortuga carey (Eretmochelys imbricata. Se encontró una correlación altamente significativa entre las capturas de tortugas marinas y la TSM con un intervalo de confianza del 99% (Pearson; r = 0,787; σ = 0,000; N = 36. Se recomienda reforzar la colaboración entre entidades públicas y privadas para implementar medidas de manejo adecuadas para la conservación de estas especies amenazadas, sobre todo ante la eventualidad de un fenómeno ENOS.The main purpose of this work is to present evidence of sea turtles by-catch increase in northern Peru during the 1997-1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO process. The study area is located off Lambayeque, between 6°20'S and 7°10'S, and from the coastline up to 35 nm offshore. The gillnet artisanal fishery was analyzed and described, since this was the fishing gear which most interact with sea turtles, the boat characteristics were evaluated as well. Sea turtle captures and species identification were registered from January 1996 until December 1998. The catch per unit effort (CPUE was

  20. On achieving the state's household recycling target: A case study of Northern New Jersey, USA

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Otegbeye, M.; Abdel-Malek, L.; Hsieh, H.N.; Meegoda, J.N.

    2009-01-01

    In recent times, the State of New Jersey (USA) has been making attempts at promoting recycling as an environmentally friendly means of attaining self-sufficiency at waste disposal, and the state has put in place a 50% recycling target for its municipal solid waste stream. While the environmental benefits of recycling are obvious, a recycling program must be cost effective to ensure its long-term sustainability. In this paper, a linear programming model is developed to examine the current state of recycling in selected counties in Northern New Jersey and assess the needs to achieve the state's recycling goal in these areas. The optimum quantities of waste to be sent to the different waste facilities, which include landfills, incinerators, transfer stations, recycling and composting plants, are determined by the model. The study shows that for these counties, the gap between the current waste practices where the recycling rate stands at 32% and the state's goal can be bridged by more efficient utilization of existing facilities and reasonable investment in expanding those for recycling activities

  1. Effects of the "great recession" on the forest products sector in the northern region of the United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Christopher W. Woodall; William G. Luppold; Peter J. Ince; Ronald J. Piva; Kenneth E. Skog

    2012-01-01

    The forest industry within the northern region of the United States has demonstrated a notable decline in terms of employment, number of mills, wood consumption, and forest harvests since 2000--a downturn exacerbated by the "Great Recession" of 2007-2009. Longer term industrial decline (since 2000) has been evidenced by reductions in secondary product (e.g.,...

  2. Overweight and aerobic fitness in children in the United States/Mexico border region El sobrepeso y el acondicionamiento aeróbico en niños de la frontera mexicanoestadounidense

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Karen J. Coleman

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To study overweight and aerobic fitness among children in the third and fourth grades of elementary schools in a city in the United States of America (El Paso, Texas and a city in Mexico (Chihuahua, Chihuahua that are on or near the border between those two countries, and to compare the results from those two cities with earlier findings for other children in the United States. METHODS: We followed the El Paso children (427 boys and 385 girls, 93% of them of Mexican descent from third to fourth grade and assessed the change in their body mass index (BMI. In the city of Chihuahua we cross-sectionally measured the BMI of a sample of third grade children (221 boys and 237 girls and a sample of fourth grade children (268 boys and 215 girls. BMI and triceps skinfolds were measured for all the children studied in the two cities. BMI was used to assess risk for overweight (at least the 85th percentile BMI for age and gender and overweight (at least the 95th percentile BMI for age and gender in all the children. The distance that El Paso children ran in nine minutes was used to assess their aerobic fitness (aerobic fitness was not measured in the Chihuahua children. The data from El Paso were collected in 1999, 2000, and 2001, and the Chihuahua data were collected in 2000 and 2001. RESULTS: In the El Paso boys, overweight significantly increased in the one year from third grade to fourth grade, from 22% to 28%, while risk for overweight significantly increased, from 37% to 44%. In the El Paso girls, risk for overweight significantly increased over the same one-year period, from 29% to 37%. The El Paso boys and girls were significantly less fit when compared to samples of children from throughout the United States. Third and fourth grade children from Chihuahua had similar rates of risk for overweight and of overweight when compared to the children from the same grades in El Paso. CONCLUSIONS: Children in both El Paso and Chihuahua were more

  3. Harvesting systems for the northern forest hardwoods

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chris B. LeDoux

    2011-01-01

    This monograph is a summary of research results and environmental compliance measures for timber harvesting operations. Data are presented from the Northern Research Station's forest inventory and analysis of 20 states in the northern forest hardwoods. Harvesting systems available in the region today are summarized. Equations for estimating harvesting costs are...

  4. United States streamflow probabilities and uncertainties based on anticipated El Niño, water year 2003

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dettinger, M.; Cayan, D.; Redmond, K.

    2002-01-01

    During the course of spring and summer 2002, tropical sea-surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean have warmed and the wind and pressure fields have shifted, so that by August, there was considerable confidence that water year (October–September) 2003 will be characterized by a weak to mild El Niño climate (http://iri.columbia.edu/climate/ENSO/currentinfo/archive/200208/QuickLook.html). At the same time, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation pattern of sea-surface temperatures in the North Pacific (Mantua et al., 1997) has shifted towards a more neutral state than in the past several years and will not be considered in detail here. Previous studies of the connections between El Niños and streamflow in the United States by the authors (e.g., Redmond and Koch, 1991; Cayan and Webb, 1992; Cayan et al., 1999; Dettinger et al., 2001) indicate that El Niño conditions influence historical streamflow distributions to varying extents. These conclusions, along with those of other researchers, suggest that foreknowledge of El Niño conditions can inform seasonal outlooks for streamflows throughout the Americas and elsewhere. For example, Dettinger et al. (2001), as distilled here into Fig. 1, showed that historical annual streamflow totals have correlated negatively with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI, which is negatively associated with El Niños) in the U.S. Southwest as well as in the subtropics of South America, and correlate positively in the U.S. Northwest, in much of tropical South America, and, perhaps, in southernmost South America. These interhemispheric bands of El Niño influence are a matter of considerable concern for water- and land-managers throughout the Americas, and expand upon results from previous studies in the western United States (e.g., Redmond and Koch, 1991; Cayan and Webb, 1992), including a recent analysis by Pizarro and Lall (2002), where water availability and hydrologic extremes are particularly pressing issues.

  5. Quench action approach for releasing the Néel state into the spin-1/2 XXZ chain

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Brockmann, M.; Wouters, B.; Fioretto, D.; De Nardis, J.; Vlijm, R.; Caux, J.-S.

    2014-01-01

    The steady state after a quantum quench from the Néel state to the anisotropic Heisenberg model for spin chains is investigated. Two methods that aim to describe the postquench non-thermal equilibrium, the generalized Gibbs ensemble and the quench action approach, are discussed and contrasted. Using

  6. Natural regeneration of northern hardwoods in the northern Great Lakes Region.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Carl H. Tubbs

    1977-01-01

    Reviews silvical and silvicultural information about natural regeneration pertinent to forestry practices in Lake State northern hardwood types. Seed production; effects of light, moisture, temperature and competition on establishment and growth; and how damage affects mortality rates and form are covered. Clearcutting, selection, and shelterwood experiments are...

  7. Responding to the Needs of Young People Leaving State Care: Law, Practice, and Policy in England and Northern Ireland.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pinkerton, John; Stein, Mike

    1995-01-01

    Notes that the challenge for state child welfare services when young people leave care is to prepare them to cope with pressures surrounding this transition. Reviews existing research to explore current practice in England and Northern Ireland, and considers whether recent legislative reform in the two jurisdictions will help develop policy and…

  8. State of oil pollution in the northern Arabian Sea after the 1991 Gulf oil spill

    Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

    Sengupta, R.; Fondekar, S.P.; Alagarsamy, R.

    stream_size 30182 stream_content_type text/plain stream_name Mar_Pollut_Bull_27_85.pdf.txt stream_source_info Mar_Pollut_Bull_27_85.pdf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Marine Pollution... Bulletin, Volume 27, pp. 85-91, 1993. 0025-326X/93 $6.00+0.00 Printed in Great Britain. O 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd State of Oil Pollution in the Northern Arabian Sea after the 1991 Gulf Oil Spill R. SEN GUPTA, S. P. FONDEKAR and R. ALAGARSAMY National...

  9. North American wintertime temperature anomalies: the role of El Niño diversity and differential teleconnections

    Science.gov (United States)

    Beyene, Mussie T.; Jain, Shaleen

    2018-06-01

    El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections induced wintertime surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies over North America show inter-event variability, asymmetry, and nonlinearity. This diagnostic study appraises the assumption that ENSO-induced teleconnections are adequately characterized as symmetric shifts in the SAT probability distributions for North American locations. To this end, a new conditional quantile functional estimation approach presented here incorporates: (a) the detailed nature of location and amplitude of SST anomalies—in particular the Eastern Pacific (EP), Central Pacific (CP) ENSO events—based on its two leading principal components, and (b) over the entire range of SATs, characterize the differential sensitivity to ENSO. Statistical significance is assessed using a wild bootstrap approach. Conditional risk at upper and lower quartile SAT conditioned on archetypical ENSO states is derived. There is marked asymmetry in ENSO effects on the likelihood of upper and lower quartile winter SATs for most North American regions. CP El Niño patterns show 20-80% decrease in the likelihood of lower quartile SATs for Canada and US west coast and a 20-40% increase across southeastern US. However, the upper quartile SAT for large swathes of Canada shows no sensitivity to CP El Niño. Similarly, EP El Niño is linked to a 40-80% increase in the probability of upper quartile winter SATs for Canada and northern US and a 20% decrease for southern US and northern Mexico regions; however, little or no change in the risk of lower quartile winter temperatures for southern parts of North America. Localized estimate of ENSO-related risk are also presented.

  10. Signals of El Niño Modoki in the tropical tropopause layer and stratosphere

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    F. Xie

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available The effects of El Niño Modoki events on the tropical tropopause layer (TTL and on the stratosphere were investigated using European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF reanalysis data, oceanic El Niño indices, and general climate model outputs. El Niño Modoki events tend to depress convective activities in the western and eastern Pacific but enhance convective activities in the central and northern Pacific. Consequently, during El Niño Modoki events, negative water vapor anomalies occur in the western and eastern Pacific upper troposphere, whereas there are positive anomalies in the central and northern Pacific upper troposphere. The spatial patterns of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR and upper tropospheric water vapor anomalies exhibit a tripolar form. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF analysis of the OLR and upper tropospheric water vapor anomalies reveals that canonical El Niño events are associated with the leading mode of the EOF, while El Niño Modoki events correspond to the second mode. The composite analysis based on ERA-interim data indicate that El Niño Modoki events have a reverse effect on middle-high latitudes stratosphere, as compared with the effect of typical El Niño events, i.e., the northern polar vortex is stronger and colder but the southern polar vortex is weaker and warmer during El Niño Modoki events. According to the simulation' results, we found that the reverse effect on the middle-high latitudes stratosphere is resulted from a complicated interaction between quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO signal of east phase and El Niño Modoki signal. This interaction is not a simply linear overlay of QBO signal and El Niño Modoki signal in the stratosphere, it is El Niño Modoki that leads to different tropospheric zonal wind anomalies with QBO forcing from that caused by typical El Niño, thus, the planetary wave propagation from troposphere to the stratosphere during El Niño Modoki events is

  11. Acerca de los sentidos políticos del movimiento social en el norte argentino: el caso de la Unión de Trabajadores Desocupados de General Mosconi

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ivanna Petz

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available Preguntarnos por las relaciones entre los Estados municipales, provinciales y nacionales y los movimientos sociales, configura el eje vertebrador del trabajo. Indagar en torno a dichas relaciones nos permite, por un lado, saltar el plano de lo manifiesto y comenzar a visualizar la génesis de las tensiones y contradicciones de los procesos de resistencia de los sectores populares; por el otro, nos brinda claves para pensar en el campo de posibilidades y límites de las prácticas y discursos de los sujetos colectivos que resisten. El trabajo que presentamos forma parte de una investigación en curso en torno a uno de los movimientos sociales que aparece fuertemente en el escenario político del norte argentino a mediados de los años '90, y que posee como antecedente principal el proceso privatizador de YPF: la Unión de Trabajadores Desocupados de Gral. Mosconi (UTD.The main theme of this essay is to inquire about the relations between national, provincial, local States and social movements. The exploration of these types of relationships may allow us to, first, analyze what is not perceptible and visualize the tensions and contradictions´ genesis in popular sectors resistance processes; and secondly, it may show keys to facilitate analysis of the possibilities and limits of the speech and practice of collectively resisting subjects. This work is part of a pending investigation concerning one of the more strongly appearing social movements of northern Argentina's political scenario during the 90´s, and which has its roots in the YPF's privatization process: the Unión de Trabajadores Desocupados (UTD from Gral. Mosconi.

  12. State formation and water-resource management in the Horn of Africa: the Aksumite Kingdom of the northern Ethiopian Highlands

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Sulas, Federica; Madella, Marco; French, Charles

    2009-01-01

    Intensification of agriculture and irrigation are often considered triggers for both the flourishing and demise of civilizations. Was irrigation a key factor of state formation and urban development in northern Ethiopia? We argue that a household-based management of farmland and water would have ...... likely that ancient Aksumites utilized seasonal rainfall and water conservation methods to sustain food production....

  13. The evolution of the equatorial thermocline and the early Pliocene El Padre mean state

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ford, Heather L.; Ravelo, A. Christina; Dekens, Petra S.; LaRiviere, Jonathan P.; Wara, Michael W.

    2015-06-01

    The tropical Pacific thermocline strength, depth, and tilt are critical to tropical mean state and variability. During the early Pliocene (~3.5 to 4.5 Ma), the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) thermocline was deeper and the cold tongue was warmer than today, which resulted in a mean state with a reduced zonal sea surface temperature gradient or El Padre. However, it is unclear whether the deep thermocline was a local feature of the EEP or a basin-wide condition with global implications. Our measurements of Mg/Ca of Globorotalia tumida in a western equatorial Pacific site indicate Pliocene subsurface temperatures warmer than today; thus, El Padre included a basin-wide thermocline that was relatively warm, deep, and weakly tilted. At ~4 Ma, thermocline steepening was coupled to cooling of the cold tongue. Since ~4 Ma, the basin-wide thermocline cooled/shoaled gradually, with implications for thermocline feedbacks in tropical dynamics and the interpretation of TEX86-derived temperatures.

  14. A dichotomous species of Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta is colonizing northern Chile Una especie dicotómica de Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta está colonizando el norte de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ALEJANDRA GONZÁLEZ

    2004-06-01

    Full Text Available In late 2001 and early 2002, a dichotomous species of Codium appeared colonizing the low intertidal and shallow subtidal bottoms of Caldera Bay, northern Chile (27° 03’ S, 70° 51’ W. Due to the ecological and economic impact the species is having in Caldera Bay and its potential spread along the Chilean coastline, we studied the taxonomic identity of the species and examined its relationships with other dichotomous species of Codium reported for temperate Pacific South America. Morphological analyses suggest that the seaweeds from Caldera Bay belong to Codium fragile (Suringar Hariot. Not only is there strong agreement in internal and external morphological characters, but among all the species reported for Peru and Chile, this is the only one exhibiting utricles with rounded, apiculate tip terminating in a mucron. This species has a broad geographic distribution in temperate waters. In Chile it was known only from the coasts of Valdivia to the Straits of Magellan (39° 48’ S, 73° 26’ W to 53° 10’ S, 73° 49’ W. This is the first record of C. fragile in northern Chile, and this study discusses several alternative hypotheses for the presence of the species into this area. The morphological characteristics of the material collected in Caldera partially agree with diagnostic characters known for C. fragile subspecies tasmanicum and C. fragile subspecies tomentosoides. However, the rapid population spread of the species in northern Chile, and recent molecular analysis support the identification of this form as the invasive C. fragile subspecies tomentosoidesA fines de 2001 y principio de 2002, apareció en el norte de Chile una especie del género Codium, de morfología dicotómica, colonizando los niveles intermareales y submareales de la Bahía de Caldera (27° 03’ S, 70° 51’ O. Debido al impacto ecológico y económico que ha provocado esta especie en la Bahía de Caldera y a su dispersión potencial a lo largo de la costa de

  15. APPLE MANGO VALUE CHAIN IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: CASE ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    2015-09-03

    Sep 3, 2015 ... This study, conducted in Mereb-Leke district of Tigray, Northern ... development agencies, donors and NGOs are ... Apple Mango Value Chain in Northern Ethiopia: Case Study of Mereb-Leke District. 17 ... of the districts in the Tigray Regional State of ... city, Axum and Rama town, respectively and 5 and.

  16. War and reconstruction in northern Mozambique

    OpenAIRE

    Tilman Bruck

    2006-01-01

    The article discusses some of the economic effects of war in northern Mozambique. It indicates how the historical and structural features of the economy of northern Mozambique restricted post-war reconstruction and post-war poverty alleviation. These features include the dominance of only a few cash crops for export, the absence of much rural trading, poor communication infrastructure, and weak political and state institutions. The specific nature of the internal war further weakened the stat...

  17. Use of damage surveys and field inventories to evaluate oak and sugar maple health in the northern United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Randall S Morin; Christopher W. Woodall; Jim Steinman; Charles H. Perry

    2009-01-01

    Oak species (Quercus spp.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) are substantial components of the forest ecosystems in the 24-state region spanning the northern U.S. During recent decades, both damage surveys and forest inventories have documented declines of sugar maple and oak health. In order to more fully assess the status of oak and sugar maple health, we examined...

  18. Extent of Parent-Teacher Association Involvement in the Implementation of Universal Basic Education Program in Primary Schools in Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Chidi Nnebedum

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available Pupil’ absenteeism and lateness to school, dilapidated and shortage of relevant facilities in primary schools in the Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State seems to suggest lapses in parent-teacher association involvement in school affairs. This prompted the researchers to ascertain the extent of parent-teacher association (PTA involvement in the implementation of universal basic education program in primary schools in the Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State. Three research questions guided the study and three null hypotheses were tested. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was comprised of all 250 head teachers and all PTA members at all 250 primary schools in the Northern Senatorial District. Multiple stage sampling technique was used to sample 205 respondents made up of 75 head teachers and 130 PTA members. The researchers developed an instrument titled “Parent-Teacher Association Involvement in School Questionnaire (PTAISQ” which was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts. The reliability of the instrument was ascertained using Cronbach alpha and it yielded an overall reliability coefficient value of .76. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that the extent of PTA involvement in maintenance of facilities in the implementation of universal basic education program in primary schools in the Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State was high. Based on the findings, recommendations were made and conclusions were drawn.

  19. Titan's Stratospheric Condensibles at High Northern Latitudes During Northern Winter

    Science.gov (United States)

    Anderson, Carrie; Samuelson, R.; Achterberg, R.

    2012-01-01

    in significantly larger abundances. We will present the spectral and vertical distribution of Titan's stratospheric particulates during northern winter on Titan. The drastically changing abundance of the haystack over a small latitude range will be highlighted, specifically comparing the IRIS and CIRS epochs, Finally, we will discuss the situation in which CH4 condenses in Titan's lower stratosphere, forming an unexpected quasi steady-state stratospheric Ice cloud.

  20. Detection of the pandemic norovirus variant GII.4 Sydney 2012 in Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luciana Damascena da Silva

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available Noroviruses (NoVs are important cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Genotype GII.4 is responsible for the majority of outbreaks reported to date. This study describes, for the first time in Brazil, the circulation of NoV GII.4 variant Sydney 2012 in faecal samples collected from children aged less than or equal to eight years in Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil, during July-September 2012.

  1. Revista de revistas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Facultad de Medicina Revista

    1941-05-01

    Full Text Available Consulado de Colombia en Boston. Para el Departamento Consular. - Informe mensual. - Mes de diciembre de 1940. Asunto: dos nuevos aparatos científicos (1 El microscopio "Electrón". (2 El Klystron / Eduardo Gómez Durán, Consúl de Colombia. La esquistosomiasis en los valles irrigados de Venezuela (Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social. Volumen VI. Abril, 1941. N° 2 Caracas Venezuela. Tripanosomiasis humana (Enfermedad de Carlos Chagas en Guayaquil, Ecuador. La fenothiazina como antihelmintico en infecciones por oxiuros y ascaris / Manson - Bahr, P. - The Lancet. 28-12-40. Sangre conservada: un análisis de su empleo. Informe del Merseyside war blood bank (Depósito de sangre de Guerra / Edwards, F. R. - Davie, T. B. - Brit. Med. J. 20-7-40.  Efecto de los rayos X sobre las enzimas / Dale, W. M. - Biochemical Journal. Nov. 1940. Estudio experimental de lesiones producidas por onda explosiva en los pulmones (Resumen aparecido en el Bulletin of War Medicine, 1, 76, Nov. 1940 / Zuckerman, S. - The Lancet. 24-8-40

  2. Beach-ridge series in northern Peru: chronology, correlation, and relationship with major Late Holocene El Niño events

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    1993-01-01

    íos de la costa norte del Perú (Santa, Chira, Piura podrían reflejar los mayores eventos El Niño de la segunda mitad del Holoceno. Con el objetivo de averiguar esta interpretación, se reexamina aquí las principales características de las dos secuencias de cordones observadas en ambos lados de la desembocadura del río Chira, y en particular el conjunto de datos radiocronológicos obtenidos sobre estos cordones. Se confirma que los cordones de las dos secuencias difieren entre sí tanto por el tipo de sedimento como por su morfología, pero que en los dos casos su formación implicó condiciones meteorológicas y procesos oceanográficos que caracterizan eventos El Niño muy fuertes. Los fechamientos por radiocarbono de conchas marinas y carbón muestreados dentro y sobre los cordones sugieren que las dos series se fueron formando paralelamente en los últimos 4500 años. Los cordones se habrían formado a intervalos de tiempo de 100-600 años. La comparación geomorfológica de las dos series de cordones, su disposición geométrica y el conjunto de datos geocronológicos llevan a establecer una correlación cronológica entre las dos secuencias. Esta correlación tiende a confirmar que la formación de estas construcciones litorales fue ligada a los más violentos trastornos océano climáticos de tipo El Niño que ocurrieron en los últimos milenios. It has previously been hypothesized that the sequences of beach ridges observed at the mouth of the major rivers of the northern coast of Peru (Santa, Chira and Piura Rivers might record the most intense events of the El Niño phenomenon that occurred in the second half of the Holocene. The purpose of this paper is to reexamine this interpretation through a comparative study of the two sequences preserved north and south of the Chira River mouth. The beach ridges of the two sequences are different sedimentologically and geomorphologically but in both cases required, for their formation, particular meteorologic and

  3. Time-series Oxygen-18 Precipitation Isoscapes for Canada and the Northern United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Delavau, Carly J.; Chun, Kwok P.; Stadnyk, Tricia A.; Birks, S. Jean; Welker, Jeffrey M.

    2014-05-01

    The present and past hydrological cycle from the watershed to regional scale can be greatly enhanced using water isotopes (δ18O and δ2H), displayed today as isoscapes. The development of water isoscapes has both hydrological and ecological applications, such as ground water recharge and food web ecology, and can provide critical information when observations are not available due to spatial and temporal gaps in sampling and data networks. This study focuses on the creation of δ18O precipitation (δ18Oppt) isoscapes at a monthly temporal frequency across Canada and the northern United States (US) utilizing CNIP (Canadian Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) and USNIP (United States Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) measurements. Multiple linear stepwise regressions of CNIP and USNIP observations alongside NARR (North American Regional Reanalysis) climatological variables, teleconnection indices, and geographic indicators are utilized to create empirical models that predict the δ18O of monthly precipitation across Canada and the northern US. Pooling information from nearby locations within a region can be useful due to the similarity of processes and mechanisms controlling the variability of δ18O. We expect similarity in the controls on isotopic composition to strengthen the correlation between δ18Oppt and predictor variables, resulting in model simulation improvements. For this reason, three different regionalization approaches are used to separate the study domain into 'isotope zones' to explore the effect of regionalization on model performance. This methodology results in 15 empirical models, five within each regionalization. A split sample calibration and validation approach is employed for model development, and parameter selection is based on demonstrated improvement of the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). Simulation results indicate the empirical models are generally able to capture the overall monthly variability in δ18Oppt. For the three

  4. Manager's handbook for northern hardwoods in the north-central states.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Carl H. Tubbs

    1977-01-01

    Provides a key for the resource manager to use in choosing silvicultural practices for the management of northern hardwoods. Control of stand composition, growth, and stand establishment for timber production, water, wildlife, and recreation are discussed.

  5. Gangs in El Salvador

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-03-01

    buscan-apoyo-para-prevencion-de-violencia- en- el -sa/, (accessed December 10, 2012). 41 Cámara de Comercio e Industria de El Salvador “Propuesta...Gangs in El Salvador by Colonel Luis W. Ortiz Medina El Salvador Army United States Army War College...33 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Gangs in El Salvador 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM

  6. Grassland to shrubland state transitions enhance carbon sequestration in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Petrie, M D; Collins, S L; Swann, A M; Ford, P L; Litvak, M E

    2015-03-01

    The replacement of native C4 -dominated grassland by C3 -dominated shrubland is considered an ecological state transition where different ecological communities can exist under similar environmental conditions. These state transitions are occurring globally, and may be exacerbated by climate change. One consequence of the global increase in woody vegetation may be enhanced ecosystem carbon sequestration, although the responses of arid and semiarid ecosystems may be highly variable. During a drier than average period from 2007 to 2011 in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, we found established shrubland to sequester 49 g C m(-2) yr(-1) on average, while nearby native C4 grassland was a net source of 31 g C m(-2) yr(-1) over this same period. Differences in C exchange between these ecosystems were pronounced--grassland had similar productivity compared to shrubland but experienced higher C efflux via ecosystem respiration, while shrubland was a consistent C sink because of a longer growing season and lower ecosystem respiration. At daily timescales, rates of carbon exchange were more sensitive to soil moisture variation in grassland than shrubland, such that grassland had a net uptake of C when wet but lost C when dry. Thus, even under unfavorable, drier than average climate conditions, the state transition from grassland to shrubland resulted in a substantial increase in terrestrial C sequestration. These results illustrate the inherent tradeoffs in quantifying ecosystem services that result from ecological state transitions, such as shrub encroachment. In this case, the deleterious changes to ecosystem services often linked to grassland to shrubland state transitions may at least be partially offset by increased ecosystem carbon sequestration. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  7. Climate modulates internal wave activity in the Northern South China Sea

    Science.gov (United States)

    DeCarlo, Thomas M.; Karnauskas, Kristopher B.; Davis, Kristen A.; Wong, George T. F.

    2015-02-01

    Internal waves (IWs) generated in the Luzon Strait propagate into the Northern South China Sea (NSCS), enhancing biological productivity and affecting coral reefs by modulating nutrient concentrations and temperature. Here we use a state-of-the-art ocean data assimilation system to reconstruct water column stratification in the Luzon Strait as a proxy for IW activity in the NSCS and diagnose mechanisms for its variability. Interannual variability of stratification is driven by intrusions of the Kuroshio Current into the Luzon Strait and freshwater fluxes associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Warming in the upper 100 m of the ocean caused a trend of increasing IW activity since 1900, consistent with global climate model experiments that show stratification in the Luzon Strait increases in response to radiative forcing. IW activity is expected to increase in the NSCS through the 21st century, with implications for mitigating climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems.

  8. El Paso natural gas nearing completion of system's largest expansion

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    1992-01-01

    El Paso Natural Gas Co.'s largest expansion program in its 64-year history will be completed along its northern system this spring or early summer. According to the company, the three-tiered, $241.5 million expansion program will increase El Paso's gas-transport capacity by 835 MMcfd to 2.5 bcfd of conventional and coal-seam gas from the San Juan basin in northwestern New Mexico. That's enough natural gas, says the company, to supply the needs of a city of more than 800,000 residents. This paper reports that the expansion involves the San Juan Triangle system, the company's northern main line, and the Permian-San Juan crossover line. The company also filed with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in October 1991 to construct a new $15.2 million compressor station, Rio Vista, south of Bloomfield, N.M. The station would be used to move additional gas to the main line

  9. Evade, Corrupt, or Confront? Organized Crime and the State in Brazil and Mexico ¿Evadir, corromper o confrontar? El crimen organizado y el Estado en Brasil y México

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Matthew M. Taylor

    2009-07-01

    Full Text Available Government and organized criminal groups co-exist in uneasy equilibrium. Criminal groups adjust their behavior as a function of their own goals and resources in relation to inter-group cooperation and conflict, dynamic markets, and public policies; governments adjust their behavior according to shifting perceptions of the benefits offered, threats posed, and strategies adopted by criminal groups. When governments attempt to control or repress their activities, criminal groups employ various tools and instruments that might be grouped into three categories: evasion, corruption, and confrontation. The paper draws on recent cases from Brazil and Mexico with respect to tactical and strategic choices by governments and criminal groups, seeking to address three broad questions. What factors disrupt the state-criminal group equilibrium? Under what circumstances do disruptions produce significant levels of violence (as opposed to evasion or corruption? What are the implications for the quality of democracy as criminal groups violently confront the state? El crimen organizado y el gobierno coexisten en un equilibrio sumamente delicado. En función de sus recursos y objetivos, los grupos criminales ajustan su comportamiento en base a las dinámicas del mercado, las políticas públicas y el grado de cooperación o conflicto con otros grupos delictivos. El gobierno, por su parte, actúa de acuerdo al cambio en la percepción de amenazas, beneficios y estrategias adoptadas por el crimen organizado. De tal forma, cuando el gobierno intenta controlar o reprimir actividades ilícitas, los grupos criminales emplean diversos mecanismos que pueden catalogarse en las siguientes categorías: evasión, corrupción y confrontación. El artículo se basa en las tácticas y estrategias adoptadas por el gobierno y los grupos criminales durante casos recientes en Brasil y México, a fin de responder las siguientes tres preguntas ¿Qué factores interrumpen el equilibrio

  10. 78 FR 34095 - Adequacy Status of the Idaho, Northern Ada County PM10

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-06-06

    ..., Northern Ada County PM 10 State Implementation Plan for Transportation Conformity Purposes AGENCY...), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) for the years 2008, 2015 and 2023 in the Northern Ada County PM... Northern Ada County. The EPA's finding was made pursuant to the adequacy review process for implementation...

  11. Observations and Modeling of the August 27, 2012 Earthquake and Tsunami affecting El Salvador and Nicaragua

    Science.gov (United States)

    Borrero, Jose C.; Kalligeris, Nikos; Lynett, Patrick J.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Newman, Andrew V.; Convers, Jaime A.

    2014-12-01

    On 27 August 2012 (04:37 UTC, 26 August 10:37 p.m. local time) a magnitude M w = 7.3 earthquake occurred off the coast of El Salvador and generated surprisingly large local tsunami. Following the event, local and international tsunami teams surveyed the tsunami effects in El Salvador and northern Nicaragua. The tsunami reached a maximum height of ~6 m with inundation of up to 340 m inland along a 25 km section of coastline in eastern El Salvador. Less severe inundation was reported in northern Nicaragua. In the far-field, the tsunami was recorded by a DART buoy and tide gauges in several locations of the eastern Pacific Ocean but did not cause any damage. The field measurements and recordings are compared to numerical modeling results using initial conditions of tsunami generation based on finite-fault earthquake and tsunami inversions and a uniform slip model.

  12. Analisi spaziale in archeologia dei paesaggi: il progetto N.D.S.S. (Northern Daunian Subappennino Survey

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Felice Stoico

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available El proyecto Northern Daunian Subappennino Survey, realizado en el ámbito de la investigación científica relacionada al Doctorado de investigación en "Arqueología y didáctica de Bienes Culturales", tiene la intención de presentar un estudio metodológico de los castillos para reconstruir el paisaje medieval a través del conocimiento y de la interpretación de los asentamientos. Partiendo de los resultados acabados en las investigaciones pasadas y de las muchas ideas que el análisis de los paisajes medievales realizado por la Universidad de Foggia ofrece, el proyecto ha sido estructurado como un análisis global, con el intento de redefinir todos los aspectos implicados en el proceso de la documentación arqueologíca y de la excavación, con la ayuda de la arquelogía informática, poniendo el acento en el uso del software libre y de código abierto.

  13. Traditional medicine trade in vulture parts in northern Nigeria | Saidu ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    We report findings on the vulture trade in northern Nigeria, where it is commonly practised especially to supply the traditional medicine industry. We administered an open-ended questionnaire to 113 traditional, predominantly Hausa medicinal traders in 39 markets within eight states in northern Nigeria. Of the interviewed ...

  14. Natural equilibria and anthropic effects on sediment transport in big river systems: The Nile case

    Science.gov (United States)

    Garzanti, Eduardo; Andò, Sergio; Padoan, Marta; Vezzoli, Giovanni; Villa, Igor

    2014-05-01

    knowledge of the Nile sediment system not only has wide paleoclimatic, paleoceanographic and archaeological implications, including a better understanding of Quaternary environmental changes in northern Africa, water circulation and sapropel development in the Mediterranean Sea, and impact on the Egyptian civilization by natural phenomena, but is also strongly needed to mitigate undesirable impacts of human activities on natural equilibria and to improve watershed, reservoir and coastal management. Mineralogical data (Shukri, 1950) integrated by new petrographic, heavy-mineral and geochemical analyses (Padoan et al., 2011) show how sediments derived from Archean gneisses exposed through northern Uganda and from Panafrican basements drained by Ethiopian tributaries of River Sobat become progressively enriched in quartz at the expense of unstable components across the Sudd and Machar Marshes (grey shaded area). Petrographic, mineralogical, and isotopic signatures are gradually homogenized along both the Bahr el Jebel/Bahr ez Zeraf and the Sobat and remain finally unchanged down to Khartoum, which suggests massive sediment dumping in the marshes. This explains why White Nile sediment contribution to the main Nile downstream Khartoum is virtually negligible (Garzanti et al., 2006). Garzanti, E., Andò, S., Vezzoli, G., Abdel Megid, A.A., El Kammar, A., 2006. Petrology of Nile River sands (Ethiopian and Sudan): sediment budgets and erosion patterns. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 252, 327-341. Padoan, M., Garzanti, E., Harlavan, Y., Villa, I.M., 2011. Tracing Nile sediment sources by Sr and Nd isotope signatures (Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 3627-3644. Said, R., 1993. The River Nile, Oxford, Pergamon, 1993, 320 p. Shukri, N.M., 1950. The mineralogy of some Nile sediments. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London, 105, 511-534. Williams, M.A.J., Faure, H., 1980. The Sahara and the Nile. Balkema, Rotterdam. Woodward, J.C., Macklin, M.G., Krom, M.D., Williams, M.A.J., 2007

  15. An Evaluation of the Conservation State of Qasr El-Emara, Al-Wajh, Saudi Arabia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mohsen M. SALEH

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available Qasr El-Emara, located in the center of the old city on Al-Wajh on the Red Sea coast, is an important historical coral building in the north of Saudi Arabia. This research aims to diagnose the current conservation state of Qasr El-Emara and to identify the building materials (stone, mortar, plaster and timber, the construction method and the deterioration and degradation effects on the Qasr El-Emara building. To achieve these objectives, we used a number of investigation and analysis methods, such as: field observations (visual examination, optical microscopy (OM, polarized microscopy (PM, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD technique and image analysis (Sigma Scan Pro.5 of SPSS Inc.. The main building materials of Qasr El-Emara were identified as follow: limestone coral (three species, lime, gypsum mortar, two different plaster layers (external and internal lime plaster, and tamarisk wood, used for timbers and dormers. Random rubble (un-coursed was the construction method. The most important aspects of damage we observed were the loss of mortar between the stone blocks, the loss of the external plaster layer, observed especially in the lower part of the building, spread cracks in the plaster layer and in the walls with partial collapses, and surface damage of the timber used for the construction of the main façade.

  16. Fermionic Spinon Theory of Square Lattice Spin Liquids near the Néel State

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alex Thomson

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available Quantum fluctuations of the Néel state of the square lattice antiferromagnet are usually described by a CP^{1} theory of bosonic spinons coupled to a U(1 gauge field, and with a global SU(2 spin rotation symmetry. Such a theory also has a confining phase with valence bond solid (VBS order, and upon including spin-singlet charge-2 Higgs fields, deconfined phases with Z_{2} topological order possibly intertwined with discrete broken global symmetries. We present dual theories of the same phases starting from a mean-field theory of fermionic spinons moving in π flux in each square lattice plaquette. Fluctuations about this π-flux state are described by (2+1-dimensional quantum chromodynamics (QCD_{3} with a SU(2 gauge group and N_{f}=2 flavors of massless Dirac fermions. It has recently been argued by Wang et al. [Deconfined Quantum Critical Points: Symmetries and Dualities, Phys. Rev. X 7, 031051 (2017.PRXHAE2160-330810.1103/PhysRevX.7.031051] that this QCD_{3} theory describes the Néel-VBS quantum phase transition. We introduce adjoint Higgs fields in QCD_{3} and obtain fermionic dual descriptions of the phases with Z_{2} topological order obtained earlier using the bosonic CP^{1} theory. We also present a fermionic spinon derivation of the monopole Berry phases in the U(1 gauge theory of the VBS state. The global phase diagram of these phases contains multicritical points, and our results imply new boson-fermion dualities between critical gauge theories of these points.

  17. Echovirus 30 associated with cases of aseptic meningitis in state of Pará, Northern Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ceyla Maria Oeiras de Castro

    2009-05-01

    Full Text Available Investigation of the aetiology of viral meningitis in Brazil is most often restricted to cases that occur in the Southern and Southeastern Regions; therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the viral meningitis cases that occurred in state of Pará, Northern Brazil, from January 2005-December 2006. The detection of enterovirus (EV in cerebrospinal fluid was performed using cell culture techniques, RT-PCR, nested PCR and nucleotide sequencing. The ages of the 91 patients ranged from 60 years old (median age 15.90 years. Fever (87.1%, headache (77.0%, vomiting (61.5% and stiffness (61.5% were the most frequent symptoms. Of 91 samples analyzed, 18 (19.8% were positive for EV. Twelve were detected only by RT- PCR followed by nested PCR, whereas six were found by both cell culture and RT-PCR. From the last group, five were sequenced and classified as echovirus 30 (Echo 30. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Echo 30 detected in Northern Brazil clustered within a unique group with a bootstrap value of 100% and could constitute a new subgroup (4c according to the phylogenetic tree described by Oberste et al. (1999. This study described the first molecular characterization of Echo 30 in Brazil and this will certainly contribute to future molecular analyses involving strains detected in other regions of Brazil.

  18. Climate conditions of the “El Niño” phenomenon for a hydro-eolic complementarity project in peru

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castillo N, Leonardo; Ortega M, Arturo; Luyo, Jaime E.

    2018-05-01

    Northern Peru is threatened by the consequences of a natural phenomenon called “El Niño”, mainly during the months of December to April. In the summer of 2017, this event reported strong climatic variations with intense rains, increasing the water levels of the Chira and Piura rivers, filling the Poechos reservoir, together with flooding and mudding. However, from an energetic perspective, these climatic alterations have a strong potential to increase the availability of the wind and hydro renewable energies in northern Peru. This work performs an evaluation of the hydro-eolic complementarity as part of the sustainability of energy systems. The study includes evaluation of historical records of wind velocity and water flow rates. It then evaluates correlation, analysis, and estimates the hydro and wind energy potentials generated by this phenomenon. The implications of the "El Niño" phenomenon are mostly negative. Nonetheless, it is possible to take advantage of higher wind and water flow rates with a hybrid energy system. The results obtained show a high degree of complementarity both normal and "El Niño" phenomenon condition in northern Peru.

  19. Wagging the Pacific Dog by its Indian Tail? : A west Indian Ocean Precursor to El Niño

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Wieners, C.E.

    2018-01-01

    Cool Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies tend to prevail in the Seychelles Dome region (Southwest Indian Ocean, NE of Madagascar) during the Northern hemisphere summer-autumn 1.5 years before El Niño. This West Indian Ocean precursor might potentially help to predict El Niño/Southern Oscillation

  20. The Current State of Reproductive Health in Rural Northern Nigeria ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world, and most deaths occur in the northern part of the country. Concerns about the persistence of the problem prompted some Nigerian academics to partner with their American colleagues to establish a postgraduate fellowship programme that builds the ...

  1. El significado cronológico de algunas especies de faunia fría durante el Tardiglaciar en la Península Ibérica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Esteban ÁLVAREZ FERNÁNDEZ

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: Durante las últimas décadas se ha venido demostrando la existencia de oscilaciones climáticas ocurridas durante del Tardiglaciar en el Hemisferio Norte por medio de correlaciones entre los diferentes tipos de archivos (sondeos glaciares y marinos y secuencias terrestres. Esto ha permitido detectar un amplio espectro de parámetros que nos ayuda a comprender mejor los cambios climáticos ocurridos en Europa. Mientras los territorios situados en el Norte y Noroeste de Europa se ven privados de la influencia directa de la Corriente del Golfo durante el Tardiglaciar, la P. Ibérica está situada en estos momentos al Este de la parte norte de dicha Corriente Noratlántica. Aquí, los cambios acaecidos parecen haber influido menos en la flora y fauna que en los territorios situados más al Norte. Sin embargo, de forma episódica, estas condiciones del Máximo Glaciar pudieron penetrar dentro de la franja norte de la P. Ibérica viéndose afectadas también las regiones del centro de este territorio. En este artículo se analizan diferentes datos de Fauna Fría (representaciones parietales, mobiliares y restos faunísticos de determinados yacimientos peninsulares durante el Tardiglaciar, discutiéndose sus fechas absolutas y relacionándolas con las del "El Magdaleniense con Triángulos".ABSTRACT: During recent years the comparison and synchronisation of several high-resolution climate archives (ice-cores, deep sea cores and terrestrial sequences has repeatedly shown that Late Glacial climatic oscillations were firstly very rapid and secondly, at least in the northern hemisphere, more or less simultaneous events. This database has made it possible to establish a broad spectrum of parameters which can be used to model the essential mechanisms of European Late Glacial climatic change. During phases when northern and north-western Europe lay for longer periods of time outside the direct influence of the North Atlantic Current (Gulf Stream the

  2. A genetic link between magnetite mineralization and diorite intrusion at the El Romeral iron oxide-apatite deposit, northern Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rojas, Paula A.; Barra, Fernando; Reich, Martin; Deditius, Artur; Simon, Adam; Uribe, Francisco; Romero, Rurik; Rojo, Mario

    2018-01-01

    El Romeral is one of the largest iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. The Cerro Principal magnetite ore body at El Romeral comprises massive magnetite intergrown with actinolite, with minor apatite, scapolite, and sulfides (pyrite ± chalcopyrite). Several generations of magnetite were identified by using a combination of optical and electron microscopy techniques. The main mineralization event is represented by zoned magnetite grains with inclusion-rich cores and inclusion-poor rims, which form the massive magnetite ore body. This main magnetite stage was followed by two late hydrothermal events that are represented by magnetite veinlets that crosscut the massive ore body and by disseminated magnetite in the andesite host rock and in the Romeral diorite. The sulfur stable isotope signature of the late hydrothermal sulfides indicates a magmatic origin for sulfur (δ34S between - 0.8 and 2.9‰), in agreement with previous δ34S data reported for other Chilean IOA and iron oxide-copper-gold deposits. New 40Ar/39Ar dating of actinolite associated with the main magnetite ore stage yielded ages of ca. 128 Ma, concordant within error with a U-Pb zircon age for the Romeral diorite (129.0 ± 0.9 Ma; mean square weighted deviation = 1.9, n = 28). The late hydrothermal magnetite-biotite mineralization is constrained at ca. 118 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar dating of secondary biotite. This potassic alteration is about 10 Ma younger than the main mineralization episode, and it may be related to post-mineralization dikes that crosscut and remobilize Fe from the main magnetite ore body. These data reveal a clear genetic association between magnetite ore formation, sulfide mineralization, and the diorite intrusion at El Romeral (at 129 Ma), followed by a late and more restricted stage of hydrothermal alteration associated with the emplacement of post-ore dikes at ca. 118 Ma. Therefore, this new evidence supports a magmatic-hydrothermal model for the

  3. The Lautaro Basin: A record of inversion tectonics in northern Chile La Cuenca Lautaro: un registro de inversión tectónica en el norte de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernando Martínez

    2012-05-01

    Full Text Available The Triassic and Jurassic tectonic history of northern Chile has been dominated by extension, although clear evidence about the nature and geometry of the extensional basins and subsequent inversion structures has been adequately illustrated in only a few cases. In this contribution we present a structural study of the Lautaro Basin located at the western edge of the Frontal Cordillera in the Atacama region of northern Chile. The Lautaro Basin is a Jurassic half-graben, filled by at least 2,600 m of marine deposits of the Lautaro Formation and developed on top of, at least 2,000 m of Triassic volcanic successions of the La Ternera Formation, also accumulated during an earlier period of extensional deformation. Detailed field mapping and construction of a regional balanced cross-section, supported by good exposures along the Copiapó River valley, allow reconstruction of the structural style of both the Jurassic and Triassic extensional depocenters. New structural data have shown that the Lautaro Basin has a complex structural framework reflected in two major Mesozoic extensional periods, overprinted by Cenozoic inversion involving thin- and thick-skinned tectonics. Shortening was accommodated by a combination of inversion of pre-existing normal faults, buttresses, development of footwall short-cuts, and both thin and thick-skinned thrusting. New estimates of shortening are up to 13.1 km (30%, while Mesozoic extension is estimated to be 3 km (7%.Durante el Triásico y Jurásico la evolución tectónica del norte de Chile fue dominada por extensión cortical. No obstante, evidencias claras acerca del estilo estructural y subsecuente inversión de las cuencas asociadas con el evento extensional, han sido ilustradas en pocos casos. En este trabajo, se presenta un estudio estructural de la Cuenca Lautaro, localizada en el borde occidental de la Cordillera Frontal, en la región de Atacama del norte de Chile. La Cuenca Lautaro, es un hemigraben que

  4. ¿Colapso u orden? Cuestionando el colapso del estado en África | Collapse or Order? Questioning state collapse in Africa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Timothy RAEYMAEKERS

    2008-06-01

    . En segundo lugar, da un primer paso hacia el desarrollo de un marco  alternativo para el estudio del orden político en las situaciones de post-colapso estatal. El argumento que se presenta en este artículo no es novedoso: se construye fundamentalmente a partir de perspectivas teóricas y empíricas anteriores sobre los límites de las capacidades estatales (en particular, del Tercer Mundo. Sin embargo lo novedoso es que intenta integrar estas visiones al análisisde las situaciones post-colapso. La noción de poder político (o control social es central en esta aproximación: tomando como punto de partida “las áreas de dominación y oposición” que existen en el seno de las relaciones sociedad-estado, mira en particular las diferentes fuerzas en la sociedad que intentan monopolizar los tres mbitos que se asocian tradicionalmente al rendimiento estado moderno: el monopolio sobre la violencia, la asignación de recursos económicos y la representación de una población más o menos “fija”. Aunque claramente más afín a perspectivas más orientadas a la sociedad, la visión presentada intenta sin embargo combinarlas con un modelo más integrador de las relaciones estado-sociedad, que sirve para analizar cómo los estados y las sociedades siguen constituyéndose y transformándose el uno al otro, en un contexto de debilitamiento de las capacidades estatales.In the aftermath of 9/11, the problem of state ‘collapse’ appears again on  he agenda as an important question of global security. Nevertheless, the academic discussion has not come much further than post conflict dynamics of interference of various new ‘orders’ that move beyond traditional state capacities. The discussion on state collapse thus seems to be placed in a growing deadlock between classical state-centrist approaches —which keep pointing at functional problems— and more society-oriented insights that try to explain other political and economic loyalties that have emerged in the

  5. Current state and prospects of carbon management in high latitudes of Northern Eurasia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schepaschenko, Dmitry; Shvidenko, Anatoly

    2010-05-01

    The current state and trajectories of future development of natural landscapes in high latitudes of Northern Eurasia are defined inter alia by (1) current unsatisfactory social and economic situation in boreal Northern Eurasia; (2) the dramatic magnitude of on-going and expected climatic change (warming up to 10-12oC under global warming at 4oC); (3) increasing anthropogenic pressure, particularly in regions of intensive oil and gas exploration and extraction; (4) large areas of sparsely populated and practically unmanaged land; (5) vulnerability of northern ecosystems which historically developed under cold climates and buffering capacity of which is not well known; (6) risk of catastrophic natural disturbances (fire, insect outbreaks) whose frequency and severity have accelerated during recent decades; and (7) high probability of irreversible changes of vegetation cover. These specifics are overlapped with insufficient governance of natural renewable resources (e.g., forests) and destructed practice of industrial development of new territories (oil and gas extraction and exploration, metallurgy etc.). Based on a full carbon account for terrestrial vegetation ecosystems of Northern Eurasia, we analyze the relative impacts of major drivers on magnitude and uncertainty of the Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance (NECB) under current and expected climate and environment. Dynamic trends and interannual variability of NECB are mostly dependent on weather conditions during growth seasons of individual years, regimes of natural disturbances, and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems. In a short term, disturbances and human impacts cause a theoretically 'manageable' part of the full carbon account, which on average is estimated to be of about 20% of annual net primary production. In a long term, thawing of permafrost and change of hydrological regimes of vast territories may result in a catastrophic decline of the forested area and wide distribution of 'green desertification'. The

  6. The ethnoecological knowledge of fishermen from three coastal lagoons in the northern of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    OpenAIRE

    Lopes, Alexandre Ferreira; Bozelli, Reinaldo Luiz

    2014-01-01

    The current study investigated the ethnoecological knowledge developed by fishermen through their fishing activities and searched for ways to match such knowledge to empirical data available in the scientific literature. The research involved fishermen from three coastal lagoons in the northern region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who were consulted through semi-structured interviews after the establishment of a trustful relationship over a period of three years with the interviewer...

  7. Does Extreme El Niño Have a Different Effect on the Stratosphere in Boreal Winter Than Its Moderate Counterpart?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhou, Xin; Li, Jianping; Xie, Fei; Chen, Quanliang; Ding, Ruiqiang; Zhang, Wenxia; Li, Yang

    2018-03-01

    A robust impact of El Niño on the Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar stratosphere has been demonstrated by previous studies, although whether this applies to extreme El Niño is uncertain. The time evolution of the response of the NH stratospheric vortex to extreme El Niño, compared with that to moderate eastern Pacific El Niño, is addressed by means of composite analysis using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy reanalysis data set from 1980 to 2016. Lead-lag analysis indicates that the El Niño signal actually leads the stratospheric response by 2 months. Considering the time lag, the signal of December-January-February El Niño in the NH stratospheric vortex should mature in the February-March-April season (late winter/early spring). The patterns of circulation and temperature for late winter/early spring during extreme and moderate El Niño events are significant, exhibiting similar structure. The results are confirmed with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 4 model, which is forced with observed SSTs of extreme and moderate El Niño in winter (December-January-February) to analyze the day-to-day propagation of their signals. Note that the magnitudes of the stratospheric responses are much larger in the case of extreme El Niño, as stronger upward propagation of planetary waves leads to a weaker northern polar vortex than during moderate El Niño events.

  8. El impacto de las instituciones internacionales en la formulación de políticas de educación en países pequeños : el caso de El Salvador = The impact of international institutions on education policymaking in small states : the case of El Salvador

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Brent Edwards Jr.

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo analiza el poder institucional de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID en el proceso de la formulación de políticas educativas en El Salvador, durante el período 2003-2005. Los resultados muestran cómo las instituciones bilaterales y multilaterales aprovechan del capital financiero y académico para orientar los procesos de formación de políticas e influenciar en la decisión sobre cuáles políticas son las más aceptables y deseables. Como se podrá ver, una muestra de esta influencia es la manera en que USAID fue capaz de manipular los procesos de formación de políticas al organizar eventos importantes y producir información esencial que dieron lugar a futuros eventos y posteriores oportunidades para presentar y sobredimensionar sus investigaciones. Además, esta investigación enfatiza que un liderazgo excepcional y una voluntad política a nivel nacional pueden ser insuficientes para evitar las agendas promovidas por instituciones internacionales. Finalmente, se sugiere que la investigación educativa en países pequeños refleje la noción de pequeñez en el enfoque de la capacidad institucional.This article analyses the institutional power of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID in the process of education policy formation in El Salvador during 2003-2005. The results show how bi- and multi-lateral institutions are able to leverage financial and intellectual capital to guide the policymaking process and sway which policies are seen as acceptable and desirable. As is show, one key to this influence is how USAID was able to manipulate the policymaking process by creating key events and producing key informational inputs that led to future events and subsequent opportunities to present and emphasize their research. Additionally, this research underscores how even exceptional leadership and political will at the national level can be insufficient to avoid the

  9. Los flujos de capital y el Estado en Colombia The capital inflows and the State in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kalmanovitz Salomón

    1994-12-01

    Full Text Available El artículo hace un breve análisis de los flujos de capital hacia América Latina durante el último lustro, atraídos por economías menos intervenidas por el Estado, más abiertas al comercio internacional, más estables y equilibradas en sus variables macroeconómicas fundamentales. Seguidamente se examina la economía colombiana en los aspectos de crecimiento, inflación, agregados externos, monetarios y fiscales para concluir la apreciación del peso causada por la repatriación de capitales y las expectativas sobre una nueva bonanza petrolera hacen más difícil el desarrollo de la producción de bienes transables en el país.This paper analyses briefly capital inflows in Latin America duringthe last five years which were attracted by less state intervention,more openness to international trade and more stable economies in their macro variables.Next, the paper examines the Colombian economy in themes such asgrowth, inflation, external and fiscal balances, to conclude that the appreciation of the peso, caused by the capital inflow and the expectations of a new oil boom, makes it more difficult to developthe development of tradable within the country.

  10. Subvolcanic contact metasomatism at El Laco Volcanic Complex, Central Andes Metasomatismo de contacto subvolcánico en el Complejo Volcánico El Laco, Andes centrales

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José A Naranjo

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Studies of drill cores from the Pasos Blancos area at El Laco in the central Andes, northern Chile, give evidence of an intense and extensive subvolcanic contact-metasomatic process. This process resulted from shallow-level emplacement of very volatile-rich iron-oxide magma, with discharge of volatiles that resulted in extensive fracturing of overlying volcanic rocks. The brecciated rocks were altered (mainly extensive scapolitization and formation of pyroxene by hot magmatic fluids emitted from the cooling intrusion , and accompanied by magnetite deposition. With time and decreasing temperature, the metasomatic fluids evolved to fluids of hydrothermal character, and a final recent geothermal event took place that deposited superficial gypsum over a large part of the El Laco Volcanic Complex.Estudios realizados en testigos de sondajes en el area de Pasos Blancos en El Laco, en los Andes Centrales del norte de Chile, dan evidencias de un intenso y extenso proceso subvolcánico de metasomatismo de contacto. Este proceso es el resultado de un emplazamiento a poca profundidad de un magma de óxido de fierro muy rico en volátiles y cuya descarga de gases produjo un intenso fracturamiento de las rocas sobrepuestas. Las rocas brechizadas fueron alteradas (principalmente una extensa escapolitización y formación de piroxeno, junto con la depositación de magnetita, por los fluidos magmáticos calientes emitidos por la intrusión durante su enfriamiento. Los fluidos metasomáticos evolucionaron en el tiempo y con la disminución de temperatura, a fluidos de carácter hidrotermal y finalmente tuvo lugar un evento geotérmico reciente, el cual depositó yeso superficial en gran parte del Complejo Volcánico El Laco.

  11. El viaje a Portugal de los embajadores de Federico III en el relato de Lanckmann y de otros cronistas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Herbers, Klaus

    2002-06-01

    Full Text Available The article analyses the report by Nicolas Lanckmann and Jacob Motz of the trip they undertook in 1451 to Lisbon in order to accompany Eleonore of Portugal, future wife to Frederic III, to Rome. Special importance is given to the role safe-conducts and Jacobean traditions play in the text, and the motives for taking the Northern route through the Iberian Peninsula and for diverting to Santiago de Compostela during the time of the "Año Santo" are examined. The report's wide circulation during the XVth and XVIth centuries underlines the ways one formed an image of the Iberian Peninsula in the countries of German tongue.

    El artículo analiza el relato de Nicolás Lanckmann y Jacobo Motz sobre el viaje que éstos emprendieron hacia Lisboa en 1451 para llevar a la futura esposa de Federico III, Leonor de Portugal, a Roma. Se destaca el papel de los salvoconductos y de las tradiciones jacobeas, y se estudian asimismo los motivos para elegir la ruta por el norte de España y el desvío hacia Santiago de Compostela durante el Año Santo compostelano. La difusión del relato en los siglos XV y XVI subraya como se formó también en los países de lengua alemana una idea de la Península Ibérica.

  12. Employment of the El Salvador Armed Forces for Internal Security

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-02-02

    the drug trades.6 The migration back and forth of the members of the Maras to countries in the northern of hemisphere and to drug dealers in the...and “ Sinaloa ” cartels from Mexico trying to 7 get control of the drug traffic in El Salvador. Those groups use Gangs MS 13 and 18th Street gangs

  13. Hydrogeological Investigations of the Quaternary Aquifeer in the Northern Part of El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    El-Sayed, S.A.; Ezz El Din, M.R.; Deyab, M.E.

    2011-01-01

    The hydraulic characteristics of surficial soils and materials of the Quaternary aquifer in the northern part of El-Sharkia Governorate were investigated. The surficial soil zone represents an aquitard for the aquifer and mainly composed of fine textured materials having vertical hydraulic conductivity ranged from 1.4 x10 -6 cm/sec to 2.15x10 -2 cm/sec. The semi-confined Quaternary aquifer is formed of sand and gravel with occasional clay lenses. The groundwater levels ranged from 9 m (MSL) to 5 m (MSL). The major trend of groundwater flow was from south to north and northwest directions. Another minor flow trend was observed to be from southwest to northeast direction. The aquifer is essentially recharged from Ismaillia Canal. The hydraulic gradient through the flow path was 1.9 x10 -4 , averagely. The hydraulic conductivity values differ vertically and laterally indicating the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the aquifer materials. They ranged from 40.1 to 222 m/day with an average value of about 95.8 m/day. The chemical compositions of groundwater and surface water bodies (canals and drains) were investigated. The chemistry of all water bodies was characterized by a basic nature (ph =7.2-7.9) and showed different salinities values and various hydrochemical facies. The average salinities values were 318.1 mg/l for canal water, 1013.4 mg/l for groundwater and 1260 mg/l for drain water. Canal water was fresh while groundwater and drain were fresh to brackish. The reasons causing the changes in salinity and hydrochemical facies were investigated using the relationships among water dissolved constituents and trends of ionic ratios. Subsurface flow, infiltration, evaporation, ion exchange, leaching, and dissolution were the hydrochemical processes leading to the groundwater modification. The suitability of groundwater and surface water for different uses are discussed and evaluated according to the international standards.

  14. A pan-tropical cascade of fire driven by El Niño/Southern Oscillation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chen, Yang; Morton, Douglas C.; Andela, Niels; van der Werf, Guido R.; Giglio, Louis; Randerson, James T.

    2017-12-01

    The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a pronounced influence on year-to-year variations in climate1. The response of fires to this forcing2 is complex and has not been evaluated systematically across different continents. Here we use satellite data to create a climatology of burned-area and fire-emissions responses, drawing on six El Niño and six La Niña events during 1997-2016. On average, reductions in precipitation and terrestrial water storage increased fire emissions in pan-tropical forests by 133% during and following El Niño as compared with La Niña. Fires peaked in equatorial Asia early in the ENSO cycle when El Niño was strengthening (Aug-Oct), before moving to southeast Asia and northern South America (Jan-Apr), Central America (Mar-May) and the southern Amazon (Jul-Oct) during the following year. Large decreases in fire occurred across northern Australia during Sep-Oct of the second year from a reduced fuel availability. Satellite observations of aerosols and carbon monoxide provided independent confirmation of the spatiotemporal evolution of fire anomalies. The predictable cascade of fire across different tropical continents described here highlights an important time delay in the Earth system's response to precipitation redistribution. These observations help to explain why the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 increases during El Niño3 and may contribute to improved seasonal fire forecasts.

  15. Sociopolitical dynamics and cultural continuity in the peruvian northern highlands: a case study from Middle Horizon Cajamarca

    OpenAIRE

    Watanabe, Shinya

    2014-01-01

    This chapter presents excavation data from two archaeological sites, El Palacio and Paredones, located in the Department of Cajamarca in the northern sierra of Peru, a geographic area of social dynamism during the Middle Horizon. The presence of the large-scale site of El Palacio — a Wari administrative center — would suggest that the valley came under direct Wari imperial control in a manner similar to that known under the Inca during the Late Horizon. Yet at the same time, there are chullpa...

  16. Seismic activity of northern and central Switzerland

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Deichmann, N.; Ballarin Dolfin, D.; Kastrup, U.

    2000-12-01

    The present report is part of an ongoing study by the Swiss Seismological Service, that was initiated by Nagra almost 20 years ago. It is devoted to the detailed monitoring of the earthquake activity in northern and central Switzerland. The main objective of this study is to provide information about the locations of active deformation and the state of stress in the Earth's crust and to relate these to the geological features visible at the surface. Originally, this seismotectonic investigation was restricted to the northern part of Switzerland; later it was extended also to the central part. Concerning the seismotectonics of northern Switzerland, this report constitutes a continuation of earlier publications. Here we review the seismic activity and earthquake focal mechanisms of the last 10 years and subsequently derive a comprehensive picture of the deformation and stress in the Earth's crust of northern Switzerland, based on all data available up to the end of 1999. Concerning the seismotectonics of central Switzerland, this publication constitutes the first publicly available report. (author) [de

  17. Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in Western Canada and the Northern United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Proctor, M.F.; Paetkau, David; McLellan, B.N.; Stenhouse, G.B.; Kendall, K.C.; Mace, R.D.; Kasworm, W.F.; Servheen, C.; Lausen, C.L.; Gibeau, M.L.; Wakkinen, W.L.; Haroldson, M.A.; Mowat, G.; Apps, C.D.; Ciarniello, L.M.; Barclay, R.M.R.; Boyce, M.S.; Schwartz, C.C.; Strobeck, C.

    2012-01-01

    Population fragmentation compromises population viability, reduces a species ability to respond to climate change, and ultimately may reduce biodiversity. We studied the current state and potential causes of fragmentation in grizzly bears over approximately 1,000,000 km 2 of western Canada, the northern United States (US), and southeast Alaska. We compiled much of our data from projects undertaken with a variety of research objectives including population estimation and trend, landscape fragmentation, habitat selection, vital rates, and response to human development. Our primary analytical techniques stemmed from genetic analysis of 3,134 bears, supplemented with radiotelemetry data from 792 bears. We used 15 locus microsatellite data coupled withmeasures of genetic distance, isolation-by-distance (IBD) analysis, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), linear multiple regression, multi-factorial correspondence analysis (to identify population divisions or fractures with no a priori assumption of group membership), and population-assignment methods to detect individual migrants between immediately adjacent areas. These data corroborated observations of inter-area movements from our telemetry database. In northern areas, we found a spatial genetic pattern of IBD, although there was evidence of natural fragmentation from the rugged heavily glaciated coast mountains of British Columbia (BC) and the Yukon. These results contrasted with the spatial pattern of fragmentation in more southern parts of their distribution. Near the Canada-US border area, we found extensive fragmentation that corresponded to settled mountain valleys andmajor highways. Genetic distances across developed valleys were elevated relative to those across undeveloped valleys in central and northern BC. In disturbed areas, most inter-area movements detected were made by male bears, with few female migrants identified. North-south movements within mountain ranges (Mts) and across BC Highway 3 were more common

  18. An innovation for improving maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) service delivery in Jigawa State, northern Nigeria: a qualitative study of stakeholders' perceptions about clinical mentoring.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Okereke, Ekechi; Tukur, Jamilu; Aminu, Amina; Butera, Jean; Mohammed, Bello; Tanko, Mustapha; Yisa, Ibrahim; Obonyo, Benson; Egboh, Mike

    2015-02-15

    An effective capacity building process for healthcare workers is required for the delivery of quality health care services. Work-based training can be applied for the capacity building of health care workers while causing minimum disruption to service delivery within health facilities. In 2012, clinical mentoring was introduced into the Jigawa State Health System through collaboration between the Jigawa State Ministry of Health and the Partnership for Transforming Health Systems Phase 2 (PATHS2). This study evaluates the perceptions of different stakeholders about clinical mentoring as a strategy for improving maternal, newborn and child health service delivery in Jigawa State, northern Nigeria. Interviews were conducted in February 2013 with different stakeholders within Jigawa State in Northern Nigeria. There were semi-structured interviews with 33 mentored health care workers as well as the health facility departmental heads for Obstetrics and Pediatrics in the selected clinical mentoring health facilities. In-depth interviews were also conducted with the clinical mentors and two senior government health officials working within the Jigawa State Ministry of Health. The qualitative data were audio-recorded; transcribed and thematically analysed. The study findings suggest that clinical mentoring improved service delivery within the clinical mentoring health facilities. Significant improvements in the professional capacity of mentored health workers were observed by clinical mentors, heads of departments and the mentored health workers. Best practices were introduced with the support of the clinical mentors such as appropriate baseline investigations for pediatric patients, the use of magnesium sulphate and misoprostol for the management of eclampsia and post-partum hemorrhage respectively. Government health officials indicate that clinical mentoring has led to more emphasis on the need for the provision of better quality health services. Stakeholders report that

  19. South-coast cyclone in Japan during El Niño-caused warm winters

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ueda, Hiroaki; Amagai, Yuusuke; Hayasaki, Masamitsu

    2017-05-01

    La Niña conditions during boreal winter sometimes brings excessive snowfall in Japan, especially on the East Sea/Sea of Japan coastal and mountain areas through intensified northwesterly cold winds caused by La-Niña related atmospheric teleconnection. Meanwhile, snowfall events also increase in the Pacific coast area of Japan during the El Niño state due to extratropical cyclones passing along the south coast of Japan (hereafter referred to as South-coast cyclone). In the present study, we investigated year-to-year snowfall/rainfall variations based on meteorological station data and cyclone tracks identified by using the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis. The result clearly indicates increase of the South-coast cyclone during El Niño-developing winters, which is consistent with excessive snow-fall in the northern part of the Pacific coast. Strong subtropical jet hampers cyclogenesis due to less vertical interaction through the trapping of upper-level eddies. During El Niño-developing winters, the subtropical jet is weakened over East Asia, indicating dynamic linkage to increased cyclone frequency. In addition to this, both the deepening of the upper-tropospheric trough over East Asia and anomalous low-tropospheric northwest anticyclones extending from the Philippines toward Japan are also consistent with the enhancement of cyclogenesis over the East China Sea as well as warm winter in Japan.

  20. The sexual games of the body politic: fantasy and state violence in Northern Ireland.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aretxaga, B

    2001-03-01

    This article analyzes the practice of strip searching women political prisoners in Northern Ireland as a violent technology of control aimed at breaking the political identity of prisoners. Focusing on a controversial case of a mass strip search carried out in 1992, the article examines the phantasmatic investements pervading this seemingly rational technology of control. Using a psychoanalytic notion of fantasy against the backdrop of a Foucaultian theory of power, this article argues that strip searches constitute a gendered form of political domination driven by, and performed within, a phantasmatic scenario of sexual violence. In this scenario both the political and gender identities of prisoners are re-inscribed with the power of a state acting as a male body politic. The article argues that the phantasmatic support of rational technologies of control betrays the contingent and shifting character of domination as well as its ambiguous effects.

  1. Simulation model of the scallop (Argopecten purpuratus farming in northern Chile: some applications in the decision making process Modelo de simulación para el cultivo del ostión (Argopecten purpuratus en el norte de Chile: aplicaciones para la toma de decisiones

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    Renato Molina

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available Aquaculture farming is a complex system integrating several disciplines, including biology, engineering and economics, all which need to be correctly intertwined to have a profitable and environmentally sustainable activity. During the past recent years, scallop (Argopectenpurpuratus farmers in northern Chile have come to comprehend the hard way that aquaculture producers operate in a complex and dynamic environment where natural and economic factors are in constant change. Thus, to keep a profitable and competitive business in today's world, aquaculture farm managers are in need of relatively easy to use tools for efficient and timely decision making. Harvest size and time, mortality and growth rates, stocking rates, costs and market prices are important variables and parameters to monitor, where decisions with respect to their levels or values have to be made. In this context, non-linear and dynamic quantitative bioeconomic models should become valuable tools, for periodic decision making in the aquaculture business. This paper shows how to emulate Chilean scallop farming using a simulation model that mimics some of the industry's features. The model presented here focuses on a scallop aquaculture center that uses the common technology approach of pearl net and lanterns of the northern region of Chile, and analyses the farming strategies based on harvesting size. Also, these strategies were subject to variations in the parameters in order to identify patterns and asses the sensibility of the model to input values.La acuicultura es un sistema complejo que integra varias disciplinas, incluyendo la biología, ingeniería y economía, las cuales deben ser correctamente entrelazadas para lograr una actividad rentable y ambientalmente sostenible. Durante los últimos anos, los cultivadores del ostión del norte (Argopecten purpuratus en Chile han comprendido de la peor manera, que las actividades de acuicultura operan en un entorno complejo y din

  2. Diplomacy and the polio immunization boycott in Northern Nigeria.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kaufmann, Judith R; Feldbaum, Harley

    2009-01-01

    The boycott of polio vaccination in three Northern Nigerian states in 2003 created a global health crisis that was political in origin. This paper traces the diplomatic actions that were taken by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, the United Nations, and the U.S. government, to restart polio vaccination and resolve the crisis. The polio vaccination boycott in Northern Nigeria provides a useful case study of the practice of global health diplomacy.

  3. Refining aging criteria for northern sea otters in Washington State

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schuler, Krysten L.; Baker, Bridget B.; Mayer, Karl A.; Perez-Heydrich, Carolina; Holahan, Paula M.; Thomas, Nancy J.; White, C. LeAnn

    2018-01-01

    Measurement of skull ossification patterns is a standard method for aging various mammalian species and has been used to age Russian, Californian, and Alaskan sea otter populations. Cementum annuli counts have also been verified as an accurate aging method for the Alaskan sea otter population. In this study, cementum annuli count results and skull ossification patterns were compared as methods for aging the northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) population in Washington State. Significant agreement was found between the two methods suggesting that either method could be used to age the Washington population of otters. This study also found that ossification of the squamosal-jugal suture at the ventral glenoid fossa can be used to differentiate male subadults from adults. To assist field biologists or others without access to cementum annuli or skull ossification analysis techniques, a suite of morphologic, physiologic, and developmental characteristics were analyzed to assess whether a set of these more easily accessible parameters could also predict age class for the Washington population of otters. Tooth condition score, evidence of reproductive activity in females, and tooth eruption pattern were identified as the most useful criteria for classifying Washington sea otters as pups, juveniles, subadults, or adults/aged adults. A simple decision tree based on characteristics accessible in the field or at necropsy was created that can be used to reliably predict age class of Washington sea otters as determined by cementum annuli.

  4. El golpe de abril: el Estado nacional venezolano ante la globalización neoliberal

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    Jose Honorio Martinez

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available El golpe de abril fue una coyuntura en la que midieron fuerzas dos bloques políticos, la burguesía aliada a los intereses corporativos de los monopolios transnacionales y el bloque nacional popular representado por el gobierno y las organizaciones populares que le respaldaron. El transcurso y desenlace de los acontecimientos mostró que los antagonismos corrieron por diversos frentes, el militar, el de la movilización callejera, el mediático y el institucional. ¿Qué significó el golpe de abril en términos del desenvolvimiento de la lucha de clases en Venezuela? ¿En qué medida los antagonismos entre el bloque opositor y el bloque gubernamental reflejaron la contradicción entre el estado nacional y la globalización neoliberal? Estas preguntas serán el objeto de estudio de este artículo.  Palabras claves: golpe de abril, globalización neoliberal, estado nacional, lucha de clases   ________________________________  Abstract  The coup d’état in April was a moment in which two political forces measured their power. One force was represented the bourgeoisie allied with corporative interests from transnational monopolies, the other one was the national popular group represented by the Government and the popular organizations that support such a Government. The antagonisms were carried out by different fronts: the military front, the mass media front, the popular mobilization on the streets, and the institutional front. What did the coup d’état in April in terms of the classes struggle in Venezuela mean? How did the antagonisms between the opponent group and the Governmental one reflect the contradictions between National-States and neoliberal globalization? These questions will be answered in this study.   Keywords: Coup d’April, neoliberal globalization, National-State, classes struggle

  5. Hydrogeophysical and structural investigation using VES and TDEM data: A case study at El-Nubariya–Wadi El-Natrun area, west Nile Delta, Egypt

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ismael M. Ibraheem

    2016-06-01

    The area under consideration is affected by a group of normal faults that divided the investigated area into five main divisions, northern, eastern, western, southern and central divisions. The inferred faults from the geoelectric sections are traced and collected to construct a structure map. It is worth to mention that Wadi El Natrun and its lakes are structurally controlled by faulting systems trending NW direction.

  6. BOVINE NEOSPOROSIS IN CATTLE FARMS FROM THE NORTHERN REGION OF THE STATE OF VERACRUZ, MEXICO

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    Tomás Montiel-Peña

    2011-11-01

    Full Text Available The aim of the study was to determine the presence of antibodies against Neospora caninum and its DNA in blood samples from bovine females from the northern region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in 13 municipalities, with a sample size of 821 animals. Blood and serum samples were analyzed through ELISA and PCR, respectively. Overall prevalence was 20.8 %; the highest specific prevalences were obtained in breeding cows (27.4 %, crossbred cows (20.9 %, second-calving cows (23.2 %, three year-old cows (20.6 % and cows with abortion history (20 %. The risk factors associated with seropositivity were dairy cattle (OR = 1.9; IC95 %: 1.1-3.4 and dog presence in the farms (OR = 5.3; IC95 %: 1.3-22.3. The presence of N. caninum DNA was demonstrated in 4 out of 12 blood samples tested, which evidenced the existence of active infection. In conclusion, there were risk factors associated with bovine neosporosis, which proved the existence of active infection by N. caninum in cows from the state of Veracruz, Mexico.

  7. Túnel bajo el Elba - Hamburgo - Alemania Federal

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    Editorial, Equipo

    1976-03-01

    Full Text Available This important work, constructed to solve the traffic problem between the northern and Southern parts of Hamburg, has an overall length of 3,325 m. The greater part of the tunnel is provided with special aeration, supplied by three ventilation stations. The tunnel is made up of three independent! circulation tubes, each with two traffic lanes. The lateral tubes are intended for one way traffic, whereas the middle lane is designed for two way traffic. In the section under the river itself, these three tubes, along with the ventilating ducts, come together into one single rectangular piece. This particular stretch consists of eight members, which were constructed in nearby dry dock and were later sunk and laid on the river bottom, along a previously excavated trench. It was completed by means of highly advanced technological methods for sealing the joints and subsequently the trench was again covered up with the excavation material. The section under the greatest slope of the river bed was excavated by means of the method of the advancing driller pipe shield, and the end sections were so near the surface that the work was carried out in the open air. The northern ventilation station —a reinforced concrete construction, connecting sections of the tunnel— further contains the safety and control stations for the entire length of the tunnel, and is equipped with the most modern technical devices.Esta importante obra, construida para solucionar el problema del tráfico entre las zonas norte y sur de la ciudad de Hamburgo, tiene una longitud total de 3.325 m. En la mayor parte de su recorrido se utiliza un sistema de aireación especial, abastecido por tres estaciones de ventilación. El túnel está constituido por tres tubos de circulación independientes, con dos carriles cada uno. Los tubos laterales se utilizan para el tráfico en un solo sentido, mientras que el central permite la circulación en ambas direcciones. En el tramo bajo

  8. Factors Affecting Adoption of Agroforestry Farming System as a Mean for Sustainable Agricultural Development and Environment Conservation in Arid Areas of Northern Kordofan State, Sudan

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Muneer, Siddig El Tayeb

    2008-01-01

    Arid and semi-arid areas represent about 60 percent of Sudan total area. One of the main environmental problems in the arid and semi-arid areas is diffraction's which reduces the natural potential of the already fragile ecosystems and renders rural people vulnerable to food shortages, the vagaries of weather and natural disasters. Deforestation which is considered one of the most critical environmental problems facing the world is one of the main causes of diffraction's. Between the years 1990 and 2005 Sudan lost about 8.8 millions hectares of forests, which represents 11%, of its forests mainly because of subsistence activities such as overgrazing, trees cutting and expansion of traditional agriculture. One of the areas that are very much affected by diffraction's is Northern Kordofan State. To rescue the situation the government of Sudan, with assistance from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and some donors, implemented a project that aimed primarily at restocking Acacia Senegal trees in Northern Kordofan State. This study is intended to explore the factors that caused differential rate of farmers' adoption rate of the Acacia Senegal based agroforestry farming system. The study data was collected from a clustered random sample of 300 farmers, through face to face interviews using a questionnaire that was pre-tested and validated. Frequency distribution and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. It has been found that farmers' adoption of agroforestry farming system in Northern Kordofan state was significantly affected by the farmers' level of formal education, contact with extension agents, level of environmental awareness, cosmopoliteness, total area of owned land and extent of social participation. (author)

  9. "El estado y sus márgenes. Etnografías comparadas" en Anthropology in the Margins of the State, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe (NM, 2004.

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    Veena DAS

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available La Teoría Política occidental ha concebido el estado como forma administrativa racional de organización y orden político. Uno de los efectos resultantes de pensar el estado en términos de sus funciones de producción de orden es que los márgenes espaciales y sociales, que tan a menudo constituyen el terreno del trabajo de campo etnográfico, son contemplados como lugares de desorden en los que el estado ha sido incapaz de imponer su orden. No obstante es posible invertir el interrogante y preguntarse acerca de qué es el estado cuando se lo contempla insertado en prácticas, lugares y lenguajes que se consideran situados en los márgenes del estado-nación. Desde la perspectiva antropológica, los márgenes proporcionan una perspectiva excepcional para comprender el estado, no porque capten las prácticas exóticas de los considerados “estados fallidos”, sino porque insinúan que los márgenes son implicaciones necesarias del estado e invitan a repensar los límites entre centro y periferia, público y privado, legal e ilegal. Anthropology offers a radical rethinking of the state when it interrogates itself about what would constitute an Ethnography of the state. Western Political Theory has conceived the state as a rational administrative form of political organization and order. One of the effects of thinking the state in terms of ordermaking functions is that the spatial and social margins that so often constitute the terrain of ethnographic fieldwork are seen as sites of disorder, where the state has been unable to impose its order. However, reversing the question is also possible, therefore interrogating what is the state when it is seen as embedded in practices, places and languages considered to be at the margins of the nation-state. From the anthropological point of view, margins provides an unique perspective to the understanding of the state, not because it captures the exotic practices of the so considered "failed states

  10. Northern tropical Atlantic climate since late Medieval times from Northern Caribbean coral geochemistry

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kilbourne, K. H.; Xu, Y.

    2015-12-01

    Paleoclimate reconstructions of different global climate modes over the last 1000 years provide the basis for testing the relative roles of forced and unforced variability climate system, which can help us improve projections of future climate change. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) has been characterized by a combination of persistent La Niña-like conditions, a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (+NAO), and increased Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The northern tropical Atlantic is sensitive to each of these climate patterns, but not all of them have the same regional fingerprint in the modern northern tropical Atlantic. The relative influence of different processes related to these climate patterns can help us better understand regional responses to climate change. The regional response of the northern tropical Atlantic is important because the tropical Atlantic Ocean is a large source of heat and moisture to the global climate system that can feedback onto global climate patterns. This study presents new coral Sr/Ca and δ18O data from the northern tropical Atlantic (Anegada, British Virgin Islands). Comparison of the sub-fossil corals that grew during the 13th and 14th Centuries with modern coral geochemical data from this site indicates relatively cooler mean conditions with a decrease in the oxygen isotopic composition of the water consistent with lower salinities. Similar average annual cycles between modern and sub-fossil Sr/Ca indicate no change in seasonal temperature range, but a difference in the relative phasing of the δ18O seasonal cycles indicates that the fresher mean conditions may be due to a more northerly position of the regional salinity front. This localized response is consistent with some, but not all of the expected regional responses to a La Niña-like state, a +NAO state, and increased AMOC. Understanding these differences can provide insight into the relative importance of advection versus surface fluxes for

  11. Politics as Usual? Theatre, the Northern Irish Assembly, and the Romanticization of Normality

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eleanor Owicki

    2018-02-01

    Full Text Available This article explores the treatment of Northern Irish electoral politics in two plays featuring Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs as major characters. Between 2007 and 2016, many viewed the stability of the Northern Irish Assembly as evidence of the continued success of the peace process. Although the principle of mandatory coalition at the system’s heart bears witness to the lasting nature of divisions within the state, the collaboration between once-bitter enemies demonstrates a real shift in Northern Irish politics. Until the institution’s (perhaps temporary collapse in 2017, many commentators and politicians suggested that its success proved that the state was progressing in the nebulous but desirable direction of ‘normality’. Colin Bell’s 'God’s Country' (2010 and Rosemary Jenkinson’s 'Planet Belfast' (2013 suggest, however, that a valorization of normality obscures the dangers posed to Northern Ireland by problems that occur on more global levels. 'God’s Country' explores the dangerous impact of homophobia in the North, and particularly within unionist politics, while 'Planet Belfast' depicts the combined threat of environmental destruction and corporate interference. Both plays depict Northern Irish politics functioning smoothly, with minimal evidence of sectarian divisions deeper than the partisanship present in most democracies. In spite of this, however, they caution against treating normality as an end goal or as evidence that the state is safe. Instead, they suggest that the state faces a wide array of problems that have been obscured by the focus on sectarianism and the legacy of the Troubles.

  12. Interannual Variability of Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks in Coarse-Gridded Datasets

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Timothy Paul Eichler

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Extratropical cyclones exert a large socioeconomic impact. It is therefore important to assess their interannual variability. We generate cyclone tracks from the National Center for Environmental Prediction’s Reanalysis I and the European Centre for Medium Range Prediction ERA-40 reanalysis datasets. To investigate the interannual variability of cyclone tracks, we compare the effects of El Niño, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD, and the Pacific North American Pattern (PNA on cyclone tracks. Composite analysis shows similar results for the impacts of El Niño, NAO, and the PNA on NH storm tracks. Although it is encouraging, we also found regional differences when comparing reanalysis datasets. The results for the IOD suggested a wave-like alteration of cyclone frequency across the northern US/Canada possibly related to Rossby wave propagation. Partial correlation demonstrates that although El Niño affects cyclone frequency in the North Pacific and along the US east coast, its impact on the North Pacific is accomplished via the PNA. Similarly, the PNA’s impact on US east coast storms is modulated via El Niño. In contrast, the impacts of the NAO extend as far west as the North Pacific and are not influenced by either the PNA or El Niño.

  13. High speed digital interfacing for a neural data acquisition system

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bahr Andreas

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available Diseases like schizophrenia and genetic epilepsy are supposed to be caused by disorders in the early development of the brain. For the further investigation of these relationships a custom designed application specific integrated circuit (ASIC was developed that is optimized for the recording from neonatal mice [Bahr A, Abu-Saleh L, Schroeder D, Krautschneider W. 16 Channel Neural Recording Integrated Circuit with SPI Interface and Error Correction Coding. Proc. 9th BIOSTEC 2016. Biodevices: Rome, Italy, 2016; 1: 263; Bahr A, Abu-Saleh L, Schroeder D, Krautschneider W. Development of a neural recording mixed signal integrated circuit for biomedical signal acquisition. Biomed Eng Biomed Tech Abstracts 2015; 60(S1: 298–299; Bahr A, Abu-Saleh L, Schroeder D, Krautschneider WH. 16 Channel Neural Recording Mixed Signal ASIC. CDNLive EMEA 2015 Conference Proceedings, 2015.]. To enable the live display of the neural signals a multichannel neural data acquisition system with live display functionality is presented. It implements a high speed data transmission from the ASIC to a computer with a live display functionality. The system has been successfully implemented and was used in a neural recording of a head-fixed mouse.

  14. Volcanos and el Nino - signal separation in Winter

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kirchner, I.; Graf, H.F.

    1993-12-01

    The aim of this study is the detection of climate signals following violent volcanic eruptions in relation to those forced by El Nino during winter in higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The applied statistical methods are a combination of the local t-test statistics and signal detection methods based on Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs). The observed effect of local cooling due to the volcanic reduction of shortwave radiation over large land areas (like Asia) in subtropical regions, the observed advective warming over Eurasia and the advective cooling over Greenland is well simulated in the model. The radiative cooling near the surface is important for the volcano signal in the subtropics, but it is only weak in high latitudes during winter. The local anomalies in the El Nino forcing region in the tropics, and the warming over North America in middle and high latitudes are simulated as observed. The combination of high stratospheric aerosol loading and El Nino leads to a climate perturbation stronger than for forcing with El Nino or stratospheric aerosol alone. Over Europe, generally the volcanic signal dominates, and in the Pacific region the El Nino forcing determines the observed and the simulated anomalies in winter. (orig./KW)

  15. Volcanos and el Nino - signal separation in Winter

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kirchner, I.; Graf, H.F.

    1993-01-01

    The aim of this study is the detection of climate signals following violent volcanic eruptions in relation to those forced by El Nino during winter in higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The applied statistical methods are a combination of the local t-test statistics and signal detection methods based on Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs). The observed effect of local cooling due to the volcanic reduction of shortwave radiation over large land areas (like Asia) in subtropical regions, the observed advective warming over Eurasia and the advective cooling over Greenland is well simulated in the model. The radiative cooling near the surface is important for the volcano signal in the subtropics, but it is only weak in high latitudes during winter. The local anomalies in the El Nino forcing region in the tropics, and the warming over North America in middle and high latitudes are simulated as observed. The combination of high stratospheric aerosol loading and El Nino leads to a climate perturbation stronger than for forcing with El Nino or stratospheric aerosol alone. Over Europe, generally the volcanic signal dominates, and in the Pacific region the El Nino forcing determines the observed and the simulated anomalies in winter. (orig./KW)

  16. Modelo de estado para el estudio de las descargas parciales en el aislamiento principal de las máquinas eléctricas rotatorias de gran potencia; Big Rotating Machines State Model for Partial Discharges Studies in Main Insulation

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Santiago A Dorrbercker Drake

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta un modelo de estado que caracteriza la tensión de ignición de las descargas parciales (DP enel aislamiento principal de las máquinas eléctricas rotatorias de gran potencia (MERGP.  Los objetivos delmodelamiento se dirigieron en dos vertientes:  la primera a conocer el comportamiento del menor nivel detensión que produce DP y la segunda destinada al comportamiento del tamaño de las cavidades, en lasque puede aparecer DP, atendiendo al nivel instantáneo de la tensión de corriente alterna (CA aplicada alas mismas. El presente trabajo se propone, proveer de una herramienta capaz de modelar el comportamientode algunos parámetros característicos de las DP en el aislamiento principal de las MERGP, cuando elaislamiento principal es sometido a diferentes condiciones de trabajo.  This paper describes a state model for PD inception voltage in main insulation of big rotating machines(BRM.  Intends of the present paper were:  to show the behaviour of PD inception voltage under differentfactors; and to know the relationships between the size of cavities and the instantaneous value of ACapplied voltage to the insulation. The objective of this paper is offer a computational tool able to model theperformance of some PD characteristic parameters when main insulation is under operation conditions.

  17. «Severnoe izmerenie»: strategii uchastnikov [Northern Dimension: Participant Strategies

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    BusyginaIrina

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available This article is devoted to the “Northern Dimension” initiative of the EU which also includes North-West Russia, Norway and Iceland. It is noted that the “Northern Dimension” in the theoretical perspective can be considered as part of strategic multi-level interactions between member-states of the EU and Russia. On this basis, the authors analyze implications and effects of the strategic interdependence of all the EU-Russia relation levels.

  18. Nesting ecology of the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) (Cheloniidae) at el Valle Beach, northern pacific, Colombia; Ecologia de anidacion de la tortuga golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea) (Cheloniidae) en la Playa El Valle, pacifico norte, Colombia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Barrientos Munoz, Karla G; Gallego, Cristian Ramirez; Paez, Vivian

    2014-07-01

    The olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) is the most common sea turtle to nest in Colombia. El valle beach is considered the most important nesting beach for this species in South America. Intensive direct capture of nesting females and egg poaching for consumption and local commercial purposes has been a common practice for years. We conducted an analysis of the nesting ecology of the olive ridley on el valle beach in the northern pacific of Colombia in 2008. A total of 164 clutches were transferred to an artificial hatchery for protection. The peak of nesting occurred from the second half of August until the end of September, accounting for 64.6 % of all nests. Along the beach, the section most frequently used was section 3, with 26 % of the nests. The nests were laid mainly in zone 3.69 %. We encountered 55 nesting females and marked 46 of them. Mean CCL was 64.9 ± 2.4 cm and mean CCW was 68.6 ± 2.6 cm. females laid on average of 87.3 ± 14.2 eggs per clutch. We recorded two nesting events per female, with a mean inter-nesting period of 18.8 ± 4.2 days. The reproductive output for the season was 181.5 ± 34.8 eggs / female. Mean hatching success was 81.1 ± 12.1 % and mean emergence success was 77.6 ± 12.7 %. The incubation period was 65 ± 4.7 days. Our study is a valuable contribution to knowledge of the reproductive ecology of the olive ridley population regionally and globally.

  19. Hipéridos (Crustacea: Amphipoda en el sector norte del Pacífico oriental tropical colombiano Hyperiids (Crustacea: Amphipoda along the northern margin of the eastern tropical Pacific of Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bellineth Valencia

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Con el objetivo de analizar la composición, abundancia y diversidad de la comunidad de anfipodos hipéridos en las localidades de Punta Cruces y Cabo Marzo, costa norte del Pacífico colombiano (Pacífico oriental tropical, se realizó una campaña de muestreo en enero de 2008 siguiendo una malla de nueve estaciones. Se encontró un total de 20 especies, siendo Lestrigonus bengalensis e Hyperioides sibaginis las más abundantes, representando el 91% de la comunidad en Cabo Marzo y el 95% de la comunidad en Punta Cruces. La abundancia y la diversidad en las dos localidades fueron muy variables, y no presentaron diferencias significativas (Mann Whitney; p > 0,05. Así mismo, se estableció que la similitud en términos de la composición y la abundancia entre las comunidades de hipéridos de Punta Cruces y Cabo Marzo fue de un 64,6%. Este trabajo proporciona información inédita sobre un componente poco estudiado del zooplancton en el Pacífico oriental tropical, incrementando el número de especies registradas para el Pacífico colombiano.In order to analyze the composition, abundance, and diversity of hyperiid amphipods at Punta Cruces and Cabo Marzo, on the northern Pacific coast of Colombia (eastern tropical Pacific, a sampling campaign was carried out in January 2008 that covered a nine-station sampling grid. Twenty species were found, of which Lestrigonus bengalensis and Hyperioides sibaginis were the most abundant (91% of the community at Cabo Marzo and 95% at Punta Cruces. Although the abundance and diversity were highly variable at both sites, they did not differ significantly (Mann Whitney; p > 0.05. Likewise, the similarity in terms of composition and abundance between the hyperiid communities at Punta Cruces and Cabo Marzo was 64.6%. This re-search provides new information regarding a scarcely studied component of the zooplankton in the eastern tropical Pacific and increases the number of hyperiid species reported for the Pacific

  20. Northern employment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zavitz, J.

    1997-01-01

    Hiring practices and policies and employment opportunities that were available in the Beaufort Sea and MacKenzie Delta project for local residents and for people from southern Canada were dealt with in this chapter. Depending on the source, Northern hiring was a mere token, or a genuine and successful effort on the part of the companies to involve the native population and to share with them the benefits of the project. The fact remains that opening up job opportunities for Northerners was not easily attained, and would never have been realized without the involvement of government and community organizations. Government also played a major role in developing policies and training regimes. By the end of exploration operations, the hiring of Northern residents in the oil and gas industry had become a requirement of drilling applications. Training programs were also created to ensure that Northern residents received the means necessary to take advantage of Northern employment opportunities

  1. Groundwater quality in the Northern Sacramento Valley, California

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bennett, George L.; Fram, Miranda S.; Belitz, Kenneth

    2011-01-01

    Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California's drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California created the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State's groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. The Northern Sacramento Valley is one of the study units being evaluated.

  2. Emerging Capripoxvirus disease outbreaks in Himachal Pradesh, a northern state of India.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Verma, S; Verma, L K; Gupta, V K; Katoch, V C; Dogra, V; Pal, B; Sharma, M

    2011-02-01

    Both sheep and goat pox are contagious viral diseases and affect small ruminants and are caused by sheep pox virus and goat pox virus respectively that belong to genus Capripoxvirus of Poxviridae family. Huge economic losses emanating from the disease outbreaks are the results of the wool and hide damage, subsequent production losses and also the morbidities and mortalities associated with the disease. This communication highlights clinico-epidemiological observations from the two sheep pox and one goat pox outbreaks. Grossly, multisystemic nodular lesions, mucopurulent nasal discharges and respiratory symptoms were observed in the affected animals. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 5.18%, 2.45% and 32.37%, respectively. Histopathological, haematological, molecular and serological techniques and also isolation of virus in embryonated chicken eggs were used for the diagnosis of the diseases. The spatial distribution of the disease signifies the role of common pasturelands used for grazing the animals while temporally all three outbreaks occurred in winters and were probably associated with cold stress and fodder scarcity. This is the first recorded report of Capripoxvirus infection in recent times and it highlights the disease as one of the emerging diseases in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh in India. © 2010 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

  3. Northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.): an annotated bibliography

    Science.gov (United States)

    Philip V. Hofmeyer; Laura S. Kenefic; Robert S. Seymour

    2007-01-01

    Northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) is arguably one of the least studied commercial tree species in United States and Canada. It is an important source of wildlife habitat and forage, as well as commodities such as fence posts, shingles and siding. Much of the research on this species comes from the Lake States and Canada; few studies have...

  4. Note on the fisheries and biology of the golden crab (Chaceon fenneri off the northern coast of Brazil Nota sobre la biología y la pesca del cangrejo dorado (Chaceon fenneri frente a la costa norte de Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tiago Barros Carvalho

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available The occurrence of golden crabs (Chaceon fenneri off the northern coast of Brazil was first reported in 2001. Since then, a few companies and boats have exploited this resource. In the state of Ceará, one company has been fishing for these crabs with a single boat since 2003. The production and fishing effort of this company indicated a decrease in the number of trips and total catches per year. Data collected on one trip in 2006 showed that the CPUE was highest at over 650 m depth. As registered for other geryonid crabs, C. fenneri was segregated by sex along the northern slope of Brazil. Male crabs were significantly larger than females, presenting an isometric relationship between carapace width and length and an allometric relationship between carapace width and body weight.La presencia de cangrejos dorados (Chaceon fenneri frente a la costa norte de Brasil fue primeramente descrita en 2001. Desde entonces, algunas embarcaciones y compañías se han dedicado a explotar este recurso. En el Estado de Ceará, una sola compañía ha estado pescando estos crustáceos desde el año 2003 con una sola embarcación. Se presenta la producción y esfuerzo pesquero aplicado por esa compañía, indicando la disminución en el número de viajes y captura total por año. Registros recolectados en un viaje realizado el 2006 muestran que los mayores valores de CPUE se obtienen a profundidades mayores de 650 m. Al igual que lo registrado en otros Geryonidae, agregaciones por sexo se determinaron en C fenneri a lo largo del talud en la región norte de Brasil. Los machos fueron significativamente más grandes que las hembras, presentando una relación isométrica entre el ancho y longitud del caparazón; como también, una relación alométrica entre el ancho y el peso.

  5. Investigación en salud pública: ¿hay diferencias entre los países del norte, el sur y el este de Europa? Una perspectiva desde las asociaciones nacionales de salud pública Public health research: are there differences among northern, southern and eastern European countries? A perspective from national associations of public health

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Giuseppe La Torre

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available Introducción: La investigación aporta la salud pública la importante base de la evidencia científica. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar el actual apoyo de investigación en salud pública en los países europeos. Métodos: En el marco del estudio colaborativo SPHERE (Strengthening Public Health Research in Europe se desarrolló un cuestionario vía correo electrónico que fue enviado a 93 representantes de las asociaciones nacionales miembros de la Asociación Europea de Salud Pública. Se compararon las respuestas en tres macroáreas: norte, sur y este de Europa. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta de 23 de los 39 países europeos (tasa de respuesta por países: 56%. Las prioridades nacionales actuales fueron: servicios de salud y seguridad del paciente en el norte de Europa; enfermedades infecciosas, servicios de salud y enfermedad cardiovascular en el sur de Europa; y seguridad alimentaria y nutrición, salud medioambiental y ocupacional en los países del este de Europa. Los encuestados dieron menos prioridad a la investigación internacional. En el norte, las prioridades enfatizadas fueron la promoción de la salud, la prevención y la educación (26,3%, junto con los accidentes y los hábitos alcohólicos (26,3%. Conclusión: El apoyo para la investigación en salud pública difiere en los países europeos, y el no disponer de unas buenas infraestructuras y de personal suficiente fueron barreras para llevar a cabo mejor investigación. Las asociaciones de salud pública nacionales y las autoridades sanitarias deberían cooperar para encontrar respuestas efectivas a problemas comunes.Introduction: Research provides the important evidence base for public health practice. We sought to compare the current support for public health research within European countries. Methods: Within a collaborative study SPHERE (Strengthening Public Health Research in Europe, we developed an e-mail questionnaire and sent it to 93 representatives of national member

  6. Detection of West Nile virus-specific antibodies and nucleic acid in horses and mosquitoes, respectively, in Nuevo Leon State, northern Mexico, 2006-2007.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ibarra-Juarez, L; Eisen, L; Bolling, B G; Beaty, B J; Blitvich, B J; Sanchez-Casas, R M; Ayala-Sulca, Y O; Fernandez-Salas, I

    2012-09-01

    In the last 5 years, there has been only one reported human case of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in northern Mexico. To determine if the virus was still circulating in this region, equine and entomological surveillance for WNV was conducted in the state of Nuevo Leon in northern Mexico in 2006 and 2007. A total of 203 horses were serologically assayed for antibodies to WNV using an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA). Seroprevalences for WNV in horses sampled in 2006 and 2007 were 26% and 45%, respectively. Mosquito collections in 2007 produced 7365 specimens representing 15 species. Culex mosquitoes were screened for WNV RNA and other genera (Mansonia, Anopheles, Aedes, Psorophora and Uranotaenia) were screened for flaviviruses using reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR. Two pools consisting of Culex spp. mosquitoes contained WNV RNA. Molecular species identification revealed that neither pool included Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera:Culicidae) complex mosquitoes. No evidence of flaviviruses was found in the other mosquito genera examined. These data provide evidence that WNV is currently circulating in northern Mexico and that non-Cx. quinquefasciatus spp. mosquitoes may be participating in the WNV transmission cycle in this region. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

  7. Soil charcoal analysis as a climato-stratigraphical tool: The key case of Cordillera Real, northern Andes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Di Pasquale, G. [Dipartimento di Arboricoltura Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici (Italy); Impagliazzo, S., E-mail: stefania.impagliazzo@unina.i [Dipartimento di Arboricoltura Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici (Italy); Lubritto, C. [CIRCE, Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, II Universita di Napoli, and INNOVA, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy); Marziano, M. [Dipartimento di Arboricoltura Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici (Italy); Passariello, I. [CIRCE, Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, II Universita di Napoli, and INNOVA, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy); Ermolli, E. Russo [Dipartimento di Arboricoltura Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici (Italy)

    2010-04-15

    The present study represents the first attempt of reconstructing fire history through soil charcoal dating. The investigated area is located in the Guandera Biological Reserve (western Cordillera Real, northern Ecuador). Six AMS radiocarbon dating, performed at the base of five soil profiles allowed a fire phase to be identified during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. A strong correspondence was highlighted between the age of the Guandera fires and the El Abra stadial, which is considered the Younger Dryas equivalent in South America. This local evidence of fires contributes to define the geographic area in which the El Abra stadial was recorded and suggests a wider use of the soil charcoal analysis.

  8. Soil charcoal analysis as a climato-stratigraphical tool: The key case of Cordillera Real, northern Andes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Di Pasquale, G.; Impagliazzo, S.; Lubritto, C.; Marziano, M.; Passariello, I.; Ermolli, E. Russo

    2010-01-01

    The present study represents the first attempt of reconstructing fire history through soil charcoal dating. The investigated area is located in the Guandera Biological Reserve (western Cordillera Real, northern Ecuador). Six AMS radiocarbon dating, performed at the base of five soil profiles allowed a fire phase to be identified during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. A strong correspondence was highlighted between the age of the Guandera fires and the El Abra stadial, which is considered the Younger Dryas equivalent in South America. This local evidence of fires contributes to define the geographic area in which the El Abra stadial was recorded and suggests a wider use of the soil charcoal analysis.

  9. An assessment of multiflora rose in northern U.S. forests

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cassandra M. Kurtz; Mark H. Hansen

    2013-01-01

    This publication provides an overview of multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) on forest land across the 24 states of the midwestern and northeastern United States based on an extensive systematic network of plots measured by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station (NRS).

  10. Development of essentialist thinking about religion categories in Northern Ireland (and the United States).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Smyth, Kirsty; Feeney, Aidan; Eidson, R Cole; Coley, John D

    2017-03-01

    Social essentialism, the belief that members of certain social categories share unobservable properties, licenses expectations that those categories are natural and a good basis for inference. A challenge for cognitive developmental theory is to give an account of how children come to develop essentialist beliefs about socially important categories. Previous evidence from Israel suggests that kindergarteners selectively engage in essentialist reasoning about culturally salient (ethnicity) categories, and that this is attenuated among children in integrated schools. In 5 studies (N = 718) we used forced-choice (Study 1) and unconstrained (Studies 2-4) category-based inference tasks, and a questionnaire (Study 5) to study the development of essentialist reasoning about religion categories in Northern Ireland (Studies 1-3 & 5) and the U.S. (Study 4). Results show that, as in Israel, Northern Irish children selectively engage in essentialist reasoning about culturally salient (religion) categories, and that such reasoning is attenuated among children in integrated schools. However, the development trajectory of essentialist thinking and the patterns of attenuation among children attending integrated schools in Northern Ireland differ from the Israeli case. Meta-analysis confirmed this claim and ruled out an alternative explanation of the results based on community diversity. Although the Northern Irish and Israeli case studies illustrate that children develop selective essentialist beliefs about socially important categories, and that these beliefs are impacted by educational context, the differences between them emphasize the importance of historical, cultural, and political context in understanding conceptual development, and suggest that there may be more than one developmental route to social essentialism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  11. El sujeto del consumo y el paternalismo de estado en la psicología económica: El caso de las papas fritas que devienen racionales Behavioral economics: consumerism, state paternalism And potato chips "going rational"

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Narciso Benbenaste

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available Sobre todo desde los trabajos de Daniel Kahneman y Amos Tversky, la psicología económica se consolida como disciplina. Esos autores muestran que la racionalidad económica con frecuencia no se cumple a cabalidad. Resultado de esas constataciones se plantea si dado que el sujeto puede perjudicarse con sus decisiones le corresponde al Estado decidir por él. Esta cuestión acarrea la discusión de si el paternalismo de Estado, aún el blando, no menoscaba la libertad y por ende el desarrollo mismo de un sujeto responsable ¹ . En este trabajo ubicamos algunos ejemplos y los términos de la discusión. En las conclusiones planteamos que es la propia dinámica del mercado, al pasar de una etapa a otra, más que una iniciativa individual, la que corrige esas irracionalidades. Por último analizamos en que condiciones la intervención del Estado no socava la libertad del individuo o incluso puede fortalecer las posibilidades de un sujeto responsable.Behavioral economics has now become a major new field in economic. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky backed up by a large amount of experiments; show that rationality in standard economy is not always accomplished by the decision maker. Due to these experiments the discussion is the following: if the individual can harm himself by making his own decision, then should the State make the decision on what is best for the individual? This subject matter leads to the controversy on paternalism: Does it diminish freedom as a value and so the development of the responsible citizen? In this paper we will set some examples of the discussion currently held in the academic world. Last we will show how the historic market dynamic can modify the irrational behavior. We will also set some precision on when not only the state intervention doesn't diminish freedom but also can enforce the experience of consumption of the responsible citizen.

  12. All Christians? Experiences of science educators in Northern Ireland

    Science.gov (United States)

    Murphy, Colette; Hickey, Ivor; Beggs, Jim

    2010-03-01

    In this paper we respond to Staver's article (this issue) on an attempt to resolve the discord between science and religion. Most specifically, we comment on Staver's downplaying of difference between Catholics and Protestants in order to focus on the religion-science question. It is our experience that to be born into one or other of these traditions in some parts of the world (especially Northern Ireland) resulted in starkly contrasting opportunities, identities and practices in becoming and being science educators. The paper starts with a short contextual background to the impact of religion on schooling and higher education in Northern Ireland. We then explore the lives and careers of three science/religious educators in Northern Ireland: Catholic (Jim) and Protestant (Ivor) males who are contemporaries and whose experience spans pre-Troubles to post-conflict and a Catholic female (Colette) who moved to Northern Ireland during the Troubles as a teenager. Finally, we discuss the situation regarding the teaching of creationism and evolution in Northern Ireland—an issue has recently generated high public interest. The Chair of the Education Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly recently stated that "creationism is not for the RE class because I believe that it can stand scientific scrutiny and that is a debate which I am quite happy to encourage and be part of…" (News Letter 2008). It could be the case that the evolution debate is being fuelled as a deliberate attempt to undermine some of the post-conflict collaboration projects between schools and communities in Northern Ireland.

  13. De la indiferencia a la resistencia. Los sectores populares y la Guerra de Independencia en el norte de Chile (1817-1823

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Goicovic Donoso, Igor

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available Chile’s independence movement was led by the Creole elite of landowners and merchants based in Santiago and its surroundings. The subsequent phase of construction of the state and the nation was an expression of their political project. Nonetheless, popular sectors consisting of laborers, craftsmen and farmers, slaves and Indians, remained aloof from this plan and, in the context of the disruption of colonial society, developed strategies of social and political empowerment. Expressions of this were the montoneras (irregular armed forces, banditry and military desertion. This article analyzes the development of these phenomena in northern Chile between 1817 and 1823.El proceso de Independencia en Chile fue liderado por la élite criolla terrateniente y mercantil radicada en Santiago y en sus inmediaciones. La posterior etapa de construcción del Estado y de la nación fue expresión de su proyecto político. No obstante, los sectores populares constituidos por peones, artesanos y labradores, esclavos e indígenas, se mantuvieron ajenos a esta propuesta y, en el contexto de la desorganización de la sociedad colonial, desplegaron estrategias de autonomización social y política. Expresión de ello fueron las montoneras, el bandolerismo y la deserción. Este artículo analiza el desarrollo de estos fenómenos en el norte de Chile entre 1817 y 1823.

  14. Contrasting terrestrial carbon cycle responses to the 1997/98 and 2015/16 extreme El Niño events

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Jun; Zeng, Ning; Wang, Meirong; Jiang, Fei; Wang, Hengmao; Jiang, Ziqiang

    2018-01-01

    Large interannual atmospheric CO2 variability is dominated by the response of the terrestrial biosphere to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, the behavior of terrestrial ecosystems differs during different El Niños in terms of patterns and biological processes. Here, we comprehensively compare two extreme El Niños (2015/16 and 1997/98) in the context of a multi-event composite El Niño. We find large differences in the terrestrial carbon cycle responses, even though the two events were of similar magnitude.More specifically, we find that the global-scale land-atmosphere carbon flux (FTA) anomaly during the 1997/98 El Niño was 1.64 Pg C yr-1, but half that quantity during the 2015/16 El Niño (at 0.73 Pg C yr-1). Moreover, FTA showed no obvious lagged response during the 2015/16 El Niño, in contrast to that during 1997/98. Separating the global flux by geographical regions, we find that the fluxes in the tropics and extratropical Northern Hemisphere were 1.70 and -0.05 Pg C yr-1 during 1997/98, respectively. During 2015/16, they were 1.12 and -0.52 Pg C yr-1, respectively. Analysis of the mechanism shows that, in the tropics, the widespread drier and warmer conditions caused a decrease in gross primary productivity (GPP; -0.73 Pg C yr-1) and an increase in terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER; 0.62 Pg C yr-1) during the 1997/98 El Niño. In contrast, anomalously wet conditions occurred in the Sahel and East Africa during 2015/16, which caused an increase in GPP, compensating for its reduction in other tropical regions. As a result, the total 2015/16 tropical GPP and TER anomalies were -0.03 and 0.95 Pg C yr-1. GPP dominance during 1997/98 and TER dominance during 2015/16 accounted for the phase difference in their FTA. In the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, the large difference occurred because temperatures over Eurasia were warmer during the 2015/16, as compared with the cooling seen during the 1997/98 and the composite El Niño. These warmer

  15. Migration, Risk and Liquidity Constraints in El Salvador

    OpenAIRE

    Timothy Halliday

    2005-01-01

    This article utilizes panel data from El Salvador to investigate the use of transnational migration as an ex post risk management strategy. I show that adverse agricultural conditions in El Salvador increase both migration to the United States and remittances sent back to El Salvador. I show that, in the absence of any agricultural shocks, the probability that a household sent members to the United States would have decreased on average by 24.26%. I also show that the 2001 earthquakes reduced...

  16. Remotely Sensed Northern Vegetation Response to Changing Climate: Growing Season and Productivity Perspective

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ganguly, S.; Park, Taejin; Choi, Sungho; Bi, Jian; Knyazikhin, Yuri; Myneni, Ranga

    2016-01-01

    Vegetation growing season and maximum photosynthetic state determine spatiotemporal variability of seasonal total gross primary productivity of vegetation. Recent warming induced impacts accelerate shifts on growing season and physiological status over Northern vegetated land. Thus, understanding and quantifying these changes are very important. Here, we first investigate how vegetation growing season and maximum photosynthesis state are evolved and how such components contribute on inter-annual variation of seasonal total gross primary productivity. Furthermore, seasonally different response of northern vegetation to changing temperature and water availability is also investigated. We utilized both long-term remotely sensed data to extract larger scale growing season metrics (growing season start, end and duration) and productivity (i.e., growing season summed vegetation index, GSSVI) for answering these questions. We find that regionally diverged growing season shift and maximum photosynthetic state contribute differently characterized productivity inter-annual variability and trend. Also seasonally different response of vegetation gives different view of spatially varying interaction between vegetation and climate. These results highlight spatially and temporally varying vegetation dynamics and are reflective of biome-specific responses of northern vegetation to changing climate.

  17. Pacific Northern Gas Ltd. annual report 2002

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2003-01-01

    Pacific Northern Gas Ltd. operates in west-central and northeast British Columbia. The company delivers natural gas to customers through a transmission pipeline connected to Duke Energy system near Summit Lake, British Columbia. This report states that in 2002 financial results were disappointing. The company's net income in 2002 was lower than it was in 2001 ($4.6 million versus $5.7 million). In December 2002, Pacific Northern Gas Ltd. completed $15 million in financing. Additions to property, plant and equipment reached a total of $6 million in 2002. A new, seven-year contract with Methanex Corporation was successfully negotiated. Pacific Northern Gas Ltd. filed revenue requirements applications with the British Columbia Utilities Commission, seeking the Commission's approval of rates for 2003 and requesting approval of a new deferral account in all divisions. A settlement of the western system 2003 revenue requirements application was negotiated with its customers. The annual report presented a highlight of all activities, including corporate governance and management discussions and analysis. Consolidated financial statements were also provided. tabs

  18. Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part I: Comparing trophic linkages under La Niña and El Niño conditions

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tam, Jorge; Taylor, Marc H.; Blaskovic, Verónica; Espinoza, Pepe; Michael Ballón, R.; Díaz, Erich; Wosnitza-Mendo, Claudia; Argüelles, Juan; Purca, Sara; Ayón, Patricia; Quipuzcoa, Luis; Gutiérrez, Dimitri; Goya, Elisa; Ochoa, Noemí; Wolff, Matthias

    2008-10-01

    The El Niño of 1997-98 was one of the strongest warming events of the past century; among many other effects, it impacted phytoplankton along the Peruvian coast by changing species composition and reducing biomass. While responses of the main fish resources to this natural perturbation are relatively well known, understanding the ecosystem response as a whole requires an ecotrophic multispecies approach. In this work, we construct trophic models of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem (NHCE) and compare the La Niña (LN) years in 1995-96 with the El Niño (EN) years in 1997-98. The model area extends from 4°S-16°S and to 60 nm from the coast. The model consists of 32 functional groups of organisms and differs from previous trophic models of the Peruvian system through: (i) division of plankton into size classes to account for EN-associated changes and feeding preferences of small pelagic fish, (ii) increased division of demersal groups and separation of life history stages of hake, (iii) inclusion of mesopelagic fish, and (iv) incorporation of the jumbo squid ( Dosidicus gigas), which became abundant following EN. Results show that EN reduced the size and organization of energy flows of the NHCE, but the overall functioning (proportion of energy flows used for respiration, consumption by predators, detritus and export) of the ecosystem was maintained. The reduction of diatom biomass during EN forced omnivorous planktivorous fish to switch to a more zooplankton-dominated diet, raising their trophic level. Consequently, in the EN model the trophic level increased for several predatory groups (mackerel, other large pelagics, sea birds, pinnipeds) and for fishery catch. A high modeled biomass of macrozooplankton was needed to balance the consumption by planktivores, especially during EN condition when observed diatoms biomass diminished dramatically. Despite overall lower planktivorous fish catches, the higher primary production required-to-catch ratio implied a

  19. Northern Ireland in Transition: The Role of Justice

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Christian Mailhes

    2005-03-01

    Full Text Available All post-conflict societies switching to constitutional liberal democracies have to deal with their past through transitional justice mechanisms that offer to hear the victims, try the perpetrators of all types of abuses, introduce peace and reconciliation schemes. It is time for state and non-state organs to account for past crimes. Several countries have successfully tested such mechanisms. Northern Ireland is the ideal ground for transitional justice to operate but it dispels foreign tailor-made models. However, a number of major reforms and projects have addressed sensitive issues in the wake of the Good Friday Agreement. Two key institutions, the police and the criminal justice system, whose responsibility in the conflict was undeniable, have been reformed. Law and lawyers are concerned with these changes and the introduction of a Human Rights culture in Northern Ireland. A clear break with the past must be achieved for transitional justice mechanisms to work successfully.

  20. The state and the multinationals. Possible consequences of the 2008 crisis on power balance El Estado y las multinacionales. Posibles efectos de la crisis de 2008 en la balanza de poder

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Fernando Vargas-Alzate

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available This research aims to analyze the changes on the Multinational Corporations capacity of action over the States, in order to illustrate the economic and political panorama that arose since the 2008 economic and financial crisis. This is analyzed taking into account the dynamic relation between States and Multinationals and the use of an approach that combines historical and contemporary aspects. Both provide a thesis which harmonizes the variables (such as employment, impact on GDP, mobility and capital international markets that modify the incidence on companies and, that appear as the main sources of liability of Multinational Corporations in their negotiating processes with the States. Finally, this study reviews the State capitalism as a phenomenon that values the existent role of current economies and, presents the relations between specific cases and their performance.Con el ánimo de ilustrar el panorama económico y político que surge a partir de la crisiseconómica y financiera que tuvo lugar en 2008, la presente investigación tuvo porobjeto analizar el cambio que ha tenido la capacidad de acción de las CorporacionesMultinacionales sobre los Estados.Teniendo en cuenta el dinamismo de esta relación, ha sido útil el uso de un enfoqueque combina aspectos históricos y contemporáneos para una lectura de la crisis queprovee una tesis en la que se armonizan variables que modifican (según el contexto laincidencia de estas empresas. Dichas variables se resumen en el empleo, el impactoen el PIB, la movilidad y el acceso al mercado internacional de capitales; que aparecen,entonces, como las principales fuentes de apalancamiento de las CMN en sus procesos denegociación con los Estados.Por último se hace una revisión del capitalismo estatal como fenómeno que es precisono dejar de lado, al valorar el rol que ocupa en las economías actuales, y se presentan-aunque en otra medida- las relaciones existentes entre varios casos espec

  1. Communications received from certain Member States concerning their Policies regarding the Management of Plutonium; Comunicaciones recibidas de algunos Estados Miembros en relacion con sus politicas referentes a la gestion del plutonio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2009-12-06

    The Director General has received a note verbale, dated 23 January 2007, from the Permanent Mission of Germany to the IAEA; notes verbales, dated 1 February 2007, from Permanent Missions of China, France, Japan, the Russian Federation, Switzerland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the IAEA; a note verbale, dated 7 February 2007, from the Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the IAEA; and a note verbale, dated 22 October 2008, from the Permanent Mission of Belgium to the IAEA, stating that in order to reflect recent developments with regard to the physical protection of nuclear material, their Governments will apply a revised version of paragraph 7 of the 'Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium' published in document INFCIRC/549 [Spanish] El Director General ha recibido una nota verbal, fechada el 23 de enero de 2007, de la Mision Permanente de Alemania ante el OIEA; notas verbales, fechadas el 1 de febrero de 2007, de las Misiones Permanentes de China, Francia, Japon, la Federacion de Rusia, Suiza y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretana e Irlanda del Norte ante el OIEA; una nota verbal, fechada el 7 de febrero de 2007, de los Estados Unidos de America ante el OIEA; una nota verbal, fechada el 22 de octubre de 2008, de la Mision Permanente de Belgica ante el OIEA, en las que declaran que para reflejar las ultimas novedades relativas a la proteccion fisica del material nuclear, sus gobiernos aplicaran una version revisada del parrafo 7 de las 'Directrices para la gestion del plutonio' publicadas en el documento INFCIRC/549.

  2. 14CO2 measurements in maritime air over the Northern Indian Ocean

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dutta, K.; Bhushan, R.; Somayajulu, B.L.K.

    2002-01-01

    14 C in the carbon dioxide of air overlying the Northern Indian Ocean was measured during the spring of 1993 to 1995 and 1997 to 1999. Considerable variations of 14 C over this region have been observed during this period, which reflect both regional and interannual variations. The interannual variations of 14 C of the tropospheric CO 2 over this region is found to correlate with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, with positive excursions of 14 C before the onset of warm phase of ENSO. (author)

  3. Thermal refugia against coral bleaching throughout the northern Red Sea

    KAUST Repository

    Osman, Eslam O.; Smith, David J.; Ziegler, Maren; Kü rten, Benjamin; Conrad, Constanze; El-Haddad, Khaled M.; Voolstra, Christian R.; Suggett, David J.

    2017-01-01

    Tropical reefs have been impacted by thermal anomalies caused by global warming that induced coral bleaching and mortality events globally. However, there have only been very few recordings of bleaching within the Red Sea despite covering a latitudinal range of 15° and consequently it has been considered a region that is less sensitive to thermal anomalies. We therefore examined historical patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and associated anomalies (1982–2012) and compared warming trends with a unique compilation of corresponding coral bleaching records from throughout the region. These data indicated that the northern Red Sea has not experienced mass bleaching despite intensive Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) of >15°C-weeks. Severe bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea where DHWs have been more frequent, but far less intense (DHWs <4°C-weeks). A similar pattern was observed during the 2015–2016 El Niño event during which time corals in the northern Red Sea did not bleach despite high thermal stress (i.e. DHWs >8°C-weeks), and bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea despite the lower thermal stress (DHWs < 8°C-weeks). Heat stress assays carried out in the northern (Hurghada) and central (Thuwal) Red Sea on four key reef-building species confirmed different regional thermal susceptibility, and that central Red Sea corals are more sensitive to thermal anomalies as compared to those from the north. Together, our data demonstrate that corals in the northern Red Sea have a much higher heat tolerance than their prevailing temperature regime would suggest. In contrast, corals from the central Red Sea are close to their thermal limits, which closely match the maximum annual water temperatures. The northern Red Sea harbours reef-building corals that live well below their bleaching thresholds and thus we propose that the region represents a thermal refuge of global importance.

  4. Thermal refugia against coral bleaching throughout the northern Red Sea

    KAUST Repository

    Osman, Eslam O.

    2017-10-17

    Tropical reefs have been impacted by thermal anomalies caused by global warming that induced coral bleaching and mortality events globally. However, there have only been very few recordings of bleaching within the Red Sea despite covering a latitudinal range of 15° and consequently it has been considered a region that is less sensitive to thermal anomalies. We therefore examined historical patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and associated anomalies (1982–2012) and compared warming trends with a unique compilation of corresponding coral bleaching records from throughout the region. These data indicated that the northern Red Sea has not experienced mass bleaching despite intensive Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) of >15°C-weeks. Severe bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea where DHWs have been more frequent, but far less intense (DHWs <4°C-weeks). A similar pattern was observed during the 2015–2016 El Niño event during which time corals in the northern Red Sea did not bleach despite high thermal stress (i.e. DHWs >8°C-weeks), and bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea despite the lower thermal stress (DHWs < 8°C-weeks). Heat stress assays carried out in the northern (Hurghada) and central (Thuwal) Red Sea on four key reef-building species confirmed different regional thermal susceptibility, and that central Red Sea corals are more sensitive to thermal anomalies as compared to those from the north. Together, our data demonstrate that corals in the northern Red Sea have a much higher heat tolerance than their prevailing temperature regime would suggest. In contrast, corals from the central Red Sea are close to their thermal limits, which closely match the maximum annual water temperatures. The northern Red Sea harbours reef-building corals that live well below their bleaching thresholds and thus we propose that the region represents a thermal refuge of global importance.

  5. Effects of Climate Change on Cultural Resources in the Northern Rockies Region [Chapter 12

    Science.gov (United States)

    Carl M. Davis

    2018-01-01

    People have inhabited the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States since the close of the last Pleistocene glacial period, some 14,000 years B.P. (Fagan 1990; Meltzer 2009). Evidence of this ancient and more recent human occupation is found throughout the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USFS) Northern Region and the Greater Yellowstone Area,...

  6. Cows, Bandits, and Violent Conflicts: Understanding Cattle Rustling in Northern Nigeria

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Azeez Olaniyan

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Cattle rustlings have become a major crime in Nigeria recently, with the northern region being the hardest hit. In the past few years, rustling activities have resulted in the theft of a huge number of cows, deaths of people and destruction of property. Daily reports across the northern region have confirmed that cattle rustlings have significantly contributed to the increasing security challenges facing the Nigerian state and seem to have become big business involving the herders, big-time syndicates, and heavily armed bandits. However, despite the growing level of cattle rustling and its consequences for society, the situation has yet to receive adequate scholarly interrogation. This paper investigates the causes and consequences of, and state responses to cattle rustling in Nigeria.

  7. NESTING ECOLOGY OF THE OLIVE RIDLEY SEA TURTLE (Lepidochelys olivacea (CHELONIIDAE AT EL VALLE BEACH, NORTHERN PACIFIC, COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Karla G. Barrientos-Muñoz

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available En Colombia, la tortuga golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea es la más común de las tortugas anidantes. La playa El Valle es considerada la más importante para anidación en Suramérica. La intensa captura de hembras y saqueo de huevos para consumo y comercio local ha sido una práctica común por años. Realizamos un análisis de la ecología de anidación de la tortuga golfina en la Playa El Valle, Pacifico Norte, durante la temporada de 2008. Un total de 164 nidadas fueron transferidas a viveros de protección. El pico de anidación ocurrió durante la segunda quincena de agosto y septiembre con un 64,63 % de las posturas. A lo largo de la playa, el sector 3 presento la mayor frecuencia de anidación con 26 %. Los nidos fueron desovados principalmente en la zona 3, con 69 %. Encontramos 55 hembras y 46 fueron marcadas. El LCC fue (promedio± DE: 64,9 ± 2,4 cm y ACC fue (promedio ± DE: 68,6 ± 2,6 cm. Las hembras desovaron 87,3 ± 14,2 huevos por nidada. Registramos dos eventos de anidación por hembra, con un intervalo de (promedio ± DE: 18,8 ± 4,2 días. El producto reproductivo fue (promedio ± DE: 181,5 ± 34,8 huevos por hembra. El promedio en éxito de eclosión fue 81,1 ±12,1 % y de emergencia 77,6 ± 12,7 %. El período de incubación fue (promedio ± DE: 65 ± 4,7 días. Nuestros datos son una valiosa contribución al conocimiento de la ecología reproductiva de la población de tortugas golfina regional y globalmente.

  8. Effects of the 1982-1983 El Niño on the marine phytoplankton off northern Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Avaria, Sergio; MuñOz, Pablo

    1987-12-01

    The evolution of phytoplankton was studied between December 1980 and August 1985. A total of 1269 net and water samples were obtained in 11 cruises as part of the Estudio Regional del Fenómeno El Niño-Chile Program covering the area extending from Arica (18°30'S) to Chañaral (26°20'S) from the coast to 200 n. mi (370 km) westward. In the period which preceded the 1982-1983 El Niño event, the coastal phytoplankton consisted predominantly of blooming diatom species which support a large phytoplanktonic biomass. The cell density up to 20 n. mi (37 km) off the coast was over 100 cells mL-1, with a maximum density nucleus near the coast, where values over 1000 cells mL-1 were found. With the anomalous conditions produced by El Niño in December 1982, changes were detected in the phytoplankton biomass and composition. There was a marked decrease in the biomass, the diatom dominance was restricted to a narrow coast band of 2 to 3 n. mi (3.7-5.5 km), and warm water species of diatoms and dinoflagellates reached the coast. These conditions reached their maximum intensity in May 1983. Phytoplankton started to return to normal conditions in December 1983 with a predominance of large diatoms, which support a biomass somewhat larger than that during El Niño. Small diatoms returned as the dominant species in large blooms in 1985. The cell numbers reached values similar to those during pre-Niño conditions, with a normal neritic and oceanic phytoplankton distribution. Red tides caused by the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum were common during normal conditions before and after El Niño.

  9. A northern Australian coral record of seasonal rainfall and terrestrial runoff (1775-1986)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Patterson, E. W.; Cole, J. E.; Vetter, L.; Lough, J.

    2017-12-01

    Northern Australia is a climatically dynamic region influenced by both the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Australian monsoon. However, this region is largely devoid of long climate records with sub-annual resolution. Understanding long-term climate variations is essential to assess how the storm-prone coasts and rainfall-reliant rangelands of northern Australia have been impacted in the past and may be in the future. In this study, we present a continuous multicentury (1775-1986) coral reconstruction of rainfall and hydroclimate in northern Australia, developed from a Porites spp. coral core collected off the coast of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. We combined Ba/Ca measurements with luminescence data as tracers of terrestrial erosion and river discharge respectively. Our results show a strong seasonal cycle in Ba/Ca linked to wet austral summers driven by the Australian monsoon. The Ba/Ca record is corroborated by oxygen isotope data from the same coral and indices of regional river discharge and rainfall. Consistently high levels of Ba measured throughout the record further attest to the importance of river influence on this coral. Our record also shows changes in variability and the baseline level of Ba in coastal waters through time, which may be driven in part by historical land-use change, such as damming or agricultural practices. We will additionally use these records to examine decadal to centennial-scale variability in monsoonal precipitation and regional ENSO signals.

  10. Hábitos alimentarios del Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae en el Parque Nacional Natural Puracé, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrés Hernández-Guzmán

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available La dieta de Puma concolor es ampliamente conocida a lo largo de su distribución, sin embargo, en Colombia no se ha realizado ningún estudio sobre sus hábitos alimentarios. Entre 2007-2009, la dieta de puma fue analizada en el Parque-Nacional-Natural-Puracé, sur occidente de los Andes colombianos. Ítems alimenticios de cinco especies presa fueron identificadas en su dieta; el venado conejo (Pudu mephistophiles es la presa más importante. Como herramienta complementaria para la identificación de huesos y pelos contenidos en heces (n=60, se instalaron seis cámarastrampa en lugares estratégicos, para registrar la presencia de pumas y presas potenciales. El descubrimiento de la dependencia de los pumas con el pudú sugiere una única adaptación de los pumas de paramo a la disponibilidad de presas y resalta su importancia como reguladores de las poblaciones presa. Estos resultados contribuyen a incrementar el poco conocimiento sobre la ecología de pumas de los Andes, de sus presas y de las especies en su conjunto en Colombia. Obtener información sobre el grupo de presas de pumas en diferentes ecosistemas, es esencial para entender los requerimientos regionales para su supervivencia y diseñar acciones de conservación que permitan seguir/evaluar las necesidades particulares de áreas protegidas en toda su distribución.Food habits of Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae in the Parque Nacional Natural Puracé,Colombia. Neotropical puma (Puma concolor diet is scarcely known, in particular that of mountain dwelling individuals from Northern South America. This is the first study on pumas from the paramo and the first puma diet analysis for Colombia. The puma diet was studied from 2007 to 2009 in the Puracé National Park in the South Colombian Andes. Paramos are unique neotropical high altitude ecosystems which store and regulate water, and are currently threatened by agricultural expansion and climate change. Seven latrines were monitored for

  11. Euroscepticism in Italy: Evolution of Northern League Political Program

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oleg N. Barabanov

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Abstract: The article examines the key stages of the establishment of Italy’s Northern League as a rightwing hard eurosceptic party. Being initially a continual supporter of European integration and considering the transition to common currency as an opportunity available only to northern regions, which could secede and form an independent state, Northern League after losing the main point of its political agenda when the whole Italy joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1998, became a eurosceptically-oriented party, which it is up to now. The authors dwell on the focal points of the party’s anti-EU program: Italy’s exit from the eurozone, the formation of Europe of macroregions, the reformation of supranational institutes and decision-making procedures. However, while confronting the Northern League policy with that of National Front in France and UKIP in the United Kingdom, the authors come to the conclusion that Euroscepticism for the former is just a sign of the shift in priorities rather than a strategy as for the latter. This can be explained by the fact that National Front and UKIP are still to fight for the place in the national mainstream, while Northern League has become its integral part long before. Nevertheless, under the new leadership of M.Salvini Northern League managed to become the fourth party on the national level according to the results of European parliament elections in 2014 and established itself as a significant power opponent to EU policy on a number of important issues, such as anti-Russian sanctions. Moreover, frequent visits of party members to Moscow and the party’s outspoken support of Russia on Crimea’s entrance into the Russian Federation provide an opportunity to consider Northern League a potential conductor of Russian interests in the European Union.

  12. Latest Miocene-Pliocene Tiliviche Paleolake, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile 19.5°S: Paleoclimatic and Paleohydrologic Implications

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kirk-Lawlor, N. E.; Jordan, T. E.; Rech, J.; Lehmann, S.

    2010-12-01

    period, global climate was progressively cooling. Globally, the early Pliocene (~5-3 Ma) climate was warm, with a permanent El Niño state. Today, in the Atacama, El Niño years only rarely enhance precipitation, while La Niña conditions generally increase precipitation. The regional climatic drying that contributed to the desiccation of the Tiliviche paleolake may have been related to this global El Niño state. At present, water for municipal, agricultural and industrial use is one of the scarcest and most valuable resources in northern Chile. For planning and policy purposes, information is needed on how water resources may respond to future global warming of a similar magnitude as the Pliocene warm period.

  13. El cuerpo, el gueto y el Estado penal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Loïc Wacquant

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available

    Este artículo analiza el enfoque del autor sobre la etnografía, la teoría social, y la

  14. MEaSUREs Northern Hemisphere State of Cryosphere Daily 25km EASE-Grid 2.0

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration — This data set reports the location of Northern Hemisphere snow cover and sea ice extent, the status of melt onset across Greenland and Artic sea ice, and the level...

  15. Radiotherapy in Northern Germany: Facts and figures about radiooncology in 6 states

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Brodersen, H.J.; Heilmann, H.P.

    1996-01-01

    Traditionally there was a close cooperation between the Roentgen Society of Northern Germany and the Society of 'Niedersachsen' and 'Sachsen-Anhalt'. Therefore, hospital departments and free standing office-type facilities in radiooncology from 6 states have put together a regional North German data-base. Detailed questionnaires were sent out in order to get data on heads of departments, professional staff, technical equipment, workload, diagnoses and training facilities. The collected data were distributed to all participating centers for confidential individual analysis. This paper reports the data collected. The survey 1995/96 had an unexpected return. Thirty-six from 38 centers in a region with 17.36 million inhabitants in 6 states (21.3% of Germany) took part. There were 73 megavolt machines and 31 afterloading facilities. Two hundred and forty physicians, 110 physicists, and 350 radiographers were working in radiooncology; and there were 852 hospital beds specifically assigned to radiooncology for the care of in-patients. In 1995, 32,000 patients were treated with 37,000 series, 570,000 treatment visits and 1,600,000 radiation fields. The average patient got 1.2 series, 18 treatment visits and 50 fields. Equipmentwise, an average department runs a mean of 2 megavolt machines and 1 afterloading facility. The corresponding data for 1 megavolt machine were 3.5 physicians, 1.6 physicists, 5 radiographers and 13 hospital beds. There was 1 machine for 240,000 inhabitants. The average workload of a megavolt machine was 439 patients a year with 513 series, 7,813 treatment visits and 21,845 radiation fields. A regional data-base for radiooncology is being described. It is demonstrated that it is possible to get detailed and current data by this method. It provides transparent data on equipment, personnel and workload in radiooncology. It should set an example for other regions to collect their data in the same fashion, and then compile all such data for the whole

  16. Climate change impacts in Northern Canada: Assessing our current knowledge

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gill, M.J.; Eamer, J. [Environment Canada, Environmental Conservation Branch, Whitehorse, YT (Canada); Munier, A.; Ogden, A. [Yukon College, Northern Climate ExChange, Whitehorse, YT (Canada); Duerden, F. [Ryerson University, School of Applied Geography, Toronto, ON (Canada); Hik, D. [Alberta Univ., Dept. of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB (Canada); Fox, S.; Riedlinger, D.; Thorpe, N. [GeoNorth Limited, Whitehorse, YT (Canada); Johnson, I.; Jensen, M. [Legend Seekers Anthropological Research, Whitehorse, YT (Canada)

    2001-07-01

    A research project by the Northern Climate ExChange at Yukon College, undertaken to bring together into one document all relevant information that will help facilitate the identification of priorities for climate change research, monitoring, technological development and policy development in Canada's North, is described. In addition to the report, project deliverables also include a database of climate change information sources and a database of northern climate change contacts. The review includes scientific, local and Traditional Knowledge sources relating to climate change about each of seventeen natural and human systems (e.g. boreal forests, community health, mining, etc.), synthesized into a table for each system, with projected environmental changes crossed in matrix format with system components. Each cross-relationship was given a ranking; supporting information was included, based on the current state of knowledge of that relationship. In general, current information concerning northern systems, predicted climate changes and the impacts of those changes on northern systems is poor. However, much information does exist and the gap analysis revealed a number of general patterns relating to this information. Clearly, more research is required throughout northern Canada, but in particular, in the eastern Arctic, to provide a greater understanding of the implications of climate changes across the North, and to aid in the development of finer-scale, regional circulation models resulting in better predictive capacity of climate change and its impacts on northern areas.

  17. Illicit tobacco trade between the United States and Mexico El comercio ilícito de tabaco entre los Estados Unidos y México

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    John W Colledge III

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To provide a brief history of the illicit tobacco trade between Mexico and the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Research included a previously published study: "Cigarette taxes and smuggling: A statistical analysis and historical review", published by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy; US Customs and Border Protection data; various US court documents; General Accountability Office reporting; media reports; other historical material, and a personal interview. RESULTS: The research revealed that there is no credible evidence of organized criminal activity related to the illicit trade in tobacco products from Mexico into the United States. However, there is clear and convincing evidence of organized criminal activity in smuggling tobacco products from the United States into Mexico for at least 167 years. CONCLUSION: Historical records from 1845 into the 21st century clearly demonstrate that the United States was usually the source country for tobacco products moving illegally between the two countries.OBJETIVO: Describir brevemente la historia del comercio ilícito de tabaco entre Estados Unidos y México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La investigación incluye publicaciones previas, como "Impuestos sobre los cigarrillos y el contrabando: Un análisis histórico y estadístico"; datos de la Agencia de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza; varios documentos de la Corte; los informes de la Oficina General de Rendición de Cuentas de EU; notas de prensa; materiales históricos, y una entrevista personal. RESULTADOS: La investigación reveló que no hay pruebas creíbles de actividad delictiva organizada relacionada con el comercio ilícito de productos de tabaco de México a EU. Sin embargo, hay pruebas claras y convincentes de que esta actividad se ha realizado de EU a México por lo menos durante 167 años. CONCLUSIÓN: Los registros históricos desde el año 1845 claramente demuestran que EU solía ser el país de origen del tabaco ilegal

  18. Buddhism on the Border: Shan Buddhism and Transborder Migration in Northern Thailand

    OpenAIRE

    Murakami, Tadayoshi

    2012-01-01

    This paper examines the transformation of Shan Buddhism in the border area of Northern Thailand. Shan and other ethnic groups have a long history of migration between Northern Thailand and the Shan State of Myanmar; the migration continued even after the border was demarcated at the end of the nineteenth century. Recently, the migration has become unidirectional--from Myanmar to Thailand-- and the number of migrants is growing steadily. An anomalous situation exists in this area: a fluid bord...

  19. Region 10: Idaho Northern Ada County Adequate Letter (6/21/2013)

    Science.gov (United States)

    EPA approves motor vehicle emissions budget in the Northern Ada County PM10 State Implementation Plan, Maintenance Plan: Ten-Year Update for PM10 national ambient air quality standard, adequate for transportation conformity purposes.

  20. Nest reuse by Northern Spotted Owls on the east slope of the Cascade Range, Washington

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stan G. Sovern; Margaret Taylor; Eric D. Forsman

    2011-01-01

    During a long-term demography study of Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in the eastern Cascade Range of Washington State in 1989 to 2008, we documented 276 nests of Northern Spotted Owls at 73 different territories. Of these nests, 90.2% were on platforms, mostly in clumps of deformed limbs caused by dwarf mistletoe (primarily...

  1. Strategies for the control of desertification in northern Nigeria ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    The Northern part of Nigeria especially the frontline states comprising of Bauchi/ Gombe, Borno, Yobe, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto/Zamfara and Kebbi which lie roughly North of latitude 120N face serious threats of desertification occasioned by over exposure of the fragile environment mostly through improper farming ...

  2. Climatic variability related to El Niño in Ecuador - a historical background

    Science.gov (United States)

    Arteaga, K.; Tutasi, P.; Jiménez, R.

    2006-02-01

    This paper reports on an investigation into the chronology of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, during the period from the arrival of conquistadores in Ecuador in 1532 until the year 1900. A number of probable El Niño events and drought years can be dated from anecdotal reports of significant rainfall and drought in the equatorial region. The evidence of ENSO has been documented from early reports in the South America archives. A large number of books and articles have been reviewing from the Ecuadorian archives to obtain information on El Niño events that have occurred over the past centuries. This information is based on evidence obtained from the equatorial region, where strong and very strong El Niño events clearly separate the northern part of the Ecuadorian coast from the southern region, the normally rainy season specially from west-central to the south coast of Ecuador, as well as the drought years, reported in this region which is climatologically and oceanographically different from the moist Northern coast of Ecuador. Given the normal occurrence of rains in the southern coast of Ecuador, it is reasonable to expect that at least some of the major rainy seasons would be recorded in local chronicles and publications. This information has been compared with reports obtained from Peru. Relative strengths of events are based on such considerations as wind and current effects on travel times of ancient sailing ships, degree of physical damage and destruction, amounts of rainfall and flooding, human disease epidemic, mass mortality of endemic marine organism, rises in sea temperatures and sea levels, effects on coastal fisheries. This paper is the first survey of the historical sources concerned the rainfall and drought in Ecuador. In the course of this investigation we also noted some extended periods of time, near decadal or longer over the past records, when the amount and/or strength of El Niño and its resulting effects appeared to represent

  3. Evaluation of Electromagnetic Induction to Characterize and Map Sodium-Affected Soils in the Northern Great Plains of the United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brevik, E. C.; Heilig, J.; Kempenich, J.; Doolittle, J.; Ulmer, M.

    2012-04-01

    Sodium-affected soils (SAS) cover over 4 million hectares in the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Improving the classification, interpretation, and mapping of SAS is a major goal of the United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) as Northern Great Plains soil surveys are updated. Apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) as measured with ground conductivity meters has shown promise for mapping SAS, however, this use of this geophysical tool needs additional evaluation. This study used an EM-38 MK2-2 meter (Geonics Limited, Mississauga, Ontario), a Trimble AgGPS 114 L-band DGPS (Trimble, Sunnyvale, CA) and the RTmap38MK2 program (Geomar Software, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario) on an Allegro CX field computer (Juniper Systems, North Logan, UT) to collect, observe, and interpret ECa data in the field. The ECa map generated on-site was then used to guide collection of soil samples for soil characterization and to evaluate the influence of soil properties in SAS on ECa as measured with the EM-38MK2-2. Stochastic models contained in the ESAP software package were used to estimate the SAR and salinity levels from the measured ECa data in 30 cm depth intervals to a depth of 90 cm and for the bulk soil (0 to 90 cm). This technique showed promise, with meaningful spatial patterns apparent in the ECa data. However, many of the stochastic models used for salinity and SAR for individual depth intervals and for the bulk soil had low R-squared values. At both sites, significant variability in soil clay and water contents along with a small number of soil samples taken to calibrate the ECa values to soil properties likely contributed to these low R-squared values.

  4. Cult sites in northern Sweden

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Stefan Brink

    1990-01-01

    Full Text Available The pagan cult in northern Sweden, i.e, Norrland, has for some decades been a neglected chapter in our history, a situation which unfortunately applies to Sweden as a whole, at least where onomastics are concerned. The aim is thus to deliver an overview of the evidence that we have of pre-Christian religious activities in these northern parts — in this aspect, onomastic material is nearly almost all we have got — and some general remarks about the conversion to the new Christian religion. The area of investigation is what in the (Swedish medieval period was known as Norrland. In other words, the part of Sweden considered here is modern Central Norrland. With our state of knowledge of today it is not so easy to pick out the place-names that have denoted some kind of pagan cult activity. The place-name material can be divided into: 1. Theoforic place-names 2. place-names denoting the site of a pagan cult, which do not however contain theoforic elements 3. place-names with a possible pagan cultic element.

  5. Violencia y comportamiento electoral: el caso del Estado de México / Violence and Voting Behavior: The Case of the State of Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Amalia Pulido Gómez

    2017-03-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza el impacto de la violencia en el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos del Estado de México en el nivel municipal. Nuestro argumento principal es que la violencia afectará el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos en las elecciones municipales, sin embargo, este efecto será diferente para los tres partidos mayoritarios del Estado de México: el Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI, el Partido Acción Nacional (PAN y el Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD. Con información de resultados electorales, indicadores socioeconómicos y de la dinámica de la violencia para los procesos electorales de 2006, 2009, 2012 y 2015, presentamos evidencia empírica que respalda el argumento de que la violencia afecta negativamente al PRI y al PAN, pero no al PRD. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la violencia tiene un efecto significativo en las preferencias electorales de los mexiquenses. / This paper analyzes to what extent violence impacts voting behavior in the State of Mexico at the municipal level. The authors argue that violence will affect voting behavior in the municipal elections, but the effect will be different across the three major parties: the Institutional Revolutionary Party, the National Action Party and the Party of the Democratic Revolution. Using electoral data for the 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015 municipal elections as well as demographic data, the authors present empirical support for the argument that high level of violence decreases vote share for the PRI and the PAN, but increases vote share for the PRD. Their findings suggest that violence has significant effects on voters’ party preference in their vote choices.

  6. Violencia y comportamiento electoral: el caso del Estado de México / Violence and Voting Behavior: The Case of the State of Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Amalia Pulido Gómez

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza el impacto de la violencia en el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos del Estado de México en el nivel municipal. Nuestro argumento principal es que la violencia afectará el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos en las elecciones municipales, sin embargo, este efecto será diferente para los tres partidos mayoritarios del Estado de México: el Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI, el Partido Acción Nacional (PAN y el Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD. Con información de resultados electorales, indicadores socioeconómicos y de la dinámica de la violencia para los procesos electorales de 2006, 2009, 2012 y 2015, presentamos evidencia empírica que respalda el argumento de que la violencia afecta negativamente al PRI y al PAN, pero no al PRD. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la violencia tiene un efecto significativo en las preferencias electorales de los mexiquenses. / This paper analyzes to what extent violence impacts voting behavior in the State of Mexico at the municipal level. The authors argue that violence will affect voting behavior in the municipal elections, but the effect will be different across the three major parties: the Institutional Revolutionary Party, the National Action Party and the Party of the Democratic Revolution. Using electoral data for the 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015 municipal elections as well as demographic data, the authors present empirical support for the argument that high level of violence decreases vote share for the PRI and the PAN, but increases vote share for the PRD. Their findings suggest that violence has significant effects on voters’ party preference in their vote choices.

  7. Implementing northern goshawk habitat management in Southwestern forests: a template for restoring fire-adapted forest ecosystems.

    Science.gov (United States)

    James A. Youtz; Russell T. Graham; Richard T. Reynolds; Jerry. Simon

    2008-01-01

    Developing and displaying forest structural targets are crucial for sustaining the habitats of the northern goshawk, a sensitive species in Southwestern forests. These structural targets were described in Management Recommendations for the Northern Goshawk in the Southwestern United States (MRNG) (Reynolds, et al., 1992). The MRNG were developed in a unique food-web...

  8. Fundar la casa: prácticas rituales y espacio doméstico en el oppidum ibérico de El Puig d’Alcoi (Alacant

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Grau Mira, Ignasi

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available In this paper we present the ritual practices identified in the Iberian oppidum of El Puig d’Alcoi, in the central area of the ancient Contestania, in the northern part of the current province of Alicante. We present two separate deposits under the houses dated during the 5th and 4th centuries BC, in which were buried remains of banquets and animal sacrifices, with the burial of a newborn in one of them. We interpret them as foundation rituals of houses and are analysed in relation to domestic life developed in the course of the occupation of the oppidum, in particular with the processes of building-rebuilding the houses and the social relationships of the community that inhabited El Puig d’Alcoi.En este trabajo presentamos las prácticas rituales identificadas en el oppidum ibérico de El Puig d’Alcoi, en el área central de la Contestania, al norte de la actual provincia de Alicante. Se trata de dos depósitos en la base de viviendas del poblado de los ss. v y iv a.C., en los que se enterraron restos de banquetes y sacrificios de animales, con la inhumación de un perinatal en uno de ellos. Los interpretamos como rituales de fundación de viviendas y se analizan en relación con la vida doméstica desarrollada en el transcurso de la ocupación del poblado, en concreto con los procesos de construcción-reconstrucción de las casas y con las relaciones sociales de la comunidad que habitó El Puig d’Alcoi.

  9. United States Army Counter Partisan Operations in Northern Virginia During the American Civil War

    Science.gov (United States)

    2016-06-10

    retribution against civilians occurred on August 21, 1863, when following an ambush on a Union picket site, Brevet Brigadier General George A. Custer...Additionally, northern newspapers reported that these “vandal acts” of retribution were not effective in deterring the partisans, nor gaining

  10. El cuerpo, el gueto y el Estado penal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Loïc Wacquant

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo analiza el enfoque del autor sobre la etnografía, la teoría social, y la política del conocimiento a través de un diálogo que vuelve sobre su trayectoria intelectual y los vínculos analíticos entre sus investigaciones sobre el cuerpo, la marginalidad urbana comparada y el Estado penal. Resalta las conexiones prácticas y fundamentos epistemológicos detrás de sus principales proyectos de investigación, explica las distintas maneras en que se despliega el trabajo de campo de observación en cada uno de ellos, y examina el papel de los intelectuales en las sociedades avanzadas de la era del neoliberalismo hegemónico. Rechazando tanto el empirismo de Hume como el neo-cognitivismo kantiano, el autor aboga por el uso de la etnografía como un instrumento de ruptura y construcción, la potencia del conocimiento carnal, el imperativo de la reflexividad epistémica y la necesidad de ampliar los géneros textuales y estilos con el fin de captar mejor el sabor y el dolor de la acción social. En la esfera pública, propone que las ciencias sociales pueden actuar como un disolvente de la doxa y un faro que arroja luz sobre las propiedades latentes y las tendencias desapercibidas en las transformaciones sociales a fin de generar rupturas y ampliar el debate cívico.

  11. Efficacy of pyramided Bt proteins Cry1F, Cry1A.105, and cry2Ab2 expressed in Smartstax corn hybrids against lepidopteran insect pests in the northern United States.

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Rule, D.M.; Nolting, S.P.; Prasfika, P.L.; Storer, N.P.; Hopkins, B.W.; Scherder, E.J.A.; Siebert, M.W.; Hendrix, W.H.

    2014-01-01

    Commercial field corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids transformed to express some or all of the lepidopteran insect-resistant traits present in SmartStax corn hybrids were evaluated for insecticidal efficacy against a wide range of lepidopteran corn pests common to the northern United States, during 2008 to

  12. Exploring Educators' Perceptions of Internet Technology for Classroom Education in Northern Virginia Schools

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stamey, Sherrill Dean, II.

    2011-01-01

    The pervasiveness of Internet technology in the educational environment of the United States has altered the way educators present information in the classroom. The schools of Northern Virginia, located in several of the financially wealthiest suburbs of the United States, provide a technologically advanced school system to explore Internet…

  13. Obtention of the pressed states by canonic transformations in the quantum space phase; Obtencion de estados comprimidos mediante transformaciones canonicas en el espacio fase cuantico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zuniga Segundo, A. [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2001-10-01

    In this work we introduce squeezed states with real and complex squeezing parameters directly obtained in the coherent-representation of the harmonic oscillator in quantum phase space. By means of the Fourier transform, we recover the usual coordinate states and compare these states with those obtained by another method in the coordinate representation. In addition we also describe numerically its time evolution in quantum phase space and the variances Q and P. [Spanish] En este trabajo presentamos estados comprimidos con parametros de compresion reales y complejos, obtenidos directamente en la representacion de estado coherente del oscilador armonico en el espacio fase cuantico. Por medio de una transformada de Fourier recuperamos los estados en la representacion de coordenadas y los comparamos con aquellos obtenidos por otro metodo. Ademas describimos numericamente sus evoluciones temporales en el espacio fase cuantico y calculamos las varianzas de Q y P.

  14. Nature: a colour comparison between Northern South Africa and Northern Australia

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    Baumbach, J

    2009-10-01

    Full Text Available During 1983 DSTO in Australia measured the reflectances of grass, trees and soil in northern Australia, using a custom-build spectroradiometer. During 2002 CSIR in South Africa performed similar measurements in northern South Africa, using a...

  15. Silvicultural guide for northern white-cedar (eastern white cedar)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Emmanuelle Boulfroy; Eric Forget; Philip V. Hofmeyer; Laura S. Kenefic; Catherine Larouche; Guy Lessard; Jean-Martin Lussier; Fred Pinto; Jean-Claude Ruel; Aaron. Weiskittel

    2012-01-01

    Northern white-cedar (eastern white cedar; Thuja occidentalis L.) is an important tree species in the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, occurring both in pure stands and as a minor species in mixed stands of hardwoods or other softwoods. Yet practitioners have little and often contradictory information about cedar ecology and...

  16. Interests of Border Communities in Water and Pastures: Will They Influence Nile Water Policies of the Two Sudans?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Samson S. Wassara

    2013-10-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo examina la relación entre los pastores trashumantes transfronterizos en torno a las los recursos acuíferos y de pastoreo. Tanto el agua como los pastos suponen el modo de vida de la población que comparte la frontera entre Sudán del Sur y Sudán. A pesar de tratarse de bienes comunes, la competencia entre los pastores nómadas de Sudán y de Sudán del Sur ha degenerado siempre en conflictos violentos registrados desde el periodo del Condominio. Sin embargo, los intereses de las comunidades que viven a lo largo del río Bahr al Arab (o río Kiir y el Nilo Blanco están localizados. De hecho, en la actualidad están más relacionados con las fronteras disputadas que con el asunto más amplio de los derechos acuíferos. Este artículo demuestra que las demandas comunitarias están politizadas a nivel nacional y sub-nacional; y que la política distrae a las comunidades fronterizas de perseguir sus objetivos realistas de acceso al agua y a los pastos. Se concluye que las comunidades pastorales fronterizas son incapaces de influenciar las políticas de agua y tierra mientras Sudán del Sur y Sudán mantengan relaciones hostiles

  17. El agua y el arte

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Chueca Goitia, Fernando

    1999-10-01

    Full Text Available Not available.En el artículo «El agua y el arte» se analiza la importancia que tiene el agua en el mundo del arte, a través de los jardines y sus muchas variedades. El autor se refiere luego a los diversos aspectos que tienen el jardín francés, el jardín inglés, y el jardín español, de acuerdo con su geografía, pluviometría y cultura propias. El jardín español de abolengo musulmán es el jardín de los países secos que atesoran el agua como bien precioso, porque no lo regala la naturaleza y es necesario transportarlo y encerrarlo en el cofre de una arquitectura sugerente. Por eso el jardín español es un jardín recoleto y misterioso, enclaustrado y secreto, sin lejanías ni perspectivas. Se extiende luego el autor en los jardines de la Alhambra granadina, sin olvidar otros, principalmente andaluces. Jardines de los claustros monacales, de El Escorial y de los Sitios reales, también interesan, en suma, al articulista.

  18. Climatic variability related to El Niño in Ecuador − a historical background

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    K. Arteaga

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available This paper reports on an investigation into the chronology of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO events, during the period from the arrival of conquistadores in Ecuador in 1532 until the year 1900. A number of probable El Niño events and drought years can be dated from anecdotal reports of significant rainfall and drought in the equatorial region. The evidence of ENSO has been documented from early reports in the South America archives. A large number of books and articles have been reviewing from the Ecuadorian archives to obtain information on El Niño events that have occurred over the past centuries. This information is based on evidence obtained from the equatorial region, where strong and very strong El Niño events clearly separate the northern part of the Ecuadorian coast from the southern region, the normally rainy season specially from west-central to the south coast of Ecuador, as well as the drought years, reported in this region which is climatologically and oceanographically different from the moist Northern coast of Ecuador. Given the normal occurrence of rains in the southern coast of Ecuador, it is reasonable to expect that at least some of the major rainy seasons would be recorded in local chronicles and publications. This information has been compared with reports obtained from Peru. Relative strengths of events are based on such considerations as wind and current effects on travel times of ancient sailing ships, degree of physical damage and destruction, amounts of rainfall and flooding, human disease epidemic, mass mortality of endemic marine organism, rises in sea temperatures and sea levels, effects on coastal fisheries. This paper is the first survey of the historical sources concerned the rainfall and drought in Ecuador. In the course of this investigation we also noted some extended periods of time, near decadal or longer over the past records, when the amount and/or strength of El Niño and its resulting effects

  19. Selective up-regulation of protein kinase C eta in phorbol ester-sensitive versus -resistant EL4 mouse thymoma cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Resnick, M S; Luo, X; Vinton, E G; Sando, J J

    1997-06-01

    Stimulation of sensitive EL4 mouse thymoma cells (s-EL4) with phorbol esters results in production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), adherence to a plastic substrate, and growth inhibition, whereas a phorbol ester-resistant variant (r-EL4) fails to respond. Previous studies revealed substantially decreased expression of protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon in the r-EL4 versus s-EL4 cells. This work has been extended to examine the more recently described PKC isozymes. Western and Northern analyses revealed a marked decrease in PKC eta and theta in r-EL4 as compared to s-EL4 cells. Treatment of these lines with phorbol ester for 24 h resulted in down-regulation of all PKC isozymes examined except PKC eta, which was up-regulated in the s-EL4 cells at the time of maximal IL-2 production. Two newly isolated EL4 clones, resistant to phorbol ester-induced growth inhibition but still exhibiting the phorbol ester-induced adherence and IL-2 production, both expressed PKC eta and theta. Collectively, these observations suggest a dissociation of growth inhibition from adherence and IL-2 production pathways and a potential role for PKC eta in the latter.

  20. Using shell tools in Mesolithic and early Neolithic coastal sites from Northern Spain: experimental program for use wear analysis in malacological materials

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cuenca Solana, David

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available One of the most common debates surrounding the Mesolithic and early Neolithic periods in northern Spain focuses on the scarcity of lithic and osseous technologies identified in large shell midden contexts. Currently, several hypotheses have been proposed that attribute this phenomenon to differences in site spatial organization, increases in perishable material use, or changes in subsistence strategies. However, recently shell tools have been identified in the early Neolithic levels at Santimamiñe cave located in the Basque Country of northern Spain. These artifacts are the first evidence of shell tools to be identified in Northern Spain in an early Neolithic shell midden context. This paper proposes the hypothesis that shell tools were being used in subsistence activities. To test this hypothesis, the authors developed an experimental programme using different types of mollusc shells to examine evidence of functional use on wood, dry/fresh animal skin and non-woody plants. The experimental results were then used to examine the patterns of use on the seven shell tools from Santimamiñe. The results of the comparisons indicate that the seven shell tools have similar use patterns as the experimental shells. This evidence supports the proposed hypothesis that shell tools may have been used frequently in shell midden contexts during the Mesolithic and early Neolithic for the working of wood, plants or animal skin.

    Uno de los debates más extendidos en la historiografía sobre el Mesolítico y el Neolítico inicial en la región cantábrica es el de la escasez de tecnologías “tradicionales” en la mayor parte de los contextos existentes, especialmente en aquellos con grandes acumulaciones de conchas. Actualmente, varias de las hipótesis propuestas atribuyen este fenómeno a diferencias en la organización espacial de los asentamientos, al aumento en la utilización de materiales perecederos o a cambios en las estrategias de subsistencia

  1. Development of the selection system in northern hardwood forests of the Lake States: an 80-year silviculture research legacy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Christel Kern; Gus Erdmann; Laura Kenefic; Brian Palik; Terry. Strong

    2014-01-01

    The northern hardwood research program at the Dukes Experimental Forest in Michigan and Argonne Experimental Forest in Wisconsin has been adapting to changing management and social objectives for more than 80 years. In 1926, the first northern hardwood silviculture study was established in old-growth stands at the Dukes Experimental Forest. In response to social...

  2. Horsemanship of ancient armies of Northern Black Sea region

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    K. M. Kolesnykov

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available This article deal with the description, analysis and generalization of features of organization and tactics of cavalry of the army ancient states of the Northern Black Sea region: Olbia, Chersonese, Bosporus. Author sure that the foundation of the armed forces of these states was a civil militia – free, economically independent landowners, endowed with the broadest volume of political and social rights men – full citizens. Bosporus kings have attracted a significant number of hired troops that held by the royal treasury income and special direct tax. The cavalry is interacted with heavily armed infantry contingents – hoplites or swordsman­ thyureoforoi. The contingents of lightweight (arrow­toxots and heavy (akontists and spearmen cavalry were presented as part of ancient armies of the Northern Black Sea Region in Classical and Hellenistic periods. In the Roman period on the Bosporus fixed formation units of cathafractarian cavalry. The weapons and tactics of the Sarmatian nomadic nobility (Aspurhianian, Sirak, Aorsy and more were served as a model for Bosporus cataphractarian horsemen.

  3. Primer registro del ratón de los volcanes (Neotomodon alstoni para el estado de Hidalgo, México First record of the volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni from the State of Hidalgo, Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alejandro García-Becerra

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available El ratón de los volcanes (Neotomodon alstoni se registra por primera vez en el estado de Hidalgo, México. Los ejemplares se recolectaron en diciembre de 2010, en el municipio de Almoloya, aproximadamente a 32.8 km al norte de la localidad documentada más cercana al estado de Tlaxcala, por lo que este nuevo registro se convierte en el más norteño para la distribución conocida del ratón de los volcanes.The volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni is firstly recorded in the State of Hidalgo. Specimens were collected in December 2010, at the municipality of Almoloya, approximately 32.8 km to the north from the nearest locality in the state of Tlaxcala. Therefore, this is the northernmost record for the range of the Mexican volcano mouse.

  4. Geographic distribution and host plants of Raoiella indica and associated mite species in northern Venezuela.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vásquez, Carlos; de Moraes, Gilberto J

    2013-05-01

    The red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), is an invasive pest in the New World, where it is currently considered a serious threat to coconut and banana crops. It was first reported from northern Venezuela in 2007. To determine its current distribution in this country, surveys were carried out from October 2008 to April 2010 on coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), banana (Musa spp.), ornamental plants and weeds in northern Venezuela. Higher population levels of RPM were registered on commercial coconut farms in Falcón and Sucre states but also on other plant species naturally growing along the coastal line in Anzoategui, Aragua, Carabobo, Monagas and Nueva Esparta states. Out of 34 botanical species evaluated, all RPM stages were observed only on eight arecaceous, one musaceous and one streliziaceous species, indicating that the pest developed and reproduced only on these plants. Mite specimens found on weeds were considered spurious events, as immature stages of the pest were never found on these. Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was the most frequent predatory mite associated with RPM in all sampling sites. The results indicate that RPM has spread to extensive areas of northern Venezuela since its initial detection in Güiria, Sucre state. Considering the report of this pest mite in northern Brazil in the late 2009, additional samplings in southern Venezuela should be carried out, to evaluate the possible presence of RPM also in that region.

  5. Forced Dependency and Legal Barriers: Implications of the UK’s Immigration and Social Security Policies for Minoritized Women Living in Abusive Intimate Relationships in Northern Ireland

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Monica McWilliams

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available This paper examines the complexities of the help-seeking process of minoritized women (primarily asylum-seekers and immigrants experiencing domestic violence in Northern Ireland. The term ‘minoritized’ is used here to emphasize that “minority” status is not a static or innate trait of certain groups but instead is the outcome of a process of being positioned as a minority. The paper addresses the intersections of ethnicity, nationality, class and gender and shows how state policies in relation to immigration and social security reinforce inequalities in gendered power relations. Despite attempts to improve the social security and immigration systems, the findings from a Northern Ireland study show how recent policy changes have not addressed the systemic institutional racism and institutionalised patriarchy in these agencies. Where avenues for action are undermined by such practices, the policies raise concerns about the safety and protection of minoritized women living in abusive relationships. We argue that the UK is failing to meet its human rights responsibilities to provide adequate support and assistance to minoritized women in abusive relationships and conclude that delivering state accountability alongside a human rights framework based on security, autonomy, liberty and equality is what is needed. Este artículo analiza las complejidades del proceso de búsqueda de ayuda en Irlanda del Norte para mujeres pertenecientes a minorías (principalmente solicitantes de asilo e inmigrantes que sufren violencia doméstica. El término 'minoritarizadas' se utiliza aquí para hacer hincapié en que la situación de "minoría" no es un rasgo estático o innato de ciertos grupos, sino que es el resultado de un proceso de ser posicionado como una minoría. El artículo aborda las intersecciones de origen étnico, nacionalidad, clase y género y muestra cómo las políticas estatales en relación a la inmigración y la seguridad social

  6. The regulation of uranium mining in the Northern Territory

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wedd, M.

    1989-01-01

    The regulatory framework developed for uranium mining operations in the Northern Territory is reviewed. The respective roles of the Commonwealth Government, State Government and other regulatory authority are described. Whilst complex, expensive and cumbersome the regulatory process has so far ensured input from diverse interest groups and it allowed for environmental protection control in the Alligator River Region

  7. Caminos, ciencia y Estado en el Perú, 1850-1930 Pathways, science, and the State in Peru, 1850-1930

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Contreras

    2008-09-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este estudio es brindar una visión panorámica de la relación entre el desarrollo de los estudios naturalistas con el control del territorio en el Perú desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Durante esta etapa se produjo un notable desarrollo científico - tanto de investigadores como de instituciones académicas - que recibieron el respaldo del Estado peruano que empezaba a contar con mas recursos después del periodo de relativa inestabilidad que se sucedió a la Independencia en 1821. Aunque este desarrollo fue fragmentado y discontinuo permitió la elaboración de los primeros mapas, estudios geográficos y naturalistas, establecimiento de vías de comunicación y estuvo justificado por su potencial contribución a una economía de exportación y al prestigio cultural de elites civiles.This study offers a panoramic view of the relation between the development of naturalist studies and the control of territory in Peru from the mid-nineteenth century through the first decades of the twentieth. Notable scientific development took place during this period, in terms of research and of academic institutions. Both research and academe enjoyed the support of the State, which had greater resources within its reach following the period of relative instability subsequent to Independence in 1821. Although this process of development was fragmented and discontinuous, it resulted in the first mapmaking work and geographic and naturalist studies, as well as the creation of communication pathways. Further, it was justified by its potential contribution to an export economy and to the cultural prestige of civilian elites.

  8. Democracia formal y derechos indígenas. Una aproximación a la relación actual entre el estado chileno y el pueblo mapuche

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tito Tricot

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available No es posible entender la relación entre el pueblo mapuche, el Estado chileno y la democracia, sin entender el tipo de vínculo histórico que se ha verificado entre el Estado y el mapuche a partir de la génesis de Chile como país. Por lo mismo, el objetivo general del presente trabajo es explorar el tipo de vínculo que existe entre el Estado de Chile y el pueblo mapuche y, el objetivo específico, analizar la situación de los derechos indígenas en el marco del sistema democrático formal actualmente vigente en nuestro país. Para lograr dichos objetivos realizaremos una breve contextualización histórica de la relación Estado-Pueblo mapuche; se analizará el modelo económico, principalmente en lo concerniente a la inversión forestal y la ejecución de megaproyectos en territorio mapuche; la Ley indígena en general y el concepto de pueblo indígena en particular; el denominado conflicto mapuche y la Ley anti-terrorista. Todo ellos, esperamos, servirán de elementos de juicio y antecedentes importantes para aproximarnos al problema de la relación entre la democracia formal y los derechos indígenas._______________________ABSTRACT:It is not possible to understand the relation between the Mapuche Nation, the Chilean State and the democracy, without understanding the type of historical bond that has occurred between the State and the Mapuche nation from the onset of Chile as a Country. For the same reason, the general purpose of the present work is to explore the type of connections existing between the State of Chile and the Mapuche Nation and the specific aim is to analyze the situation of the indigenous rights in the democratic system context that is actually in force in our country. In order to obtain these aims we will make a brief historical contextualización of the relation State-Mapuche Nation; the economic model will be analyzed, mainly as for the forest investment and the implementation of superproyects in the Mapuche land

  9. Islamic criminal law in northern Nigeria: politics, religion, judicial practice

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Weimann, G.J.

    2010-01-01

    In 2000 and 2001, twelve northern states of the Federal Republic of Nigeria introduced Islamic criminal law as one of a number of measures aiming at "reintroducing the shari'a." Immediately after its adoption, defendants were sentenced to death by stoning or to amputation of the hand. Apart from a

  10. Feeding and nutritional ecology of the edible sea urchin Loxechinus albus in the northern Chilean coast Ecología nutricional y alimenticia del erizo comestible Loxechinus albus en el norte de Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    SOLANGE J GONZÁLEZ

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available The red sea urchin Loxechinus albus, an economically important species oceurring along the Chilean littoral benthic systems, has been heavily exploited by artisanal fisheries in recent decades. However, basic knowledge of its trophic biology is still scarce. Studies of this kind are critical to the successful development of farming techniques as an alternative to the harvest of natural populations. The aims of this study were to quantify the composition of L. albus' natural diet, to determine the assimilation efficieney of the most important dietary components, and to experimentally examine the species' trophic selectivity. Adult and juvenile specimens were sampled in spring 1993 and summer, fall and winter 1994 from the shallow subtidal zone of Iquique, northern Chile. Neither juveniles ñor adults showed significant seasonal differences in dietary composition. The main Ítems in the diet were the green alga Ulva sp. for juveniles and the kelp Lessonia sp. for adults. In adults, assimilation efficieney (as percentage of the total organic matter ingested was not significantly different among individuals that consumed Lessonia sp. (48.7 %, Ulva sp. (44.6 % and Macrocystis (38.1 %, whereas in juveniles assimilation efficieney was significantly higher for individuals fed on the chlorophyte Ulva sp. (55.4 %, followed by Lessonia sp. (35.0 % and Macrocystis (25.5 %. These results suggest that L. albus undergoes an ontogenetic shift in the diet, consisting of a differential foraging strategy between juveniles and adults.El erizo Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782 es un recurso de gran importancia económica en los sistemas bentónicos costeros, y que se encuentra bajo una fuerte presión de explotación. Sin embargo, los antecedentes sobre diversos aspectos básicos de su biología trófica son aún escasos. Estudios de esta naturaleza son importantes en razón a que constituyen la base para el desarrollo de técnicas de cultivo exitosas, alternativa a la

  11. Efectos de la tectónica y el clima en la configuración morfológica del relieve costero del norte de Chile Tectonic and climatic effects in the morphologic configuration of the coastal relief of northern Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Quezada

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se analiza el relieve de la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de la Costa del norte de Chile, la cual está caracterizada por la ocurrencia del gran Acantilado Costero. El objetivo central de este estudio es establecer los controles tectónico-climáticos en la configuración del relieve del borde costero del norte de Chile. La metodología utilizada consiste básicamente en un estudio detallado del relieve mediante índices geomorfológicos cuantitativos tales como grado de incisión, curvas e integrales hipsométricas, perfiles de thalweg e índice de sinuosidad. Estos índices se aplicaron a modelos de elevación digitales e imágenes satelitales. Los resultados más relevantes muestran que el relieve de la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de la Costa exhibe creciente incremento de la intensidad de la erosión al aumentar la latitud. Este incremento no es uniforme; procesos relacionados con la tectónica como subsidencia/alzamiento litoral y actividad de fallas, y por otra parte la erosión de la paleotopografía de la Cordillera de la Costa debido a los procesos ligados a la construcción del Acantilado Costero y el aumento de la precipitación, afectan la morfología del relieve del borde costero del norte de Chile. La existencia y excelente preservación del Acantilado Costero resulta de un marcado desequilibrio entre las tasas de alzamiento y las tasas de erosión, cuya diferencia es de una a dos órdenes de magnitud, controlada por el marco climático de hiperaridez extrema del Desierto de Atacama que se ha mantenido por lo menos desde los últimos 2 Ma. Las variaciones en la intensidad de la erosión desde el norte hacia el sur se interpretan como resultado del incremento en la tasa de precipitación en un orden de magnitud en esa misma dirección.This work analyzes the morphological features of the western margin of the northern Chile Coastal Cordillera, character-ized by the presence of a major Coastal Cliff

  12. Chagas disease ecoepidemiology and environmental changes in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vianna, Elisa Neves; Souza E Guimarães, Ricardo José de Paula; Souza, Christian Rezende; Gorla, David; Diotaiuti, Liléia

    2017-11-01

    Triatoma sordida and Triatoma pseudomaculata are frequently captured triatomine species in the Brazilian savannah and caatinga biomes, respectively, and in Brazilian domiciles. This study identified eco-epidemiological changes in Chagas disease in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and considered the influence of environmental shifts and both natural and anthropogenic effects. Domicile infestation and Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates were obtained from triatomines and sylvatic reservoirs during the following two time periods: the 1980s and 2007/2008. Entomological and climatic data with land cover classification derived from satellite imagery were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS), which was applied for atmospheric correction, segmentation, image classification, and mapping and to analyse data obtained in the field. Climatic data were analysed and compared to land cover classifications. A comparison of current data with data obtained in the 1980's showed that T. sordida colonised domiciliary areas in both periods, and that T. pseudomaculata did not colonise these areas. There was a tendency toward a reduction in T. cruzi infection rates in sylvatic reservoirs, and of triatomines captured in both households and in the sylvatic environment. T. sordida populations have reduced in the sylvatic environment, while T. pseudomaculata showed an expanding trend in the region compared to counts observed in the 1980's in the sylvatic environment. This may be related to high deforestation rates as well as gradual increases in land surface temperature (LST) and temperatures along the years. Our results suggest a geographical expansion of species into new biomes as a result of anthropogenic and climatic changes that directly interfere with the reproductive and infection processes of vectors.

  13. Chagas disease ecoepidemiology and environmental changes in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elisa Neves Vianna

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND Triatoma sordida and Triatoma pseudomaculata are frequently captured triatomine species in the Brazilian savannah and caatinga biomes, respectively, and in Brazilian domiciles. OBJECTIVES This study identified eco-epidemiological changes in Chagas disease in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and considered the influence of environmental shifts and both natural and anthropogenic effects. METHODS Domicile infestation and Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates were obtained from triatomines and sylvatic reservoirs during the following two time periods: the 1980s and 2007/2008. Entomological and climatic data with land cover classification derived from satellite imagery were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS, which was applied for atmospheric correction, segmentation, image classification, and mapping and to analyse data obtained in the field. Climatic data were analysed and compared to land cover classifications. RESULTS A comparison of current data with data obtained in the 1980's showed that T. sordida colonised domiciliary areas in both periods, and that T. pseudomaculata did not colonise these areas. There was a tendency toward a reduction in T. cruzi infection rates in sylvatic reservoirs, and of triatomines captured in both households and in the sylvatic environment. T. sordida populations have reduced in the sylvatic environment, while T. pseudomaculata showed an expanding trend in the region compared to counts observed in the 1980's in the sylvatic environment. This may be related to high deforestation rates as well as gradual increases in land surface temperature (LST and temperatures along the years. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a geographical expansion of species into new biomes as a result of anthropogenic and climatic changes that directly interfere with the reproductive and infection processes of vectors.

  14. SAT Encoding of Unification in EL

    Science.gov (United States)

    Baader, Franz; Morawska, Barbara

    Unification in Description Logics has been proposed as a novel inference service that can, for example, be used to detect redundancies in ontologies. In a recent paper, we have shown that unification in EL is NP-complete, and thus of a complexity that is considerably lower than in other Description Logics of comparably restricted expressive power. In this paper, we introduce a new NP-algorithm for solving unification problems in EL, which is based on a reduction to satisfiability in propositional logic (SAT). The advantage of this new algorithm is, on the one hand, that it allows us to employ highly optimized state-of-the-art SAT solvers when implementing an EL-unification algorithm. On the other hand, this reduction provides us with a proof of the fact that EL-unification is in NP that is much simpler than the one given in our previous paper on EL-unification.

  15. Vulnerability of crops and croplands in the U.S. Northern Plains to predicted climate change

    Science.gov (United States)

    The states of Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming comprise the Northern Great Plains region of the United States. The soil and water resources contained in this region have historically supported a highly diverse and productive agriculture that provides a significant...

  16. The Numidian of northern Tunisia: stratigraphic data and geodynamic interpretation

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Talbi, F.

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available The Numidian flysch consists of a thick turbiditic sandy and clayey formation of Oligocene-Lower Miocene age which outcrops largely in northern Tunisia. Concerning the relationship between the Numidian formation and its «substratum», two hypothesis are discussed : i allochtonous Numidian units (tangential abnormal contact ; ii autochtonous Numidian units (sedimentary contact : locally downlap. Detailed investigation undertaken in the study area, based on the survey and the dating of lithological logs, coupled with geodynamic and petrogenetic events, lead to the following results : i absence of tangential tectonic contact in the base of Numidian series ; ii a significant Tertiary tectonics attested by several phases. Moreover, the Numidian siliciclastic series are affected, like the other Tertiary formations in the North of Tunisia, by south-east ward deep-seated thrusts, oriented N50-60.El flysch Numidiense es una formación arenisco-arcillosa de gran espesor y de edad Oligoceno-Mioceno inferior, que aflora en el norte de Túnez. La naturaleza del contacto basal de esta formación ha suscitado numerosas discusiones. De ellas destacan dos hipótesis: 1 las unidades numidienses alóctonas se apoyan en forma de contacto anormal tangencial, y 2 se trata de unidades autóctonas (contacto sedimentario normal, a veces de tipo "downlap".El levantamiento de cortes litológicos detallados y su datación, combinado con datos de tipo geodinámico y petrogenético, ha permitido confirmar la ausencia de un contacto tectónico tangencial en la base del Numidiense y por el contrario, establecer la existencia de una significativa tectónica terciaria desarrollada en varias fases. Asi, las series siliciclásticas Numidienses se ven afectadas, como otras formaciones terciarias del norte de Túnez, por cabalgamientos de vergencia SE.

  17. Tropical Pacific forcing on decadal-to-centennial NAO-dominated precipitation variability in northern Mediterranean over the past 6500 years

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hu, H. M.; Shen, C. C.; Michel, V.; Jiang, X.; Mii, H. S.; Wang, Y.; Valensi, P.

    2017-12-01

    We present a multi-annual-resolved absolute-dated stalagmite-inferred precipitation record, with age precision as good as ±2 years, from northern Italy, to reflect North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) dynamics since 6.5 ka (thousand years ago, before 1950 C.E.). Our record features millennial precipitation fluctuations punctuated by several centennial-scale drought periods centered at 5.6, 6.2, 4.2, 3.0 and 2.3 ka. The phase relationship with previous NAO-sensitive records suggests a multi-millennial southward migration of the northern Westerlies and enhanced NAO variability from the middle- to late-Holocene. We also found the multi-decadal to centennial rainfall amount could dramatically vary within few decades, possibly affecting ancient Mediterranean civilizations. Concurrence between northern Mediterranean precipitation and western tropical Pacific sea surface temperature records suggests the remote forcing on this NAO-dominated rainfall. We argue that the irregular NAO change nowadays could be related to high frequency of El Niño-Southern Oscillation events and might cause an inevitable abrupt hydroclimate change and irreparable impacts on the regional human society in the near future.

  18. Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: Analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region

    Science.gov (United States)

    De La Torre-Roche, Roberto J.; Lee, Wen-Yee; Campos-Díaz, Sandra I.

    2009-01-01

    Ultrasonic extraction followed by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) and thermal desorption inline coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (TD/GC/MS)was used to perform a comprehensive determination of soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in El Paso, Texas. The method provided good sensitivity and faster processing time for the analysis. The total PAHs in El Paso soil ranged from 0.1 to 2225.5 µg kg−1. Although the majority of PAH concentrations did not exceed the soil screening levels regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the existence of PAHs in this ecosystem is ubiquitous. Naphthalene were found in 100% of the soil samples; while the heavy PAHs (five- and six-ring) were not often detected and mostly remained in closer proximity to industrial areas and major traffic points. The results ruled out the possibility of petroleum refining as the significant source of local soil-borne PAH contamination, but they suggested that the PAHs found in El Paso soil were closely linked to human activities and possible other industrial processes. PMID:18768257

  19. Northern Hemisphere Influence on the Position of the SPCZ During MIS3: a High Resolution Glacial Rainfall Record from a Niuean Speleothem

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sinclair, D.; Sherrell, R. M.; Tremaine, D. M.; Sweeney, J. R.; Rowe, H.; Wright, J. D.; Mortlock, R. A.; Hellstrom, J. C.; Cheng, H.; Min, A.; Edwards, R. L.

    2017-12-01

    Here we present a high-resolution glacial paleorainfall record from the heart of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) extracted from a stalagmite from the remote island of Niue (19°03'S 169°52'W). The record spans much of MIS3 (25-45 ka) and captures rapid rainfall changes associated with shifts in the SPCZ. It is clear that rapid climate shifts in the Northern Hemisphere have a strong influence on the SPCZ. All of the warm Dansgaard-Oeschger (`D-O') interstadials across this period are represented by rainfall increases, with D-O Events 9-11 particularly strongly represented. Since Niue lies south of the core of the SPCZ, this implies that rather than shifting northwards (as the ITCZ does), the SPCZ instead rotates clockwise in response to northern Hemisphere warming (analogous to a shift between modern El Nino and La Nina states). We propose that changes to surface ocean temperature gradients in the Eastern Pacific modulate the strength of the Wind Evaporation SST feedback, changing the size and westward penetration of the eastern Pacific dry zone, resulting in changes to the diagonality of the SPCZ. Our record also captures a response to strong northern Hemisphere cooling. The 25-45 ka record is bounded by large hiatuses (inferred dry conditions) coincident with cold Heinrich Stadials (HS) 2 and 5, while HS3 and HS4 are captured as distinct reductions in speleothem growth rate and proxy evidence for declining rainfall. This is consistent with a counter-clockwise rotation of the SPCZ during Northern cooling, supporting our proposed mechanism. Interestingly, our record also captures several other (non-Heinrich) cooling events, including a strong 500-year dry interval at 26ka that is seen in Chinese and Brazilian speleothems and coincides with a strong cooling over Asia (inferred from Greenland dust records). We note the (possibly coincidental) timing between this event and the Oruanui super-eruption at 25.6 ka.

  20. Effects of adding cellulose on rheological characteristics of wheat ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Nafiisah

    plants and are finding applications as food ingredient in many products (Bahr,. 1996). Cereals, like .... might continue to absorb more water as higher levels of cellulose would be added. ... the dough and retention of carbon dioxide. Some other ...

  1. El Diccionario entre el fetichismo y el prejuicio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hernán Rodríguez Castelo

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available En español tenemos el Diccionario. Así, con el determinativo y la mayúscula, que lo dan por único en su clase. “No está en el Diccionario”, se dice y es por cualquiera entendido. Ofrece una breve síntesis histórica del origen de éste con la creación de la Academia Española (06- 1713 Comenta la importancia que el diccionario tiene para el ejercicio del periodismo. Se refiere al prejuicio y al fetichismo, respecto al DRAE, ambos ciegos e irracionales.

  2. Adolescent Street Boy Urchins and Vocational Training in Northern Nigeria

    Science.gov (United States)

    Usman, Lantana M.

    2009-01-01

    In northern Nigeria, over 80% of the unskilled and uneducated adolescent street boys, or "Almajiris", are from the ethnic Hausa-Fulani tribes. They depend on street begging and menial jobs for daily survival. In dealing with the situation, state vocational centers were established as the Millennium Hope Project (MHP) to provide the boys…

  3. ISLAM IN THE NON-MUSLIM AREAS OF NORTHERN NIGERIA, c

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    QUADRI Y A

    sculptures, drawings, paintings, animations, sounds, film, video and video games and most predominantly in this modern era, the internet, to portray its sexual themes. Who are the Owan People? The Owan are people of Edo extraction currently scattered around the Owan River in the Northern fringe of Edo State. 19 . They ...

  4. Forest resources within the Lake States ceded territories 1980 - 2013

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cassandra M. Kurtz; W. Keith Moser; Mark H. Hansen; Dale D. Gormanson; Mark A. Hatfield; Paul A. Sowers; Michael J. Dockry; Marla R. Emery; Christopher W. Woodall; Brian F. Walters; Grant M. Domke; Jonathan Gilbert; Alexandra. Wrobel

    2015-01-01

    The Lake States ceded territories are the portions of northern Michigan, northeastern Minnesota, and northern Wisconsin that were ceded by tribes of the Ojibwe to the government of the United States of America in the treaties of 1836, 1837, 1842, and 1854. The tribes retain rights to hunt, fish, and gather in the 1837, 1842, and 1854 treaty areas. This report...

  5. Operation and extension of the Bavarian state air-hygienic monitoring system and the radioactive nuisance measuring grid in northern Bavaria

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Munzert, K.

    1994-01-01

    The measuring grid of the Bavarian state air-hygienic monitoring system with, currently, 71 measuring points (Upper and Lower Palatine, Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia) in 35 sites measures nuisances in northern Bavaria. 14 of the sites are also used for measuring radioactivity. The measuring stations are situated above all in areas with a high industrial or residential density (established areas of investigation); but also in areas near the border receiving heavy pollutant freights because of long-range pollutant transport (smog areas in the urban and rural district of Hof, rural district of Wundsiedel) and in areas far afield from industrial zones, measurements are carried out.- At each station, the air-analytical, meteorological and radiological readings are continuously processed by computer into half-hourly, hourly or three-hourly means. (orig./HP) [de

  6. Administración y moneda en el siglo IV

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel GARCÍA-FIGUEROLA

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: El presente artículo pretende reflejar el estado de la cuestión, en que se encuentra la investigación sobre la estructura administrativa construida en torno a la moneda, durante el siglo IV. El autor trata el tema a partir de las fuentes y la epigrafía, dejando constancia de las interpretaciones más destacables efectuadas hasta el momento.ABSTRACT: This paper deals with reflecting the state of the question of the investigation on the roman administrative structure about coinage in the 4th century ad. The author studies the subjet throught the written sources and epigraphif, making special attention to the most useful interpretations given until now.

  7. The gas is the next prize; El gas es el proximo premio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yergin, Daniel [Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA)(United States); Stoppard, Michael [CERA' s Global LNG (United States)

    2004-01-15

    The emerging global natural gas market has the potential to satisfy the global electric energy growing demand. The United States, American gas reserves decrease, but there are in other regions vast of resources that have not been exploited and that are more attainable now that the gas can be liquefied, transported and used with efficiency. The new energy links are going to create new risks, but nothing that cannot be managed by means of an properly diversification. [Spanish] El mercado global emergente del gas natural tiene el potencial para satisfacer la creciente demanda mundial de energia electrica. Las reservas estadounidenses de gas disminuyen, pero en otros lugares hay vastos recursos aun no explotados que son mas accesibles ahora que el gas puede licuarse, transportarse y utilizarse con eficiencia. Los nuevos vinculos energeticos crearan nuevos riesgos, pero ninguno que no pueda manejarse mediante una diversificacion apropiada.

  8. THE MODERN APPROACH TO A GHAZAL BY HAFIZ AND ITS APPLICATION HÂFIZ’IN BİR GAZELİNE MODERN YAKLAŞIMLA AÇIMLAMA (ŞERH/TAHLİL UYGULAMA DENEMESİ

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ömer İNCE

    2009-09-01

    Full Text Available As it is known, one of the significant issues of Divan Literature is the issue of annotating a text. Especially, the lack of a common method in traditional text annotations led many researchers to the quest of new methods. Such names as Ali Nihat Tarlan, Haluk İpekten, Cem Dilçin, Tunca Kortantamer not only attached importance to traditional text annotation but also did studies that fed from our present time literary theories and supported studies in this context. Studies on modern text analysis have not become widespread in the field of classical Turkish Literature. Thus the Classical Turkish Literature was unable to form an "annotation method" applied in text annotation studies using together the traditional and modern approaches. Poem analysis method that began with Mehmet Kaplan in the field of New Turkish Literature continues with new searches in our present time. One of the names that continue these searches is Prof. Dr. Nurullah Çetin “The Poem Analysis Method" suggested by him will be applied on a ghazal of Hafız and the method in question will be carried out. Bilindiği gibi Divan Edebiyatının önemli konularından bir metin şerhi meselesidir. Özellikle geleneksel metin şerhlerinde ortak bir metodun olmayışı birçok araştırmacıyı yeni yöntem arayışlarına yöneltmiştir. Ali Nihat Tarlan, Haluk İpekten, Cem Dilçin, Tunca Kortantamer gibi isimler geleneksel metin şerhine önem vermenin yanında günümüz edebiyat kuramlarından da yararlanan çalışmalar yapmışlar bu yönde yapılan çalışmaları desteklemişlerdir. Klâsik Türk Edebiyatı alanında modern metin inceleme çalışmaları yeterince yaygınlaşamamıştır. Bunun için de Klâsik Edebiyatı metin şerhi çalışmalarında uygulanan, gelenek ve modern yaklaşımları birlikte kullanan bir “şerh metodu” da oluşturulamıştır. Yeni Türk Edebiyatı alanında Mehmet Kaplan’la başlayan şiir tahlilleri metodu günümüzde yeni aray

  9. Orbital forcing of the late Pleistocene boreal summer monsoon: Links to North Atlantic cold events and El Nino; Southern Oscillation. Geologica Ultraiectina (313)

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Ziegler, M.

    2009-01-01

    This thesis revolves about the timing of precession-related variations in the boreal summer monsoon and the impact of North Atlantic cold events and the El Nino Southern Oscillation on this timing. Transient climate modelling experiments indicate that the intensity of the Northern Hemisphere summer

  10. Inequality, Segregation and Poor Performance: The Education System in Northern Ireland

    Science.gov (United States)

    Borooah, Vani K.; Knox, Colin

    2017-01-01

    Northern Ireland is now a post-conflict society but one of the legacies of the "troubles" is an education system which is defined by religious affiliation/identity. A parallel system of schools continues to exist where Catholics largely attend "maintained" schools and Protestants "controlled" or state schools. While…

  11. Elevated CO2 compensates for water stress in northern red oak

    Science.gov (United States)

    Patricia T. Tomlinson; Paul D. Anderson

    1996-01-01

    Global climate change models predict decreased rainfall in association with elevated CO2 in the western Lakes States region. Currently, the western edge of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) distribution coincides with the most xeric conditions of its ecological range. Decreased rainfall and water availability could alter...

  12. Trophic ecology of largemouth bass and northern pike in allopatric and sympatric assemblages in northern boreal lakes

    Science.gov (United States)

    Soupir, Craig A.; Brown, Michael L.; Kallemeyn, Larry W.

    2000-01-01

    Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and northern pike (Esox lucius) are top predators in the food chain in most aquatic environments that they occupy; however, limited information exists on species interactions in the northern reaches of largemouth bass distribution. We investigated the seasonal food habits of allopatric and sympatric assemblages of largemouth bass and northern pike in six interior lakes within Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. Percentages of empty stomachs were variable for largemouth bass (38-54%) and northern pike (34.7-66.7%). Fishes (mainly yellow perch, Perca flavescens) comprised greater than 60% (mean percent mass, MPM) of the northern pike diet during all seasons in both allopatric and sympatric assemblages. Aquatic insects (primarily Odonata and Hemiptera) were important in the diets of largemouth bass in all communities (0.0-79.7 MPM). Although largemouth bass were observed in the diet of northern pike, largemouth bass apparently did not prey on northern pike. Seasonal differences were observed in the proportion of aquatic insects (P = 0.010) and fishes (P = 0.023) in the diets of northern pike and largemouth bass. Based on three food categories, jackknifed classifications correctly classified 77 and 92% of northern pike and largemouth bass values, respectively. Percent resource overlap values were biologically significant (greater than 60%) during at least one season in each sympatric assemblage, suggesting some diet overlap.

  13. Evaluación mediante enumeración de estados de la confiabilidad del Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande de Chile (SING State enumeration approach in reliability assessment of the Chilean far north power system (SING

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Víctor Fuentes Morales

    2011-08-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se presenta una evaluación de la confiabilidad del SING* chilen, mediante el método probabilístico analítico enumeración de estados que permite determinar el índice de indisponibilidad del sistema de transmisión y el factor de sobrecosto asociado. Esta evaluación posibilita un análisis comparativo con el índice de indisponibilidad y el factor de sobrecosto asociado que el agente regulador chileno, CNE**, entrega para este sistema en los informes técnicos de precios de nudo. De esta manera, los resultados propuestos sugieren una solución a las reiteradas observaciones que realizan las empresas eléctricas del SING en los informes técnicos de precios de nudo, con respecto a los criterios utilizados para modelar y determinar la indisponibilidad de transmisión y los sobrecostos asociados. La evaluación de la confiabilidad se realiza abordando al SING en forma compuesta, es decir, considerando tanto las instalaciones de generación como de transmisión en conjunto. * SING: Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande. Sistema de transmisión de energía eléctrica de alto voltaje del norte de Chile. ** CNE: Comisión Nacional de Energía. Organismo gubernamental chileno que fiscaliza los sistemas de transmisión de energía eléctrica.This paper presents a reliability evaluation of the Chilean SING* by means of an analytical and probabilistic method for the enumeration of states, which permits to determine the unavailability index and the associated overcharge factor. This evaluation allows a comparative analysis between the unavailability index and the associated overcharge factor, the CNE**, provides in its technical reports of local the nodal price. Hereby, the proposed results suggest a solution for continuous observations made by SING electric companies in the technical reports of nodal price, with respect to the criteria used for modeling and determining the unavailability of transmition and associated overcharge

  14. Influence of Mean State Changes on the Structure of ENSO in a Tropical Coupled GCM.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Codron, Francis; Vintzileos, Augustin; Sadourny, Robert

    2001-03-01

    This study examines the response of the climate simulated by the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace tropical Pacific coupled general circulation model to two changes in parameterization: an improved coupling scheme at the coast, and the introduction of a saturation mixing ratio limiter in the water vapor advection scheme, which improves the rainfall distribution over and around orography. The main effect of these modifications is the suppression of spurious upwelling off the South American coast in Northern Hemisphere summer. Coupled feedbacks then extend this warming over the whole basin in an El Niño-like structure, with a maximum at the equator and in the eastern part of the basin. The mean precipitation pattern widens and moves equatorward as the trade winds weaken.This warmer mean state leads to a doubling of the standard deviation of interannual SST anomalies, and to a longer ENSO period. The structure of the ENSO cycle also shifts from westward propagation in the original simulation to a standing oscillation. The simulation of El Niño thus improves when compared to recent observed events. The study of ENSO spatial structure and lagged correlations shows that these changes of El Niño characteristics are caused by both the increase of amplitude and the modification of the spatial structure of the wind stress response to SST anomalies.These results show that both the mean state and variability of the tropical ocean can be very sensitive to biases or forcings, even geographically localized. They may also give some insight into the mechanisms responsible for the changes in ENSO characteristics due to decadal variability or climate change.

  15. The current state of abortion law and practice in Northern Ireland.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Daniels, Pauline; Campbell, Patricia; Clinton, Alison

    This paper reviews current abortion law and practice in Northern Ireland (NI). It explores the origins of NI's abortion law and its complexity in relation to current practice. It reviews issues relating to women seeking terminations in NI and Great Britain and reviews attempts by the Family Planning Association in NI to require the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety NI to clarify the current legal basis for termination of pregnancy and to provide guidance for health professionals engaged in this practice. The paper also discusses some of the issues surrounding abortion in NI and seeks to explain why this subject is causing controversy and debate, especially following a judicial review in February and Marie Stopes opening a termination service in Belfast.

  16. River capture and sediment redistribution in northern Tunisia: The doom of Utica

    Science.gov (United States)

    Booth-Rea, Guillermo; Camafort, Miquel; Pérez-Peña, J. Vicente; Melki, Fetheddine; Ranero, César; Azañón, José Miguel; Gracia, Eulalia; Ouadday, Mohamed

    2016-04-01

    Utica was a flourishing port city in northern Tunisia since the Phoenician times, 12-9th century B.C., until the 4th century A.D.. However, at present it is located 10 km from the coastline after very fast late Holocene progradation of the Mejerda River delta into the bay of Utica. This fast delta progradation occurred after Mejerda River captured Tine River increasing 140 % the river catchment area. Charcoal fragments present in the youngest Tine river terrace at the wind gap give a conventional radiocarbon age of 3240 +/- 30yr BP, indicating that the capture occurred after this date. Quaternary fluvial terraces located in the Tine River paleovalley have been folded and uplifted above a fold related to the active El Alia Tebousouk reverse fault (ETF). Continued uplift of the Tine River valley above the ETF favoured headward erosion of the Medjerda river tributaries creating a transverse drainage that captured Tine River. This capture produced an important change in sediment discharge along the northern Tunisia coast driving sediments to the Gulf of Tunis instead of feeding the Tyrrhenian Sea through the Ichkeul and Bizerte lakes. Although anthropogenic derived degradation of northern Tunisia land for agricultural purposes probably influenced the increase in sediment into the Utica bay, the main cause of rapid progradation of the Medjerda River delta during the late Holocene is related to its increase in drainage area after capturing the Tine River. This process was mostly driven by local contractive tectonics linked to the seismogenic Alia Tebousouk reverse fault.

  17. LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA PERSONA EN EL PENSAMIENTO RARÁMURI

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Isabel Martínez Ramírez

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la composición de la persona rarámuri y describir cada uno de sus elementos. Más allá de reconocer la noción de cuerpo y de las entidades que lo animan, en el análisis se enfatizarán las relaciones que dan pie a nuevos componentes de tipo emocional, cognitivo y onírico. La salida del alma es un eje fundamental en el pensamiento rarámuri, a través de ella se explican los estados de salud-enfermedad y vida-muerte. El presente es un texto etnográfico que busca contribuir al conocimiento antropológico de las culturas del norte de México, particularmente del noroeste.   ABSTRACT The proposal of this paper is to identify the composition of the raramuri person and, to describe each part of its components. Beyond recognizing the notion of the body and the entities that animate it, this investigation emphasizes those relations that allow new emotional, cognitive and oniric components to be formed. The outcoming of the soul is a fundamental axis in the Raramuri thought by which the status of the health-illness and life-death is explained. The following ethnographic text pretends to contribute to the anthropological knowledge about the cultures in northern, particularly north-western, Mexico.  

  18. ¿El "amigo americano"? España y Estados Unidos durante el franquismo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lorenzo DELGADO

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: A partir de los acuerdos de 1953, las relaciones con Estados Unidos se convirtieron en el factor central de la política exterior española, circunstancia que se mantuvo hasta el final de la dictadura franquista. El eje de la relación fue el interés estadounidense por disponer de bases militares en España, objetivo que aceptaron los dirigentes españoles a cambio de la respetabilidad internacional que les aportaba el “amigo americano”. A lo largo de todo aquel período fue imposible reequilibrar una relación bilateral que implicó para España una fuerte subordinación estratégica a la potencia americana. Pero las repercusiones de ese vínculo no se limitaron a la dimensión político-estratégica. La ayuda económica americana y su aportación a la formación de capital humano tuvieron un papel relevante en la modernización económica y sociocultural del país, en el anclaje español con los valores e instituciones del bloque occidental. Palabras clave: Relaciones España-Estados Unidos, Política Exterior, Ayuda Económica Americana, Relaciones Culturales SUMMARY: As of the 1953 agreements, the core of Spain’s foreign policy was its relations with the United States. This situation remained unchanged during Franco’s dictatorship. The main element of this relationship was America’s interest in having military bases in Spain, which was accepted by the Spanish leadership in exchange for the international respect that the “American friend” would bring. Throughout this period, a true balanced relationship was never achieved; thus, Spain was greatly and strategically subordinated to American power. However, the implications of this relationship were not limited to the political/strategic dimension. U S economic aid and its contributions to human capital played a relevant role in the economic, social and cultural modernization of Spain, as well as in the country’s insertion into the values and institutions of the Western

  19. El bullying y el suicidio en el escenario universitario

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    John Jairo García Peña

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available El artículo que presentamos, da cuenta de la línea “acoso y suicidio”, del proyecto de investigación nacional la prevención del suicidio en el escenario universitario: acciones, vínculos y significaciones, en el cual participaron 17 universidades de colombia, liderado por la fundación universitaria luis amigó. Se realizó un rastreo bibliográfico desde el referente histórico del acoso escolar (bullying. Seguido de esto, se contextualizaron, desde el escenario universitario, los conceptos de intimidación y ciberacoso, relacionados con el suicidio entre pares. Por último, se plantearon algunas formas de prevención e intervención para dichos fenómenos, desde los ámbitos educativo, familiar y social. A través del rastreo bibliográfico, se analizaron los principales aportes de investigaciones de interés sobre el tema. Entre estas destacamos el significado de intimidación, ciberacoso y su relación con el suicidio en los jóvenes y sus características en los escenarios universitarios, así como información sobre formas de prevención e intervención de esta problemática relacional que implica tanto a las víctimas, a los agresores y a los espectadores en los contextos educativos.

  20. The Criminal justice system in Northern Ireland

    OpenAIRE

    Carr, Nicola

    2017-01-01

    As with any country, crime and justice and the contours of criminal justice have to be situated within the particular historical, social, and political context. Nowhere is this truer than in Northern Ireland, where the criminal justice system that has emerged has been shaped by a violent political conflict which spanned over three decades (from the late 1960s to the late 1990s). In the transition to peace, the reform of criminal justice agencies has been central—to a wider project of state le...

  1. Northern hemispheric response to large volcanic eruptions in relation to El Nino - winter case studies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kirchner, I.

    1994-01-01

    A large part of the global climate variability is attributed to variations of the Indian Monsoon and of El Nino/Southern Oscillation. Facing the recent violent volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991, and searching for the climate signal of the increased greenhouse effect, the climate impact of volcanic aerosols becomes more and more interesting

  2. Biología poblacional de huirales submareales de Macrocystis integrifolia y Lessonia trabeculata (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae en un ecosistema de surgencia del norte de Chile: variabilidad interanual y El Niño 1997-1998 Population biology of the subtidal kelps Macrocystis integrifolia and Lessonia trabeculata (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae in an upwelling ecosystem of northern Chile: interannual variability and El Niño 1997-1998

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J.M. ALONSO VEGA

    2005-03-01

    Full Text Available This paper describes the population biology of Lessonia trabeculata and Macrocystis integrifolia during and after the 1997-1998 El Niño in an area of permanent coastal upwelling in northern Chile. Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution were evaluated seasonally for adult and juvenile sporophytes of both species between 1996 and 2003. These two kelp form an assemblage distributed between 2 and 15 m depth, with disjunct patterns along a bathymetric gradient, including two morphs of L. trabeculata, the occurrence of which depends on the presence or absence of M. integrifolia. During the 1997-1998 El Niño the spatial-temporal patterns of abundance of the kelp assemblage were maintained by the continuity of coastal upwelling, which buffered and moderated superficial warming of the sea and depletion of nutrients. In this context, localities associated with coastal upwelling areas could function as "sources" of reproductive propagules after passage of El Niño, thus increasing kelp recolonization rates in "sink" localities, which suffered local kelp extinctions. Intensification of upwelling processes after the 1998-2000 La Niña increased nutrient inputs into subtidal habitats, favoring the productivity of the kelp assemblage. However, an abrupt change in the spatial-temporal patterns of abundance of the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger, the most conspicuous benthic grazer in northern Chile, produced local extinctions of M. integrifolia and compression of the range of bathymetric distribution of L. trabeculata. Top-down (mortality of benthic carnivores during the 1997-1998 El Niño and bottom-up effects (intensity and frequency of upwelling in this subtidal coastal ecosystem appear to regulate the kelp-herbivore interactions in the study area. The main sources of reproductive propagules for the re-establishment of the assemblage kelp were fertile sporophytes which included isolated, low density patches of M.integrifolia located within the bed

  3. Two countries, one forest: Working beyond political boundaries in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Forest

    Science.gov (United States)

    James Sullivan

    2007-01-01

    Two Countries, One Forest (2C1Forest) is a collaboration of conservation organizations and researchers committed to the long-term ecological health of the Northern Appalachian/ Acadian ecoregion of the United States and Canada.

  4. STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GROUNDWATER SYSTEM IN DARB EL-ARBAEIN, SOUTHWESTERN DESERT, EGYPT

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kashouty Mohamed El

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available In Darb El Arbaein, the groundwater is the only water resources. The aquifer system starts from Paleozoic-Mesozoic to Upper Cretaceous sandstone rocks. They overlay the basement rocks and the aquifer is confined. In the present research, the performance of the statistical analyses to classify groundwater samples depending on their chemical characters has been tested. The hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical data of 92 groundwater samples was obtained from the GARPAD authority in northern, central, and southern Darb El Arbaein. A robust classification scheme for partitioning groundwater chemistry into homogeneous groups was an important tool for the characterization of Nubian sandstone aquifer. We test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples. R-mode, Q-mode, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis were investigated. All the methods were discussed and compared as to their ability to cluster, ease of use, and ease of interpretation. The correlation investigation clarifies the relationship among the lithology, hydrogeology, and anthropogenic. Factor investigation revealed three factors namely; the evaporation process-agriculturalimpact-lithogenic dissolution, the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer system, and the surface meteoric water that rechargethe aquifer system. Two main clusters that subdivided into four sub clusters were identified in groundwater system based on hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical data. They reflect the impact of geomedia, hydrogeology, geographic position, and agricultural wastewater. The groundwater is undersaturated with respect to most selected minerals. The groundwater was supersaturated with respect to iron minerals in northern and southern Darb El Arbaein. The partial pressure of CO2 of the groundwater versus saturation index of calcite shows the gradual change in PCO2 from atmospheric to the present aquifer

  5. Cutaneous larva migrans in northern climates. A souvenir of your dream vacation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Edelglass, J W; Douglass, M C; Stiefler, R; Tessler, M

    1982-09-01

    Three young women recently returned to the metropolitan Detroit area with cutaneous larva migrans. All three had vacationed at a popular club resort on the Caribbean island of Martinique. Cutaneous larva migrans is frequently seen in the southern United States, Central and South America, and other subtropical areas but rarely in northern climates. Several organisms can cause cutaneous larva migrans, or creeping eruption. The larvae of the nematode Ancylostoma braziliense are most often the causative organisms. Travel habits of Americans make it necessary for practitioners in northern climates to be familiar with diseases contracted primarily in warmer locations. The life cycle of causative organisms and current therapy are reviewed.

  6. Assessment of landslide hazards resulting from the February 13, 2001, El Salvador earthquake; a report to the government of El Salvador and the U. S. Agency for International Development

    Science.gov (United States)

    Baum, Rex L.; Crone, Anthony J.; Escobar, Demetreo; Harp, Edwin L.; Major, Jon J.; Martinez, Mauricio; Pullinger, Carlos; Smith, Mark E.

    2001-01-01

    On February 13, 2001, a magnitude 6.5 earthquake occurred about 40 km eastsoutheast of the capital city of San Salvador in central El Salvador and triggered thousands of landslides in the area east of Lago de Ilopango. The landslides are concentrated in a 2,500-km2 area and are particularly abundant in areas underlain by thick deposits of poorly consolidated, late Pleistocene and Holocene Tierra Blanca rhyolitic tephras that were erupted from Ilopango caldera. Drainages in the tephra deposits are deeply incised, and steep valley walls failed during the strong shaking. Many drainages are clogged with landslide debris that locally buries the adjacent valley floor. The fine grain-size of the tephra facilitates its easy mobilization by rainfall runoff. The potential for remobilizing the landslide debris as debris flows and in floods is significant as this sediment is transported through the drainage systems during the upcoming rainy season. In addition to thousands of shallow failures, two very large landslides occurred that blocked the Rio El Desague and the Rio Jiboa. The Rio El Desague landslide has an estimated volume of 1.5 million m3, and the Rio Jiboa landslide has an estimated volume of 12 million m3. Field studies indicate that catastrophic draining of the Rio El Desague landslide-dammed lake would pose a minimal flooding hazard, whereas catastrophic draining of the Rio Jiboa lake would pose a serious hazard and warrants immediate action. Construction of a spillway across part of the dam could moderate the impact of catastrophic lake draining and the associated flood. Two major slope failures on the northern side of Volcan San Vicente occurred in the upper reaches of Quebrada Del Muerto and the Quebrada El Blanco. The landslide debris in the Quebrada Del Muerto consists dominantly of blocks of well-lithified andesite, whereas the debris in the Quebrada El Blanco consists of poorly consolidated pyroclastic sediment. The large blocks of lithified rock in

  7. Northern Ireland gas industry

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anderson, R S [Belfast City Council Gas Dept.; Asquith, R S; Brown, J M; McKay, G

    1977-07-01

    Throughout Northern Ireland the production of town gas is derived from hydrocarbon feedstocks. In the larger undertakings in Northern Ireland the feedstock is light distillate; a light petroleum feedstock which is a crude gasoline comprised mainly of pentanes, reformed in catalytic plants. The remaining gas undertakings produce a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)/air mixture using a mixture of either butane or propane and air. The individual gas units and the type of reforming feedstock are shown. A review of the oil-dependence of town gas and electricity production in Northern Ireland has been considered and is mainly responsible for the high fuel prices experienced in the community. A detailed description of the reforming process has been described, and considerable efforts have been made to optimize the process. In spite of substantial economic savings being made on the processing unit, the gas industry is very susceptible to the changes in oil prices which have escalated rapidly in recent years. The difference in gas prices between the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland indicates that North Sea gas would offer major economic benefits to the gas industry in Northern Ireland, which is operating at a substantial loss at the moment. The industrial concerns, which are dependent on gas and therefore paying high fuel costs, suffer in competition with outside companies. The injection of a moderately cheap natural gas supply to the community may encourage industrial expansion and provide work in a high unemployment area. Although substantial costs must be incurred in distribution pipelines and burner conversions if Northern Ireland changes to natural gas, there appears to be a strong case to introduce North Sea gas in the near future.

  8. “Mother Ireland, get off our backs”: Gender, Republicanism and State Politics in Prison Short Stories by Northern Irish Women Writers

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mercedes del Campo del Pozo

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available Looking into prison short fiction, this article discusses how a number of Northern Irish women writers have challenged male-centred narratives of the Troubles. Mary Beckett, Frances Molloy and Brenda Murphy have created alternative discourses of political violence which differ from the dominant narratives of incarceration. They confront established discourses of masculinity and femininity by subverting social constructs of gender, particularly the models of the rebel-hero and Mother Ireland ingrained in the nationalist/republican traditions. Their prison short stories are excellent examples of how state politics is superseded by gender politics in women’s writing and they are also proof of an emerging gender consciousness that challenged dominant readings of the Troubles in the last decades of the twentieth century.

  9. Seasonal forecasts of northern hemisphere winter 2009/10

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fereday, D R; Maidens, A; Arribas, A; Scaife, A A; Knight, J R

    2012-01-01

    Northern hemisphere winter 2009/10 was exceptional for atmospheric circulation: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index was the lowest on record for over a century. This contributed to cold conditions over large areas of Eurasia and North America. Here we use two versions of the Met Office GloSea4 seasonal forecast system to investigate the predictability of this exceptional winter. The first is the then operational version of GloSea4, which uses a low top model and successfully predicted a negative NAO in forecasts produced in September, October and November 2009. The second uses a new high top model, which better simulates sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). This is particularly relevant for 2009/10 due to its unusual combination of a strong El Niño and an easterly quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) phase, favouring SSW development. SSWs are shown to play an influential role in surface conditions, producing a stronger sea level pressure signal and improving predictions of the 2009/10 winter. (letter)

  10. Radiological monitoring of northern slopes of Mogoltau

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Murtazaev, Kh.; Boboev, B.D.; Bolibekov, Sh.; Akhmedov, M.Z.

    2010-01-01

    Present article is devoted to radiological monitoring of northern slopes of Mogoltau. The physicochemical properties of water of northern slopes of Mogoltau were studied. The radiation monitoring of northern slopes of Mogoltau was carried out during several years under various weather conditions. The exposure rate of human settlements of northern part of Mogoltau was defined.

  11. What caused the cool summer over northern Central Asia, East Asia and central North America during 2009?

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ha, Kyung-Ja; Chu, Jung-Eun; Lee, June-Yi; Wang, Bin; Hameed, Saji N; Watanabe, Masahiro

    2012-01-01

    Cool and wet weather conditions hit northern Central Asia, East Asia and central North America during the 2009 summer in concert with a strong jet stream and a prominent meandering upper-level circulation in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes despite the fact that the year 2009 is the fifth warmest year globally in the modern record. It is found that the conspicuous atmospheric variability in the entire Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes during the summer of 2009 was caused by a combination of teleconnections associated with significant tropical thermal forcings, strong polar forcing, and interaction between high-frequency weather events and climate anomalies. The strong negative circumglobal teleconnection pattern associated with the deficient Indian summer monsoon rainfall and developing El Niño condition was the major contributor to the cool and wet summer in June. On the other hand, the July weather conditions were attributable to the high-latitude impact of the unprecedented negative Arctic Oscillation, together with the Rossby wave response to the subtropical heating generated by convective activities over the Western North Pacific summer monsoon region. It is also noted that enhanced storm track activity and frequent cold surges from high-latitudes may have played a role in the cool and wet summer over the regions of interest. (letter)

  12. El proceso de reforma administrativa de la renta del Tabaco en Navarra durante el siglo XVIII

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sergio Solbes Ferri

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo está centrado en la evolución de la gestión administrativa del monopolio fiscal del tabaco en Navarra durante la centuria dieciochesca. Su inicio se sitúa en el arrendamiento del estanco en 1717 por el Gobierno central a la Hacienda foral de Navarra -propietaria del mismo desde su creación en 1642- y analiza las sucesivas fases a través de las cuáles dicha administración central fue progresivamente adquiriendo el control absoluto de la renta en este territorio.The present paper is specially based in the evolution of the administration of the tobacco state monopoly in the Kingdom of Navarre during the eighteen century. We start in the lease of the income in 1717 to his old owner (the Foral Administration since 1642 and analyse the following phases through the Central Government was getting the control of the monopoly in this territory.

  13. Do melanoma patients from Southern climates have a worse outcome than those from Northern climates?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Woodall, Charles E; Martin, Robert C G; Stromberg, Arnold J; Ginter, Brooke; Burton, Alison; Ross, Merrick I; Edwards, Michael J; McMasters, Kelly M; Scoggins, Charles R

    2009-08-01

    Sun exposure is known to cause melanoma; what is not known is whether patients from the Southern United States have a different profile of clinicopathologic factors and outcomes than those from the Northern United States. Data from a prospective, randomized trial on surgery for cutaneous melanoma were analyzed. All patients underwent wide excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Patients were categorized into two groups: Northern or Southern according to their state of residence. Clinicopathologic factors and outcomes were compared between groups. A total of 2025 patients were included in the analysis; 1214 (60%) were from Southern states. The median follow-up was 52 months. Despite significant differences in clinicopathologic features between groups on both univariate and multivariate analysis, two important factors, namely primary tumor thickness and ulceration were not different, nor was the rate of lymph node metastasis. Additionally, there were no differences in disease-free survival or overall survival between the two groups. Significant differences exist between primary melanomas based on geographic regions; however there are no differences in survival. Cumulative versus episodic sun exposure may play some role in these differences.

  14. Hydrogeology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest: B in Regional aquifer-system analysis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Young, H.L.; Siegel, D.I.

    1992-01-01

    The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system contains the most extensive and continuous aquifers in the northern Midwest of the United States. It is the source of water for many municipalities, industries, and rural water users. Since the beginning of ground-water development from the aquifer system in the late 1800's, hydraulic heads have declined hundreds of feet in the heavily pumped Chicago-Milwaukee area and somewhat less in other metropolitan areas. The U.S. Geological Survey has completed a regional assessment of this aquifer system within a 161,000-square-mile area encompassing northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, northern Missouri, and Wisconsin.

  15. Conquista, control y convicción: el papel de los parlamentos indígenas en México, el Chaco y Norteamérica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lázaro Ávila, Carlos

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available This article evaluates the role played by the frontier conflicts in the adoption of policies which led to the creation of a diplomatic or consensual ambit. The first frontier conflict to be dealt with is that of Northern Mexico, through which the hasty solutions that had to be adopted for its resolution are studied. However these policies had a deep repercussion in the metropolis and they were applied and modified in later frontier conflicts such as that of the Chaco region, midway between the Austrians' and the Borbons' policies. Finally, I analyze the case of the North American Spanish possessions, where pactism was applied by the Borbons' reform policies which faced the difficult task of preserving their territorial dominions as well as their commercial interests in a complex political context.

    En este artículo se hace una evaluación del papel que desempeñaron los conflictos fronterizos en la toma de una serie de medidas para su resolución y que desembocaron en la adopción de un ámbito de consenso o diplomático. Se parte del primer conflicto fronterizo americano, el norte de México, para ilustrar las aceleradas soluciones que se hubo de adoptar para solventarlo. Sin embargo esas medidas tuvieron una honda repercusión en la metrópoli y se modificaron en fronteras posteriores como el Chaco, a caballo entre la política austríaca y la reformista borbónica. Por último, analizamos el caso de las posesiones españolas de Norteamérica donde el pactismo se tuvo que aplicar bajo la égida directa del reformismo borbónico que afrontó allí el difícil equilibrio de preservar sus dominios territoriales a la vez que sus intereses comerciales en un contexto político complejo.

  16. Political opinion of the Northern League concerning Islam immigration

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Anna Molnar

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available La migración desde África hasta el norte de Europa no es un logro de la Edad Moderna. Sin  duda, su momento de mayor flujo se sitúa a finales del siglo XX. En este proceso, Libia puede ser considerado como uno de los países más importantes. El régimen dirigido por Gadafi fue derrotado después de la aplicación de las sanciones de la ONU contra el país. Como resultado de ello, los ingresos del petróleo también disminuyeron y, como respuesta, Trípoli promociónó a nivel gubernamental la migración de África hacia Europa. Después del cambio de milenio fue Roma la que procuró la cancelación de las sanciones contra Libia. Pero la situación se hizo intolerable a medida que el número de inmigrantes que llegaban a las islas del sur de Italia aumentaba. La relación volvió a la normalidad en 2008, cuando el coronel Gadafi y Silvio Berlusconi firmaron un tratado de gran importancia histórica.Palabras clave: Libia, Italia, Italia, Norte de África, refugiados, asilo político, inmigración, Muammar Gaddafi, Muamar Gadafi, siglo XX, siglo XXI._________________________Abstract:The migration from Africa to Northern Europe is not the achievement of the modern era. Undoubtedly, its greatest wave can be dated back to the end of the 20th century. Libya can be considered one of the most important countries having part in this process. The regime led by Gaddafi was defeated after introducing the sanctions of the UN against the country. As a result of it, the income from oil also decreased. As a response Tripoli raised the promotion of the migration from Africa to Europe onto governmental level. After the turn of the millenium it was Rome that applied to cancellation the sanctions against Libya. As the number if the immigrants arriving in the southern islands of Italy became intolerable. The relationship got back to normal in 2008 when Colonel Gaddafi and Silvio Berlusconi signed an treaty with great historical importance

  17. Multiple Landslide-Hazard Scenarios Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pike, Richard J.; Graymer, Russell W.

    2008-01-01

    With the exception of Los Angeles, perhaps no urban area in the United States is more at risk from landsliding, triggered by either precipitation or earthquake, than the San Francisco Bay region of northern California. By January each year, seasonal winter storms usually bring moisture levels of San Francisco Bay region hillsides to the point of saturation, after which additional heavy rainfall may induce landslides of various types and levels of severity. In addition, movement at any time along one of several active faults in the area may generate an earthquake large enough to trigger landslides. The danger to life and property rises each year as local populations continue to expand and more hillsides are graded for development of residential housing and its supporting infrastructure. The chapters in the text consist of: *Introduction by Russell W. Graymer *Chapter 1 Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Activity, San Francisco Bay Region, Northern California by Raymond C. Wilson *Chapter 2 Susceptibility to Deep-Seated Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Richard J. Pike and Steven Sobieszczyk *Chapter 3 Susceptibility to Shallow Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Kevin M. Schmidt and Steven Sobieszczyk *Chapter 4 Landslide Hazard Modeled for the Cities of Oakland, Piedmont, and Berkeley, Northern California, from a M=7.1 Scenario Earthquake on the Hayward Fault Zone by Scott B. Miles and David K. Keefer *Chapter 5 Synthesis of Landslide-Hazard Scenarios Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Richard J. Pike The plates consist of: *Plate 1 Susceptibility to Deep-Seated Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Richard J. Pike, Russell W. Graymer, Sebastian Roberts, Naomi B. Kalman, and Steven Sobieszczyk *Plate 2 Susceptibility to Shallow Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Kevin M. Schmidt and Steven

  18. ARCHAEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF THE EDIFICIO DE LAS COLUMNAS COMPLEX, EL TAJIN, MESOAMERICA (Estudio arqueomagnético del complejo del Edificio de las Columnas, El Tajín, Mesoamérica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available We report the initial results of an archaeomagnetic study on ceramic samples from the Edificio de las Columnas architectonic complex, located in the northern sector of El Tajin, an archaeological site. Measurements of magnetic properties include low-field susceptibility, direction and intensity of natural remanent magnetization, magnetic hysteresis, temperature-dependent susceptibility, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM acquisition curves and back-field demagnetization of saturation IRM. We studied the vectorial composition and stability of remanent magnetization using alternating field and thermal demagnetization. Magnetic carriers are fine-grained titanomagnetites and magnetite with pseudo-single domain states. Characteristic magnetizations are determined from the high-temperature unblocking spectra. Determinants of paleointensity, which meet quality criteria, have high and low values. Possible explanations include alterations during thermal treatments and secondary overprints. The influence of alterations and the multivectorial magnetizations of overlapping spectra require detailed analysis to estimate the paleointensities. ESPAÑOL: Reportamos resultados del estudio arqueomagnético en muestras de cerámicas en el complejo arquitectónico del Edificio de las Columnas, localizado en el sector norte de El Tajín. Las mediciones de propiedades magnéticas incluyen susceptibilidad magnética, dirección e intensidad de la magnetización remanente natural, histéresis, variación de la susceptibilidad con temperatura, curvas de adquisición de magnetización isotermal y desmagnetización por campos directos de la magnetización isotermal de saturación. La composición vectorial y estabilidad de la magnetización remanente se investigaron por desmagnetización por campos magnéticos alternos y por temperatura. Las magnetizaciones muestran dos componentes que residen en titanomagnetitas y magnetita, con traslape en los espectros de

  19. La neorruralidad y sus significados. El caso de Navarra

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rivera, María Jesús

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available This paper examines some of the meanings that are sometimes neglected under the generic term of neorurality. From our point of view, moving one’s home from town to countryside is not solely a change of house, but a life venture, bringing together social representations of the rural and the urban, of country life and the urban lifestyle. In the case of people who have moved from Pamplona (county town of Navarre, a northern region of Spain to any rural area of Navarre, these representations, along with the broad heterogeneity of underlying reasons and expectations for the future, have shaped three different types of neo-rurality. They represent, somehow, three ways of constructing differing rural spaces (and ruralities. The paper analyses these types of neo-ruralities and the significance of the move for the migrants in the context of Navarre. To do this, we analyse the discourse expressed in diverse indepth interviews conducted with people who have identified themselves as urban-to-rural migrants.

    El presente artículo tiene como objetivo indagar en los significados que se esconden tras el concepto paraguas de neorruralidad. El cambio residencial de la ciudad al campo es concebido aquí no sólo como un cambio de vivienda, sino como una apuesta vital en la que confluyen una serie de representaciones sociales sobre lo rural y lo urbano, sobre la vida en el pueblo y la vida en la ciudad. En el caso de quienes abandonaron Pamplona e instalaron su hogar en un pueblo de Navarra, estas representaciones y la heterogeneidad de expectativas de futuro subyacentes conforman tres tipos de neorruralidad diferentes que representan, a su vez, distintos modos de construir espacios rurales (y ruralidades diferenciados, más o menos divergentes. A través del discurso expresado en una serie de entrevistas en profundidad, realizadas a personas que se autoidentificaban como migrantes urbano-rurales, exploramos estos tres tipos de neorruralidad y el sentido

  20. New radiocarbon dates for the transition from middle to upper palaeolithic at El Castillo (Cantabria)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Valladas, H.; Cabrera-Valdes, V.; De Quiros, F.B.

    1996-01-01

    The stratigraphic sequence at the El Castillo cave in Cantabria, Spain, extends from Lower to Upper Palaeolithic. The transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic is represented by levels assigned to Quina Mousterian and Early Aurignacian. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon dates put the archaic Aurignacian industries at ca. 40,000 years ago and indicate that in northern Spain the Upper Palaeolithic began several millennia earlier than in other parts of western Europe. (authors). 16 refs., 1 tab

  1. Persistent environmental pollutants in eggs of aplomado falcons from Northern Chihuahua, Mexico, and South Texas, USA

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mora, M.A.; Montoya, A.B.; Lee, M.C.; Macias-Duarte, Alberto; Rodriguez-Salazar, R.; Juergens, P.W.; Lafon-Terrazas, A.

    2008-01-01

    The northern aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) disappeared from south Texas in the 1940s. Due to great success in the release of captive-reared aplomado falcons in south Texas, there are currently more than 40 established nesting pairs in the region. Addled eggs from aplomado falcons nesting in northern Chihuahua and south Texas were analyzed to determine organochlorine (OC) and inorganic element contaminant burdens and their potential association with egg failures and effects on reproduction. Among the OCs, DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] was present at the highest concentrations (range 262-21487??ng/g wet weight) followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, range 88-3274??ng/g ww). DDE was greater (P = 0.03) in eggs from El Sueco (Chihuahua, Mexico) than in those from Matagorda Island (Texas, USA). DDE concentrations in eggs of aplomado falcons from El Sueco were elevated; however, reproductive success in the two Chihuahuan populations did not seem to be affected by DDE. DDE and metals in potential avian prey of the aplomado falcon from Matagorda Island were very low and below levels in the diet at which some negative effects might be expected. Except for mercury (Hg), metal concentrations in eggs were fairly low and were not different among locations in Chihuahua and south Texas. Hg was somewhat elevated and was greater (P Chihuahua locations. Periodic monitoring of Hg concentrations in addled eggs of aplomado falcons in south Texas is recommended to continue evaluating potential negative effects on their recovery. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. in the Post Colonial State

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    After nearly 50 years of independence as a nation-state, fierce inter-ethnic competitions for political and ... failure of the post-independence state has failed to permeate the socioeconomic and political lives ...... Northern Ghana", Thesis for the Master of Arts Degree Presented to the McAnulty College and. Graduate School of ...

  3. Adaptability of black walnut, black cherry, and Northern red oak to Northern California

    Science.gov (United States)

    Philip M. McDonald

    1987-01-01

    When planted in sheltered sites in northern California, only 49% of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and 58% of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) survived for 15 years, and 20% of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) survived for 10 years. The black walnut trees averaged 0.6 inches diameter at breast...

  4. From the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative to the Northern Eurasia Future Initiative

    Science.gov (United States)

    Streletskiy, D. A.; Groisman, P. Y.; Shugart, H. H., Jr.; Gulev, S.; Maksyutov, S. S.; Qi, J.

    2017-12-01

    Since 2004, the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI) - an interdisciplinary program of internationally-supported Earth systems and science research - has addressed large-scale and long-term manifestations of climate and environmental changes over Northern Eurasia and their impact on the Global Earth system. With 40 books and more than 1500 peer-reviewed journal publications to its credit, NEESPI's output can now be used to directly support decision-making for societal needs. Specifically, it was decided to shift gradually the foci of regional studies in Northern Eurasia towards applications with the following major Science Question: "What dynamic and interactive change(s) will affect societal well-being, activities, and health, and what might be the mitigation and adaptation strategies that could support sustainable development and decision-making activities in Northern Eurasia?" To answer this question requires a stronger socio-economic component in the ongoing and future regional studies focused on sustainable societal development under changing climatic and environmental conditions. The NEESPI Research Team has reorganized itself into "Northern Eurasia Future Initiative" (NEFI) and developed a new Science Plan released in June 2016. The Plan underwent a 6-month-long public review and was finalized at the end of 2016. Its description was thereafter split between two review papers: Groisman et al. (2017) and Monier et al. (2017). The first paper describes the Plan rationale and a new set of topical questions. The second paper describes a major modeling approach that will be employed in addressing the "what to do" questions of the NEFI Research (cf., presentation by Monier et al. at this Session). In the current presentation, we outline the new NEFI research foci and present latest NEFI findings including international projects in the Eurasian Arctic, boreal zone, and the Dry Land Belt of Northern Eurasia (cf., also presentations at sister

  5. El Derecho Agrario en el Debate sobre el Género en el Campo: Oportunidades y Desafíos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rabah Belaidi

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available La cuestión de género en el campo se presenta como un tema que no se ve con la profundidad requerida por el derecho puesto por el Estado en nuestro país. La investigación de este trabajo establece la realidad de las mujeres rurales brasileñas, de clase social baja, a cuestionar el contexto en el que el derecho agrario ayuda a reducir o perpetúa la desigualdad de género en el campo. Se trata de un análisis jurídico en un enfoque particular de la realidad de las mujeres rurales, sobre todo en tono crítico frente a sus dificultades en el acceso a los recursos agrícolas, extensión rural, a los créditos, a la tierra y permanecer en ella, entre otras condiciones que ofrecen las barreras a las actividades autónomas de las mujeres rurales. El objetivo es verificar el papel del derecho agrario en relación con las mujeres rurales e indicar, por medio de la crítica de la ciencia moderna y opresiva, debates necesarios sobre el destaque local y la invisibilidad socio-económica de las mujeres rurales, a partir de posibles enfoques ecofeministas. Por lo tanto, este estudio se estableció con la literatura, de acuerdo con el método deductivo de análisis. En un primer momento, es criticada la opresión patrocinada por el modelo hegemónico de la agricultura, con el fin de fomentar las prácticas de resistencia, especialmente ecofeministas. La falsa exención del derecho agrario en la cuestión de género en el campo, tras una posición a favor del capital. Después, hay contextualización del debate, para que exprese la relación entre el medio rural, el agronegocio, las dificultades de supervivencia que enfrentan las mujeres rurales y el derecho agrario, para relacionar la preocupación con el medio ambiente al feminismo y la necesidad de que el derecho del estado no perpetua la desigualdad de género y construya espacios abiertos de participación efectiva de la mujer rural en tiempos de toma de decisiones. Por último, nociones est

  6. The influence of the La Niña-El Niño cycle on giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) catches in Northern Australia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Meynecke, Jan-Olaf; Grubert, Mark; Arthur, James Michael; Boston, Ray; Lee, Shing Yip

    2012-03-01

    Mud crabs (Scylla spp.) are a high value commodity harvested in the Indo-West Pacific. Scylla species support important artisanal fisheries in south-east Asia and intensive commercial fisheries in Australia where the market demand and catch has increased markedly over the last decade. Over-fishing of Scylla spp. has been observed at varying levels throughout its distribution. Fluctuations in catch rates and abundance are thought to be driven by climate parameters. Here we analyse monthly, seasonal and annual patterns in catch and effort data (from 1990 to 2008) for the commercial giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) fishery in the Northern Territory, Australia, with corresponding climatic data (rainfall, freshwater runoff, sea surface temperature) and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) as an indicator of La Niña/El Niño events. Between 30 and 40% of the variation in catch per unit effort can be explained by rainfall and SOI alone. This result was supported by linear mixed models which identified SOI as the main contributor to the model. Spectral analyses showed that catch peaks coincided with a four year La Niña cycle. One- and two-year time lags (consistent with S. Serrata's life cycle) were also significantly correlated to SOI values and rainfall. These outcomes may assist fishery managers in planning fishing exposure period and duration. Furthermore, findings of this study provide information on the vulnerability of S. serrata to fluctuations in environmental conditions and can help to apply protective measures when and where necessary.

  7. The Dammam aquifer in Bahrain - Hydrochemical characterization and alternatives for management of groundwater quality

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zubari, Waleed K.

    orientale. Quatre types de salinisation de l'eau souterraine ont été identifiés : une drainance verticale en provenance d'eaux saumâtres sous-jacentes dans les régions nord-centrales, ouest et est, une intrusion marine dans la région est, une intrusion d'eau de sebkha dans la région sud-ouest, et le retour d'irrigation dans un secteur localisé de la région sud-ouest. Quatre démarches alternatives de gestion de la qualité des eaux souterraines, acceptables par les services chargés de l'eau à Bahreïn, sont discutées et des zones d'action prioritaire sont proposées, selon le type et l'étendue de chacune des sources de salinisation et en fonction des usages de les eaux souterraines dans chaque secteur. L'efficacité des options de gestion proposées pour le contrôle de la dégradation de la qualité de l'aquifère de Damman devrait être ensuite évaluée au moyen d'un modèle de simulation. Resumen El acuífero de Damman, el más importante de Bahrein, se explota para usos agrícolas y domésticos. La sobreexplotación del mismo ha provocado su salinización por cuerpos de agua salada y salobre cercanos. Un estudio hidroquímico identificó las fuentes de salinización y ayudó a dibujar sus áreas de influencia. La calidad del agua subterránea se modifica significativamente en la dirección del flujo, desde el noroeste del país, donde las entradas son laterales y procedentes de Arabia Saudí, hacia el sur y el sudeste. Se han identificado cuatro tipos de salinización: flujo ascendente de agua salobre en las regiones norte-central, este y oeste; intrusión de agua marina en la región este; intrusión de agua salobre al sudoeste y, finalmente, retorno de riego en un área local de la región oeste. Se discuten cuatro alternativas para la gestión del agua y se proponen áreas prioritarias basadas en el tipo y la extensión de cada fuente de salinización y en los usos de agua subterránea en cada zona. La efectividad de las opciones de gestión propuestas

  8. The Chaperonin GroEL: A Versatile Tool for Applied Biotechnology Platforms

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pierce T. O'Neil

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available The nucleotide-free chaperonin GroEL is capable of capturing transient unfolded or partially unfolded states that flicker in and out of existence due to large-scale protein dynamic vibrational modes. In this work, three short vignettes are presented to highlight our continuing advances in the application of GroEL biosensor biolayer interferometry (BLI technologies and includes expanded uses of GroEL as a molecular scaffold for electron microscopy determination. The first example presents an extension of the ability to detect dynamic pre-aggregate transients in therapeutic protein solutions where the assessment of the kinetic stability of any folded protein or, as shown herein, quantitative detection of mutant-type protein when mixed with wild-type native counterparts. Secondly, using a BLI denaturation pulse assay with GroEL, the comparison of kinetically controlled denaturation isotherms of various von Willebrand factor (vWF triple A domain mutant-types is shown. These mutant-types are single point mutations that locally disorder the A1 platelet binding domain resulting in one gain of function and one loss of function phenotype. Clear, separate, and reproducible kinetic deviations in the mutant-type isotherms exist when compared with the wild-type curve. Finally, expanding on previous electron microscopy (EM advances using GroEL as both a protein scaffold surface and a release platform, examples are presented where GroEL-protein complexes can be imaged using electron microscopy tilt series and the low-resolution structures of aggregation-prone proteins that have interacted with GroEL. The ability of GroEL to bind hydrophobic regions and transient partially folded states allows one to employ this unique molecular chaperone both as a versatile structural scaffold and as a sensor of a protein's folded states.

  9. Imaging Seismic Source Variations Using Back-Projection Methods at El Tatio Geyser Field, Northern Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kelly, C. L.; Lawrence, J. F.

    2014-12-01

    During October 2012, 51 geophones and 6 broadband seismometers were deployed in an ~50x50m region surrounding a periodically erupting columnar geyser in the El Tatio Geyser Field, Chile. The dense array served as the seismic framework for a collaborative project to study the mechanics of complex hydrothermal systems. Contemporaneously, complementary geophysical measurements (including down-hole temperature and pressure, discharge rates, thermal imaging, water chemistry, and video) were also collected. Located on the western flanks of the Andes Mountains at an elevation of 4200m, El Tatio is the third largest geyser field in the world. Its non-pristine condition makes it an ideal location to perform minutely invasive geophysical studies. The El Jefe Geyser was chosen for its easily accessible conduit and extremely periodic eruption cycle (~120s). During approximately 2 weeks of continuous recording, we recorded ~2500 nighttime eruptions which lack cultural noise from tourism. With ample data, we aim to study how the source varies spatially and temporally during each phase of the geyser's eruption cycle. We are developing a new back-projection processing technique to improve source imaging for diffuse signals. Our method was previously applied to the Sierra Negra Volcano system, which also exhibits repeating harmonic and diffuse seismic sources. We back-project correlated seismic signals from the receivers back to their sources, assuming linear source to receiver paths and a known velocity model (obtained from ambient noise tomography). We apply polarization filters to isolate individual and concurrent geyser energy associated with P and S phases. We generate 4D, time-lapsed images of the geyser source field that illustrate how the source distribution changes through the eruption cycle. We compare images for pre-eruption, co-eruption, post-eruption and quiescent periods. We use our images to assess eruption mechanics in the system (i.e. top-down vs. bottom-up) and

  10. Las políticas forestales en el estado de San Luis Potosí en el porfiriato

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julio César Errejón Gómez

    2017-04-01

    Full Text Available Las acciones y omisiones del presente en materia de política forestal pueden clarificarse si se revisan los antecedentes históricos. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la influencia del contexto internacional sobre las políticas forestales implementadas durante el régimen de Porfirio Díaz. Se amplía el panorama sobre las de uso y conservación de los bosques, así como sus repercusiones en San Luis Potosí. Para contextualizar los procesos mencionados, se realizó una consulta exhaustiva de documentos históricos y bibliográficos, y se encontró que el entorno internacional incentivó la creación de leyes e instituciones federales y locales para regular la explotación, el manejo y la conservación de los bosques. A pesar de ello, en esta entidad hubo una reducción importante en sus superficies boscosas; además, el gobierno federal y estatal no evidenció un interés por preservarlas. _______________ Current actions and omissions in forest policy can be clarified if the historical background is reviewed. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the influence of the international context on forest policies implemented during the regime of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911. In particular, it aims to broaden the outlook on government policies created for the management, use and conservation of forests and their impacts on San Luis Potosi. A thorough consultation of historical and bibliographical documents was made to understand the historical processes. It was found that the international environment encouraged the creation of laws, regulations and federal and local institutions for the purpose of regulating the exploitation, management and conservation of forests. However, the state of San Luis Potosi experienced a significant reduction in their forest areas; in addition, the federal and state governments showed no interest in applying conservation of forests in Potosi territory.

  11. El ambiente y la disciplina escolar desde el conductismo y el constructivismo

    OpenAIRE

    Mario Segura Castillo

    2005-01-01

    El propósito del presente artículo es realizar un análisis comparativo entre algunos elementos del conductismo y el constructivismo. Es necesario demostrar la inconmensurabilidad paradigmática y desmentir las posiciones eclécticas como los supuestos filosóficos de la actual Política Educativa en Costa Rica (1995), las cuales consideran que los docentes en el ambiente y en el manejo de la disciplina escolar deben utilizar, simultáneamente, tanto el conductismo como el constructivismo. Desde la...

  12. Factores que determinan la participación en el tamizaje de cáncer cervical en el estado de Morelos Factors which determine participation in an early detection program of cervical cancer in the state of Morelos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eduardo César Lazcano-Ponce

    1999-07-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVO. Determinar los principales factores relacionados con la participación en un programa de detección oportuna de cáncer (DOC en una población con elevada mortalidad por cáncer cervical (CACU. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. En el estado de Morelos se desarrolló un estudio con base poblacional que incluyó 3 197 mujeres de entre 15 y 49 años de edad, seleccionadas aleatoriamente de un marco muestral de viviendas de los 33 municipios que componen dicha entidad. RESULTADOS. El conocimiento de la utilidad de la prueba de Papanicolaou (Pap (RM 29.6, IC95% 23.6-37 y la historia previa de síntomas ginecológicos (RM 1.7; IC95% 1.2-2.4 predisponen a utilizar el programa de DOC. Los factores asociados a la utilización de la prueba de Pap fueron que las mujeres tuvieran antecedentes en la utilización de uno (RM 1.4; IC95% 1.1-1.8, dos o más métodos de planificación familiar (RM 2.1; IC95% 1.6-2.8. CONCLUSIONES. En el estado de Morelos, México, el tamizaje en CACU se ofrece predominantemente en forma oportunista, por lo que el antecedente de utilización de los servicios de salud constituye el principal determinante para la utilización del programa de DOC. Estos resultados revelan la necesidad de establecer estrategias alternativas para integrar a las mujeres que no tienen acceso a dichos servicios de atención médica, ya que constituyen el grupo de más alto riesgo para contraer CACU.OBJECTIVE. To determine the main factors associated to participation in an early detection program of cancer (DPC, in a population with a high cervical cancer (CC mortality rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed in the state of Morelos, which included 3 197 women aged between 15 and 49 years, randomly selected from a household sample frame of the 33 municipalities of the state. RESULTS. Awareness of the utility of the Papanicolau (Pap test (OR29.6, 95% CI 23.6-37 and a former history of gynecological symptoms (OR1

  13. Assessment of the peat resources of Florida, with a detailed survey of the northern everglades

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Griffin, G.M.; Wieland, C.C.; Hood, L.Q.; Goode, R.W. III; Sawyer, R.K.; McNeill, D.F.

    1982-01-01

    Available data, including previous publications, modern soil surveys, and detailed coring in the Northern Everglades for this project have been used to update information on Florida's peat resources. It is now estimated that Florida could, if no other constraints existed, produce 606 million tons of moisture-free fuel-grade peat, which may yield approximately 10.0 x 10/sup 15/ Btu of energy. These estimates are much lower than previously published projections for the state. The principal effort of this survey was in the largest peat region of the state, the Northern Everglades of Palm Beach and adjacent counties, where more than 800 core holes were drilled. Based on analyses of these cores, the Northern Everglades is now estimated to contain 191 million tons of moisture-free peat, with a potential energy yield of 2.98 x 10/sup 15/ Btu. These values are considerably less than previously published estimates, probably due to bacterial oxidation and other forms of drainage-induced subsidence in the Everglades agricultural areas. The present fuel-peat resources of the Northern Everglades occur in 19 separate deposits. Of these, the deposits in the Port Mayaca, Bryant, Six Mile Bend, and Loxahatchee Quadrangles comprise the highest concentration of the resource. These lands are generally privately owned and used for sugar cane and other crops, and the conversion of these lands to peat removal seems unlikely. It seems even less likely that the extensive peat deposits within the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge will be available for fuel use, barring a dire national emergency. The utilization of peat as a fuel must be approached with caution and careful study; large scale use may require state or federal action. 34 references.

  14. El injusto en el Derecho disciplinario

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    James Fernández Córdoba

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta un análisis sobre la naturaleza del injusto penal y el ilícito disciplinario, conceptualizaciones, características y diferencias; partiendo de la premisa de que el Derecho disciplinario es un área del Derecho sancionador, que guarda independencia del Derecho penal, y en la cual el ilícito disciplinario ostenta una categoría propia y totalmente autónoma, frente a la antijuridicidad material prevista por el Derecho penal. En el artículo se tuvo en cuenta el modelo de Estado vigente en Colombia, la importancia de la Constitución Política, la filosofía del Derecho, la jurisprudencia, así como la notable posición pacífica que la doctrina nacional mantiene sobre la ubicación, fundamentos y efectos del injusto penal en el Derecho penal y del principio de ilicitud sustancial en el Derecho disciplinario.

  15. Hermeneutics of differential calculus in eighteenth-century northern Germany.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blanco, Mónica

    2008-01-01

    This paper applies comparative textbook analysis to studying the mathematical development of differential calculus in northern German states during the eighteenth century. It begins with describing how the four textbooks analyzed presented the foundations of calculus and continues with assessing the influence each of these foundational approaches exerted on the resolution of problems, such as the determination of tangents and extreme values, and even on the choice of coordinates for both algebraic and transcendental curves.

  16. Disaster Analysis: Police and Fire Departments. Phase 2.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1989-03-01

    and G. 0. W. Mueller (eds.) Politics, Crime, and the International Scene: A Focus. San Juan : North-South Center Press. Caplow, T., H. Bahr, and B...20550 Gelman Bldg. #714 George Washington University John Christiansen Washington, DC 20052 Dept. of Sociology 834 SWKT George Rogers Brigham Young

  17. El ambiente y la disciplina escolar desde el conductismo y el constructivismo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mario Segura Castillo

    2005-01-01

    Full Text Available El propósito del presente artículo es realizar un análisis comparativo entre algunos elementos del conductismo y el constructivismo. Es necesario demostrar la inconmensurabilidad paradigmática y desmentir las posiciones eclécticas como los supuestos filosóficos de la actual Política Educativa en Costa Rica (1995, las cuales consideran que los docentes en el ambiente y en el manejo de la disciplina escolar deben utilizar, simultáneamente, tanto el conductismo como el constructivismo. Desde las preguntas básicas de la educación, qué, cómo y para qué, surge una serie de supuestos de reflexión, con la finalidad de realizar una comparación entre ambas concepciones: - El papel del ambiente. - El manejo de la disciplina. En el reglamento de conducta vigente, cuando un estudiante comete una falta, se le aplican automáticamente acciones correctivas y se le hace un rebajo de puntos en tal calificación. Por lo que se pretende demostrar con el presente artículo que esto representa un resabio del conductismo clásico. En el constructivismo, la disciplina escolar se va construyendo por medio de la reflexión, el diálogo y los principios de que son los propios estudiantes quienes deben asumir sus responsabilidades consigo mismos y con los demás miembros de la comunidad estudiantil.

  18. El llibre electrònic cientificotècnic en el context espanyol

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Romero Otero, Irene Sofía

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Aquest treball descriu alguns dels aspectes del llibre electrònic que més debat generen, especialment el cientificotècnic, a Espanya i per a això el document aborda el tema de l'IVA, els preus proposats per les editorials i la necessitat d'introduir-se a nous mercats de lectors mitjançant diferents models de negocis. A més, esmenta algunes conclusions dels avantatges que posseeix aquest recurs, que, per les seves àmplies possibilitats intrínseques en matèria de servei intangible d'un nou tipus de text, desenvolupa facilitats per a la distribució i difusió mundial. D'aquesta manera, el llibre electrònic ha permès a les editorials adaptar-se a les necessitats reals dels seus clients i als processos actuals d'adquisició de monografies. Per tot l'anterior, aquest article pretén mostrar un panorama general de com s'està comportant el llibre electrònic en el context espanyol.Este trabajo describe algunos de los aspectos más debatibles que está generando el libro electrónico, especialmente el científico-técnico, en España y para ello el documento aborda el tema del IVA, los precios propuestos por las editoriales y la necesidad de ingresar a nuevos mercados de lectores mediante distintos modelos de negocios. Además, menciona algunas conclusiones de las ventajas que posee dicho recurso, que, por sus amplias posibilidades intrínsecas en materia de servicio intangible de un nuevo tipo de texto, desarrolla facilidades para la distribución y difusión mundial. De esta forma el libro electrónico ha permitido a las editoriales adaptarse a las necesidades reales de sus clientes y a los procesos actuales de adquisición de monografías. Por lo anterior, este artículo pretende mostrar un panorama general de cómo se está comportando el libro electrónico en el contexto español.This paper describes some of the most controversial areas of debate on the subject of the scientific and technical e-book market in Spain: VAT regulations

  19. El kitsch en el Barroco Castellano

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Barbara Pregelj

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available El título del presente ensayo, El Kitsch en el Barraco castellano, puede aludir a un tópico con el que muchas veces se ha designado a todo el arte barroco. Por muy exagerada que hoy en dia puede parecernos esta noción tan negativa e injustanocion que en este trabajo no me he propuesto defender, pero que por considerarla ya tan absurda, tampoco hay que refutarlala idea que expresa no representa ninguna novedad: tan sólo se asemeja a la imagen del Seiscientos prevaleciente en casi toda la época de Ia Ilustración. Pero en la memoria popular que deja intuir el mencionado tópico, puede hallarse también otro rasgo de la cultura (y en particular de Ia literatura del siglo XVII al que no siempre se ha estudiado con la debida atención: el principia del proceso, típicamente moderno, de la división de la literatura en dos tipos cada vez más opuestos. Por un lado tendríamos la literatura elitista, hermética y canonizada, y por el otro Ia literatura popular, masiva y no-canonizada, es decir, la del kitsch. La división bipolar de Ia Iiteratura, que precisamente en el Modernismo habia visto su culminación, parece haberse terminado con Ia Postmodernidad. El fu­ neral del elitismo modernista que todos hemos podido presenciar, ya ha entrado en Ia fase del ban­ quete que con su lema anything goes deja abiertos numerosos caminos hacia el futuro. Alguno, acaso, también hacia el pasado.

  20. El poder militar chino: el dragón alza el vuelo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ignacio García Sánchez

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available China es un actor geopolítico de talla universal. Sus dimensiones geopolíticas –físicas, económicas, humanas, sociopolíticas y militares– son abrumadoras. Pero, quizás, lo que impresiona y en cierta manera preocupa más es su impenetrabilidad. Referido al arte de la guerra se manifiesta de forma clara en utilizar la “decepción” como su principal estratagema –uno de sus principios básicos enunciados por Sun Tzu–. No se busca, por lo tanto, el enfrentamiento de las capacidades militares, sino la pugna entre las maestrías intelectuales. Así, el poder militar chino, tradicionalmente postergado por el poder imperial, no fue capaz de resistir el encuentro con el industrializado occidente que lo sojuzga durante el llamado “siglo infame de humillación”. Y no ha sido sino a través de dos de las más cruentas guerras de la historia de la humanidad y de la revolución comunista como el dragón herido ha vuelto a recuperar el control de su propio destino. A lomos de su Ejército Popular de Liberación, campesino e iletrado, vuelve a sus orígenes para consolidar esa única e imperecedera Civilización-Estado. Un ejército del pueblo y para el pueblo que, como brazo armado del Partido Comunista Chino, sólo mira hacia el interior de su gran muralla; conocedor del poder del resto de dimensiones geopolíticas; y que sólo empieza a alzar la vista y emprender el vuelo de la mano del milagro económico de las últimas décadas. Un poder militar orgulloso y capaz, que quiere protagonizar, junto con su sociedad, esta vez sí, “el sueño de China, el sueño del pueblo”, del “desarrollo pacífico”.

  1. Stress state reconstruction and tectonic evolution of the northern slope of the Baikit anteclise, Siberian Craton, based on 3D seismic data

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moskalenko, A. N.; Khudoley, A. K.; Khusnitdinov, R. R.

    2017-05-01

    In this work, we consider application of an original method for determining the indicators of the tectonic stress fields in the northern Baikit anteclise based on 3D seismic data for further reconstruction of the stress state parameters when analyzing structural maps of seismic horizons and corresponded faults. The stress state parameters are determined by the orientations of the main stress axes and shape of the stress ellipsoid. To calculate the stress state parameters from data on the spatial orientations of faults and slip vectors, we used the algorithms from quasiprimary stress computation methods and cataclastic analysis, implemented in the software products FaultKinWin and StressGeol, respectively. The results of this work show that kinematic characteristics of faults regularly change toward the top of succession and that the stress state parameters are characterized by different values of the Lode-Nadai coefficient. Faults are presented as strike-slip faults with normal or reverse component of displacement. Three stages of formation of the faults are revealed: (1) partial inversion of ancient normal faults, (2) the most intense stage with the predominance of thrust and strike-slip faults at north-northeast orientation of an axis of the main compression, and (3) strike-slip faults at the west-northwest orientation of an axis of the main compression. The second and third stages are pre-Vendian in age and correlate to tectonic events that took place during the evolution of the active southwestern margin of the Siberian Craton.

  2. Registro del búho leonado Strix fulvescens en el estado de Oaxaca, México Record of the Fulvous Owl Strix fulvescens in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricarda Ramírez-Julián

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Mediante comparaciones acústicas y espectrográficas del búho leonado Strix fulvescens, se determinó su presencia en el noroeste de la sierra Norte de Oaxaca. Este registro constituye la confirmación de su presencia en el estado; amplía 350 km aproximadamente su distribución hacia el noroeste y aumenta a 21 las especies de búhos registradas en Oaxaca.The occurrence of Fulvous Owl Strix fulvescens in the northwestern portion of the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca was determined using aural and spectrographic comparison. This record confirms the presence of Fulvous Owl in the state of Oaxaca, expanding its distribution range to the northwest by about 350 Km, and increasing to 21 species the number of owls recorded in Oaxaca.

  3. Communication received from the Permanent Mission of Denmark to the Agency regarding Guidelines for the Export of Nuclear Material, Equipment and Technology; Comunicacion recibida de la Mision Permanente de Dinamarca ante el Organismo relativa a las directrices para la exportacion de materiales, equipos y tecnologia nucleares

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2007-01-02

    The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency has received Notes Verbales, dated 1 December 2005, from the Resident Representatives to the Agency of Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, relating to the export of nuclear material, equipment and technology [Spanish] El Director General ha recibido una nota verbal de la Mision Permanente de Dinamarca, de fecha 1 de diciembre de 2005, en la que se facilita informacion sobre las politicas y practicas del Gobierno de Dinamarca con respecto a la exportacion de materiales, equipos y tecnologia nucleares. Atendiendo a los deseos expresados al final de la nota verbal, se adjunta al presente documento el texto de dicha nota. El apendice a que se hace referencia en la nota verbal se publico previamente como INFCIRC/254/Rev.7/pt.1.

  4. Naturaleza, religión y cultura tradicional: Un ensayo sobre el pensamiento rústico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Calavia Sáez, Óscar

    1997-06-01

    Full Text Available This study focuses on the natural elements in the religious lore of La Rioja, in northern Spain: mainly trees, bulls and bees in myth and ritual. It stresses their sociological and cosmological meanings: patterns of kinship, marriage and group identity, ideas about gender, body and ultimately «nature». Furthermore, it this study proposes on implicit «rustic mind», contemporary wilt but apart from Christian taught (not a mere survival of the past and discusses the role of this «mind» in the history of Spanish Catholicism.Los elementos naturales presentes en el folklore religioso de La Rioja, en el norte de España, árboles, toros y abejas, en primer plano, son analizados en este estudio en sus componentes sociológicos (las ideas que reflejan sobre consanguinidad, alianza e identidad de grupo y organizados en una sucinta cosmología, que incluye nociones sobre el cuerpo, los géneros y la propia «naturaleza». Se explora la virtualidad de un «pensamiento rústico», diferente del cristianismo pero contemporáneo suyo (no una mera supervivencia del pasado y el lugar que ocupa en la historia del catolicismo español.

  5. Molecular detection of northern leatherside chub (Lepidomeda copei) DNA in environmental samples

    Science.gov (United States)

    Joseph C. Dysthe; Kellie J. Carim; Thomas W. Franklin; Dave Kikkert; Michael K. Young; Kevin S. McKelvey; Michael K. Schwartz

    2018-01-01

    The northern leatherside chub (Lepidomeda copei) is a cyprinid fish native to the Snake River, Green River, and Bonneville basins of the western United States. Population declines prompted the development of a multistate conservation agreement and strategy, which emphasized the need to reliably delineate its current distribution and monitor its status. To facilitate...

  6. Chile en el Perú: guerra y construcción estatal en Sudamérica, 1881-1884

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mc Evoy, Carmen

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available This article analyzes the role played by the Chilean state during the War of the Pacific, 1879- 1884. It highlights the performance of its bureaucracy in the construction of a political network in Peru and also discusses the impact of the latter in Chile´s state making process. Between 1881- 1884 the Chilean State unfolds to a foreign territory and by doing so improves its administrative skills. This reasoning will lead it to explore its authoritarian nature in Peru, where the absence of the State and of civil society allowed its political and ideological predominance.

    Este artículo analiza el papel jugado por el Estado chileno durante la Guerra del Pacífico, 1879-1884. Iluminará el desempeño de sus burocracias en la construcción de redes políticas en el Perú así como también el impacto de dicho proceso en la construccion estatal en Chile. El caso chileno es el de un Estado que entre 1881 y 1884 se desdobla a un territorio extranjero y al hacerlo logrará perfeccionar sus saberes administrativos. Este razonamiento lo llevará a explorar los límites de su autoritarismo en el Perú donde no podrá ser confrontado de manera directa ni por el Estado peruano, al cual sustituye, ni por la sociedada civil, a la que somete política, militar e ideológicamente.

  7. Intrusive hyaloclastite and peperitic breccias associated to sill and cryptodome emplacement on an Early Paleocene polymagmatic compound cone-dome volcanic complex from El Guanaco mine, Northern Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Páez, G. N.; Permuy Vidal, C.; Galina, M.; López, L.; Jovic, S. M.; Guido, D. M.

    2018-04-01

    This work explores the textural characteristics, morphology and facies architecture of well-preserved Paleocene hyaloclastic and peperitic breccias associated with subvolcanic intrusions at El Guanaco gold mine (Northern Chile). The El Guanaco mine volcanic sequence is part of a polymagmatic compound cone-dome volcanic complex grouping several dacitic domes and maar-diatremes, and subordinated subvolcanic intrusions of basaltic, andesitic and dacitic compositions. The Soledad-Peñafiel Fault System is a first order regional structure controlling the location and style of the volcanism in the region. Three different intrusive bodies (Basaltic sills, Dacitic cryptodomes and Andesitic cryptodomes) were found to intrude into a wet and poorly consolidated pyroclastic sequence representing the upper portions of a maar-diatreme. Consequently, extensive quench fragmentation and fluidization along their contacts occurred, leading to the formation of widespread breccia bodies enclosing a coherent nucleus. Differences in matrix composition allows to define two main breccias types: 1) poorly-sorted monomictic breccias (intrusive hyaloclastites) and 2) poorly-sorted tuff-matrix breccias (peperites). The observed facies architecture is interpreted as the result of the interplay of several factors, including: 1) magma viscosity, 2) the geometry of the intrusives, and 3) variations on the consolidation degree of the host rocks. Additionally, the overall geometry of each intrusive is interpreted to be controlled by the effective viscosity of the magmas along with the available magma volume at the time of the intrusions. The presence of three compositionally different subvolcanic bodies with intrusive hyaloclastite and peperite envelopes indicate, not only that all these intrusions occurred in a short period of time (probably less than 2-3 Ma), but also that the volcaniciclastic pile suffer little or none compaction nor consolidation during that time. The presence of three

  8. Estudio de la influencia comercial sobre los barrios el Nogal, el Espartillal y el Retiro y su efecto en el precio del suelo, en el periodo 1993 – 2010.

    OpenAIRE

    Cárdenas Carvajal, María Claudia

    2014-01-01

    El interés de esta monografía es describir el proceso de transformación urbana de los barrios El Retiro, El Espartillal y el Nogal de la ciudad de Bogotá, a partir del año 1993, en el cual se inauguró el Centro Comercial Andino. Se analiza y explica el desarrollo impulsado por el centro comercial sobre el territorio, transformando el uso de residencial e institucional a comercial y de servicios lo cual influyó directamente la densificación y valorización de los barrios. Por último se describe...

  9. Las emociones en el profesorado: el afecto y el enfado como recursos para el disciplinamiento

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Silvina Funes Lapponi

    Full Text Available Resumen Este artículo indaga lo que dice, piensa y siente el profesorado sobre la gestión de la disciplina en el aula y de cómo esto, a su vez, moldea la conducta y condiciona la participación y el desempeño del alumnado. Se basa en un estudio cualitativo (mediante entrevistas, cuaderno de campo, evaluación crítica de informantes claves que, a través del análisis del pensamiento pedagógico práctico (supuestos ideológicos tácitos, no conscientes que aparece en el discurso de los profesores, lo compara con la ideología pedagógica dominante (saberes formales e impuestos poniendo en evidencia una falta de coincidencia y coherencia entre ambos e influyendo esto, a su vez, en las relaciones en el aula. No se pretende descubrir algo nuevo, sino hacerlo visible y describir los mecanismos que intervienen. De este modo, se refuta una creencia muy extendida de que el mal clima del aula se debe a alumnos indisciplinados, ya que en las relaciones resultantes la reacción del docente es determinante. Centrándose en el afecto y el enfado, se observa cómo se crea un ambiente de trabajo, que convierte a estas emociones en herramientas para disciplinar, la primera de una manera más preventiva y la segunda más correctiva, es decir, que se constituyen en un recurso más para el control de la conducta de los alumnos.

  10. El ciclo menstrual en el siglo XXI. Entre el mercado, la ecología y el poder femenino

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Karina Felitti

    Full Text Available Resumen: Este artículo analiza las concepciones relativas al género, la sexualidad, la salud, la espiritualidad/religiosidad, la política, el medio ambiente y el empoderamiento femenino, presentes en el mercado de productos "alternativos" que atienden y celebran el ciclo menstrual en la Argentina contemporánea. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo basado en el análisis de páginas web, blogs y perfiles de Facebook de mujeres que fabrican, comercializan y/o difunden toallas de tela y copas de silicona; la observación participante en talleres sobre el ciclo y entrevistas personales con sus organizadoras. El estudio visibiliza la emergencia y difusión de visiones que celebran el ciclo menstrual, considerándolo una fuente de identidad y empoderamiento femenino, y las tensiones que se dan con otros enfoques que cuestionan estas premisas.

  11. El poblamiento en el siglo XVI. Contrastes entre el Caribe y el interior andino

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marta Herrera Ángel

    2007-04-01

    Full Text Available Hablar de poblamiento en el Caribe o en el interior andino y, en general, en América en el siglo XVI, desde la perspectiva de la población que lo habitaba, resulta en buena medida un contrasentido, ya que lo que tuvo lugar en la mayor parte de este continente a lo largo del siglo XVI y buena parte del XVII , como consecuencia de la invasión europea. fue un intenso y continuado proceso de despoblamiento. Ese proceso, en todo caso, no significó la desaparición de la población nativa que, por lo menos hasta finales del siglo XVII y comienzos del siglo XVIII, continuó siendo la población mayoritaria en buena parte del territorio. Pero además, es de resaltar que en las llanuras del Caribe colombiano, así como en el interior andino, al igual que en muchas otras partes del territorio americano, el proceso de despoblamiento que tuvo lugar desde finales del siglo XV no fue compensado por el arribo de pobladores de otros continentes.

  12. Problemática jurídica de los estados intersexuales. El caso colombiano Legal problematic of intersexual states. The Colombian case

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sandra Patricia Duque Quintero

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available

    En este artículo de reflexión, basado en una investigación, se describe la problemática jurídica planteada por los estados intersexuales* en los menores de edad, y cómo la misma centra su discusión en la teoría del consentimiento informado, punto nodal en el que convergen, por un lado, la existencia de un sujeto titular de derechos, y por el otro, el modo en que debe darse la autorización para ciertos tratamientos médicos o quirúrgicos, así como para algunas intervenciones preventivas. Igualmente,

    se plantea la necesidad de articular el saber jurídico con el de otros campos como la medicina y la bioética, a fin de construir un marco teórico, analítico y práctico que aporte nuevas herramientas e instrumentos para resolver esta problemática. La Corte Constitucional Colombiana, como máximo órgano jurisdiccional, estableció algunos parámetros jurídicos para adoptar decisiones en estos casos pero cada uno de ellos plantea matices y opciones diferentes, y la solución que se pretenda adoptar debe ir dirigida a optimizar el bienestar del paciente.

     

    This is a reflection article based on research. In it, we describe the legal issues raised by intersexual states in minors. Individual rights and the way in which authorization should be given for certain medical and surgical treatments are analyzed in the perspective of the informed consent theory. We emphasize on the

  13. Synenco Energy's Northern Lights Project : update and key strategies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Koshka, E.

    2005-01-01

    This presentation described the Northern Lights Project and addressed the unique characteristics of oil sands which have led to innovative mine and extraction techniques. A table indicating the mining projects in development was presented with reference to recoverable bitumen and ore grade. The marketing aspects of synthetic crude that influence the choice of bitumen upgrader design and economics were discussed. It was noted that new pipeline developments should open up new market opportunities. The expected market for Synenco crude is the northern portion of the United States Midwest. There may also be a possibility to sell the product as diluent because Synenco crude has a lower vacuum gas oil (VGO) content and more naphtha than other synthetic crude. The properties of Synenco crude components were listed with reference to gravity, density, sulfur content, cetane number, smoke point, and feed quality. The trade-off between capital costs, operating cost and risk mitigation was also examined. tabs., figs

  14. Relaciones entre el Congreso Nacional y el Poder Judicial: La Importancia de la Apertura

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sebastián Soto Velasco

    2007-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo analiza las relaciones entre el Congreso Nacional y el Poder Judicial a través de dos instituciones existentes en nuestro ordenamiento: el proceso de nombramiento de Ministros de la Corte Suprema y los informes que esta última envía al Congreso Nacional en ciertos proyectos de ley. En el caso de las nominaciones de Ministros a la Corte Suprema se estudia como ha operado el sistema desde la incorporación del Senado en 1997 hasta el año 2005. Se analiza cómo la transparencia del proceso, la posibilidad de conocer la historia profesional del nominado y audiencias abiertas contribuirían a incentivar una decisión centrada en criterios de calidad. El documento también se centra en el contenido y la influencia de los informes que envía la Corte Suprema al Congreso Nacional con ocasión de la tramitación de proyectos de ley que contienen normas que modifican la organización o atribuciones de los tribunales de justicia. En esta instancia, permitir el acceso a los informes también tendría positivas consecuencias. En definitiva, aunque hay otras vías de comunicación entre el Congreso y el Poder Judicial, se profundiza únicamente en las mencionadas pues del estudio se concluye que ambas tenderían a aumentar el potencial que de suyo ya tienen si se incorpora apertura en los procesosThis paper analyzes the relationship between the Chilean Congress and Judicial power, focusing on two institutions: the nomination process to appoint Supreme Court justices and the reports that the Supreme Court is constitutionally obligated to send to the Congress when specific types of bills are introduced. The appointment of Supreme Court candidates is studied from the Senate's incorporation in the process from 1997 until 2005. The author states that a more transparent process, including the publication of the candidate's backgrounds and public hearings, would increase the incentives to nominate the most qualified candidates. The paper also

  15. Abu Dhabi-Great Britain and the crisis over jurisdiction 1959-1960

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Federico Velez

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Las demandas presentadas por el Jeque Shakhbout en 1959 para obtener la plena soberanía jurídica sobre el emirato de Abu Dhabi generaron una crisis diplomática plasmada en la correspondencia interna del gobierno Británico. Con sus demandas, el Jeque Shakhbout forzaba a la burocracia a cargo de los Estados de la Tregua – La Oficina de Asuntos Extranjeros en Londres, el representante del gobierno Británico en Bahreín, y los agente administrativos y políticos en Dubai y Abu Dhabi a reexaminar las bases legales de la presencia Británica en la zona y los límites éticos del sistema judicial impuesto sobre sus habitantes. La crisis va mas allá de una discusión sobre los poderes jurisdiccionales. La crisis nos ofrece una ventana a las contradicciones inherentes a la  presencia Británica en la zona, en el marco del movimiento nacionalista árabe y del desarrollo de la industria petrolera y la futura redefinición de la relación entre Abu Dhabi  y la Gran Bretaña.Palabras clave: Abu Dhabi, Gran Bretaña, colonialismo___________________________Abstract:Demands to the British government for supreme jurisdiction over his territory presented by the ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1959 created a diplomatic crisis captured in the internal correspondence of the British government. Sheikh Shakhbout forced the entire bureaucracy that was dealing with the Trucial States – the Foreign Office in London, the British Resident in Bahrain, and the Political and Administrative Agents in Abu Dhabi and Dubai – to reexamine the legality of their presence in the region and the ethical limits of the judicial system imposed on this land.The crisis went beyond the mere discussion over jurisdictional powers. It is also a window into the contradictions linked to the British presence in the region, within the framework of the nascent Arab Nationalist movement and the development of the oil industry . All of which will soon change the nature of the relationship between

  16. Estimation of the Energy Content in Maritaro; Northern Sector of the Los Azufres, Michoacan, Mexico Geothermal Field; Estimacion de la energia contenida en Maritaro, sector norte del campo geotermico de Los Azufres, Michoacan, Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Suarez Arriaga, Mario Cesar [Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoelectricos de la Comision Federal de Electricidad, Morelia (Mexico)

    1997-05-01

    The methodology, the conceptual synthetic model and results obtained during the modeling and numerical simulation of Maritaro, northern sector of the Los Azufres, Michoacan, Mexico hydrothermal system, are reported. A Central objective of this work, was to carry out an updated evaluation of the reservoir`s energy content and to estimate, between tolerable margins of error, the longevity and approximate amount of useful energy that could be transformed in electricity. The probable initial state and the period of exploitation 1980-1996 were satisfactorily reproduced by the numerical model. The natural thermodynamic state, estimated for the reservoir before its commercial exploitation begun, corresponds to the compressed liquid region, at 92 bar of average pressure, an average temperature of 301 degrees celsius, with an enthalpy of 1 344 kj/kg. The hottest zones are located toward the center and eastern portions of the field, and the colder regions, at the western periphery. It was considered a minimum volume of exploitable reservoir equal to 49 km{sup 3}, and a maximum volume, including a possible western reserve zone, of 74 km{sup 3}. Several scenarios were numerically studied, including the installation from 75 MWe up to 400 MWe. The 280 MWe power is considered to be the maximum feasible capacity to be installed in the minimum presently known volume. The 400 MWe power characterize the upper, hypothetical limit capacity, assuming that the reserve zone is variable. This last stage having the highest risk. [Espanol] En este documento se reporta la metodologia sintetico conceptual y los resultados obtenidos mediante el modelado matematico y la simulacion numerica de Maritaro, sector norte del sistema hidrotermal de Los Azufres, Michoacan, Mexico. El objetivo central del trabajo fue realizar una evaluacion actualizada de la capacidad energetica contenida en este reservorio y estimar, dentro de margenes tolerables de error, la longevidad y cantidad aproximada de energia

  17. New distributional records of amphibians and reptiles from northern Oaxaca, México

    OpenAIRE

    González, Cynthia; Brenis, Ángel; Arrazola, Teresa

    2014-01-01

    During 2011 we performed a microregional inventory of amphibians and reptiles from the south-central region of the Papaloapan basin in northern Oaxaca. We recorded one amphibian species previously unknown in the state, and recorded range extensions for two additional amphibian and four reptile species. This increases the known herpetofauna of Oaxaca to 378 species.

  18. Global Container Management Process Improvements

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-06-19

    reduce driver mileage by 25 percent and avoid additional payroll and operating expenses of 500,000 dollars a year. Challenging work standards is already...Dufour, S., & Fortin, D. (1993). Case Study Methods. Newbury Park: Sage Pub. Hicks, R., O’Reilly, G., & Bahr, M. (2014). Organisational engagement and

  19. obire, 0., nwaubeta, 0., adue, sbn

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Sanni (Editors). Global Impact of Applied. Microbiology (GIAM VI). Academic Press. London. Manson-Bahr,' P. C. and F. I. C. Apted. 1982. Manson 's Tropical Diseases. 18th Edition. English Language Book Society (ELBS),. London. Marshall, T. R. and J. S. Devinny. 1988. The. Microbial Ecosystem in Petroleum Wasteland.

  20. 78 FR 38307 - Gresham Municipal Utilities; Notice of Application Tendered for Filing With the Commission and...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-06-26

    ... Gresham, Wisconsin, Attn: Art Bahr, Village Administrator, 1126 Main Street, PO Box 50, Gresham, WI 54128... of the Commission's regulations, if any resource agency, Indian Tribe, or person believes that an... analysis of the application on its merit, the resource agency, Indian Tribe, or person must file a request...

  1. 78 FR 38308 - Gresham Municipal Utilities; Notice of Application Tendered for Filing With the Commission and...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-06-26

    ... Gresham, Wisconsin, Attn: Art Bahr, Village Administrator, 1126 Main Street, PO Box 50, Gresham, WI 54128... of the Commission's regulations, if any resource agency, Indian Tribe, or person believes that an... analysis of the application on its merit, the resource agency, Indian Tribe, or person must file a request...

  2. Registros nuevos de murciélagos para el estado de Hidalgo, México New records of bats for the state of Hidalgo, Mexico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Melany Aguilar-López

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo registra por primera vez la presencia de los murciélagos Eptesicus furinalis, Glossophaga morenoi, Myotis auriculus y Platyrrhinus helleri para el estado de Hidalgo, México. Los ejemplares se obtuvieron durante los muestreos realizados entre agosto de 2008 y mayo de 2010. De cada ejemplar se proporcionan las medidas externas y craneales, la condición reproductora, así como el tipo de vegetación donde fueron encontrados.We register for the first time the presence of the bats Eptesicus furinalis, Glossophaga morenoi, Myotis auriculus and Platyrrhinus helleri for the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The bats were obtained between August 2008 and May 2010. We provide for each bat external and cranial measures, reproductive status, as well as the type of vegetation where they were found.

  3. Northern New Mexico regional airport market feasibility

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Drake, R.H.; Williams, D.S.

    1998-06-01

    This report is about the market for airline travel in northern New Mexico. Interest in developing a northern New Mexico regional airport has periodically surfaced for a number of years. The New Mexico State Legislature passed a memorial during the 1998 Second Session calling for the conduct of a study to determine the feasibility of building a new regional airport in NNM. This report is a study of the passenger market feasibility of such an airport. In addition to commercial passenger market feasibility, there are other feasibility issues dealing with siting, environmental impact, noise, economic impact, intermodal transportation integration, region-wide transportation services, airport engineering requirements, and others. These other feasibility issues are not analyzed in any depth in this report although none were discovered to be show-stoppers as a by-product of the authors doing research on the passenger market itself. Preceding the need for a detailed study of these other issues is the determination of the basic market need for an airport with regular commercial airline service in the first place. This report is restricted to an in-depth look at the market for commercial passenger air service in NNM. 20 figs., 8 tabs.

  4. Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI)

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Groisman, Pavel; Shugart, Herman; Kicklighter, David

    2017-01-01

    . The Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI) has been designed as an essential continuation of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), which was launched in 2004. NEESPI sought to elucidate all aspects of ongoing environmental change, to inform societies and, thus, to better...

  5. El Niño-Southern Oscillation is linked to decreased energetic condition in long-distance migrants.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kristina L Paxton

    Full Text Available Predicting how migratory animals respond to changing climatic conditions requires knowledge of how climatic events affect each phase of the annual cycle and how those effects carry-over to subsequent phases. We utilized a 17-year migration dataset to examine how El Niño-Southern Oscillation climatic events in geographically different regions of the Western hemisphere carry-over to impact the stopover biology of several intercontinental migratory bird species. We found that migratory birds that over-wintered in South America experienced significantly drier environments during El Niño years, as reflected by reduced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI values, and arrived at stopover sites in reduced energetic condition during spring migration. During El Niño years migrants were also more likely to stopover immediately along the northern Gulf coast of the southeastern U.S. after crossing the Gulf of Mexico in small suboptimal forest patches where food resources are lower and migrant density often greater than larger more contiguous forests further inland. In contrast, NDVI values did not differ between El Niño and La Niña years in Caribbean-Central America, and we found no difference in energetic condition or use of coastal habitats for migrants en route from Caribbean-Central America wintering areas. Birds over-wintering in both regions had consistent median arrival dates along the northern Gulf coast, suggesting that there is a strong drive for birds to maintain their time program regardless of their overall condition. We provide strong evidence that not only is the stopover biology of migratory landbirds influenced by events during the previous phase of their life-cycle, but where migratory birds over-winter determines how vulnerable they are to global climatic cycles. Increased frequency and intensity of ENSO events over the coming decades, as predicted by climatic models, may disproportionately influence long-distance migrants

  6. Vernacular Architecture of Northern Nigeria in the Light of Sustainability

    Science.gov (United States)

    Danja, Isa Ibrahim; Li, Xue; Dalibi, S. G.

    2017-05-01

    Nigeria, a country located in the Western part of Africa has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia and is divided in to Northern and Southern parts with the Hausa-Fulani’s, a diverse but culturally homogeneous people living in the northern part of Nigeria. The vernacular architecture of the Northern Nigeria (VANN) is perhaps one of the least known but most beautiful of the medieval age, over the centuries a tradition of fine architecture has flourished in the area, the variety and quality of buildings are bound to generate much delight and enthusiasm in anyone who is interested in buildings. Many of their early buildings such as mosques and palaces are bright and colorful. This architectural style is known as Tubali which means the traditional architecture in the Hausa language and globally known as Vernacular Architecture (VA). VANN has many unique features which distinguish it from any other architecture. All buildings, be it modern or old has an impact on the environment; hence the need for sustainable measures and practices regarding such buildings. The aim of this research paper is to examine the features of VANN in the light of sustainability. Reviewed literatures were used to identify the various features of the Vernacular Architecture in the Northern Nigeria which were critically examined in the light of sustainability and its concept. The result showcased the various features of VANN in the light of sustainability and also discussed the factors hindering the sustainable endeavors of VANN with respect to such features.

  7. Caracterización trófica del placóforo intermareal Enoplochiton niger en el norte de Chile: variación ambiental y patrones dietarios a nivel local y region Trophic characterization of the intertidal placophoran Enoplochiton niger in northern Chile: environmental variation and dietary patterns at local and regional levels

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ALVARO G SANHUEZA

    2008-12-01

    .The role and impact of herbivores on rocky intertidal food webs could be more complex and diverse than previously considered, particularly in the case of larger and more abundant consumers such as the placophoran mollusc Enoplochiton niger. This species is one of the largest (up to 20 cm and ecologically most important grazers on rocky shores of northern Chile, but also one of the lesser known species in trophic terms. This work presents an assessment of the dietary patterns of E. niger in four communities of northern Chile, distributed along 1,000 km of coastline and sampled seasonally from winter 2004 to autumn 2006. The analysis included the relationship of its diet with physical and biological factors, and particularly the potential effect of the 2004-2005 El Niño event that occurred during the study period. At a regional level, the dietary spectrum of E. niger comprised a total of 98 food resources (60 algal Ítems and 38 invertebrate Ítems, and the most important Ítems were sessile organisms of encrusting and layer-forming growth habits. E. niger exhibited a very high niche breadth at both local and regional levels (ranging from 20.7 to 28.0; Levins' index, and its dietary richness at the individual level was independent from its body size. Both the number of dietary ítems consumed per individual and the taxonomic composition of the diet did not show statistical differences among communities, but they were significantly different between the El Niño and non-El Niño periods. There was no clear relationship between the dietary patterns of E. niger and the contrasting levels of upwelling intensity among the communities studied. The results show that E. niger is a generalist polyphagous consumer, and a potential omnivore, which could have a high level of impact on space occupancy patterns in the intertidal community.

  8. Long-term Agroecosystem Research in the Northern Great Plains.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schmer, M.; Sanderson, M.; Liebig, M. A.; Wienhold, B.; Awada, T.; Papiernik, S.; Osborne, S.; Kemp, W.; Okalebo, J. A.; Riedall, W.

    2015-12-01

    The Northern Great Plains is the bread basket of the United States, accounting for a substantial portion of U.S. agricultural production. This region faces critical challenges regarding balancing food needs, resource conservation (e.g Ogallala aquifer), environmental concerns, and rural economy development. Developing transformative, multifunctional systems will require equally imaginative and efficient tools to help farmers manage complex agroecosystems in a rapidly changing climate. The Northern Plains long-term agroecosystem research (LTAR) site at Mandan, ND and the Platte River High Plains LTAR (ARS/University of Nebraska-Lincoln) at Lincoln, NE in collaboration with USDA-ARS research units in Brookings, SD and Fargo, ND are collaborating to address the grand challenge of providing and sustaining multiple service provisions from Northern Great Plains agroecosystems. We propose to attain these goals through sustainable intensification based on the adoption of conservation agriculture principles including reduced soil disturbance, livestock integration, and greater complexity and diversity in the cropping system. Here, we summarize new concepts these locations have pioneered in dynamic cropping systems, resource use efficiency, and agricultural management technologies. As part of the LTAR network, we will conduct long-term cross-site research to design and assess new agricultural practices and systems aimed at improving our understanding of decision making processes and outcomes across an array of agricultural systems.

  9. Los estados frágiles y el retorno de la administración nativa.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mark DUFFIELD

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Durante los últimos años, un número de ideas relacionadas con el trabajo en “entornos difíciles”, o que implican países descritos como “malos actores” o “estados frágiles” han entrado en el discurso político. Tratan de describir el reto del desarrollo en una época de inestabilidad global y de extendido fallo estatal. Estas ideas son similares en contenido y aquí nos referimos a ellas como el estado frágil, o el discurso sobre el estado frágil. El pensamiento de los gobiernos donantes sobre la reconstrucción de los estados frágiles se entiende como la punta de lanza de la política actual. De cualquier forma, además de explorar éste discurso, éste trabajo se basa en las suposiciones y disposiciones desarrolladas dentro de la cobertura del imperialismo liberal, en concreto, la práctica colonial del gobierno indirecto o administración nativa. En vez de ser esencialmente nuevo, el discurso sobre el estado frágil es más bien una reinscripción contemporánea de enfoques anteriores sobre el problema del espacio no gobernado. Dado el fallo histórico de semejantes tecnologías para revertir el rechazo al tutelaje occidental, en una época de guerra indefinida y de creciente insurgencia global, es tan urgente como relevante un examen crítico de esta arqueología.   Over the last several years, a number of ideas relating to working in “difficult environments”, or engaging countries described as “poor performers” or “fragile states” have entered policy discourse. They attempt to describe the challenge for development at a time of global instability and the widespread occurrence of state failure. In content, these ideas are similar and are referred to here as the fragile state, or fragile state discourse. Donor government thinking on reconstructing fragile states is regarded as the cutting-edge of current policy. Besides exploring this discourse however, this paper draws out its reliance on assumptions and

  10. El perro y el frisbee

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vasileios Madouros

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Este escrito analiza por qué el tipo de regulación financiera compleja desarrollado en las últimas décadas puede ser una respuesta subóptima a la creciente complejidad del sistema financiero. Los ejemplos de otras disciplinas muestran que la toma de decisiones en un entorno complejo se puede beneficiar con el uso de reglas prácticas simples o “heurísticas”. Una serie de experimentos empíricos para evaluar el desempeño relativo de las reglas simples y complejas en el entorno financiero muestra que los indicadores simples, como la relación de apalancamiento y las medidas de capital basadas en el mercado superan a las medidas más complejas ponderadas por el riesgo y a los modelos de múltiples indicadores en su capacidad para predecir quiebras bancarias. Un mensaje congruente de estos experimentos es que la complejidad de los modelos o los portafolios puede generar problemas de robustez. Presenta cinco lecciones de política a partir de estos resultados, relacionadas con el diseño de la regulación financiera y las posibles medidas encaminadas a reducir en forma más directa la complejidad del sistema financiero.

  11. Proposed purchasing, employment and training policies for northern projects

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1991-09-01

    Manitoba Hydro is about to embark on a major construction project in the northern part of the province. Important considerations involved in this project include purchasing the necessary materials, products, and services, and employing a suitable work force. An outline is presented of draft policies being considered by Manitoba Hydro to enhance northern-aboriginal and northern participation in its future development projects in northern Manitoba. The policies are presented in four sections: purchasing for northern construction and operation activities; training and employment for construction of a generation station and expansion of a converter station; training and employment for construction of a major north-south transmission line; and training and employment for northern operations and maintenance work at existing facilities. Aspects of these policies include giving preference in purchasing to northern and aboriginal businesses, training initiatives and employee counselling for aboriginal employees, and hiring preferences directed toward northern aboriginals and northern residents

  12. Releyendo 'El títere y el enano': el origen del cristianismo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maximiliano E. Korstanje

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Desde que Slavoj Zizek publicó su libro El Títere y El Enano, mucha ha sido la repercusión respecto al rol ideológico del cristianismo en el andamiaje simbólico que fundamenta los poderes represivos del estado. La ley, los dioses, la justicia, la democracia parecen todas construcciones ficticias que hablan más por lo que ocultan que por lo que promueven. El presente artículo es una crítica al abordaje de Zizek sobre el Cristianismo, no por su contenido, sino porque ha tomado una dirección a nuestra consideración errónea. El núcleo perverso del cristianismo no radica en la disposición del pecado, o como argumenta Zizek de una creación dispuesta al pecado, sino en la idea que solo unos pocos serán salvados mientras el resto dela humanidad condenada. Esta idea ha dado origen a lo que hemos llamado el Capitalismo Mortuorio o Thana-Capitalism.

  13. El Atlas del Bosque Nacional El Yunque

    Science.gov (United States)

    Maya Quiñones; Isabel K. Parés-Ramos; William A. Gould; Grizelle Gonzalez; Kathleen McGinley; Pedro. Ríos

    2018-01-01

    Esta publicación es un esfuerzo colaborativo entre el Instituto Internacional de Dasonomía Tropical y el Bosque Nacional El Yunque para proveer mapas y análisis de información espacial actualizados sobre una importante reserva natural en Puerto Rico y el único bosque tropical dentro del Sistema de Bosques Nacionales de los Estados Unidos. El Atlas del Bosque Nacional...

  14. THE BRAZILIAN BIODIESEL PROGRAM AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: CASES FROM NORTHERN BRAZIL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcus Vinicius Alves Finco

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Biofuel production has been greatly discussed in Brazil. In 2004, these debates led the country to develop new policies and implement a national program for biodiesel use and production (PNPB with the intent to increase the share of renewable energy and foster regional development. In this context, the present study aims to assess the impacts of PNPB on regional development in Tocantins State, northern Brazil. For this purpose, ranges of socio-economic indicators were collected among national and regional stakeholders, as well as specific literature. The preliminary results point out that distribution logistics appears to be a considerable constraint to the success of the PNPB. The concentration of biodiesel industries in the central-west region of the country, and the large distances to deliver biodiesel in the northern Brazil make biodiesel prices non-competitive when compared to fossil diesel. The results also suggest that the PNPB is not succeeding in promoting the integration of family agriculture in the Tocantins state, especially due to the structural difficulty of the agricultural sector, as well as the technical and political shortcomings presented by the mechanism of incentives.

  15. EL DISPOSITIVO DE SUBJETIVACION ESCOLAR: EL PODER, EL SABER, EL DESEO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica Zuleta P.

    1995-01-01

    Full Text Available Este ensayo propone una mirada que busca abrir nuevos caminos para el desarrollo de investigaciones sobre violencia. Esta mirada está inscrita dentro de un marco orientado por opciones teóricas en las que se describe la manera como los sujetos y los objetos se dan forma en el juego de la relación de líneas de fuerzas referidas al poder, al saber y al deseo, líneas que generan dispositivos de subjetivación. Desde esta perspectiva, no existe un sujeto que ya constituído, voluntariamente pretenda orientar su acción para el logro de determinados fines del objeto, sino, por el contrario, son las fuerzas las que conforman tanto a los sujetos como a los objetos, al originar códigos variables, que dependen de la dirección que imprima la interacción de las fuerzas. La escuela, como espacio en el que confluyen todas las fuerzas en su movimiento constante, constituye subjetividades, atrapadas en dispositivos de poder con propósitos diferentes; pero también posibilita fugas a los códigos. Es en este espacio móvil del código y de la fuga, donde proponemos situar la disposición para la violencia.

  16. Materialising power struggles of political imprisonment at Long Kesh/Maze prison, Northern Ireland

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    McAtackney, Laura

    2015-01-01

    Prisons were one of the main arenas for contestation of rights, status and power during the course of the Northern Irish Troubles (c1969-c1998). A substantial number of the prisoners publicly denied the legitimacy of the state to imprison them and all those interned, remanded or convicted for par...

  17. Designaciones y organización partidaria: el partido de redes gubernamentales en el peronismo kirchnerista Appointments and party organizations: network governmental party in kirchnerista peronism

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gerardo SCHERLIS

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo contribuye a comprender la estructura organizativa del peronismo, la fuerza política dominante en Argentina, a partir de la observación de las designaciones partidarias en el Estado. Para ello el trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre el alcance, los mecanismos, las motivaciones y los criterios de las designaciones partidarias en el Estado federal argentino, con particular énfasis en lo ocurrido durante la presidencia de Néstor Kirchner (2003- 2007. El argumento más general sostiene que las designaciones han devenido en este período en una herramienta esencial para lograr un control efectivo sobre el aparato estatal mientras que sirven, simultáneamente, para reconfigurar las élites partidarias del peronismo bajo el liderazgo del presidente. Los datos, surgidos de una amplia serie de entrevistas a expertos, permiten finalmente ofrecer un nuevo marco teórico para estudiar el vínculo entre partido y gobierno en el contexto de la democracia argentina contemporánea.This article contributes to the understanding of the organizational structures of peronism, Argentine dominant political force, on the basis of a study on partisan appointments. It presents the main findings of a research on the scope, the workings, the motivations, and the criteria of partisan appointments in the Argentine state, with particular attention to Néstor Kirchner administration (2003-2007. The more general argument contends that appointments became in this period a crucial tool to control the state apparatus while, at the same time, they made it possible to renovate Peronist partisan elites under the leadership of the president. The data, obtained from a large series of expert interviews, make it possible to offer a new theoretical framework for the understanding of party-government linkages in contemporary Argentine democracy.

  18. Stochastic reservoir optimization using El Niño information: case study of Daule Peripa, Ecuador

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Gelati, Emiliano; Madsen, Henrik; Rosbjerg, Dan

    2011-01-01

    , each corresponding to a hidden climate state. Climatic information is used as exogenous input and to condition state transitions. We apply the model to the inflow of the Daule Peripa reservoir in western Ecuador, where El Niño events cause anomalously heavy rainfall. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO...

  19. El medio ambiente y el cristianismo en el declive del imperio romano

    OpenAIRE

    Botero Muñoz, César Augusto

    2016-01-01

    El presente artículo describe el declive del imperio Romano, asociado al auge del cristianismo y su afianzamiento en occidente, junto con sus características principales como sus prácticas, dogmas y cosmogonías. La metodología escogida fue la investigación histórica y cualitativa de carácter holístico. Las conclusiones obtenidas hacen referencia a la dotación de sentido dado por el surgimiento del cristianismo en la época decadente del imperio, siendo el cristianismo el impulso que salvaguard...

  20. A comparison of the herpetofaunas of Ranchos Los Fresnos and El Aribabi in northern Sonora, Mexico

    Science.gov (United States)

    James C. Rorabaugh; Jeffrey M. Servoss; Valerie L. Boyarski; Erin Fernandez; Doug Duncan; Carlos Robles Elias; Kevin E. Bonine

    2013-01-01

    To compare and contrast herpetofaunas at Ranchos Los Fresnos and El Aribabi in north-central Sonora, México, we conducted herpetological surveys during 2006-2011, contacted others working in these two areas, and queried 27 museums and collections for specimens collected at or near these ranches. Based on this work, nine and seven amphibian, and 27 and 24 reptile...

  1. El primer virreinato americano

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cassá, Roberto

    2006-12-01

    Full Text Available This article explores the government of viceroy Christopher Columbus in the American territories. We return to the first Spanish settlement in Santo Domingo and the contradictions inherent to this expansionist proyect. The contradictions were part of the logic of the absolutist state and Columbus’ reaction against the controls imposed by the monarchs. Secondly, we look into the dificulties that the Admiral encountered to develop a mercantilist model. In this context, we examine the rationale behind the first government of the Indies and the features that defined the new West Indian society.

    El artículo trata sobre el gobierno de Cristóbal Colón en tierras americanas. Retomamos el tema del primer emplazamiento español en Santo Domingo y las contradicciones que tuvo aquel proyecto debido a la lógica del estado absolutista, a la ambición desmedida del descubridor y a su reacción ante los controles que desde un principio impusieron los monarcas. En un segundo momento analizamos las dificultades que encontró el Almirante para desarrollar un modelo mercantilista acorde a sus ideas y a los acuerdos a que llegó con la Corona. En ese contexto analizamos la lógica del primer gobierno colombinista en las Indias y los rasgos que definieron la nueva sociedad antillana.

  2. LAICIDAD DEL ESTADO Y ORDENAMIENTO JURÍDICO: LIBERTAD VS. UNIFORMIDAD: EL CASO ESPAÑOL Laicism (laity of the State and legal system: Freedom vs. uniformity: The Spanish case

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Arturo Calvo Espiga

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Nos planteamos en este estudio el problema de la cohonestación (coordinación dentro de los ordenamientos democráticos de la laicidad del Estado con la libertad religiosa de sus ciudadanos. En la doble dimensión, por una parte, de la libertad personal para profesar un determinado credo religioso, o no profesar ninguno, o abandonar el que se profesa o cambiar de creencias. Y, por otra parte, de la libertad social que consiste en la protección y ausencia de coacción o limitaciones a la hora de actuar y manifestarse públicamente en consecuencia con la fe profesada. Reflexión que realizamos con especial referencia al caso español. Estudiamos el régimen de libertades establecido y consolidado en la Constitución de i 978 y desarrollado, en un primer momento, por la vigente Ley Orgánica de Libertad Religiosa. Utilizamos en este estudio una metodología comparativa con otros sistemas jurídicos continentales. Y recurrimos a los antecedentes históricos inmediatos del actual ordenamiento. Nos detenemos de forma especial en la regulación de la libertad religiosa (¿? realizada por el régimen republicano de i 93 i .Y todo ello en el marco de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional Español. Desde esta perspectiva constitucional se plantean las posibilidades de futuro para una política legislativa que promueva y urja el ejercicio del derecho fundamental de libertad religiosa. Libertad que se presente como medio eficaz y recurso necesario para evitar la imposición por parte del Estado de una disimulada uniformidad de pensamiento único. Nuestra propuesta es la de la opción estatal por una laicidad abierta fundada en la promoción por parte de los poderes públicos de la libertad. Poderes y Estado que han de fundar su acción en la neutralidad, la separación entre el Estado y las Iglesias, la cooperación y la promoción del ejercicio de derechos y libertades fundamentales.We pose us in this study the problem of the harmony

  3. El contrato natural. Aproximaciones desde el videojuego

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Verónica Perales

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available En "El Contrato Natural", Michel Serres habla de la urgencia de establecer un pacto con el mundo natural, con el que hasta ahora mantenemos una relación “de violencia no consciente: dominio y posesión” (Serres, 1990, 44. En dicho acuerdo son figuras contractuales, por un lado, la comunidad humana asociada por lo que los antiguos filósofos llaman el “contrato social”; y por otro: la naturaleza global, el Planeta Tierra.

  4. Particulate matter concentrations for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains

    Science.gov (United States)

    Confined cattle facilities are an increasingly common housing system in the Northern Great Plains region of the United States. Producers may maintain a deep-bedded manure pack (Pack), they may remove all bedding/manure material from the pens weekly (Scrape), or use a combination of management styles...

  5. Thoughts on Seeing "El Sistema"

    Science.gov (United States)

    Booth, Eric

    2009-01-01

    The FESNOJIV (the Spanish acronym for the State Foundation for the National System of Youth and Children's Orchestras), more commonly known as "El Sistema," teaches 300,000 of Venezuela's poorest children in the nationwide music learning program. Many begin attending the "nucleo" as early as age two or three, and the vast…

  6. Variation of Surface Air Temperature in Relation to El Nino and Cataclysmic Volcanic Eruptions, 1796-1882

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wilson, Robert M.

    1999-01-01

    During the contemporaneous interval of 1796-1882 a number of significant decreases in temperature are found in the records of Central England and Northern Ireland. These decreases appear to be related to the occurrences of El Nino and/or cataclysmic volcanic eruptions. For example, a composite of residual temperatures of the Central England dataset, centering temperatures on the yearly onsets of 20 El Nino of moderate to stronger strength, shows that, on average, the change in temperature varied by about +/- 0.3 C from normal being warmer during the boreal fall-winter leading up to the El Nino year and cooler during the spring-summer of the El Nino year. Also, the influence of El Nino on Central England temperatures appears to last about 1-2 years. Similarly, a composite of residual temperatures of the Central England dataset, centering temperatures on the month of eruption for 26 cataclysmic volcanic eruptions, shows that, on average, the change in temperature decreased by about 0.1 - 0.2 C, typically, 1-2 years after the eruption, although for specific events, like Tambora, the decrease was considerably greater. Additionally, tropical eruptions appear to produce greater changes in temperature than extratropical eruptions, and eruptions occurring in boreal spring-summer appear to produce greater changes in temperature than those occurring in fall-winter.

  7. El elemento foráneo y la imagen del extranjero comunista durante el primer peronismo. El caso de la Unión Eslava Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Serrano Benítez, Ana

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Resumen El estudio de la Unión Eslava Argentina, y específicamente el III Congreso Eslavo que se intentó realizar en el país en el año 1949, como símbolo de la lucha antifascista internacional y de la metamorfosis ideológica que transitaron muchos de sus miembros en esta experiencia de exilo; nos permitieron ver la participación activa que tuvo el Estado en esta política represiva sobre los inmigrantes comunistas, a través de la aplicación de la Ley de Residencia (Nº 4144, con el fin de desarticular la lucha de clases y expulsar la disidencia. La imagen del “extranjero comunista indeseable” fue un elemento central para justificar la utilización de la Ley de Residencia y hacer efectiva la detención y expulsión de los extranjeros que desarrollaban “actividades subversivas” y atentaban contra la seguridad nacional; donde la policía, el PEN, los sectores conservadores, el ejército y la Iglesia fueron la columna vertebral de este accionar. Abstract The Slavic Union Argentina, and specifically the third Slav Congress, which was attempted in the country in 1949 as a symbol of international anti-fascist struggle, and the ideological metamorphosis that some members of this organization had transited in their experience of exile, allowed us to look at the active participation that the State had in this repressive policy on communists immigrants, through the application of the Residence Act (No. 4144, in order to disarticulate the class struggle and eject dissent. The image that were formed in this period about the "undesirable foreigner communist" was central to justify the use of the Residence Act and enforce the arrest and expulsion of foreigners which developed "subversive activities" and threatened the national security, where the police, the government, conservative groups, the army and the Church were the backbone of this action.

  8. Coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific in post-El Niño summer

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kosaka, Y.; Xie, S. P.; DU, Y.; Hu, K.; Chowdary, J. S.; Huang, G.

    2016-12-01

    El Niño typically peaks in boreal winter, and the associated equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) signal dissipates before subsequent summer. Its impact, however, outlasts until boreal summer in the Indo-western Pacific, featuring basin-wide Indian Ocean warming and tropical Northwestern Pacific cooling accompanied by the Pacific-Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern with surface anomalous anticyclone (AAC) extending from the Philippine Sea to the northern Indian Ocean. Two formation mechanisms have been proposed for these climate anomalies in post-El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) summer. One hypothesis invokes the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback in the tropical Northwestern Pacific, while the other points to inter-basin feedback between the Indian Ocean and tropical Northwestern Pacific. Based on a coupled model experiment, we propose an ocean-atmosphere coupled mode that synthesizes the two mechanisms. This Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor (IPOC) mode evolves seasonally from spring to summer under seasonal migration of background state. In spring, the WES feedback is operative in association with the tropical Northwestern Pacific cooling, while in summer the Indian Ocean warming and the inter-basin interaction maintains the AAC. While the IPOC mode is independent of ENSO in mechanism, ENSO can drive this mode in its decay phase. This excitation, however, has undergone substantial interdecadal modulations, depending on ENSO amplitude and persistence of Indian Ocean warming. The ENSO-IPOC correlation is high after the mid-1970s and at the beginning of the 20th century, but low in between.

  9. Childhood disability and parental moral responsibility in northern Vietnam

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Gammeltoft, Tine

    2008-01-01

    a phenomenologically inspired 'intercorporeal' perspective as a conceptual alternative to 'medical' and 'social' models of disability. Through this approach I show how, in northern Vietnam, disability in children brings into question the moral integrity of their parents and how this compels parents to define...... their children's subjectivities in ways that diminish their personhood. The analysis identifies Buddhist notions of karma, everyday ethics of reciprocity, and party-state discourses of productivity as particularly important forces structuring such social responses to human impairment....

  10. El caso Moro

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Óscar Hernández Chinarro

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Se cumple el trigésimo tercer aniversario del secuestro y asesinato de Aldo Moro, todavía persisten muchos interrogantes sobre el caso. La historiografía de los últimos 20 años ha explicado la muerte de Moro como un hecho ineludible. La ratificación del Compromiso Histórico presentada por Berlinguer determinó que la CIA organizase una acción punitiva cuya finalidad era la eliminación física de Moro. El presente artículo intenta desmitificar el papel jugado por los servicios secretos norteamericanos y centra su atención en las Brigadas, planteando una nueva hipótesis para entender que ocurrió durante esos 55 días y que determinó la muerte de MoroPalabras claves: Aldo Moro, Brigadas Rojas, Italia, 1978, Democracia Cristiana, Mario Moretti, Estados Unidos _________________________AbstractUpon completion of the thirty-third anniversary the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro, there are still many questions about the case. The historiography of the last 20 years explained Moro's death as an inescapable fact. Ratification of Historic Commitment by Berlinguer determined that the CIA organize a punitive action was aimed at the physical elimination of Moro. This article attempts to demystify the role played by the U.S. secret services and focuses on the Brigades, proposing a new hypothesis to understand what happened during those 55 days and determined the death of Moro.Keywords: Aldo Moro, Red Brigades, Italy, 1978, Christian democracy,  Mario Moretti, United States

  11. A novel assessment of population structure and gene flow in grey wolf populations of the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States.

    Science.gov (United States)

    vonHoldt, Bridgett M; Stahler, Daniel R; Bangs, Edward E; Smith, Douglas W; Jimenez, Mike D; Mack, Curt M; Niemeyer, Carter C; Pollinger, John P; Wayne, Robert K

    2010-10-01

    The successful re-introduction of grey wolves to the western United States is an impressive accomplishment for conservation science. However, the degree to which subpopulations are genetically structured and connected, along with the preservation of genetic variation, is an important concern for the continued viability of the metapopulation. We analysed DNA samples from 555 Northern Rocky Mountain wolves from the three recovery areas (Greater Yellowstone Area, Montana, and Idaho), including all 66 re-introduced founders, for variation in 26 microsatellite loci over the initial 10-year recovery period (1995-2004). The population maintained high levels of variation (H(O) = 0.64-0.72; allelic diversity k=7.0-10.3) with low levels of inbreeding (F(IS) wolves will rely on management decisions that promote natural dispersal dynamics and minimize anthropogenic factors that reduce genetic connectivity. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  12. El Negro, el Niño, witchcraft and the absence of rain in Botswana

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Gewald, J.B.

    2001-01-01

    In October 2000, the remains of 'El Negro', a Tswana man who had died 170 years before and who, as a stuffed specimen, had been on display in Europe for over 160 years, were flown from Spain to Botswana and given a State funeral in the capital Gaborone. In early 2001, as it became clear that the

  13. Communications received from Member States regarding the Export of Nuclear Material and of Certain Categories of Equipment and other Material; Comunicaciones Recibidas De Estados Miembros Relativas A La Exportacion De Materiales Nucleares Y De Determinadas Categorias De Equipo Y Otros Materiales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1994-08-15

    The Director General has received letters concerning the export of nuclear material and of certain categories of equipment and other material from the following Resident Representatives to the International Atomic Energy Agency: a letter dated 28 February 1994 from the Resident Representative of France; letters dated 1 March 1994 from the Resident Representatives of Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America; and a letter dated 22 March 1994 from the Resident Representative of Romania [Spanish] El Director General recibio cartas relativas a la exportacion de materiales nucleares y de determinadas categorias de equipo y otros materiales de los siguientes Representantes Permanentes ante el Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica: una carta fechada el 28 de febrero de 1994 del Representante Permanente de Francia; cartas fechadas el 1 de marzo de 1994 de los Representantes Permanentes de Alemania, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Dinamarca, Espana, Estados Unidos de America, Finlandia, Grecia, Hungria, Irlanda, Japon, Luxemburgo, Noruega, Paises Bajos, Polonia, Portugal, Reino Unido de Gran Bretana e Irlanda del Norte, Republica Checa y Suecia,- una carta fechada el 22 de marzo de 1994 del Representante Permanente de Rumania.

  14. ¿El buen entrenador nace o lo hace el deportista? El camino hacia el alto nivel en triatlón

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Germ\\u00E1n Ruiz Tendero

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available La figura del entrenador adquiere un peso importante en el sistema deportivo y por tanto en el éxito de sus deportistas. Las claves de su éxito han sido estudiadas desde diferentes perspectivas. El estudio en retrospectiva del recorrido por el cual se llega al alto nivel es una de ellas. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el camino de los entrenadores de triatlón previo a su llegada al alto nivel, así como las circunstancias en las que se produjo el paso hacia el alto rendimiento. Para ello se entrevistó a una muestra de 14 entrenadores españoles de alto nivel en triatlón. Los resultados muestran un recorrido prevalente en el que el entrenador fue anteriormente deportista y entrenador en alguna/s de las disciplinas fundamentales (DF de las que se compone el triatlón (natación, ciclismo, atletismo, llegando al alto nivel de triatlón con una edad aproximada de 30 años. Los años de experiencia previa varían en función del pasado del entrenador, no llegándose a alcanzar los 10 años de media en ningún caso, hasta el inicio en la etapa de alto nivel. Sería recomendable, por tanto, contextualizar los años de experiencia previos, para optimizar la selección de muestras de entrenadores expertos.

  15. El aprendizaje en la escuela: el lugar de la lectura y la escritura

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rita Flórez Romero

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available En el presente artículo se plantea la complejidad de las tareas de leer y escribir como procesos de aprendizaje que se dan a lo largo de toda la vida y que involucran una serie de subprocesos, también bastante complejos, que deben ser coordinados entre sí para lograr éxito en la tarea de leer o de escribir. Se señala cómo el trabajo que se propone en el aula de clase debe tomar en consideración estos aspectos, para diseñar estrategias y actividades tendientes a tomar en cuenta el conocimiento previo de los estudiantes, a fin de apoyarse en él y promover avances en los procesos de lectura y escritura.This paper raises the complexity of the reading and writing tasks as learning processes which take place throughout the whole life cycle and involve a series of equally complex sub processes which must be coordinated to achieve success in the reading or writing tasks. It is stated that the work proposed in the classroom must take these aspects into account in order to design strategies and activities leading to taking the students’ previous knowledge into account, in order to get support from it and to promote progress in the reading and writing processes.

  16. An Adaptive Security Construct: Insurgency in Sudan

    Science.gov (United States)

    2007-12-01

    and “External Actors” existing as both foundational and supporting relatives. The “ Legs ” between cornerpoints, in addition to defining the tactical...directly. In a simplified mirror-image, the same progression of legs underlies each side’s connection with international or non-governmental external...Technologies ( DTI ), March 21, 2007). 45 Ghazal, Lakes, and Warab), and Upper Nile (Junqali, Wahdah, and Upper Nile).94 Allegations of corruption persist

  17. Estereotipos sobre el envejecimiento seg?n el periodo del desarrollo y el g?nero

    OpenAIRE

    Sandino Forero, Juliana

    2016-01-01

    Teniendo en cuenta el dr?stico aumento en Colombia y el mundo de la poblaci?n adulta mayor la pir?mide poblacional se ha invertido. Lo que ha generado que cada vez haya m?s adultos mayores y la esperanza de vida sea mayor. Motivo por el cual surge la importancia de conocer diversos aspectos del envejecimiento, entre ellos los estereotipos. Adicionalmente hay muy poca investigaci?n relacionada con los estereotipos sobre el envejecimiento seg?n el g?nero y el periodo de desarrollo. Levy (2009)...

  18. State dynamics of a double sandbar system

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Price, T.D.; Ruessink, B.G.

    2011-01-01

    A 9.3-year dataset of low-tide time-exposure images from Surfers Paradise, Northern Gold Coast, Australia was used to characterise the state dynamics of a double sandbar system. The morphology of the nearshore sandbars was described by means of the sequential bar state classification scheme of

  19. El CRIT: el renacer Pijao

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel Santiago Roldán Zarazo

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available El artículo reconstruye el periodo histórico previo a la creación del Consejo Regional Indígena del Tolima (CRIT, organización que agrupa una gran variedad de cabildos y colectivos principalmente del Sur del Tolima. Así, desde el marco de coyunturas y estructuras se desarrolla un análisis documental y de prensa que evidencian los imaginarios, disputas y enfrentamientos de los indígenas en la región. El periodo se divide en cuatro momentos: (1 las condiciones estructurales, políticas y económicas que atravesaba el país y los indígenas en la época; posteriormente (2, se concentra en quienes le conformaban, sus posibilidades y restricciones de movilización; en tercera medida (3 se exponen los debates, marcos de acción, estructuras de movilización y las conclusiones llegadas en los encuentros del movimiento; por último (4 se recogen los elementos generales que arroja el periodo estudiado junto con elementos de discusión y aportes a la teoría e historia política.

  20. Panorama y desarrollo de las ciencias sociales en el estado de Tabasco Outlook for and Development of Social Sciences in the State of Tabasco

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodolfo Uribe Iniesta

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo presenta el panorama y describe el desarrollo de las reflexiones y diagnósticos del pensamiento social y las ciencias sociales sobre y desde el estado de Tabasco; y las condiciones del entorno social local en el que se practican. En el trabajo se demuestra que la producción de este tipo de trabajos es perfectamente acorde a los momentos de crisis y por su tipo refleja perfectamente los momentos de continuidad y ruptura en la historia del estado a pesar de un entorno sociocultural poco propicio. Así, por ejemplo, las ciencias sociales son sub-sumidas a un papel de mera contabilidad social, legitimación y promoción durante el periodo del desarrollismo económico (1953-1970 caracterizado por la construcción de grandes obras de infraestructura y planes de desarrollo agropecuario territorial, o durante la expansión de las obras de exploración y explotación petrolera; pero son llamadas a encontrar explicaciones y alternativas cuando la población regional reacciona contra los excesos y resultados no deseados de tales desarrollos, como ocurre con la resistencia contra el Plan Chontalpa y posteriormente con la resistencia contra los impactos de la industria petrolera. En el momento de mayor auge económico petrolero y su crisis, se hace un esfuerzo por implantar localmente la enseñanza y la investigación de dichas disciplinas, a la vez que ofrecen un discurso alternativo de desarrollo endógeno. Posteriormente, a partir de mediados de la década de los noventa llama la atención que la planeación se realiza a escala macrorregional y los trabajos locales pasan de depender de proyectos institucionales a iniciativas personales de funcionarios locales que dan los espacios o promueven las investigaciones y las publicaciones.This article presents an overview and description of the development of the reflections on and diagnosis of social thought and social sciences on and from the state of Tabasco; and the conditions of the

  1. El marketing electoral en el ámbito local: el caso del municipio de Temamatla, Estado de México, 2012

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Esthela Benítez Garcés

    2015-07-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se examina la importancia de las estrategias de marketing electoral en la contienda por la Presidencia Municipal de Temamatla, Estado de México, en 2012. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo, en la primera parte de la investigación se analiza, en líneas generales, qué es la democracia, así como la importancia de los partidos políticos y de la publicidad electoral; en la segunda se es-tudia cómo las estrategias de mercadotecnia han adquirido relevancia en el ámbito comicial, y en la última se aborda específicamente cómo influyó la propaganda en las elecciones de 2012 en el muni-cipio mencionado / This work examines the importance of the electoral marketing strategies on the elections for Municipal President in Temamatla, State of Mexico in 2012. In order to reach this objective, the first part of the investigation analyzes, in general terms, what democracy is and the importance of the political parties and the electoral publicity. The second part presents the study on how the marketing strategies have become more relevant in the electoral sphere. Finally, the last part presents how the propaganda influenced the 2012 elections in this municipality.

  2. El marketing electoral en el ámbito local: el caso del municipio de Temamatla, Estado de México, 2012

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Esthela Benítez-Garcés

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se examina la importancia de las estrategias de marketing electoral en la contienda por la Presidencia Municipal de Temamatla, Estado de México, en 2012. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo, en la primera parte de la investigación se analiza, en líneas generales, qué es la democracia, así como la importancia de los partidos políticos y de la publicidad electoral; en la segunda se estudia cómo las estrategias de mercadotecnia han adquirido relevancia en el ámbito comicial, y en la última se aborda específicamente cómo influyó la propaganda en las elecciones de 2012 en el municipio mencionado. / This work examines the importance of the electoral marketing strategies on the elections for Municipal President in Temamatla, State of Mexico in 2012. In order to reach this objective, the first part of the investigation analyzes, in general terms, what democracy is and the importance of the political parties and the electoral publicity. The second part presents the study on how the marketing strategies have become more relevant in the electoral sphere. Finally, the last part presents how the propaganda influenced the 2012 elections in this municipality.

  3. El concepto de igualdad ante el mercado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    CARLOTA SOLÉ

    1996-01-01

    Full Text Available Después de examinar el concepto de igualdad desde el punto de vista sociólogico, en la realidad social del capitalismo avanzado y en el superado socialismo real, se analiza críticamente el papel del estado como mecanismo igualitario o redistribuidor (de rentas, de privilegios, de recursos, de habilidades, etc..

  4. A metric for quantifying El Niño pattern diversity with implications for ENSO-mean state interaction

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lemmon, Danielle E.; Karnauskas, Kristopher B.

    2018-04-01

    Recent research on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon increasingly reveals the highly complex and diverse nature of ENSO variability. A method of quantifying ENSO spatial pattern uniqueness and diversity is presented, which enables (1) formally distinguishing between unique and "canonical" El Niño events, (2) testing whether historical model simulations aptly capture ENSO diversity by comparing with instrumental observations, (3) projecting future ENSO diversity using future model simulations, (4) understanding the dynamics that give rise to ENSO diversity, and (5) analyzing the associated diversity of ENSO-related atmospheric teleconnection patterns. Here we develop a framework for measuring El Niño spatial SST pattern uniqueness and diversity for a given set of El Niño events using two indices, the El Niño Pattern Uniqueness (EPU) index and El Niño Pattern Diversity (EPD) index, respectively. By applying this framework to instrumental records, we independently confirm a recent regime shift in El Niño pattern diversity with an increase in unique El Niño event sea surface temperature patterns. However, the same regime shift is not observed in historical CMIP5 model simulations; moreover, a comparison between historical and future CMIP5 model scenarios shows no robust change in future ENSO diversity. Finally, we support recent work that asserts a link between the background cooling of the eastern tropical Pacific and changes in ENSO diversity. This robust link between an eastern Pacific cooling mode and ENSO diversity is observed not only in instrumental reconstructions and reanalysis, but also in historical and future CMIP5 model simulations.

  5. Discussion on several geological problems and uranium metallogeny on northern border of northern China block (platform)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chen Hong.

    1987-01-01

    According to the informations from the satellite image and the field investigation the following geological events on the northern border of the Northern China Block are recognized and confirmed, duch as suture zones between blocks, folding-reversed fault zones, back-arc collision zones (faulted zones), transitional zone between platform and geosyncline, magmatic are and the double sturcture composed of NNE trend magmatic active belt and fault-depression belts (basins) of Yenshan-Ximalaya age. On thsee bases the following problems, such as the unique structural environment of uranium mineralization related to abyssal magmatic rocks and Yenshan magmatic active zone (including volcanic belt) on the northern border of the Northern China Block, the metallogenetic modes for urnaium deposits of 'magmatic type' and 'neutralized surface type' in fault-depression zone and the classification of uranium metallogenetic belts and the criteria for such classification are studied and discussed. Several uranium deposits are given for illustrations

  6. Significant impacts of heterogeneous reactions on the chemical composition and mixing state of dust particles: A case study during dust events over northern China

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Zhe; Pan, Xiaole; Uno, Itsushi; Li, Jie; Wang, Zifa; Chen, Xueshun; Fu, Pingqing; Yang, Ting; Kobayashi, Hiroshi; Shimizu, Atsushi; Sugimoto, Nobuo; Yamamoto, Shigekazu

    2017-06-01

    The impact of heterogeneous reactions on the chemical components and mixing state of dust particles are investigated by observations and an air quality model over northern China between March 27, 2015 and April 2, 2015. Synergetic observations were conducted using a polarization optical particle counter (POPC), a depolarized two-wavelength Lidar and filter samples in Beijing. During this period, dust plume passed through Beijing on March 28, and flew back on March 29 because of synoptic weather changes. Mineral dust mixed with anthropogenic pollutants was simulated using the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System (NAQPMS) to examine the role of heterogeneous processes on the dust. A comparison of observations shows that the NAQPMS successfully reproduces the time series of the vertical profile, particulate matter concentration, and chemical components of fine mode (diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) and coarse mode (2.5 μm mixed with dust particles. The significant alterations of the chemical composition and mixing state of particles due to heterogeneous reactions are important for the direct and indirect climate effects of dust and anthropogenic aerosols.

  7. Los "intelectuales" y el Estado Novo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luís REIS TORGAL

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: El concepto de “intelectual” es difícil de definir y sin duda se debate constantemente. Sin embargo, es importante reflexionar sobre él a fin de comprender su significado y los problemas que implica. Sea como fuere, a un Estado autoritario “moderno” se le supone una única ideología que tiene que difundirse por medio de una propaganda bien organizada, proceso en el que los intelectuales desempeñan un papel significativo. El “Nuevo Estado” de Salazar encaja en esta categoría y sin duda el conocimiento acerca de sus “intelectuales” es fundamental. En este artículo, el objetivo es proporcionar algunos ejemplos interesantes de “intelectuales” o de simples “funcionarios políticos” con inclinación intelectual a fin de indicar el sentido y complejidad de un estudio con una dimensión distinta sobre este asunto. A este fin han sido seleccionadas tres personalidades responsables de la actividad ideológica y cultural de gran relieve en el Estado de Salazar: António Ferro, João Ameal y Costa Brochado. Palabras clave: Estado Novo; Authotitarianism; Salazar, António de Oliveira; Intellectuals; Ferro, António; Brochado, Idalino da Costa; Ameal, João. ABSTRACT: The concept of the “intellectual” is difficult to define and undoubtedly constantly debated. It is nevertheless important to reflect on it in order to understand its meaning and the problems involved with it. Be that as it may, a “modern” authoritarian State presumes a single ideology which has to be diffused by means of well-organised propaganda, in which process “intellectuals” play a significant role. Salazar’s “New State” fits this category and, undoubtedly, knowledge about its “intellectuals” is fundamental. The objective in this article is to provide some interesting examples of “intellectuals” or simple “political functionar- ies” with an intellectual bent so as to indicate the sense and complexity of a study of a

  8. Seasonal cycle of hydrography in the Bab el Mandab region, southern Red Sea

    Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

    Saafani, M.A.A.; Shenoi, S.S.C.

    and less than 26 m deep, whereas the large strait on the west of Myyun is about 18 km wide and 300 m deep. The Strait of Bab el Mandab con- nects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden in the south. Consistent northwesterly winds blow over the Red Sea except....0 psu) con nes to the top 20 m layer. The cooler inflow is fresher (19.0 C, 36.0 psu) and is from GA. The deeper high saline water has its origin in the northern Red Sea (Maillard 1974; Murray et al 1984; Cember 1988). Keywords. Hydrography; Gulf of Aden...

  9. Aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con el tipo de lactancia durante el primer año de vida

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Orlando Díaz Tabares

    2001-08-01

    Full Text Available Resumen Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 101 niños nacidos en 1998, para determinar la relación de algunas variables epidemiológicas, con el tipo de lactancia que reciben hasta el año de edad en el área de salud de San Cristóbal. Las variables se precisaron entrevistando a las madres cuando cumplieron el año de parida. Se comprobó que la práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva y complementada es baja. Las desviaciones en el estado nutricional estuvieron relacionadas con el abandono de la lactancia materna de manera significativa. La infección respiratoria alta aguda (IRAA fue la entidad más padecida por los lactantes, presentándose incluso cuando el niño recibía lactancia materna exclusiva. La hipogalactia o la agalactia fue el motivo predominante para destetar. El 32,6 % de las madres dijo no haber sido informada sobre el tema, y entre las que sí lo fueron, refirieron al consultorio como el lugar de mayor participación.Summary A descriptive study was conducted with 101 children that were born in 1998 to determine the relation of some epidemiological variables with the type of breast feeding they receive up to the first year of life in the health area of San Cristóbal. The variables were determined by interviewing their mothers a year after delivery. It was proved that the practice of exclusive and complemented breast feeding is low. The deviations in the nutritional state were related to the significant abandonment of breast feeding. The acute upper respiratory infection (AURI was the most common entity among infants. It was observed even when the child recieved exclusive breast feeding. Hypogalactia or agalactia were the main causes of weaning. 32.6 % of the mothers said that they had not been informed about the topic and, among those who had, they referred to the family physician’s office as the place of highest participation.

  10. EL TIEMPO

    OpenAIRE

    Jaramillo Ochoa, Jaramillo

    2009-01-01

    El tiempo es el aliado misterioso que nos envuelve y nos transporta, nos permite ser viajeros de nuestro propio tren sin reglas. Cómo saber qué tiempo tomar... Cómo saber qué tiempo ceder... Cómo saber cuando el tiempo es correcto... Es silencioso, es voraz, es traicionero, el peor de los enemigos: el tiempo no perdona. Cómo saber si el tiempo se detiene.

  11. Parameter sensitivity and identifiability for a biogeochemical model of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico

    Science.gov (United States)

    Local sensitivity analyses and identifiable parameter subsets were used to describe numerical constraints of a hypoxia model for bottom waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The sensitivity of state variables differed considerably with parameter changes, although most variables ...

  12. Estado de salud bucal: su relación con el estado nutricional en niños de 2 a 5 años Oral health status: its relation to the nutritional state in children aged 2-5

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Elena Quiñones Ybarría

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: describir la relación existente entre el estado de salud bucal y el estado nutricional en niños de 2 a 5 años de edad. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio analítico del tipo de casos y testigos en el municipio Bauta, provincia La Habana, en el período comprendido de junio del 2005 hasta junio del 2006. El universo de estudio estuvo integrado por 2408 niños comprendidos entre las edades de 2 a 5 años, del cual se extrajo una muestra de 400 niños. Se utilizaron las variables: estado de salud bucal, estado nutricional, presencia de caries, maloclusiones y gingivitis. Para las variables cuya asociación resultó ser significativa, se obtuvo el Odds Ratio, siempre que fue posible, para identificar el aumento o la disminución de la probabilidad de adolecer de mala salud bucal en presencia del factor de riesgo considerado. RESULTADOS: el 9,5 % de los niños malnutridos por defecto mostraron afectado el estado de salud bucal, 28,0 % de niños con déficit pondo-estatural presentaron caries, 52,0 % de estos, gingivitis y el 60,0% maloclusión. CONCLUSIONES: el déficit pondo-estatural incrementó la prevalencia de las afecciones bucales estudiadas. El Estado de salud bucal estuvo asociado significativamente al Estado nutricionalOBJECTIVE: to describe the relationship existing between the oral health status and the nutritional state of children aged 2-5. METHODS: an analytical case-control study was conducted in Bauta municipality, Havana, from June 2005 to June 2006. The universe was composed of 2 408 children aged 2-5. A sample of 400 children was taken from it. The following variables were used: oral health status, nutritional state, presence of caries, malocclusions and gingivitis. The odds ratio was obtained whenever it was possible for those variables whose association proved to be significant in order to identify the increase or reduction of the probability of having a poor oral health in the presence of the risk factor considered

  13. El lenguaje humano no opera como ponemos a conversar a los animales en las fábulas. Una reflexión sobre el lenguajear, el conversar, el dialogar, el informar y el comunicar

    OpenAIRE

    Palacio, Carlos Alberto

    2011-01-01

    El presente artículo hace una descripción reflexiva del lenguajear, el conversar, el dialogar, el comunicar y el informar, desde una perspectiva que comprende a los seres humanos siendo biológicos, culturales, y toda dimensión generada con el vivir, ciento por ciento cada una, a cada instante, sin primacía de lo biológico sobre lo cultural u otras dimensiones, ni viceversa, sencillamente porque la relación entre los dominios biológico, sicológico, social, espiritual y demás, no es antagónica ...

  14. Fish larvae and juveniles checklist (Pisces from the northern Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, with 39 new records for the region Listado de larvas y juveniles de peces del norte de la península de Yucatán, México, con 39 nuevos registros para la región

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Víctor García-Hernández

    2009-04-01

    Full Text Available A taxonomic checklist for fish larvae and juveniles occurring at Yalahau (June 2001-May 2002, Celestún (July 1994-June 1995, Chelem (July 1999-June 2000 and Río Lagartos (November 1996- October 1997 lagoons located in the northern part of the Yucatán Peninsula is presented. Sampling was carried out for 5 minutes using a zooplankton net for larvae, while a Renfro net was hauled for 50 m2 to capture juveniles. This work aims to provide the current state of the taxonomic composition and general distribution for 34 377 fish larvae and juveniles. Our samples represent 2 classes, 17 orders, 45 families, 83 genera and 117 species were caught, including 39 new records, where 24 have been found only in the Gulf of Mexico, 3 in the Caribbean Sea, and 90 are common to both regions. This study updates and increases the number of species in larval and juvenile stages previously reported. It was found that early reef larval stages were more abundant towards the East of the Yucatán Peninsula and less to the West. The high number of shared species (90 suggests that the northern region of the Yucatán Peninsula is a transition zone for fish larvae and juveniles between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.Se presenta un listado taxonómico de larvas y juveniles de peces de las lagunas de Yalahau (junio 2001-may 2002, Celestún (julio 1994-junio 1995, Chelem (julio 1999-junio 2000 y Río Lagartos (noviembre1996- octubre 1997 del norte de la península de Yucatán. Se actualiza e incrementa el registro en el número de especies del lugar reportado en estudios previos y se hacen observaciones sobre la distribución general de las larvas y juveniles de peces del área. Los muestreos se realizaron durante 5 minutos con una red de zooplancton para las larvas de peces y una red Renfro para los juveniles cubriendo un área de 50 m2. Se registraron 2 clases, 17 órdenes, 45 familias, 83 géneros y 117 especies, incluyendo a 39 nuevos registros, y de las cuales 24

  15. El papel del gobierno en el desarrollo económico The role of government in economic development

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    Stiglitz Joseph E.

    1999-06-01

    Full Text Available Este articulo trata de responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿cuales han sido los efectos de la planeacion del desarrollo sobre las transformaciones economicas y sociales de los ultimos treinta años? De acuerdo con el autor, la principal concecuencia de las transformaciones mas recientes es la reconsideracion del papel del Estado y la superacion de esquemas extremos que sostienen que la actividad economica debe ejecutarse exclusivamente a la interaccion de las fuerzas del mercado eliminando la intervencion del Estado o al, contrario, que el control supremo de la economia debe ser ejercido por el Estado. Y propone una nueva perspectiva, en la que el gobierno y los mercados son complementarios y no excluyentes. A partir de las exitosas experiencias de desarrollo en los Estados Unidos y el Este Asiatico, concluye que el gobierno ha desempeñado y debe seguir desempeñando varias funciones esenciales: promocion de la educacion, fomento a la tecnologia, apoyo al sector financiero, inversion en infraestructura, control ambiental y mantenimiento de la red de seguridad social, y que puede y debe emprender acciones que promuevan la equidad y alivien la pobreza.This article tries to answer the following question: What have been the effects of development planning on the economic and social transformations of the last thirty years? According to the author, the main consequence of the most recent transformations is reconsideration of the role of the State and overcoming extreme formulas which claim that economic
    activity should be left exclusively to the interaction of market forces, eliminating the intervention of the State, or to the contrary, that supreme control of the economy should be exercised by the Sta te. It propases a new perspective, in which the government and markets are complementary rather than exclusive. Based on the successful development
    experiences of the United Sta tes and East Asia, it concludes
    that the government has

  16. La gobernanza emocional en el capitalismo avanzado. Entre el nihilismo emotivista y el neocomunitarismo adaptativo

    OpenAIRE

    Rendueles, César

    2018-01-01

    Desde sus orígenes históricos, el capitalismo ha desarrollado una cultura emocional crecientemente compleja y conflictiva que ha culminado en el individualismo expresivo característico de la globalización neoliberal. El postfordismo ha implementado intensas formas de autoexamen emocional y cultivo del deseo para superar la contradicción tradicional entre el ascetismo calvinista propio del mundo del trabajo y el hedonismo consumista. El resultado debería haber sido una “democracia de las emoci...

  17. El rol del Estado en el Derecho Internacional Privado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ruben B. Santos Belandro

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Contenido: Introducción. El Estado como instrumento de la racionalidad jurídica. Primer contragolpe en favor de la restauración de los valores irreflexivos: Savigny. La racionalidad jurídica al servicio del Estado: el neo-territorialismo rioplatense. Segundo contragolpe contra el racionalismo formal: el materialismo de Quintín Alfonsín. El reconocimiento de otras formas de racionalidad descartan al Estado como el único intérprete. ¿Y el futuro?

  18. Las semillas del imperialismo agrícola estadounidense en el Ecuador

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nicolás Cuvi

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available El artículo analiza la manera cómo, mediante emprésitos, asistencia técnica y el establecimiento de estaciones experimentales agrícolas en la región andina, los Estados Unidos desarrollaron una política imperial de planificación y dirección del desarrollo agrícola de vastas zonas de América Latina. En relación al caso ecuatoriano, el estudio centra su atención en las políticas implementadas por el United States Department of Agriculture, a partir de 1890, y la creación de la Estación Experimental Ecuatoriana como mecanismo para la explotación de la quina y el caucho en el marco de la obtención de recursos y materiales estratégicos para la guerra.

  19. Identidad y política en el nuevo movimiento mapuche

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tito Tricot

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available La relación entre el Estado chileno y el pueblo mapuche es determinada por el poder, y es precisamente dicho poder – detentado por el Estado y toda su institucionalidad – el que da forma a una relación histórica asimétrica caracterizada por la dominación y la resistencia: dos caras de la misma moneda. En las últimas tres décadas, el modelo de desarrollo neoliberal dominante ha acentuado la exclusión, la discriminación y la marginalización del pueblo mapuche. Asimismo, la “democracia” actual ha recurrido a legislación de la época dictatorial para reprimir y criminalizar al nuevo movimiento mapuche que reivindica sus derechos colectivos como pueblo. Dicho movimiento plantea la reconstrucción del Mundo y País Mapuche donde el componente identitario posee una clara centralidad, no solo de afirmación individual y colectiva, sino que también política. Es en este marco que intentaremos explorar la relación entre identidad mapuche y política. Para ello se hace necesario examinar algunos elementos contextuales, así como también conceptuales, que puedan contribuir a entender la situación actual del movimiento mapuche y, particularmente, el componente identitario de sus demandas. Desde allí, podemos abordar la relación histórica entre el Estado chileno y el pueblo mapuche y, finalmente, el movimiento mapuche y la identidad._______________________ABSTRACT:The relationship between the Chilean State and the Mapuche People is determined by power and it is precisely this power – held by the State and all its institutions – which has shaped a historically asymmetrical relationship, characterised by domination and resistance: two sides of the same coin. In the last three decades, the neoliberal model of development has accentuated the exclusion, discrimination and marginalization of the Mapuche people. Also, the current “democratic” governments have resorted to legislation from the dictatorship era to repress the new

  20. Trace Element Geochemistry of Magnetite and Accesory Phases from El Romeral Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposit, Northern Chile

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barra, F.; Rojas, P.; Reich, M.; Deditius, A.; Simon, A. C.

    2017-12-01

    Iron oxide-apatite (IOA) or "Kiruna-type" deposits are an important source of Fe, P, REE, among other essential elements for society. Three main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the genesis of these controversial deposits, which invoke liquid immiscibility, hydrothermal replacement or a magmatic-hydrothermal origin driven by flotation of magnetite-bubble pairs. Here we focus on the El Romeral, one of the largest IOA deposits located in the southernmost part of the Cretaceous Chilean Iron Belt. We combined SEM observations and EMPA analyses of magnetite, actinolite, pyrite, and apatite, with micro-Raman determinations of mineral inclusions within magnetite grains. Two textural types of magnetite were identified at El Romeral: (i) inclusion-rich magnetite (Mag I), and (ii) inclusion-poor magnetite (Mag II) that are commonly surrounding the inclusion-rich Mag I grains. Mag I is characterized by high V ( 2500-2800 ppm) and Ti (300-1000 ppm) contents with high-temperature mineral inclusions such as ilmenite, Ti-pargasite and clinochlore at depth, and quartz and phlogopite inclusions in shallower samples. These characteristics are consistent with a magmatic origin for Mag I. Inclusion-poor magnetite (Mag II) have high V (2400-2600 ppm) and lower Ti (70-200 ppm) contents than Mag I, which point to chemical changes of the mineralizing fluid(s). An increase in thermal gradient with depth is evidenced by the presence of high-temperature (low #Fe) actinolite, as well as F-rich apatite and pyrite with high Co:Ni (>1) in the deep zones. In contrast, lower Co:Ni ratios (<0.5) in pyrite and higher Cl contents in OH-rich apatite are detected in samples from shallower levels. This vertical chemical variation supports a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the El Romeral deposit, and point to compositional changes driven by decompression of a magnetite-fluid suspension.

  1. Using data assimilation to study extratropical Northern Hemisphere climate over the last millennium

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    M. Widmann

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available Climate proxy data provide noisy, and spatially incomplete information on some aspects of past climate states, whereas palaeosimulations with climate models provide global, multi-variable states, which may however differ from the true states due to unpredictable internal variability not related to climate forcings, as well as due to model deficiencies. Using data assimilation for combining the empirical information from proxy data with the physical understanding of the climate system represented by the equations in a climate model is in principle a promising way to obtain better estimates for the climate of the past.

    Data assimilation has been used for a long time in weather forecasting and atmospheric analyses to control the states in atmospheric General Circulation Models such that they are in agreement with observation from surface, upper air, and satellite measurements. Here we discuss the similarities and the differences between the data assimilation problem in palaeoclimatology and in weather forecasting, and present and conceptually compare three data assimilation methods that have been developed in recent years for applications in palaeoclimatology. All three methods (selection of ensemble members, Forcing Singular Vectors, and Pattern Nudging are illustrated by examples that are related to climate variability over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere during the last millennium. In particular it is shown that all three methods suggest that the cold period over Scandinavia during 1790–1820 is linked to anomalous northerly or easterly atmospheric flow, which in turn is related to a pressure anomaly that resembles a negative state of the Northern Annular Mode.

  2. Northern pipelines : backgrounder

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2002-04-01

    Most analysts agree that demand for natural gas in North America will continue to grow. Favourable market conditions created by rising demand and declining production have sparked renewed interest in northern natural gas development. The 2002 Annual Energy Outlook forecasted U.S. consumption to increase at an annual average rate of 2 per cent from 22.8 trillion cubic feet to 33.8 TCF by 2020, mostly due to rapid growth in demand for electric power generation. Natural gas prices are also expected to increase at an annual average rate of 1.6 per cent, reaching $3.26 per thousand cubic feet in 2020. There are currently 3 proposals for pipelines to move northern gas to US markets. They include a stand-alone Mackenzie Delta Project, the Alaska Highway Pipeline Project, and an offshore route that would combine Alaskan and Canadian gas in a pipeline across the floor of the Beaufort Sea. Current market conditions and demand suggest that the projects are not mutually exclusive, but complimentary. The factors that differentiate northern pipeline proposals are reserves, preparedness for market, costs, engineering, and environmental differences. Canada has affirmed its role to provide the regulatory and fiscal certainty needed by industry to make investment decisions. The Government of the Yukon does not believe that the Alaska Highway Project will shut in Mackenzie Delta gas, but will instead pave the way for development of a new northern natural gas industry. The Alaska Highway Pipeline Project will bring significant benefits for the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and the rest of Canada. Unresolved land claims are one of the challenges that has to be addressed for both Yukon and the Northwest Territories, as the proposed Alaska Highway Pipeline will travel through traditional territories of several Yukon first Nations. 1 tab., 4 figs

  3. Una fosa común en el interior de Argentina: el Cementerio de San Vicente

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    Darío Olmo

    2009-04-01

    Full Text Available ResumenLa Antropología Forense ha tenido un papel fundamental en las investigaciones sobre el terrorismode estado en Argentina durante el último siglo, y todavía lo tiene: La exhumación de los cadáveres noidentificados enterrados en fosas comunes y tumbas individuales y el análisis de los restos recuperadospara su identificación y determinación de la causa de muerte. En el caso aquí descrito, las técnicasforenses y arqueológicas son esenciales para la localización de las fosas comunes en San Vicente,Córdoba, distinguiendo entre los desaparecidos y otros muertos allí enterrados, la determinación de laidentidad y la reconstrucción de la forma en que fueron asesinados.AbstractForensic anthropology had a fundamental role to play in the process of investigations about StateTerrorism in Argentina during the last century, and still does: that of exhuming the unidentified bodiesstill buried in common and individual graves and of analyzing the recovered remains towards theiridentification and determination of the cause of death. In the case described here, forensicanthropological and archaeological skills were essential in locating the mass graves at San Vicente,Córdoba, distinguishing among disappeared and non-disappeared dead, determining identity, andreconstructing the manner in which the disappeared were killed.

  4. Puente Kohlbrand Sobre el Elba Hamburgo -Alemania Federal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Schwab, Rudolf

    1976-02-01

    Full Text Available The suspension bridge, in the port of Hamburg, is one of the most important engineering works in northern Germany. The work is divided into three sectors: 1 The eastern accommodation ramp, 2,410 m long. 2 The bridge across the river bed, 520 m long. 3 The western accommodation ramp, -,050 meters. The bridge is 17.60 m wide and has four traffic lanes. Sectors 1 and 3 were solved by means of prestressed concrete superstructures, with one or two cell box girders. Sector 2 has a 325 m span between the two piers and a 54 m high and 150 m ship passage. The central piers that rise 130 m above the ground consist of a base of reinforced concrete and a 98 m high metallic part, formed by a box of bolted and subsequently welded beams. In the upper part of this last part are the connections for the suspension cables for the overhanging part of the bridge. The construction works were carried out beginning with sectors 1 and 3 on both sides of the river simultaneously. Once these were completed and the piers were raised, the work.El puente elevado de Kohlbrand, en el puerto de Hamburgo, es una de las obras de ingeniería más importantes de la parte norte de Alemania. La obra se divide en tres sectores: 1° La rampa este de acceso, de 2.410 m. 2° El puente sobre el cauce del río, de 520 m. 3° La rampa oeste de acceso, de 1.050 m. El puente tiene 17,60 m de anchura y cuatro carriles. Los sectores 1.» y 3.° se resolvieron mediante superestructuras de hormigón pretensado, con vigas cajón de una o dos células. El sector 2.° posee una luz de 325 m entre las dos pilas principales, y una altura útil de paso sobre el nivel del agua de 54 m en un ancho de 150 m. Las pilas centrales, de 130 m de altura sobre la cota del terreno, se hallan constituidas por una base de hormigón armado y una parte metálica de 98 m de altura, formada por un cajón de vigas atornilladas y posteriormente soldadas. En la parte superior de esta última se

  5. Evolución sedimentaria y paleogeográfica durante el Mioceno superior en el borde Norte de la Cuenca de Guadix, Cordillera Bética Central

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Soria Mingorance, J. M.

    1994-04-01

    Full Text Available The sequence stratigraphy of the upper Miocene in the northern border of the Guadix basin allows to separate four depositional sequences. These records succesive sedimentary and paleogeographic episodes in the evolution of the studied area. The first depositional sequence (lower and upper Tortonian. pro parte represent the shelf and slope marine sedimentation on the southern edge of the North-betic Strait. The two following sequences (upper Tortonian. with plattform and pelagic basin environments. are deposited within the marine Guadix basin. The last sequence (upper Turolian-Ventian is recorded by alluvial deposits after the continentalization of the Guadix basin.La aplicación de la estratigrafía secuencial al registro estratigráfico del Mioceno superior en el borde Norte de la Cuenca de Guadix ha permitido separar cuatro secuencias deposicionales. Estas representan sucesivos momentos en la evolución sedimentaria y paleogeográfica del área estudiada. La primera secuencia deposicional (Tortoniense inferior y superior pro parte representa la sedimentación en el margen meridional del Estrecho Norbético. en condiciones de plataforma marina y de talud. Las dos siguientes (Tortoniense superior se depositaron en el ámbito de la Cuenca de Guadix. con ambientes marinos de plataforma somera y de cuenca pelágica. La cuarta y última (Turoliense superior-Ventiense se depositó tras la retirada del mar de la Cuenca de Guadix. con depósitos continentales aluviales s./.

  6. الأثر القرآني والديني في ديوان السيد محمد مهدي بحر العلوم Al Athar Alkorani Wa Aldini Fi Diwan Alsaid Mohammed Mahdi Bahar Alolom

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dr. Maytham Qais Mutlaq م.د. ميثم قيس مطلك

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available The city of Najaf, one of the Islamic metropolises known scientific, literary and intellectual Bnhitha, has occupied the leading position in those fields, I took masses of students oF science brings together elements from different races and. In addition it emerged where many scientific and literary figures that recorded a significant presence, not only in Najaf, but extended its impact to other parts, and picked up their names Olson Scientific and Cultural Organization. When remember Najaf little scientific and cultural prosperity, and when little scientists referred to them stigmatized. In a decade of demonstrated to the viewer and the listener aware of their flags extraordinary, but reference from references bones, known as the scientific, cultural and literary biography, namely Mr. Mohammed Mahdi Bahr al-Ulum. It -Ma- liver from the livers of the scientific community, OvzAvmaz of its men, as long as I knew the family (Al Bahr al-Ulum scientific Bntegha abundant, and servicing of the debt and service fields of knowledge is incalculable. Mr. Mohammed Mahdi Bahr al-Ulum along with his knowledge of religious sciences also found those who fought the midst of hair, and maturities in which his mind, and the systems in which the systems. The fight in poetry and pathos to say it is reminiscent of the famous proverb poet Farazdaq: (gouge sprocket lesser of the writing of one house of the hair. If the leadership of reference and take science seminary stood beside her hair culture, flow of that poetry of Mr. Bahr al-Ulum, Juma Mr. (Mohammed Sadeq al-Ulum, and got up to achieve all of (Mohammed JawadFakhruddin and (Haider Shaker grandfather. This Court, which came in two parts: the first contains two poems in the right AhlulBayt (peace be upon them, and II took his poems on several occasions. And the search for the specificities biography of literary and operated from an artistic and creative phenomena search long to say it, are flocking views it; so

  7. El dispositivo de subjetivación escolar: el poder, el saber, el deseo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica Zuleta P

    1995-04-01

    Full Text Available Este ensayo propone una mirada que busca abrir nuevos caminos para el desarrollode investigaciones sobre violencia. Esta mirada está inscrita dentro de un marco orientado por opciones teóricas en las que se describe la manera como los sujetos y los objetos se dan forma en el juego de la relación de líneas de fuerzas referidas al poder, al saber y al deseo, líneas que generan dispositivos de subjetivación. Desde esta perspectiva, no existe un sujeto que ya constituído, voluntariamente pretenda orientar su acción para el logro de determinados fines del objeto, sino, por el contrario, son las fuerzas las que conforman tanto a los sujetos como a los objetos, al originar códigos variables, que dependen de la dirección que imprima la interacción de las fuerzas. La escuela, como espacio en el que confluyen todas las fuerzas en su movimiento constante, constituye subjetividades, atrapadas en dispositivos de poder con propósitos diferentes; pero también posibilita fugas a los códigos. Es en este espacio móvil del código y de la fuga, donde proponemos situar la disposición para la violencia.

  8. TOPEX/El Nino Watch - Satellite shows El Nino-related Sea Surface Height, Mar, 14, 1998

    Science.gov (United States)

    1998-01-01

    This image of the Pacific Ocean was produced using sea surface height measurements taken by the U.S.-French TOPEX/Poseidon satellite. The image shows sea surface height relative to normal ocean conditions on Mar. 14, 1998 and sea surface height is an indicator of the heat content of the ocean. The image shows that the sea surface height along the central equatorial Pacific has returned to a near normal state. Oceanographers indicate this is a classic pattern, typical of a mature El Nino condition. Remnants of the El Nino warm water pool, shown in red and white, are situated to the north and south of the equator. These sea surface height measurements have provided scientists with a detailed view of how the 1997-98 El Nino's warm pool behaves because the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite measures the changing sea surface height with unprecedented precision. In this image, the white and red areas indicate unusual patterns of heat storage; in the white areas, the sea surface is between 14 and 32 centimeters (6 to 13 inches) above normal; in the red areas, it's about 10 centimeters (4 inches) above normal. The green areas indicate normal conditions, while purple (the western Pacific) means at least 18 centimeters (7 inches) below normal sea level. The El Nino phenomenon is thought to be triggered when the steady westward blowing trade winds weaken and even reverse direction. This change in the winds allows a large mass of warm water (the red and white area) that is normally located near Australia to move eastward along the equator until it reaches the coast of South America. The displacement of so much warm water affects evaporation, where rain clouds form and, consequently, alters the typical atmospheric jet stream patterns around the world. Using satellite imagery, buoy and ship data, and a forecasting model of the ocean-atmosphere system, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (NOAA), has continued to issue an advisory indicating the so-called El Nino weather

  9. Fires, A Joint Professional Bulletin for US Field & Air Defense Artillerymen. July-August 07

    Science.gov (United States)

    2007-08-01

    Zafaraniya area of southeast Baghdad in the Karada Security District. (Photo by SSgt Bronco Suzuki, USAF) The Fires staff wishes to thank RCW...not “cut and run.” External Support. The UN was suc- cessful in stabilizing El Salvador after an exceptionally bloody civil war, in large part by...involving neighboring states that were desperate to keep the conflict from spilling over El Salvador’s borders onto their soil. A family in Northern

  10. EL MATRIMONIO ENTRE EL WORKFARE Y EL PRISONFARE EN EL SIGLO XXI

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Loïc Wacquant

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo explica cómo y por qué la prisión ha vuelto a estar en el primer plano institucional de las sociedades avanzadas, cuando cuatro décadas atrás los analistas de la escena penal estaban convencidos que había ingresado a una declinación irremediable. Basándome en mi libro Castigar a los Pobres. El gobierno neoliberal de la inseguridad social argumento que (1 la expansión y glorificación de la policía, las cortes, y la penitenciaría son una respuesta no a tendencias criminales sino a una difusa inseguridad social; que (2 necesitamos reconectar políticas sociales y penales y tratarlas como dos modalidades de política de la pobreza para asir las nuevas políticas de marginalidad urbana; y que (3 el despliegue simultáneo y convergente del “workfare” restrictivo y el “prisonfare”[i] expansivo participan del forjamiento del Estado neoliberal. Luego de señalar diferencias claves entre los caminos Norteamericano y Europeo hacia la penalización de la pobreza, adapto el concepto bourdieano de “campo burocrático” para capturar la importación simbólica del castigo como medio de producción de la realidad y subrayo la naturaleza contingente de la resurgencia penal, en contra de las teorías conspirativas y la visión funcionalista compartida por los analistas marxistas y foucaltianos [i] El concepto refiere al conjunto de políticas que responden a los problemas sociales con medidas punitivas que involucran la policía, los tribunales, las cárceles y sus extensiones.

  11. El latín en el Perú colonial y el doble carácter del lenguaje

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Carlos Ballón

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available El Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y el Grupo Editorial Pakarina publicaron recientemente el libro de Ángela Helmer: El latín en el Perú colonial. Diglosia e historia de una lengua viva2. La autora es doctorada en literatura y lenguas hispánicas con especialización en lingüística por la Universidad de California. El presente libro aborda el estudio de la situación lingüística establecida en el Perú durante el período de la llamada estabiliza- ción colonial y sugiere un conjunto de contribuciones interesantes para enten- der nuestra historia. A continuación comentaremos, en esta nota, algunos de los aspectos tratados en el libro.

  12. EL CAPITAL SOCIAL: UN PARADIGMA EN EL ACTUAL DEBATE SOBRE EL DESARROLLO. TENDENCIAS Y PROBLEMAS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Laura Mota Díaz

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente ensayo hace referencia al concepto de capital social como un paradigma que se ha ido rescatando y reformulando en la reciente discusión sobre el desarrollo y que está siendo impulsado por diversos organismos internacionales como el Banco Mundial, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y la CEPAL, entre otros, con el objetivo de producir efectos en la reducción de la pobreza y desigualdad, con miras a lograr la equidad y democracia que se constituyen como factores indispensables para los actuales procesos de internacionalización económica. Se reflexiona sobre las principales tendencias de la creación, promoción y uso de capital social como elemento importante para el desarrollo y se mencionan algunos de los problemas que pueden impedir que dicho capital sea funcional en ciertos contextos.

  13. Costo de la atención materno infantil en el Estado de Morelos, México Cost of mother-child care in Morelos State

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado

    2004-08-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Comparar el costo actual de servicios de salud materno infantiles (modelo actual con el costo hipotético de su provisión bajo estándares definidos por el Paquete Madre Bebé, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio piloto de caso, de corte transversal, en septiembre de 2001, en establecimientos de salud de la Jurisdicción Sanitaria III de los Servicios de Salud del Estado de Morelos, México. Se eligieron para el estudio dos centros de salud rurales, un centro de salud urbano y un hospital general de la Secretaría de Salud. Se calculó el costo total y por intervención del modelo actual y del modelo Paquete Madre Bebé, usando el Modelo de estimación de costos de este Paquete. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que el costo total del Paquete Madre Bebé es dos veces mayor que el costo del modelo actual. De las 18 intervenciones evaluadas, la atención prenatal y el parto normal consumen la mayor proporción de los costos totales. Los costos de personal representan más de la mitad de los costos totales. CONCLUSIONES: El Modelo de estimación de costos es una herramienta práctica para la estimación y comparación de costos, y es útil para guiar la distribución de recursos financieros destinados a la atención materno infantil. Sin embargo, su aplicación es de limitada utilidad si su adaptación no responde a las características de cada sistema de atención.OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost of maternal and child health care (current model to that of the WHO Mother-Baby Package if it were implemented. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A pilot cross-sectional case study was conducted in September 2001 in Sanitary District No. III, Morelos State, Mexico. Two rural health centers, an urban health center, and a general hospital, all managed by the Ministry of Health, were selected for the study. The Mother-Baby Package Costing Spreadsheet was used to estimate the total cost and cost per intervention for the

  14. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Rainfall Distribution in Kaduna State ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    USER

    rainfall in Kaduna State, along a geographic transect, from the Southern to the Northern ... Kaduna State lies within the Guinea Savanna Ecological Zone with the .... was then used to compare the means of the sub-periods with the mean of the ...

  15. El periodista y el verbo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hernán Rodríguez Castelo

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Presente, antepretérito de subjuntivo, antepospretérito de indicativo, imperativo, ¿potencial?, son algunos de los tiempos y modos verbales del castellano, con los cuales se han dicho en nuestra lengua todas las acciones, "desde el Quijote hasta las más briosas, aventuras de ciencia ficción", ¿Conoce, el periodista, esta rica gama verbal? ¿Cómo manejar los dieciséis tiempos verbales adecuadamente? En el siguiente texto, algunas pistas al respecto.

  16. El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, tratado axiológico para el profesional de la salud El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, an axiological treatise for health professionals

    OpenAIRE

    Yunexis Teresa Nobalbo Aguilera; Maritza Yuliet Téllez Cabrera; Yohaysa Pérez Alfonso

    2011-01-01

    El estudio del El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, de Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, tiene una gran importancia para el análisis de la concepción del hombre nuevo. En este trabajo se brinda una nueva visión desde un enfoque axiológico. Asimismo, se divulga el sistema de valores presentes en la obra que contribuyen a la formación del profesional de la salud, a partir de la figura del Che.The study of El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (Socialism and man in Cuba) of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna is o...

  17. Regional homogeneity and resting state functional connectivity: associations with exposure to early life stress.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Philip, Noah S; Kuras, Yuliya I; Valentine, Thomas R; Sweet, Lawrence H; Tyrka, Audrey R; Price, Lawrence H; Carpenter, Linda L

    2013-12-30

    Early life stress (ELS) confers risk for psychiatric illness. Previous literature suggests ELS is associated with decreased resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) in adulthood, but there are no studies of resting-state neuronal activity in this population. This study investigated whether ELS-exposed individuals demonstrate resting-state activity patterns similar to those found in PTSD. Twenty-seven adults (14 with at least moderate ELS), who were medication-free and without psychiatric or medical illness, underwent MRI scans during two 4-minute rest periods. Resting-state activity was examined using regional homogeneity (ReHo), which estimates regional activation patterns through indices of localized concordance. ReHo values were compared between groups, followed by rs-FC analyses utilizing ReHo-localized areas as seeds to identify other involved regions. Relative to controls, ELS subjects demonstrated diminished ReHo in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and superior temporal gyrus (STG). ReHo values were inversely correlated with ELS severity. Secondary analyses revealed decreased rs-FC between the IPL and right precuneus/posterior cingulate, left fusiform gyrus, cerebellum and caudate in ELS subjects. These findings indicate that ELS is associated with altered resting-state activity and connectivity in brain regions involved in trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether these associations represent potential imaging biomarkers of stress exposure. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

  18. El emprendizaje en el sector del ocio

    OpenAIRE

    Arco Juan, Francisco Javier del

    2014-01-01

    El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una experiencia de emprendizaje llevado a cabo con los estudiantes del grado de Actividad Física y Deporte en la Especialidad de Gestión Deportiva. En dicha experiencia se pretende dotar y, sobre todo, desarrollar las competencias y habilidades propias del emprendedor, siendo el Plan de Negocio uno de los elementos clave para el desarrollo de este tipo de competencias y habilidades. El Business Plan sirve al estudiante como instrumento ...

  19. Nutrients distribution and trophic status assessment in the northern Beibu Gulf, China

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lai, Junxiang; Jiang, Fajun; Ke, Ke; Xu, Mingben; Lei, Fu; Chen, Bo

    2014-09-01

    Using historical and 2010 field data, the distribution of nutrients in the northern Beibu Gulf of China is described. There was a decreasing trend in the concentration of nutrients from the north coast to offshore waters of the northern Beibu Gulf, reflecting the influence of inputs from land-based sources. High concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate (PO4-P) occurred mainly at Fangchenggang Bay, Qinzhou Bay, and Lianzhou Bay. Four different methods were used to assess eutrophication. The trophic status of the Beibu Gulf was characterized using the single factor, Eutrophication index (EI), Trophic index (TRIX) and Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) methods. Based on nutrient concentrations, 73.9% of DIN and 26.7% of PO4-P samples exceeded the fourth grade Seawater Quality Standard of China. Eutrophication index values varied widely, but higher levels of eutrophication were generally found in bays and estuaries. TRIX values ranged from 2.61 to 7.27, with an average of 4.98, indicating a mesotrophic and moderately productive system. A positive correlation between TRIX and harmful algal species richness and abundance was observed. The ASSETS model evaluates eutrophication status based on a Pressure-State-Response approach, including three main indices: influencing factors, overall eutrophic condition, and future outlook. The Beibu Gulf was graded as moderate using ASSETS. The single factor and Chinese nutrient index methods were considered inadequate for the assessment of trophic status. TRIX can be used as an indicator of trophic state and ASSETS showed good potential to assess eutrophication. The results of TRIX and ASSETS depend on threshold values. To establish these values, further research is required within the northern Beibu Gulf.

  20. EXENCIÓN DE TRADUCCIONES PARA EFECTOS DE INMIGRACIÓN EN EL MERCOSUR

    OpenAIRE

    Oyarzábal, Mario J. A

    2006-01-01

    Este trabajo analiza el Acuerdo sobre exención de traducción para documentos administrativos para efectos de inmigración entre los Estados Partes del MERCOSUR, Bolivia y Chile, y argumenta que el mismo presenta ciertas deficiencias para las que el autor sugiere soluciones interpretativas. This paper analyzes the agreement to exempt administrative documentation from translation for purposes of migration between the MERCOSUR member states, Bolivia and Chile. It argues that this agreement suf...

  1. Evaluation of normal values of Ca-15-3 and PSA for the people of Northern State of Sudan

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bafaraj, S.M.I.

    2007-06-01

    In this study blood samples were collected from 665 female from Northern State of Sudan, 606 of those females are married and only 59 females are singles. These samples were used to estimate the normal CA 15-3 which was found to be similar to the international one and that is ranged from zero to 35 mlu/ml. When the same techniques were used using samples collected from patients who have been clinically diagnosed as breast cancer, CA 15-3 levels were found to be higher in most of these samples and the other finding is that the risk of getting breast cancer is starting from age 25 years. On the other hand , 650 males were participated in this study to estimate normal value of PSA, of them 553 were married. And again the levels estimated for this marker was found to be the same as that used globally which is ranged from zero to four ng/ml. When blood samples from prostate patients were assayed for PSA, the results showed high levels of this marker in almost all the samples as expected but the important finding is that prostate cancer is age depend. At the end of the project, many recommendations highlighted to be considered in the near future.(Author)

  2. El aprendizaje significativo en el contexto educativo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alicia Almeida Cantoni

    2007-01-01

    Full Text Available Actualmente es posible reconocer, en diferentes ámbitos académicos, la predominancia de prácticas educativas sucedáneas o artificiales, dado que el conocimiento se valora como neutral, autosuficiente e independiente de las prácticas sociales de la cultura de las situaciones cotidianas. El resultado de este tipo de prácticas son aprendizajes desprovistos de significado y sentido, reflejando como el estudiante se torna muy poco hábil para transferir y generalizarlo que aprende. En este ejemplo de aprendizajese da lugar a una ruptura entre el saber qué (know what y el saber cómo (know how.

  3. Hannah Arendt: el delito original de los Estados Unidos || Hannah Arendt and the United States Original Crime

    OpenAIRE

    Alfonso Ballesteros

    2016-01-01

    Resumen: Hannah Arendt aborda el problema del racismo contra la población negra en los Estados Unidos en el ámbito social y en el político, dos esferas de la vida humana que distingue cuidadosamente. Esta doble perspectiva ofrece un perfil completo de lo que denomina el “delito original” de los Estados Unidos: la esclavitud y la exclusión del pueblo negro e indio de la Constitución de 1787. Sus reflexiones sobre la educación pública segregada y sobre la desobediencia civil entre la población ...

  4. Transient and steady state analysis in the frequency domain for time-invariant and time variant electrical networks using the algebraic operational matrices approach; Analisis transitorio y de estado estable en el dominio de la frecuencia de redes electricas invariantes y variantes en el tiempo utilizando el enfoque algebraico de las matrices operacionales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lazaro Castillo, Isidro Ignacio

    1999-02-01

    In this work, the problem of predicting waveform distortion is addressed in a more general form. The problem is presented in such a way that the solution process is not restricted to be held in the Fourier's domain but it can be worked out in any domain generated by any basis given by all the know orthogonal series expansions, Fourier series included. In this work, it is shown that orthogonal series such as Hartley series or Walsh series can be more efficiently used for solving harmonic distortion problems than the conventional form considered in the harmonic domain. It is clear from this work that the harmonic domain is indeed a particular case of the formulation presented here. The theory used for presenting and solving the harmonic distortion problem is based mainly on the concept of the operational matrices developed in the areas of Control and Systems. The approach has the advantage of providing a general framework for solving steady state and dynamic problems in electric networks and systems in general. An important fact presented in this thesis is that for both cases, steady state and dynamic analysis, an analytical solution can be provide. Power systems are operated to have periodic operating points with the quality required by the demand. In general, electrical networks include some on-linear devices. However, the analysis of non-linear networks as such is difficult specially when the analysis is required in the frequency domain. To make the problem tractable, it is generally accepted that it can be linearized about an operating point. It is shown that linearizing networks excited by periodic sources produce linear time varying systems. Unfortunately, the analysis of networks with time varying components is more complicated than the analysis of networks with constant elements. The solution of differential equations in the time domain leads to a considerable numerical effort. Usually, the practical network engineer is interested in getting qualitative

  5. BREVES CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL BOXEO Y EL DERECHO

    OpenAIRE

    Brito, Luis Ariel Salanueva; Escuela Libre de Derecho (ELD)

    2016-01-01

    A través de una reflexión, el autor determina analogías entre el Derecho y el boxeo, donde da fe de las coincidencias que en cuestión de habilidades se presentan en ambas tareas, en ambos compromisos; haciendo de la abogacía, una profesión naturalmente relacionada con el pugilismo.

  6. El "sueño latinoamericano": la esperanza en el futuro

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Javier Caballero Harriet

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available En sintonía con el autor J. Rifkin, el autor considera que el "sueño norteamericano" está periclitado. Por el contrario está en desacuerdo con ese mismo autor en la consideración de que en el futuro será el "sueño europeo". El autor considera que en el horizonte se atisban indicios que posibilitan afirmar que el porvenir será latinoamericano. La implementación del orden feudal, frente al cosmos abierto de la reforma protestante, realizada por la colonización española, así como la inexistencia de una clase social burguesa en el momento de la independencia y construcción de los nuevos estados latinoamericanos y la aparición del fenómeno de la emergencia (el regreso a/de las culturas como contraposición a la pretensión de universalización y unificación de la globalización neoliberal constituyen claves a partir de las cuales el autor sostiene la esperanza latinoamericana.

  7. United States Temperature and Precipitation Extremes: Phenomenology, Large-Scale Organization, Physical Mechanisms and Model Representation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Black, R. X.

    2017-12-01

    We summarize results from a project focusing on regional temperature and precipitation extremes over the continental United States. Our project introduces a new framework for evaluating these extremes emphasizing their (a) large-scale organization, (b) underlying physical sources (including remote-excitation and scale-interaction) and (c) representation in climate models. Results to be reported include the synoptic-dynamic behavior, seasonality and secular variability of cold waves, dry spells and heavy rainfall events in the observational record. We also study how the characteristics of such extremes are systematically related to Northern Hemisphere planetary wave structures and thus planetary- and hemispheric-scale forcing (e.g., those associated with major El Nino events and Arctic sea ice change). The underlying physics of event onset are diagnostically quantified for different categories of events. Finally, the representation of these extremes in historical coupled climate model simulations is studied and the origins of model biases are traced using new metrics designed to assess the large-scale atmospheric forcing of local extremes.

  8. Marketing en el deporte: patrocinio en el fútbol

    OpenAIRE

    Noriega Méndez, Andrea

    2016-01-01

    RESUMEN: Dado el movimiento que genera hoy en día el futbol en nuestra sociedad, en el siguiente proyecto, vamos a exponer, desde la perspectiva del empresario, las causas por las que el patrocinio es utilizado por estos como una herramienta de marketing. Para ello, en primer lugar debemos empezar por explicar el marketing y sus tipos, es decir marketing operativo y marketing estratégico, explicando sus diferencias, hasta llegar a la raíz de este trabajo que es el patrocinio, pero sobre to...

  9. El Malestar en el Empleo Temporal Involuntario

    OpenAIRE

    Blanch, Josep M.; Cantera, Leonor M.

    2009-01-01

    El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel de la voluntariedad de la situación ocupacional en el malestar psicológico en el empleo temporal. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 463 personas incluidas en alguno de los siguientes cuatro tipos ideales de situación ocupacional: empleo estable, empleo temporal voluntario, empleo temporal involuntario y desempleo. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre todos los tipos laborales en la escala de bienestar laboral. De m...

  10. El malestar en el Empleo Temporal Involuntario

    OpenAIRE

    Blanch i Ribas, Josep Maria

    2009-01-01

    El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel de la voluntariedad de la situación ocupacional en el malestar psicológico en el empleo temporal. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 463 personas incluidas en alguno de los siguientes cuatro tipos ideales de situación ocupacional: empleo estable, empleo temporal voluntario, empleo temporal involuntario y desempleo. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre todos los tipos laborales en la escala de bienestar laboral. De m...

  11. Felipe II y la conquista de reliquias por los Tercios de Flandes: el ejemplo de Leiden (1570-1574

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ferrer García, Félix A.

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available The patrimonial principles and the exaggerated religious beliefs of Phillip II of Spain, placed in the complex foreign affairs of the 16th century, led to the presence of the castilian troops in many european battlefields. Phillip II had to cope with a raising international hostility, not only due to strategic reasons but also to his clear imperialist ideas. But we can´t avoid some ideological statements because the King considered himself as the true protector of Christianity. The Spanish Tercios, and specially the Duke of Alba, developed military purposes but they were also finders and guardians of the numerous relics from the northern european territories.La concepción patrimonial y el inflamado ímpetu religioso de Felipe II, en el marco de la compleja política exterior del siglo XVI, provocaron la presencia de las tropas castellanas en numerosos campos de batalla europeos. Durante su gobierno el rey contempló la creciente hostilidad internacional, bien por factores estratégicos, bien por un no disimulado afán imperialista, sin olvidar algunos elementos ideológicos, pues el monarca se consideraba defensor de la cristiandad. Los Tercios de Flandes, con el Gran Duque de Alba, ejercitaron su función militar, pero también actuaron como buscadores, acopiadores y custodios de numerosas reliquias depositadas en los territorios europeos septentrionales.

  12. Language Assessment of Latino English Learning Children: A Records Abstraction Study

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kraemer, Robert; Fabiano-Smith, Leah

    2017-01-01

    The researchers examined how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in a small northern California school district assessed Spanish speaking English learning (EL) Latino children suspected of language impairments. Specifically we sought to (1) determine whether SLPs adhered to federal, state, and professional guidelines during initial assessments and…

  13. Stopping the Traffick? The problem of evidence and legislating for the ‘Swedish model’ in Northern Ireland

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Susann Huschke

    2017-04-01

    Full Text Available In 2015, after two years of controversy, the so-called ‘Swedish model’—the criminalisation of paying for sex—became law in Northern Ireland as an anti-trafficking measure. Evidence from the ground in Northern Ireland, however, questions the enforceability and appropriateness of a sex purchase ban to significantly reduce or eradicate trafficking in the sex industry. First, it is unclear that criminalisation will change the behaviour of male purchasers, many of whom thought that their actions were already illegal; second, sex workers do not support the law; and third, there are significant difficulties in law enforcement in the context of Northern Ireland, including a lack of police resources. This article examines mitigating evidence drawn from two sources: findings from a mixed methods study commissioned by the Department of Justice of Northern Ireland—in which we were amongst several co-authors—to support the reform process; and contributions to the consultation held within it. We argue that the sex purchase ban in Northern Ireland is essentially meant to send a moral message about the unacceptability of commercial sex rather than effectively reduce trafficking. With this conclusion, we aim to contribute to an open and honest debate about the moral foundations of anti-trafficking measures, the role of research evidence in the policy process, and the gap between stated intentions and likely effects of neo-abolitionist measures such as the sex purchase ban in both Northern Ireland and more generally.

  14. ¿Cuándo un estado es un estado? Explorando Puntlandia, Somalia | When is a State a State?: Exploring Puntland, Somalia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martin DOORNBOS

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available Este fragmento se escribió en un contexto, que puede seguir pareciendo familiar hoy día, en el que varios estados africanos estaban atravesando diversas crisis. Martin Doornbos advierte de que este fenómeno no es homogéneo y que cada estado estaba entonces en una fase diferente de crisis, con unas circunstancias y características propias. El Estado de Somalia se encontraba en un momento de estancamiento. Se trata así de un estado fallido en el que, no obstante, parece que han ido surgiendo elementos que podríamos denominar estatales. Por eso este capítulo se va a centrar en el caso de Puntlandia, una región somalí en la que se ha producido este fenómeno. Se analizará así cuándo se puede considerar que un estado efectivamente es un estado, y si Puntlandia realmente cumple las condiciones fundamentales para ser considerado de esta manera. También surgirá la pregunta de si el camino seguido por Puntlandia puede servir como guía para una Somalia unida en el futuro. This fragment was written in a context, which may seem familiar nowadays, where a number of African States were experiencing different crisis. Martin Doornbos advises us that these phenomena were not homogenous and that each state was in a different stage of crisis with independent circumstances and characteristics. Somalia was in a period of stagnation. It is a failed State in which elements of stateness nevertheless seem to reappear. For this reason this chapter concentrates on the case of Puntland, a Somali region where this phenomenon is taking place. It will analyze when a State is a State and if Puntland complies with the fundamental conditions that make it possible for it to be considered one. It also asks us whether the path followed by Puntland could serve as a guide for a unified Somalia in the future.

  15. Dengue en el embarazo: efectos en el feto y el recién nacido.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Berta N. Restrepo

    2003-12-01

    Full Text Available El riesgo de infección por el virus del dengue durante el embarazo se está incrementando ante mayores y más severas epidemias, y las consecuencias sobre el feto y el recién nacido han sido poco estudiadas y, en otros casos, los resultados han sido contradictorios. Por esta razón, se realizó en Medellín un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, cuyo objetivo fue determinar los efectos que produce el dengue durante el embarazo sobre el feto y el recién nacido. En dicho estudio se evaluaron 22 recién nacidos hijos de mujeres que presentaron dengue durante la epidemia de 1998 y se compararon con 24 recién nacidos, hijos de mujeres embarazadas sin dengue. En la cohorte con dengue se encontraron 3 niños prematuros, 3 niños con sufrimiento fetal y 4 niños con bajo peso al nacer. En la cohorte no expuesta no se encontraron niños con estos problemas. El desarrollo psicomotor fue normal en ambos grupos. De las observaciones anteriores, sólo fue estadísticamente significativa la frecuencia de niños con bajo peso al nacer (prueba exacta de Fisher, p=0,045. Estos resultados preliminares muestran que los recién nacidos de madres que sufrieron dengue durante la gestación tuvieron riesgo de bajo peso al nacer y presentaron con mayor frecuencia prematurez y sufrimiento fetal, aunque se requiere aumentar el tamaño de la muestra para confirmar estos resultados. Sin embargo, es necesario estrechar la vigilancia a las madres embarazadas con dengue dados los efectos nocivos sobre la evolución del recién nacido.

  16. 7 CFR 457.143 - Northern potato crop insurance-quality endorsement.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Northern potato crop insurance-quality endorsement... Northern potato crop insurance—quality endorsement. The Northern Potato Crop Insurance Quality Endorsement...) Both FCIC and reinsured policies: Northern Potato Crop Insurance Quality Endorsement 1. Definitions...

  17. The 1997–1998 El Niño as an unforgettable phenomenon in northern Peru: a qualitative study

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bayer, Angela M.; Danysh, Heather E.; Garvich, Mijail; Gonzálvez, Guillermo; Checkley, William; Alvarez, María; Gilman, Robert H.

    2014-01-01

    During the 1997–98 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. We explored how Tumbes residents perceived the ENSO’s impact on basic necessities, transport, healthcare, jobs and migration. Forty-five individuals from five rural communities, including those that were isolated and not isolated from the rest of Tumbes during this ENSO, participated in five focus groups and six individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past twenty years, participants considered the El Niño as a major negative event. Negative effects that were ameliorated quickly were decreased access to transport and healthcare and increased infectious diseases. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing, recover agriculture, livestock and income stability, and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large-scale assistance minimized the ENSO’s effects, residents needed more timely support. Residents’ perspectives on their risks to flooding should be considered to generate effective assistance. PMID:24601921

  18. Different Stratospheric Polar Vortex States linked to Cold-Spells in North America and Northern Eurasia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kretschmer, M.; Cohen, J. L.; Runge, J.; Coumou, D.

    2017-12-01

    The stratospheric polar vortex in boreal winter can influence the tropospheric circulation and thereby surface weather in the mid-latitudes. Weak states of the vortex, e.g. associated with Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs), often precede a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and thus increase the risk of mid-latitude cold-spells especially over Eurasia. Here we show using cluster analysis that next to the well-documented relationship between a zonally symmetric disturbed vortex and a negative NAO, there exists a zonally asymmetric pattern linked to a negative Western Pacific Oscillation (WPO) and cold-spells in the northeastern US, like for example observed in February 2014. The latter is more synoptic in time-scale but occurs more frequently than SSWs. A causal effect network (CEN) approach gives insights into the underlying physical pathways and time-lags showing that high-pressure around Greenland leads to vertical wave activity over eastern Siberia leading to downward propagating waves over Alaska and high pressure over the North Pacific. Moreover, composites propose that a rather strong mid-stratospheric vortex seems to be favorable for this zonally asymmetric and reflective mechanism. Overall, the mutual relationship between stratospheric circulation and high-latitude blocking in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is complex and involves mechanisms operating at different time-scales. Our results suggest that the stratospheric influence on winter circulation should not exclusively be analyzed in terms of a downward propagating Northern Annular Mode (NAM) signal and SSWs. In particular when studying the stratospheric impacts on North American temperature it is crucial to also consider the more transient and zonally asymmetric events which might help to improve seasonal winter predictions for this region.

  19. Interim report to the Northern Ecosystem Initiative from the Northern Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN-North)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wakelyn, L.; Eamer, J.

    2001-01-01

    The Northern Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN-North) has received funding for a proposal submitted to the Northern Ecosystems Initiative (NEI) in January 2001. EMAN-North is a network that coordinates ecological monitoring in northern Canada. Its geographic scope comprises 40 per cent of the geographic area of Canada, including Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, and an area near Churchill, Manitoba. Funding was awarded because the proposed EMAN-North project addressed the NEI priority of Monitoring Ecosystem Status and Trends, and Ecosystem Impacts of Climate Change. The project was also aimed at improving the network's capacity for long-term ecological monitoring, assessment and reporting. Several activities deal specifically with ecological impacts of climate change. This paper described the need and the context for ecological monitoring in northern Canada and defined a strategic direction for EMAN-North. The project will include many individuals involved in ecological monitoring in the north to deliver information on ecosystem changes to decision-makers and the public. refs., tabs., figs

  20. BREVES CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL BOXEO Y EL DERECHO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Ariel Salanueva Brito

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available A través de una reflexión, el autor determina analogías entre el Derecho y el boxeo, donde da fe de las coincidencias que en cuestión de habilidades se presentan en ambas tareas, en ambos compromisos; haciendo de la abogacía, una profesión naturalmente relacionada con el pugilismo.

  1. Effects of Warming Hiatuses on Vegetation Growth in the Northern Hemisphere

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hong Wei

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available There have been hiatuses in global warming since the 1990s, and their potential impacts have attracted extensive attention and discussion. Changes in temperature not only directly affect the greening of vegetation but can also indirectly alter both the growth state and the growth tendency of vegetation by altering other climatic elements. The middle-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH constitute the region that has experienced the most warming in recent decades; therefore, identifying the effects of warming hiatuses on the vegetation greening in that region is of great importance. Using satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI data and climatological observation data from 1982–2013, we investigated hiatuses in warming trends and their impact on vegetation greenness in the NH. Our results show that the regions with warming hiatuses in the NH accounted for 50.1% of the total area and were concentrated in Mongolia, central China, and other areas. Among these regions, 18.8% of the vegetation greenness was inhibited in the warming hiatus areas, but 31.3% of the vegetation grew faster. Because temperature was the main positive climatic factor in central China, the warming hiatuses caused the slow vegetation greening rate. However, precipitation was the main positive climatic factor affecting vegetation greenness in Mongolia; an increase in precipitation accelerated vegetation greening. The regions without a warming hiatus, which were mainly distributed in northern Russia, northern central Asia, and other areas, accounted for 49.9% of the total area. Among these regions, 21.4% of the vegetation grew faster over time, but 28.5% of the vegetation was inhibited. Temperature was the main positive factor affecting vegetation greenness in northern Russia; an increase in temperature promoted vegetation greening. However, radiation was the main positive climatic factor in northern central Asia; reductions in radiation

  2. Planeamiento estratégico para el pimiento en el Perú

    OpenAIRE

    Coral Chávez, Ángela; Estrada Figueroa, Julio; Ruiz Huaringa, Katherine; Trisoglio Carrión, Renzo

    2017-01-01

    xxii, 189 h. : il. ; 30 cm. El objetivo de la presente investigación es realizar el Planeamiento Estratégico para el Pimiento en el Perú, el cual fue elaborado en función al Modelo Secuencial del Proceso Estratégico. Este modelo concluye con el Plan Estratégico Integral para el Pimiento en el Perú que incluye, entre otros, la misión, visión, estrategias externas específicas retenidas y objetivos de corto y largo plazo. El análisis de la investigación se centra en el Pimiento ...

  3. El principio es el crimen

    OpenAIRE

    Claudio, Lara María; Sánchez, María Eduarda

    2009-01-01

    El presente trabajo se encuentra inscripto en la investigación Vicisitudes del lazo amoroso en la época (en el Gran La Plata). En ella, nuestro rasgo de investigación -a partir de entrevistas realizadas a sujetos detenidos en unidades penitenciarias-, será establecer algunas coordenadas para pensar que los signos de la Declinación del Nombre del Padre deben leerse en la transformación del registro del amor, dejando por fuera el registro que más desarrollos ha tenido dentro del campo del psico...

  4. EL SINDROME VESTIBULAR EN EL ADULTO MAYOR

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dr. Hamlet Suárez

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available El vértigo, la inestabilidad y las caídas tienen una incidencia relevante en el adulto mayor, disminuye su calidad de vida y puede ser causa de muerte en esta población. Este artículo describe las presentaciones clínicas y el abordaje de la evaluación de la patología vestibular en este grupo de edad, utilizando diferentes instrumentos para el diagnóstico así como también las reglas generales del tratamiento.

  5. El aeropuerto y el movimiento social de Atenco

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Enrique Moreno Sánchez

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se reflexiona acerca del movimiento social del municipio de Atenco en el Estado de México, que generó una serie de movilizaciones de corte campesino, obrero, popular, y de apropiación y defensa de la tierra en un territorio que forma parte de la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México (ZMCM. El movimiento "el cual se definió desde el inicio como contrario a la construcción del aeropuerto" no es un asunto de "descampesinización" o de cambio de estatus de campesinos a obreros. Una de las principales reflexiones de este artículo es precisar cómo se articula este movimiento, a partir de identificar el elemento que unifica las demandas sociales presentadas, buscando las limitaciones que muestra tal articulación sobre la posible construcción de una gran obra urbana en el nororiente de la gran Ciudad de México.

  6. Sowing pregerminated northern red oak acorns

    Science.gov (United States)

    Richard M. Godman; Gilbert A. Mattson

    1992-01-01

    Northern red oak is extremely difficult to regenerate, although it has produced good acorn crops nearly half of the last 32 years in northern Wisconsin. Field trials have shown that for successful seeding, you must protect acorns from predation by wildlife and sow them when temperatures are most favorable for germination.

  7. Elevated carbon dioxide and ozone alter productivity and ecosystem carbon content in northern temperate forests

    Science.gov (United States)

    Alan F. Talhelm; Kurt S. Pregitzer; Mark E. Kubiske; Donald R. Zak; Courtney E. Campany; Andrew J. Burton; Richard E. Dickson; George R. Hendrey; J. G. Isebrands; Keith F. Lewin; John Nagy; David F. Karnosky

    2014-01-01

    Three young northern temperate forest communities in the north-central United States were exposed to factorial combinations of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) for 11 years. Here, we report results from an extensive sampling of plant biomass and soil conducted at the conclusion of the experiment...

  8. El principio de legalidad en el ámbito penitenciario

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo M. Mata y Martín

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available El principio de legalidad, como eje vertebrador de todo el sistema penal, despliega sus efectos también en el ámbito penitenciario. El genérico principio de legalidad en materia penal incluye la llamada garantía penitenciaria o ejecutiva, que se suma a las garantías criminal, penal y jurisdiccional; esta se corresponde con la fase de ejecución de las condenas privativas de libertad impuestas a los autores de hechos delictivos. El trabajo que sigue pretende determinar de forma más precisa las consecuencias de la aplicación del principio de legalidad al sistema de ejecución de las penas privativas de libertad, así como analizar algunas de ellas. En este sentido, se quieren señalar los presupuestos del principio, su recogida normativa en el sistema jurídico español, las consecuencias fundamentales que para el cumplimiento de las penas privativas de libertad trae el principio de legalidad, así como algunas particulares consideraciones respecto a su aplicación en el sistema penitenciario vigente.

  9. EL AMBIENTE Y EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE EN LA CIUDAD LATINOAMERICANA

    OpenAIRE

    Luis Alfonso Sandia Rondón

    2009-01-01

    El Desarrollo Sustentable constituye el paradigma actual dominante para orientar el desarrollo económico y social de la humanidad. A pesar del aparente acuerdo global acerca de su importancia, su aplicación práctica es de difícil instrumentación, especialmente en el medio urbano latinoamericano, donde son múltiples las brechas que separan la ciudad actual de la deseada ciudad sustentable. Algunos aspectos para el análisis de la ciudad, el ambiente y el desarrollo sustentable son discutidos en...

  10. Influencias europeas en el laicismo escolar

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antonio MOLERO PINTADO

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: Las ideas sobre la secularización de la educación en España se remontan al siglo XIX, principalmente debidas a los grupos liberales que aspiraban a la separación de la Iglesia y el Estado. También otras entidades privadas contribuyeron a crear una conciencia pluriconfesional, a pesar de que durante todo este tiempo la catolicidad del Estado figuró habitualmente en los textos constitucionales. De los países de nuestro entorno, Francia fue el que más influyó en nuestro panorama educativo, especialmente en tiempos de la Segunda República cuya Constitución incluyó el laicismo en la enseñanza. Durante el franquismo la identidad de Estado e Iglesia alcanzó sus cotas máximas, si bien llegó a aceptarse una cierta tolerancia religiosa a partir del Concilio Vaticano II. Con la llegada de la democracia y la aprobación de la Constitución de 1978 la situación varió profundamente, aunque siguieron manteniéndose determinadas prerrogativas a favor de la Iglesia Católica que están siendo objeto de controversia en los momentos actuales. ABSTRACT: Ideas about secularization in Spanish education go back to the XIX century, mainly due to the liberal groups that aspired to the separation of Church and State. Other private identities also contributed to create a multi-doctrinal conscience, despite the fact that during this time the catholicity of the State was generally represented in constitutional texts. Of the countries on our surroundings, France was the one that influenced our educational panorama the most, especially during the times of the Second Republic, whose Constitution included laicism in educational care. During Franco’s dictatorship the identity of State and Church reached its high, although a certain religious tolerance came to be accepted starting from the second Vatican Council. With the arrival of democracy and the approval of the Constitution in 1978 the situation changed greatly. However, fixed prerogatives were

  11. A decadal tropical Pacific condition unfavorable to central Pacific El Niño

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhong, Wenxiu; Zheng, Xiao-Tong; Cai, Wenju

    2017-08-01

    The frequency of central Pacific (CP) El Niño events displays strong decadal variability but the associated dynamics are unclear. The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and the tropical Pacific decadal variability (TPDV) are two dominant modes of tropical Pacific decadal variability that can interact with high-frequency activities. Using a 500 year control integration from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model, we find that the difference in mean state between the low-frequency and high-frequency CP El Niño periods is similar to the decadal background condition concurrently contributed by a negative IPO and a positive TPDV. This decadal state features strengthened trade winds west of the International Date Line and anomalous cool sea surface temperatures across the central tropical Pacific. As such, positive zonal advection feedback is difficult to be generated over the central to western tropical Pacific during the CP El Niño developing season, resulting in the low CP El Niño frequency.

  12. Capacity region of the 3 receiver state dependent multilevel BC with noncausal state information

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Viswanathan Ramachandran

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available We consider a three receiver state dependent multilevel broadcast channel (BC, where the state information is known non-causally at the encoder as well as all the decoders. This is an extension of Nair and El Gamal’s three receiver multilevel BC (Nair and El Gamal, 2009, wherein two of the receivers decode only a common message while a third receiver decodes a private message as well. The objective is to characterize the rate tuples that are simultaneously achievable while ensuring negligible probability of error at each of the receivers. We characterize the capacity region of this setup in the paper.

  13. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the El Teniente porphyry copper deposit

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Maksaev, V; Munizaga, F; McWilliams, M; Thiele, K; Arevalo, A; Zuniga, P; Floody, R

    2001-01-01

    Chile's El Teniente deposit is the largest known porphyry Cu-Mo orebody (>70 Mt Cu ), and is genetically related to Late Miocene-Early Pliocene igneous activity on the western slopes of the Andean Cordillera (cf. Howell and Molloy, 1960, Camus, 1975, Cuadra, 1986, Skewes and Stern, 1995). The deposit is 2700 m long by 1000 to 1700 m wide and is elongated in a N-S direction, with a recognized vertical extent of about 1800 m. Approximately 80% of the copper at El Teniente is distributed within a stockwork of mineralized veinlets and minor hydrothermal breccias within pervasively altered andesites, basalts and gabbros that are part of the Upper Miocene country rocks. Two intrusive bodies occur within the deposit, the Sewell Diorite (actually a tonalite) in the southeast part of the orebody and the dacitic Teniente Porphyry in its northern part. The Teniente Porphyry occurs as a north-south trending dike 1500 m long and 200 m wide. Minor quartz-diorite or tonalite intrusions known as the Central Diorite and the Northern Diorite occur along the eastern side of the deposit. Hydrothermal breccias commonly occur along the contacts of intrusive bodies with the country rocks. The Braden Breccia is a conspicuous diatreme in the center of the deposit that forms a pipe 1200 m in diameter at the surface, narrowing to 600 m at a depth of 1800 m. The Braden diatreme pipe is poorly mineralized (∼0.3% Cu), but it is surrounded by the copper-rich Marginal Breccia, a discontinuous rim of tourmaline-matrix hydrothermal breccia. Latite dikes intrude El Teniente, some forming altered ring dikes that encircle the Braden breccia pipe. After mineralization had ceased, the southern section of the deposit was cut by a 3.8 ± 0.3 Ma lamprophyre dyke, marking the end of igneous activity (Cuadra, 1986). Biotite-dominated K-silicate alteration is widespread within the orebody. In contrast, pervasive phyllic alteration is restricted to 'diorite' intrusions, and to the Braden and Marginal

  14. El Estado regulador en el Perú

    OpenAIRE

    Parodi Trece, Carlos

    1997-01-01

    Durante el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori se han dado cambios significativos en las instituciones del Estado. ¿Cuál es el sentido de todos estos cambios? ¿Reflejan fundamentalmente una estrategia de consolidación en el poder por parte de Alberto Fujimori? ¿Son más bien el resultado de la estrategia de las clases económicas dominantes para explotar mejor los recursos nacionales? o ¿son instituciones que reflejan un proceso de democratización del Estado? La contribución a la exploració...

  15. El e-commerce y el e-tourism

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel Leguizamón

    2002-11-01

    Full Text Available La producción, la publicidad, la venta y la distribución de productos y servicios a través de las redes de telecomunicaciones, tanto tradicionales como digitales, son conocidas como "comercio electrónico". El comercio electrónico se basa en seis instrumentos principales: el teléfono, el fax, la televisión, los sistemas electrónicos de pago y de transferencias monetarias, el intercambio electrónico de datos e Internet. Hoy, principalmente, este comercio electrónico está asociado a internet. En turismo

  16. El sistema educativo y el trabajo en Venezuela

    OpenAIRE

    Morillo Moreno, Marysela C.

    2009-01-01

    El sistema educativo y en el mercado laboral se trabaja con el más importante y valioso recurso: el humano, el cual presenta unas características muy peculiares que merecen ser estudiadas como una rama de la economía como lo es la economía de la educación y la economía laboral. En Venezuela, ambas ramas han sido poco abordadas, pues otros temas económicos han ocupado las reflexiones; sin embargo, las cifras de desempleo y los problemas sociales son cada vez más alarmantes, convirtiéndose en l...

  17. El sistema visual y el sueño

    OpenAIRE

    Garrido Lozano, Ana Isabel

    2015-01-01

    A pesar de la gran cantidad de tiempo que invertimos durmiendo, el sueño sigue siendo, hoy en día, un gran desconocido. Sin embargo, sabemos que es un estado -indispensable para la vida- activo del sistema nervioso mediante registro electroencefalográfico. Para que tenga lugar el inicio del sueño, el núcleo supraquiasmático debe recibir señales del sistema visual, el cual indica la disminución de luz. Cuando inicia el proceso del sueño, éste pasa por diferentes fases caracterizadas por la no ...

  18. El liderazgo de la mujer en el entorno empresarial

    OpenAIRE

    Alegría Montes, Lucía

    2014-01-01

    RESUMEN: Este trabajo bajo el nombre “El liderazgo de la mujer en el entorno empresarial” tiene como objetivo principal analizar la figura de la mujer emprendedora dentro de la economía española, identificando los diversos obstáculos a los que se ha de enfrentar así como el tipo de gestión que llevan a cabo con sus empresas. Además, se tratará de explicar tanto el perfil de las empresarias como el de sus negocios teniendo muy presente la discriminación a la que tienen que hacer frente y las r...

  19. El Turismo como una estrategia para el mundo en desarrollo: el Programa UNWTO. Volunteers

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Susana Lima

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available El compromiso del turismo como una estrategia para el mundo en desarrollo vine adquiriendo mayor interés delos gobiernos y de las organizaciones internacionales para el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. En esteartículo, se busca contribuir al marco teórico relacionado con las diversas perspectivas sobre los programas de cooperación internacional para el desarrollo, que consideran al turismo como una estrategia que contribuye al logro de esos objetivos, como es el caso del Programa UNWTO.Volunteers. Las características principales de este programa serán descritas y se discutirán los impactos que pueden producir en los destinos involucrados. Esta discusión se basa en un estudio de caso del Programa UNWTO.Volunteers, desarrollado en el estado mexicano de Chiapas en 2008.

  20. African Journals Online: Northern Mariana Islands

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    African Journals Online: Northern Mariana Islands. Home > African Journals Online: Northern Mariana Islands. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. Username, Password, Remember me, or Register · Browse By Category · Browse Alphabetically · Browse By Country · List All Titles · Free to read Titles This ...

  1. Climatic change and energy use: a northern perspective on climatic uncertainty

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    McKay, G A; Allsopp, T

    1981-01-01

    Although the effects of carbon dioxide, particularly those over the long term, can be stated at this time only in terms of generalized probabilities, the nature of the consequences and their relative permanence qualify the carbon dioxide question as a matter demanding urgent attention. A major hazard exists in that the effects are not immediately visible and this may obscure the urgency of developing predictive understanding in time to take countervailing measures. The most relevant question to be addressed is how would mankind be affected by anthropogenically induced warming. Since northern warming would tend to enhance biomass productivity and facilitate movement and diminish energy demands for heating, the regional consequences are perceived as mainly beneficial. This same conclusion cannot be reached for all regions of the globe, and a sense of responsibility toward the global community must be maintained in their evaluation. This paper discusses climate and society, the northern environment, agriculture, fisheries, water resources, energy, transportation, and land use.

  2. El poder en el cine

    OpenAIRE

    Brisset Mart??n, Demetrio E.

    2008-01-01

    Desde la antropolog??a visual, se aborda la faceta del Poder relativa a sus diversas manifestaciones. Entre ellas, elegimos el cine, especialmente su g??nero de drama judicial, y analizamos comparativamente El proceso f??lmico de Welles y la novela de Kafka.

  3. El mapa no es el territorio: un ensayo sobre el estado de la economía

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    John Kay

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available Gran parte de la economía moderna, incluidos en particular los paradigmas dominantes en macroeconomía y economía financiera, supone que hay un modelo “verdadero” del mundo, el cual se puede deducir de un conjunto de axiomas basados en la elección racional. Pero en realidad no hay, ni puede haber, un modelo que describa “el mundo tal como es realmente”. Los modelos son herramientas útiles en economía, e incluso indispensables, pero son necesariamente parciales, provisionales y específicos al contexto. El enfoque de la economía debe ser pluralista, es decir, debe usar el razonamiento inductivo y el razonamiento deductivo. El mapa no es el territorio.

  4. El Laboratorio Clínico y el Dengue

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gilberto Angel M.

    1990-12-01

    Full Text Available

    El dengue es una enfermedad endémica de zonas tropicales y subtropicales, en regiones que se encuentran por debajo de los 1.800 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

    En 1969 se registraron varios brotes en el Caribe, Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes y en 1970 se diagnosticó en Barranquilla. En !975 se encontraron en el Magdalena medio unos 450 casos. En 1979 se señalaron unos 3.000 casos en México y en 1981 se padeció en Cuba una gran epidemia de dengue clásico tipo 1, que afectó a 344.203 pacientes de los cuales 10.310 fueron casos severos con 158 defunciones, dentro de la clasificación de dengue hemorrágico.

    En Estados Unidos, a lo largo de la costa de México, apareció un brote endémico en otoño de 1980, transmitido por un tipo de Aedes diferente al nuestro.

    El 17 de enero de 1989 se diagnosticó en Puerto Berrío el primer caso de dengue hemorrágico en nuestro país y hasta marzo de 1990 se han diagnosticado en el Ministerio de Salud 19 casos de este tipo de dengue, que es la forma más grave, y 330 casos del dengue común, que generalmente es pasajero y no representa la gravedad del hemorrágico.

    La enfermedad es producida por un arbovirus que persiste en la naturaleza por la transmisión biológica del artrópodo hematófago Aedes aegypti. El virus se multiplica en los tejidos del artrópodo y lo inyecta al hombre, después de un período de incubación extrínseca de 8 a 12 días.

    Se conocen 4 grupos comandados por el RNA que les confiere sus características y el DNA su agresividad. Los I y II son los más agresivos y el IV, generalmente, es el más benigno.

    La primera infección deja anticuerpos e inmunidad para el tipo de virus inoculado la que es de por vida. Queda un período refractario de 2 a 4 meses para los demás. Pero no queda inmunidad definitiva para los restantes, de tal manera que a una persona no le pueden dar sino
    4 dengues.

    El virus se transmite por medio de un

  5. Hydrogeology and hydrologic conditions of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer System from Long Island, New York, to North Carolina

    Science.gov (United States)

    Masterson, John P.; Pope, Jason P.; Monti, Jack; Nardi, Mark R.; Finkelstein, Jason S.; McCoy, Kurt J.

    2013-11-14

    The seaward-dipping sedimentary wedge that underlies the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain forms a complex groundwater system. This major source of water provides for public and domestic supply and serves as a vital source of freshwater for industrial and agricultural uses throughout the region. Population increases and land-use and climate changes, however, have led to competing demands for water. The regional response of the aquifer system to these stresses poses regional challenges for water-resources management at the State level because hydrologic effects often extend beyond State boundaries. In response to these challenges, the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program began a regional assessment of the groundwater availability of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system in 2010.

  6. El arriero y el transporte terrestre en el Cono Sur (Mendoza, 1780-1800

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lacoste, Pablo

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available This paper explores the muleteer as an economic actor in terrestrial transportation in South Cone, specially in the route across the Andes in order to connect Atlantic and Pacific markets. Since Mendoza’s customs records, this study has processed 120.000 freight-carrying mules to know the origin and destiny places, main routes, volume and kind of charge. The muleteer promoted an intensive activity in terms of transportation, trade and wine industry. As a result, he leaded the rise of a regional proto-bourgeoisie.

    El artículo examina al arriero como actor económico en el transporte terrestre del Cono Sur, sobre todo en la ruta a través de la Cordillera de los Andes, para enlazar los mercados del Atlántico y el Pacífico. A partir de los manuales de Cargo y Data de la Aduana de Mendoza, se han procesado 120.000 mulas de carga para determinar los lugares de origen y destino, principales rutas, volumen y tipo de carga transportada. El arriero impulsó una intensa actividad en el transporte, el comercio y en la industria vitivinícola; como resultado, este actor promovió el surgimiento de una protoburguesía regional.

  7. Discursos emancipatorios en el contexto universitario: el reto de la coherencia entre el decir y el hacer

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana María Hernández Segura

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Este ensayo es un espacio para motivar la reflexión en los responsables de la formación de los futuros educadores, en el sentido de analizar la coherencia entre sus discursos y las prácticas cotidianas en el aula universitaria, para incentivar la construcción de espacios democráticos y emancipadores. Se propone como marco de análisis los aportes de la pedagogía crítica y los discursos emancipatorios y su impacto en las dinámicas del aula. Lo anterior, porque el contexto educativo como terreno político e ideológico, debe ser un espacio democrático, en el que experimenten los ideales de la pedagogía crítica, tales como: pensamiento liberador, autonomía, diálogo, justicia y equidad social, es decir, un espacio más humano; y evitar así, que sea el lugar para ejercer la opresión, el poder y la reproducción de desigualdades sociales. En este sentido, Denzin y Lincoln (2005, Freire (2000, Giroux (1997 McLaren (2003, hacen un llamado a revisar las estructuras de poder que se viven en diversos contextos de la sociedad.

  8. Northern Security and Global Politics

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    This book takes a comprehensive approach to security in the Nordic-Baltic region, studying how this region is affected by developments in the international system. The advent of the new millennium coincided with the return of the High North to the world stage. A number of factors have contributed......-unipolar", indicating a period of flux and of declining US unipolar hegemony. Drawing together contributions from key thinkers in the field, Northern Security and Global Politics explores how this situation has affected the Nordic-Baltic area by addressing two broad sets of questions. First, it examines what impact...... declining unipolarity - with a geopolitical shift to Asia, a reduced role for Europe in United States policy, and a more assertive Russia - will have on regional Nordic-Baltic security. Second, it takes a closer look at how the regional actors respond to these changes in their strategic environment...

  9. El cerebro es la pantalla, el lenguaje es el teclado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lucia Abreu

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo surge en el marco del Seminario Filosofía de la Cultura de la Maestría en Comunicación y Cultura de la Universidad de Buenos Aires; y procuramos realizar una reflexión crítica -o al menos presentar ciertos disparadores- sobre la sociedad contemporánea. Planteamos diferentes modos de habitar el mundo desde la sociedad disciplinaria a la actual sociedad de control, con un modelo de hombre performático que vive a través de las redes sociales con el uso de los emojis o emoticones. Pensamos al sujeto (sea vulnerado o no, rico, pobre, con acceso a educación formal o no, extranjero o nativo, entre otros como un sujeto descentrado; sujeto en proceso, inmerso en una realidad no real sobre quien se imprimen efectos de realidad.

  10. El Papado entre Biografía e Historia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adriano PROSPERI

    2009-10-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: El artículo es una introducción a la lectura de la magna Enciclopedia dei Papi, obra presentada en Bolonia en el año 2001. Biografía e historia tienen en el caso del Papado una tradición antigua. La construcción del poder papal pasó por la prohibición del análisis crítico y el control de las fuentes documentales, las cuales sólo estuvieron al alcance de proyectos apologéticos. La Edad Moderna se caracterizó por una deliberada exclusión del Papado del conocimiento historiográfico. El rechazo de la Reforma protestante al poder papal no se basó en investigaciones históricas sino en la más oscura tradición profética. La historia del Papado propiamente dicha comenzó con la inspiración luterana de Leopold von Ranke y la respuesta católica de Ludwing Pastor.ABSTRACT: The article is an introduction to the reading of magna Encyclopedia dei Papi, work presented in Bologna in 2001. Biography and history are part of an old tradition in the case of the Pope state. The institution of the Pope power passed through the prohibition of the critical analysis and the control of the documentary sources, which only were within reach of apologetic projects. The Modern Age was characterized by a deliberate exclusion of the Pope of the historiographic knowledge. The rejection of the papal power by the protestant Reformation was not based on historical investigations but on the darkest prophetic tradition. The history of the Papal state itself began with the Lutheran inspiration of Leopold von Ranke and the catholic answer of Ludwing Pastor.

  11. El viaje y el arquitecto

    OpenAIRE

    Baladrón, Alfredo

    2014-01-01

    A lo largo de la historia, la formación del arquitecto ha venido acompañada por el viaje. El “grand tour” completaba, inicialmente, los conocimientos de historia y composición, pero servía, a su vez, como una fuente de experiencias que acompañarían al arquitecto a lo largo de su vida y obra. El hecho mismo de viajar supone una deslocalización, una tabula rasa en la que los sentidos se despiertan y agudizan, haciendo del sujeto una caja de resonancia sensible que permite una profunda asimilaci...

  12. EL REFERENTE DE LA INSPECCIÓN EDUCATIVA: EL CENTRO DOCENTE VERSUS EL SISTEMA EDUCATIVO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tomás Secadura Navarro

    2011-12-01

    El autor plantea la ineludible necesidad de abandonar el actual modelo de organización por otro que, conservando su identidad, centre toda su potencialidad en el sistema educativo, lo que, a su vez, provocará un profundo cambio en la praxis inspectora.

  13. Isotope evidence of paleo - El Nino - Southern Oscillation cycles in loess-paleosol record in the central United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Hongfang; Follmer, L.R.; Chao-li, Liu

    2000-01-01

    The ??13C of soil carbonate in rhizoconcretions collected from a loess-paleosol sequence in the central United States indicates that growing-season C3/C4 plant ratio oscillated by 35% on a 900 ?? 200 yr time scale during the late Wisconsinan glaciation. The pattern appears in phase with advance and retreat of the southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet, suggesting influence by paleo-El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation cycles. The ??13C of soil organic matter indicates that the annual average C3/C4 plant ratio oscillated only by 18%, with a periodicity of 450 ?? 100 yr, and closely matched the cyclic pattern of loess-paleosol layers. It suggests a periodic enhancement of the penetration of the Gulf of Mexico air over the region during this time.

  14. El alcanfor

    OpenAIRE

    García Paredes, Antonio

    2012-01-01

    El alcanfor es un cuerpo natural, pertenece al reino vegetal; es blanco, brillante, semitrasparente, aromático, duro, sólido, liviano, inflamable, volátil, pulverizable al ponerle unas gotas de alcohol, soluble en el alcohol y en los aceites, insoluble en el agua, medicinal e industrial. Entre los muchos vegetales que suministra alcanfor el más importante y antiguamente conocido es el Laurel Alcanfor, árbol centenario y frondoso de la familia de las Laurineas, propio del Japón y de la Chin...

  15. Documentos en el Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid sobre el terremoto del 1 de noviembre de 1755

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    Fernando de la TORRE

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: En el gran Archivo Histórico Nacional (AHN existen millones de documentos. Los correspondientes a la Sección de Estado no están catalogados. El autor descubrió, en 1979, diversos legajos, mejor, cajas, que contienen importantes noticias sobre los efectos del terremoto de Lisboa, que transcribió y publicó para tres provincias españolas. Más de un millar de ellos corresponden a informaciones sobre el terremoto del 1 de noviembre de 1755. Desde 1990, el autor tiene transcritos y clasificados todos los documentos relacionados (1.020 con muy importantes noticias de los efectos del gran terremoto en 1.228 localidades españolas. Este conjunto documental es el mayor del mundo sobre un terremoto histórico. El presente artículo analiza, brevemente, una amplia gama de particularidades.ABSTRACT: The large «Archivo Histórico Nacional» (the National Historical Archive, Madrid, Spain holds millions of papers, but none of the documents of the State Section are catalogued. In 1979 the author discovered several dossiers (in fact, boxes with more than a thousand important papers concerning the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November, 1755. A few of these documents heve been published previously. Since 1990 the author has classified and transcribed 1.020 documents containing very important news about the effects of the earthquake in 1.228 Spanish towns. This group of documents is the largest in the world about an historical earthquake. In the present paper the author briefly analyses many peculiarities of the documents.

  16. English Learners (ELs) Who Are American Indian and/or Alaska Native (AI/AN). Fast Facts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Office of English Language Acquisition, US Department of Education, 2016

    2016-01-01

    The Office of English Language Acquisition (OELA) has synthesized key data on English learners (ELs) into two-page PDF sheets, by topic, with graphics, plus key contacts. The topics for this report on English Learners (ELs) Who Are American Indian and/or Alaska Native (AI/AN) include: (1) States With the Highest Percentage of ELs Who Were AI/AN:…

  17. El otro Sabio, el otro saber

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antonio Silvera Arenas

    2005-01-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo, el autor tiende un puente para conectar a “el Sabio Catalán”, Ramón Vinyes i Cluet, con aquel cómplice suyo de las tertulias del Centro de Barranquilla, José Felix Fuenmayor, que participa en la aventura literaria de la revista Voces, uno de los grandes exponentes de la letras colombianas del siglo XX, a quien Silvera llama “el Otro Sabio”

  18. Using detection dogs to conduct simultaneous surveys of northern spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina and barred owls (Strix varia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Samuel K Wasser

    Full Text Available State and federal actions to conserve northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina habitat are largely initiated by establishing habitat occupancy. Northern spotted owl occupancy is typically assessed by eliciting their response to simulated conspecific vocalizations. However, proximity of barred owls (Strix varia-a significant threat to northern spotted owls-can suppress northern spotted owl responsiveness to vocalization surveys and hence their probability of detection. We developed a survey method to simultaneously detect both species that does not require vocalization. Detection dogs (Canis familiaris located owl pellets accumulated under roost sites, within search areas selected using habitat association maps. We compared success of detection dog surveys to vocalization surveys slightly modified from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Draft 2010 Survey Protocol. Seventeen 2 km × 2 km polygons were each surveyed multiple times in an area where northern spotted owls were known to nest prior to 1997 and barred owl density was thought to be low. Mitochondrial DNA was used to confirm species from pellets detected by dogs. Spotted owl and barred owl detection probabilities were significantly higher for dog than vocalization surveys. For spotted owls, this difference increased with number of site visits. Cumulative detection probabilities of northern spotted owls were 29% after session 1, 62% after session 2, and 87% after session 3 for dog surveys, compared to 25% after session 1, increasing to 59% by session 6 for vocalization surveys. Mean detection probability for barred owls was 20.1% for dog surveys and 7.3% for vocal surveys. Results suggest that detection dog surveys can complement vocalization surveys by providing a reliable method for establishing occupancy of both northern spotted and barred owl without requiring owl vocalization. This helps meet objectives of Recovery Actions 24 and 25 of the Revised Recovery Plan for the

  19. Economic vulnerability to sea-level rise along the northern U.S. Gulf Coast

    Science.gov (United States)

    Thatcher, Cindy A.; Brock, John C.; Pendleton, Elizabeth A.

    2013-01-01

    The northern Gulf of Mexico coast of the United States has been identified as highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, based on a combination of physical and societal factors. Vulnerability of human populations and infrastructure to projected increases in sea level is a critical area of uncertainty for communities in the extremely low-lying and flat northern gulf coastal zone. A rapidly growing population along some parts of the northern Gulf of Mexico coastline is further increasing the potential societal and economic impacts of projected sea-level rise in the region, where observed relative rise rates range from 0.75 to 9.95 mm per year on the Gulf coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. A 1-m elevation threshold was chosen as an inclusive designation of the coastal zone vulnerable to relative sea-level rise, because of uncertainty associated with sea-level rise projections. This study applies a Coastal Economic Vulnerability Index (CEVI) to the northern Gulf of Mexico region, which includes both physical and economic factors that contribute to societal risk of impacts from rising sea level. The economic variables incorporated in the CEVI include human population, urban land cover, economic value of key types of infrastructure, and residential and commercial building values. The variables are standardized and combined to produce a quantitative index value for each 1-km coastal segment, highlighting areas where human populations and the built environment are most at risk. This information can be used by coastal managers as they allocate limited resources for ecosystem restoration, beach nourishment, and coastal-protection infrastructure. The study indicates a large amount of variability in index values along the northern Gulf of Mexico coastline, and highlights areas where long-term planning to enhance resiliency is particularly needed.

  20. Vocal sequential exchanges and intragroup spacing in the Northern Muriqui Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus

    OpenAIRE

    Mendes,Francisco D.C.; Ades,César

    2004-01-01

    Sequential exchanges of vocalizations (staccatos and neighs) emitted by Northern Muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus were recorded at the Biological Station of Caratinga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Staccatos and neighs containing larger proportion of short elements were preferentially produced during short-range exchanges; neighs, produced by a larger number of participants, were typical of long-range exchanges. Staccatos emitted by animals feeding in a dispersed manner contained a ...

  1. Desvelando climas de opinión por medio del Social Media Mining y Análisis de Redes Sociales en Twitter. El caso de los Common Core State Standards

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel del Fresno García

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available Los cambios derivados de la innovación tecnológica gracias a Internet y sus medios sociales están modificando la estructura de las relaciones interpersonales. El Social Media Mining (SMM es el proceso de extraer, almacenar, representar, visualizar y analizar datos masivos generados por los usuarios con el objetivo de descubrir patrones significativos a partir de las interacciones sociales en los medios sociales de Internet. La intersección del Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS y SMM, en este caso Twitter por medio de sus conexiones explícitas significativas, permite hacer visible lo que hasta ahora permanecía invisible: la estructura en red de climas de opinión y la identificación de aquellos nodos o superhubs que tienen una influencia social desproporcionada en su red. Se presenta el análisis del clima de opinión en Twitter alrededor de los Common Core State Standards (CCSS, uno de las reformas educativas más ambiciosos de los últimos 50 años en EEUU. lo que hasta ativaspl, aprtir , en este caso twitter, Universidad de Califormnia San Diego (Twitterdesexplícitas

  2. El Sistema Fundamentals in Practice: An Examination of One Public Elementary School Partnership in the US

    Science.gov (United States)

    Simpson Steele, Jamie

    2017-01-01

    El Sistema is a Venezuelan program of social change that has inspired a worldwide movement in music education. El Sistema inspires social transformation and musical excellence to occur simultaneously and symbiotically. This study examines: What does El Sistema look like within the context of a public school partnership in the United States? How do…

  3. Siting, design and cost of shallow land burial facilities in northern New England. Volume 1

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1985-05-01

    This study investigated the technical feasibility and cost of shallow land burial (SLB) as one low-level radioactive waste disposal option for Maine and the northern New England states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The results are presented in five chapters addressing the licensing process for an SLB facility, the siting process, the engineering design, the cost of disposal, and the cost of transportation. Chapter 2 reviews the Federal and State licensing processes and requirements for development of an SLB facility. Included in this discussion are the stages in the life cycle of SLB facility. Chapter 3 provides site selection criteria for Maine and presents a proposed site selection methodology. The site selection criteria are defined and the reasoning behind their selection is explained. Chapter 4 discusses SLB trench and facility designs and costs. To accommodate different waste volume scenarios, differently sized facilities are discussed, representing Maine going-it-alone and a northern New England compact. Designs and costs of scenarios including nuclear power plant decommissioning wastes are also discussed. Cost estimates of licensing, facility construction, operation, closure, and post closure care are presented for the different waste volume scenarios. Chapter 5 presents estimates of what it would cost LLW generators to dispose of their waste in a Maine-only or a northern New England shallow land burial facility. The reliability of the estimates and their sensitivity to changes in waste volume are also discussed. Chapter 6 examines transportation costs

  4. El Ajo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carda Paredes Antonio

    1942-08-01

    Full Text Available El Ajo es del género ALLIUM, AJO, de la familia de las LILIACEAS. El ajo es una planta exótica, herbácea, anual, que fue traída de España junto con la cebolla, su congénere, en la época de la Colonia, y se aclimató muy bien en los climas fríos. El ajo es también planta bulbífera, y el bulbo llamado vulgarmente CABEZA está compuesto de varios bulbillos llamados DIENTES, cubiertos cada uno de una túnica muy delgada, seca y blanquecina. El olor del ajo es más fuerte y más difusible que el de la cebolla y basta que se le despoje de su cubierta o película que lo cubre para que este olor se deje sentir vivamente a alguna distancia. Examinado químicamente el ajo, contiene las siguientes sustancias: mucílago, azúcar, azufre, sales y un aceite volátil amarillo muy acre y de sabor muy fuerte. A este aceite se atribuyen las propiedades excitantes del bulbo. El aceite volátil del ajo se extrae por destilación de los bulbos frescos. Este acéite contiene azufre y es más pesado que el agua. El ajo no es alimenticio pero es un condimento indispensable en todas las preparaciones del arte culinario.

  5. El dolor patelofemoral en el baile flamenco y su relación con el pie

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    José M. Castillo-López

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available El dolor patelofemoral es uno de los desórdenes más comunes que afectan a la rodilla. De las lesiones descritas en el baile flamenco profesional, destacan las relacionadas con el pie y la rodilla, en relación al microtraumatismo repetido del gesto técnico del zapateado y a la flexión de rodilla mantenida que requiere. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la presencia de dolor patelo femoral en profesionales del baile de flamenco y comprobar si existe relación alguna con el pie pronador y genus valgo. En el estudio han participado 46 profesionales del baile flamenco, 38 bailaoras y 8 bailaores, con una carga media de 25.4 ± 8.25 horas de baile semanales. El 34.78% de los participantes presentaban dolor patelofemoral. El 24% presentaba también genus valgo. Se encontró un 34.78% de pies pronadores. La asociación de pies pronadores y genus valgo fue del 31.25%, mientras que la asociación de pies pronadores y dolor patelofemoral fue de 43.75 % de los casos. Factores predisponentes de esta patología se dan en la práctica del baile flamenco: el impacto repetitivo, una posición mantenida y forzada de la rodilla en un rango concreto, desplazamientos y los giros bruscos. Como conclusión, se demuestra relación directa entre la presencia de pies pronadores y dolor patelofemoral en el baile flamenco. Así como entre pies pronadores y genus valgo. Estudios científicos actuales demuestran la utilidad de soportes plantares en este síndrome. La incidencia de pies pronadores y dolor patelofemoral hace recomendable estudios biomecánicos y podológicos y el uso de soportes plantares personalizados en cada caso.

  6. Acusaciones profesionales vertidas contra el magisterio primario por el gobierno franquista en el proceso depurativo. El caso de Castilla La Mancha

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    Sara RAMOS ZAMORA

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: La depuración del magisterio de primera enseñanza fue una de las acciones a las que mayor espacio dedicó la política del gobierno franquista. La formación que el magisterio recibió durante la II República, basada en unos principios pedagógicos y culturales modernos, en unas corrientes de pensamiento liberal y europeístas, junto a la aplicación que tuvieron que realizar —fuera o no con convencimiento— del modelo educativo republicano, propició que el gobierno de Franco considerara al magisterio como un cuerpo mimado por la República contaminado de sus ideales, y por ello había que depurarlo. A lo largo de este artículo la autora analiza el caso de la región de Castilla-La Mancha, especialmente la parte del proceso referente al tipo de acusaciones que se vertieron contra el magisterio de la región en los pliegos de cargos, incidiendo en aquellas de carácter pedagógico y educativo como claros exponentes de las directrices del perfil del maestro del Nuevo Estado. ABSTRACT: The purge of the teachers training was one of the actions to which greater space dedicated the politics of the Franco’s government. The formation that the teachers received during the Second Republic, based on some modern cultural and pedagogical principles, in some currents of liberal thought, next to the application that they had to carry out —was or not with conviction— of the republican educational model, favored that they were considered spoiled professionals by the Republic, contaminated of its ideals, and for that reason there was that to purify it. Along this article the author analyzes the case of the region of Castilla-La Mancha, especially the part of the referring process on type of accusations that were spilled against the teaching of the Region in the sheets of charges, impacting in those of educational and pedagogical character as clearly exponents of the guidelines of the profile of the teacher of the New State.

  7. Job market in the northern border of Mexico: Structure and employment policies

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Eduardo Mendoza

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available The study analyzes the factors that have impacted the labor market and employment in the northern border of Mexico and in its most important border cities. The economic growth of the region is related to the labor market. Additionally, the most important employment policies, both at the national and the regional level, are described showing their advantages and limitations. It is shown that the rates of open unemployment are lower in the northern border, although there is an important pressure to provide employment for the increasing labor force. With respect to training, the states of Baja California and Nuevo Leon stand out for their industrial, technical and managerial courses. The employment polices have been an important tool for offsetting the increasing unemployment rates but have been only a partial instrument, since structural reforms in education and infrastructure development are required to promote investment and create employment.

  8. EL RESORTE PRINCIPAL DE LA MÁQUINA. EL PRESIDIO AMBULANTE EN EL ORDEN PORTALIANO. Chile 1830-1840

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    Francisco Rivera Tobar

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN. Este artículo analiza al presidio ambulante como una de las formas de disciplinamiento social ejercida por la elite conservadora chilena durante el proceso de diseño y consolidación del Estado tras el fin de las disputas interelitarias (1830-1840, relevando la participación del Ministro Diego Portales. Así, se exploran de manera crítica las distintas funciones de los carros jaulas, la condiciones de vida y mecanismos de resistencia de los presidiarios frente al autoritarismo. A la vez que el rol de este sistema carcelario en vísperas de la Guerra contra la Confederación Peruano-Boliviana, su vinculación con los procesos económicos de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. En síntesis, en nuestro estudio se comprende al presidio ambulante como un elemento reflejo de las concepciones que la elite tenía en torno a la posición que cabía a los sectores populares en la construcción de un Estado nacional regido por los principios teóricos del republicanismo. Palabras Claves: Historia Social, Disciplinamiento, Estado Portaliano. ABSTRACT. This article analyzes the “presidio ambulante” (itinerant jail as one device of social discipline imposed by Chile’s conservative elites during the period of State consolidation that followed intra-elite struggles (1830-1840, highlighting the role of Minister Diego Portales. It explores critically the various functions of the “carros jaula” (cage carts, as well as the living conditions and resistance mechanisms displayed by the prison inmates vis-à-vis the authoritarian regime. The role of this disciplinary system on the eve of the war against the Confederacion Perú-Boliviana is also dealt with, including its links with the main economic processes of the early 19th Century. In sum, this study considerers the “presidio ambulante” as a reflection on the elite’s views regarding the role of the popular sectors in the making of a nation-state guided by the principles of republicanism

  9. Responsabilidad social corporativa en el sector eléctrico

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    Arturo Haro de Rosario

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available En los últimos años, la responsabilidad social corporativa se ha convertido en un factor clave de la gestión empresarial. Así, han surgido nuevos principios y prácticas empresariales encaminadas a procurar el desarrollo sostenible atendiendo a la problemática medioambiental y social. En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo es analizar la información voluntaria que divulgan las organizaciones del sector eléctrico en las memorias de responsabilidad social corporativa. Dado que las principales repercusiones de la producción de energía eléctrica afectan al medioambiente, el análisis realizado a una muestra de carácter internacional compuesta por 40 corporaciones eléctricas revela que las mejoras del sector en el desempeño ambiental son superiores al económico y social.

  10. 7 CFR 457.142 - Northern potato crop insurance provisions.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Northern potato crop insurance provisions. 457.142... INSURANCE CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMMON CROP INSURANCE REGULATIONS § 457.142 Northern potato crop insurance provisions. The Northern Potato Crop Insurance Provisions for the 2008 and succeeding...

  11. El perfume

    OpenAIRE

    Allegretti, Silvina A.

    2006-01-01

    El perfume (1985) relata la vida de Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, un ser proscrito nacido en el mercado de Les Halles. Como su madre intenta asesinarlo, el recién nacido es puesto bajo el amparo de varias nodrizas, que se deshacen de él – sistemáticamente- horrorizadas ante el niño que no despide “olor humano”. La ironía de la pluma creadora le asigna a Grenouille una contraparte especialísima: la criatura inodora tiene la capacidad de captar todos los aromas de París.

  12. El Alcanfor

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García Paredes Antonio

    1941-08-01

    Full Text Available El alcanfor es un cuerpo natural, pertenece al reino vegetal; es blanco, brillante, semitrasparente, aromático, duro, sólido, liviano, inflamable, volátil, pulverizable al ponerle unas gotas de alcohol, soluble en el alcohol y en los aceites, insoluble en el agua, medicinal e industrial. Entre los muchos vegetales que suministra alcanfor el más importante y antiguamente conocido es el Laurel Alcanfor, árbol centenario y frondoso de la familia de las Laurineas, propio del Japón y de la China.

  13. Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wisner, B

    2001-09-01

    Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.

  14. Calidad del Programa de Detección Oportuna de Cáncer Cervicouterino en el estado de Nuevo León Quality of the Early Cervical Cancer Detection Program in the state of Nuevo León

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    ANA MARÍA SALINAS-MARTÍNEZ

    1997-05-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. Determinar la calidad del Programa de Detección Oportuna de Cáncer Cervicouterino en Nuevo León. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 4 791 informes citológicos emitidos por los módulos de detección oportuna de la Secretaría de Salud Estatal, el Hospital Universitario y el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, seleccionados al azar. Se excluyeron aquellos que pertenecían a mujeres con histerectomía, embarazo actual, menopausia o resultado citológico positivo. La calidad se midió con apego a estándares. El análisis incluyó, además de la estadística descriptiva, pruebas para diferencias de proporciones y de medias. Resultados. La calidad del Programa fue moderadamente satisfactoria en el ámbito estatal. La calidad de la toma de la muestra fue poco satisfactoria; 39.9% presentó células endocervicales. La calidad en términos de la cobertura fue poco satisfactoria; 15.6% correspondió a mujeres de 25 y más años atendidas por primera vez. La calidad en términos de la oportunidad fue muy satisfactoria; 8.5 ± .7 días hábiles entre las fechas de toma e interpretación. Conclusiones. Se requiere de estrategias para incrementar el impacto del Programa en el estado, tales como el mejoramiento en la calidad de la toma de la muestra y de la cobertura.Objective. To determine the quality of the Early Cervical Cancer Detection Program in the state of Nuevo León. Material and methods. A random selection of 4 791 cytologic reports were analyzed, emitted by the State Ministry of Health, the University Hospital and the Mexican Institute for Social Security early cervical cancer detection modules. Pap tests of women with hysterectomy, current pregnancy, menopause or positive result were excluded. Quality was measured with previously defined standards. Analysis included, besides univariate statistics, tests of significance for proportions and means. Results. The quality of the program was fairly satisfactory at the level of the State

  15. El Abasto de Pan en el Madrid del Siglo XVII

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    José Ignacio ANDRÉS UCENDO

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available El mercado del pan era el más importante de los mercados de abastos, pero también el que contaba con el más complejo sistema de intervención. Los objetivos de la política de abastos eran asegurar un suministro continuo a precios estables y moderados.Los instrumentos incluían la regulación de los precios del grano y el pan, la provisión directa a través del pósito municipal y, en el caso de la corte, el pan de registro. En este trabajo examinamos la política de tasas, las disposiciones del gobierno y el comportamiento de los precios del pan en Madrid y del trigo en los mercados de origen.

  16. El Volcán Chimborazo "El Coloso de los Andes”

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    Castro Izurieta Dario Felix

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available Por muchos años se pensó que el Monte Everest localizado en Nepal podía ser considerado como el punto más alto del mundo en todo sentido; sin embargo, un estudio realizado por el Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador (IGM con ayuda del Instituto Francés de Investigación para el Desarrollo (IRD, el cuál consistió en realizar nuevas mediciones considerando el centro de la Tierra como referencia, arrojaron que el volcán Chimborazo es el punto más alto del planeta superando al Everest por un margen de alrededor de dos kilómetros. Gracias a estos nuevos datos relevantes, el volcán Chimborazo ha hecho eco alrededor del mundo siendo un atractivo para científicos y curiosos en general interesados en saber un poco más sobre la geología y la biología del lugar.

  17. ¿Es ético el uso de estimulación eléctrica del cerebro para acelerar el entrenamiento en habilidades, fuerza y rendimiento en el deporte?

    OpenAIRE

    Monasterio Astobiza, Aníbal

    2018-01-01

    El dopaje y la mejora humana son dos ámbitos que convergen en el deporte. Se unen en el deporte porque el deporte consiste en superar nuestros límites –mejorarnos- y el dopaje es el conjunto de intervenciones destinadas a mejorar nuestro rendimiento y, por consiguiente, superar nuestros límites -mejorarnos. Sin embargo, las normas de la Agencia Mundial Anti-dopaje prohíben el uso de métodos de dopaje en todas sus formas, incluidas las farmacológicas para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo. A pe...

  18. Conceptualización del neuromarketing: su relación con el mix de marketing y el comportamiento del consumidor

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mauricio Edgardo Muñoz Osores

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available El marketing, con el paso del tiempo, se ha ido apoyando en disciplinas como la psicología, antropología, sociología y economía. El Neuromarketing ha complementado aún más estas disciplinas, incorporando la neurociencias y neurosicología; en simples palabras involucrando al cerebro en las decisiones de compra y en la determinación de estrategias comerciales que sean activadores y motivadores de potenciales compras. La presente investigación revisa en forma exhaustiva el estado del arte respecto al tema, intentando una mejor comprensión de cómo reacciona el cerebro frente a diversos estímulos, viéndose influenciado directamente el sistema nervioso. Esta nueva tendencia ha sido un gran aporte para empresas de nivel mundial ayudándolas a investigar el mercado, segmentarlo, escoger una estrategia adecuada en materia de productos, posicionamiento, precio, comunicación y canales. Marketing with the passage of time has been supporting in disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, sociology, and economics. The Neuro marketing has further complemented these disciplines, incorporating the neuroscience and Neuropsychology, in simple words involving the brain in purchasing decisions and in the determination of business strategies that are enablers and motivators of potential purchases. This research review exhaustively the State of the art concerning the subject, trying to a better understanding of how the brain against various stimuli, seeing is influenced directly the nervous system reacts. This new trend has been a great contribution for enterprises worldwide, helping to investigate the market segment it, choose an appropriate strategy in the field of products, positioning, price, communication and channels.

  19. El problema ambiental y el estilo de desarrollo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Angel Augusto

    1988-12-01

    Full Text Available La toma de conciencia de la problemática ambiental en el decenio de los sesenta, planteó sorpresivamente la duda sobre la posibilidad de sostener el ritmo de desarrollo alcanzado por los países industrializados. El gigantesco crecimiento de la plataforma tecnológica obtenido durante el presente siglo, pero especialmente desde la última guerra mundial, estaba empezando a encontrar los límites, impuestos por la estructura misma de la vida. Ya Kenneth Boulding, siguiendo las tesis clásicas del malthusianismo económico, había planteado a finales de la segunda guerra mundial la posibilidad de una crisis del desarrollo, puesto que el crecimiento productivo se da en un sistema cerrado de recursos finitos. Sin embargo, las amenazas neornalthusianas de Boulding caen en el vacío del optimismo, planteado por Collin Clark, Rostow y los investigadores del Instituto Hudson.

  20. Violencia y comportamiento electoral: el caso del Estado de México / Violence and Voting Behavior: The Case of the State of Mexico

    OpenAIRE

    Amalia Pulido Gómez; Bernardo J. Almaraz Calderón

    2017-01-01

    Este trabajo analiza el impacto de la violencia en el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos del Estado de México en el nivel municipal. Nuestro argumento principal es que la violencia afectará el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos en las elecciones municipales, sin embargo, este efecto será diferente para los tres partidos mayoritarios del Estado de México: el Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), el Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) y el Partido de la Revolución Democrática (P...

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