WorldWideScience

Sample records for nationellt ansvar foer

  1. Frivillig og under eget ansvar

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Bang, Karin

    2002-01-01

    Ifølge Lou Andreas-Salomé drejer flere af Henrik Ibsens dramaer sig om problemet med at skabe balance mellem selvbefrielse og selvbegrænsning, og nøgleordene er: Frivillig og under eget ansvar....

  2. National responsibility in an enlarged European Union?; Nationellt ansvar foer anvaent kaernbraensle i en utvidgad Europeisk Union?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cramer, Per; Stendahl, Sara; Erhag, Thomas [Dept. of Law, School of Business, Economics and Law, Goeteborg Univ. (Sweden)

    2007-04-15

    The principle of national responsibility has two sides: One about how Sweden takes responsibility for the wastes that arise in the country from nuclear power generation. The other side about the rights Sweden considers itself to have to prevent that spent nuclear fuel from other countries are disposed or stored in Sweden. The last aspect of the principle has been regulated in an explicit law against final waste disposal and intermediate storage of foreign spent nuclear fuel in Sweden. The question about how Sweden will take responsibility for the spent nuclear fuel that arises within the country is not regulated in law in a corresponding way. It can be argued that such a discrepancy in interpretation of the principle does not favour its legal strength. On the multilateral level, the question is regulated through the Non-proliferation treaty from 1970 and the convention about the safety in handling spent nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes that were added within the framework of IAEA 1997. Non-proliferation confirms the right of all States to develop a national civilian nuclear power industry and within the framework of this right lies also the competence to decide about the policy for the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle. That is to say, the States have, according to the agreement, the freedom to apply a principle about exclusive national responsibility for managing the spent nuclear fuel and the radioactive wastes, as is clearly confirmed in the IAEA-convention. It should however be noted that the IAEA, since the beginning of the 1990s, has initiated several studies concerning the legal, political and the physical conditions for establishing multinational plants for intermediate storage or final waste disposal of spent nuclear fuel or high-level nuclear wastes. In reports a series arguments been presented which speaks for such a development. At the core of these arguments is the interest of winning economic and technological scale advantages, and the non-proliferation aspects. The political decision to take part in such international cooperation lies however without any doubt within the national competence. In the European Union the question about responsibility for spent nuclear fuel is not directly regulated. Common legislation initiatives from the commission concerning methods for disposal and storage of spent nuclear fuel has been blocked by member states. The EURATOM-treaty and the EU treaty have a potential reach to national regulation about handling of nuclear wastes and spent nuclear fuel. It should also be noted that there is no binding community legislation where the principle of national responsibility comes to expressions, although the the national legislation competence in the area is expressed in miscellaneous political documents. There exists a hypothetical possibility that the question about the member states' right to maintain a principle of national responsibility can be examined of the EU Court of Justice.

  3. Arbejdsmiljøseminarer som en metode til at skabe motivation, ansvar og ejerskab til sikkerhedsarbejdet

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Pedersen, Louise

    2011-01-01

    arbejdsmiljøseminarer som en ny metode til på en meningsfuld måde systematisk at involvere mellemlederne og de ansatte i virksomhedernes sikkerhedsarbejde og dermed potentielt at fremme deres motivation, ansvar og ejerskab til dette. Arbejdsmiljøseminarer tager udgangspunkt i de ansattes faglige ekspertise og...

  4. Hvilke psykiske og sosiale problemer kan oppstå hos stomiopererte, og hva er sykepleierens ansvar?

    OpenAIRE

    Bismo, Marit; Engh, Christian; Fagervold, Linda; Fagervold-Mathisen, Lone

    2015-01-01

    NORSK: Introduksjon: Studier viser høy forekomst av angst og depresjon blant pasienter med stomi. Dette gir redusert sosial interaksjon og økt forlegenhet. Hensikt: Finne ut omfanget og pasienters skildringer av psykiske og sosiale problemer som kan oppstå etter en stomioperasjon. På bakgrunn av dette finne ut hva sykepleierens ansvar er for å imøtekomme problemene pasientene beskriver. Metode: Denne oppgaven er en litteraturstudie. Vi har søkt etter aktuell forskning i databasene Cinah...

  5. Find selv fred og ro

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Juelskjær, Malou

    2010-01-01

    I klasseværelset er det lærerens ansvar at skabe ro. Men i de nye skolebygninger er det den enkelte elevs ansvar at finde frem til fredfyldte steder.......I klasseværelset er det lærerens ansvar at skabe ro. Men i de nye skolebygninger er det den enkelte elevs ansvar at finde frem til fredfyldte steder....

  6. Methodology - evaluation of strategies -and the system for taking care of spent nuclear fuel; Metodval - utvaerdering av strategier och system foer att ta hand om anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2010-10-15

    This report deals with the question of how the Swedish spent nuclear fuel is to be disposed of. What are the requirements? What are the alternatives? In the main chapter of the report, an evaluation is made of the KBS-3 method compared with other strategies and systems for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel. An appendix to the report presents in general terms how the KBS-3 method has developed from the end of the 1970s up to today. The report is one of a number of supporting documents for SKB's applications for construction and operation of the final repository for spent nuclear fuel. In parallel with and as a basis for the present report, SKB has prepared the reports 'Principer, strategier och system foer slutligt omhaendertagande av anvaent kaernbraensle' ('Principles, strategies and systems for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel') /Grundfelt 2010a/, 'Jaemfoerelse mellan KBS-3-metoden och deponering i djupa borrhaal foer slutlig foervaring av anvaent kaernbraensle' ('Comparison between the KBS-3 method and deposition in deep boreholes for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel') /Grundfelt 2010b/ and 'Utvecklingen av KBS-3-metoden. Genomgaang av forskningsprogram, saekerhetsanalyser, myndighetsgranskningar samt SKB:s internationella forskningssamarbete' ('Development of the KBS-3 method. Review of research programmes, safety assessments, regulatory reviews and SKB's international research cooperation') /SKB 2010a/. The reports are in Swedish, but contain summaries in English. The first report is an update of the comprehensive account of alternative methods presented by SKB in 2000. The second report presents a comparison between the KBS-3 method and the Deep Boreholes concept, plus a status report on research and development in the area of Deep Boreholes. The last report describes how the KBS-3 method has been developed from the end of the 1970s up to today. It further describes how the

  7. Nærbilleder og modfortællinger

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Tanderup, Sara

    2014-01-01

    Recently, several literary works have appeared which use formal experiments and intermedial strategies to thematize memory and history. Authors such as Alexander Kluge, W.G. Sebald, Daniel Mendelsohn, Monica Maron, Jonathan Safran Foer, Don DeLillo and Aleksandar Hemon include other, primarily...... visual, media such as film, photographs and drawings, in their works while dealing with historical events like the Holocaust or the 9/11 terror attack. My article discusses this tendency, analyzing works by Kluge, Sebald and Foer. They all work with photographs in their texts. I trace the differences...

  8. Rights and Responsibilities

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Petersen, Hanne

    2010-01-01

    Globaliseringsbevægelserne bevirker svækkelse af stater og undergraver til en vis grad rettigheder samtidig med at etik, pligter og ansvar, der hører til den moralske sfære får større betydning. Artiklen diskuterer konsekvenserne af globale relationer, mangfoldige relationer og globalt ansvar. So...

  9. En genlæsning af John Rawls i lyset af hans diskussion af forholdet til fremtidige generationer

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Lübcke, Poul

    2009-01-01

    På grundlag af en konsekventialistisk rekonstruktion af Rawls' politiske position gøres der rede for Rawls eksplicitte og implicitte vurdering af vores ansvar over for fremtidige generationer......På grundlag af en konsekventialistisk rekonstruktion af Rawls' politiske position gøres der rede for Rawls eksplicitte og implicitte vurdering af vores ansvar over for fremtidige generationer...

  10. Revisors opklaring af besvigelser - Læren af praksis

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Bloch Christensen, Maria; Kristensen, Rikke Holmslykke; Warming-Rasmussen, Bent

    ansvarsfordelingen. Er det bestyrelsen, direktionen, controllerne eller navnlig den eksterne revisor, som burde have opdaget besvigelsen? Eller burde selskabets medarbejdere have påtaget sig det sociale ansvar at agere som whistleblowers? De berørte parter undskylder sig ofte ved, at den nu afslørede bedrager...... medarbejdere med socialt ansvar (whistleblowers), men også de eksterne, herunder kreditgivere, offentlige kontrolmyndigheder samt økonomiske journalister....

  11. Cultural Integration of Migrant Citizens:strong> strong>

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Singla, Rashmi; Akora, Lydia; Panesar, Jasbir

    2006-01-01

    Artiklen handler om prakisforskning baseret på et transnationalt EU-projekt, der sigter på at forbedre "adult migrant learners" kompetencer for aktiv deltagelse i samfundet. Projektets formål var forbedring af de voksnes forståelse af socialt ansvar på forskellige niveauer ved at gøre dem bevidst...... konferencer førte til øget empowerment og forbedret socialt ansvar ikke kun blandt kursisterne, men også blandt de professionelle. Udgivelsesdato: december...

  12. Omsætning af fast ejendom

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Edlund, Hans Henrik

    Bogen er en systematisk gennemgang af lov om omsætning af fast ejendom, der regulerer ejendomsmægleres virke. Følgende emner er bl.a. behandlet: Hvem kan drive ejendomsmæglervirksomhed og ejendomsmæglernes pligter og ansvar.......Bogen er en systematisk gennemgang af lov om omsætning af fast ejendom, der regulerer ejendomsmægleres virke. Følgende emner er bl.a. behandlet: Hvem kan drive ejendomsmæglervirksomhed og ejendomsmæglernes pligter og ansvar....

  13. Eg høyrer og eg gløymer, eg ser og eg huskar, eg gjer og eg forstår

    OpenAIRE

    Liavåg, Sturla Sætre

    2017-01-01

    Høgskulen på Vestlandet Avdeling for helsefag/ Institutt for sjukepleie/Campus Førde Slik som sjukepleiaryrket utviklar seg no til dags får sjukepleiaren meir og meir ansvar. Dette gjeld både sjukepleiarar som yrkesgruppe men og som enkeltpersonar. Ein kan oppleve å gå rett frå sjukepleiarstudiet og inn på ein arbeidsplass, og der oppleve å vere einaste sjukepleiar, og med stort ansvar. Som sjukepleiar stiller samfunnet både formelle og uformelle krav til kva ein skal site inne me...

  14. Administrativ organisation og ansvar

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Hilsted, Jannik C; Krogsgaard, Kim

    2003-01-01

    The paper describes the current organisation of clinical trials in Danish hospitals, with particular emphasis on the relationship between hospitals and the pharmaceutical industry. Legal responsibilities as well as mutual agreements on collaboration and organisation are described and discussed....

  15. Socialistisk Eugenik

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Møller, Jes Fabricius

    2002-01-01

    Racehygiejnen havde en særlig aflægger i den socialistiske eugenik, der betonede nødvendigheden af det sociale ansvar for de genetisk underprivilegerede med den betingelse, at de ikke lod deres dårlige egenskaber gå videre til næste generation.......Racehygiejnen havde en særlig aflægger i den socialistiske eugenik, der betonede nødvendigheden af det sociale ansvar for de genetisk underprivilegerede med den betingelse, at de ikke lod deres dårlige egenskaber gå videre til næste generation....

  16. Havde Friedman alligevel ret?

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Koch, Carsten Allan

    2005-01-01

    Den amerikanske økonom Milton Friedmans artikel om virksomheders sociale ansvar, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profit, er en af de mest kontroversielle bidrag til litteraturen om virksomheders ledelse og sociale ansvar. Men Friedmans artikel er, omend nok undervurderet,...... profit er til gavn for det økonomiske systems funktionsmåde, og at en uddeling af en ikketriviel andel af den vil svække denne rolle. Dette er analysens hovedresultat. Derudover præsenteres en række modifikationer til det ovenstående hovedresultat....

  17. 60 kvinnor per dag undersoeks nu med vaerldsunikt digitalt mammografisystem fraan Sectra

    CERN Multimedia

    2003-01-01

    "Helsingborgs kvinnor faar kraftigt saenkt straaldos fraan mammografi60 kvinnor per dag undersoeks nu med vaerldsunikt digitalt mammografisystem fraan SectraSectras digitala mammografisystem, Sectra MicroDose Mammography, har nu passerat 1.500 undersoekta kvinnor inom Helsingborgs Lasaretts screeningprogram foer mammografi" (1 page).

  18. Responsibility and intersubjectivity as challenge to informed consent

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Andersen, Anne Mette Fruelund

    2006-01-01

    rådgivning i Danmark. Gennem interviews med patienter kommer der gode eksempler på, hvilke ansvarsrelationer, der er på spil mellem læge og patient, indenfor familien og for den enkelte person, der søger rådgivning og testning. Udover selve beslutningen om test, skal patienten tage stilling til, hvem der...... vanskeligheden ved at håndtere videnskabelig information og usikkerhed at tage hensyn til i vurderingen af de konkrete ansvarsrelationer. Det informerede samtykke problematiseres ud fra analysen af ansvar og intersubjektivitet. Det globale perspektiv ved ansvar og bioteknologi berøres kort i form af en...

  19. Et stort offer er nødvendigt i Danske Bank

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Ørholst, Henrik

    2018-01-01

    Når skandalerne rammer, kan det være nødvendigt at ofre en topchef for at komme videre. Danske Banks uheldige eventyr i Estland afventer to undersøgelser, før et ansvar bliver placeret. VW, Mærsk og SAS reagerede hurtigere, da de blev ramt.......Når skandalerne rammer, kan det være nødvendigt at ofre en topchef for at komme videre. Danske Banks uheldige eventyr i Estland afventer to undersøgelser, før et ansvar bliver placeret. VW, Mærsk og SAS reagerede hurtigere, da de blev ramt....

  20. Redovisning till verkligt värde : En studie om IAS 40:s inverkan på aktievärderingen av noterade fastighetföretag på Stockholmsbörsen

    OpenAIRE

    Sjögren, Andreas

    2007-01-01

    De senaste decenniernas globalisering har medfört att redovisningen behöver bli mer harmoniserad. Både företag och användare av redovisningsinformation är idag i större behov av att kunna jämföra redovisningsinformation inte bara mellan företag nationellt utan även mellan länder och mellan världsdelar. Detta är bakgrunden till införandet av IASB: s redovisningsregler i hela EU. En av de standarder som har påverkats mest av införandet av IASB: s regler benämnda IFRS/IAS är redovisningsstandard...

  1. En dialog för hållbarhet : En studie om statliga företags intressentdialog i praktiken

    OpenAIRE

    Danielsson, Josefin; Ulleryd, Ida

    2016-01-01

    Kraven på att organisationer ska ta ett socialt, miljömässigt och ekonomiskt ansvar har ökat i och med den ökade medvetenhet om hur olika verksamheter påverkar såväl miljö som samhälle. Det huvudsakliga verktyget för företag att kommunicera sitt ansvars- och hållbarhetsarbete är genom hållbarhetsredovisningen, där Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) riktlinjer är den mest använda standarden vid upprättandet av en hållbarhetsredovisning. En av de grundläggande principerna i GRI är att företagen...

  2. Akzo Nobel Science Award: Svensk upptaeckt botar framtidens cancer

    CERN Multimedia

    2003-01-01

    'Akzo Nobel Science Award: Svensk upptaeckt botar framtidens cancerStockholm, 27 februari, 2003. Aarets Akzo Nobel Science Award Sweden paa 500 000 kronor gaar till professorn i medicinsk straalningsfysik Anders Brahme. Han prisas foer "sin unika forskargaerning inom straalbehandlingsysiken samt kombinationen av grundforskning, tillaempad forskning och interaktion med industrin"' (1 page).

  3. Klimakommunikation von Fluggesellschaften

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Pedersen, Anne Grethe Julius; Larsen, Aase Voldgaard

    2010-01-01

    Flyselskabers online klimakommunikation. En undersøgelse af afsender-modtager-relationer på danske og tyske flyselskabers hjemmesider med fokus på placering af ansvar, dels for klimaforandringer og dels handling mod klimaforandringer....

  4. Ansvar for borgeres økonomiske inkompetence

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Andersen, Steffen; Nielsen, Hans Jørgen

    2017-01-01

    Vi belyser danskernes evne til at træffe økonomiske valg og argumenterer for, at økonomisk inkompetence (financial literacy) potentielt er en udfordring for mange. Vi definerer begrebet økonomisk kompetence og viser, at betydelige dele af en befolkning udviser stor økonomisk inkompetence. Vi vise...

  5. Romahadet er allemandseje i Danmark

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Molbæk-Steensig, Helga

    2017-01-01

    Artiklen adresserede politiets twitter-omtale af begrebet ’roma’ som synonym for ’omrejsende kriminel’. Artiklen gjorde opmærksom på Danmarks generelle og specifikke ansvar for at bekæmpe diskrimination, med henvisning til den europæiske menneskerettighedskonventions generelle diskriminationsforbud...

  6. Marte Meo Metode som magtteknologi

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Sørensen, Nelli Øvre

    2015-01-01

    Pårørendeskole til pårørende for at forbedre kommunikation og samvær med familiemedlemmer med demens. Ægtefæller fortalte, at de oplevede at skulle påtage sig større ansvar, end de allerede havde, og at de gjorde modstand mod undervisernes formidlingsmåde og fortolkning af Marte Meo, der blev......, at der mellem undervisere og pårørende foregår et biopolitisk magtspil, med intentioner om at de pårørende tilføres ressourcer ved at lære Marte Meo metoden, men at den får funktion af selvteknologiske redskaber i 'subjektiverings processer', hvor de pårørende ledes mod at tage øget ansvar for eget og...... for ægtefællens liv og for hjemmehjælperes brug af Marte Meo metode- og sprog....

  7. Tax Governance

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Feldthusen, Rasmus Kristian

    2011-01-01

    Artiklen omhandler den økonomiske dimension af virksomheders ansvar (business responsibility) i relation til virksomhedens skatteforhold og de udfordringer denne agenda indebærer for en virksomhedsbestyrelse. Den overordnede pointe i nærværende artikel er, at virksomhedens skatteforhold i dag er ...

  8. Fra stat til amt

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Bjerrum, Merete

    2008-01-01

    Kapitlet beskriver grundlaget for den måde hvorpå dansk hospitalspsykiatri er organiseret i dag. Folketinget vedtog i 1975 at decentralisere det administrative ansvar for statshospitalerne. Decentraliseringen var en markant ændring i forhold til tidligere. Bidraget forklarer årsager til, at amtsk...

  9. Forbilledlig arkitekturformidling

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jensen, Boris Brorman

    2017-01-01

    Politikens arkitekturredaktør Karsten R.S. Ifversen har udgivet en længe ventet og meget vellykket monografi om Lundgaard & Tranberg Arkitekter i samarbejde med arkitekturfotografen Jens Lindhe på forlaget Strandberg Publishing. Ifversen skriver i sin indledning, at han selv står til ansvar...

  10. Revisors opklaring af besvigelser

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Bloch Christensen, Maria; Kristensen, Rikke Holmslykke; Warming-Rasmussen, Bent

    ansvarsfordelingen. Er det bestyrelsen, direktionen, controllerne eller navnlig den eksterne revisor, som burde have opdaget besvigelsen? Eller burde selskabets medarbejdere have påtaget sig det sociale ansvar at agere som whistleblowers? De berørte parter undskylder sig ofte ved, at den nu afslørede bedrager...

  11. Who sets the Agenda: The Author or the Terrorist?

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Søndergaard, Leif

    2012-01-01

    Definitions of terrorism. Terorism in the 1980s, i.e. taking hostages and exploding bombs outside the US. UNA-bomber and Oklahoma bomber. Relations between author and terrorist in and outside USA before 9/11. Relations between terrorist and press. President Bush's rhetoric and various reactions t...... to 9/11. Novels by Safran Foer (Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close) and Don DeLillo (Falling Man) focus on the personal and private consequences whereas Mohsin Hamid (The Reluctant Fundamentalist) includes the other side....

  12. Digitalisering udfordrer statens sikkerhedsmonopol

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Liebetrau, Tobias

    2017-01-01

    Statens historiske monopol på og ansvar for den nationale sikkerhed er kraftigt udfordret på cyberområdet, hvor vi i højere og højere grad er tvunget til at fæste lid til, at markedsdynamikker sikrer et tilstrækkeligt højt niveau af cybersikkerhed...

  13. Retsfilosofi

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Rendtorff, Jacob Dahl

    Hvad er ret og retfærdighed? Hvad er forholdet mellem ret og moral? Hvad er et retssystem? Kan man begrunde menneskerettigheder? Har dommere og retsanvendere et etisk ansvar, og hvad er god dømmekraft? Hvorledes begrundes lov og ret i demokratiske samfund? Hvad er retsvidenskabens opgave? Spørgsmål...

  14. Heading for Sustainability

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Klemmensen, Børge

    2007-01-01

    Rækkevidden af virksomheders selvregulering med henblik på bæredygtig produktion. Offentlig regulering nødvendig, men sigtet må være at fremme virksomhedernes tagen ansvar for miljøvirkningerne af egen aktivitet.  Succes med dette vurderes som afgørende for implementeringen af bæredygtighedsstrat...

  15. SME-selskaber

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Neville, Mette

    1996-01-01

    Små og mellemstore selskaber med begrænset ansvar befinder sig i en innovationsfase, såvel nationalt som internationalt. På EU-plan diskuterer man bl.a. muligheden for en harmonisering af de anpartsselskabslignende selskaber. Et andet aktuelt spørgsmål er, om der er behov for en deregulering af d...

  16. Medhæftende majoritetsejer

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Werlauff, Erik

    2012-01-01

    Artiklen analyserer de tilfælde, hvor en majoritetsejer (et moderselskab eller en fysisk majoritetsejer) undtagelsesvis kan blive ansvarlig for eller komme til at hæfte for én eller flere af selskabets forpligtelser. Der sondres mellem hæftelse/ansvar som følge af lov, løfte, økonomisk enhed (sam...

  17. Arbejdsmiljø ved udbud af busdrift

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Wiegmann, Inger-Marie; Mathiesen, Karin; Hasle, Peter

    En undersøgelse af sammenhængen mellem arbejdsmiljø og udbud af busdrift i tre trafikselskabet. Resultaterne peger på at arbejdsmiljøet går fra udelukkende til at være et anliggende mellem arbejdsgiver og arbejdstager til et trepartsforhold hvor også udbyder (trafikselskabet) får et ansvar og har...

  18. Ansvar for mangler ved salg af nedlagte landbrugsejendomme

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Edlund, Hans Henrik

    1999-01-01

    I artiklen redegøres for, at loven om forbrugerbeskyttelse ved erhvervelse af fast ejendom m.v. som udgangspunkt ikke gælder for fast ejendom undergivet landbrugspligt, og reglerne for, i hvilke tilfælde og hvornår landbrugspligten bortfalder, gennemgås. Dernæst vurderes muligheden for, at sælger...... af nedlagte landbrugsejendomme alligevel kan aftale med købere, at loven skal gælde, således at sælgerne opnår ansvarsfrihed for faktiske mangler ved bygningerne, selv om landbrugspligten (endnu) ikke er bortfaldet....

  19. «Selvbestemt abort – et sykepleiefaglig ansvar

    OpenAIRE

    Husebø, Karen Søyland; Brynildsrud, Nina Espedal

    2015-01-01

    Problemstilling: «Hvorfor søker unge kvinner i Norge abort, og hva kan bidra til å redusere aborttallene?» og «Hvordan ivareta den abortsøkende kvinne på sykehus?» Hensikt: I denne oppgaven vil vi se nærmere på hvilke kvinner som tar provosert abort, og hva som gjør at nettopp disse kvinnene velger dette. Vi skal også ta for oss hvilke tiltak som kan være med på å redusere aborttallene. Til slutt vil vi se på hva som er viktig i ivaretagelsen av kvinner som kommer til sykehuset for å ta...

  20. Governance & Corporate Social Responsibility - virksomheders ansvar for udvikling

    OpenAIRE

    Bomholdt, Anders; Lund, Ditte Nissen; Dueholm, Line

    2008-01-01

    Summary Through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and especially within an initiative like the United Nations Global Compact, business has been given co-responsibility for development issues. By invitation from Kofi Annan, then UN Secretary-General, the Global Compact seeks to involve the private sector in the support of the Millennium Development Goals. In order to do so the Global Compact advocates 10 principles on human rights, workers rights, environmental issues and anti-corruption t...

  1. En håndholdt indsats

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Lau, Charlotte Bech; Delica, Kristian Nagel; Andersen, Heidi Lene

    marginaliserede positioner, kan bryde med positioner og begynde at tage større ansvar for eget liv og sundhed. Håndholdte indsatser er dog også tidskrævende og kræver stor fleksibilitet og ofte en vilje til at arbejde tværfagligt og uden om de gængse standarder og forløb. Sådanne indsatser rummer tillige...

  2. God bolig for ældre

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Ranten, K.; Vedel-Petersen, F.

    Anvisningen beskriver de forhold i en almindelig bolig og dens nærmeste omgivelser, som er af særlig betydning for ældre beboere. Listen kan være en hjælp for alle med ansvar for, at boliger gøres velegnede også for ældre - både i nyt boligbyggeri og ved bygningsforbedring i ældre boliger....

  3. Coaching

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Pedersen, Elsebet Frydendal

    kravet om ansvar for egen læring nye krav til lærerne på uddannelsesstederne, til pædagogikken og til læringsprocessen. Rapporten er en sammenskrivning af baggrundsviden om coaching og teorier, der relaterer sig til dette, især læringsprocesser. Derudover indgår nogle konkrete anvisninger til...... gennemførselen af selve coaching forløbet....

  4. Förskolechefens anavar och uppdrag i ett kommunalt förvaltningsperspektiv

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Anita Eriksson

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available The revision of the Swedish Education Act and of the Pre-School Curriculum of 2010 involved a demand for improved pedagogical quality and for an alteration and clarification of roles and responsibilities within the pre-school sector. In the revision the responsibilities, authorizations and rights to make decisions of the Heads of Preschool were articulated and clarified. This article describes and discusses how the new responsibilities and tasks of the Heads of Preschool have been interpreted and how the response to the revisions has manifested itself within a framework of municipal public administration. The data used consists of a questionnaire answered by 48 administrative officials with responsibility for education government in different municipalities. The result shows that the Heads of Preschool in a majority of municipalities are faced with increasing responsibilities and a new accountability structure. In order to meet the demands for improved pedagogical quality they are also expected to provide competence development opportunities for preschool staff.2010-års revideringen av skollagen och förskolans läroplan innebar dels ökade krav på pedagogisk kvalitet och dels på en förändrad och förtydligad ansvarsstruktur i förskolan. För förskolechefens del explicitgjordes och förtydligades både ansvar, befogenhet och beslutsrätt. I artikeln beskrivs och problematiseras hur förskolechefens ansvar och uppdrag tolkas och kommer till uttryck i ett övergripande kommunalt förvaltningsperspektiv i samband med dessa revideringar. Data utgörs av en enkätundersökning besvarad av 48 förvaltningstjänstemän anställda i olika kommuner. Resultatet visar att förskolechefen i flertalet kommuner har tilldelats ett stort ansvar när det gäller att tolka och initiera den förtydligade ansvarsstrukturen och skapa förutsättningar i form av kompetensutvecklingsinsatser för förskolepersonalen för att möta de ökade kraven p

  5. Indledning

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Larsen, Kristian

    2005-01-01

    Artiklen indeholder en introduktion til emnet virksomheders ledelse og sociale ansvar, som i antologien belyses i ti artikler særligt ud fra vinklerne Corporate Governance og Corporate Social Responsibility/CSR. Artiklen præsenterer nogle af hovedpunkter i den diskussion af, i hvilket omfang...... Corporate Governance og CSR er sammenfaldende, supplerende eller forskellige begreber, som i bogen belyses tværvidenskabeligt fra etiske, juridiske, institutionelle og økonomiske vinkler....

  6. Branding through mobile applications : - A case study of Swedish campaign applications

    OpenAIRE

    Vikström, Henrik; Zheng, Caroline

    2013-01-01

    We are a few years into a paradigm shift where mobile Internet usage around the world is increasing fast. Smartphones have in Sweden become the device a substantial proportion of the population have, and companies have seen them as a new way to communicate with consumers. This thesis is a case study of four smartphone applications issued by companies in brand building purposes. The applications are King of the slope by Vattenfall, Körklar? by SalusAnsvar, McWrap Go&Get by McDonalds and M...

  7. Mat, måltid og moral - hvordan spise rett og riktig?

    OpenAIRE

    Bugge, Annechen Bahr

    2015-01-01

    Matforbruk er i økende grad blitt et spørsmål om ansvar og omsorg. I den nyliberalistiske retorikken blir forbrukerne hele tiden oppfordret til å handle sunne, naturlige, økologiske, etiske produkter, samt å unngå billig, masseprodusert mat (hvor gjerne sukker, fett og salt er hovedingredienser). Det er ikke bare ansett som dårlig for kroppen, men også for våre omgivelser. Gjennom media, ekspertuttalelser, helse-/miljøkampanjer, produktlanseringer, reklame, dietter osv. blir også forbrukerne ...

  8. Coleção e memória em "Uma vida iluminada", de Liev Schreiber

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Claudia Maia

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available O filme Uma vida iluminada (2005, com roteiro e direção de Liev Schreiber, baseado no romance Tudo se ilumina, de Jonathan Safran Foer, narra a história de um jovem judeu norte-americano que viaja para a Ucrânia em busca de seu passado. A coleção para o protagonista do filme e para a mulher que ele encontra em Trachimbrod, sobrevivente de um massacre que destruiu toda a sua família, é de fundamental importância. Ambos os personagens reúnem objetos como forma de lutar contra a dispersão e o esquecimento, assim como argumentou Walter Benjamin sobre o colecionador. Em Uma vida iluminada, essa luta está intrinsecamente ligada à memória judaica, constantemente ameaçada por regimes totalitários.

  9. Konflikten mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv : En kvalitativ studie om småbarnsföräldrars upplevelser av psykisk hälsa och balans i tillvaron

    OpenAIRE

    Ahlzén, Amanda

    2015-01-01

    Dagens arbetsliv ställer helt andra krav på individen än förr. På arbetsmarknaden krävs flexibilitet och eget ansvar, där individen förväntas kunna arbeta när som helst och var som helst. Dessa faktorer har bidragit till en obalans mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv som kan orsaka olika former av ohälsa. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur småbarnsföräldrar upplever sin psykiska hälsa i relation till balansen mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod och dat...

  10. Flygande mat - kabinpersonals måltidssituation

    OpenAIRE

    Johansson, Johanna; Hugosson, Ellen

    2015-01-01

    Inledning Yrket som kabinanställd inom flyget präglas av serviceanda och ansvar för passagerares säkerhet. Arbetsmiljön innebär fysiska påfrestningar vad gäller till exempel kabintryck och låg syrenivå. Mat och måltider intas under olika tider på dygnet och infaller sällan på normala måltidstider. Kabinpersonalens måltider regleras av regler, avtal och policyer rörande arbetstidens längd. Syfte Syftet var att undersöka kabinpersonalens måltider under arbetstid, med fokus på riktlinjer och pol...

  11. Kommunikation av CSR i den externa rapporteringen : en internationell jämförelse

    OpenAIRE

    Elfgren, Kaj; Bergling Olanders, Isabel

    2011-01-01

    Företags ansvar i samhället - Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) - har varit föremål för diskussion sedan 1900-talets början. Företags samhällsansvar har sedan dess kommit att bli ett välkänt begrepp bland företagare världen över. Skillnader i ekonomiska, politiska, sociala och kulturella system påverkar däremot i vilken utsträckning företagen kommunicerar samhällsansvar i olika länder. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning företag kommunicerar CSR i den extern...

  12. Choice of method - evaluation of strategies and systems for disposal of spent nuclear fuel

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2010-10-01

    This report deals with the question of how the Swedish spent nuclear fuel is to be disposed of. What are the requirements? What are the alternatives? In the main chapter of the report, an evaluation is made of the KBS-3 method compared with other strategies and systems for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel. An appendix to the report presents in general terms how the KBS-3 method has developed from the end of the 1970s up to today. The report is one of a number of supporting documents for SKB's applications for construction and operation of the final repository for spent nuclear fuel. In parallel with and as a basis for the present report, SKB has prepared the reports Principer, strategier och system foer slutligt omhaendertagande av anvaent kaernbraensle ('Principles, strategies and systems for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel') /Grundfelt 2010a/, Jaemfoerelse mellan KBS-3-metoden och deponering i djupa borrhaal foer slutlig foervaring av anvaent kaernbraensle ('Comparison between the KBS-3 method and deposition in deep boreholes for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel') /Grundfelt 2010b/ and Utvecklingen av KBS-3- metoden. Genomgaang av forskningsprogram, saekerhetsanalyser, myndighetsgranskningar samt SKB:s internationella forskningssamarbete ('Development of the KBS-3 method. Review of research programmes, safety assessments, regulatory reviews and SKB's international research cooperation') /SKB 2010a/. The reports are in Swedish, but contain summaries in English. The first report is an update of the comprehensive account of alternative methods presented by SKB in 2000. The second report presents a comparison between the KBS-3 method and the Deep Boreholes concept, plus a status report on research and development in the area of Deep Boreholes. The last report describes how the KBS-3 method has been developed from the end of the 1970s up to today. It further describes how the method has been further developed and refined over the years, but also what the

  13. Choice of method - evaluation of strategies and systems for disposal of spent nuclear fuel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2010-10-15

    This report deals with the question of how the Swedish spent nuclear fuel is to be disposed of. What are the requirements? What are the alternatives? In the main chapter of the report, an evaluation is made of the KBS-3 method compared with other strategies and systems for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel. An appendix to the report presents in general terms how the KBS-3 method has developed from the end of the 1970s up to today. The report is one of a number of supporting documents for SKB's applications for construction and operation of the final repository for spent nuclear fuel. In parallel with and as a basis for the present report, SKB has prepared the reports Principer, strategier och system foer slutligt omhaendertagande av anvaent kaernbraensle ('Principles, strategies and systems for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel') /Grundfelt 2010a/, Jaemfoerelse mellan KBS-3-metoden och deponering i djupa borrhaal foer slutlig foervaring av anvaent kaernbraensle ('Comparison between the KBS-3 method and deposition in deep boreholes for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel') /Grundfelt 2010b/ and Utvecklingen av KBS-3- metoden. Genomgaang av forskningsprogram, saekerhetsanalyser, myndighetsgranskningar samt SKB:s internationella forskningssamarbete ('Development of the KBS-3 method. Review of research programmes, safety assessments, regulatory reviews and SKB's international research cooperation') /SKB 2010a/. The reports are in Swedish, but contain summaries in English. The first report is an update of the comprehensive account of alternative methods presented by SKB in 2000. The second report presents a comparison between the KBS-3 method and the Deep Boreholes concept, plus a status report on research and development in the area of Deep Boreholes. The last report describes how the KBS-3 method has been developed from the end of the 1970s up to today. It further describes how the method has been further developed and

  14. Measuring Technique for emission of carbon dioxide - principles and costs for monitoring within the framework of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme; Maetteknik foer koldioxidutslaepp - principer och kostnader foer oevervakning inom ramen foer EU:s system foer handel med utslaeppsraetter foer koldioxid

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lau, Peter; Gustavsson, Lennart; Magnusson, Bertil; Loefdahl, Gunn-Mari

    2004-07-01

    The report describes different methods to monitor the variables, used to calculate the emission of carbon dioxide, within the framework of the Emissions Trading Scheme. All factors such as the amount of material (e.g. fuel used from supply data or measurement), the thermal value, transition- or emission factor and any oxidation factor of the material, are discussed. The main part of the report, chapters 3-5, deals with the measurements of the so called activity data, i.e. primarily the amount of fuel and carbonaceous materials which will result in CO{sub 2}- emission, and which is introduced to, or which is the result of a process in the form of a product. A background regarding metrological aspects is given, primarily how the uncertainty of the different monitoring levels of the reported CO{sub 2}-values, can be met. Chapter 6 deals with the thermal value, transition- or emission factor and the oxidation factor. As a conclusion from putting together this report, we can verify that there are many different types of scales and flow-meters (for liquids) that technically have the potential to determine the amount of fuel/material with sufficiently low measurement uncertainty, even to reach the highest verification level of 1 %. But to make this work in practice, a number of requirements must be met. The measuring instruments must be installed and maintained in such a way that the capability of the instruments really is utilized. In many cases, there must also be routines on how to handle the results from the measurements, including e.g. correction for temperature etc. A tip for those that quickly wish to find vital information is to use the compilations that can be found as figures in the report. In the compilation over 'Conditions' Chapter 4, information on the prerequisites that must be met for the measuring instrument related to the different verification (uncertainty) levels, is compiled in one diagram, with codes referring to short descriptions. Regarding the choice of instrument, essential data is compiled regarding area of use and related costs.

  15. Att arbeta i restaurangbranschen : En kvalitativ studie om arbetstagares upplevelser av psykosocial arbetsmiljö och stress

    OpenAIRE

    Sauer, Emma

    2016-01-01

    En utgångspunkt för arbetslivet bör vara att skapa en arbetsmiljö som ger individer förutsättningar att ingå, kvarstå och utvecklas i arbetet. Arbetsmiljön är betydande för både individers hälsa och verksamheters utveckling samt förutsättningar för tillväxt. Arbetsplatsen betonas därmed vara en betydande arena för förebyggande insatser. Det är arbetsgivaren som har huvudsakligt ansvar för arbetsmiljön. Ingen arbetstagare ska riskera att skadas eller drabbas av ohälsa i arbetet. Syftet med stu...

  16. Det gränslösa arbetslivets genomtränglighet i Spotify-rekryterarnas sfärer : hur flexibilitet och tillgänglighet påverkar work-life balance

    OpenAIRE

    Andersson, Emelie; Hallgren, Malin

    2016-01-01

    Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med en förståelse för hur rekryterare upplever och hanterar flexibilitet, tillgänglighet och work-life balance i en multinationell och expanderande organisation präglad av det gränslösa arbetslivet. Denna förståelse är betydelsefull då det gränslösa arbetslivet innebär ett stort eget ansvar för individen, vilket skapar en utmaning för individen själv att måna om sin work-life balance och upprätthållandet av ett långsiktigt välmående. För att uppfylla studi...

  17. Preliminary plan for decommissioning - repository for spent nuclear fuel; Preliminaer plan foer avveckling - slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hallberg, Bengt; Tiberg, Liselotte (Studsvik Nuclear AB, Nykoeping (Sweden))

    2010-06-15

    The final disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel is part of the KBS-3 system, which also consists of a central facility for interim storage and encapsulation of the spent nuclear fuel and a transport system. The nuclear fuel repository will be a nuclear facility. Regulation SSMFS 2008:1 (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority's regulations on safety of nuclear facilities) requires that the licensee must have a current decommissioning plan throughout the facility lifecycle. Before the facility is constructed, a preliminary decommissioning plan should be reported to the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority. This document is a preliminary decommissioning plan, and submitted as an attachment to SKB's application for a license under the Nuclear Activities Act to construct, own and operate the facility. The final disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel consists of an above ground part and a below ground part and will be built near Forsmark and the final repository for radioactive operational waste, SFR. The parts above and below ground are connected by a ramp and several shafts, e.g. for ventilation. The below ground part consists of a central area, and several landfill sites. The latter form the repository area. The sealed below ground part constitutes the final repository. The decommissioning is taking place after the main operation has ended, that is, when all spent nuclear fuel has been deposited and the deposition tunnels have been backfilled and plugged. The decommissioning involves sealing of the remaining parts of the below ground part and demolition of above ground part. When decommissioning begins, there will be no contamination in the facility. The demolition is therefore performed as for a conventional plant. Demolition waste is sorted and recycled whenever possible or placed in landfill. Hazardous waste is managed in accordance with current regulations. A ground investigation is performed and is the basis for after-treatment of the site. The timetable for the closure is linked to when the last nuclear reactor is taken out of service. Current plans are based on 50-60 years operation of NPPs. The decommissioning of the disposal facility can begin in early 2070s and is expected to take about 15 years.

  18. Forholdet mellom stat og kommune i styring av norsk utdanningspolitikk 1970 - 2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Øystein Engeland

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available Denne artikkelen er skrevet ut fra en antakelse om at norsk utdanningsforvaltning etter 1990 illustrerer forsøk på å styrke den statlige forvaltning innen et desentralisert system. Ikke minst er dette tydelig ved at nasjonal styring av utdanning særlig etter århundreskiftet har økt på bekostning av det lokale selvstyret. I forhold til maktfordelingen mellom staten og kommunene er vi nå nærmest tilbake til situasjonen før den politiske desentraliseringsbølgen startet mot slutten av 1970-tallet. Det nasjonale nivået er i ferd med å etablere et styringsgrep på skolesiden som er så omfattende at det mangler sidestykke i moderne tid. Det nye er at dette skjer innen et system hvor inntektssystemet (1986 gir kommunene ansvar for undervisningen, og hvor statens mulighet til å bruke økonomiske styringsmidler er redusert.

  19. Brugerdeltagelse og motivation i rehabilitering

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Christensen, Elsebeth Hovmøller

    2005-01-01

    vil herunder nærmere undersøge, om inddragelse af brugerdeltagelse i en rehabiliteringsproces påvirker borgerens motivation. Vores hypotese er, at brugerdeltagelse øger motivationen hos borgeren, således at borgeren er mere klar til at tage ansvar for egen rehabiliteringsproces og den derved bliver...... brugerdeltagelse og empowerment og om motivation - herunder selvbestemmelse, autonomi, self-efficacy og forholdet mellem læring og motivation. Datamateriale Datamaterialet består seks interview med seks forskellige respondenter, som er strategisk udvalgte. Der er tale om tre kvinder og tre mænd i alderen 26 – 50...... år, der alle er fysisk funktionshæmmede, i arbejde og bosat i Jylland. Interviewene er optaget på bånd og herefter transskriberede Konklusion Konklusionen er, at brugerdeltagelse påvirker borgerens motivation i et rehabiliteringsforløb. Den ønskede grad af brugerdeltagelse er et individuelt...

  20. Fra åben konflikt til symbiotisk evolution

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Aagaard, Peter; Pedersen, John Storm

    2013-01-01

    Offentlige velfærdsydelser tildeles, produceres og leveres typisk direkte til borgerne af fagprofessionelle, der har stor autonomi. Begrundelsen for de fagprofessionelles autonomi er, at de skal kunne udøve skøn i forbindelse med deres arbejde, således at borgerne får de fagligt set bedst mulige...... ydelser. Krisen har ført til hård budgetdisciplin for at undgå vækst i de offentlige udgifter. Men hård budgetdisciplin og de fagprofessionelles autonomi passer ikke godt sammen. Denne kombination af succeskriterier skaber konflikter mellem styringen af den offentlige sektors udgifter og de...... fagprofessionelles autonomi. Det er en konflikt, der også afspejler sig i en række konflikter på det offentlige arbejdsmarked i disse år (jvf. f.eks. KLs lærer-lockout). Dermed bliver dette spørgsmål relevant: Kan offentlige ledere, der har ansvar for offentlig serviceproduktion, forene de fagprofessionelles...

  1. Fra åben konflikt til symbiotisk evolution

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Aagaard, Peter; Pedersen, John Storm

    2014-01-01

    Offentlige velfærdsydelser tildeles, produceres og leveres typisk direkte til borgerne af fagprofessionelle, der har stor autonomi. Begrundelsen for de fagprofessionelles autonomi er, at de skal kunne udøve skøn i forbindelse med deres arbejde, således at borgerne får de fagligt set bedst mulige...... ydelser. Krisen har ført til hård budgetdisciplin for at undgå vækst i de offentlige udgifter. Men hård budgetdisciplin og de fagprofessionelles autonomi passer ikke godt sammen. Denne kombination af succeskriterier skaber konflikter mellem styringen af den offentlige sektors udgifter og de...... fagprofessionelles autonomi. Det er en konflikt, der også afspejler sig i en række konflikter på det offentlige arbejdsmarked i disse år (jf. f.eks. KL’s lærer-lockout). Dermed bliver dette spørgsmål relevant: Kan offentlige ledere, der har ansvar for offentlig serviceproduktion, forene de fagprofessionelles...

  2. Sociale indsatser til mennesker med ADHD

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Bengtsson, Steen; Alim, Winnie; Holmskov, Henriette

    Igennem de seneste år har flere og flere fået stillet diagnosen ADHD, som er en adfærdsmæssig forstyrrelse. Mennesker med ADHD har meget forskelligt støttebehov, og rapportens formål er at skabe overblik over de eksisterende sociale indsatser og tilbud til børn, unge og voksne med ADHD. Langt de...... ansvar for sociale end for terapeutiske tilbud i forhold til gruppen med ADHD. Mange voksne med ADHD beskriver, at det kræver mange ressourcer at få den fornødne støtte fra kommunen, mens forældre til børn med ADHD oplever det som nemmere at få adgang til de rette støttetilbud. Men begge grupper møder...... mange udfordringer som fx manglende koordinering og hyppige sagsbehandlerskift. Rapporten er udarbejdet i tilknytning til Servicestyrelsens projekt ’Ny og forstærket indsats til børn, unge og voksne med ADHD’ og er finansieret af Socialministeriet....

  3. Program description for the program Demonstration program for electric vehicles 2011-2015; Programbeskrivning foer programmet Demonstrationsprogram foer elfordon 2011-2015

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-04-15

    The program's efforts aim at, firstly, from a user perspective identify and possibly eliminate barriers for large-scale introduction of electric vehicles on the Swedish market. Through various research activities based in the real environment experience may be drawn from both vehicle use and different types of behavior. Infrastructure tests on a sufficient scale give the combined effect of real-life test environments for the combination of vehicles and charging environments as well as a base for experiences of softer issues around electric vehicles. Precisely these behavioral experiences are difficult to reach via the related but more technically focused programs such as, FFI (Vehicle strategic research and innovation) and Energy efficient road vehicles. Several systems for electrification of vehicles exist today, and further initiatives for solutions are on the way. It is therefore very important to examine which systems give the highest total energy efficiency. It is also relevant for these different systems in a real environment to explore the potentials and difficulties that may arise in larger implementations

  4. Opportunity and potential for fuel cell systems for energy in buildings; Moejlighet och potential foer braenslecellsystem foer energifoersoerjning i byggnader

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jannasch, Anna-Karin (Catator AB (Sweden))

    2011-04-15

    While planning for new sustainable and environmentally friendly communities in Sweden, discussions on using fuel cells for small-scale power and heat production (mCHP) are today on-going. Examples of such communities are Sege Park in Malmoe and Norra Djurgardsstaden in Stockholm, where several members of the Swedish Construction Industry's Organisation for Research and Development (SBUF) are participating in the development. The status and the potential of using fuel cell based mCHP compared to conventional heat and power production technology and other mCHP-technologies (Internal combustion engine (ICE), Stirling) is today therefore a very interesting question for both the energy and the building sector, who also ask for more knowledge within the field. This work focuses on this purpose. The main goals of this report are: 1. To give an overall description of different existing fuel cell technologies and necessary belonging system components. The fuel cell systems are discussed and evaluated based on parameters such as efficiencies, fuel flexibility, life-time, complexity, maturity and cost. The systems are compared to mCHPs based on small heat engines (Internal combustion, Stirling). 2. To give a state-of-the-art report on fuel cell based mCHPs and to describe possibilities and risks related to different technologies. 3. To guideline for future choices of system solutions suitable for different building constructions and different geographical placements. The work is limited to systems suitable for small houses (< 5 kWe) and larger residential buildings (< 50 kWe) situated in population centres/cities where infra-structures for natural gas/biogas and the national grid are available. The project has been performed by Catator AB on the request of SBUF with support from the Swedish Gas Centre (SGC AB), Skanska and Catator. The study is based on the open literature, the information given by leading fuel cell system suppliers and Catator's own knowledge and experience in the field. Today, there are in general three different fuel cell technologies that are in focus for mCHPs: Low and high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (LT/HT-PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Among these, LT-PEMFC is the most mature technology and is therefore today dominating the market (80 %). As reforming method, steam reforming with downstream atmospheric gas clean-up is the most commonly applied since this is the method resulting in the highest efficiency. In the near future, LT-PEMFC is expected to be replaced by the less mature SOFC, since the use of the latter technology opens up for significant system simplifications, higher electrical efficiencies (40-45 % instead of 30-35 %) and more efficient heat recovering. Japan is by far the world's leading country in the development and the distribution of fuel cell based mCHPs. In EU, the development in Great Britain and Germany are dominating the market. In Sweden, only three different fuel based mCHPs have been installed and tested so far. Two of those were placed in Hammarby Sjoestad in Stockholm during the period 2002-2008. The third one, called ComfortPower, was developed by Catator during 2010 and is hybridised with a heat pump module. In Japan, there are today almost 6000 fuel based mCHPs installed and in operation in private houses and public buildings. Since May 2009, there is a approx1 kWe/2 kWth commercially available system, called ENE-FARM, for operation on either natural gas/LPG/kerosene. Results such as 35-45 % and 85-90 % in electrical and total system efficiency, respectively, in combination with promising life-time data, i.e. approx 0.5-1 % degradation during almost 20 000 hours operation, have been achieved. The big remaining challenge is the cost. Today, the price of ENE-FARM is 210 kSEK without subsidies. The cost and hence so also the price is however expected to drastically decrease with on-going stack and components improvements and increasing production volumes. In year 2015, the price is expected to be around 40-60 kSEK, i.e in the same range as corresponding ICE-based mCHPs cost today, provided that the production volume reaches around 100 000 units/year/supplier. Similar results and predictions have been reported from leading system suppliers in EU. The market potential for mCHPs is strongly dependent on the geographical placement.

  5. Indicators and calculation methods for monitoring policy for energy efficiency; Indikatorer och beraekningsmetoder foer att foelja upp politik foer energieffektivisering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-07-01

    Energy efficiency objectives can be absolute or relative. With absolute objectives the energy use of a given year should be at a certain level, for example, 80 percent of today's energy use. With a relatively objective energy use should be related to something else such as gross domestic production (GDP) or gross national income (GNI). Depending on how the goals are formulated the requirements of the policy instruments introduced to contribute to the achievement of objectives will vary. In addition to the Energy Services Directive objective (Directive 2006/32/EC) an objective has been set for the EU which means that energy consumption in 2020 will be 20 percent more efficient compared to a reference scenario. Estimates of the impact analysis of the EU Action Plan for energy efficiency 2011 indicates that the EU's energy input for energy purposes should be a maximum of 1474 Mtoe. The savings compared to the energy use reference scenario which are projected to be 1842 Mtoe will thus amount to 368 Mtoe in 2020. There are reasons to pay attention to the definition of key terms. Energy conservation and energy efficiency for example are used in a number of non synonymous ways even in EU documents. It has consequences including the interpretation of the objective. Sweden has set an objective to reduce energy intensity in terms of energy input in relation to GDP by 20 percent by the year 2020 with 2008 as base year. Sweden's intensity objective takes, unlike the EU's energy efficiency objective, account of the actual economic development. EU's energy efficiency objective is based on a forecast of the economic development. Sweden also has an objective of energy consumption per square meter of residential and commercial buildings. It should be reduced by 20 percent by 2020 and by 50 percent by 2050. Furthermore, there is a focus that energy efficiency in transport must improve in order to contribute to the environmental objective of reduced climate impact. EU's energy efficiency objective is not currently mandatory and has not yet been distributed. It is therefore also unclear how the monitoring should be done, but a starting point might be to monitor countries' contribution to the objective through a set of indicators

  6. Nordel - Availability statistics for thermal power plants 1995. (Denmark, Finland, Sweden)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1996-01-01

    The power companies of Denmark, Finland and Sweden have agreed on almost identical procedures for the recording and analysing of data describing the availability of power producing units over a certain capacity. Since 1975 the data for all three countries have been summarized and published in a joint report. The purpose of this report is to present some basic information about the operation of power producing units in the three countries. Referring to the report, companies or bodies will be able to exchange more detailed information with other companies or bodies in any of the countries. The report includes power producing units using fossil fuels, nuclear power plants and gas turbines. The information is presented separately for each country with a joint NORDEL statistics for units using fossil fuels, arranged in separate groups according to the type of fossil fuel which is used. The grouping of power producing units into classes of capacity has been made in accordance with the classification adopted by UNIPEDE/WEC. The definitions in NORDEL's 'Tillgaenglighetsbegrepp foer vaermekraft' ('The Concept of Availability for Thermal Power'), September 1977, are used in this report. The basic data for the availability are in accordance with the recommendations of UNIPEDE/WEC. (author)

  7. Methodology for Environmental Impact Assessment; Metodik foer miljoekonsekvensbedoemning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Malmlund, Anna (Structor Miljoebyraan Stockholm AB (Sweden))

    2010-12-15

    This report is an appendix to 'Environmental Impact Assessment Interim storage, encapsulation and disposal of spent nuclear fuel'. The appendix presents the methodology and criteria used in support investigations to conduct impact assessments.

  8. Units for radiation protection work; Storheter foer straalskyddsarbete

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lindborg, L

    1997-06-01

    ICRU has defined special measurable (operational) quantities for radiation protection. A consequence of using the operational quantities is that hand-held and personal dosemeters can give different measuring results in the same radiation situation. The differences vary and are caused by the geometry of the radiation field. The units have well documented relations to e.g. the ICRP effective dose and equivalent dose to an organ or tissue. Therefore, it is possible to estimate these doses from a measured value of e.g. the ambient dose equivalent. ICRU and ICRP have recently reviewed these relations in two important commonly issued reports (Report 57 and Publication 74). This report tries to show the value of understanding these units and their relations and is primarily meant to be used for educational purposes. 11 refs.

  9. Substrate Handbook for Biogas Production; Substrathandbok foer biogasproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carlsson, My; Uldal, Martina (AnoxKaldnes AB, Lund (Sweden))

    2009-02-15

    Today, co-digestion plants in Sweden treat a broad range of different substrates, of which some have not previously been used for anaerobic digestion. The major part of this organic waste derives from households, restaurants, food industries and farms. When evaluating a new substrate as feed for anaerobic digestion, several different aspects need to be taken into consideration, such as anaerobic degradability, TS/VS content, nutrient composition and risk for mechanical problems. Consequently, there is a need for practical guidelines on how to evaluate new substrates as raw materials for biogas production, including not only gas yield but also what practical and microbiological problems that may arise when the specific substrate is treated together with other substrates in the plant. The aim with this handbook is to provide a basis on how to evaluate new substrates as feed for anaerobic digestion. The intention is that this material will save time and effort for the personnel at the plant when they come in contact with new types of waste. Also, the aim is to facilitate the process of identifying new substrates within the ABP-regulation (1774/2002) and what requirements are then demanded on handling. The work with the handbook has been divided in three different parts; (1) an extensive literature study and a compilation of the achieved results, (2) interviews with personnel at most of the Swedish co-digestion plants to identify substrates and problems of interest, and (3) lab tests of selected substrates. The lab tests included Bio Methane Potential (BMP) tests as well as a simple characterization of each substrate based on fat/protein/carbohydrate content. All data origins from anaerobic digestion within the mesophilic temperature range, but the results and discussion are applicable also for thermophilic anaerobic digestion. The result of this work is a written report together with an Excel file which are to be directly used by the biogas plants as a basis in the every day work. The Excel file is intended to work as a living document to be incorporated in calculation templates etc, where new data and information can be added gradually. It includes approximately 40 different substrates, for which the following parameters are given; TS-content, VS-content, methane content, gas yield, methane yield, nutrient composition, ABP-category, possible mechanical problems, other comments and source of information. In addition, the results from the BMP-tests and characterization of in total around 20 different substrates are given. These results points to the difficulty of proposing the final methane production for a substrate only from a rough characterization based on fat/protein/carbohydrate content

  10. Pilot study of Bio-jet A-1 fuel production for Stockholm-Arlanda Airport; Foerstudie foer biobaserat flygbraensle foer Stockholm-Arlanda Flygplats

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ekbom, Tomas; Hjerpe, Carl; Hagstroem, Martin; Hermann, Fredrik

    2009-11-15

    The air traffic industry faces big changes in the near future, one being how to reduce their share of the CO{sub 2}-emissions. Therefore LFV set the framework to investigate the pre-conditions for a biorefinery plant in conjunction with Arlanda Airport. The biorefinery is based on advanced gasification technology and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to a bio-jet fuel product. Locations at Brista and Igelsta were studied for two different process plant configurations, with each 50 kton bio-jet fuel annual capacity, or 290 and 610 MW{sub th} biomass input, respectively. The biomass-to-fuels efficiency was 46 % and total net efficiency was 79 %. The capital investment was calculated as 5.1 and 7.4 billion SEK, and production costs of 8300 SEK (812 EUR/1183 USD) and 5000 SEK (490 EUR/714 USD) per cubic meter bio-jet, respectively, whereas the Jet A-1 fuel today costs some 6000 SEK, at crude oil price of USD 67 per barrel

  11. Social opdrift - social arv

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Ejrnæs, Morten; Gabrielsen, G.; Nørrung, Per

    "Social opdrift - social arv" stiller på flere måder spørgsmål ved begrebet social arv. Bogen konkluderer blandt andet, at langt de fleste børn, der opvokser i en socialt belastet familie, bliver velfungerende voksne. Professionelle, der møder socialt belastede familier, har derfor et stort ansvar....... Naturligvis skal der tages hånd om udsatte børn, men det kræver samtidig stor opmærksomhed at sørge for, at fokuseringen på den sociale arv ikke tager overhånd, så det bliver en selvopfyldende profeti."Social opdrift - social" arv viser, hvordan forskningsresultater er blevet fremlagt på en måde, som har...... medvirket til at skabe en skæv opfattelse af, at forældrenes problemer er hovedårsag til børns sociale problemer. I selvstændige analyser vises, hvordan data, der normalt bruges som "bevis" for den sociale arvs betydning, tydeligt illustrerer, at det er en undtagelse, at børn får sociale problemer af samme...

  12. TV2 skylder stadig tv-seerne svar om Cavling-nomineret dokumentar

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Suhr, Christian; Borberg, Hjarn von Zernichow; Sinclair, Kirstine

    2017-01-01

    TV 2 bør påtage sig det særlige ansvar, som følger af at facilitere en så omfattende offentlig debat, som dokumentaren "Moskeerne bag sløret" har skabt. TV 2 har selv nomineret deres tv-serie om danske moskeer til den fornemme Cavlingpris, som uddeles fredag eftermiddag. Cavlingprisen gives til det...... ypperste inden for dansk journalistik. TV 2 skriver i indstillingen af deres egen tv-serie til Cavlingprisen, at udsendelsen bygger på »usædvanlig bred og uafviselig dokumentation«. Imidlertid har vi stadig ikke fået præcist svar på, hvorvidt det er korrekt, at TV 2 faktisk ligger inde med uafviselig...... ytrings- og religionsfrihed med henvisning til TV 2's tv-serie om moskeer og imamer. Serien er produceret med støtte fra Public Service Puljen. Som forskere, borgere og licensbetalere mener vi fortsat, at det er i offentlighedens interesse at få klarhed over, hvad vi har set, og hvad vi ikke har set i TV2...

  13. Kunsten at dvæle i dialogen

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Stelter, Reinhard

    en drøm, nemlig at føre dialoger, som beriger begge parter – vel vidende, at dialogholderen, fx coachen, har et særligt ansvar for dialogens fremgang. Bogen henvender sig til alle, der ønsker at styrke deres evner som samskabende dialogpartner – uanset om man er coach, mentor, leder, kollega......I denne bog forholder Reinhard Stelter sig til de kritiske stemmer, som har rejst sig i forhold til coaching. Denne kritik anses for berettiget, især når man placerer coaching som middel til optimering af den enkeltes præstationsræs og som simpelt motivationsinstrument. Præstationssubjektet har...... nået sine grænser og skal mødes med omsorg og forståelse. Forfatterens ambition er at inddrage tredje generations coaching i en søgen efter en bæredygtig, frugtbar og åben dialogform, som kan bruges I mange livskontekster. Dialogpartneren frigøres ved at inviteres til at finde sit etiske ståsted...

  14. Kritisk självreflektion i komplexa frågor: Att hjälpa studenterna att ta makten över sitt tänkande

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Wolrath Söderberg

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Den här artikeln handlar om studenters kritiska självreflektion. Utgångspunkten är att de former av kritiskt tänkande som vi traditionellt odlar inom högskolan är otillräckliga när det gäller vår tids kritiska frågor, som exempelvis klimatfrågan. När det rör sig om komplexa och värdeladdade frågor där många perspektiv kan vara giltiga har vi att förhålla oss till olika mänskliga mekanismer som på olika vis hindrar oss från att tänka och agera klokt, exempelvis polarisering, bekräftelsebias, glapp mellan tanke och handling och olika former av legitimeringsstrategier för att låta blir att ta ansvar. Här diskuteras sådana hinder och hur vi kan förhålla oss till dem i högre utbildning.

  15. Exit by Afghanisation

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Holmberg, Hasse

    USA’s exit-strategi fra Afghanistan har båret præg af et italesat hovedmål om overdragelse af ansvar til de nationale myndigheder i landet. Exit-strategien udmærker sig ved sin lighed med USA’s afvikling af sit engagement i Vietnam for snart et halvt århundrede siden, hvor begrebet Vietnamisation...... om national selvbestemmelse. Den amerikanske opinion spillede en afgørende rolle og afslutningen af engagementet i Vietnam kan i lige så høj grad ses som en reaktion på den massive folkelige modstand mod krigen. Omtrent 40 år efter kan Obama-administrationen notere sig en lignende negativ trend i...... Kissinger vidste, at krigen i Vietnam var tabt. Vietnamisation havde i høj grad til formål at slutte USA’s engagement på en måde, der tog hensyn til USA’s internationale renomme. Spørgsmålet er så om de mange strategiske ligheder kan overføres til samme konklusion: krigen er tabt. Briefet har til hensigt...

  16. Prerequisites concerning SSI:s review of applications for an encapsulation facility and a repository for spent nuclear fuel; Utgaangspunkter foer SSI:s granskning av ansoekan foer en inkapslingsanlaeggning och ett slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oehlen, Elisabeth

    2006-09-15

    The report outlines some fundamental prerequisites concerning SSI:s review of SKB coming applications for an encapsulation facility (according to the act on nuclear activities) and for the complete final disposal system (according to the act on nuclear activities and the environmental code). The report summarize how the SSI look at the decision making process considering radiation protection requirements according to SSI:s regulations and general advices and earlier standpoints regarding SKB:s RandD-programme. The report also describe the present reviewing capacity of SSI and constitute therefore the basis for the planning of SSI:s review organisation in the prospect of coming applications on nuclear waste facilities (encapsulation facility and a deep disposal repository). It should be noted that the report reflects the present situation. Due to a number of factors as for example changes in SKB:s coming RandD-programme, future governmental decisions, adjustments of SSI:s financial resources or new facts in the case, will of course have an effect on how SSI finally will organise the review work. SSI:s home page will continuously be updated with the latest information in this respect.

  17. Demonstration program for small-scale straw fuel systems. Pre-study for the Swedish Energy Agency; Demonstrationsprogram foer smaaskaliga straabraenslesystem. Foerstudie foer Energimyndigheten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paulrud, Susanne (Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., Stockholm (Sweden)); Wahlberg, Cecilia (Hushaallningssaellskapet, Stockholm (Sweden)); Arkeloev, Olof (LRF Konsult, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2008-02-15

    Energy crops from arable land is still an almost entirely untapped potential as a fuel for heating. Canary grass, straw and hemp could eventually form an important part of the raw-material from agriculture. For this production to increase and become a viable alternative to conventional farming it is required, however, that the whole production chain from cultivation to end-use is developed. The aim of this pilot study has been to make suggestions for the design of a Demonstration project of small-scale fuel straw-crops. The programme's vision is to within 6 years build up a number of demonstration plants for small-scale briquetting/pelletizing of straw fuels in different parts of the country. In addition, potential producers of raw materials and other actors in the programme will be made aware what opportunities and conditions there are to process the agro-fuels in small-scale production facilities. The overall objective of the programme is to increase knowledge about how straw fuels and/or residues can be used as raw material in small-scale production of briquettes/pellets, and enhance the understanding of how producers take part in different business models. In the short term, the objective of the programme to build up a network of pellets and briquettes producing demonstration. Within the activities of the programme it is proposed that demonstration is built up of at least 7 different places in the country. This is in order to be able to gain experience on the basis of local and regional conditions. Demonstration refers both to demonstrate the entire chain with existing proven technology, and to improve technologies, reduce costs and make the production and user experience. On the other hand, the intention may be to test the new technology. Demonstration refers to smaller installations and with a production capacity of plants should vary from about 100 to 500 kg/h produced fuel. Operations are limited to the supply of raw material, cultivation and harvest of which is not included in the programme. The programme includes research and development. Funding for the programme is proposed to a maximum of 56 million kronor during a 6-year period

  18. Nyutdannede sykepleieres oppfatninger om tverrprofesjonell og tradisjonell studentpraksis som arena for tilegnelse av trygghet på rolle og ansvar

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kari Anita Furunes

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available The article deals with recently graduated nurses' perceptions of traditional practical studies during the last year of the nurse education, and of practical studies in a cross-professional student-run rehabilitation center. The purpose was to gain knowledge about how nurses feel the two forms of practical studies contribute to role confidence and feeling of competence for interdisciplinary collaboration in inexperienced nurses.Method: A qualitative descriptive and interpretive pilot study was conducted. Narrative interviews with nurses were done two years after graduation. Thematic content analysis was done.Results: The nurses highlighted that practical training in taking nursing responsibilities was of importance in preparation for employment. Graduate nurses who only had had traditional practical studies felt role uncertainty and stress. Those who had interdisciplinary team based practical studies before the transition to working life had experienced trade role learning and collaborative learning during these studies. That learning process contributed to a feeling of role confidence in the inexperienced nurse.Conclusion: Practical studies where interdisciplinary student groups are training on team-based collaboration appear to promote inexperienced nurses’ confidence in interdisciplinary collaboration and in the professional role. The study is a pilot study with few informants. There is a need for research that provides knowledge about the learning outcomes of different practice models on preparation for professional work.

  19. Microbiologic handbook for biogas plants; Mikrobiologisk handbok foer biogasanlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jarvis, Aasa; Schnuerer, Anna

    2009-05-15

    There is today great interest in the biogas process. The reason for interest is that this process offers an opportunity to stabilize and reduce various types of organic waste, while also generating clean renewable energy in the form of biogas. Purified biogas is a good alternative to gasoline and diesel as motor fuel and can also be used for heating and electricity production. Behind efficient biogas production lies a complex microbiological process. For biogas to be formed many different species of microorganisms have to be active. A disturbance of this teamwork leads to a reduction in biogas production or in the worst case that the process stops. In order to operate a biogas process in an efficient manner, it is necessary to have knowledge of the underlying microbiology and how microorganisms function. Today Swedish biogas plants have personnel with great technical knowledge, while the biological knowledge often is more limited. It has been difficult to find appropriate Swedish language literature in the field. This handbook aims to increase the microbiological expertise of staff at the biogas plants and thus to facilitate the stable operation and optimization of gas production

  20. Maritime prerequisites for development of infrastructure for liquefied natural gas (LNG / LBG); Maritima foerutsaettningar foer utbyggnad av infrastruktur foer flytande gas (LNG/LBG)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gahnstroem, Johan; Molitor, Edvard; Raggl, Karl-Johan; Sandkvist, Jim [SSPA Sweden AB, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    2011-06-15

    This study has provided an initial picture of where the most interesting ports and areas available for future expansion of a maritime infrastructure for LNG. On the basis of supplying vessels with LNG as fuel, from a long term perspective, we recommend locating LNG terminals in or near major ports and around the big ship routes. Given the current age distribution of ships operating waters of the Baltic Sea, almost 20% of the vessels are 30-40 years old and likely to be replaced by 2015 - 2020. Thus, there is a potential for newly built ships will be equipped with LNG operation. Selected criteria s; Size of the LNG terminal and hence the need for the size of the fairway and the area of land. Proximity to traffic routes with much ship traffic. Proximity to the major port. Proximity to consumers on the land side. On the basis of selected criteria and analyzed for possible location of the terminal it can be noted that a number of Swedish ports are found suitable. For example, ports of Sundsvall, Gothenburg and Helsingborg has been identified as suitable, but with different starting point and different types and sizes of terminals possible.

  1. Appropriate methodology for the basic characterization of ash for acceptance at landfill; Laemplig metodik foer grundlaeggande karakterisering av aska foer acceptans paa deponi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sjoeblom, Rolf (Tekedo AB, Nykoeping (Sweden))

    2011-10-15

    According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturvaardsverket), waste may be placed in a landfill only after basic characterisation and compliance with certain criteria on limits. This includes percolation tests, prCEN/TS 144053, and batch leaching tests, SS-EN 12457-3. The latter standard states amongst other things that 'the procedure may not be applicable to materials reacting with the leachant', and there are similar statements in the standard for the percolation test. It is stated in the criteria for acceptance (paragraphs 15-16) that (translation by the present author) 'in those cases where the test methods mentioned are not applicable, a method in which chemical equilibrium is intended to be achieved between the waste and the leachant should be used for comparison of equivalent limits'. However, in the very most cases, ashes from incineration and combustion are tested without any consideration of their very well known reactive properties. In this report, methodology has been investigated for the ageing of ashes before they are subjected to leach testing. Ageing has been carried out in air-tight glass vessels (jars) in order to simulate bulk conditions. The variations have included two different water contents together with 0, 1, 4 and 17 weeks of ageing. The ashes investigated are fly ashes form facilities in Halmstad, Joenkoeping, Lidkoeping and Linkoeping. The furnaces at Lidkoeping are of the fluidized bed type and the other ones are of the grate fired type. At the time of sampling, the fuel at Linkoeping comprised largely recycled wood chips, and the other facilities burned mainly domestic waste and waste from industry. The results of the work support a recommendation to age ashes before they are subjected to leach testing. Before ageing, water should be added to a surplus relative to what may be consumed in chemical reactions, but not so superfluously that a mirror comprising free water may remain on the surface. It is recommended that the ageing takes place during at least one week, and preferably for more than one month. In no case was it observed that the ageing gave rise to an increased leach rate. Nonetheless, it is recommended that this is investigated on a case by case basis and for such elements that can be suspected to show an increase in the leach rate with time. For e g zinc, lead and copper, the ageing gave rise to a reduction of the leaching by some order of magnitude. The largest reduction was observed for the highest values. It was assessed that the ageing in many cases may imply that the leaching meets the criteria of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency for disposal of waste on a landfill for non-hazardous waste. The reduction may also imply that ashes can be qualified to be used in geotechnical constructions

  2. Conditions for new biofuel raw materials. Systems for small scale briquetting and pelletizing; Foerutsaettningar foer nya biobraensleraavaror. System foer smaaskalig brikettering och pelletering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paulrud, Susanne; Holmgren, Kristina (The Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., Stockholm (Sweden)); Rosenqvist, Haakan; Boerjesson, Paal (Environmental and Energy Systems Studies, Lund Inst. of Technology, Lund (Sweden))

    2009-01-15

    The increasing demand for biomass has driven exploitation of the most easily available and cheapest biomass resources such as sawmill waste and logging residues. More knowledge is needed about exploitation and production of potential new biomass resources, currently not used for energy production (or only to a very small extent), in order to meet the future demands from various biomass users. The project aimed to examine the conditions for use of 'new' biomass materials for heat production from technical, economic and other perspectives (price trends, attitudes etc.). More specifically, the study looked at which biomass raw materials have the best characteristics for processing into briquettes and pellets in small-scale production plants (1 000 - 10 000 tonnes fuel produced per year) situated close to the source of the raw material. The study includes a comprehensive analysis of the appropriateness of the different raw materials and a case study including cost estimates for the entire production chain for production of briquettes from reed canary grass on a chosen farm (Laattra gaard). The raw materials judged to have potential to supplement the current biomass range for heat production are willow (and to a certain extent other fast-growing hardwoods), straw and reed canary grass. In the future, other perennial grasses may be of interest. Other forestry products that may help to meet in creasing demand include logging residues, stumps and wood from thinning and precommercial thinning. The study shows that the prerequisites for processing these raw materials into briquettes and pellets in small-scale production plants are relatively good from several aspects (technology, economics, market) but are limited by the types of end user that can use that form of biomass. The study concluded that straw has a low production cost and good prerequisites as a raw material for production of fuel briquettes, fuel pellets and horse bedding pellets. However, use is limited by the raw material's combustion characteristics. Reed canary grass has the best potential nationally to be used as a raw material in small-scale production plants. For reed canary grass, briquette production is favourable over pellet production because pellets production is more expensive, involves a more advanced process and is dependent on a small-scale household market in order to be profitable. The results show that a price difference of 90 Swedish kronor/MWh between reed canary grass in bales and briquettes is sufficient for briquette production to be more profitable than bales for larger heating plants. The production of pellets from the products of thinning and precommercial thinning in small local plants can become a viable alternative where a shortage of traditional raw materials (e.g. sawmill waste) begins to limit the supply of cheap raw materials to larger pellets production plants. However, this is dependant on the technology and methods becoming more cost effective and on the demand for refined biomass continuing to increase. One alternative is biomass polygeneration in combined heat and power plants where pellets are produced from forestry raw materials. In the introductory phase, it may be of interest to use existing technology in the form of mobile pellet plants

  3. E-tiviteter som eksamensform

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Anette Grønning

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Med udgangspunkt i faget "Digital kommunikation på arbejde" præsenterer og diskuterer denne artikel en række anvendte digitale eksamensformer (e-tiviteter. E-tiviteterne er udarbejdet på baggrund af Gilly Salmons 5-fase-model og e-tivitetskoncept. Den anvendte e-læringsplatform er Blackboard, som de studerende og underviseren kender i forvejen. I artiklen præsenteres fagets e-tiviteter og undervisningsforløbet med e-tiviteter som eksamensform diskuteres. En række fordele og ulemper ved at veksle mellem offline- og online-aktiviteter (blended learning bliver behandlet. Det konkluderes, at de studerendes engagement og motivation kan øges ved at koble e-tiviteter sammen med eksamensformen "80% tilstedeværelse og aktiv deltagelse". Desuden fremhæves det, at aktivitetsniveauet mellem lektionerne og forberedelsesomfaget øges, ligesom de studerende motiveres til higher order thinking ved fx at tage ansvar for egen læring, udføre analyse og indgå i processen med kritisk refleksion. Endelig muliggør online-forløbet, at hele processen dokumenteres i faget til gavn for både underviser og studerende.

  4. Online test, selvevaluering og læring - hvem hjælper vi med e-læring?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Helle Lykke Nielsen

    2006-05-01

    Full Text Available

    Første gang publiceret i UNEV nr. 7: E-læring i sprogfag, juni 2006, red. Signe Hvid Maribo og Ole Lauridsen. ISSN 1603-5518.

    Med udgangspunkt i målsætninger, målgruppe og undervisningserfaringer fra arabiskuddannelserne ved Syddansk Universitet beskriver artiklen, hvordan online test, selvevaluering og læringsplaner er blevet inddraget i undervisning for at fremme de studerendes udvikling fra elev til studerende og siden lære at tage mere ansvar for egen læring. Artiklen beskriver, hvordan redskaberne er blevet integreret i universitetets e-læringsplatform, og hvilke praktiske og læringsmæssige problemer det har affødt. Artiklen konkluderer tentativt (i, at det kræver obligatorisk brug af e-læringsredskaberne, hvis man ønsker at alle studerende skal benytte dem; (ii at køn og etnisk baggrund ser ud til at spille ind på brugen af e-lærings-redskaberne; samt at (iii de studerende, der kunne have mest gavn af at udnytte e-læringsredskaberne, er dem, der bruger dem mindst.

  5. Geoscientific programme for investigation and evaluation of candidate sites for the deep repository; Geovetenskapligt inriktat program foer undersoekning och utvaerdering av platser foer djupfoervaret

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stroem, Anders; Almen, K.E.; Andersson, Johan; Christiansson, R.; Follin, S.; Pettersson, Stig; Selroos, J.O

    2000-08-01

    Methods and technology for the geoscientific studies of the rock are the main subjects for this report, but programmes for studying the surface ecosystems and other conditions at the surface are also described.

  6. Human dimensions in energy consumption. Scientific research front from a national and international perspective; Maenskliga dimensioner vid energianvaendning. Vetenskaplig forskningsfront ur nationellt och internationellt perspektiv

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ketola, Anna

    2000-07-01

    The aim of this report is to make an inventory of earlier studies of energy consumption in buildings where consideration has been taken to behaviour related and among all socio-cultural aspects. The literature study is focused on publications from 1980s and 1990s, and mainly concentrated to socio-cultural analyses. The report catches the national and international scientific discussion that have been conducted, and the debate of today within this field.

  7. Biomass Gasifier for Computer Simulation; Biomassa foergasare foer Computer Simulation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hansson, Jens; Leveau, Andreas; Hulteberg, Christian [Nordlight AB, Limhamn (Sweden)

    2011-08-15

    This report is an effort to summarize the existing data on biomass gasifiers as the authors have taken part in various projects aiming at computer simulations of systems that include biomass gasification. Reliable input data is paramount for any computer simulation, but so far there is no easy-accessible biomass gasifier database available for this purpose. This study aims at benchmarking current and past gasifier systems in order to create a comprehensive database for computer simulation purposes. The result of the investigation is presented in a Microsoft Excel sheet, so that the user easily can implement the data in their specific model. In addition to provide simulation data, the technology is described briefly for every studied gasifier system. The primary pieces of information that are sought for are temperatures, pressures, stream compositions and energy consumption. At present the resulting database contains 17 gasifiers, with one or more gasifier within the different gasification technology types normally discussed in this context: 1. Fixed bed 2. Fluidised bed 3. Entrained flow. It also contains gasifiers in the range from 100 kW to 120 MW, with several gasifiers in between these two values. Finally, there are gasifiers representing both direct and indirect heating. This allows for a more qualified and better available choice of starting data sets for simulations. In addition to this, with multiple data sets available for several of the operating modes, sensitivity analysis of various inputs will improve simulations performed. However, there have been fewer answers to the survey than expected/hoped for, which could have improved the database further. However, the use of online sources and other public information has to some extent counterbalanced the low response frequency of the survey. In addition to that, the database is preferred to be a living document, continuously updated with new gasifiers and improved information on existing gasifiers.

  8. Statistics 2003 - in nuclear medicine; Isotopstatistik 2003 - foer nukleaermedicinsk verksamhet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Joensson, Helene; Richter, Sven

    2004-12-01

    In this compilation the use of radioactive substances in therapies and in vivo examinations during 2003 at all hospitals in Sweden is presented. For each nuclide, examination type, chemical form, way of administration, number of reporters, total number of examinations, mean activity used, and minimum and maximum activity is presented. Of the compilation it becomes known that during 2003 approximately 103,000 examinations and 3,300 therapies were performed. The total dose to the population from diagnostic procedures was 452 manSv.

  9. Policy instruments for offshore wind power; Styrmedel foer havsbaserad vindkraft

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Soederholm, Patrik (Luleaa Technical Univ., Luleaa (Sweden))

    2009-10-15

    The future economic potential for offshore wind power is considered to be very good, and there is a strong interest in European wind power industry to improve the technology and generate additional experience. To enable such technology and a market introduction of offshore wind power it is believed that a supplementary or an alternative support for the offshore wind energy is required. This report aims to analyze conditions of different financial instruments to effectively support the rollout of offshore wind power in Sweden. Our mandate does not include an analysis whether any funding is economically justified or not, but a discussion about the objectives of such instruments is necessary for the second stage in order to discuss the instrument characteristics and design. The report takes up a number of different arguments in order to target a specific support for any single technology. An important message from this part of the analysis is that the strongest argument that can be used to extend a special generous support for offshore wind power is that its socio-economic costs may be lower, in the long run, than those which currently apply to established power production lines (e.g. on-shore wind). Any funding should be considered primarily as a means of political action, i.e. a measure not to meet today's short-term goals (eg quota requirement of certificate system) but to cut costs in order to reach the future (long term) goals. The offshore wind energy can be a very interesting candidate for such support, not least because of the favorable wind conditions that exist at sea. For these cost reductions to be realized, it is important to establish niche markets for the turbines and construction work that will be necessary. Such a technology policy presupposes a real development and not solely R and D and D projects. The report presents the results of previous research that supports this assumption, but it makes no attempt to assess whether the relevant effects are sufficient or not. However, it is important to indicate that a technology policy focused on offshore wind power is unlikely to be economically justified from a strictly national perspective, but should largely seen as a way for Sweden to take international responsibility in climate and energy policy. The instruments analyzed are: (a) higher share certificates for offshore wind in the certificate system: (b) increased pilot project support, (c) continued eco bonus and/or increased environmental bonus, (d) take over the cost of power system connection and any reinforcements, (e) feed-in tariffs (f) tender on designated locations; (g) the tender in which the operator selects an appropriate place; (h) investment; and (i) net interest income. These instruments are analyzed based on the following criteria; cost, technology development, expansion rate, the burden on state budget long-term and stable rules, simplification, and industrial policy objectives. The judgments made should be considered primarily as a discussion paper rather than as an overall assessment of the efficacy of control. A important conclusion is that the instruments should be introduced to ensure stable conditions for a continuous expansion, and the assessment is that the feed-in tariffs and tender may be interesting candidates for such aid. A series of outstanding issues remain regarding such design of these instruments, and these should be explored further in-depth study

  10. Small scale pelletizing equipment for agriculture; Smaaskalig pelleteringsanlaeggning foer lantbruket

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paulrud, Susanne (The Swedish Environmental Research Inst. Ltd., Stockholm (Sweden)); Wallin, Mikael (Sweden Powers Chippers AB, Boraas (Sweden))

    2009-06-15

    Refining agricultural raw materials is one way for farmers to increase the value of their products. For example, briquettes or pellets made from straw, reed canary grass or hemp can sell for a higher price than in loose or baled forms. The aim of this project was to develop and build a plant for small-scale production of pellets on the farm. Working together with the farmer, the plant would then be tested and adapted for small-scale production of pellets from straw, reed canary grass and hemp. The project also aimed to investigate and summarise suitable systems and solutions for breaking up bales in preparation for use in the pellets module. A pelleting system has been developed and built as a container module (measuring 6 x 2.80 x 2.50 m) by Sweden Power Chippers (SPC). The container system includes a fuel store with push floor, a grinder, an SPC pellet press (pp150, capacity 150 kg/hour for woodbased material), a conveyor belt and a cooling system. The practical operation of the plant was tested on two Swedish farms: Laattra gaard in Vingaaker and Ek gaard in Vara. The bales were broken up in preparation for pelleting using a straw mill of model Tomahawk 505M. The project has demonstrated that the SPC plant has the capacity to be used for agricultural pelleting of fuels from straw, canary reed grass and hemp. Some modification and continued adjustment of the feed system for the fuel remains to be done in order to optimise and ensure the reliability of the pelleting process. A certain amount of modifications to the plant is required to enable cost-effective transportation between different locations. Tests showed that each batch of fuel was unique, even from the same raw material, and that optimisation of the dies is necessary for each specific case. Training is required to run the plant. The farmers have been able to run the plant themselves, for example, starting up the plant, changing the sieve on the grinder, changing dies etc. In order for such small-scale pelleting plants to be economically viable, cheap raw materials or good prices for the final product (pellets) is necessary. The agricultural raw material that is currently considered to have the best economic potential for small-scale processing is straw (for bedding pellets). Since the plant is suitable for mobile use, it can be used for several purposes, for example production of bedding pellets in the autumn and fuel pellets in the spring and summer

  11. Water and steam sampling systems; Provtagningssystem foer vatten och aanga

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hellman, Mats

    2009-10-15

    The supervision of cycle chemistry can be divided into two parts, the sampling system and the chemical analysis. In modern steam generating plants most of the chemical analyses are carried out on-line. The detection limits of these analyzers are pushed downward to the ppt-range (parts per trillion), however the analyses are not more correct than the accuracy of the sampling system. A lot of attention has been put to the analyzers and the statistics to interpret the results but the sampling procedures has gained much less attention. This report aims to give guidance of the considerations to be made regarding sampling systems. Sampling is necessary since most analysis of interesting parameters cannot be carried out in- situ on-line in the steam cycle. Today's on-line instruments for pH, conductivity, silica etc. are designed to meet a water sample at a temperature of 10-30 deg C. This means that the sampling system has to extract a representative sample from the process, transport and cool it down to room temperature without changing the characteristics of the fluid. In the literature research work, standards and other reports can be found. Although giving similar recommendations in most aspects there are some discrepancies that may be confusing. This report covers all parts in the sampling system: Sample points and nozzles; Sample lines; Valves, regulating and on-off; Sample coolers; Temperature, pressure and flow rate control; Cooling water; and Water recovery. On-line analyzers connecting to the sampling system are not covered. This report aims to clarify what guidelines are most appropriate amongst the existing ones. The report should also give guidance to the design of the sampling system in order to achieve representative samples. In addition to this the report gives an overview of the fluid mechanics involved in sampling. The target group of this report is owners and operators of steam generators, vendors of power plant equipment, consultants working in Sweden that come in contact or are involved in cycle chemistry

  12. Changed market conditions for biogas production; Foeraendrade marknadsvillkor foer biogasproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Colnerud Granstroem, Sigrid; Gaaverud, Henrik; Glimhall, Alexandra

    2010-10-15

    The Swedish gas market consists mainly of the natural gas network that extends through the southwestern Sweden, and the local biogas markets. Biogas share of the Swedish gas market is growing steadily. The fact that the Swedish gas net is limited and fragmented forms an obstacle for biogas use to expand. That the gas market as a whole, natural gas included, must develop and expand is therefore a prerequisite for the large potential for Swedish Biogas to be realized. This in contrast with the ultimate objective to completely replace natural gas in the Swedish gas market. When policy changes are made in order to support biogas it is crucial for long-term competitiveness of biogas that these changes should not impact the natural gas market and hinder its development. Such a scenario would ultimately mean that also biogas development opportunities deteriorate. Biogas operations encounter three main problems that prevent or impede its expansion in the gas market. First, the potential for profitability in biogas production must be enhanced. Second, natural gas and biogas markets should be more integrated with each other. Thirdly, the biogas must be distributed in a cost-effective manner. The present investigation aims to supplement the Natural Gas Act with special provisions which takes into account the input and transmission of biogas. In addition to the production of biogas, it is now the producer's responsibility to clean the gas from water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide and to augment the calorific value of the gas to the standard of Danish natural gas quality by propane addition and to ensure that the physical connection to network is available. There are thus a number of options available for shifting demarcation between biogas production and network operations. Short-term competitiveness of biogas would be strengthened most if purification and spiking the gas with propane and the connection to the network was imposed on network owners. In the longer term, it is not obvious that such a change would be beneficial for biogas as such a change could have long term adverse effects on the competitiveness of natural gas against other energy sources. The Energy Market Inspectorate has decided, therefore, not as desirable for the network owner to have responsibility for treatment or network connection. EI therefore considers that it is reasonable that the responsibility for propane spiking is imposed on the network operators. Network owner may then also able to refrain from propane spiking of the biogas and instead lower the heating value of the Danish natural gas - an attractive alternative if natural gas imports from other countries would be under consideration

  13. Absorbed Doses to Patients in Nuclear Medicine; Doskatalogen foer nukleaermedicin

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leide-Svegborn, Sigrid; Mattsson, Soeren; Nosslin, Bertil [Universitetssjukhuset MAS, Malmoe (Sweden). Avd. foer radiofysik; Johansson, Lennart [Norrlands Universitetssjukhus, Umeaa (Sweden). Avd. foer radiofysik

    2004-09-01

    The work with a Swedish catalogue of radiation absorbed doses to patients undergoing nuclear medicine investigations has continued. After the previous report in 1999, biokinetic data and dose estimates (mean absorbed dose to various organs and tissues and effective dose) have been produced for a number of substances: {sup 11}C- acetate, {sup 11}C- methionine, {sup 18}F-DOPA, whole antibody labelled with either {sup 99m}Tc, {sup 111}In, {sup 123}I or {sup 131}I, fragment of antibody, F(ab'){sub 2} labelled with either {sup 99m}Tc, {sup 111}In, {sup 123}I or {sup 131}I and fragment of antibody, Fab' labelled with either {sup 99m}Tc, {sup 111}In, {sup 123}I or {sup 131}I. The absorbed dose estimates for these substances have been made from published biokinetic information. For other substances of interest, e.g. {sup 14}C-urea (children age 3-6 years), {sup 14}C-glycocholic acid, {sup 14}C-xylose and {sup 14}C-triolein, sufficient literature data have not been available. Therefore, a large number of measurements on patients and volunteers have been carried out, in order to determine the biokinetics and dosimetry for these substances. Samples of breast milk from 50 mothers, who had been subject to nuclear medicine investigations, have been collected at various times after administration of the radiopharmaceutical to the mother. The activity concentration in the breast milk samples has been measured. The absorbed dose to various organs and tissues and the effective dose to the child who ingests the milk have been determined for 17 different radiopharmaceuticals. Based on these results revised recommendations for interruption of breast-feeding after nuclear medicine investigations are suggested.

  14. Absorbed Doses to Patients in Nuclear Medicine; Doskatalogen foer nukleaermedicin

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leide-Svegborn, Sigrid; Mattsson, Soeren; Johansson, Lennart; Fernlund, Per; Nosslin, Bertil

    2007-04-15

    The Swedish radiation protection authority, (SSI), has supported work on estimates of radiation doses to patients from nuclear medicine examinations since more than 20 years. A number of projects have been reported. The results are put together and published under the name 'Doskatalogen' which contains data on doses to different organs and tissues from radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnostics and research. This new report contains data on: {sup 11}C-labelled substances (realistic maximum model), amino acids labelled with {sup 11}C, {sup 18}F or {sup 75}Se, {sup 99m}Tc-apcitide, {sup 123}I-labelled fatty acids ({sup 123}I- BMIPP and {sup 123}I-IPPA) and revised models for previously reported {sup 15}O-labelled water, {sup 99m}Tc-tetrofosmin (rest as well as exercise) and {sup 201}Tl-ion Data for almost 200 substances and radionuclides are included in the 'Doskatalogen' today. Since the year 2001 the 'Doskatalogen' is available on the authority's home page (www.ssi.se)

  15. Preconditions for the development of land-based infrastructure for liquefied natural gas (LNG / LBG); Foerutsaettningar foer utbyggnad av landbaserad infrastruktur foer flytande gas (LNG/LBG)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stenkvist, Maria; Paradis, Hanna; Haraldsson, Kristina; Beijer, Ronja; Stensson, Peter (AaF Industry AB(Sweden))

    2011-06-15

    The conversion potential to replace oil in the energy intensive industries and diesel in heavy transport is estimated in the study to 6.8 TWh and 10 TWh per year, respectively. Several alternative fuels compete for this conversion potential. What fuels will take market share depends on several factors such as price, availability of fuel, availability of process technology and vehicles, technology development and possible future technological advances. For liquid methane to compete a new infrastructure is required that in a cost effective manner makes it possible to distribute the liquid methane to the regions where the need is the greatest. With today's distribution system, including truck delivery from import terminals in Nynaeshamn and Fredrikstad, virtually the entire southern Sweden is within reach of LNG deliveries. The study points out three nodes, Gaevle, Sundsvall and Luleaa, which is suitable for distribution of liquid methane to the central and northern Sweden. The three hubs are suitable for freight transfer to trucks as well as rail and shipping. A strategic nationwide network of refueling stations is also proposed, with a total of 18 new stations, in addition to the filling stations in southern and central Sweden that are already planned or in operation. Both the availability and use of liquid methane in Sweden today is limited. Liquid natural gas, LNG (liquefied natural gas), is primarily used as a backup to biogas plants, in a few industries and as supply for a few filling stations for compressed gas. The availability of LNG and also liquid biogas (LBG liquefied biogas), will increase in coming years. In 2011, two new LNG import terminals are put into operation in Nynaeshamn and Fredrikstad in Norway and two additional import terminals are planned in Gothenburg and Lysekil. Furthermore, two production plants for liquid biogas production have started, and four additional plants are planned, which together will produce around 0.5 TWh LBG annually. It is also likely that in the coming years there will be almost ten filling stations for liquid methane in operation in southern Sweden. The market analysis shows that several industries in the iron and steel industry are already interested in converting to LNG, mainly to cope with environmental demands. Also in the chemical industry there is an interest in using LNG, while many of the companies in the pulp and paper industry do not see LNG as a particularly attractive option. The latter have access to their own fuel and several companies have also adopted policies aiming at becoming fossil fuel free in the near future. The total conversion potential to replace oil with LNG industry amounted to 6.8 TWh/year, divided among 100 users. The greatest potential is in central Sweden (Dalarna, Gaevleborg, Vaermland) and along the Norrland coast. With today's distribution system, including truck delivery from import terminals in Nynaeshamn and Fredrikstad, virtually the entire southern Sweden is within reach of LNG deliveries. Transport distance is too long to be economically feasible to supply industries in central and northern Sweden. To provide these regions with LNG the intermodal freight terminals in Gaevle, Sundsvall and Luleaa would be able to function as strategic hubs. These three terminals covering the areas and industries that according to the market analysis is most interesting for LNG supplies, and are all well connected both by road, rail and seaway, allowing for transfer between different modes. All harbours also have the potential to qualify for receiving LNG deliveries by ship. There is also an interest in using liquid methane for heavy transport and coaches/intercity buses, because the distribution of liquid methane is cost effective, and the vehicles get longer range due to the high energy density of liquid methane. Yet, however, the availability of vehicles is limited and the infrastructure is not developed, but both the availability of vehicles and refueling stations will increase in coming years. In total, about 10 TWh/year of diesel needs to be replaced i n the heavy vehicle sector, among other reasons to meet environmental goals, which is assumed to correspond to the conversion potential in the heavy duty vehicle sector in the long term (2030). A rough estimate of the possible development means that the demand for biomethane, in the form of LBG, and CBG (compressed biogas), by 2020 will amount to 1.5 TWh/year for heavy duty transport applications and to about 1 TWh/year LNG for long-range heavy duty transport. Furthermore, it is estimated to be possible that the production capacity of LBG double by 2020, reaching around 1 TWh/year.

  16. Tool for calculation of the life cycle cost for different heating systems in one-family houses; Verktyg foer beraekning av livscykelkostnaden foer olika vaermesystem i smaahus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Larsson, Jenny; Strand, Hanna [Lund Inst. of Technology (Sweden). Dept. of Chemical Engineering

    2003-12-01

    The Excel-based tool can be used by the consumer and covers the following heating systems: direct electric heating (alt. in combination with an air source heat pump), electric boiler (alt. in combination with an air source heat pump), fuel oil boiler, wood pellets boiler, natural gas boiler, exhaust air heat pump, ground source heat pump (surface soil or boreholes) and district heating. A few case studies are reviewed in order to illustrates the use of the tool.

  17. Pressure Separators for District Cooling; Tryckvaexlare foer fjaerrkyla - Teknik och funktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gustafson, Bror-Arne [Fludex AB, Goeteborg (SE)] [and others

    2003-07-01

    About 10 pressure separators run today in commercial operation in district heating networks. Undoubtedly, the pressure separator has become a new tool for more efficient operation of district heating systems. The pressure separator makes it possible to keep different parts of the pipe network at different pressure levels without the unavoidable temperature losses of heat exchangers. The objectives of this project are to find the answers of two questions. The first question is: Will the pressure separator function in district cooling systems if it is designed in the same way as for district heating? The only difference should then be the temperatures of operation. The second question is: Is there a modified design that will perform better in district cooling systems? To find the answers of the two questions, a test rig was built in Rosenlund Power Station in Goeteborg. Also computer simulations were carried out to clarify actual phenomena. The answer to the first question is: Yes/no. Measurements show that the original design of the pressure separator can be made working at temperatures of operation typical for district cooling. It will, however, be very sensitive and is not recommended for practical applications. The answer to the second question is: Yes, there is. This makes the details of the original design less interesting. The modified design is characterized by 'Differential pressure control' instead of temperature layer control'. This means a working principle that is completely independent of operational temperatures. The TVX-tank is replaced by a 'short cut' with a spring loaded checkvalve. One of the control valves creates a differential pressure that is too low to open the check valve but high enough to keep the next checkvalve in the next short cut closed. Measurements and computer simulations show that the pressure separator in the modified design works very well in district cooling applications. The temperature losses of heat exchangers are eliminated and the safety level retained. Thrilling possibilities to save electricity exist in some cases. Most cost effective is the pressure separator if the larger areas with several customers have their pressure level adjusted in one and the same pressure separator. The disadvantage of the pressure separator is mainly that it requires a far-sighted planning of the head diagram of the entire district cooling network.

  18. Energy statistics of apartment buildings in 2012; Energistatistik foer flerbostadshus 2012

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2013-07-01

    This report presents data regarding energy used for heating and hot water in Swedish apartment buildings (2012) in terms of heated floor area, use of energy (totals and averages) and use of fuels (totals and averages) for the total population and for various subDivs.

  19. Energy statistics for non-residential premises 2012; Energistatistik foer lokaler 2012

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2013-07-01

    This report presents data on a number of non-residential premises, heated floor area, use of energy (totals and averages) and use of fuels (totals and averages) for the total population and for various subDivs.

  20. Legionella bacteria in combustion air humidifiers; Legionella i luftuppfuktare foer foerbraenningsluft

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jeppesen, Jessica; Hansson, Helen; Cederfeldt, Ola; Axby, Fredrik

    2007-10-15

    Over the last couple of years several outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease has occurred around the world. The source of infection varies, but in many cases the bacteria has been traced back to cooling towers. The common denominator for most of the sources of infection has been water systems with high oxygen levels and a system temperature ranging from 20 to 40 deg C. If a water system furthermore has high levels of other bacteria/microorganisms, then it is also probable that favorable conditions for legionella bacteria exist within the system. These conditions consist well with conditions in combustion air humidifiers in district heating plants and therefore it can be suspected that legionella may thrive also in these types of air humidifiers. In order to examine if legionella bacteria exists in combustion air humidifiers, and in what quantity, ten different district heating plants where selected for a survey. The goal of the survey is to get a general picture of the extent of the occurrence of legionella bacteria in different types of air humidifiers. This was done by taking legionella tests in three different types of air humidifiers in district heating plants. The first step of the testing was conducted by measuring the level of legionella bacteria in water samples from the air humidifiers in the different plants. The water samples were taken from water that circulates in the air humidifiers. A few months later another water sample was taken from the same location. Two district heating plants, where legionella bacteria had been detected, were selected for further testing after compiling the results from the first two tests. The further testing involved fuel gas analysis to see if any of the plants fuel gas contained legionella bacteria. The test results show that a major part of the district heating plants in the survey have heterotrophic bacteria in their water systems, which implies the possibility of growth of legionella bacteria. About half of the plants had positive test results for legionella, three of them contained Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. In the second test round, two of the plants had positive test results but only one of them was verified to L. pneumophila sg 1. Both the fuel gas analyses showed negative results for legionella bacteria and the level of heterotrophic bacteria was low or nonexistent. In this report the occurrence of legionella bacteria in combustion air humidifiers has mainly been treated as a working environmental risk. A risk assessment for the plant with the highest amount of legionella bacteria shows that the growth of legionella primary should be minimized/eliminated. As a compliment, personal safety devices such as respiratory protection should be used during revision work in water tanks or while cleaning the water system, i.e. when the risk for water aerosols is greater than during normal operation of the plant. The employer is responsible to inform all personal who might become infected with legionella. There should also be routines for reporting as well as routines for both proactive and reactive measures. From the test results the conclusion that legionella bacteria occur in combustion air humidifiers can be drawn. In addition legionella bacteria can occur in all three studied types of air humidifiers; rotating-, lamella- and scrubber air humidifiers. It is difficult to predict how great a risk it is that legionella bacteria will occur in the different types of air humidifiers. The risk of legionella bacteria transferring from the water systems to outgoing fuel gas varies in the different types of air humidifiers. It is obvious that the risk of transferring legionella bacteria to the fuel gas is greater in rotating air humidifiers and in lamella air humidifiers where both fuel gas and air is washed with water from the same water system. There is also a risk of transferring legionella bacteria to fuel gas in scrubber air humidifiers where the air humidifier and the condenser have a common water system.

  1. Grate monitoring systems, state of the art; Metoder foer rosteroevervakning, dagslaegesbestaemning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Blom, Elisabet [Aaf Processdesign AB, Linkoeping (Sweden)

    2001-01-01

    During a number of years research and development projects have been made to present methods of monitoring the grate in a grate fired boiler. The monitoring is interesting in order to be able to increase efficiency, increase burn-out of ash, improve the status of emissions, improve transportation of ash and fuel through the furnace, reduce costs for operation and maintenance, handle greater loads etc. Improvement of the combustion has been concentrated to the development of the gas phase combustion. In the past few years the computer development has progressed rapidly and the use of optical monitoring methods have been made possible for monitoring grates. To analyse state of the art of optical grate monitoring systems three different methods have been used, literature search, inquiry where plant owners were asked if they have used grate monitoring systems and if so what experiences they have, and interviews with scientists and users. The inquiry investigation was made during spring 2000 and supplemented with a few known users of grate monitoring systems in august 2000. The interviews were made during august 2000. The methods which have been examined are: Video monitoring; Computer vision; IR-pyrometry; IR-camera technology; Laser measuring methods; Acoustic pyrometry. The survey showed that video monitoring is useful to monitor the fuel bed and an aid to the operators. A good cooling and cleansing system is essential to make the system reliable. If the system is aided with computer vision the computer will show numbers which can be used in the control system. These have been tried at a couple of sites but the system is still being developed and no sites uses this function fully automated. Infrared measurements have been tried in number of research projects. The IR-pyrometer technique is good for measuring temperature but the reliability is too low for some of the users. IR-cameras are used in several waste incineration plants to control the combustion. The systems where signals from an IR-camera is processed in computer function well but are too expensive. A camera, without image processing software, computer and control system coupling, costs >300 000 SEK (>35 000 EURO). Laser technologies have not been tested in this application, although, is worth trying because costs are decreasing for both laser and computers. Laser methods can be used both to temperature measurements and bed structure measurements. Acoustic pyrometry is not useful in this application because it is developed for gas measurements. To continue the development of optical grate monitoring the recommendations are to continue with computer vision. A combination of computer vision and IR pyrometer is worth trying. A preliminary experiment with laser methods is recommended.

  2. Genetic variation for characters of importance for growth in Salix viminalis L. Final report; Genetisk variation foer karaktaerer av betydelse foer tillvaext hos Salix viminalis L. Slutrapport

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roennberg-Waestljung, Ann Christin; Gullberg, Urban [Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (Sweden). Dept. of Plant Biology

    2000-04-01

    The overall goal for this project was to study the genetic variation and the genetic relationships for different growth characters and for water use efficiency (WUE) in Salix viminalis and also to use this knowledge to formulate breeding goals for Salix. Two factorial crossings with Swedish and Polish origin, each with 320 families have been used. Part of the Polish material was used to study the genetic variation for carbon isotope quota. Carbon isotope quota gives a measure of the WUE for the plant. Crossings have been made to change and improve the WUE in Salix viminalis. Construction of a genetic linkage map has started and the map can be used to identify genetic markers for WUE. The results show that most of the growth characters have both additive genetic variation and also a high degree of dominance genetic variation. A strategy in the breeding where both additive and dominance variation can be utilized should be adopted. WUE show mainly additive genetic variation but also a high heritability. This gives great opportunities to improve Salix material for WUE through recurrent selection.

  3. Environmental guidelines for reuse of ash in civil engineering applications - including criteria for Sb and As; Miljoeriktlinjer foer askanvaendning i anlaeggningsbyggande - inklusive haltkriterier foer Sb och As

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bendz, David; Wik, Ola (Swedish Geotechnical Inst., Linkoeping (Sweden)); Jones, Celia; Pettersson, Michael; Elert, Mark (Kemakta, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2009-07-15

    Swedish producers, authorities and users have acknowledged the need for common environmental guidelines for residues. The objective of this project has been to develop a proposal for common environmental guidelines for reuse of ash in civil engineering applications. The project has a narrow risk assessment with application on an strictly nearfield, local perspective and focus on a limited set of substances. Health aspects for construction workers are not covered in the project. The starting point in the risk assessment is the assumption that ashes may be used just like any conventional construction material. Special requirements or regulations regarding precautionary actions in the handling of ashes, regarding the site or surroundings will be avoided. The guiding principle has been the precautionary principle: reuse of ash is acceptable only if it constitute an insignificant risk to health and environment. The calculations are based on defined emission- and exposure scenarios. The concept of insignificant risk imply that the impact in the defined points of compliance does not exceed established health- and environmental criteria. The model address health risks associated with spreading of particles and exposure by dust, oral intake, dermal contact and intake by vegetables or wild grown berries and consumption of ground water. Off-site environmental effects in surface waters and in soil as well as health- and environmental risks in the post use phase are also considered. Exposure by dust is addressed in the same way as in the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines for contaminated soil [12]. The guidelines values for exposure by dust, oral intake, dermal contact and intake by vegetables or wild grown berrys are total content, whereas the guidelines for exposure by consumption of ground water or environmental effects in surface waters are based on leaching properties of the ash. The guidelines rely on a conceptual model, defined emissions and exposure scenarios including exposure pathways and points of compliance. Risk evaluation becomes an issue of comparing the estimated (-modeled) increased concentrations at specified target points with general human and environmental toxicological criteria. Guidelines have been calculated for two different types of constructions, with or without an impermeable (asphalt-) pavement that prevents rain water from infiltrating into the road. Also the possible exposure of intruding ground water has been taken into account. A set of ashes, for which data on total content and leachability was available in the ALLASKA and MALTE database, have been classified according to three categories of applications/situations. The results show that due to lack of data it could not be assessed whether naphthalene, bens(a)pyren and selen in ashes imply an insignificant risk or not. Cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, molybdenum, nickel and zinc generally shows a large margin to the calculated guidelines for total content and leachability for most ashes. Thus, ashes in constructions constitute an acceptable risk with respect to these elements. Antimony and lead in ashes fall above the guideline values for leaching in some cases. The total content of arsenic in many ashes exceeds the guideline values when used in an unpaved construction even when taking the oral bioavailabity of arsenic in ashes in consideration. To a lesser extent this also holds for total content of lead. Accordingly, it can not be excluded that the reuse of some ashes in some applications may imply a certain risk. Spreading as dust, deposition on vegetables and the subsequent intake has reveled itself as an important exposure pathway. Little data, theory and models are available on dust generation and transport, the calculations made here are rough and conservative. Also, guidelines for the ash construction left in place in the post use phase are difficult to determine. The health risk associated with intake of vegetables and accidentally oral intake are crucial. In both cases arsenic sets the limits. Toxicological criteria can be critical and choosing toxicological based criteria instead of current drinking water limits reduces calculated risks with antimony. In Sweden discrete risk factors are used for evaluating drinking water compared other exposure pathways for arsenic. A practice that has an significant effect on calculated risks. Model calculations indicate that fluoride constitute only an insignificant risk. Chloride and sulfate in ashes may, depending on the construction, constitute a certain effect with respect to the drinking water quality in a local well. The comparison between the calculated guideline values and the ash data that was available showed that the majority of the ashes could be used in a road construction without implying a significant risk to health or environment.

  4. Framework for detailed studies on the construction and operation of repositories for spent nuclear fuel; Ramprogram foer detaljundersoekningar vid uppfoerande och drift av slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2010-10-15

    This report presents a programme for the detailed investigations planned to be applied during construction and operation of the repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark. The report is part of SKB's application according to the Nuclear Activities Act. The detailed investigations shall provide relevant data on and site-descriptive models for the bedrock, soil deposits and eco-system of the site in order to facilitate a step-wise design and construction of the final repository. This shall be implemented in a manner that all demands on long-term safety are fulfilled, including accurate documentation of the construction work, and so that assessments of the environmental impact of the repository can be made. For the operational phase, the detailed investigations should also provide support to the deposition process with related decisions, thereby enabling fulfilment of the design premises for the siting and construction of deposition tunnels and deposition holes, as well as for deposition of canisters, and for the subsequent backfilling and closure of the repository. The Observational Method will be applied during the construction of the repository. This method entails establishing in advance acceptable limits of behaviour regarding selected geoscientific parameters and preparing a plan with measures to keep the outcome within these limits. Predictions of expected rock properties are established for each tunnel section. The outcome after excavation is compared with the acceptable range of outcomes. Information from detailed characterization will be of essential importance for application of the Observational Method and for adapting the repository to the prevailing rock properties. SKB has for the past several decades developed methods for site characterisation, applying both above- and underground investigation techniques. Experiences from this work, put into practice during the site investigations, has resulted in a solid knowledge and understanding of the bedrock conditions at Forsmark. The detailed investigations will employ, apart from established and earlier practiced methods, also further refined and newly developed techniques and methods for investigations and modelling. The report describes the present status for investigation and modelling methodology and techniques and also provides an overview of currently planned method developments. The report also presents a proposed scenario for how the detailed investigations, in light of presently available knowledge and techniques, should be conducted. Starting points for the investigation programme in this context are the reference design of the facility and remaining uncertainties associated with the site descriptive model and underground design. The scenario high-lights those investigations which, more or less as a matter of routine work, will be performed closely coordinated with the progression of the underground excavation work. The investigations related to the development of the deposition areas will primarily be linked to the sequences pilot drilling followed by excavation of deposition tunnels, and pilot drilling with subsequent full-face drilling of deposition holes. Continuous supervision of the fulfilment of design premises and documentation of the facility are in this context important issues. Information acquired during the construction process will also provide the substantial basis for the assessment of the long-term safety of the final repository. Further, it is emphasised in the report that supplementary investigations will be performed, if the information in any respect is regarded as insufficient. Such investigations may as well be performed from the ground surface. The final repository will in different ways have an impact on the surrounding environment. Monitoring of such changes is therefore an important and integral part of the detailed investigations. Until the construction work for the final repository is initiated, the detailed investigation programme will be modified and made more circumstantial, including results of planned developments . These updates will be accounted for in ensuing versions of the programme

  5. Systems for apartment buildings heat pumps. Final report; System foer fastighetsvaermepumpar. Slutrapport

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aakervall, Daniel (WSP Environmental, Stockholm (Sweden)); Rogstam, Joergen; Grotherus, Maarten (Sveriges Energi- och Kylcentrum, Katrineholm (Sweden))

    2009-05-15

    A fast growing segment of the heat pump business is the apartment building applications. Historically the experience base related to such installations is limited. However, this application is more complex than the much more widely spread domestic applications. The core idea of the project was to generate and collect information to avoid mistakes and to encourage the heat pump technology. By interviewing the 'market' and compiling the information good recommendations has been achieved. It is of great importance to convey the best available recommendations to the installers on the market to avoid pit holes and highlight the opportunities for installers and end consumers. A website has been design and built, www.sfvp.se, which contains useful tools for installers and potential system customers. A number of calculation tools to estimate heat requirement, cost of different heating systems, primary energy need, LCC, etc. are all available. The core of the site is the database containing heat pump installations with related data of importance. The data available is such key data as performance figures, cost of installation, etc. Today 104 system installations are collected in the database and these are marked in a colour coding to indicate the quality of the input data. Installations verified with measurement are given higher significance. It has been an unexpected challenge to find documented systems, so one of the conclusions of the project is that there is a great need for further measurement on the field. More information should be directed to the customers to request such equipment when systems are installed. The database enables statistical analysis of the key figures and it can be seen that the average seasonal COP is 3.2 and there are small differences between exhaust air and ground source heat pumps. It should be emphasised that the number of installations do not give statistical confidence for all kinds of analysis yet. Field measurements in apartment buildings have shown good agreement between the installations. In the specific case 5 exhaust air heat pumps were analysed and the average seasonal COP was about 3 and the energy coverage was 60% on a yearly basis. These heat pumps replaced district heating but kept that source as supplementary heat source

  6. Knowledge preservation for the future - Phase 1; Kunskapsbevarande foer framtiden - Fas 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bowen-Schrire, Monica; Jander, Hans; Waniewska, Katarina (Vattenfall Power Consultant AB, Stockholm (SE))

    2007-12-15

    This report summarises the work done in the field of knowledge preservation regarding a repository for spent nuclear fuel in Sweden and in other selected countries. The purpose of the report is to provide a basis for a proposal for an action plan for knowledge preservation regarding a repository for spent nuclear fuel. The report is based upon identified key documents, interviews with key persons, and other relevant sources of information identified throughout the working process. To preserve information and knowledge regarding the repository of spent nuclear fuel for future generations is no simple task. The report covers the basic principles and methods for information preservation and transfer, and describes their advantages and disadvantages. The report also covers topics such as the time perspective, target groups, context, and discusses the difference between the concepts information and knowledge. The conclusions of the report include a number of recommendations for how SKB can continue the work to produce a proposal for an action plan for how the knowledge about a repository for spent nuclear fuel can be kept for future generations

  7. Energy statistics for multi-dwelling buildings in 2008; Energistatistik foer flerbostadshus 2008

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2009-09-15

    82 percent of the total heated area in multi-dwelling buildings in 2008 was heated by district heating. District heating was also used in combination with other types of heating to heat another 3 percent of the area. The percentage of area that is only heated by oil is approximately 1 percent, a slight decrease compared to 2007. Oil is also used in combination with other types of heating for approximately 1 percent of the area. The use of heating oil has decreased from 75 000 m3 in 2007 to 51 000 m3 in 2008. Natural gas and gasworks' gas consumption has decreased compared to 2007. The total water consumption was 278 millions m3. The average use was 1 698 litres per m2. Average usage of energy in 2008: 17.7 litres or (176.1 kWh) of oil per for multi-dwelling buildings in 2008, 148 kWh district heating per m2, 123 kWh electricity per m2 Total usage of energy in 2008 25.7 TWh was the total consumption of energy for heating and hot water in multi dwelling buildings in 2008

  8. Biomass-based energy carriers in the transportation sector; Biomassebaserade energibaerare foer transportsektorn

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Johansson, Bengt

    1995-03-01

    The purpose of this report is to study the technical and economic prerequisites to attain reduced carbon dioxide emissions through the use of biomass-based energy carriers in the transportation sector, and to study other environmental impacts resulting from an increased use of biomass-based energy carriers. CO{sub 2} emission reduction per unit arable and forest land used for biomass production (kg CO{sub 2}/ha,year) and costs for CO{sub 2} emission reduction (SEK/kg CO{sub 2}) are estimated for the substitution of gasoline and diesel with rape methyl ester, biogas from lucerne, ethanol from wheat and ethanol, methanol, hydrogen and electricity from Salix and logging residues. Of the studied energy carriers, those based on Salix provide the largest CO{sub 2} emission reduction. In a medium long perspective, the costs for CO{sub 2} emission reduction seem to be lowest for methanol from Salix and logging residues. The use of fuel cell vehicles, using methanol or hydrogen as energy carriers, can in a longer perspective provide more energy efficient utilization of biomass for transportation than the use of internal combustion engine vehicles. 136 refs, 12 figs, 25 tabs

  9. Operation experiences of landfill gas engines; Motorer foer deponigas - Tillgaenglighet och drifterfarenheter

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dejfors, Charlotte; Grimberger, Goeran [AaF-Energikonsult Stockholm AB (Sweden)

    2000-06-01

    The gas that is obtained from landfilled waste is produced by bacteria that digest organic material in an anaerobic environment. Landfill gas consists mainly of methane, carbon dioxide and water vapour. It may be used either as auxiliary fuel in boilers close to the landfill or to generate electricity by means of a gas engine. Several plants where landfill gas is used in gas engines have had serious problems, a. o. with burned exhaust valves. These problems may occur already after a short period of operation, which influences the profitability. The purposes of the project reported were to collect operational experience in Sweden with engines using landfill gas as fuel, to identify which problems there are and which actions or improvements have been implemented in order to correct for these problems. Today, there are 9 facilities where landfill gas is used to fuel a total of 13 gas engines. In addition, there is an engine in Goeteborg which has scarcely been in operation after its installation because there is not enough gas. Contact has been taken with all these facilities. Many have pointed out that the gas engines are sensitive in the vicinity of maximum load, where the control system requires an even gas flow and a stable composition of the gas. A counter-measure in the facilities is to avoid running the engine at full load. All engines are equipped with a lean-NO{sub x} system in order to minimise NO{sub x} emissions. Many have remarked that the lean-NO{sub x} system shuts the engine off when emissions exceed the allowed limits. There is a consensus that spark plugs and ignition cables have created operational problems. These have been changed more frequently than originally expected. Another problem, which has caused operational problems and a need for maintenance, is deposits mainly in the combustion chamber, in valves and cylinder heads. Deposits and high exhaust gas temperature have led to burnt exhaust gas valves and cylinder heads on half of the engines. The actions taken depend on how serious the problem was. The characteristics of the production of landfill gas is an important factor. Most facilities have overestimated the volume of gas produced, which has lead to oversized engines and a specific cost, SEK per kW{sub el} produced, which is higher than calculated. However, many point out that running the engines on part load most of the time contributes to lower maintenance costs. It has been decided that combustible waste shall not be landfilled starting from 2002, and that organic waste shall not be landfilled starting from 2005. These decisions will lead to a further reduction of the production of landfill gas. Today, there is no interest for investing in new engines running on landfill gas. The laws that are considered are one reason, and the other reason is the low price for electricity. However, the number of engines running on biogas could increase in the future. A problem that should be investigated further, not only for landfill gas engines but also for biogas engines, is the deposits that have been observed. What is their composition? None of the facilities interviewed have analysed which elements and which compounds are found in these deposits. Is there any difference between engines from different manufacturers, depending on their solution for controlling fuel and air, the temperature of air, etc?.

  10. Preliminary study on gas-driven vehicles; Foerstudie om teknik foer gasdrivna fordon

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Egebaeck, K.E. [Autoemission KE E Consultant AB, Nykoeping (Sweden); Ryden, C. [Stockholm MFO AB (Sweden)

    2001-10-01

    The use of alternative fuels for motor vehicles has been a subject of interest for a long time and alternative fuels have also been subject to extensive investigations. Studies and investigations of the alternatives have resulted in many positive and useful results in that both advantages and disadvantages of different fuels have been evaluated. An important prerequisite for an introduction of new fuels for motor vehicles is that engines and vehicles have been developed and adapted to the new fuel. In most of the cases there are specific differences in composition and physical function between alternative fuels and the commercial fuels, petrol and diesel oil. There is therefore a need for both engines and the exhaust control systems to be developed in order to take the full advantages of the positive property of the new fuel. The aim of the project was to study the technical development of natural gas and biogas fuelled engines and vehicles which had taken place during the last few years, from both a national and an international perspective. The method used has been to visit, among others, various car manufacturers in order to ascertain the state of the art concerning the development of gaseous-fuelled vehicles. In addition an extensive literature study has been carried out aiming at a widening of the knowledge about the development of natural gas fuelled vehicles in especially in USA, Europe and Japan. The results are presented in this report, which hopefully gives a broad picture of the state of the art of current gaseous-fuelled vehicles and information concerning the technology used for the development.

  11. Artificial neural networks for monitoring the gas turbine; Artificiella neuronnaet foer gasturbinoevervakning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fast, Magnus; Thern, Marcus [Inst. foer Energivetenskaper, Lunds Univ. (Sweden)

    2011-10-15

    Through available historical operational data from gas turbines, fast, accurate, easy to use and reliable models can be developed. These models can be used for monitoring of gas turbines and assist in the transition from today's time-based maintenance to condition based maintenance. For the end user this means that, because only operational data is needed, they can easily develop their own tools independent of the manufacturer. Traditionally these types of models are constructed with physical relations for e.g., mass, energy and momentum. To develop a model with physical relations is often laborious and requires classified information which the end user does not have access to. Research has shown that by producing models using operational data a very high model precision can be achieved. When implementing these models in a power plant computer system the gas turbine's performance can be monitored in real time. This can facilitate fault detection at an early stage, and if necessary, stop the gas turbine before major damage occurs. For the power plant owner, this means that the gas turbine reliability is increased since the need for maintenance is minimized and the downtime is reduced. It also means that a measure of the gas turbine's overall status is continuously available, with respect to e.g. degradation, which helps in the planning of service intervals. The tool used is called artificial neural networks (ANN), a collective name for a number of algorithms for information processing that attempts to mimic the nerve cell function. Just like real networks of neurons in a brain, these artificial neural networks have the ability to learn. In this case, neural networks are trained to mimic the behavior of gas turbines by introducing them to data from real gas turbines. After a neural network is trained it represents a very accurate model of the gas turbine that it is trained to emulate.

  12. Energy Balance of Bio-ethanol - A Review; Energibalans foer bioetanol - en kunskapsoeversikt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boerjesson, Paal

    2006-03-15

    This review presents a synthesis of various Swedish and international studies on the bio-ethanol energy balance, and an analysis of how and why their results differ. Other methods, such as exergy- and emergy analysis, are discussed and compared with the energy analysis method. Finally, potential improvements of the energy efficiency in bio-ethanol production are discussed. The energy balance is here expressed as the ratio of the energy content of the fuel to the primary energy input for the entire production cycle of the fuel. The energy balance of ethanol from cereals is, on average, 1.6, and varies between 0.7 and 2.8. Corresponding average figures for ethanol from corn, sugar beets and lignocellulosic biomass (e.g. energy forest) are 1.4, 1.8 and 3.2, respectively. There are several reasons why the energy balances differ between the different studies, even where the feedstock is identical. The sources of differences can be divided between those related to differences in local and geographical conditions, and those related to differences in the methodological approach applied. Depending on the definition of the system that is studied (systems boundaries), and how the energy input is divided between the ethanol and the by-products generated in the process (allocation methods), the energy balance may differ by a factor of 5. Thus, it is impossible to make reliable and fair comparisons between different studies unless all assumptions are clearly presented and defined. Results from exergy- and emergy analysis of bio-ethanol often show significantly different results from those presented in energy analyses. It is, however, not useful to compare these different results since the various methods have different focuses and are answering different questions. The energy balance of cereal-based ethanol can be improved by more efficient cultivation methods, but mainly by improved conversion processes. One possibility is by using bio-refineries where not only ethanol but also biogas, heat and electricity are produced from cereals and, for example, energy forest.

  13. Description of Euro codes for concrete constructions; Beskrivning av Eurokoder foer betongkonstruktioner

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Westerberg, Bo (Bo Westerberg Konsult AB, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2010-12-15

    Eurocodes, which are common European standards for design of structures for buildings and facilities, prepared by the European Standardisation Committee (CEN) and is published in Sweden by the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS). Sweden, like the other CEN-member countries, is in the process of replacing their national dimensioning rules with Eurocodes. In an ongoing investigative work on requirements for design, analysis and control of concrete structures with a focus on reactor containment SSM wants to clarify what is needed to ensure mechanical integrity of these structures. The study will form the basis for the development of draft rules for concrete structures. The project aimed to provide SSM factual basis for his valuation of the Eurocode applicability of the Swedish nuclear power plants. The report describes the Eurocodes relating to design of concrete structures. These are: EN 1990: Basis of structural design; EN 1991: Actions on structures; EN 1992: Design of concrete structures; EN 1993: Design of steel structures; EN 1994: Design of composite steel and concrete structures; and, EN 1998: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

  14. Legislation of combustion of recovered bio fuels; Regelverk foer eldning av returtraeflis

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Harnevie, Henrik; Olvstam, Marie Louise [SwedPower AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2001-03-01

    A research programme, concerning combustion of sorted waste wood with the objective to solve and answer the following questions has been started: * What types of problems can arise?, * What causes the problems?, and * How can the problems be solved? This first stage of the programme has focused on the first two questions. The problem when using chips from waste wood can be divided into different categories; operational problems, environmental problems as well as restrictions related to new EC-regulations. The environmental problems when burning wood waste are related to the chemical composition of the fuel. In some fuel deliveries, sorted waste wood has a content of heavy metals in the same range as for ordinary biofuels. In other cases, the degree of contamination is unacceptable. Fouling of heating surfaces is one of the most significant combustion problems for chips from waste wood. The rate of fouling and deposition on the heating surfaces will increase three to five times compared to ordinary biomass combustion in the same boiler and under the same conditions. Fouling has been shown to occur regardless of the furnace used, whereas the dimensions and design of the heating surfaces have a more significant influence. The deposits formed are more corrosive over a broader temperature range compared to deposits formed during combustion of ordinary wood chips. This expands the corrosion problems to surfaces constructed of lower alloyed steels such as furnace walls and primary superheaters. In addition to the typical components of wood ash (such as calcium, potassium and sulphur), zinc, lead and sometimes titanium are enriched in the deposits. Most fuel fractions of sorted waste wood will be affected by the new EC-restrictions for combustion of waste. This is due to the fact that analysis of these fuels show higher content of halogens and most heavy metals than for example analysis of clean wood chips. The EC-restriction will mean more stringent rules for emissions compared to the present levels for these plants. Both the environmental problems (air emissions and quality of ash) as well as the operational problems are, as mentioned above, caused by the fuel contamination. Inadequately sorted wood waste can contain metal objects, which among other problems can lead to blocking of grates or nozzles of fluid bed boilers. Even well classified wood waste contains contaminants such as wood preservatives (mainly As, Cr, Cu), paint (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ti and other metals) and adhesives (mainly nitrogen). However, classification can only be used to remove these contaminants to some extent. The quality can be improved by removal of the fine fraction containing a higher amount of metals than the larger fuel particles. Also crushed gypsum, sand etc are discharged with this fine fraction decreasing the levels of sulphur and silicon. However, contaminants derived from wood preservatives are not enriched in the fine fraction and are therefore difficult to remove by pre-treatments such as classification. Those remaining contaminants have to be handled within the furnace. This project indicates for example that the ratio between zinc, lead, sulphur, chloride and alkali influences corrosion and fouling. The restrictions on air emissions have to be solved with cleaning equipment. The result of this study also indicates that the recirculation of ash to the forest does not seem to be possible without a large amount of efforts and measures. The conclusions from this first step of the research programme are that further knowledge is needed concerning the following items; * Which quality restrictions have to be set on different fuels in order to meet present and future emission limits as well as standards for reprocessing and quality assurance. * The mechanisms for the formation of ash deposits. * The chemical processes of the combustion that occurs in the furnace as well as the significance of the interactions between the contents of zinc, lead, chloride, sulphur, sodium and potassium.

  15. Evaluation of methods for characterizations of deposits; Utvaerdering av metoder foer avlagringsmaetningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hoegberg, J.; Bjoerkman, P. [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Aelvkarleby (Sweden)

    2001-11-01

    In boilers there are problems with deposits on parts exposed to the flue gas, in particular on heat exchanging parts and to an increasing extent with the changeover to the use of biofuels and wood waste fuels. In order to solve the problems deposits are examined by using a deposit probe and taking deposit samples from the interior of the boiler. In this report an evaluation of methods of analysis is performed based on experiences in both literature and laboratory work. The evaluation forms the basis of an instruction for deposit measurements in 'Vaermeforsks Maethandbok'. The procedure for use of deposit probes is treated as well as the importance of careful and well planned sample preparation before analysis. In the literature a large number of methods used for analysis of deposits from flue ashes and similar applications are found. The methods include chemical analyses of solids and liquids, analysis of crystal structures, thermal properties and the solid mechanics of the materials. Several methods, for example SEM-EDX, XRF, ICP, IC and methods for determining the mechanical and thermal properties are suited for a survey examination of a deposit, while more specialised methods with higher resolution can add information but require a clear framing of a question and in practice are suited for only separate samples. Examples from the latter category are AES, ESCA and TOF-SIMS.

  16. Conditions for lowering the flue gas temperature; Foerutsaettning foer saenkning av roekgastemperatur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nordling, Magnus

    2012-02-15

    In heat and power production, the efficiency of the power plant increases the larger share of heat from the flue gas that is converted to power. However, this also implies that the temperature of the heat exchanging surfaces is lowered. If the temperature is lowered to a temperature below the dew point of the flue gas, this would result in condensation of the gas, which in turn elevates the risk of serious corrosion attack on the surfaces where condensation occurs. Thus, it is important to determine the dew point temperature. One way of determining the dew point temperature is to use data on composition of the fuel together with operation parameters of the plant, thus calculating the dew point temperature. However, this calculation of the dew point is not so reliable, especially if hygroscopic salts are present. Therefore, for safety reasons, the temperature of the flue gas is kept well above the dew point temperature. This results in lowered over-all efficiency of the plant. It could also be expected that for a certain plant, some construction materials under certain operation conditions would have corrosion characteristics that may allow condensation on the surface without severe and unpredictable corrosion attack. However, by only using operation parameters and fuel composition, it is even harder to predict the composition of the condensate at different operation temperatures than to calculate the dew point temperature. If the dew point temperature was known with a greater certainty, the temperature of the flue gas could be kept lower, just above the estimated value of the dew point, without any increased risk for condensation. If, in addition, also the resulting composition of the condensate at different temperatures below the dew point is known, it can be predicted if the construction materials of the flue gas channel were compatible with the formed condensate. If they are compatible, the flue gas temperature can be further lowered from the dew point temperature with equal and small risk of corrosion, but with increased efficiency of the plant

  17. Gymnasierektors ledarskapsparadox: att vara verksamhetschef och pedagogisk utvecklare

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ingemar Johansson

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available Forskning om rektors ledarskap är omfattande, men studier som undersöker gymnasierektors arbetssituation och ledarskap är mer sällsynta. Avsikten med den föreliggande studien var att bidra till att denna kunskapslucka fylls igen. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio gymnasierektorer genomfördes med fokus på rektors arbetsuppgifter, möjlighet att planera och styra arbetet, förväntningar kring ledarskapet, samt möjlighet att utvecklas och lära i arbetet. I resultaten av den tematiska analysen framträdde fyra teman: (1 ledarskapsideal, (2 kollegialt stöd, (3 ledarskap i en förändringsbenägen organisation, och (4 begränsat utrymme för reflektion. Ett övergripande, gemensamt tema: "Ledarskapsparadox" speglar de högst varierande omständigheter och förhållanden i vardagen som en gymnasierektor ska kunna hantera, vilka också präglar resultatet av analysen. Ett något oväntat resultat var att gymnasierektor upplevde stort, eget ansvar för elevernas bästa. Studien kastar nytt ljus på gymnasierektorers ledarskap, och bidrar till ökad förståelse för vad rollen som ledare för en komplex organisation som gymnasieskolan kan innebära. Genom att knyta an till en arbetspsykologisk ledarskapsteori och formulera en arbetspsykologisk hypotes kan studien bidra till forskningen om arbetsintegrerat lärande (AIL.

  18. KBS annual report 1980

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1981-03-01

    The KBS project was organized in late 1976 by the Swedish nuclear power utilities within the framework of the jointly owned Swedish Nuclear Fuel Supply Co, SKBF. The original purpose of KBS was to perform the studies and investigations necessary to fulfill the requirements of the Swedish 'Stipulations Act' of 1977, which says that the owner of a new nuclear reactor has to demonstrate how and where spent nuclear foel or high-level radioactive waste from reprocessing can be stored in an absolute safe manner before the Government can grant him permission to charge the reactor with fuel. Subsequently, KBS has been assigned to carry out R and D work concerning the treatment and final disposal of all kinds of radioactive wastes from nuclear power production as well as the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. KBS has therefore been transformed from a temporary project into a permanent division of SKBF. The main efforts in different fields during 1980 have been the following. Materials: studies of waste glasses and canister materials. Engineered barriers, technology: continued studies of properties and behavior of bentonite clays. Geology and hydrology: improvement of hydrological models, further development of hydrological instruments and methods, gathering of field data. Safety analysis: improved modelling of nuclide migration. Low- and medium-level wastes: design studies and field investigations for a final repository for reactor wastes, characterization of wastes from operation of reactors and from reprocessing. Stripa project: an autonomous OECD/NEA international project managed by SKBF/KBS. Foreign contacts: formal agreements on information exchange have been signed with US DOE, AECL Canada and NAGRA, Switzerland. As in 1979, the work on radioactive waste management has been divided and coordinated between the utility-owned KBS and the government organization PRAV (Programraadet foer Radioaktivt Avfall: The National Council for Radioactive Waste). Short summaries

  19. Production conditions of bioenergy in Swedish agriculture; Produktionsfoerutsaettningar foer biobraenslen inom svenskt jordbruk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boerjesson, Paal

    2007-05-15

    The overall aim of this report is to analyse and describe the production conditions of bioenergy in Swedish agriculture and how these conditions can vary due to different factors. The conclusion is that the potential for producing bioenergy in Swedish agriculture will vary significantly depending on which energy crops are cultivated, which type of agricultural land is utilised and the geographical location of the production. Furthermore, different crop residues and other by-products from agriculture, utilised for energy purposes, will affect the bioenergy potential. To which extent this physical/biological potential will be utilised in the future depends mainly on economic conditions and financial considerations. These aspects are not included in this study. The report starts with a description of current crop production in Sweden, expressed in energy terms, the energy needed for this production and the regional variation in crop yields. The local variations in cultivation conditions are also analysed, as well as variations over the area of a single farm. Another aspect discussed is the production conditions of energy crops on previous farm land not currently utilised. The report includes an analysis of the potential supply of crop residues and other by-products for energy purposes, such as straw, tops and leaves of sugar beets, manure etc, as well as the regional variation of these residues and by-products. A similar analysis is made of the regional production conditions and potential biomass yields of traditional crops and new energy crops. These analyses also include energy balance calculations showing the energy input needed for different production systems in relation to the harvested biomass yield, and the potential for increased biomass yields in the future. Based on the findings of these various analyses, calculations are made showing some examples of how much bioenergy Swedish agriculture can deliver, depending on how much agricultural land is utilised for energy production, the geographical location of this land and its productivity, and which energy crops are grown. The report ends with a discussion of the environmental impact of an increased implementation of different bioenergy production systems.

  20. Removal of radionuclides from household water; Metoder foer avlaegsnande av radionuklider fraan hushaallsvatten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vesterbacka, P.; Turtiainen, T.; Haemaelaeinen, K.; Salonen, L.; Arvela, H.

    2007-02-15

    Research upon methods for removing radionuclides from household water was initiated in Finland in 1995. Three research projects, of which two were carried out with National Technology Agency of Finland and one with CEC, have been completed by the end of 2002. One of the main objectives of the research was to compose a guidebook for consumers and water treatment companies. Radon can be removed from household water by aeration and by activated carbon filtration. Aerators that are well designed and set up can remove over 90% of waterborne radon. The best aerators have achieved removal efficiencies that are nearly 100%. However, setting up an aeration system requires thorough planning. Also, activated carbon filtration removes radon efficiently. The removal efficiencies have been over 90%, often nearly 100%. Depending on the water quality and usage, the carbon batch inside the filter needs to be changed every 2 - 3 years. Since activated carbon filters emit gamma radiation while in use, they should not be installed inside the dwelling but in a separate building or by the well. It is recommended that uranium be removed from drinking water by anion exchange, which is the most efficient removal method for this purpose. Typically, the removal efficiencies are nearly 100%. The one exception is the so called tap filter, the removal efficiency of which depends on uranium concentration in raw water and the rate of water flow. High saline concentration in water may extricate uranium from ion exchange resin. Changes in plumbing pressure or pH-value do not have any significant influence in uranium retention. Removal efficiencies of lead and polonium vary a lot depending on the chemical form in which they occur in water. They can be reliably removed from water by reverse osmosis only. Other treatment methods, such as ion exchange and activated carbon filtration, remove lead and polonium partly. Lead and polonium are removed more efficiently when they are bound onto smaller particles than larger particles. Testing simultaneous removal of radon, iron and magnesium by two commercial devices gave promising results: radon removal efficiency was over 98%. Furthermore, it was found that certain fluoride removal equipment can be applied to simultaneous removal of uranium, radium, lead and polonium. (orig.)

  1. Optimized district heating supply temperature for large networks; Optimerad framledningstemperatur foer stora fjaerrvaermenaet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Saarinen, Lisa; Boman, Katarina

    2012-02-15

    The supply temperature of the Uppsala district heating network was optimized using a model-based control strategy. Simulation of the network showed that the supply temperature could be decreased by in average 8 deg and the electricity production of the plants supplying the network could be increased with 2.5 % during the period January- April, giving an extra income of 1.2 MSEK due to increased income from electricity sales

  2. Sensors for online determination of CNG gas quality; Sensorer foer onlinebestaemnning av fordonsgaskvalitet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stenlaaaas, Ola; Roedjegaard, Henrik

    2012-07-01

    Swedish automotive gas has until now been a very uniform, high quality automotive fuel. Elsewhere in Europe the quality of automotive gas varies significantly. Gas from different sources with different flammability require engine settings adjusted to the chosen gas' unique composition. The prospects for a vehicle-mounted sensor based on infrared technology for gas quality measurement has been studied and solutions are presented with questions that must be answered in a possible future work. The proposed vehicle mounted sensor is based on two channels, one of which measures the partial pressure of methane and the other measures the partial pressure of heavier hydrocarbons in 'equivalents of butane'. Ethane produces a signal of about 0.6 equivalents of butane and propane about 0.8 equivalents. The sensor can be accommodated in a cube with 5 cm side and should be equipped with nipple connections to the existing system. The sensor is expected to work throughout their entire lifetime without manual calibration, through continuous automatic calibration, so-called ABC (Automatic Baseline Compensation). The sensor will have to meet tough quality and environmental standards in which primarily contact ring, vibration and prevention of leakage are identified as extra difficult. Working temperatures and the electrical conditions of power supply and communication interface is considered less challenging. In one million volumes, the cost per sensor could be 200 to 300 SEK.

  3. Laws for local energy systems. A review; Lagar foer lokala energisystem. En oeversikt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bylund, S I [Bygginfo AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Moe, N; Bjoerk, J [Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK), Stockholm (Sweden); Goethe, S; Froste, H [Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Solna (Sweden); Larsen, B; Gyberg, A [Boverket, Karlskrona (Sweden)

    1996-10-01

    This report gives a popular descriptive orientation of existing laws regarding the establishment of small-scale energy technology, like wind power plants, heat pumps, solar heating and others, and also of more efficient power generation. In the first part of the report 11 different local energy systems are described, together with their environmental impact. The second part gives a review of more than 20 laws. The central content of the laws are described, not the complete text

  4. Purification of methanol for transportation use; Rening av metanol foer anvaendning som fordonsbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schenck, Anna von; Jansson, Mikael; Ljungquist, Pierre

    2008-11-15

    In this study a techno-economic analysis has been performed on the possibility of separating malodours sulphur compounds from the methanol obtained in the condensate after the evaporation in the kraft pulping process. The application for the clean methanol should be as transportation fuel. Two cases have been simulated in the simulation model Hysys, Case 1 using only distillation and Case 2 were distillation has been complemented with chemicals to further reduce the organic sulphur content. An economical analysis has been performed and it has been showed that the production cost for the cleaned methanol is in the range 2.7-4.2 SEK/l methanol

  5. Model for safety reports including descriptive examples; Mall foer saekerhetsrapporter med beskrivande exempel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-12-01

    Several safety reports will be produced in the process of planning and constructing the system for disposal of high-level radioactive waste in Sweden. The present report gives a model, with detailed examples, of how these reports should be organized and what steps they should include. In the near future safety reports will deal with the encapsulation plant and the repository. Later reports will treat operation of the handling systems and the repository.

  6. Requirements and solutions for future pellet technology; Krav och loesningar foer framtidens pelletsteknik

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paulrud, Susanne; Roennbaeck, Marie; Ryde, Daniel; Laitila, Thomas

    2010-07-01

    Requirements and solutions for future pellet burning technologies Since 2006, sales of pellet burning technologies to the Swedish residential market have fallen. The main reasons for this decrease are: many of the economically favorable easy conversions from oil to pellets have been made; competition from heat pumps; warm winters; a stable electricity price; and the current structure of heating in residential buildings, where electric heating dominates. To change this falling trend pellets need to become more attractive to consumers. This project aimed to analyze the requirements for the next generation of pellets systems and to develop potential solutions, in collaboration with the pellets industry. More specifically, the study looked at consumers' attitudes toward heating choices and different heating through a survey to 2000 house owners across Sweden. The project included a market analysis of Swedish and international technologies and examines the conditions for Swedish pellet burning technology in different markets. In addition, new solutions and developments for Swedish pellets burning technology are described

  7. IR sensor for monitoring of burner flame; IR sensor foer oevervakning av braennarflamma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Svanberg, Marcus; Funkquist, Jonas; Clausen, Soennik; Wetterstroem, Jonas

    2007-12-15

    To obtain a smooth operation of the coal-fired power plants many power plant managers have installed online mass flow measurement of coal to all burners. This signal is used to monitor the coal mass flow to the individual burner and match it with appropriate amount of air and also to monitor the distribution of coal between the burners. The online mass flow measurement system is very expensive (approximately 150 kEUR for ten burners) and is not beneficial for smaller plants. The accuracy of the measurement and the sample frequency are also questionable. The idea in this project has been to evaluate a cheaper system that can present the same information and may also provide better accuracy and faster sample frequency. The infrared sensor is a cheap narrow banded light emission sensor that can be placed in a water cooed probe. The sensor was directed at the burner flame and the emitted light was monitored. Through calibration the mass flow of coal can be presented. Two measurement campaigns were performed. Both campaigns were carried out in Nordjyllandsverket in Denmark even though the second campaign was planned to be in Uppsala. Due to severe problems in the Uppsala plant the campaign was moved to Nordjyllandsverket. The pre-requisites for the test plant were that online measurement of coal flow was installed. In Nordjyllandsverket 4 out of 16 burners have the mass flow measurement installed. Risoe Laboratories has vast experiences in the IR technology and they provided the IR sensing equipment. One IR sensor was placed in the flame guard position just behind the flame directed towards the ignition zone. A second sensor was placed at the boiler wall directed towards the flame. The boiler wall position did not give any results and the location was not used during the second campaign. The flame-guard-positioned-sensor- signal was thoroughly evaluated and the results show that there is a clear correlation between the coal mass flow and the IR sensor signal. Tests were also made to determine the influence of secondary air, tertiary air and classifier settings. The results show, although a little inconclusive, that the air supplies do not influence the signal and that the particle size distribution, connected to the classifier settings also does not influence the signal. It is only the coal mass flow that is directly correlated to the IR sensor signal. More investigations should be performed regarding the connection between the classifier setting and IR signal. Filters and averaging need to be implemented to achieve a satisfactory operation in an online installation

  8. Energy Choices. Choices for future technology development; Vaegval Energi. Vaegval foer framtidens teknikutveckling

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Billfalk, Lennart; Haegermark, Harald (eds.)

    2009-03-15

    In the next few years political decisions lie ahead in Sweden and the EU regarding the detailed formulation of the EU's so-called 20-20-20 targets and accompanying EU directives. Talks on a new international post-2012 climate agreement are imminent. The EU targets involve reducing emissions of greenhouse gases by 20 per cent, increasing the proportion of renewable energy by 20 per cent and improving energy efficiency by 20 per cent - all by the year 2020. According to the analysis of the consequences of the targets that the Technology Development Group has commissioned, the reduction in carbon dioxide in the stationary energy system in the Nordic region will be 40 per cent, not 20 per cent, if all the EU targets are to be achieved. The biggest socio-economic cost is associated with achieving the efficiency target, followed by the costs associated with achieving the renewable energy target and the CO{sub 2} target. On the basis of this analysis and compilations about technology development, we want to highlight the following important key issues: Does Sweden want to have the option of nuclear power in the future or not? How to choose good policy instruments for new electricity production and networks? How best to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of the transport sector and how to develop control and incentive measures that promote such a development? We are proposing the following: Carry out a more in-depth analysis of the consequences of the EU targets, so that the policy instruments produce the best combination as regards climate, economy and security of supply. To achieve the EU targets would require large investments in electricity production, particularly renewable energy, and in electricity networks. Internationally harmonized policy instruments and other incentive measures are required in order for the necessary investments to take place. The policy instruments have to provide a level playing field for all players in the energy sector. The large investments will present Swedish industry with a good opportunity to develop new technology and new system solutions. Speed up the permitting processes for plants and energy production and electricity networks. Prepare a long-term plan regarding decisions on strengthening the electricity networks, as well as a time schedule for associated decisions and processes. Furthermore, a joint plan regarding foreign connections should be developed for the Nordic region. Lobby for an EU-wide certificate system for renewable energy. The EU target on renewable energy will result in improved opportunities for Sweden to export electricity, but the certificate system currently in force in Sweden will result in the future surplus in electricity production being paid for by Swedish electricity customers. Carry out an immediate change in legislation to facilitate planning for new nuclear power. This is necessary if Sweden wants to replace electricity production from the two oldest nuclear power plants, which may have to close around 2020- 2025 for financial reasons. Power companies need to plan their investments and the safety authorities need to make their preparations. Since other existing nuclear power plants will be decommissioned on a relatively frequent basis in the period 2035-2045, there are even more reasons to keep open the option of new nuclear power. Invest heavily in Sweden in research, development, demonstration and implementation of new technology and systems in several areas. Swedish companies and universities should continue their investments in the area of CCS (capture and storage of carbon dioxide). This is necessary in order for it to be possible to evaluate the consequences of the technology for Sweden and its usefulness and safety in the longer term. A breakthrough is envisaged after 2020 and will in the first instance concern CCS at power stations, but CCS may also be applied to large point sources of carbon dioxide emissions from energy intensive industry. Formulate a national vision for plug-in hybrids and electric cars in Sweden. According to the proposal from the Energy Users Group, this means that Sweden will have 600,000 plug-in hybrids and electric cars in 2020. This could radically reduce the carbon dioxide emissions, oil consumption and energy consumption of the transport sector, as well as develop Swedish industry. The consequences for electricity production and electricity networks in Sweden will be moderate. Some infrastructure investments would be required, but this would also create some opportunities for energy storage in the electricity system. Introduce second-generation biofuels to reduce competition for land for food production, and to make production of biofuels more energy efficient. This will require political decisions in the next few years, particularly regarding policy instruments and regarding support for research and demonstration, even though commercial application of second-generation biofuels lies beyond 2020.

  9. Demonstration Platform for near-zero energy buildings - small houses; Demonstrationsplattform foer naeranollenergibyggnader - smaahus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ruud, Svein; Fahlen, Per; Axell, Monica; Kovacs, Peter; Ylmen, Peter; Staahl, Fredrik

    2011-07-01

    On behalf of the Swedish Energy Agency, SP has investigated and recommended how one could form a platform for demonstration of single family houses as nearly zero energy houses. SP suggests that TMF, the national trade and employers' association of the wood processing and furniture industry in Sweden, should administrate this platform. The reason being that members of TMF produce almost 80% of all single family houses in Sweden. TMF also has the capacity to launch a demonstration platform in a reasonable short time. SP has also compiled a set on technical criteria regarding properties related to energy use that should be met by demonstration projects within the platform. One presumption has been that a house that meets the criteria in the south of Sweden also should meet the criteria in the north of Sweden. The reason being to promote an industrialized and cost effective building process. Another ambition has been not to disfavor smaller single family houses. The main criteria are on very energy efficient building envelopes and very efficient building services systems. The criteria are therefore more detailed than the current Swedish building regulations

  10. Simulation and cost analysis of systems for handling of fuel straw - applied to a heating plant in Skaane; Simulering och kostnadsanalys av hanteringssystem foer braenslehalm - tillaempning foer en vaermeanlaeggning i Skaane

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nilsson, Daniel

    2010-05-15

    The following conclusions were drawn from this study: - The total costs for delivery of fuel straw to heating plants ranged from about 130 SEK/MWh to 180 SEK/MWh (1 SEK approx 0.14 USD), depending on the payment to farmers for the straw, the storage method used, the profit margins of the contractors, etc. - The area investigated, which covered parts of the municipalities of Svaloev, Esloev and Kaevlinge, has very good conditions for harvest of straw compared with other parts of Sweden. The yield of winter wheat (and straw) is high, the road network is well developed, the fields are concentrated and large, the straw crops ripen early, and security of supply between years is high. - For a harvest and handling system with an average capacity of about 8 000 tonnes of straw per year, the simulations showed that a machine system with six balers, two loaders in the field, four transporters (tractor), one loader at the stores and lorry transport to the heating plant was cost-effective with regard to system performance (for example, expressed as the average amount of straw baled per year with a moisture content below 18%, the average quantity of straw per year put into storage prior to 1 October, the average lying time for the straw between threshing and baling, etc.). - Harvesting straw from various crops (in this case winter rape, rye and winter wheat) instead of only winter wheat had no major impact on costs, but increased the chance to harvest 'greyer' straw with lower contents of alkali metals, chlorine, etc. Only including fields of at least 5 ha had a minor impact on costs. Noticeable cost savings occurred when the field size limit was set to 10 ha or more. Increasing the moisture content limit at baling to 20% made it possible to harvest more straw, especially in years with difficult weather conditions. - The storage method used had a decisive impact on costs. Outdoor storage decreased the total costs to 133 SEK/MWh (7% storage losses), compared with 154 SEK/MWh for an equivalent harvest system with storage in machine sheds (0% storage losses, 60% of the construction costs assigned to the straw, the rest for other uses). - Increasing the bale weight from 530 kg to 700 kg (with unchanged dimensions of 1.2 m x 1.3 m x 2.4 m) produced cost savings of 15%. Having bales with an unchanged weight of 530 kg, but with a height of 1.0 m so that three bales could be stacked on top of one another during transport, resulted in similar cost savings. - In-depth studies are needed regarding the capacity of modern harvest and handling machines, stoppage frequency, etc. (i.e. time studies), the impact of various weather parameters on straw quality, the costs and storage losses for different storage methods, etc. - Dynamic event simulation is a useful method for analysing complex logistics systems where weather, plant biology, geography, soil characteristics, etc. have a major impact on the outcome

  11. Enzymatic pretreatment of wood chips for energy reductions in TMP production. A method for ranking of enzymes; Enzymatisk foerbehandling av flis foer energibesparing vid TMP tillverkning. Metod foer rankning av enzymer

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Viforr, Silvia

    2010-11-15

    The production of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) demands high levels of energy. This, together with current expensive energy prices of nowadays results in significant costs, which is the reason why there is a demand for processes that require less energy. One way of reducing energy consumption in TMP refining could be to pretreat the wood chips with enzymes before the subsequent refining step. However, enzymes molecules are relatively large, which limits the impregnation process, and so the pores in the fibre walls are not large enough to fit the size of the enzymes. By mechanically pretreating wood chips in a screw feeder and press equipment, this opens the wood structure significantly which increases enzyme penetration. If enzymes are used for reducing energy consumption in TMP processes, it is necessary to optimise the enzymatic effect during the pretreatment of wood chips. It is very expensive to evaluate completely the effect of enzymes in large scale refining. Thus there is a need for other relevant methods for rapidly and effectively evaluating the energy saving effects when it comes to refining enzymatic pretreated wood chips. The aim of this project was to find a method for ranking of enzymes for pretreatment of chips for energy savings at TMP production. This method was to be independent of the type of enzyme used and of the type of pretreated wood chips involved. In order to asses the method for ranking enzymes being used in the pretreatment of chips to reduce energy input during refining, a comparison between the method and a mill trial was carried out in the mill trial. A known chemical pretreatment was used; here it was sulphonation of the wood chips before refining with low sulphite levels. Further, a laboratory wing refiner was used as an evaluation equipment. The trial started with the running conditions for a wing refiner that the best correspond with industrial refining. An evaluation was made on the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on energy savings during refining, when an industrial enzyme was used, here a pectinase. An assessment of the method used in the mill trial showed that the method for ranking enzymes in the pretreatment of wood chips could benefit from using a wing as the laboratory refiner. The enzymatic pretreatment of wood chips with pectinases indicated a positive result when it come to the effect of the enzymes on reduction in energy consumption during TMP production. A wing refiner can be used as a tool for evaluation and ranking enzymes, when pretreating chips for reducing energy consumption. A survey of enzymes that are effective in the pretreatment of wood chips in order to reduce the energy input at TMP production is recommended to be done. The experimental costs for mapping the enzymes suitable for pretreatment of wood chips at TMP production using the evaluation method developed in this work may be significantly reduced

  12. Energy statistics for one- and two-dwelling buildings in 2008; Energistatistik foer smaahus 2008

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2009-09-15

    The survey of energy statistics in 2008 on one- and two-dwelling buildings, including agricultural one- and two-dwelling buildings, is based on a sample of 6 852 buildings. The survey was carried out as a mail survey in June 2008. The non-response rate was 39 percent. The presentation provides data on energy use, number of one- and two-dwelling buildings, and heated floor areas for the total population and for various subdivisions. During the last two years the number one- and two-dwelling buildings heated solely by district heating has greatly increased. The total use of district heating has increased by 32 percent. The use of oil for hot water and heating of one- and two dwelling buildings has decreased by 21 percent compared to 2007, and by 75 percent during the last five-year period. Nearly 40 percent of one- and two-dwelling buildings are heated completely or partially with a heat pump. However, the sharp increase in the number of heat pumps during the last five-year period has nearly come to a standstill in the last two years. About 42 percent of all one- and two-dwelling buildings in Sweden are heated by electricity as the only source of heat, including houses that are heated by heat pumps. Combined heating with electricity and biomass fuel is the second most common heating method, followed by heating with solely biomass fuel. 17 100 kWh electricity per household in one- and two-dwelling buildings heated by direct electricity exclusively and 18 800 kWh in one- and two dwelling buildings heated by water-borne electricity exclusively or 130 kWh per square metre of heated surface area (incl. electricity for household purposes). 2.5 cubic metres of oil per household in one- and two-dwelling buildings heated by oil exclusively or 18.7 litres of oil per square metre of heated surface area. 12.7 TWh electricity for households in one- and two-dwelling buildings, including the electricity used in combinations with other types of heating, but excluding electricity for household purposes which is estimated to 10.5 TWh. 6.8 millions cubic metres of firewood in one- and two-dwelling buildings, 927 000 cubic metres of wood chips and 470 000 tons of pellets. This amount corresponds to 11.4 TWh. A total of 31.5 TWh was used for heating and hot water during 2008

  13. Guidance for emergency planning in nuclear power plants; Vaegledning foer insatsplanering i kaerntekniska anlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Magnusson, Tommy; Ekdahl, Maria (Ringhals AB, Vaeroebacka (Sweden))

    2008-06-15

    Ringhals has been a model for this study, but the purpose has been to make the report applicable at all nuclear power plants in Sweden. The work has been done in close co-operation with the Swedish nuclear power plants and Rescue Services in the nuclear power municipalities Oesthammar, Oskarshamn, and Varberg. The internal fire brigade at the nuclear power plants has also been involved. A document will also be published as a further guidance at efforts of the type fires, which are mentioned in the enclosed document. After a fire in a switchgear room in 2005 the need of making the existing effort planning more effective at nuclear power plants was observed. The idea with the planning is to plan the effort in order to give the operational and emergency staff a good and actual support to come to a decision and to start the mission without delay. The risk information is showed by planning layouts, symbols and drawings as basis, give risk information and effort information. The effort information shows outer arrangements, manual action points, fire installations, passive fire safety etc. The risk information is shown by risk symbols. Their purpose is to give a fast overview of the existing risks. Reactor safety effects is the ruling influence if an effort has to be done in order to secure safety for a third person. In order to make an effort in an area personal risks for rescue staff, such as electricity risks, radiological risks, chemicals and gas bottles with compressed gases, has to be eliminated. For complicated missions detailed instructions are needed in order to handle specific risks. In a group discussion different people with pertinent knowledge has to value which problematic efforts need detailed instruction. Missions that have to be analyzed in a work group as above are: fire may affect the reactor safety, fire that may threaten the structural integrity, chemical discharge with big consequence on environment/third person and handling of gas system (compressed systems). A support for planning the missions is information of different types of fires. Type of fire is a short description of how a certain type of fire may develop and if possible its risks and also choice of extinguishing agents and methods. The type of fires is found in the app. no 6. Education of operation and rescue staff is an important factor in order to handle a situation as effective as possible

  14. Consequences for invertebrates of the use of forest fuel; Skogsbraensleanvaendningens konsekvenser foer ryggradsloesa djur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Weslien, J.

    1994-10-01

    This report describes the consequences of increased use of forest fuel for, primarily, red-listed (i.e. disappeared, threatened, vulnerable, rare or care demanding) invertebrates in Sweden. The report concentrates in invertebrate animals that largely live in parts of trees, trees or in tree biotopes that today are not utilised in conventional forestry but which to varying extents may be affected by increased removal of forest fuel. Certain environments should not in any way be utilised for removal of fuel, whereas others can be used provided that relevant consideration is taken to nature. Felling residues such as processor piles are of little value for red-listed species. Lying or standing trees left in the felling areas are of great importance for invertebrates in the category `care demanding` and should not be removed. Return of stabilised slowly available ashes have so far had little effect on the soil fauna studied, but there are no data on long-term effects. Fire-damaged trees are very valuable and should be saved. In the event of felling large burnt over areas, a selection of fire-damaged trees and groups of trees should be left. Forest edges, certain rocky outcrops in arable fields, and wooded meadows are frequently very species-rich environments and should usually not be used. In environments where overgrowing is a problem removal of fuel in the form of a careful thinning is positive for the invertebrate fauna. Old deciduous trees, both in the forest and in the cultivated countryside are valuable environments for many species and should be saved. If the interest in biofuels leads to deciduous trees being given extra space this will be positive for the fauna, provided that a continuity of old and dead deciduous trees is assured. Requirements for consideration to nature differ slightly in different parts of Sweden. 12 refs, 3 figs, 3 tabs

  15. Regulations for storage and transport of biofuels; Regler foer foervaring och transport av biodrivmedel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Elmefors, Elin; Karlsson, Emelie

    2012-07-01

    The trend towards a fossil-free agriculture is of great importance. Partly due to the fossil fuel energy is finite but also because of the importance of agriculture to reduce the environmental impact of food production. There are also an economic aspect. It is likely that in the near future will be economically burdensome being limited to fossil fuels. Therefore, it is important that agriculture is well prepared to move towards alternative biofuels. The introduction of alternative fuels in agriculture as a substitute for diesel has proven more difficult than in other industrial sectors, depending on both the specific technical conditions and a regulatory framework that may not have been written with agriculture as target. LRF, Farmers' Association, has instructed the JTI, Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, identifying which rules, laws and regulations that will affect farmers at the farm level that for their own use stores and manages one of the most likely future biofuels for agricultural tractors.

  16. Device for dewatering of raw biomass. Anordning foer avvattning och uppluckring av raa biomassa

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kubat, J; Aabom, J J.V.; Klason, T C.F.; Bultzingsloewen, F von

    1993-09-27

    This invention concerns a device for loosening of raw biomass through roll dewatering. It is primarily applicable for comminuted and milled raw wood. The invention is of special interest for the production of pulverized wood fuel

  17. Energy statistics for one- and two-dwelling buildings in 2007; Energistatistik foer smaahus 2007

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2009-01-15

    The survey of energy statistics in 2007 on one- and two-dwelling buildings, including agricultural one- and two-dwelling buildings, is based on a sample of 6,849 buildings. The survey was carried out as a mail survey in June 2007. The non-response rate was 37 percent. The presentation provides data on energy use, number of one- and two-dwelling buildings, and heated floor areas for the total population and for various subdivisions. The use of oil for hot water and heating of one- and two-dwelling buildings has decreased by 23 percent compared to 2006, and by 71 percent the last 5 years. The number of air heat pumps increased by 41 per cent compared to 2006 and the total number of heat pumps increased from over 500 000 to over 650 000. More than 45 percent of the one- and two-dwelling buildings are heated by electricity exclusively, including buildings heated by air heat pump. About 20 percent are heated by a combination of bio fuel and electricity and about 3 percent are heated by oil exclusively. 17,200 kWh electricity per household in one- and two-dwelling buildings heated by direct electricity exclusively and 20,300 kWh in one- and two-dwelling buildings heated by water-borne electricity exclusively or 132 kWh per square metre of heated surface area (incl. electricity for household purposes). 2.8 cubic metres of oil per household in one- and two-dwelling buildings heated by oil exclusively or 19.9 litres of oil per square metre of heated surface area. 13.5 TWh electricity for households in one- and two-dwelling buildings, including the electricity used in combinations with other types of heating, but excluding electricity for household purposes which is estimated to 10,4 TWh. 258,000 cubic metres of oil (about 2.6 TWh) for households in one- and two-dwelling buildings. This includes mixed heating. 6.6 millions cubic metres of firewood in one- and two-dwelling buildings, 975,000 cubic metres of wood chips and 461,000 tons of pellets. This amount corresponds to 11.1 TWh. 3.9 TWh district heating in one- and two-dwelling buildings

  18. Energy Choices. Choices for the future energy use; Vaegval Energi. Vaegval foer framtidens energianvaendning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eriksson, Kenneth; Fjaellman, Ted; Sjoegren, Helena (eds.)

    2009-03-15

    The primary objective of this energy project is to prepare data for decision-makers to show what practical measures can be taken to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Energy users play a key role in this task. It is the users who pay for and directly or indirectly choose how much and which energy we are using. We should be using energy in an efficient way in order to develop both our society and our industry. With regard to transport we see great potential for increased efficiency in plug-in hybrids and electric cars. But logistics also play an important role. In this area there is, among other things, a need for purchasers and sellers to jointly plan their requirements and deliveries. This would mean that more energy efficient forms of goods transport, such as the railways, could be used to a greater extent than is currently the case. In order to achieve increased efficiency in industry with high energy consumption, we are proposing that the Programme for Energy Efficiency be expanded to also include heating and new policy instruments that target the most energy-consuming processes. Low-energy buildings constitute systems of different technical solutions which have to work in unison to ensure that the effects of the energy saving subsystems are not lost. At the same time, a low-energy building has to function together with energy systems to supply surplus power to the electricity network. Private individuals, too, need to widen their system boundaries in their everyday life when it comes to choosing the services or products they buy, so that greater consideration is given to total energy consumption during the manufacture and active lifetime of the product or service in question. For society to become more energy efficient, analyses and measures need to take an overarching approach and ensure that subsystems work together to avoid sub optimisations. More than individual technical solutions are required to meet future challenges concerning the energy sector. It is about creating conditions that facilitate the development, control and management of large systems, where several different technical solutions work in parallel and in combination with each other. The management, planning and control of these systems is thus at least as important as the technical solutions themselves. This is the case in all the areas dealt with in the report. To work with larger systems requires considerably more analyses compared with the way we work today, when we break down decisions to include individual technical solutions or smaller subsystems. More research is thus required about analyses of larger systems and their energy effects, but also about better decision-making models that help companies and consumers in their everyday lives. This report does not cover the whole energy sector. We have included issues we consider to be the most relevant for implementation

  19. Robust on-line monitoring of biogas processes; Robusta maettekniker on-line foer optimerad biogasproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nordberg, Aake; Hansson, Mikael; Kanerot, Mija; Krozer, Anatol; Loefving, Bjoern; Sahlin, Eskil

    2010-03-15

    Although demand for biomethane in Sweden is higher than ever, many Swedish codigestion plants are presently operated below their designed capacity. Efforts must be taken to increase the loading rate and guarantee stable operation and high availability of the plants. There are currently no commercial systems for on-line monitoring, and due to the characteristics of the material, including corrosion and tearing, robust applications have to be developed. The objective of this project was to identify and study different monitoring technologies with potential for on-line monitoring of both substrate mixtures and anaerobic digester content. Based on the prerequisites and demands at Boraas Energi och Miljoe AB's (BEMAB, the municipal energy and waste utility in the city of Boraas, Sweden) biogas plant, the extent of the problems, measurement variables and possible ways of managing these issues have been identified and prioritized. The substrate mixtures in question have a high viscosity and are inhomogeneous with variation in composition, which calls for further homogenization, dilution and filtration to achieve high precision in the necessary analyses. Studies of using different mixers and mills showed that the particle size (800 mum) needed for on-line COD measurement could not be achieved. The problem of homogenization can be avoided if indirect measurement methods are used. Laboratory tests with NIR (near-infra red spectroscopy) showed that VS can be predicted (R2=0,78) in the interval of 2-9% VS. Furthermore, impedance can give a measurement of soluble components. However, impedance is not sensitive enough to give a good measurement of total TS. Microwave technology was installed at the production plant and showed a faster response to changes in TS than the existing TS-sensor. However, due to technical problems, the evaluation only could be done during a limited period of ten days. BEMAB will continue the measurements and evaluation of the instrument. The project showed that pH-adjustment with Na{sub 3}PO{sub 4} can be a way of compensating for the losses of volatile compounds (up to 20% of VS), which occurs when standardized reference methods are used. This is a fundamental problem and requires further research. Monitoring of a laboratory-scale anaerobic digester with NIR showed that a previously developed multivariate model could predict propionate concentrations (R2= 0,92; RMSEP 0,39 g/L) in the interval 0-5 g/L, which is a relevant interval for inhibition (limit ca 3 g/L). A commercial FT-NIR instrument was subsequently installed at the production plant. However, the organic loading was decreased during the evaluation period due to process disturbances, at which the dynamic of the process was not in the range needed for prediction of e.g. propionate. Measurements and evaluation will continue during normal conditions after the completion of this project. Evaluation of a potentiometric sensor for ammonia with potential for on-line application showed low stability and a need for daily calibration, which therefore did not fulfill the requested demand. The project has demonstrated technologies with significant potential for on-line monitoring at production scale facilities, thus improving the knowledge base for making important decisions. Knowledge about on-line implementation has increased, and important insights into the limitations of standardized reference methods and substrate characteristics have been achieved. Instrument suppliers have in general a limited insight in the conditions at a biogas plant, which suggests that this type of WR-financed project is important for development in the area

  20. Tests of Bed Agglomeration Tendency Using a Rotating Furnace; Roterugn foer bedoemning av sintringsbenaegenhet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Larfeldt, Jenny; Zintl, Frank [TPS Termiska Processer AB, Nykoeping (Sweden)

    2003-08-01

    Bed sintering is a well known problem in fluidised bed boilers. In order to avoid bed sintering the bed material turn over ratio is high which leads a high consumption of bed material. This work aims at developing and evaluating a method for testing the bed agglomeration tendency of a FB bed material by using a rotating furnace. A rotating furnace has been designed and tests have shown that three temperatures describing the increasing agglomeration tendency can be evaluated; TA when several particles stick to each other and to the crucible wall, TB when half of the material sticks to the wall and TC when almost all the material forms a ball in the crucible. Comparison with bed agglomeration tests has shown that TA is between 80 deg C to 130 deg C lower than the bed agglomeration temperature from fluid bed tests. It is shown that TB is closer to the bed agglomeration temperature and finally that the temperature TC is higher than the bed agglomeration temperature. It is concluded that in the rotating furnace sticking of particles is visualised early, and that this sticking will not cause defluidisation of the bed until more than half of the material in the crucible is sticky. Repeated tests has been performed at a heating rate of 5 deg/minute and a rotating speed of 12 rpm and a furnace inclination of 20 deg was found to give distinct results in the evaluation. The evaluation has shown to be reproducible at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures, around 1,000 deg C, the evaluation was complicated by a poor picture quality which probably can be improved by proper cooling of the camera. It has also been shown that sticking of material in the rotating furnace could be detected at relatively low temperatures of 750 deg C that disappeared at higher temperatures. This is likely to be explained by melting salts that evaporates as temperature increase. At even higher temperatures the sticking reappeared until a ball was formed in the crucible. The latter sticking is probably related to melts of silica and the phenomena was also seen in a large number of tests with single crucibles and microscopic studies of heated materials.

  1. Natural refrigerants. Future heat pumps for district heating; Naturliga koeldmedier. Framtida vaermepumpar foer fjaerrvaerme

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ingvarsson, Paul; Steen Ronnermark, Ingela [Fortum Teknik och Miljoe AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Eriksson, Marcus [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden). Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science

    2004-01-01

    International work on refrigerants is aiming at phasing out HFC. The solution might be natural refrigerants. Within 15-20 years, when present heat pumps for district heating in Sweden are likely not in service any longer, it might still be good economy to install new heat pumps since only the machines need to be replaced. This report describes the possibilities to use natural refrigerants. A first screening resulted in further study on some hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Water was considered to require too large volumes. In present plants it is practically not possible to use any natural refrigerants, partly because the compressors are not adapted. In new plants the situation is different. Today it is technically possible to install new heat pumps in the studied size, 15 MW{sub th}, using ammonia or hydrocarbons as refrigerant. But likely it is very difficult to get permits from authorities since the refrigerants are toxic or highly flammable. There is substantial international research on using carbon dioxide, and this refrigerant is also used in some applications. Carbon dioxide is used at high pressure and in a trans-critical process. Surprisingly, it turned out that one compressor manufacturer considers it possible to supply a heat pump for district heating within 5 years. This development has taken place in Russia, mainly for domestic use. Thus, within 15 to 20 years there will probably exist a technique where carbon dioxide is used. However, more development is needed. Additionally, low district heating return temperatures are also needed to get an acceptable COP. The investment cost for a heat pump installation is considered to be approx. 30 % higher when using ammonia or propane compared to using R134a. When using carbon dioxide there is in the longer run potential to get lower cost than for R134a. The COPs are almost identical if the systems are properly designed. In the carbon dioxide case the COP is somewhat lower, but has a potential for improvement in components, system and external preconditions. In the future it might be more interesting to use turbine driven heat pumps instead of electric motors. The absorption process is not considered to be an alternative to replace present heat pumps, but there is a certain niche where heat source and driving energy, considering temperature levels, are more suitable for district heating. A technique that seems to be an alternative to the compression cycle is a combination of compression and absorption. Using the media pair water and ammonia might be an interesting solution and should be compared to the alternative using carbon dioxide. A further study is recommended on this subject.

  2. The precautionary principle as a rational decision criterion; Foere var-prinsippet som rasjonelt beslutningsgrunnlag

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hovi, Jon

    2001-12-01

    The paper asks if the precautionary principle may be seen as a rational decision criterion. Six main questions are discussed. 1. Does the principle basically represent a particular set of political options or is it a genuine decision criterion? 2. If it is the latter, can it be reduced to any of the existing criteria for decision making under uncertainty? 3. In what kinds of situation is the principle applicable? 4. What is the relation between the precautionary principle and other principles for environmental regulation? 5. How plausible is the principle's claim that the burden of proof should be reversed? 6. Do the proponents of environmental regulation carry no burden of proof at all? A main conclusion is that, for now at least, the principle contains too many unclear elements to satisfy the requirements of precision and consistency that should reasonably be satisfied by a rational decision criterion. (author)

  3. Digital analysis of air photography for sustainable forest management; Digital flygbildsteknik foer uthaallig skogsskoetsel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ekstrand, Sam; Loefmark, Magnus; Johansson, Desiree

    2001-02-01

    The objective of this project was to develop methods for estimation of forest stand variables using digital analysis of near infrared air photography. Near Infrared air photography covering an area 200 km northwest of Stockholm was scanned and ortho rectified. Methods for digital classification, normalisation of view angle effects and estimation of parameters such as timber volume, stand density, crown coverage, species composition, defoliation and number of dead or dying trees have been developed. Major results were that the functions for normalisation on view angle effects on tree size as viewed from the focal point strongly improved the stand estimates. Timber volume, stand density, species composition as well as the ecological variables were estimated with accuracies comparable to those of subjective field inventory methods. In spite of the photography being of high quality, differences in colour between flight lines gave problems with separation of pine and spruce. This may be solved using post-classification manual editing, but will cause an increase in costs. In the future, digital cameras or calibration lamps within the photograph could further reduce this problem.

  4. Model for economic optimization of solar power plants; Beraekningsmodell foer ekonomisk optimering av solelanlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Widen, Joakim

    2011-01-15

    This is the final report from a project in which an early-design-phase tool for photovoltaic (PV) systems has been developed. The aim of the tool is to provide a quick and easy way to estimate the electricity production and the economy of a PV system. Although it is effective and easy to use, the model takes into account all the important factors that affect the design, performance and economy of a system, and makes it possible with more in-depth analyses as well. The intended users of the tool are both electricity end-users thinking on investing in a small-scale system and large investors planning in an early project phase for large-scale PV systems. The developed tool is a simulation tool rather than an optimization tool. However, as the model is efficient and simple to use, it is easy to vary parameters and input data in different scenarios to arrive at an optimal solution. In order for the tool to realistically estimate the load matching of a PV system, which depends on seasonal and diurnal variations in both load and production profiles, the computations are made on an hourly basis. An hourly resolution is the most common one in meteorological data and to increase the resolution further is neither practically possible nor required for accuracy. The hourly irradiation data used in the model were collected from the publicly available STRAaNG database, which is maintained by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). Idealized hourly load profiles for typical Swedish end-user categories are also included in the tool. A general computational model was implemented in Matlab, which provided easy testing, visualization and validation of the model. The computations involved can be summarized in four main steps: 1 Radiation computations. This involves a transposition of radiation components to the tilted plane of the PV array. The model takes the orientation of the system into account and uses assumed albedo values of the surroundings to add ground-reflected radiation. 2 PV system simulations. A simplified model of the PV system, including different loss mechanisms, is used to convert incident radiation to a power output from the system inverter. 3 Electricity use and load matching analyses. The interaction with the electricity distribution grid is determined from the power production and load profiles. 4 Economical analysis. The economy of the system is determined from the load matching analysis and depends on system costs, subsidies and different debiting and net metering alternatives. The exact model computations are summarized in Appendix A-D. The model has been compared to both the commercial tool PVSYST 4.1 and to empirical measurements on PV systems in the Swedish climate. The conclusion is that the performance of the developed model is similar to that of the commercial tool, although more in-depth analyses and extensive fine tuning of parameters can be done in PVSYST. The annual production and performance ratio of a typical system in the model is close to the production and average performance of a set of measured Swedish PV test systems. The model structure was implemented in the object-oriented programming language Java SE 6 with Java Web Start, which enables the creation of a platform-independent application with a graphical user interface that can be started from a web site without any requirements on local Java installations. The implemented model is with few exceptions identical to the one that was tested in Matlab. This application will be publicly available on the Elforsk website. In the report, the application is used to show how one small-scale and one large-scale system can be modeled and analysed

  5. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. Roles, responsibilities, crisis management and challenges in Norwegian nuclear and radiological preparedness.; Statens straalevern. Roller, ansvar, krisehaandtering og utfordringer i norsk atomberedskap

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2012-07-15

    The Crisis Committee for Nuclear and Radiological Preparedness initiated a project to assess the current national preparedness regarding nuclear and radiological emergencies. The purpose of the project was to make recommendations on how to further develop the Norwegian nuclear and radiological preparedness. The Crisis Committee outlines in this report the most important areas in the further development of Norway's nuclear and radiological emergency preparedness. (Author)

  6. District heating for increased biogas production. Technical and economical evaluation of district heating as heating source in biogas processes; Fjaerrvaerme foer utoekad biogasproduktion. Teknisk och ekonomisk utvaerdering av fjaerrvaerme foer uppvaermning av biogasprocesser

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lundqvist, Per (AaF-Consult AB, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2009-11-15

    This report presents a technical evaluation, the potential and an economical evaluation of the increased net biogas production by using district heating as energy supply for different types of biogas production units. The study presents generalized results for different plant sizes. The district heating is considered as replacement of the heat produced by burning biogas in a hot-water boiler. Hence more biogas could be available for upgrading to fuel-gas quality to be used in vehicles as a renewable fuel. The study is aimed at biogas producers, district heating and combined heat and power (CHP) companies. Biogas has a composition of mostly methane (about 65 %) and carbon dioxide (about 35 %) and small amounts of other gases e.g. sulphur dioxide (H{sub 2}S). Biogas up-grading is a process where the methane content is increased to about 97 % by removing most of the other gases in e.g. an absorption unit. The Swedish biogas is mainly produced in several sewage treatment plants and some co-digestion units but is also collected from dumps. Biogas is produced by anaerobic microorganisms at temperatures of about 36 and 55 deg C which correspond to the thermal optimum for mesophile and thermophile bacteria respectively. Co-digestion of animal material which e.g. is contained in collected organic household waste has to be pasteurized at 70 deg C for 1h according to EU-regulations. Such regulations may also be introduced to the sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants. Due to the fact that the process temperature is higher than the temperature of the substrate (sludge or organic waste material) as well as the outdoor temperature, both heating of the incoming substrate and compensation of heat losses are required. Traditionally most of the biogas has been burnt to generate the necessary heat for the process and premises at the plant. The excess gas has been burnt in a torch. In recent years the biogas produced in Sweden has found increased use as a renewable vehicle fuel. By using district heating for the heating of the process more biogas could be available for upgrading and thereby contribute to the use of renewable fuels. Of the total Swedish biogas production of about 1200 GWh in 2006, 220 GWh were used as vehicle-fuel. Plant and digester size data of Swedish production units have been used to create correlations between size and the total volume and area of the digesters. For different sizes the energy demand for heating up the process flow and the energy demand for heat-loss compensation has been estimated. For a medium size unit more accurate calculations have been made to estimate heat exchanger duties and necessary temperature levels. The results from a sensitivity analysis can be used to estimate energy demand and increased biogas potential for real production units operating at other conditions. District heating should be connected using a sub-station, i.e. by installing a heat exchanger, as a pre-heater to the gas boiler. The temperature requirement is 84 - 86 deg C for a process with pasteurization. For a mesophilic and a thermophilic process with no pasteurization the incoming district heating water must have a temperature of about 53 and 72 deg C respectively. The outgoing temperature of the district heating water will be about 71 if the incoming is 85 deg C. For a medium-sized Swedish sewage treatment plant (100 000 personal equivalents) with a mesophilic process the heat energy demand is in the range 1350 to 2100 MWh/year. By replacing this energy with district heating some 0.23 to 0.36 million Nm3 of internally consumed biogas can be made available for upgrading to vehicle-fuel. The contribution margin is estimated to be in the range of about 270 to 320 SEK/MWh giving a total annual saving of about 460 to 540 kSEK/year. A co-digestion plant having a size of about 40 000 ton of wet substrate per year (corresponding to approximately 2800 ton dry weight) with an energy-effective process design and insulation has an estimated energy consumption of 1000 and 2500 MWh/year for a mesophilic and thermophilic process respectively. The resulting cost-saving by using district heating can be in the ranges 280 to 330 kSEK/year (mesophilic) and about 670 to 790 kSEK/year (thermophilic)

  7. Sweden's Future Climate in the short- and medium-term perspective. Basis for development of climate adaptation tools; Sveriges framtida klimat paa kort och medellaang sikt. Underlag foer utveckling av verktyg foer klimatanpassning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carlsen, Henrik; Parmhed, Oskar

    2008-12-15

    This report studies two questions - how the actual amount of greenhouse gas emissions has changed over time in comparison with previous assumptions and what will happen to Sweden's climate from short and medium term perspectives given the future development of the climate in general. The content of this report shall be used as the basis for continued work in the development of climate adaptation tools that can be used primarily in Sweden. The first section of this report presents the development of actual greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. Eight years have passed since IPCC published its emissions scenarios (SRES) and for this reason a comparison between the emissions levels from the report and the experimental data from observations made in recent years is well due. Measurements show that current levels of emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels exceed the average of the SRES families as a whole. Among other implications, this means that emission levels are significantly higher than the levels assumed in the climate scenarios of the Swedish Commission on Climate and Vulnerability (Klimat- och saarbarhetsutredningen). There is little support from the experimental data to indicate that this rate of increase will subside. In addition, studies are indicating that the increased emissions are not solely attributable to a rise in population levels and increased wealth (GNP/capita). Another aspect is that the carbon intensity, measured as the amount of carbon dioxide per unit production price, has been declining since 2000. This is entirely contrary to the assumptions made in all of the emissions scenarios in SRES that carbon dioxide efficiency would continue to increase. The report therefore concludes that work with climate adaptation in Sweden must take into consideration to a greater extent than is currently done today the consequences of emissions levels that are in line with or exceed the highest SRES levels. The second section of this report takes a closer look at Sweden's future climate from both a short and medium term perspective. Socio-economic development and future climate conditions combined are the most influential factors in the creation of the context within which decisions about adaptation are made. Climate research generally tends to base the majority of its scenarios on relatively long time perspectives (100 years or more). Efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions also often need to apply a long-term perspective. However, it is more interesting within the framework of adaptation work to adopt a shorter perspective. There is currently a gap between the focus of climate research and the needs arising in conjunction with the adaptation of society to a changing climate. This report argues that society's need to adapt to a changing climate increases the demand for climate scenarios with shorter perspectives. The report revisits and compares several different estimations of what Sweden's climate might look like in the years 2030 and 2060. It can be stated that the uncertainty in the shorter-term perspective (2030) with regard to forced climate changes is relatively small, which is why focus should therefore lie on resolving the socio-economic uncertainties. However, in the longer-term perspective (2060), the uncertainty related to the development of the climate increases and for this reason a larger range of future climate scenarios should be considered. As a result of this reasoning, only one climate scenario is presented for 2030 while the climate in 2060 includes three scenarios

  8. Technology watch of fuel cells for vehicles in 2012; Teknikbevakning av braensleceller foer fordon 2012

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pohl, Hans

    2013-03-15

    The report presents results from an international survey covering the status and development of tractionary fuel cells. Interviews, study visits, reports, journals, media coverage and participation in IEA Advanced Fuel Cells Annex 26 have served as main sources of information. The development in Korea has been devoted particular attention this period. The report covers the development during the second part of 2011 and the whole 2012. The transport sector must change to provide mobility for people and goods in a long-term sustainable way. Fuel cell technology offers an important opportunity for the vehicle manufacturer and the vehicle user to maintain the same level of performance, comfort and versatility without compromising the sustainability requirements. Fuel cell vehicles typically use polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) and pressurized hydrogen. They also use tractionary batteries for about the same reasons as other hybrid electric vehicles. For commercial vehicles fuel cells are developed for the production of auxiliary power, to be used when the vehicles are parked, for example. Until 2015, Hyundai aims at making up to 1,000 fuel cell vehicles. After 2015 the plan is for several thousand every year. Until 2025, Hyundai aims at a total delivery of more than 100,000 fuel cell vehicles and the technology is then expected to be fully competitive. A roadmap shows that Korea until 2015 has established 43 and until 2030, a total of 500 hydrogen refuelling stations are indicated. The Skaane Region has carried out the first Swedish procurement of fuel cell vehicles. Two Hyundai iX35 FCEV were purchased for delivery 2013. In addition, the city of Copenhagen has purchased 15 such vehicles. During the next few years three hydrogen refuelling stations will be established in the Copenhagen area. January 2012, the California Air Resources Board decided the new set of regulations Advanced Clean Cars. It comprises three parts; tailpipe emissions and greenhouse gases, Zero Emission Vehicle Program, and Clean Fuels Outlet. The latter two are important for the fuel cell vehicle introduction. US Department of Energy delivered a final report covering activities with more than 180 fuel cell vehicles between 2005 and 2011. The vehicles made more than half a million trips and were refuelled more than 33,000 times. The project exceeded the expectations and basically all goals were met. Mercedes-Benz leases about 200 cars to selected users. BMW and Toyota have initiated collaboration covering fuel cell technologies, among others. Toyota has presented a new fuel cell stack, a new concept vehicle and stated a start of deliveries for 2015. The stack can now be placed under the driver's seat. Honda promises a new fuel cell vehicle 2015. Nissan has presented a new stack and a concept car using it. Collaboration with Daimler is discussed. All in all has the situation for fuel cell vehicles not changed very much since previous report. The time until deliveries of fuel cell vehicles shall take place in several thousand units is now only two years and if nothing happens soon on the refuelling infrastructure side it will be difficult both to find buyers of the vehicles and provide fuel to this large volume of vehicles.

  9. Survey of biological processes for odor reduction; Kartlaeggning och studie av biologiska processer foer luktreduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arrhenius, Karine; Rosell, Lars [SP Technical Research Inst. of Sweden, Boraas (Sweden); Hall, Gunnar [SIK Swedish Inst. for Food and Biotechnology, Gothenburg (Sweden)

    2009-09-15

    This project aims to characterize chemical and subsequently odor emissions from a digester plant located closed to Boraas in Sweden (Boraas Energi och Miljoe AB). The digestion produces mainly 2 by-products, biogas and high quality organic biofertilizer. Biogas is a renewable source of electrical and heat energy and subsequently digester have a promising future. Unfortunately, release of unpleasant odours is one of the problems that may limit development of the technique as odours strongly influence the level of acceptance of the neighbours. The number of complaints due to odours depends mostly, upon the degree of odour release, the weather condition and plant environment (which influence the risks for spreading out), and the tolerance of the neighbours. These parameters are strongly variable. Many processes inside the plant distributed on a large surface may contribute to odour release. Chemical emissions were studied, in this project, by extensive sampling inside the plant. Results were then evaluated regarding risk for odour releases. The goal was to suggest controls and routines to limit releases. The conditions leading to the higher risks for odour emissions were studied by performing sampling at different periods of the year and subsequently different weather conditions. At first, places for measurement were chosen together with personal of the plant. Three zones are considered to mainly contribute to the odour emissions: the landfill region, the cisterns region and the leaching lake region. Totally 13 places were studied with regard to odour and chemical emissions under 2008-2009 at different weather conditions. Some results from a previous project (2007) are also presented here. Results show that the spreading out of can be maintained to an acceptable level as long as the plant is functioning without disturbances. The early stages of the treatment of waste should be confined in locals with closed doors to avoid spreading out of odours. Through controlled ventilation, the air from these buildings can be treated in a biofilter. Biofilter are effective to remove most of the odorous compounds. But the biofilter's function must be regularly verified to avoid operational disturbances. Chemical emissions profiles at different places show how complex is the composition of the emission och how it varies from places to places and time to time. The project confirms and underlines that there are many causes to the global odour emitted from waste plants. Some compounds are important to survey, as for example limonene and ammonia in the tanks and biofilter regions and sulphur compounds in the landfills.

  10. Policy instruments for development of wind power in Sweden; Styrmedel foer vindkraftens utveckling i Sverige

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aastrand, Kerstin; Neij, Lena

    2003-07-01

    It is often believed that energy policy and policy instruments can play a significant role in the transition towards sustainable energy by stimulating and accelerating the development and deployment of new energy technologies. However, despite the known need for, and benefits of, new energy technologies their market introduction and expansion is often slow. Wind power has been on the political agenda since the 1970s in several European countries as well as in other countries throughout the world. However, the technology and market development of wind power has been very different in these countries. Despite three decades of policy intervention the installed capacity in Sweden was only 265 MW in 2000, compared with 6,107 MW in Germany, 2,836 MW in Spain and 2,341 MW in Denmark. This report analyses the effects of policy instruments on wind power development in Sweden and identifies possible reasons why wind power has not been installed to a greater extent. The analysis is based on an empirical example of a socio technological system-based approach to evaluation of technology and market development for new energy technologies; i.e. an approach focused on the technological system including the actors, institutions and organizations that build, drive and utilise it and the economic and legal framework that regulates it. The aim is to assess the impact on technology and market development and to discuss the relatively late and slow wind power development in Sweden. The report also examines the achievement of governmental energy policy goals. Using the socio-technological systems approach we analyse Swedish policy programmes and wind power development between 1975 and 2000. The political and economic framework is identified. The discussion of the political and economic frameworks is limited to public policy goals and policy instruments. The policy focus is set to policy instruments aimed for technology and market development of wind power, such as research and development (R and D), demonstration (D) and investment and production subsidies. In order to study development of and changes in the socio-technological-system, we identify indicators that describe the wind power development. The indicators show: (i) changes in technology development; (ii) cost development due to technology and market development; (iii) development of actors, institutions and organisations and changes in their commitment to wind power development. From this analysis of the changes in the wind power system over time, the impact of the policy instruments on the development of the technology and market of wind power is assessed. Lastly, we discuss the tardiness in market development and identify possible reasons why wind power has not been installed to a greater extent in Sweden. The study of the development of the Swedish wind power system shows how public energy policy and the impact of policy instruments shaped turbine technology and market development. The governmental interventions made during the 1970s and 1980s were limited to RD and D measures. These steered both the choice of technology; i.e. turbine development with a focus on large (over 1 MW), two-bladed, flexible turbines, and the early market development in Sweden, with a limited number of actors, institutions and organizations. The number of wind turbines manufactured in Sweden is low and by 2000 there had not been a commercial breakthrough for the technology developed. The R and D-programmes have, however, generated knowledge and increased competence regarding wind power technology. The introduction of investment and production subsidies in the early 1990s changed the focus from technology development to a more general focus on market development and the production of wind power. The change in policy increased the diversity of actors involved in the development process and a market for commercially available, three-bladed, Danish turbines grew in Sweden. The investment and production subsidies have increased the installation rate in Sweden, which in turn has secured further RD and D-projects, including research areas such as acceptance, attitudes, noise and other environmental impacts. Compared to other countries the wind power development has been slow in Sweden. In 2000, 25 years of policy support to technology and market development of wind power had resulted in 240 MW installed capacity and a wind power production of 440 GWh/year, which contributed with 0,3% of the total electricity production in Sweden. The report concludes that early inflexible steering of technology and market development, together with a lack of comprehensive, long-term strategy, insufficient continuity in policy interventions and weak combinations of policy programmes and measures have impeded the technology and market development of wind power in Sweden.

  11. Hybrid vehicles - an alternative for the Swedish market; Hybridfordon - ett alternativ foer den svenska bilparken

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Egebaeck, Karl-Erik; Bucksch, S

    2000-06-01

    The object of this report is to assemble information on and describe the situation for the development of hybrid vehicles and various alternatives within this field of development. In the report the description is concentrated mainly on the combination of combustion engine and electric battery, which is the most common combination in present day hybrid vehicles. In order to take a glimpse into the future even the combination of fuel cells and electric battery is described. The light duty electric hybrid vehicles which have been developed up to now are mainly parallel hybrids. If the development of hybrid systems takes place it will most certainly concern light duty vehicles which will come to be parallel hybrids equipped with an Otto or a diesel engine, depending on what the manufacturers wish to back. In the report the use of series hybrid vehicles is estimated to be limited to heavy-duty hybrid vehicles. Hybrids will not be likely to be relevant for heavy-duty vehicles, with the exception of those lorries which operate in city centres, i.e. lorries which are used to distribute goods to shops, garbage vehicles and certain types of working vehicle for service purposes. Continued development of the hybrid system for buses seems uncertain for various reasons. If there is a technical breakthrough in the manufacture of batteries and simultaneously the manufacturers increase their efforts to develop hybrid vehicles, the situation can be changed so that there is a speedier introduction of hybrid vehicles for heavy-duty vehicles.

  12. Electric vehicle batteries. Development status for the promising candidates; Elbilsbatterier. Utvecklingsstatus foer de fraemsta kandidaterna

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andersson, Bo; Johansson, Arne [Catella Generics AB, Jaerfaella (Sweden)

    2000-04-01

    One driver for the EV and HEV programme of KFB is to study the effects of a large scale introduction of electric vehicles in the future. Catella Generics was contracted to investigate and report on the development status for EV batteries and the success potential for the different candidates, their development obstacles and alternative usage and on the links between different players. The batteries studied in greater detail have been evaluated according to special criteria like performance, cost, ruggedness, resource efficiency, safety and environmental impact and how that will influence their likely success. Models for the evaluation of EV batteries have been developed by the car manufacturers and authorities. We have based our investigation on the criteria established by USABC and the modifications made by PNGV for the energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles. Some basic conclusions reported as a result of this investigation are listed below: Lead-acid may have a role as energy storage in HEVs. Ni/Cd batteries are attractive from a technical standpoint, but questioned based on the environmental concern for cadmium. Ni/MH batteries are attracting a great attention in the medium term. Na/NiCl{sub 2} batteries have been successful in the German demonstration programme. Lithium batteries have a great potential in the long term. Metal/air batteries have been operated without problems, however there need for a special infrastructure is a major draw-back. Fuel cells and ultra capacitors are new alternative power sources for propulsion of EVs, however these are not included in this report.

  13. Environmental optimization of foundations for offshore wind power; Miljoemaessig optimering av fundament foer havsbaserad vindkraft

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hammar, Linus; Andersson, Sandra; Rosenberg, Rutger

    2008-05-15

    The study concerns only the marine environment, excluding seabirds, and is based on the level of knowledge available in 2007. The study focuses on three different types of foundations; gravity-monopile and jacket foundations. Also tripod-bucket and floating foundations are mentioned. The different characteristics of the foundations are discussed based on their environmental impact in five different areas; 1) epifouling and reef-effects, 2) operational noise, 3) changes in hydrographical conditions, 4) noise during construction, and 5) dissolved sediment during construction. Regarding epifouling, it is noted that the surface texture of the foundation (i.e. steel, concrete) is of less importance in the long run since the initial substrate soon will be covered with organisms, creating a rugged surface for later colonising organisms. It is rather the level of salinity, distance to shore, exposure, depth and turbidity of the water that decide which organisms that will dominate the different foundations after a few years. Generally all foundations for offshore wind power are expected to be dominated by filtering animals, such as blue mussels. A possible exception is if concrete is coated with a silicone product that limits larger organisms to establish on the foundations. This kind of surface treatment has not yet been used by the wind power industry but occurs on other submarine concrete constructions. The potential for an evident reef-effect increases with the complexity of the foundation structure. Hence, tripod and especially jacket foundations have better possibility to contribute to the reef-effect than monopile- and gravity foundations. Reef-effect, as well as epifouling, may be considered negative in some marine environments, such as possible valuable areas without any natural occurrence of hard substratum. In such areas new species may be introduced, changing the local ecological conditions. However, in many areas an increased level of biological diversity is viewed as a positive change, and here reef-effect and epifouling may be considered favourable. To amplify the reef-effect, scour protection devices may be designed to create more habitats. Operational noise from offshore wind farms has been shown to initially affect some organisms (mussels, fish) during experimental studies in small containers. Whether corresponding operational noise in field and during natural circumstances can cause any environmental impacts is not yet fully understood. Available information indicates that there is a common sound level peak from wind turbines at frequencies of 100 - 200 Hz. In the same frequency range cargo ships emit higher sound than wind power even over several kilometres distance. Based on the present lack of certainty, it can be motivated to minimize the sound at these frequencies in areas with special biological values, such as endangered organisms sensitive to stress. However, there are no indications that operational noise may significantly effect the environment beyond the vicinity of each foundation. Based on a limited number of measurements it seems as if gravity and monopile foundations emit noise of similar amplitude, but the frequency range of the gravity foundation is generally lower. There are no measurements of jacket foundation but theoretically these should emit less noise, at least within the lower frequency range. Even if little is known about future turbines and foundations, it should be technically possible to decrease the emitted noise level. The local conditions of the seabed have a large impact on the propagation of the noise, where shallow water and hard substratum allow the sound to propagate longer distances. The background noise is also of importance and in quiet areas there is theoretically a higher risk of environmental impacts than in areas with heavy ship traffic. Changes in the hydrographical conditions around a foundation are small and are expected to be of importance only in very narrow water passages. The gravity foundation probably has the largest impact on the local hydrography. However, no direct comparisons between the different foundations have been made. During the construction period extreme noise levels may occur, especially during pile-driving which is needed for most foundations except for gravity foundations. The noise level depends on the diameter of the piles that are driven into the sediment as well as the piling method. This means that the monopile foundation generally emits higher construction noise levels than jackets, while gravity foundations emit the least construction noise. Since the extreme noise levels from pile-driving, covering large areas, can be harmful to fish and marine mammals it is very important to minimize this disturbance. This can be done by the choice of foundation, by precautionary measures and by adapted methods of pile-driving.

  14. Degradation of cellulose in the presence of ash; Nedbrytningsmoenster foer cellulosa i naervaro av aska

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wikman, Karin; Berg, Magnus [AaF-Energi och Miljoe AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Svensson, Malin; Ecke, Holger [Luleaa Univ. of Tech. (Sweden)

    2003-04-01

    This project evaluates the risks and possibilities that come up in mixtures of ash and cellulose. The focus is on alkaline degradation of cellulose and the impact on metal leaching. The literature survey shows that a combination of ash and cellulose affects both the mobility of metals and the degradation of cellulose in many ways. A combination of ash and cellulose could have positive effects on the degradation of cellulose since ash makes the pH rise in the material. Normally the pH decreases in a waste deposit with time, which results in a reduced biological degradation of the cellulose since the methanogenic organisms are sensitive for low pH values. However, even if the pH increases when cellulose is mixed with ash the methanogenic organisms could be inhibit by toxic metals. The highest degradation rate for cellulose is at natural pH values because of an effective biological degradation. If alkaline conditions appear when cellulose is mixed with ash or in contact with the leaching water the cellulose is going to be degraded by a slower process: non-biological degradation (peeling-off reactions). The main degradation product from peeling-off reactions of cellulose is isosaccharinic acid (ISA). ISA forms complex with metals, which results in increased mobilization and leaching of metals. From biological degradation the degradation products are mainly CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O under aerobic conditions and CO{sub 2} and CH{sub 4} under anaerobic conditions. In combinations of ash and cellulose is it possible that the formed carbon dioxide cause carbonation and fixation of metals in the ash. As mentioned, ash could result in an increment of the pH value in cellulose materials, but if the starting point is pure ash a mixture with cellulose could make the pH value decrease, in extreme cases down to 4-5, because of biological degradation. Therefore it is possible that the metal mobilization in ash will increase if the ash is mixed with cellulose. Increased leaching of metals in combinations of ash and cellulose could also be caused by complex binding between solvent acids from the degradation of cellulose and metals in the ash. The experiments in this study have shown that the degradation product ISA results in an increased content of Pb and Zn in the leaching water from fly ash. When the experimental conditions were set to comparable conditions as for a compact and covered deposit after 250 years the leaching of Pb increased from 31 to 39 % and the leaching of Zn from 1,8 to 2,3 % when the content of ISA was increased 20 times. The disadvantages of mixing ash and cellulose are probably more important than the advantages because of the risk for increased metal mobilization. However, in some applications, for example grouting of ash to stabilize a waste deposit, the risk for metal leaching have to be compared to the advantages of using the ash. The disadvantages with ash and cellulose combinations could also be turned to advantages in special applications with processes where complex binding with ISA could give a selective washing/leaching and simultaneously the remaining metals could be fixed through carbonation.

  15. Hourly metering for everybody. Benefits, regulations and economy; Timmaetning foer alla. Nytta, regelverk och ekonomi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Badano, Andrea; Fritz, Peter; Goeransson, Anders; Linden, Magnus

    2007-12-15

    Today extensive investments in new modern electricity meters (AMR systems) are taking place in Sweden. The main reason for these investments is the new requirements on monthly meter readings, but these systems can generally do a lot more. Other Market Design projects have identified the need for more demand response in the electricity market and the important role of hourly settlement instead of profiling. With present rules and regulation there is an obvious risk that the new AMR technology will not be used to its full socio-economical potential. A survey made in this study implies that 90 % of the meters in which grid companies are investing today, make it possible to both register and store hourly meter values. A considerably lower share of the new systems will fully meet the demands of hourly settlement. Hourly settlement is both individually and collectively an advantage for the customer. Better tariffs and means of control should lead to a more cost-effective power system and in the long term also give lower electricity prices and higher security of supply. Customers can be well paid when decreasing electricity consumption when electricity price is high. Better statistics and follow-up will also lead to lower electricity consumption. Consequently, customers can make great use of hourly meter readings and management at hour-based level. At the same time, care must be taken how these possibilities are presented for the customers. They must be given information which is brought into line with each costumer's individual needs as far as possible. For power suppliers, hourly settlement would mean possibilities to offer new attractive tariffs to customers. It would give customers opportunities to reduce their electricity consumption and at the same time reduce risk exposure for the power supplier. With the power supplier and the customer having this knowledge about his electricity consumption, the power supplier is able to develop new services such as helping the costumer to analyze and influence his electricity consumption. Through clever grid tariffs, grid capacity can be used more efficiently. Also, management and surveillance can be offered to customers in order to optimize their electricity consumption both against the grid tariff and retail price. It also opens up for earning money through new kinds of services offered by the grid companies. It is then very important, however, that these services are developed in such a way so that the competition between power suppliers is not affected. To make grid companies voluntarily switch to hourly settlement for all its customers, changes in today's regulations are needed. In this study several of these requirements have been identified. In another ongoing Market Design project, 'Feasibility study for costumer flexibility', more information will be added for estimating what economical and environmental advantages hourly meter readings, new tariffs and new business opportunities can give

  16. Pretreatment of different waste streams for improvement in biogas production; Foerbehandlingsteknikers betydelse foer oekat biogasutbyte

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sarvari Horvath, Ilona (Hoegskolan i Boraas (Sweden)); del Pilar Castillo, Maria (JTI (Sweden)); Loren, Anders; Brive, Lena; Ekendahl, Susanne; Nordman, Roger (SP, Boraas (Sweden)); Kanerot, Mija (Boraas Energi och Miljoe AB (Sweden))

    2010-07-01

    Biological breakdown of organic municipal and industrial waste to biogas is already in use today. The technology is of outmost importance to attain the environmental goals that our society has set regarding to sustainable development. Of decisive economic importance is the ability to obtain an increased amount of biogas from the same amount of substrate. Alternative resources for biogas production are at the same time of great interest in order to enable a large expansion of biogas production. The goal of applying a suitable pre-treatment step before anaerobic digestion is to open up the molecular structure of inaccessible biopolymers in order to facilitate access to the carbon for microorganisms involved in biological breakdown and fermentation to biogas. Our study shows that introducing a pretreatment step opens new perspectives for biogas production. Treatment of paper residuals by steam explosion increased methane production up to 400 Nm3/ton dry matter, to a double amount of methane yield compared to that of untreated paper. A novel method for pretreatment with an environment-friendly solvent N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was also tested on lignocellulose-rich waste fractions from forest and agricultural. The NMMO-treatment increased the methane yields of spruce chips and triticale straw by 25 times (250 Nm3/ton dry matter), and by 6 times (200 Nm3/ton dry matter), respectively, compared to that of the untreated materials. Keratin-rich feather waste yielded around 200 Nm3 methane/ton dry matter, which could be increased to 450 Nm3/ton after enzymatic treatment and to 360 Nm3/ton after either chemical treatment with lime, or after biological treatment with a recombinant bacterial strain of Bacillus megaterium. However, the gain in increased amount of methane after a pretreatment step should be weighted against a possible increase in energy usage generated by the pretreatment. We have therefore performed a case study in which the energy balance for a biogas plant was calculated. We have calculated the changes that occur if a pretreatment step was included in the process. For the calculations data obtained during anaerobic digestion of paper waste treated by steam explosion were used. The results showed that while the methane production is increasing by 7,5 % the energy need of the process is decreasing by 21% when a pretreatment step by steam explosion is used instead of a hygienisation step. Batch anaerobic digestion gives methane yields and breakdown rates on pretreated and untreated material, which then can be compared, while continuous anaerobic digestion experiments enable evaluation of the long-term effects of the pretreatment. During the continuous anaerobic digestion experiments untreated or pretreated paper waste was tested in a co-digestion process with an existing waste mixture from Sobacken's biogas plant. However, it was hard to discern the effects of the treatment because the composition and characteristics of the waste mixture had larger impact on the co-digestion process than the pretreatment of the paper fraction part by itself. Nevertheless, our results of the continuous digestion most interestingly showed that a change in substrate composition can stabilize the digestion process with the effect of a 30 % increase in methane production compared to that of the existing original waste mixture. This raises new specific questions on how the composition of mixed-flows influences the biogas production and on how the structural and chemical characteristics of substrate resources, pretreated or untreated, affect the anaerobic digestion. These questions can be central points in future strategic research within the biological waste management area

  17. Leaching properties of natural aggregates. Rock materials and tills; Lakegenskaper foer naturballast. Bergmaterial och moraener

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ekvall, Annika; Bahr, Bo von; Andersson, Tove; Lax, Kaj; Aakesson, Urban [Swedish National Testing and Research Inst., Boraas (Sweden)

    2006-02-15

    The aim of this project is to produce leaching data for natural aggregates needed for assessment of the environmental impact of alternative materials aimed for use in for example road constructions. Both rock materials and tills are tested. The results shows that very little is leached from natural aggregate. A comparison with landfill criteria for inert waste and the Swedish regulations for drinking water shows that a few samples exceeds the criteria for fluoride ions. All other values are lower then these criteria, and a vast majority of the measurements are below the quantification limit.

  18. Forecasts and restrictions on vibrations from rock excavation and transportation. Encapsulation Plant and Repository for spent nuclear fuel, Laxemar; Prognoser och restriktioner foer vibrationer fraan bergschaktning och transporter. Inkapslingsanlaeggning och slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle, Laxemar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lind, Carl; Johansson, Sven-Erik (Nitro Consult AB (Sweden))

    2010-12-15

    This study describes the impact on the surroundings that may occur during rock excavation activities for the final repository for spent nuclear fuel in Laxemar and the encapsulation facility in Simpevarp. The study also includes vibrations created by heavy shipments related to activities at the final repository. The study will provide input to the environmental impact assessment and future design work. The survey area for buildings and facilities covered by the study extends approximately 1,000 metres from the proposed location of the final repository. For the encapsulation facility the survey area has been limited to residential buildings and summer houses within 1,000 metres of the proposed location. In addition, residential buildings along road 743 have been surveyed with regard to the impact of heavy shipments between Laxemar and Faarbo. The results of the surveys and information on planned rock excavation activities have been used to formulate preliminary restrictions and predictions of vibrations and air shock waves from blasting, as well as noise from rock drilling. Predictions have also been made of vibrations from heavy shipments, and a reference survey has been carried out in a residential building near road 743. The predictions of vibrations from blasting rounds reveal low or very low levels. No risk of damage to buildings or equipment is expected. Vibrations from blasting may, however, be perceptible within large parts of the study area, since the human perception threshold for vibration is very low. They will hardly be regarded as disturbing, however. When the accesses to the final repository have been built and rock excavation continues at repository level, the impact on the surroundings is expected to be minimal. The main reason for this is that the blasting will then occur at a depth of about 500 metres, at an ample distance to buildings at surface level. Predictions of air shock waves from blasting rounds indicate low levels. There is no risk of damage but air shocks may be audible at great distances during the first few years when surface facilities are being built and blasting is being done for the ramp and sunk shafts. They are not expected to be perceived as disturbing, since the blasting will be limited to a few times per day during the most intensive period. Structure-borne noise from rock drilling for the repository will not be audible due to large distances to buildings. Noise from above-ground drilling may be audible, but below guideline values. Also, the drilling is limited to a relatively short period of time. In Clab, indoor guideline values may be exceeded during drilling for the encapsulation facility. There is no risk of flyrock from blasting that could cause damage to the surroundings. The scope and nature of flyrock protection will be determined at a later stage, but as a general rule the initial blasting rounds, when the risk of flyrock is the greatest, will be carried out as controlled blasting. Vibrations in surrounding buildings caused by heavy shipments to and from the final repository are not expected to cause any damage, mainly due to the fact that the supporting ground along the transport routes is dominated by rock or till. The reference survey carried out in Oevrahammar verifies this and shows low vibration levels. If the future status of the concerned parts of road 743 is the same as today, disturbing vibrations are unlikely to occur, even if the heavy shipments increase in number. In summary, it is concluded that the guideline values and limit values stipulated in applicable standards, recommendations and guidelines for vibrations, air shock waves and noise from blasting activities, as well as noise from drilling and boring will be met by ample margin. The impact on the surroundings from blasting activities during the construction of the final repository and the encapsulation facility is therefore expected to be very limited

  19. A unit for environmentally adapted technology for transportation of passengers and goods. Individual personal transportation, electric and hybrid vehicles - a preliminary study; Enhet foer miljoeanpassad teknik foer person- och godstransporter - Individuell persontrafik, el- och hybridfordon - Foerstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bauner, D; Lumsden, K [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden). Dept. of Transportation and Logistics

    1996-02-01

    A unit for environmentally adapted transport at Chalmers Univ of Technology offers the possibility to enhance competence, to bestow decision makers with information and permits working with the processes needed. Regarding electric propulsion road vehicles, such a unit can coordinate the experiences from the Swedish projects. Further, it may maintain a secretariat and a managerial function to the database which will provide information to research councils, transport administrations and other government organizations, cities etc. The unit may also coordinate and submit research results and, in a long-term perspective, establish and administer field and laboratory vehicle testing. The unit may also function as a link between the vehicle industry and environmental organizations. The initial activities should include the establishment of a national database for electric vehicles and a full-time research post. The present study deals with individual personal transportation. Corresponding studies should be carried out for other areas in order to form a consistent profile for the unit. 38 refs

  20. Vitenskapelig usikkerhet – etiske utfordringer for forskning og forvaltning

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Frøydis Gillund

    2007-11-01

    Full Text Available En stor del av dagens forskningsaktivitet er knyttet til utvikling av ny teknologi. Teknologiutvikling anses gjerne som et gode, fordi den bidrar til økt eller ny bruk av naturlige ressurser til beste for menneskers generelle levekår og helse, samt miljøet og samfunnet som helhet. Bruk av ny teknologi innebærer imidlertid også risiko for uønskede effekter. Risikovurderinger er ofte preget av vitenskapelig usikkerhet, spesielt med hensyn til effekter som oppstår over tid. Denne usikkerheten reiser nye etiske dilemmaer og gjør det nødvendig med en kritisk vurdering av kunnskapsgrunnlaget. I denne artikkelen fokuserer vi på hvilke etiske utfordringer vitenskapelig usikkerhet har for forskning og forvaltning, og vi vil se nærmere på bruk av DNA-vaksiner i oppdrettsnæring. Vi argumenterer for at det er viktig å anerkjenne kvalitative former for vitenskapelig usikkerhet, som går utover det som uttrykkes i statistiske termer. Walker & Harremoeës (W&H usikkerhetsanalyse presenteres som en metode for å identifisere og systematisere vitenskapelig usikkerhet av kvalitativ karakter. En slik analyse kan øke forskeres evne til å reflektere over og kommunisere usikkerhet knyttet til eget arbeid. Vi argumenterer videre for at kommunikasjon av vitenskapelig usikkerhet bør være en del av forskerens etiske ansvar, blant annet for å stimulere føre-var-basert forskning og forvaltning. En helhetsvurdering av nytte, risikomomenter og usikkerhet kan best oppnås gjennom en tverrfaglig tilnærming. Det vil bidra til at de implisitte verdiene som er assosiert til bruk av ny teknologi blir bedre belyst.http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v1i1.1685

  1. ”Å skape forbindelser”. Atelierets plass og atelieristens kompetanse i barnehagene i Reggio Emilia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kari Carlsen

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Forming har gitt viktige bidrag til det helhetlige kunnskapssyn som lenge har vært dominerende i norsk barnehagepedagogikk, men fagfeltet er nå lavere prioritert i forhold til aktiviteter som er ment å fremme ferdigheter innenfor språk og matematikk. Debatten om kvalitet i norsk barnehage proble-matiserer krav om testing av små barns ferdigheter innenfor avgrensede kunnskapsområder. Med et formingsfaglig fokus er det av interesse å se nærmere på barnehagene i Reggio Emilia, Italia, der barns praktisk skapende virksomhet gis høy prioritet med et atelier i hver barnehage. Den anerkjente kvaliteten i disse barnehagene (Wingert & Kantrowitz, 1991; Gardner, 2001; Gardner, 2006 begrun-ner en nærmere undersøkelse av atelierets betydning i denne pedagogiske praksisen.Målsettingen med artikkelen er å belyse atelierets funksjon i barnehagene i Reggio Emilia, hvilken rolle estetisk skapende virksomhet oppfattes å ha i barns læring, og å undersøke den kompetansen som kreves av atelieristen med ansvar for arbeidet i atelieret. Artikkelens empiriske materiale er hentet inn gjennom et intervju med atelierist Vea Vecchi i april 2010.Med en fenomenologisk-hermeneutisk tilnærming drøftes metodiske spørsmål omkring kvalitativt intervju og behandling av kvalitative data ved hjelp av oversetter. Metodiske valg i forbindelse med intervjuet som er gjennomført diskuteres. Resultater av intervjuet presenteres og analyseres, og atelierets egenart og atelieristens kompetanse diskuteres. Begrepet atelierismen etableres. Katego-riene som er resultat av analysen synes brukbare som utgangspunkt for undersøkelser av atelierismen i ulike kontekster.Søkeord: Atelier, atelierist/atelierista, atelierismen, estetiske læreprosesser, kvalitativt intervju, Reggio Emilia.

  2. Review of portable applications of fuel cell technology 2008; Teknikbevakning av portabla tillaempningar foer braenslecellstekniken 2008

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fontes, Eva; Lundblad, Anders; Wennstam, Emelie

    2009-03-15

    The definition of portable fuel cells, or micro fuel cells as they are often called, is usually that its nominal power is below 250 W. There are, however, several widely separated applications and technical challenges in the span up to 250 W. Portable fuel cells from 1-10 W have potential applications in hand held electronics, wireless sensors, wireless networks and less power demanding equipment for outdoor life such as bicycle lamps, head lamps etc. The technical challenges involved here are mainly about cost, miniaturizing, dealing with heat rejection/cooling, stability/life and the fuel cell infrastructure - how shall the user 'fill' his/her fuel cell? Medium-sized, portable fuel cells between 10-50 W have potential applications in portable military equipment, larger portable electronics such as DVD players, camcorders and laptops (both for direct power and for charging of integrated batteries), to operate rescue equipment and as reserve power, and to replace some stationary power (APU). Also in this area challenges lie in cost, miniaturizing and heat rejection. Larger portable fuel cells of 50-250 W can for example be used in military equipment for charging of batteries, in rescue equipment and medical treatments, in boats and mobile homes, in small electric vehicles (manned or unmanned) and for remote power. In this type of replacement products the cost aspect is important, e g for material and system components. In this technique survey report we have analysed in total 31 pure micro fuel cell companies. In addition, we have also studied 14 larger electronic companies active in the fuel cell development. The three main technologies for portable fuel cell systems are Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), Micro fuel cells that have been sold and have been available on the market up till today have been of the PEMFC and DMFC type and have mainly been used, to a limited extent, in niche applications such as toys, military applications, education and emergency/reserve power. Those applications are important for small companies to motivate and finance ventures at an early stage, but it is the potential market in portable electronics that explains why several large electronics companies for a long time have put large resources in the development of micro fuel cells. Among the larger consumer electronics companies the dominant technology choice is fuel cells of the DMFC type. The market for fuel cells in portable electronics is to start with as external chargers. There are several such products on the market today. It is not until the next phase, when miniaturizing and power density have been further improved, that the micro fuel cells will supply the portable electronic products directly, and then often in hybrid systems with a battery as back up to better cope with start up and power peaks. There will be several years before the micro fuel cells are ready to be introduced on a wide front as the primary power source for computers and mobile phones

  3. Indirect Energy for Road and Railway Transportation in Sweden; Indirekt energi foer svenska vaeg- och jaernvaegstransporter

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jonsson, Daniel K.

    2005-02-01

    Besides energy for propulsion, there are a number of considerable indirect energy categories in the life-cycle of transport systems, e.g. construction and maintenance of infrastructure, and manufacture and service of vehicles. Indirect energy represents 64-66% of the total amount of energy used in the railway sector, while the corresponding share in the road sector is 42-45%. Consequently, decision-making and planning processes regarding transport infrastructure and environmental impacts should also consider indirect energy-use. Two energy case studies have been carried through; the railroad project Botniabanan in the north of Sweden, and the motorway tunnel Soedra Laenken in Stockholm. The result for Botniabanan corresponds with the Swedish railroad average, but Botniabanan contributes to decreased energy use in the transport sector as a whole. The infra structural energy use for Soedra Laenken is considerably higher than the Swedish road average. Soedra Laenken also contributes to an increase of the energy use in the transport sector as a whole.

  4. Place of the final disposal of short lived dismantling waste; Plats foer slutfoervaring av kortlivat rivningsavfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2013-01-15

    This report deals with the short-lived low and intermediate level radioactive waste, which will mainly arise from the dismantling of the Swedish nuclear power plants, but also the dismantling of other nuclear facilities. For these installations to be dismantled, there must be the capacity to receive and dispose of dismantling waste. SKB plans to expand the existing final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR) in Forsmark for this purpose. The legislation requires alternatives to the chosen location. The alternate location for the disposal of decommissioning waste SKB has chosen to compare with is a location in the Simpevarp area outside Oskarshamn. There are currently Oskarshamn nuclear power plant and SKB between stock 'CLAB'. The choice of Simpevarp as alternative location is based on that it's one of the places in the country where data on the bedrock is available to an extent that allows an assessment of the prospects for long-term security, such an assessment is actually showing good potential, and that the location provide realistic opportunities to put into practice the disposal of decommissioning waste. At a comparison between the disposal of short-lived decommissioning waste in an extension of SFR with the option to build a separate repository for short-lived decommissioning waste in Simpevarp, the conclusion is that both options offer potentially good prospects for long-term security. The differences still indicated speaks to the Forsmark advantage. Similar conclusions were obtained when comparing the factors of environment, health and social aspects.

  5. Investigation of the responsibility for decommissioning of the Ranstad plant; Utredning av ansvaret foer Ranstadsverkets avveckling

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Svensson, Haakan; Grundfelt, Bertil [Kemakta Konsult AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Froeberg, Magnus [Froeberg och Lundholm Advokatbyraa AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2010-11-15

    The issue of decommissioning, including demolition, of the nuclear facility at the Ranstad plant was raised gradually during 2006-2008. It was then found that it was unclear which company or companies that could be responsible for this decommissioning, economically as well as for the implementation. During this time and until the end of 2009, the concerned authorities, notably Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate and SSM, collected a large amount of facts as a basis for assessing liability. This material now needed to be systematized and compiled in order to effectively be utilized in such an assessment. SSM also thought that it would be helpful if an independent party with experience in similar issues could contribute to the interpretation of the legal situation. These were the given conditions of the mission which Kemakta Konsult AB, with the assistance of lawyer Magnus Froeberg, were given by SSM in the autumn of 2009. The results are presented in this final report.

  6. Energy Balance and Performance Indices for Kraft Recovery Boilers; Standardmetod foer beraekning av energibalans oever sodapanna

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kjoerk, Anders

    2007-09-15

    It has been recognized that different rules exist in calculating energy flows to and from a Recovery boiler. In this report definitions are given with the intention that the branch should adopt a common position in reporting power production for the Swedish system with charge on emission of nitrogen oxides, for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and for the electricity certificate system. Legislation and guidelines are described as also different standards for determination of boiler efficiency. The definition of the liquor heating value is discussed as also the different ways in which an energy balance could be set up. For the Emissions Trading Scheme a literature survey of interpretations made in other countries has been made. The recommendation is to define the heat input as the product of the virgin liquor flow and the net calorific value of virgin liquor. A net calorific value as defined in SS-ISO 1928 is determined in an environment with excess of oxygen and is consequently named net calorific value in oxidizing condition. In a Recovery boiler part of that heat is required for reduction of sulfur and a net calorific value in reducing condition are therefore defined in a branch specific way. The flow of liquor could be calculated using a heat balance based on steam generation. The envelope for that heat balance could be selected as to fit each individual installation; however some general recommendations are given. In reporting energy flow for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and to EPA it is recommended to use the net calorific value in oxidizing condition. This definition should also be good for reporting to Statistics Sweden, Swedish Forest Industries Federation and for internal use. For reporting to the electricity certificate system the part of the total power production with origin from biofuel should be stated. The heat of reduction is not available for power production and consequently the recommendation is to use the net calorific value in reducing condition. The useful energy production as defined in the system for charge on nitrogen oxides is more intricate to define. Today Recovery boilers are not included in the system but it has been proposed from EPA to widen the system and also include them. For this system a definition is suggested where energy required for sulfur reduction as well as energy in produced high pressure steam are included. Heat reclaimed in flue gas scrubber, vent gas condenser or similar type of equipment should also be included.

  7. Practical implementation of joint projects for offshore wind; Praktiskt genomfoerande av gemensamma projekt foer havsbaserad vindkraft

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2013-09-01

    Cooperation mechanisms are part of the renewable s directive and aims to member countries to cooperate on renewable energy to meet their national targets a cost effective way. The Energy Agency has in previous assignments analyzed the possibilities and limitations of cooperation mechanisms and other countries' interest in the cooperation mechanisms. In the Appropriation Directions for 2013, the Energy Agency has been asked to contribute to the continued analysis and practical preparations for a possible cooperation with other member countries. The assignment covers several different types of cooperation. This report represents the Agency's accounting of the part of the commission on cooperation through joint projects. This part include, in consultation with the industry to develop a proposal for the practical use for the implementation of possible joint projects for offshore wind power. The mission aims to create greater clarity and facilitate the possible implementation of joint projects.

  8. NDT methods for life-time assessment of high temperature plant; Ofoerstoerande provning foer livslaengdsbedoemning av hoegtemperaturanlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Storesund, J [Swedish Inst. for Metals Research, Stockholm (Sweden)

    1996-10-01

    A comprehensive literature study of NDT and analysis methods for residual life-time assessment of high temperature plant has been made. The study has been concentrated on components in boilers, steam piping and turbines in fossil fired power plant. Most types of components are exposed to creep which is also the life-time limiting mechanism in many cases. In addition to creep, other stresses and damages which appear in plant are described for each type of component. Thermal fatigue, corrosion and embrittlement as well as combined damage mechanisms are also life-time limiting in many cases. The literature shows a large number of NDT methods developed and under development in purpose to identify and measure the size and extent of damage in the components. The methods and their limitations are described in relation to the experience and understanding of character, distribution and development of damage in different situations. 83 refs, 12 figs, 1 tab

  9. Analysis of markets for biofuels - Theme: Vehicle gas market; Analys av marknaderna foer biodrivmedel - Tema: Fordonsgasmarknaden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2013-07-01

    In 2011 the Energy Agency was given an annual mission, which involved analyzing the current and future markets for ethanol and bio diesel. The mission resulted in a report that did a thorough analysis of price and market mechanisms in the Swedish and international market. This year's report aims to provide a situation analysis of the markets for ethanol and bio diesel, both first and second generation, with additional focus on certain market issues. This time, the Agency has also been asked to consider the market for vehicle gas, something that was not part of the original mandate from 2011. Regarding ethanol and bio diesel so have indentations made primarily on European protection duties.

  10. Human Factors methods concerning integrated validation of nuclear power plant control rooms; Metodutveckling foer integrerad validering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oskarsson, Per-Anders; Johansson, Bjoern J.E.; Gonzalez, Natalia (Swedish Defence Research Agency, Information Systems, Linkoeping (Sweden))

    2010-02-15

    The frame of reference for this work was existing recommendations and instructions from the NPP area, experiences from the review of the Turbic Validation and experiences from system validations performed at the Swedish Armed Forces, e.g. concerning military control rooms and fighter pilots. These enterprises are characterized by complex systems in extreme environments, often with high risks, where human error can lead to serious consequences. A focus group has been performed with representatives responsible for Human Factors issues from all Swedish NPP:s. The questions that were discussed were, among other things, for whom an integrated validation (IV) is performed and its purpose, what should be included in an IV, the comparison with baseline measures, the design process, the role of SSM, which methods of measurement should be used, and how the methods are affected of changes in the control room. The report brings different questions to discussion concerning the validation process. Supplementary methods of measurement for integrated validation are discussed, e.g. dynamic, psychophysiological, and qualitative methods for identification of problems. Supplementary methods for statistical analysis are presented. The study points out a number of deficiencies in the validation process, e.g. the need of common guidelines for validation and design, criteria for different types of measurements, clarification of the role of SSM, and recommendations for the responsibility of external participants in the validation process. The authors propose 12 measures for taking care of the identified problems

  11. Policy Instruments for an Increased Supply of Energy Crops; Styrmedel foer ett utoekat utbud av biobraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stenkvist, Maria; Widmark, Annika; Wiklund, Sven-Erik; Liljeblad, Anna

    2009-05-15

    At present, energy crops are not commonly used as fuel for heat and power production in Sweden, but as a result of increased competition for biomass, the interest for agricultural fuels such as willow, straw, reed canary grass and hemp increases. The purpose of this study is through a qualitative study that includes a literature study as well as case studies carried out by interviews, with respondents in the agriculture- and energy sectors highlight the conditions for increased production and use of energy crops. The main objective is to propose relevant policy instruments that could increase the production and use of energy crops. The purpose with the proposed policy instruments is that they should serve as a basis for discussions with politicians and authorities regarding the supply of bio fuels through the use of energy crops. The result of the study indicates that the main obstacle for increasing the production and use of energy crops is that the cultivation of energy crops today is unprofitable. To reduce the production costs it is necessary to improve the competitiveness of energy crops, primarily in relation to wood chips. The study shows that there is a potential for reduction of production costs through development of the logistics chain. Policy measures promoting the use of bio fuels exists today, but are not fully used to increase the share of energy crops in the bio fuel energy mix. The reason for this is that they are generally not as cost efficient as alternative bio fuels. It is important that competition issues are addressed, both regarding competition issues between different bio fuels, but also competition issues between various energy crops that exists today. Further obstacles to accelerate the introduction of energy crops at the market are high investment costs for establishment of some of the energy crops. From the analysis in this study, the following policy instruments are suggested in order to increase the production and the use of energy crops within the power and heat sector 1. Financing of practical research and development of the logistics chain including harvesting, bundling, compression, preparation, feeding in (to the power plant), storage and transportation of energy crops 2. Investment support to farmers cultivating energy crops with high investment costs 3. Introduction of a national program for development of regional projects supporting cooperation between actors on the energy crop bio fuel market. 1. Financing of Practical Research and Development of the Logistics Chain To reduce the production costs in order to increase the profitability, support for practical research and development of the logistics chain, which includes harvesting, bundling, compression, preparation, feeding in (to the power plant), storage and transportation of energy crops, is suggested. For the success of practical research, it is important that the research is performed in close cooperation between farmers, entrepreneurs within the logistics chain dealing with harvesting, storage and transport of energy crops and energy companies. One way to achieve such cooperation is that the energy companies take the initiative for common research efforts, since neither the farmers nor the contractors on the market for energy crops normally take part in research projects. Neither do they normally have experience of applying for research funds. Common research efforts are also important to find cost-effective solutions for the entire logistics chain. This means that the financing for the research could be a combination of public support and support from the heat and power sector. 2. Investment Support to Farmers Cultivating Energy Crops with High Investment Costs In order to initially increase the interest in energy crops, contribute to establish a market for production of energy crops and manage high initial investment costs, problem that farmers face at the transition from traditional production of grain to energy crops, a development of the existing investment support scheme to include an additional number of energy crops are suggested. One of the purposes by including an additional number of energy crops within the scheme is that the energy crops with the best condition with respect to the farmer's competence, the logistics entrepreneur's technical preconditions, different quality of the soils and the suitability of different energy crops in different geographical areas can be used in order to increase production and use of energy crops. 3. Introduction of a National Program for Development of Regional Projects Supporting Cooperation between Actors on the Energy Crop Bio Fuel Market. Experiences from bio energy projects both in Sweden and in Finland shows that regional cooperation projects between energy companies, farmers, entrepreneurs within the logistics chain and other actors may by cooperation achieve increased production and use of energy crops.

  12. Une terreur par l’image

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Annie DULONG

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available Si d’autres événements — Hiroshima, la découverte des camps de concentration, la chute du mur de Berlin — ont, au cours du XXe siècle, marqué suffisamment l’imaginaire pour trouver leur réponse dans des œuvres d’art, le 11 septembre 2001 pose la question de la fictionnalisation autrement : il ne s’agit plus tant de combler les manques de la représentation, liés à l’absence d’images ou au délai dans leur dévoilement, mais bien de composer avec l’omniprésence d’une représentation martelée à la télévision et sur Internet. Que cette représentation soit partielle, tronquée et qu’il lui manque la présence des corps, ces grands absents des photographies et des images tournées par les journalistes, ne change rien au fait que c’est avec le trop-plein que les artistes doivent maintenant négocier.Cet article s’intéresse aux romans qui traitent l’événement de front au lieu de l’aborder sur un mode mineur, et a pour objectif de tracer un portrait de la représentation des médias dans les romans du 11 septembre 2001. Ces romans, outre le fait qu’ils traitent des événements de New York, ont comme point commun un personnage, ou décor : les médias, représentés par la télévision, l’Internet, les photographies de presse, interviennent dans les récits d’une manière significative et témoignent de la force brute des images. À travers une étude de certains des mécanismes à l’œuvre dans The Writing on the Wall (Lynne Sharon Schwartz, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (Jonathan Safran Foer, Falling Man (Don DeLillo et A Disorder Peculiar to the Country (Ken Kalfus, il s’agira de proposer des réponses à ces quelques questions : quel rôle les médias jouent-ils, et comment participent-ils au récit ? Quelle pression les images exercent-elles sur les personnages ? Que révèlent les personnages enfants dans leur rapport aux médias ? Quelle critique, finalement, les romans

  13. RDandD Programme 2010. Programme for research, development and demonstration of methods for the management and disposal of nuclear waste; Fud-program 2010. Program foer forskning, utveckling och demonstration av metoder foer hantering och slutfoervaring av kaernavfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2010-09-15

    The RD and D programme 2010 gives an account of SKB's plans for research, development and demonstration during the period 2011-2016. SKB's activities are divided into two main areas - the programme for Low and Intermediate Level Waste (the Loma program) and the Nuclear Fuel Program. The RD and D Programme 2010 consists of five parts: Part I: Overall Plan, Part II: Loma program, Part III: Nuclear Fuel Program, Part IV: Research on analysis of long-term safety, Part V: Social Science Research. The 2007 RD and D programme was focused primarily on technology development to realize the final repository for spent nuclear fuel. The actions described were aimed at increasing awareness of long-term safety and to obtain technical data for application under the Nuclear Activities Act for the final repository for spent fuel and under the Environmental Code of the repository system. Many important results from these efforts are reported in this program. An overall account of the results will be given in the Licensing application in early 2011. The authorities' review of RD and D programme in 2007 and completion of the program called for clarification of plans and programs for the final repository for short-lived radioactive waste, SFR, and the final repository for waste, SFL. This RD and D program describes these plans in a more detailed way

  14. Magnesium Diboride Current Leads

    Science.gov (United States)

    Panek, John

    2010-01-01

    A recently discovered superconductor, magnesium diboride (MgB2), can be used to fabricate conducting leads used in cryogenic applications. Dis covered to be superconducting in 2001, MgB2 has the advantage of remaining superconducting at higher temperatures than the previously used material, NbTi. The purpose of these leads is to provide 2 A of electricity to motors located in a 1.3 K environment. The providing environment is a relatively warm 17 K. Requirements for these leads are to survive temperature fluctuations in the 5 K and 11 K heat sinks, and not conduct excessive heat into the 1.3 K environment. Test data showed that each lead in the assembly could conduct 5 A at 4 K, which, when scaled to 17 K, still provided more than the required 2 A. The lead assembly consists of 12 steelclad MgB2 wires, a tensioned Kevlar support, a thermal heat sink interface at 4 K, and base plates. The wires are soldered to heavy copper leads at the 17 K end, and to thin copper-clad NbTi leads at the 1.3 K end. The leads were designed, fabricated, and tested at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe - Institut foer Technische Physik before inclusion in Goddard's XRS (X-Ray Spectrometer) instrument onboard the Astro-E2 spacecraft. A key factor is that MgB2 remains superconducting up to 30 K, which means that it does not introduce joule heating as a resistive wire would. Because the required temperature ranges are 1.3-17 K, this provides a large margin of safety. Previous designs lost superconductivity at around 8 K. The disadvantage to MgB2 is that it is a brittle ceramic, and making thin wires from it is challenging. The solution was to encase the leads in thin steel tubes for strength. Previous designs were so brittle as to risk instrument survival. MgB2 leads can be used in any cryogenic application where small currents need to be conducted at below 30 K. Because previous designs would superconduct only at up to 8 K, this new design would be ideal for the 8-30 K range.

  15. Thermal decomposition of gaseous ammonium nitrate at low pressure: kinetic modeling of product formation and heterogeneous decomposition of nitric acid.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Park, J; Lin, M C

    2009-12-03

    The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate, NH(4)NO(3) (AN), in the gas phase has been studied at 423-56 K by pyrolysis/mass spectrometry under low-pressure conditions using a Saalfeld reactor coated with boric acid. The sublimation of NH(4)NO(3) at 423 K was proposed to produce equal amounts of NH(3) and HNO(3), followed by the decomposition reaction of HNO(3), HNO(3) + M --> OH + NO(2) + M (where M = third-body and reactor surface). The absolute yields of N(2), N(2)O, H(2)O, and NH(3), which can be unambiguously measured and quantitatively calibrated under a constant pressure at 5-6.2 torr He are kinetically modeled using the detailed [H,N,O]-mechanism established earlier for the simulation of NH(3)-NO(2) (Park, J.; Lin, M. C. Technologies and Combustion for a Clean Environment. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. 1997, 34-1, 1-5) and ADN decomposition reactions (Park, J.; Chakraborty, D.; Lin, M. C. Proc. Combust. Inst. 1998, 27, 2351-2357). Since the homogeneous decomposition reaction of HNO(3) itself was found to be too slow to account for the consumption of reactants and the formation of products, we also introduced the heterogeneous decomposition of HNO(3) in our kinetic modeling. The heterogeneous decomposition rate of HNO(3), HNO(3) + (B(2)O(3)/SiO(2)) --> OH + NO(2) + (B(2)O(3)/SiO(2)), was determined by varying its rate to match the modeled result to the measured concentrations of NH(3) and H(2)O; the rate could be represented by k(2b) = 7.91 x 10(7) exp(-12 600/T) s(-1), which appears to be consistent with those reported by Johnston and co-workers (Johnston, H. S.; Foering, L.; Tao, Y.-S.; Messerly, G. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 2319-2321) for HNO(3) decomposition on glass reactors at higher temperatures. Notably, the concentration profiles of all species measured could be satisfactorily predicted by the existing [H,N,O]-mechanism with the heterogeneous initiation process.

  16. Thermal Decomposition of Gaseous Ammonium Nitrate at Low Pressure: Kinetic Modeling of Product Formation and Heterogeneous Decomposition of Nitric Acid

    Science.gov (United States)

    Park, J.; Lin, M. C.

    2009-10-01

    The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 (AN), in the gas phase has been studied at 423-56 K by pyrolysis/mass spectrometry under low-pressure conditions using a Saalfeld reactor coated with boric acid. The sublimation of NH4NO3 at 423 K was proposed to produce equal amounts of NH3 and HNO3, followed by the decomposition reaction of HNO3, HNO3 + M → OH + NO2 + M (where M = third-body and reactor surface). The absolute yields of N2, N2O, H2O, and NH3, which can be unambiguously measured and quantitatively calibrated under a constant pressure at 5-6.2 torr He are kinetically modeled using the detailed [H,N,O]-mechanism established earlier for the simulation of NH3-NO2 (Park, J.; Lin, M. C. Technologies and Combustion for a Clean Environment. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. 1997, 34-1, 1-5) and ADN decomposition reactions (Park, J.; Chakraborty, D.; Lin, M. C. Proc. Combust. Inst. 1998, 27, 2351-2357). Since the homogeneous decomposition reaction of HNO3 itself was found to be too slow to account for the consumption of reactants and the formation of products, we also introduced the heterogeneous decomposition of HNO3 in our kinetic modeling. The heterogeneous decomposition rate of HNO3, HNO3 + (B2O3/SiO2) → OH + NO2 + (B2O3/SiO2), was determined by varying its rate to match the modeled result to the measured concentrations of NH3 and H2O; the rate could be represented by k2b = 7.91 × 107 exp(-12 600/T) s-1, which appears to be consistent with those reported by Johnston and co-workers (Johnston, H. S.; Foering, L.; Tao, Y.-S.; Messerly, G. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 2319-2321) for HNO3 decomposition on glass reactors at higher temperatures. Notably, the concentration profiles of all species measured could be satisfactorily predicted by the existing [H,N,O]-mechanism with the heterogeneous initiation process.

  17. Combustion plants and the Water Framework Directive. Methodology for consequence assessment; Vaermeanlaeggningar och Vattendirektivet. Metodik foer konsekvensbedoemning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rossander, Annelie; Andersson, Jonas; Axby, Fredrik; Schultz, Emma; Persson, Maarten; Svaerd, Sara [Carl Bro AB, Kristianstad (Sweden)

    2007-04-15

    The project can be regarded as a natural continuation to the Vaermeforsk project M4-324 by Axby and Hansson: 'Practical consequences of the Water Framework Directive implementation for combustion plants - New water cleaning technologies and methods for improvement of effluent discharges'. The six different combustion plants studied in this project have been chosen mainly on the basis of their varying size, fuel, cleaning equipment and recipient. The significance of water as a finite resource in the global ecosystems has been more pronounced recently. In the light of the growing stresses on the water resources the European Parliament accepted the Water Framework Directive in year 2000. The main purpose with the directive is to achieve and preserve a 'good water status', among other things through a long term protection of available water resources. Enclosure X of the Framework Directive contains a list of chemical substances where 33 'prioritized substances' and 'prioritized, dangerous substances' are specified. The objective of the list is to reduce the discharges of prioritized substances, and to fully eliminate the prioritized, dangerous substances both from industry and other contexts. Twelve of the substances mentioned on the prioritized list can or could be found in the water coming out from combustion plants. A predominant part of these substances are to be totally phased out in the foreseeable future according to the Water Directive. This can result in restrictions in the permissions to let out water from combustion plants to the surroundings. The substances concerned are the heavy metals lead, cadmium, mercury and nickel, both as pure substances and included in compounds, as well as a number of different polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The intent of the project has been to use an accepted computational model to create an analytic method (an ecotoxicological risk assessment), with the aim to meet the new requirements from the Water Framework Directive. The method was created for and in cooperation with plant owners. The result is a model to analyze the stress on the recipient caused by the discharges from the plant. Within the project samples of water from the plants and the recipient have been taken out and analyzed. In the evaluation step of the project a comparison has also been made between results from the analyzes and values measured according to the ordinary control program of the plants. The current test procedures at the plants are considered as sufficient regarding metals, but should be extended with PAH analysis. Through an ecotoxicological risk assessment of the discharged water from a plant the plants real influence on the recipient can be mapped. Based on this risk assessment an estimation of the possible future water fees which the plant could be ordered to pay can also be made. The preparation of the Frame Water Directive is an ongoing process, which will continue until year 2015. The Frame Water Directive of today does not constitute any hindrance to the activities pursued at the examined plants. If the further development of the directive involves stricter discharge limits, most of the plants will manage this with their current production and water purification equipment, at least regarding their discharge of metals. When it comes to a possible PAH occurrence in the discharged water, it is uncertain what the ecotoxicological consequences are.

  18. Multimodality and the literary text: making sense of Safran Foer's Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Nørgaard, Nina

    2010-01-01

    This article explores the applicability of a multimodal framework to the analysis of literature. The framework adopted is that proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2001) and Van Leeuwen (2005). In seeking to develop a detailed and consistent methodology that will allow us to deal with multimodal te...... typographies, graphics, colour, layout, photographic images etc. - emphatically invites an analytical approach designed to understand meaning-making as an interplay of different semiotic modes....

  19. Market prospects for SNG in Sweden and in Europe; Marknadsfoerutsaettningar foer SNG i Sverige och i Europa

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Colmsjoe, Linda; Nilsson, Ronny (Grontmij AB (Sweden))

    2009-06-15

    Gas produced by gasification of biomass can be up-graded to so called SNG (Substitute Natural Gas) that can be jointly distributed in the natural gas grid. Sweden is in a favourable position to develop technology for production of SNG due to vast resources of suitable biofuels and crops. However, the possibilities to distribute SNG in Sweden are limited due to the fact that the natural gas grid is built out only in the Southern parts of the country. The Swedish natural gas grid is anyhow integrated to together with the European natural gas grid, which is essentially integrated over the national borders. A previous study reveals a lack of knowledge concerning means of control for promotion of SNG in other European countries and to what extent they can be used to stimulate the use of SNG and crossborder trade of SNG. Increased use of SNG, by utilisation of the existing infrastructure for natural gas is expected to significantly contribute to the EU targets for increased use of renewable energy, mitigation of greenhouse gases and improvement of supply of energy. The aim of this study is to analyse requirements for distribution of SNG, produced in Sweden, on the European market. The study comprises a comparison of means of control and promotion of renewable energy in other EU-countries influence on conditions for production of SNG in Sweden for use in transport, industry and the energy sector in Denmark, Germany, Netherlands and Great Britain as examples. Of special interest is to illustrate the possibilities to analyse the applicability of so called Green Gas, which is if SNG might be distributed in optional delivery points in the whole of the integrated European natural gas grid, independent of if such gas physically can reach the actual delivery points, as is the fact for Green Electricity. The comparison of the countries shows different conditions, both concerning the markets for gas and the ambitions of the different countries to development and utilisation of renewable gas in different sectors. The use of biogas is in great extent concentrated to production of electricity and heat in all of the countries but a development towards a more diversified utilisation, which predominantly mean increased use for transports is ongoing in Netherlands, Germany and Sweden. In these countries there are explicit ambitions to support the development and the ambitions are supported by adapted means of control. In Denmark and Great Britain the means of control mainly is directed on production of renewable electricity while there still appears to be uncertainties concerning support for use of SNG for transports or for joint distribution of SNG in the natural gas grid. Comparative estimations have been performed with the aim of demonstrate the highest production cost for SNG to be competitive in relation to fossil fuels. The estimations illustrate for the combined heat and power sector that SNG has the best possibilities to be competitive in relation to natural gas in the combined heat and power sector in Denmark and Great Britain. The competitiveness for SNG towards heating oil is relatively fair in all countries except Netherlands. The competitiveness towards natural gas is fair in Denmark and Sweden but poorer in other countries. For industrial use SNG is uncompetitive towards neither natural gas nor oil, because of strongly subsidised energy taxation for the industry in all of the countries in the study. SNG has a considerable competitive advantage towards petrol. Natural gas used as a motor fuel has a considerable fiscal advantage towards petrol in all countries except Denmark. Because SNG used as a motor fuel is imposed with the same taxes as natural gas in both Denmark, Great Britain and Netherlands the competitiveness is low towards natural gas in these countries. In these countries there is also no or very limited infrastructure for gaseous motor fuels. The support systems which exist in Germany and Netherlands have been implemented to increase production of renewable fuels, thus to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The support systems are expressively aimed to promote utilisation of biogas to stimulate investments in new production capacity or to support investments directly. The support is especially directed on digestion of manure and agricultural residues to achieve the double effect of mitigation of emissions of carbon dioxide from combustion and mitigation of methane from agriculture. In neither the literature studies performed nor by the contacts taken with trade associations in the actual countries during the study indicate that the systems for support of renewable energy in respective country would be applicable on imported SNG. Potential estimations from respective country shows in each and every case great potential for production of biogas and upgrading to SNG that not yet are exploited.

  20. Site selection - location of the repository for spent nuclear fuel; Platsval - lokalisering av slutfoervaret foer anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2010-12-15

    This document describes the localization work and SKB's choice of site for the repository. Furthermore, SKB's basis and rationale for the decisions taken during the work are reported. The document is Appendix PV of applications under the Nuclear Activities Act and the Environmental Code to both build and operate an encapsulation plant adjacent to the central interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel in Oskarshamn, and to construct and operate a disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark in Oesthammar municipality

  1. Combined bio and solar heating system. Handbook for system design; Kombinerade bio- och solvaermesystem. Handbok foer systemutformning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Persson, Tomas

    2008-11-15

    The purpose of this report is to compile the knowledge available concerning combined pellets and solar system in order to support companies in their systems design. This publication deals with experience gained in research on solar and pellet heating, and gives proposals to system design, various technical solutions, and how systems should be controlled. When solar and pellets are combined, there are many possibilities to interconnect the systems. There are different traditions in different countries, which makes the system solutions vary from country to country. A general conclusion is that conventional Swedish boilers with built-in hot water heater are not appropriate for conventional solar systems. It gives rise to complex solutions and it is difficult to achieve good stratification in the water tank. In a solar system, it is important that the tank can be discharged in such a way that sharp stratification is obtained. This means that the tank bottom must be chilled to the temperature of incoming cold water and that the middle part must be cooled to the same temperature as the radiator return. If solar panels even in winter can work to preheat the cold water of 10 to 20 C, a much better efficiency is obtained on collectors than if the radiator return must be preheated, which at best is at a temperature level of between 30 and 40 C. To this end, the radiator return is placed well up from the bottom of the tank and the tap water is preheated in a loop that starts in the tank bottom. Another important parameter in the tank design is that heat losses are kept low, it is important that the solar heat can produce the hot water even during overcast periods in summer and to keep energy consumption low. In modern houses where the tank is placed in the living area, it is important to avoid high temperatures in the room where the tank is placed. To obtain a good isolation one must ensure that there is an airtight layer across the isolation that also closes tightly against connections. Involuntary self-circulation in connecting circuits capable of cooling and mix the tank is prevented by check valves. In the design of the solar collector system it is important that overheating and stagnation can be met without glycol degradation or other damage. Partial evaporation allows the fluid to boil in a controlled way so that only vapor remains in the solar collectors. The liquid is collected in a major expansion tank and the system is refilled when the liquid condenses. Drainage system with water only is also an possibility, but requires greater care in the design to avoid breaking from freezing. Pellet stoves provides good comfort and low electricity demand in electrically heated houses with an open plan, i e. if the heat from the stove can spread to all rooms. Even in low energy houses, the air heater may be appropriate. In houses with more enclosed layout, a water tank-equipped stove and a water-based heating system are necessary. It is important that such systems are designed correctly to achieve good heating comfort and low electricity consumption

  2. Impurities in biogas - validation of analytical methods for siloxanes; Foeroreningar i biogas - validering av analysmetodik foer siloxaner

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arrhenius, Karine; Magnusson, Bertil; Sahlin, Eskil [SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Boraas (Sweden)

    2011-11-15

    Biogas produced from digester or landfill contains impurities which can be harmful for component that will be in contact with the biogas during its utilization. Among these, the siloxanes are often mentioned. During combustion, siloxanes are converted to silicon dioxide which accumulates on the heated surfaces in combustion equipment. Silicon dioxide is a solid compound and will remain in the engine and cause damages. Consequently, it is necessary to develop methods for the accurate determination of these compounds in biogases. In the first part of this report, a method for analysis of siloxanes in biogases was validated. The sampling was performed directly at the plant by drawing a small volume of biogas onto an adsorbent tube under a short period of time. These tubes were subsequently sent to the laboratory for analysis. The purpose of method validation is to demonstrate that the established method is fit for the purpose. This means that the method, as used by the laboratory generating the data, will provide data that meets a set of criteria concerning precision and accuracy. At the end, the uncertainty of the method was calculated. In the second part of this report, the validated method was applied to real samples collected in waste water treatment plants, co-digestion plants and plants digesting other wastes (agriculture waste). Results are presented at the end of this report. As expected, the biogases from waste water treatment plants contained largely higher concentrations of siloxanes than biogases from co-digestion plants and plants digesting agriculture wastes. The concentration of siloxanes in upgraded biogas regardless of which feedstock was digested and which upgrading technique was used was low.

  3. Syndrome, Symptom, Trauma-chains in Post-9/11 Novels: Safran Foer, Ken Kalfus and Don DeLillo

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Sørensen, Bent

    Perhaps Slavoj Zizek's famous or notorious exhortation ‘Enjoy Your Symptom!' set forth in a 1992 book of that title, containing his Lacanian analyses of Hollywood film, should more properly, esp. post 9/11, be formulated ‘enjoy your syndrome!' Certainly a whole new batch of trauma literature and ......, a larger cultural criticism is required to fully understand the development in question....

  4. Measures for simultaneous minimisation of alkali related operating problems; Aatgaerder foer samtidig minimering av alkalirelaterade driftproblem. Ramprogram

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Davidsson, Kent; Eskilsson, David; Gyllenhammar, Marianne; Herstad Svaerd, Solvie; Kassman, Haakan; Steenari, Britt-Marie; Aamand, Lars-Erik

    2006-12-15

    Combustion of biofuel and waste wood is often accompanied by chlorine and alkali related operating problems such as slagging, deposit formation and corrosion on heat exchanger surfaces and bed agglomeration in fluidised bed boilers. In order to gain a greater insight into possible measures to overcome alkali related operating problems studies were carried out during 2005-2006. The results of the studies are presented in this report which includes work performed in the two following projects: 1 A5-509 Frame work - measures for simultaneous minimisation of alkali related operating problems 2 A5-505 Bed agglomeration risk related to combustion of cultivated fuels (wheat straw, red canary grass, industrial hemp) in commercial bed materials Full-scale experiments were carried out at Chalmers 12 MW{sub th} CFB boiler within the project A5-509. The purpose was to study the effect of various measures on bed agglomeration and deposit formation in connection with co-combustion of wood and straw pellets. The various measures included changing the bed material (blast furnace sand and olivine sand), adding various additives (kaolin, ammonium sulphate, elemental sulphur) and also co-combustion with sewage sludge. Furthermore results from kaolin experiments at the 26 MWth CFB boiler owned by Naessjoe Affaersverk were made available during the project and are also presented in this report. The results from the experiments at Chalmers revealed that, already at the lowest dosage of kaolin, approx. 2 kg/MWh, the bed material agglomeration temperatures increased significantly. The dosage of kaolin can presumably be reduced somewhat further while still maintaining the high agglomeration temperature. Experiments with a higher dosage of kaolin, 7 kg/MWh, proved that kaolin could also reduce the risk of deposit problems. The experiments at Naessjoe showed also that addition of kaolin increased the agglomeration temperature of the bed material. Addition of sulphur in any form resulted in a reduced chlorine content in the deposits. Ammonium sulphate was more effective than elemental sulphur on the basis of added sulphur. However, no significantly positive effect was observed on the bed agglomeration. The risk for both agglomeration and deposits problems were reduced during co-combustion with sewage sludge. Further results from the experiments at Chalmers revealed that the effect of changing bed material was dependent on the type of bed material chosen. The blast furnace sand had a greater effect than olivine sand when reducing the risk of bed agglomeration. The content of alkali chlorides in the flue gas and in deposits were doubled when changing the bed material to olivine sand, compared to the reference case (a silica sand named silversand). Even in the experiments with blast furnace sand, the alkali chloride content in the deposits increased, but not as much as in the case with olivine sand. According to approximate estimations, the costs of the various measures will be in the range of 3-30 SEK/MWh. Simultaneous addition of sulphur and kaolin is an interesting approach which will be investigated in stage 2. Within the project A5-505, laboratory experiments were performed in a 5 kW bubbling fluidised bed reactor where the tendencies of bed agglomeration for wheat straw, red canary grass, industrial hemp were studied in combination with different commercial bed materials. The results showed that straw had the greatest agglomeration tendency followed by red canary grass and industrial hemp. Furthermore the experiments showed that the fuel ash appeared in the bed as sticky separate ash particles and that the composition of the bed material had no significant effect on the agglomeration tendencies of the different fuels

  5. Function of all-metal separators for waste fuels. Phase 1; Funktion av allmetallseparatorer foer avfallsbraenslen. Etapp 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jacoby, Juergen; Wrangensten, Lars

    2004-08-01

    Various waste incineration facilities, which use different types of waste fuels, have difficulties with a high content of non-magnetic metal, especially aluminum in their fuels. Aluminum may melt on the grate and can lead to corrosion or fouling in the furnace. Additionally, a high content of aluminum in the flyash may cause difficulties in terms of storage or further use of the ash as e.g. construction material. The industrial demand for efficient separators for non-magnetic metals from a fuel stream is rather large. There is however some uncertainty in the performance and efficiency of metal separators. Two types of separators can be found, the first type is called eddy current separator, the other type is based upon a metal detector with a sorting unit in the form of a chute or similar afterwards. An eddy current separator consists of a fast rotating drum containing several permanent magnets with alternating polarity. Due to the rotation, the change in the magnetic field induces eddy currents in conducting materials. The eddy currents cause a force in non-magnetic metal, the Lorentz force, which repels the material away from the rotating drum while all other material follows the systems flow direction. Systems equipped with a metal detector activate a mechanical sorting device, separate chute or air nozzles, when a metal particle is detected. In contrast to eddy current separators all types of metals can be detected and sorted out by systems based on metal detector. Several technical solutions for metal separation supplied by various manufacturers are described in the report. The companies have been asked to supply product information on the working principle, technical data, efficiency and limits for different types of metals. Two reference power plants have been visited and their experiences with all-metal separators are described. Haendeloeverket in Norrkoeping uses eddy current separators for separation of non-magnetic metals from household waste. Igelstaverket in Soedertaelje applies a metal detector coupled with a chute for metal separation from return wood waste and peat. At Igelstaverket it was found that the existing system works sufficiently well for fuels used in the power plant. At Haendeloeverket, the amount of aluminum found in the bottom ash and fly ash is not negligible. Up to 3-4 wt % non-magnetic metal can be measured in the bottom ash. Separation of aluminum from the waste fuel should with regard to economical aspects as well as technical aspects be improved. Difficulties with metal separation and system design are also discussed in the report.

  6. Energy Efficiency and Conservation for Households - an Internet Site; Energispartips och energitester foer hushaall - en Internet hemsida

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2009-07-01

    This Internet site gives advice for energy conservation in households e.g. on space heating, lighting et cetera. You can also find energy tests of electric appliances, energy impacts of life styles, contact information for your local energy advisor and other information

  7. Programme for the Environmental Control at the Swedish Nuclear Facilities, Revision; Omgivningskontrollprogram foer de kaerntekniska anlaeggningarna, revision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Linden, Ann-Marie

    2004-12-01

    This report contains a revised version of the Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Swedish Nuclear Facilities. The revision is based on earlier experiences and evaluations. Some samples have been excluded. Some have been added, for example spruce cone and the food products apple and currant. The sediment samples of 2 cm length have been completed with samples of 10 cm length every fourth year to follow the migration of radio nuclides down the sediment layers over time. The revised Environmental Monitoring Programme is valid from the 1st of January 2005.

  8. Technology and costs for decommissioning Swedish nuclear power plants; Teknik och kostnader foer rivning av svenska kaernkraftverk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hedin, Gunnar; Gustavsson, Boerje [Westinghouse Electric Sweden AB, Vaesteraas (Sweden); Carlsson, Jan [Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., Stockholm (Sweden)

    2004-06-01

    SKB has already performed three studies on available technology and approximate costs for decommissioning Swedish NPPs (years 1986, 1994 and 2000). The present report is an update of the year 2000 report with emphasis on areas that have been studied since the publication of that report. The report also gives a review of the technologies that have been chosen for decommissioning the Swedish reactors. The cost-estimation has also been updated and indexed to the present monetary situation. Areas in need for further studies are pointed in the report.

  9. Requirements for drilling and disposal in deep boreholes; Foerutsaettningar foer borrning av och deponering i djupa borrhaal

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oden, Anders [QTOB, Haesselby (Sweden)

    2013-09-15

    In this report experience from drilling at great depth in crystalline rock is compiled based on project descriptions, articles and personal contacts. Rock mechanical effects have been analyzed. The report also describes proposals made by SKB and other agencies regarding the disposal of and closure of deep boreholes. The combination of drilling deep with large diameter in crystalline rocks have mainly occurred in various research projects, such as in the German KTB project. Through these projects and the increased interest in recent years for geothermal energy , today's equipment is expected to be used to drill 5000 m deep holes , with a hole diameter of 445 mm , in crystalline rock. Such holes could be used for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel. With the deposition technique recently described by Sandia National Laboratories in USA, SKB estimates that it might be possible to implement the disposal to 5000 m depth. Considering the actual implementation, drilling and disposal, and the far-reaching requirements on nuclear safety and radiation protection, it is considered an important risk getting stuck with the capsule-string, or part of it, above deposition zone without being able to get it loose. In conclusion, even if the drilling and the deposit would succeed there remains to verify that the drill holes with the deposited canisters meet the initial requirements and is long-term safe.

  10. Transport systems - solid indigenous fuels. [Identification of fuel transport problems in Sweden]. Transportsystem foer fasta inhemska braenslen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Colliander, J

    1985-12-01

    The following problems have been indentified: - A rational structure of transporting requires an established and relatively open market. - The necessary rolling stock for fuel conveyance by rail is not available. - Roads have to be improved and new roads have to be built. Railways with low load now might get a motivation for reinforcement. - Because of the irregular spread of consumption storing and terminals problems will arise and increase the cost of transport. - Terminals and stores are situated at a convenient place for one single enterprice. On a far-away aim this will not be rational.

  11. Alternative methods for evaluation of airtightness of the building envelope; Alternativa metoder foer utvaerdering av byggnadsskalets lufttaethet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sikander, Eva; Wahlgren, Paula

    2008-07-01

    Airtightness plays an important role when constructing energy efficient, sustainable and healthy buildings. In order to obtain airtight buildings, the airtightness needs to be evaluated during the construction phase. This enables improvements of the airtightness in an easy and cost-efficient way. During the construction phase, it is difficult to quantify the airtightness. However, detecting and sealing air leakages are good measures to improve the airtightness of the building. Several methods to detect air leakages are presented. A methodology to search for air leakages in buildings during construction has been developed, together with contractors and experts, and the methodology has been used at two building sites. The quantifiable airtightness of a building is determined by measuring the airflow that enters or exits the building at a certain pressure difference over the building envelope. In some cases it is not possible to measure air tightness according to standard. Therefore, a number of alternative methods have been evaluated. These methods include: extrapolation of measured data to a range used in standard measurements, using a buildings ventilation system fans to create a pressure difference over the building envelope, measuring the airtightness of a smaller part of the building (apartment, fire compartment or component) and tracer gas measurements

  12. Handbook for replacement of process control systems in thermal power plants; Handbok - Utbytesbehov i kontrollsystem foer vaermekraftverk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tuszynski, J. [Sydkraft Konsult AB, Malmoe (Sweden); Eriksson, Tage [Vattenfall Energisystem AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    1996-12-01

    Modernization of control equipment in more complex power plants, such as thermal power plants, requires special attention due to the almost complete change-over to new computerised technology. The introduction of new technology gives rise to great changes in both the process control systems and in operation and maintenance routines. The change-over to computerised technology also causes lack of spare parts and service for older equipment. The older technology becomes obsolete due to the great advantages that comes with new technology. Therefore, the lifetime of control equipment is not only coupled to traditional ageing and wear, such as oxidation and fatigue of material, but also to the fact that the old equipment is getting out of date. It becomes more and more common that this out-of-date factor, rather than ageing, sets the limit for the useful life of the equipment. The Handbook for replacement of process control systems in thermal power plants is thought to be a first help for engineers and managers who has the responsibility for process control modernization. The Handbook points out the factors that determines the service life of the control equipment. It also suggests what information is required in order to take a decision on modernization. The Handbook at its present form constitutes a first approach that leaves room for an extension later on. Any request to expand the Handbook should be put forward to Vaermeforsk or its partners

  13. Ash and sludge covering of mine waste. Benefits and/or risks using ash and sludge for covering of mine waste; Askor och roetslam som taeckskikt foer gruvavfall. Foerdelar och/eller risker med att anvaenda aska och slam som taeckskikt foer gruvavfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baeckstroem, Mattias; Johansson, Inger [Oerebro Univ. (Sweden). Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre

    2004-01-01

    One of the main sources for metal pollution in Sweden is mine waste. One way to decrease the leaching of metals from mine waste areas is covering which decreases the formation of acid drainage. There is a shortage of appropriate materials to use for covering, and excavation of till and clay from the environment might cause damages on the landscape. Previous studies have demonstrated that sludge and ashes are suitable materials for covering of waste deposits. When covering mine waste with ash and sludge various positive effects would arise, since the production of drainage water decreases as well as the pH increases due to the high buffer-capacity of the ash. In Ervalla outside Oerebro an area with mine waste has been covered with ash and sludge. This area gives a unique possibility to study benefits and/or risks with the covering of mine waste with ash and sludge. This report is a summary of the first phase of the project and the focus has been on characterisation of the material that has been used for covering. Also a monitoring program for the area has started. Preliminary findings indicate that that the covering decreases the leaching of some metals whereas the leaching of some metals increases. A decrease in the concentration of iron, nickel, cobalt and lead was observed and an increase was observed for arsenic, barium, chromium and copper.

  14. Electricity utilization for ventilation purposes in new and old offices; Elanvaendning foer ventilation i nya och gamla kontor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Westerberg, J. [Stockholm Univ. (Sweden)

    1995-12-31

    The consumption of electric power for ventilation purposes in new office buildings is compared with an investigation made 1990-91. This study will be used in two planning scenarios, `frozen efficiency` and BaU (Business as Usual). With the technology of 1980s the power used for ventilation will increase from 190 GWh in 1991 to 210 GWh in the year 2010. The technology of the 1990s will give an increase to 205 GWh in the year 2010. 21 refs, 21 figs, 2 tabs

  15. Recommendations for conversions of grate fired boilers to fluidising beds; Anvisningar foer konvertering av rosterpannor till fluidiserad baeddteknik

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eriksson, Lars; Ingman, Rolf [AaF Energikonsult AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2001-03-01

    This report gives advice and recommendations for retrofitting of grate fired boilers to fluidising beds. Nine plants have been visited and experiences from these conversion projects have been gathered and analysed. Among the important points planning, fuel specification, heat balance calculations and clarifying of delivery limits can be mentioned. It is also important not to underestimate the need for education of the operational staff.

  16. Time for final disposal of nuclear waste - society, technology and nature; Tid foer slutfoervaring. Samhaelle, teknik och natur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Forsling, Willis; Andersson-Skog, Lena; Haenninen, Hannu; Knutsson, Gert; Ma ttsson, Soeren; Stigh, Jimmy; Soederberg, Olof; Bolin, Bert; Nordlund, Erling

    2007-05-15

    This report consists of a number of independent contribution that treat different aspects of the nuclear waste complex, with the time perspective as a common starting point. The review does not pretend to cover the entire area, but the selected issues addressed are those of large general interest. First a general overview is given of how the nuclear waste issue has been treated in Sweden since the plans to use nuclear power begun be planned in the middle of the 1940s. The complex of problem around the nuclear waste issue is linked to our natural aversion against the development of nuclear weapons during they last 60-70 years, but also to the controversies around the peaceful use of the nuclear power that has happened during the latest 30-40 years. In chapters 3 the time perspective is considerably shorter, approximately 20 years. Here, construction and operation of an underground repository for nuclear waste is discussed. Such an undertaking has many resemblances with establishing an underground mine and there is much experience to learn from. In chapters 4 questions about the technical barriers are treated, the copper container, bentonite buffer and the backfilling. The copper container and bentonite buffer both have key roles to prevent ground water to come in contact with the spent fuel and that radioactivity is transported out into the environment. They must both fulfil their functions during the period when the fuel is dangerous, i.e. over 100,000 years. Different processes affects the repository, some during short periods, some during several 10,000 years. Specific intervals (from 10 years and up to 100,000 years) are indicated for the different processes, almost all with the starting point at the deposition of the waste. The possibility to gain experiences from natural analogies is treated in chapters 5. They can be seen as a prolonged experiment in natural systems where one reactor zone has been active for more than 100,000 years. The time perspective stretches itself millions of years backward in the time. In chapters 6, Geologic development, time periods on millions years backward are considered. Crystals that formed more than 1,700 million years ago can be studied today. The future climate development is an increasingly central question in the debate. The climate is governed of an ensemble of interacting astronomical factors that vary on time scales from 10,000- 100,000 years, and changes in the atmosphere's carbon dioxide concentration happen on time scales from 100 to a few thousand years, and may be caused of the man and/or nature.

  17. Critical factors for profitable combined production of heat, power and biofuels; Kritiska faktorer foer loensam produktion i bioenergikombinat

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nohlgren, Ingrid; Gunnarsson, Emma; Lundqvist, Per; Stigander, Haakan; Widmark, Annika (AaF, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2012-02-15

    During the last 5-10 years, research and development efforts have been made in the field of polygeneration of heat and power with production of 'other green' products such as transport fuels or wood pellets. The driving force for heat and power producers is the potential of increased profitability through additional sales of heat. The driving force for wood pellet and some transport fuel producers is the potential of low cost process steam or heat. However, in the case of gasification based transport fuel production processes the situation is different. The process generates a surplus of heat, which can benefit from the proximity of a district heating net. In addition, some polygeneration combinations could provide other advantages such as more efficient raw material handling. Together with these driving forces, the EU renewable energy directive (which targets 10 % renewable energy use in the transport sector by 2020), shows that the market for production of renewable transport fuel is expanding. To refine Swedish biomass resources to more highly valuable products such as wood pellets or renewable transport fuels would maintain industry and employment opportunities within Sweden and at the same time fulfils the international and national climate targets. The overall aim with this project is to describe the factors which are crucial for the opportunity for profitable polygeneration of heat, power and wood pellets or renewable transport fuels and how these factors influence the location of such a plant within Sweden. The important factors can be categorized as: (1) Supply of raw material, (2) distribution of raw material and products, (3) Demand of products and (4) Integration between the different plants. In this project, only general aspects are described and should be seen as guidance for the industry (both energy and forest industry) which has an interest in polygeneration. The project gives an overview of different possibilities, opportunities and prerequisites for profitable polygeneration plants. The aim is that different actors within the energy and forest industry should be able to use the results in their own more detailed investment analysis. The project is based on data and material in open literature, in depth interviews of important actors and suppliers within this field, and, finally, an analysis by the authors. The project covers three different polygeneration plants: (1) Combined heat, power and wood pellet production, (2) combined heat, power and ethanol production, and (3) Bio-SNG and heat production

  18. Titanium dioxide. An effective additive for minimisation of alkali vaporisation; Titandioxidadditiv. En effektiv tillsats foer att minska alkalifoeraangning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wiinikka, Henrik; Groenberg, Carola; Oehrman, Olov

    2008-10-15

    If an additive of titanium dioxide can limit the release of alkali under practical combustion conditions it may significantly reduce the ash related operational problems in real furnaces. The aim with this project is therefore to investigate if an additive of titanium dioxide could reduce the vaporisation of alkali during practical combustion conditions and determine the optimum mixing ratio between the fuel and titanium dioxide. Controlled combustion experiments with varied amounts of titanium dioxide in straw pellets were performed in a pellet burner together with sampling of particles in the flue gas (impactor and absolute filter), analysis of the flue gas composition (FTIR) and chemical analyses of the collected particles and bottom ashes (ICP, SEM/EDS, and XRD). The experimental results from this study showed that an increasing amount of titanium dioxide additive reduced the concentration of fine particles in the flue gas. The particle concentration was reduced from 241 mg/Nm3 to 163 mg/Nm3 for an optimum amount of titanium dioxide additive. Furthermore, the concentration of HCl and SO{sub 2} in the flue gas increased when the titanium dioxide was introduced to the straw pellets. Independent of titanium dioxide additive or not, no titanium was detected in the submicron particles. This indicates that titanium is a refractory element that is not vaporised during the combustion process. The chemical composition of the flue gas particles was also influenced by titanium dioxide additive. In general, the amounts of O, Na, and P were increased in the same time as the amounts of S, Cl, and K were reduced when more titanium dioxide was introduced to the straw pellets. From the particle concentration in the flue gas and the chemical composition of the fine particles, the particle bound elemental concentration of Na, P, S, Cl, and K could be estimated. From this investigation the concentration of potassium in the flue gas was reduced from 126 mg/Nm3 to 77 mg/Nm3 when more titanium dioxide was introduced to the straw pellets. However, in the same time the concentration of phosphorous was increased from 1 mg/Nm3 to 9 mg/Nm3. This result indicates that the vaporisation of potassium was reduced and phosphorous was increased from the fuel bed when titanium dioxide was introduced to the straw pellets during the combustion process. The ash that was collected in the pellet burner was defined as bottom ash in the investigation. The amount of bottom ash increased when more titanium dioxide was added to the pellets since titanium is a refractory material. The Si/K and Ca/K ratios in the bottom ash were reduced when titanium dioxide was introduced to the fuel. Since both Si and Ca are refractory elements that do not vaporise during combustion, this indicates that the vaporisation of potassium from the fuel is reduced when more titanium dioxide is introduced to the straw pellets. From the analyses of the flue gas and the bottom ash the degree of vaporised potassium from one experiment could be estimated. From the analysis of the bottom ash, 31 % of the potassium in the original fuel has been vaporised during combustion of pure straw. When titanium dioxide was introduced to the fuel the vaporisation of potassium reduced significantly and for a Ti/K ratio between 1.0-1.4 only 14-18 % of the potassium vaporised, i.e. a 50 % reduction of potassium release. From the analysis of the flue gas instead, 11.3 % of the potassium was released to the gas phase during combustion of clean straw. The degree of vaporised potassium was reduced to about 7 % for a Ti/K ratio between 1.0-1.4, i.e. a 40 % reduction of potassium release. The amount of vaporised potassium during combustion of straw was clearly reduced when titanium dioxide was introduced as additive to the fuel. This means that the potassium in the fuel reacts with the titanium in the fuel bed and form a very temperature stable compound. From the XRD investigation, the crystalline phase KTi{sub 8O16} could be found in the bottom ash. Probably, potassium is also bound in an amorphous phase containing K, Ti, Si, and O. Titanium dioxide additive could either be pure titanium dioxide that is introduced to the fuel or co-firing of a potassium rich fuel with waste wood that contains titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide (titanium white) is the most common pigment in white colour. During 1998 about 20 000 ton titanium dioxide was used as white pigment in Sweden, however not only as wood colour. An estimation of the amount of titanium containing waste wood showed that about 124 ton pure titanium is released during demolition of buildings in Sweden each year. The price for pure titanium dioxide powder varies between 17-20 SEK/kg (1 SEK approx 0.13 USD) dependent on the quality of the powder. The price for titanium dioxide additive depends on the potassium content in the fuel and optimal mixing ratio of titanium dioxide additive.

  19. Repository for spent nuclear fuel. Plant description layout D - Forsmark; Slutfoervarsanlaeggning foer anvaent kaernbraensle. Anlaeggningsbeskrivning layout D - Forsmark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2010-07-15

    This document describes the final repository for spent nuclear fuel, SFK, which is located at Forsmark, in Oesthammar. The bedrock at the site is part of a so-called tectonic lens, in which the rock composition is relatively homogeneous and less deformed than outside the lens. The bedrock consists mainly of granite with high quartz content and good thermal conductivity. The central parts above ground are grouped in an operations area, located at the Soederviken on the south side of the intake duct for cooling water for nuclear power plant. Operating area is divided into an internal, secured portion, where the canisters of fuel are handled and there are links to the underground part, and a outer part, where the buffer, backfill and sealing used in the repository's barriers are produced. The above-ground part of the plant and also include storage of excavated rock, ventilation stations, and supplies of bentonite. The underground portion consists of a central area and a storage area. Caverns of the central area contain features for the underground operation. It communicates with the internal operating range above ground via a spiral ramp and several shafts. The ramp used to transport capsules of spent fuel and other heavy or bulky transport. The shafts are used to transport rock, buffer, backfill and staff, as well as for ventilation. The largest part of the space below ground is the repository where the canisters with the spent fuel are disposed. The capsules are deposited in vertical holes in the tunnels. When the deposit in a tunnel is complete, the tunnel is re-filled. The two main activities underground is rock work and disposal work, which are conducted separately from each other. Rock works covers all steps required to excavate tunnels and drill deposition holes, as well as to make temporary installations in the tunnels. To the landfill works count, besides the deposit of the capsule, the placement of the bentonite buffer in the deposition hole and backfilling and plugging of the deposition tunnels

  20. Graetzel solar cell modules for outdoor applications, phase 2. Final report; Graetzel-solcellsmoduler foer utomhusapplikationer, fas 2. Slutrapport

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pettersson, Henrik [IVF Industriforskning och utveckling AB, Moelndal (Sweden)

    2005-06-01

    The project 'Monolithic Dye PV Modules for Outdoor Applications' has been performed at IVF Industrial Research and Development Corporation in Moelndal over the period June 2003 to December 2004. The possibility of the dye-sensitised solar cell technology compared to other PV technologies is to realise PV products with low cost/W{sub peak} in combination with a low investment cost for setting up a production unit. The latter is important since it opens for production by smaller companies and reduces the risk related to commercialisation. The technical efforts of the project have resulted in monolithic dye PV cells with efficiencies up to 7 %. The module preparation has been scaled up to module sizes of 200 cm{sup 2} using industrial manufacturing methods. These devices will be further developed in 2005 in the project 'Flexible Solar Cells'.

  1. Energy and Security: future-oriented studies for the Swedish Armed Forces; Energi och saekerhet: framtidsinriktade omvaerldsanalyser foer Foersvarsmakten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oestensson, Malin; Jonsson, Daniel K.; Magnusson, Roger; Dreborg, Karl Henrik

    2009-01-15

    The report provides a basis for the Armed Forces long-term planning, and how changes in the global energy supply may mean new challenges and threats, as well as the advantages and disadvantages that can be associated with different future energy solutions for Armed Forces own activities, primarily relating to fuel and power during operation. One conclusion is that the potential conflict between energy security and climate-security can lead to far-reaching security implications and that continued global fossil dependency contributes to increased safety of political and military focus on a number of potential conflicts. A new such area may be the Arctic, as in the wake of climate change will become available for exploitation. Large scale global renewable energy can bring greater geographical spread - and reduced pressure on existing 'hot-spots'. Nuclear power is unlikely to be influential in the overall global energy security, but security problems associated with the production of nuclear materials can spread and be strengthened. Furthermore, the energy problems of connected to gaps between rich and poor, which may lead to social friction and conflict. The trend toward increased nationalisation and politicization of the energy is in contrast to free trade and market liberalism and may lead to further militarization of energy resources. Bilateral energy contracts may result in division within the EU and create a hindrance to joint positions and actions, such as in international efforts. As for Armed Forces own future energy solutions, the knowledge of alternative fuels (eg alcohols, diesel variants, gaseous fuels) and energy converters (eg hybrid vehicles, fuel cells) is reviewed. The following alternative principle solutions fuel and power are discussed: 1. Power from small-scale electricity generation via solar cells and small wind farms and power stations with liquid fuel as a supplement. Transport with plug-in hybrid vehicles, i.e. liquid propellants in combination nation with electric. 2. Liquid fuels for vehicles and for the power and heat generation with different fractions of renewable liquid fuel. 3. Fuel cells for power and operation of vehicles (hydrogen or other hydrogen-rich fuel). A more efficient use of energy should be the primary starting point for then balance the environmental, safety, cost effectiveness and operational requirements. The defense-related energy research should ultimately evolve to energy futures and environment analyses and interact with the technical research on energy, but the directions are carried out as separate project areas, since time perspectives, the interaction partners and beneficiaries of research are often different. External assessments should have a security policy focus on the longer term, but stress defense-specific challenges and requirements for new talents in the medium long term. As for Armed Forces own energy solutions, the research on one side to deal with both existing operational requirements and future challenges, the the other, both in Sweden and in international operations, which may require different approaches

  2. Dose conversion factors for radiation doses at normal operation discharges. F. Methods report; Dosomraekningsfaktorer foer normaldriftutslaepp. F. Metodrapport

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bergstroem, Ulla; Hallberg, Bengt; Karlsson, Sara

    2001-10-01

    A study has been performed in order to develop and extend existing models for dose estimations at emissions of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities in Sweden. This report gives a review of the different exposure pathways that have been considered in the study. Radioecological data that should be used in calculations of radiation doses are based on the actual situation at the nuclear sites. Dose factors for children have been split in different age groups. The exposure pathways have been carefully re-examined, like the radioecological data; leading to some new pathways (e.g. doses from consumption of forest berries, mushrooms and game) for cesium and strontium. Carbon 14 was given a special treatment by using a model for uptake of carbon by growing plants. For exposure from aquatic emissions, a simplification was done by focussing on the territory for fish species, since consumption of fish is the most important pathway.

  3. Process and sensor diagnostic: Data reconciliation for a flue gas channel; Process- och sensordiagnostik: Dataaaterfoerening foer ett roekgastaag

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Karlsson, Christer; Dahlquist, Erik [Maelardalen Univ., Vaesteraas (Sweden). Dept. of Public Technology

    2003-10-01

    The project has shown that model-based data reconciliation can be used in heat and power plants, but it needs support of soft sensors. Generally power plants are not equipped with more sensors than required by control systems, environment and financial reports. Soft sensors are needed to compensate for lack of redundancy in mass-flow sensors. Redundancy makes it possible to isolate gross errors. The smallest error needed to be determined sets the requirement on the process model accuracy. Tools available today from this project are; classification of different process sections with redundancy analysis and gross error detection. Quantification of the errors with the mass balance model has not been successful and this part needs further development. Theoretical comparison of the three different methods presented resulted in favour of data reconciliation based on a mass balance model. The mass balance model has a structure based on physical reality. The searches for gross errors are transparent to the user. It can handle sensor failure. The statistical linear model is preferred for smaller process sections when transparency is not needed and focus is on fast, simple and cheap implementation. Data reconciliation based on steady-state energy balance has the same origin as the mass balance model. Data reconciliation based on energy balance is harder to compute and its sensors difficult to classify. The drawback is complexity, but the strength is that the large number of temperature sensors can be used in the data reconciliation. Large gross errors are detected and quantified for most process mass flows with acceptable accuracy. Performances for small errors are not as good. Performance of the data reconciliation is strongly dependent on precision in the process models. This conclusion is drawn from comparison with other studies that show good performance for laboratory simulations. There are still many parts to develop further as: Soft sensors, tests for identification of gross errors, computation of covariance matrix, quantification of gross errors.

  4. Annual Report 2011 for the Swedish CDM and JI program; Aarsredovisning 2011 foer Sveriges CDM och JI-program

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2012-11-01

    The report is an annual report of the Swedish CDM [Clean Development Mechanism] and JI [Joint Implementation]program for 2011. The report shows aims and goals of the business and the work of individual CDM and JI projects and multilateral funds which have been performed over the entire duration of life and especially during 2011. The report presents volume orders, deliveries of emission reduction units as well as the volumes expected to be needed for the fulfillment of the national target by 2020. The report also includes information about the average price for the emission reductions as well as alternative costs.

  5. Are there barriers to competition on the market for energy services?; Finns det konkurrenshinder paa marknaden foer energitjaenster?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2012-07-01

    Under orders from the Government, offices of Swedish Energy Authority conduct an in-depth analysis of the competitive conditions in various segments of the energy services market. In particular, the competitive relationship between energy suppliers and on the other hand, other companies providing energy services. Also the relationship between municipal-owned companies and other companies providing energy services should be analyzed. The institutional framework is already known, as well as much of the activity in the market. However, there still seems to be perspective on actors' own perceptions of market conditions that should be clarified. For this reason, the starting point for this investigation was the companies' own statements and comments, which were obtained partly through a questionnaire and interviews. A basic assumption has been that the opinions and beliefs also guide companies actions. This means that the actors' own voices form a kind of recurring theme in the study and contributes to a deeper understanding of the actors' motivations. It should be noted that Energy Agency does not necessarily share the views that emerge in this context.

  6. Electricity utilization for ventilation purposes in new and old offices; Elanvaendning foer ventilation i nya och gamla kontor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Westerberg, J [Stockholm Univ. (Sweden)

    1996-12-31

    The consumption of electric power for ventilation purposes in new office buildings is compared with an investigation made 1990-91. This study will be used in two planning scenarios, `frozen efficiency` and BaU (Business as Usual). With the technology of 1980s the power used for ventilation will increase from 190 GWh in 1991 to 210 GWh in the year 2010. The technology of the 1990s will give an increase to 205 GWh in the year 2010. 21 refs, 21 figs, 2 tabs

  7. Capacity for management of combustible and organic wastes; Kapacitet foer att ta hand on braennbart och organiskt avfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sundberg, Johan [Profu AB, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    2000-10-01

    A ban on deposition of combustible wastes will be introduced in 2002. A similar ban concerning organic wastes will be introduced in 2005. Because landfilling is the most common treatment today, we need new forms of waste treatment within a couple of years.The aim of this investigation is to map and analyse supply and demand for wastes covered by the new bans.

  8. Study of flue gas condensing for biofuel fired heat and power plants; Studie av roekgaskondensering foer biobraensleeldade kraftvaermeanlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Axby, Fredrik; Gustafsson, J O; Nystroem, Johan; Johansson, Kent

    2000-11-01

    This report considers questions regarding flue gas condensing plants connected to bio-fuelled heat and power plants. The report consists of two parts, one where nine existing plants are described regarding technical issues and regarding the experience from the different plants. Part two is a theoretical study where heat balance calculations are made to show the technical and economical performance in different plant configurations and operating conditions. Initially the different parts in the flue gas condensing plant are described. Tube, plate and scrubber condensers are described briefly. The different types of humidifiers are also described, rotor, cross-stream plate heat exchanger and scrubber. Nine flue gas-condensing plants have been visited. The plants where chosen considering it should be bio-fuel fired plant primarily heat and power plants. Furthermore we tried to get a good dissemination considering plant configuration, supplier, geographical position, operating situation and plant size. The description of the different plants focuses on the flue gas condenser and the belonging components. The fuel, flue gas and condensate composition is described as well as which materials are used in the different parts of the plant. The experience from operating the plants and the reasons of why they decided to chose the actual condenser supplier are reported.

  9. Analysis of environmental risks with an encapsulation plant and a final disposal repository; Miljoeriskanalys foer inkapslingsanlaeggning och slutfoervar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andersson, Johan; Herly, Lucien; Pettersson, Lars [SwedPower AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2006-05-15

    This report covers non-radiological environmental risks related to an encapsulation plant and a final repository for spent nuclear fuel. All stages of the above are covered. This means construction, operation, demolition and sealing. A risk, in this report, is defined as a combination of probability and consequence of an undesired event. An extensive and systematic effort has been made in order to identify all risks. If risks remain undetected it should be low probability events. The risks are also evaluated to see which risks are the more serious ones. A large part of the existing risks are oil or diesel on the ground. In general the main risks occur during the construction phase and they are similar to normal risks at every large construction project. Most of the above are discharges of oil products on the ground within the construction area. With a good organisation and a high environmental profile these discharges can be minimized and when needed cleaned. For some of the other risks the same is valid - with a good preventive work they can be reduced considerably. One event which has a relatively high probability for occurrence and which may not easily be cleaned is a damaged lorry leaking oil. The resulting damage depends on where it occurs and maybe also when. Neither in Forsmark nor in Oskarshamn there are common sources of water supply in direct connection to where lorries pass and the probability for a lorry accident to cause damage to the environment is limited. After the assessment and evaluation of risk reducing measures there is one risk that appears serious even though the probability is low. This risk is the possible influence of the final repository on the subsoil water. It is most important that a large effort is put on reducing this risk. The probability of traffic accidents with injuries or fatalities will increase slightly, especially during the second phase of the construction period, since the amount of traffic is expected to increase then. Of the identified risks some differ depending on the localisation of the establishment. Primarily this applies to everything related to transports. The risk that nature is affected by leaking lorries is in principle depending on location. However the difference between a localisation in Forsmark or in Oskarshamn is minor. The only identified difference is that the exit on to road 76 in Forsmark implies a higher risk for accidents than the corresponding exit on to E22 in Oskarshamn. The risk for affecting the subsoil water may differ depending on localisation but this is not covered in this report since the geological conditions are very carefully examined in other studies. All other risks (with the definition used in this report) appear to be sufficiently equal not to affect the choice of localisation. The risk assessment should be updated later when the planning has come further. Then the design of the facilities and the location of the canister manufacturing plant are more defined. Risk reducing measures such as bankings, pump capacities etc will also be defined more clearly than at the present time. Changes of the risks may have occurred and suggested measures may also be more concrete than at this early stage.

  10. Bio-oils and other bio fuels used in heat- and power generation; Flytande biobraenslen foer el- och vaermeproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sandgren, Annamaria; Ekdahl, Emma; Sernhed, Kerstin; Lindstroem, Erica

    2010-05-15

    The purpose of this study was to assemble and disseminate knowledge about bio-oils and other bio fuels which are used for heat- and power generation or liquid bio fuels/oils that may become interesting in the future. One aim of this study was to give an updated picture of the Swedish market for bio-oils and to provide an overview of practical experience on the usage of bio-oils in the Swedish heat and power industry. In order to show a green profile, bio-oils can be used in the heat and power generation. However, not all bio-oils can be viewed as climate friendly. Some production of bio-oils may actually - if a lifecycle perspective is considered - lead to increased emissions of greenhouse gases, and there are also ethical issues that need to be considered. The data collection was carried out in three different fields. The objective of the first part was to create an overview of the Swedish market for liquid bio fuels/oils for heat and power production. The second part of the study aimed to clarify the issues surrounding environmental and ethical issues associated with the use of different bio-oils. A selection of oil crops for a closer study was made based on production volume (soybean, palm oil and rapeseed) and expected future potential (jatropha). This part of the study was based on a literature review. In the third part of the study technical and practical experiences from using bio-oils in heat and power production were studied. The interviews made with purchasing managers in the second part gave valuable information on which utilities would be the most interesting to interview for the study of technical and practical experiences, where interviews were carried out with persons familiar with the daily operation of the plant. The use of liquid bio fuels was about 4.3 % of total fuel use in Swedish district heating production in 2007 (1.2 % pine oil and 3.0 % other bio-oil). In other words, it is mainly bio-oils that have been used and not other types of liquid bio fuels. The types of liquid bio fuels that have been studied are different qualities of bio-oils and glycerol that is a residual from biodiesel production. Vegetable bio-oils are the most commonly used in Swedish heat and power production amongst the liquid bio fuels. Vegetable oils can be extracted from a variety of different crops that grows all over the world. Due to today's fuel prices, the bio-oil that is used for heat and power production is mainly residue or by-products from industrial production of food, feed manufacturing, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The most abundant bio-oils that have been encountered during the interview process have come from oil palm or rapeseed or a mix of different residues from which the biological origin is difficult to trace. Tall oil pitch, which is a by-product in the pulp industry, has held a non-negligible share in Swedish heat production. Experiments on combustion of glycerol have recently been carried out and these indicate that glycerol does have a potential. According to the district heating companies that were interviewed, they did not experience that lack of availability of bio-oils was a problem, although the quality of the bio-oils could vary greatly. Most district heating companies have developed specifications for the fuel to be purchased. All parties benefit from a good specification where the purchasing managers and the operational staff have consistent requirements. The liquid bio fuels used in Swedish heat production are, except for possibly the PFAD, not accepted products, but different types of residues or by-products. There is no commodity exchange where the products are traded and there are a variety of factors affecting the price formation, making the pricing very complex. The study discusses various aspects of the use of bio-oils with a focus on a few crops of particular interest. These are soybean, oil palm, rapeseed and jatropha. The first three are interesting because of their large production volume, but also because of the infective debates that have been going on about the environmental and social impacts of the increased demand for bio-oils. It is common knowledge that some initial problems occur when converting a plant from fossil oil to bio-oil. One of the interviewees summoned the situation with the words: 'It's been a process to learn where the problems are'. The different types of experiences that have been illuminated in the interviews are: - Key characteristics in the choice of fuel is considered to be ash content, the amount of alkali, the amount of glycerol, water content, viscosity, amount of particles and fuel price. - The quality of the bio-oils differ to a great extent, much more than the quality of fossil oil does. This makes it important to have well developed specifications for the procurement of bio-oil and a good strategy for the control of fuel quality.

  11. Environmental systems analysis for the beneficial use of ashes in constructions; Miljoesystemanalys foer nyttiggoerande av askor i anlaeggningsbyggande

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kaerrman, Erik; Olsson, Susanna; Magnusson, Ylva; Peterson, Anna [Ecoloop, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2006-02-15

    All building materials have an impact on the environment, conventional materials as well as recycled materials. But, since recycled materials are classified as waste, the use of them is more strongly restricted. The potential of saving natural materials and energy by the use of recycling materials are rarely considered. This report presents a method for environmental systems analysis considering the use of recycled materials in a wide perspective. Various scenarios for beneficial use or disposal of the residuals that occur in a region (province, county or municipality) are analysed. The method considers emissions to air and water as well as conservation of natural resources and energy. Two case studies have been carried out for the Uppsala County in Sweden. Case study 1 dealt with municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash, where scenarios for beneficial use of ashes in 1) drainage layers in covering of landfills and 2) road construction were compared. Also a third scenario was included as a reference where the MSWI bottom ash was landfilled. The result of case study 1 showed that the use of ashes in road construction was the most beneficial alternative in terms of conservation of natural resources and energy, and also in terms leakage of several metals. The leakage of Arsenic and Zink were however more favourable in scenario 1 and the leakage of copper was more favourable in scenario 3. The second alternative where the ashes were used in drainage layer did not save as much natural resources and caused more emissions of heavy metals to water compared to the road construction application. In case study 2 the beneficial use of fly ash from peat combustion was analysed, including 1) the use of peat ash as a construction material in small county roads, 2) the use of peat ash mixed with sewage sludge as a covering material on landfills. Also this case study included a reference scenario in which the peat ash, generated in Uppsala County, was landfilled. The result from case study 2 indicated that the use of fly ash for county roads had on the one hand the largest use of crushed rocks but was on the second hand the most beneficial alternative regarding leakage of metals. From an energy point of view the alternative with covering of landfills was the most beneficial alternative up to a transport distance of 60 km for the ashes. All results are site-specific. From the synthesis of the whole project it was concluded that the developed method for environmental systems analysis has a potential to be a tool for strategic environmental assessments in regional natural resources plans, municipal planning and EIA. A weakness with this study is that water emissions are mostly based on laboratory leachate tests while data from full-scale studies would have been more relevant. Full scale tests are however rare and must be used with carefulness since they are very dependant on local conditions.

  12. Bio-oils and other bio fuels used in heat- and power generation; Flytande biobraenslen foer el- och vaermeproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sandgren, Annamaria; Ekdahl, Emma; Sernhed, Kerstin; Lindstroem, Erica

    2010-05-15

    The purpose of this study was to assemble and disseminate knowledge about bio-oils and other bio fuels which are used for heat- and power generation or liquid bio fuels/oils that may become interesting in the future. One aim of this study was to give an updated picture of the Swedish market for bio-oils and to provide an overview of practical experience on the usage of bio-oils in the Swedish heat and power industry. In order to show a green profile, bio-oils can be used in the heat and power generation. However, not all bio-oils can be viewed as climate friendly. Some production of bio-oils may actually - if a lifecycle perspective is considered - lead to increased emissions of greenhouse gases, and there are also ethical issues that need to be considered. The data collection was carried out in three different fields. The objective of the first part was to create an overview of the Swedish market for liquid bio fuels/oils for heat and power production. The second part of the study aimed to clarify the issues surrounding environmental and ethical issues associated with the use of different bio-oils. A selection of oil crops for a closer study was made based on production volume (soybean, palm oil and rapeseed) and expected future potential (jatropha). This part of the study was based on a literature review. In the third part of the study technical and practical experiences from using bio-oils in heat and power production were studied. The interviews made with purchasing managers in the second part gave valuable information on which utilities would be the most interesting to interview for the study of technical and practical experiences, where interviews were carried out with persons familiar with the daily operation of the plant. The use of liquid bio fuels was about 4.3 % of total fuel use in Swedish district heating production in 2007 (1.2 % pine oil and 3.0 % other bio-oil). In other words, it is mainly bio-oils that have been used and not other types of liquid bio fuels. The types of liquid bio fuels that have been studied are different qualities of bio-oils and glycerol that is a residual from biodiesel production. Vegetable bio-oils are the most commonly used in Swedish heat and power production amongst the liquid bio fuels. Vegetable oils can be extracted from a variety of different crops that grows all over the world. Due to today's fuel prices, the bio-oil that is used for heat and power production is mainly residue or by-products from industrial production of food, feed manufacturing, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The most abundant bio-oils that have been encountered during the interview process have come from oil palm or rapeseed or a mix of different residues from which the biological origin is difficult to trace. Tall oil pitch, which is a by-product in the pulp industry, has held a non-negligible share in Swedish heat production. Experiments on combustion of glycerol have recently been carried out and these indicate that glycerol does have a potential. According to the district heating companies that were interviewed, they did not experience that lack of availability of bio-oils was a problem, although the quality of the bio-oils could vary greatly. Most district heating companies have developed specifications for the fuel to be purchased. All parties benefit from a good specification where the purchasing managers and the operational staff have consistent requirements. The liquid bio fuels used in Swedish heat production are, except for possibly the PFAD, not accepted products, but different types of residues or by-products. There is no commodity exchange where the products are traded and there are a variety of factors affecting the price formation, making the pricing very complex. The study discusses various aspects of the use of bio-oils with a focus on a few crops of particular interest. These are soybean, oil palm, rapeseed and jatropha. The first three are interesting because of their large production volume, but also because of the infective debates that have been going on about the environmental and social impacts of the increased demand for bio-oils. It is common knowledge that some initial problems occur when converting a plant from fossil oil to bio-oil. One of the interviewees summoned the situation with the words: 'It's been a process to learn where the problems are'. The different types of experiences that have been illuminated in the interviews are: - Key characteristics in the choice of fuel is considered to be ash content, the amount of alkali, the amount of glycerol, water content, viscosity, amount of particles and fuel price. - The quality of the bio-oils differ to a great extent, much more than the quality of fossil oil does. This makes it important to have well developed specifications for the procurement of bio-oil and a good strategy for the control of fuel quality.

  13. The energy logistic model for analyses of transportation- and energy systems; Energilogistikmodell foer systemberaekningar av transport- och energifoersoerjningssystem

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Blinge, M

    1995-05-01

    The Energy Logistic Model has been improved to become a tool for analysis of all production processes, transportation systems and systems including several energy users and several fuels. Two cases were studied. The first case deals with terminal equipment for inter modal transport systems and the second case deals with diesel fuelled trucks, cranes and machines in the Goeteborg area. In both cases, the environmental improvements of the city air quality are analyzed when natural gas is substituted for diesel oil. The comparison between inter modal transport and road haulage shows that the environmental impacts from the operations at the terminal are limited, and that the potential for environmental benefits when using inter modal transport is improving with the transportation distance. The choice of electricity production system is of great importance when calculating the environmental impact from railway traffic in the total analysis of the transportation system. 13 refs, 27 tabs

  14. Foreign materials in a deep repository for spent nuclear fuels; Fraemmande material i ett djupfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jones, C.; Christiansson, Aa.; Wiborgh, M. [Kemakta Konsult AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    1999-12-01

    The effects of foreign substances introduced into a spent-fuel repository are reviewed. Possible impacts on processes and barrier-functions are examined, and the following areas are identified: Corrosion of the spent-fuel canister through the presence of sulfur and substances that favor microbial growth; impacts on the bentonite properties through the presence of cations as calcium, potassium and iron; radionuclide transport through the presence of complex-formers and surface-active substances.

  15. The pulverization and handling of soft plastics for energy recovery; Soenderdelning och hantering av mjuka plaster foer energiutvinning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wiklund, Sven-Erik

    2000-10-01

    The purpose of the project has primarily been to investigate suitable equipment (mills, crushers, shredders) for the pulverization of different types of soft plastics from the agricultural sector (large sacks and silage plastic) and the peat extraction industry (plastic covers) with the aim of being able to use the plastic material as fuel in conventional solid waste-fired plants. Many of the mills that are used for pulverizing different types of biofuel have proved not to be particularly suitable for soft plastics. The project has comprised the following: * Contact with a number of plant owners with different types of plants (grate, CFB and BFB boilers) for a review of existing fuel handling and fuel feed equipment as well as the demands they make on the fuel that is to be fired. * Contact with Trio Plast concerning previous tests carried out in connection with the collection, baling, handling, pulverization and combustion of plastics from the agricultural sector. * Contact with mill suppliers for participation in the tests and for feedback on experience gained in connection with the pulverization of soft plastics. * Choice of a suitable plant for practical trials based on contact with the above plant owners as a reference group. * Practical trials in 5 mills with the pulverization of soft plastics from agriculture (silage plastic and large sacks) as well as plastic from peat extraction (plastic covers) and * Evaluation of technical, economic, energy-related and environmental preconditions. Following contact with several owners of solid waste-fired combustion plants, and after hearing their opinions, it became clear that many of them were doubtful about the combustion of plastic. They are primarily afraid of tripping superheaters, etc. Consequently, two plants without superheaters, one in Oestersund and the other in Malmoe, were chosen for the tests. The mills that were tested were: * A SIM mill from WahIkvist, Oedeshoeg Plant - a mobile slow-action pulverizer for different types of waste. * A Willibald mill from Svenska Neuero - a mobile hammer mill with a drive system mounted on a trailer frame. * An Untha mill from Presona - a mobile, slow-action, electrically-operated mill with cutting tools. * A Satum mill from Ekoteknik - a stationary mill of the slow-action type with rotating knife cutters, and * A Doppstadt mill from OP-maskiner - a mobile slow-action mill with hammers. Other mills been tested for milling soft plastics by Lunds Energi in Lomma and Soederenergi in SoedertaeIje are: * Lindner- kvarn from Franssons Recycling Machine. A low- speed machine with turnable teeth. (Lomma), and * Eco- crusher from Babcock. A low- speed waste crusher with two-rotor. (Soedertaelje). The results of the tests showed that those mills/crushers/shredders that can cope with the demand to pulverize plastic material with only one or two grinding runs are slow action units with cutting tools. Hammer mills do not function as effectively for the type of plastic material investigated. Tests of whether it was possible to fire the Jamtkraft plant in Oestersund with pulverized plastic showed that with a proportion of approximately 5 per cent of plastic fuel mixed together with other solid fuel, mainly sawdust, bark and wood chips, plant operation was for the most part satisfactory. The running period amounted to approximately two weeks. Among the problems that occurred, however, were that somewhat excessively long strips of plastic hung down in front of the level sensors that control the supply from the day silos and that the overfilling sensor in the fuel screw was affected by the plastic. These problems would probably have been more serious if a larger proportion of plastic had been used. In order to be able to complete the tests in Oestersund, relatively extensive contacts was needed with the municipal environmental and community planning office, which in turn obtained the views of the County Administrative Board in the county of Jaemtland. Finally, a permit was granted to fire approximately 300 tonnes of plastic material, although with certain reservations. The costs of handling plastics for transportation, pulverization and combustion will be relatively high and amount to between SEK 350 and 700 per tonne, the largest cost component of which being the pulverization cost. To this shall be added the costs of collecting the plastic. With a fuel valuation for the plastic as biofuel, lower costs are achieved corresponding to approximately SEK 500-1000 per tonne.

  16. The EU system for emissions trading after year 2012; EU:s system foer handel med utslaeppsraetter efter 2012

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Normand, Mathias; Mjureke, David (eds.)

    2007-01-15

    The Government has instructed the Swedish Energy Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to put forward a proposal for how the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) should be developed after 2012, subject to the overall objective of continuing to reduce emissions with the aim of achieving the long-term objectives of the Convention on Climate Change. In its Council Conclusions (7619/1/05) the EU has interpreted the long-term objectives of the Convention on Climate Change as aiming to achieve emission reductions of 15-30 % in the industrialised countries by 2020. According to Council Conclusions (13435/05), the EU has also decided that the Emissions Trading Scheme should continue after 2012. The starting point for this report is that, after 2012, the Scheme will be a key instrument in achieving cost-efficient emission reductions, not only within the EU but also globally, and regardless of whether, with effect from 2013, the Scheme has become a part of an international climate regime, or is serving as a transition to some future new international climate regime. The purpose of this report is to provide a proposal for how the Emissions Trading Scheme should be developed after 2012. The aim is to construct a system that helps to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases (maintaining climate integrity), that assists measures being taken where they are cheapest (cost efficiency), that is accepted by parties concerned and by the general public (confidence inspiring), and which does not adversely affect the competitiveness of business or industry (competition-neutral). The Agencies recommend that Sweden should adopt the following standpoints concerning development of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme after 2012. (Recommended changes to the system presuppose a harmonised implementation throughout the EU.): In connection with international negotiations, Sweden should press for the Emissions Trading Scheme to be developed in such a way as to make it possible to achieve emission reductions in line with Council Conclusions (7619/1/05) in the form of total emission reductions of the order of 15-30 % in the industrialised countries by 2020. Sweden should press for the Scheme to be linked with other trading schemes, subject to retention of climate integrity. Linking can strengthen global climate policy ties and influence countries not having internationally binding climate commitments towards participating in some climate policy agreement. Linking also helps to counter international distortion of competition. There should be considerable opportunities for the use of CDM (or equivalent) credits in the Scheme, given that the EU has strict commitments on emission reductions. In order to ensure the system's climate integrity and competition neutrality, efforts should be aimed at ensuring that the total quantity of allowances in the Trading Scheme is decided directly at EU level (i.e. top-down), instead of as today starting from national allocation plans (i.e. bottom-up). Sweden should promote continued expansion of the Scheme to other sectors and for other gases. In 2013, it should be expanded to include emissions of carbon dioxide and PFC from primary and secondary aluminium production, carbon dioxide from certain chemical industry sectors, nitrous oxide from certain chemical industry sectors and methane from active coal mines. The European road transport sector can be included in the Scheme. However, this will pose challenges in respect of the effects on industrial competitiveness and developments within the road transport sector. In order to be able to adopt a firm position in the matter of how the road transport sector should be treated in relation to the EU ETS, Sweden should initiate in-depth studies of consequences of different options, including a separate trading scheme for the European transport sector. Purely biofuelled combustion installations should be excluded from the Scheme, and the monitoring requirements for pure biofuel streams in combustion installations that partly use biofuels should be abolished. Sweden should press for a broad and harmonised definition of the term 'combustion installation', bearing in mind the possible consequences for small installations. Efforts should be made to encourage auction procedures as the basis of allowance allocation for all sectors within the Scheme. However, until competitors outside the EU encounter some form of cost in connection with their carbon dioxide emissions, industry covered by the Scheme can continue to be allocated free allowances, preferably according to benchmarks common to the entire EU. The electricity and district heating sectors within the EU should not be allocated free allowances. These sectors' allowances should be distributed to the market by means of auctions that are open to all parties within the EU ETS. New entrants of the electricity and district heating sectors should be required to purchase their allowances on the market. Until auction procedures are introduced for existing industrial participants in the scheme, new entrants in the industrial sector should be allocated free allowances in accordance with common EU benchmarks where possible. Any surpluses from reserves kept for new entrants should be cancelled. If reserves are maintained for free allocation to new entrants, allocation of allowances to plants that have closed should cease.

  17. Control room philosophy: Principles of control room design and control room work; Kontrollrumsfilosofi: Principer foer kontrollrumsutformning och kontrollrumsarbete

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Skriver, Jan; Ramberg, Jasmine; Allwin, Pernilla [Scandpower Risk Management AB, Uppsala (Sweden)

    2006-01-15

    In order to provide insights for improvement of work in control rooms several factors have to be considered. Knowledge of principles including control room philosophies will guide the recommended improvements. In addition to knowledge about specific principles an advantage for an organization can be an understanding of similarities and policies used in other high risk industry. The report has been developed on the basis of a document analysis of international standards and other guiding documents. (NUREG 0711, ISO 11064, ISO 6385, IEC 60964). In addition to the document analysis which has strived to compare the documents to see similarities in important principals, experience from working with control room design, modifications and evaluations in other high risk industries has pervaded the report. Important principles have been identified which are recommended to be included in a control room philosophy. Many of these are similar to the principles identified in the international standards. An additional principal which is regarded as important is the utilization of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) which can be used as a measure to target preventative means. Further more it is critical that the control room philosophy is easy to access and comprehend for all users. One of the challenges that remain after having developed a control room philosophy is how to utilize it in the daily work situation. It is vital that the document remains as a living document, guiding the continual improvement of the control room in the various life cycle stages.

  18. Treatment of biofuel ashes for forest recycling; Behandling av aska fraan biobraenslen foer spridning paa skogsmark - etapp 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bjurstroem, H.; Sjoeblom, R. [AaF-Energikonsult, Stockholm (Sweden)

    1997-03-01

    Logging residues are the easiest available fuel for an increased production of energy in Sweden from renewable sources. A consequence of their removal from the forest is that the cycle of mineral nutrients is broken. The purpose of recycling the ash after this fuel to forest land is to compensate for the removal and close again the nutrient cycle. Recycling nutrients and returning the inorganic components of the biomass removed from the forest should be performed in accordance with general principles of environmental protection, health considerations and the good house-keeping of natural resources. The activities should also be carried out in accordance with the needs of the forest and energy plant owners regarding good technology and economy. This implies that functional requirements originating from these principles and needs should be clearly structured and formulated and that such requirements should provide a basis for the continued development work as well as for the implementation of suitable, economical and efficient systems. Returning inorganic constituents implies that the principle of recirculation is followed as well as that nutrients are brought back which improves accretion in the forest. At the same time, the risk of damage to the forest can be assessed as insignificant. Furthermore the risks to human health are also assessed to be insignificant provided that pertinent precautions are taken to avoid dusting. In the present report, technical and economical aspects of importance for the selection of method as well as for the establishment of a system are described and discussed. The need for further development work is identified in the following areas: functional requirements - operational requirements, sampling, testing and quality assurance, granulation, curing processes and drying/sintering. 102 refs, 1 fig, 2 tabs

  19. Energy for Road Transport - Prospects towards year 2020 and later; Energi foer Vaegtransporter - utsikter mot 2020 och daerefter

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aahman, Max

    2009-02-15

    The last few years, production of alternative fuels has grown significantly. The driving force can be primarily attributed to a growing interest in protecting the climate and the policy initiatives resulting from this, rising oil prices and industrial and agricultural interests. However, the debate has increasingly begun to question the usefulness and impact of a continued expansion of biofuels. The report provides an overview of our knowledge with respect to climate benefits, and economic potential for the 1st generation of ethanol and biodiesel, 2nd generation biofuels and electricity via e.g. plug-in hybrids. The report also provides various scenarios of how Sweden can meet the adopted EU directive on renewable energy in the transport sector to 2020. The substitution of fuels in the transport sector has only just begun. Driving forces, including those visible in the criteria of the EU Directive, however, will aim for more climate-effective fuels based on waste and forest raw material compared to today's efforts. Effective grain based fuels can still retain a relatively large niche even in the longer term, since the investment is justified by several reasons, including agricultural policy. Electric vehicles are expected to be launched in the not too distant future. But it will take a long time before electricity consumption via eg plug-in hybrids is visible in the statistics. Increased demands on energy efficiency can drive a trend towards more expensive vehicles and also to change forms of ownership and use of vehicles, including increased car pooling

  20. Energy- and carbondioxide intensities for 319 products and services - examples of analyses using a tool for analysis of environmental impacts of consumption; Energi- och koldioxidintensiteter foer 319 varor och tjaenster - exempel paa analyser med ett verktyg foer analys av miljoepaaverkan av konsumtion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raety, Riitta; Carlsson-Kanyama, Annika

    2007-03-15

    This report presents calculations of energy use and carbondioxide emissions for different products and services. The calculations have been done with a computer program called EAP, that calculates the so called energy and carbon dioxide intensity for products and services. The calculations take into account the whole life cycle of the product including raw materials, production, transportation, sales, and recycling. These data can then be combined with expenditure surveys to investigate some of the environmental impacts of household consumption patterns.

  1. World after Chernobyl. What does the nuclear accident mean to us. Vaerlden efter Tjernobyl. Vad betyder kaernkraftsolyckan foer oss

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sjoequist, E; Eckered, T

    1986-01-01

    The reactor accident in Chernobyl on April 26 1986 is described, and in particular, the dissemination of information about the accident in Sweden and abroad. The authors also discuss the health impact to people in Sweden from the reactor accident, and the implications for the future of nuclear power.

  2. Final summary report of the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research Program 1994 - 1997; Sammanfattning av det nordiska forskningsprogrammet foer kaernsaekerhet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bennerstedt, T.; Lemmens, A. [eds.

    1999-11-01

    This is a summary report of the NKS research program carried out 1994 - 1997. It is basically a compilation of the executive summaries of the final reports on the nine scientific projects carried out during that period. It highlights the conclusions, recommendations and other results of the projects. (au)

  3. Prerequisites for an effective use of ashes in road construction; Foerutsaettningar foer att askor kommer till anvaendning i vaegar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kaerrman, Erik; Moeffaert, Denis van [Scandiaconsult Sverige AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Bjurstroem, Henrik; Berg, Magnus [AaF Energi och Miljoe AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Svedberg, Bo [Luleaa Univ. of Technology (Sweden)

    2004-01-01

    The aim of this project was to compile how different EU-countries have overcome the obstacles for the use of ashes in road constructions and conclude what has to be done in Sweden. An assumption and starting point for the study is that the use of ashes is beneficial. The study is focused on other EU countries through interviews with relevant actors in Belgium, Netherlands, France, England, Finland and Denmark. The conditions in these countries vary. Netherlands and Denmark were pioneers and have today many years of experience of using ashes in road construction. At the time for this investigation there were however drawbacks - in Netherlands due to mismanagement of ashes in large road constructions and in Denmark because of the introduction of stricter regulations. Belgium and England are making efforts towards recycling of ashes although only small amounts have been used hitherto. In some regions of France, ashes are used to a vast degree, which is mainly due to a strong network of material suppliers marketing ashes together. In Finland, finally, a comprehensive program for research and development were undertaken during the 1990s. An output of this program was guidelines, which facilitate the use of ashes. Typical obstacles for the use of recycled materials in constructions in Sweden have in previous projects been identified as 1) ambiguous laws and regulations, 2) lack of experiences, 3) weak economical incentives, 4) material-related decisions are made too late in project planning and, 5) lack of methods for showing the benefits of recycling. The experiences from the studied countries confirm that points 1, 3 and partly 2 also are valid there. Lack of competence can only be reconciled by active marketing. Point 5 can be overcome by the use of environmental system analysis (ESA) in which both the road construction and alternative management (e.g. disposal) of ashes are included. This type of analyses has not been carried out in the studied countries (except a few examples in Denmark) but it is still promising to introduce ESA in Sweden dependant on the institutional situation here. A recommendation for Sweden is to formulate policies promoting the use of ashes on a regional level while clear regulations should be introduced on a practical level. Further, concepts for cooperation between different actors and quality assurances should be introduced.

  4. The forest as a historic source and sink for carbon dioxide; Skogen som historisk kaella respektive saenka foer koldioxid

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kander, A [Lund Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Economic History

    1996-06-01

    The aim of the present project is to quantify the changes in the growing stock of timber between 1800 and 1985 in order to find out under which periods and to what extent the forest has served as a source resp. sink for carbon dioxide. These data are compared to the carbon dioxide emissions from combustion of fossil fuels under the same period. Another goal of the project is to find the order of magnitude of the effect of other potential sinks and sources for carbon dioxide. 32 refs, 9 figs, 1 tab

  5. Review study 1995. Localization of the repository for spent nuclear fuel; Oeversiktsstudie 95. Lokalisering av djupfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-10-01

    This report gives an overview of the studies performed by SKB pertinent to selection of a site for the Swedish repository for spent nuclear fuels, and is written for both experts in the various fields involved, decision-makers and the interested general public. The review can not comprise all detailed factors necessary for deciding the localization, but deals mainly with conditions on the land surface and can point out areas which are not well suited or less interesting as a site. It also treats several scientific, technical and social bases in different parts of the country. 120 refs, 53 figs.

  6. Additive for reducing operational problems in waste fired grate boilers; Additiv foer att minska driftproblem vid rostfoerbraenning av avfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gyllenhammar, Marianne; Herstad Svaerd, Solvie; Davidsson, Kent; Hermansson, Sven; Liske, Jesper; Larsson, Erik; Jonsson, Torbjoern; Zhao, Dongmei

    2013-09-01

    The combustion of waste implies a risk for deposits and corrosion in different parts of the combustion facility. In recent years, research and tests have been performed in order to find ways to mitigate these problems in waste-fired plants. Most waste-fired plants in Sweden are grates whereas most of the research has been carried out in fluidized bed plants. The purpose of this project is to examine whether co-firing of sewage sludge and waste can reduce deposition and corrosion also in grate-fired boilers as has been shown in fludised beds. The objective is to determine the deposit growth and its composition as well as describing the initial corrosion attack. Representing sulphur-rich waste, elementary sulphur is also added to the waste and thereby compared with sludge as an additive. The target groups for this project are plant owners, researchers, consultants and authorities. Tests were performed in a 15 MWth waste-fired boiler with moving grate at Gaerstadverket, Tekniska Verken (Linkoeping). The boiler produces saturated steam of 17 bars and 207 deg C, and the normal fuel mixture contains of household and industry waste. The results show that co-firing with as heigh as 20 weight-% SLF (25 energy-%) was possible from an operational point of view, but the deposit rate increased especially at the two warmest positions. Generally the deposit rate was highest in the position closest to the boiler and decreased further downstream. During the tests a lot higher amount of SLF than normal was used (recommended mix is 5-10 % of SLF) this to be able to see effects of the different measures. Up to 23 weight-% of the rather moist sewage sludge was possible to fire when co-firing waste and SLF, without addition of oil. By adding sludge the deposit rate decreased but the increase upon adding SLF to ordinary waste was not totally eliminated. In the tests 'Avfall and SLF' the deposits were rich in chlorine. High concentrations of metal chlorides were found in the interface between the steel and the metal oxide. This weakens the adhesion of the oxide to the steel surface and thus increases the corrosion rate. By addition of sewage sludge or sulphur the initial corrosion was decreased on both the low-alloyed steel T22 and the stainless steel 304L; sewage sludge being a little better than sulphur. Qualitatively, the corrosion attack firing SLF was similar to that firing ordinary waste, but the attack was stronger. At material temperatures of 500 deg C and 420 deg C - corresponding to superheaters - alkali chloride corrosion dominated, while at 280 deg C - corresponding to furnace walls - a melt of KCl/ZnCl2 is likely to have accelerated the corrosion. This difference between different material temperatures was especially pronounced in the 'Avfall and the SLF' cases. Higher zinc content in the fuel can therefore increase risk of corrosion. The higher content of iron, lead, copper and zink in the ash from the SLF case corresponds to the content of SLF compared with ordinary waste. Comparing the present tests with similar tests in fludised beds, grate firing resulted in higher deposit rate on the exposed test rings. This can at least partly be attributed to the lack of empty pass in the present grate boiler and to some differences in fuel composition: more chlorine and less sulphur in the waste used in this project. However, the effect of adding sludge was similar but not as strong as in the fluidised bed tests. To summarise, the results show that co-firing SLF with sludge can be advantageous also in a grate-fired boiler. Because of the high heating value of SLF, this combination also makes it possible to add a high fraction of moist sewage sludge.

  7. Guidelines for water and steam adapted to Swedish energy plants; Riktvaerden foer vatten och aanga anpassade till svenska energianlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hellman, Mats [Hellman Vatten AB, Haegersten (Sweden)

    2006-02-15

    The project summons a revision of the Swedish Cycle Chemistry Guidelines with the purpose to create guidelines that are more explicit and thereby easier to adapt to in daily operations. The objective in general has not been to tighten the limiting values; some are stricter but some others are less strict. The boilers of today are usually fed with demineralised water as make-up water which has been reflected in the guidelines. In this project consideration has been taken upon the fact that many boilers, mostly industrial, have been in operation for many years according to old guidelines, without problems. In these cases the boilers may very well continue to operate without any costly reinvestments due to the new guidelines. The most important revisions in the guidelines are: Action levels have been introduced for the core parameters in the water-steam cycle. With action levels the operators will have some guidance to correct deviations in the cycle chemistry. The action levels are progressive in the sense that the more serious deviation from the guidelines, the shorter time to correct the problem. Guidelines for boilers up to 6.0 MPa operating on softened make-up water have been adjusted slightly and introduced with action levels. New guidelines for boilers with demineralised make-up water have been compiled. Within the project group there is a consensus that demineralised make-up water is preferable even for low pressure boilers. Varying chemistry regimes are used in the industry today. This report gives guidelines for the three dominating in Sweden; All Volatile Treatment (AVT), Caustic Treatment and Phosphate Treatment. Cation conductivity is a core parameter for supervision of steam quality for turbine operation, and in all international guidelines cation conductivity is included. However, the cation conductivity can rise above limits if organic dosing agents are used. This may be accepted as long as the pH-value is within the specifications and it can be shown that the high cation conductivity is not caused by excessive levels of aggressive salts.

  8. Silicon carbide based sensor system for minimized emissions in flue gases; Kiselkarbidbaserat sensorsystem foer minimering av emissioner i roekgaser

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lloyd Spetz, Anita; Bjorklund, Robert

    2012-02-15

    Control of the combustion process is necessary in order to operate boilers in an economic and environmentally acceptable manner. Large power plants can afford expensive measurement instruments to continuously monitor the composition of flue gas. Smaller facilities often lack complete gas analysis systems and it would be to their advantage to have access to inexpensive measurement equipment which could be installed at several points in the flue gas channel. Since oxygen concentration is such an important parameter for describing the combustion process the lambdasond is currently being used as an oxygen sensor in flue gas. It has the advantage of usage for more than 30 years in the automobile industry. Experience from that application has aided its introduction in the power industry. Conditions are not the same in the two branches but the lambdasond is an established technology, produced in large volume, widely available and inexpensive. Vehicle manufacturers continue to develop sensor technology and monitoring capabilities have been extended to CO, NOx and NH3. The latter is the result of SCR (selective catalytic reduction) of NOx by addition of NH3 (from urea), which has been introduced as an exhaust gas aftertreatment technology in diesel powered vehicles. The power industry can be expected to follow this trend by incorporating sensors for monitoring and control of SCR and SNCR (non-catalytic selective reduction) in flue gas applications. This report describes evaluation of silicon carbide based transistors, which have previously been studied in diesel exhaust gas and small boiler flue gas, for applications in larger power plants

  9. Feasibility study - Lowered bed temperature in Fluidised Bed boilers for waste; Foerstudie - Saenkt baeddtemperatur i FB-pannor foer avfallsfoerbraenning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Niklasson, Fredrik

    2009-01-15

    Waste incineration generally serves two purposes; 1) dispose of waste and 2) generation of heat and power. In the process of power production from waste fuels, the steam temperatures in super heaters are generally limited by the severe fouling and corrosion that occurs at elevated material temperatures, caused by high concentrations of alkali metals and chloride in the flue gas and fly ash. The overall aim of a continuation of present project is to determine if a reduced temperature of the bed zone in a fluidized bed waste incinerator reduces the amount of alkali chlorides in the flue gas. If so, a reduced bed temperature might enable increased steam temperature in super heaters, or, at unchanged steam temperature, improve the lifespan of the super heaters. The results from the project are of interest for plant owners wishing to improve performance of existing plants. The results may also be used to modify the design of future plants by boiler manufacturers. The aim of present pre-study was to determine how far the bed temperature can be reduced in a waste fired fluidized bed boiler in Boraas while maintaining a stable operation with sufficient combustion temperature in the freeboard to fulfil the directives of waste incineration. A continuation of the project will be based on the results from present study. The work is based on experiments at the test boiler. During the present study, no other measurements were performed apart from some sampling of bed material and ashes at different modes of operation. The experiments show that it is possible to alter the air and recycled flue gas in such a manner that the bed temperature is reduced from about 870 deg C to 700 deg C at 100% load and normal fuel mixture, while fulfilling the directive of 850 deg C at 2 seconds. Within normal variations of the fuel properties, however, the bed temperature increases to somewhat above 700 deg C if the fuel turns dry, while it falls below 650 deg C when the fuel turns wet. With constant O{sub 2} concentration in the flue gas, the emissions of CO were unaffected by changed ratios of air and recycled flue gas to reduce the bed temperature. However, the emissions of NO{sub x} tended to increase due to raised temperatures of about 40 deg C at the top of the furnace at maximum load. When increasing the amount of recycled flue gas to the bed, the concentration of oxygen is reduced and its implications upon the chemistry in the bed and possible accumulation of unburned fuel have not been investigated due to the short experimental period. Chemical analysis of sand from the bed showed that the concentration of chlorides in the sand increased more that 4 times after 30 hours of operation at reduced bed temperatures. This finding indicates that the chemical balance in the bed is significantly altered when the temperature is reduced. To determine the consequences for the operation of the boiler, further experiments and measurements that are more extensive are necessary. No measurable changes of alkali contents in the sand were observed.

  10. System and market study of bio-methane (SNG) from bio fuels; System- och marknadsstudie foer biometan (SNG) fraan biobraenslen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Valleskog, Martin (CMV Konsult (Sweden)); Marbe, Aasa; Colmsjoe, Linda (Grontmij AB (Sweden))

    2008-07-01

    This study has examined whether the use of SNG produced from biofuels can constitute an alternative use for biofuel. Gasification technologies are studied: pressurized gasification with oxygen/steam, indirect gasification and hydrogen gasification. The objective of the project is to make a reasonable valuation of the production of SNG and through a market-study see if biofuel-based SNG can be an alternative to competing fuels. The report also discusses the supply and price of biofuels in Sweden. This use was 112 TWh in 2005 and assessed potential in year 2025 is 187 TWh. Biofuel prices show an upward trend and system of incentives affect the development of the biofuels market and price. The main incentives are electricity certificate system, energy and environmental taxes and emissions trading. Current energy and climate policies in Sweden and EU are expected to increase demand for biofuels and thus likely the prices. Increased volumes of waste tend to reduce pressure on the demand for biofuels generally. SNG is compared with natural gas and with other uses for biofuels and other competing fuels, depending on the application. The economic analysis has been conducted for three different cost levels in fuels and incentives, namely the year 2007, scenario in 2012 and scenario in 2020. The economics of SNG is evaluated for the three above-mentioned scenarios, both with respect to its cost of production, and in which market the SNG used (cogeneration, heating, industry and the automotive market). A sensitivity analysis has been conducted on the following parameters: fuel prices, electricity prices, the cost of emissions, taxes and investment. The results show that SNG is not a finished product available on the market today why additional support is required to make SNG competitive so that investment in production is stimulated. The production cost of SNG is between 380 - 410 SEK/MWh and necessary support is estimated to amount to 150 - 200 SEK/MWh on the basis of the current Swedish tax system. From a production standpoint, the industrial and automotive markets are best suited as recipients of SNG because demand is evenly distributed throughout the year, CHP and heat market at least favorable as it is heavily dependent on the variation of the heat demand during the year. By contrast, the biggest economic advantage is achieved when SNG is replacing natural gas and oil for heating. Secondly, in the sectors of power generation and vehicle fuel SNG is favored by subsidies. High electricity certificate prices and high power generation efficiency benefit SNG for cogeneration. The analysis of the current competitive situation leads to SNG require some form of financial support to become a commercially available energy resource. The fastest establishment of SNG facilities will be realized in which the natural gas network already established, as it gives access to the entire natural gas market. Industrial and automotive market has been steady demand over the year and can therefore form the basis for the draft instruments. Politically speaking, there is great interest to find renewable alternatives in the automotive market. If we are to invest in a new cogeneration installation is the most economical to gasify biofuel combustion the gas in a gas turbine with subsequent steam cycle (BIGCC). This is far more economical than to first convert the gas to SNG and then burn it in a combined natural gas plant. It requires, however, that the values on electricity certificate is relatively high, or that prices are high

  11. Gasification for fuel production in large and small scale polygeneration plants; Foergasning foer braensleproduktion i stor- och smaaskaliga energikombinat

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodin, Jennie; Wennberg, Olle

    2010-09-15

    This report investigates the possibility of integrating biofuel production through gasification with an existing energy production system. Previous work within Vaermeforsk (report 904, 1012) has concluded that gasification for motor fuel production as a part of a polygeneration plant seems promising when looking at the energy efficiency. However, comparable data between different types of integration, energy plants and fuels was found to be needed in order to get a better understanding of how a gasifier would affect an energy system. The systems studied are the heat- and power production of a bigger city (Goeteborg) and a medium sized city (Eskilstuna), and a pulp mill (Soedra Cell Vaeroe). The latter already runs a commercial gasifier for burner gas production, where the gas is used in the lime kiln. The different types of polygeneration plants have been studied by setting up and evaluating mass- and energy balances for each system. The fuel products that are looked upon in this project are DME, methane, methanol and burner gas. The burner gas is used on site. The case studies have been evaluated based on energy efficiency for fuel production, electricity and district heating. The efficiency is foremost calculated for the higher heating value. In the case of the boiler integrated gasifier in Eskilstuna, the efficiencies have been calculated on the marginal fuel. We have also let the district heating remain unchanged

  12. Initial study of a method for IR measurements in boilers; Inledande studie av metod foer IR-maetning i aangpannor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sandberg, Martin; Joensson, Magnus; Lundin, Leif [Swedish National Testing and Research Inst., Boraas (Sweden)

    1999-10-01

    The tubes in steam boilers are required to be regularly inspected, in order to find water-side deposits, thinning of walls or material defects. This is for safety, problem-free operation and high availability. No non-destructive method of inspection is available today for finding deposits on the insides of boiler tubes. Nor is there any method that can not only detect deposits on the insides of the tubes but also monitor the tubes' wall thicknesses. A suitable method - reliable, safe, easy to use and cost-efficient - is therefore needed. One such method is to measure the surface temperature of a larger area of the diaphragm wall, using a non-contact method, and from the resulting information to assess the material thickness and possible water-side or steam-side deposits. An IR camera is used for non-contact measurement of the radiated energy from several adjacent surface elements, and thus also of their temperature. The temperature is displayed on the camera's screen to produce a picture of the temperature distribution. This is a well-established method today, and is used in applications such as the steel industry, the electricity industry, electronics and health care. The surface temperatures of the tube walls can be measured by inserting an IR camera on an arm into the combustion chamber, without anyone having to get inside the boiler. The combustion chamber is the part of the boiler that is of main interest for inspection, as it is the easiest to reach. Measurements are facilitated by higher temperatures and thus higher heat fluxes through the tube walls. Diaphragm wall temperatures can be measured quickly and rationally over large areas. Points of interest in inspections include determining where there are water-side deposits in the tubes, where tubes are thin, where flow is obstructed and where there might be material defects. With the exception of material defects, all of these mechanisms result in changes in the surface temperature, which in many cases are substantial and can easily be detected by the sensitive IR camera. This means that the data provides a good basis for reliable analyses. It must not be expected, however, that thermography alone can identify how thick a deposit is or when it needs to be removed, or how thin a tube is. The results must be checked by other methods. Thermography cannot be used as a replacement for invasive testing methods such as the removal of tube samples. What it can do, however, is to show which areas of a boiler need to be inspected more closely. It can also reduce the number of tube samples, and confirm that they have been taken from the correct level and correct part of the boiler, which reduces the time required for inspection. It can also be expected to find greatly thinned tubes and blocked tubes. Today's thermography technology is highly flexible and is often used in special applications. Thermography of the inside of a boiler is just one such special application. However, further work is needed if inspections are to produce reliable results.

  13. Measuring and heat losses for district heating systems in detached house areas; Maet- och vaermefoerluster foer fjaerrvaermesystem i smaahusomraaden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cederborg, Frederick; Nordgren, Ola [FVB Sverige ab, Vaesteraas (Sweden)

    2005-07-01

    Within 'low heat load' areas e.g. residential areas, with low energy consumption per individual customer, the resulting relationship between the heat loss and the energy sales is big. For these customers with low energy consumption, in particular during the summer season, concerns have been raised regarding the ability of the heat volume meters to register the true energy consumption. In order to determine the magnitude of the losses, the Swedish District Heating Association, has initiated a measuring project where measurements have been made in two separate residential areas with different system configurations and different temperature control programs. The measurements were performed from May 15, 2003 to September 23, 2004. The main objective for the project was to gather data and to analyse the magnitude of the total losses in the building systems. The relation between the heat losses and the measuring losses was also studied briefly. Two types of systems have been studied, on one hand a conventional district heating area with primary connected houses and on the other hand an area with secondary connected houses with PEX-pipes in Enkoeping. The heat and measuring losses at the area Munksundet in Enkoeping is 17 % at a 'load density' of 0,84. This value is somewhat lower than the accounted annual relative loss of 22-23 % stated in the report 'FVF 1997:11 Fjaerrvaerme till smaahus'. The results show that a secondary connected low temperature system with PEX-pipes is an interesting connection alternative for small houses. Also at the residential area Rotskaer in Skutskaer, the heat and measuring losses are lower than the accounted annual relative loss, about 24 % at a 'load density' of 0,49,which is to be compared with about 33 % annual relative loss according to the report 'FVF 1997:11'. Within this assignment there are difficulties to divide the measuring losses in short circuit flows and errors in the heat volume measurements. By study the actual deviation in water volume for both low and high load seasons it can though be seen that unregistered volumes are occurring all year round. This fact in combination with surveying of the holding flow lead to the conclusion that the holding circuits generate a significantly greater portion of the losses than unregistered use in the single house meters. The experiences from the accomplished measurements and data collection shows the great importance of a structured work with components, compatibility, routines for data collection, storage and back up of historical data. A considerable portion of the time in a measuring project should be spent on studying whether the system is compatible and well functioning at start, supervision and function control as well as spent on establishing routines for the measures to be taken during disturbances. The factors that influence the net coefficient and the relative heat loss are the structure of the area, temperature levels and degree of building connections, which is the reason to, that the area 'Munksundet' is accounting a lower net coefficient than the area 'Rotskaer'. The area 'Munksundet' is a denser area with a low temperature system and maximum rate of building connections.

  14. Environmental guidelines for reuse of ash in civil engineering applications - phase 2; Miljoeriktlinjer foer askanvaendning i anlaeggningsbyggande - etapp 2

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bendz, David; Wik, Ola; Elert, Mark; Haakansson, Karsten

    2006-07-15

    Producers, authorities and users have acknowledged the need for common environmental guidelines for residues. The objective of this project has been to develop a proposal for common environmental guidelines for reuse of ash in civil engineering applications. The project has a narrow risk assessment perspective and focus on a set of substances where a well developed environmental policy and knowledge are available. Health aspects for construction workers are not covered in the project. The starting point in the risk assessment is the assumption that ashes may be used just like any conventional construction material. Special requirements or regulations regarding precautionary actions in the handling of ashes, regarding the site or surroundings will be avoided. The guiding principle has been the precautionary principle: reuse of ash is acceptable only if it constitute an insignificant risk to health and environment. The calculations are based on defined emission- and exposure scenarios. The concept of insignificant risk imply that the impact in the defined points of compliance does not exceed established health- and environmental criteria. The model address health risks associated with spreading of particles and exposure by dust, oral intake, dermal contact and intake by vegetables or wild grown berries and consumption of ground water. Off-site environmental effects in surface waters and in soil as well as health- and environmental risks in the post use phase are also considered. Exposure by dust is addressed in the same way as in the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines for contaminated soil. The guidelines values for exposure by dust, oral intake, dermal contact and intake by vegetables or wild grown berries are total content, whereas the guidelines for exposure by consumption of ground water or environmental effects in surface waters are based on leaching properties of the ash. The guidelines rely on a conceptual model, defined emissions and exposure scenarios including exposure pathways and points of compliance. Risk evaluation becomes an issue of comparing the estimated (-modeled) increased concentrations at specified target points with general human and environmental toxicological criteria. Guidelines have been calculated for two different types of constructions, with or without an impermeable (asphalt-) pavement that prevents rain water from infiltrating into the road. Also the possible exposure of intruding ground water has been taken into account. A set of ashes, for which data on total content and leachability was available in the ALLASKA and MALTE database, have been classified according to three categories of applications/situations. The results show that due to lack of data it could not be assessed whether naphthalene, bens(a)pyren, antimony and selen in ashes imply an insignificant risk or not. Only guidelines for leachability could be calculated for antimony and selen, showing that 90% of the ashes fall below the guidelines and thus constitute an insignificant risk in a construction. Cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel and zinc show a large margin to the calculated guidelines for total content and leachability for most ashes. Thus, ashes in constructions constitute an acceptable risk with respect to these elements. Arsenic and lead in ashes fall below the guideline values for leaching, although with small margins in some cases. However, the total content of arsenic in some ashes exceeds the guideline values when used in an unpaved construction. Accordingly, it can not be excluded that the reuse of some ashes in some applications may imply a certain risk. Spreading as dust, deposition on vegetables and the subsequent intake has reveled itself as an important exposure pathway. Little data, theory and models are available on dust generation and transport, the calculations made here are rough and conservative. Also, guidelines for the ash construction left in place in the post use phase are difficult to determine. The health risk associated with intake of vegetables and accidentally oral intake are crucial. In both cases arsenic sets the limits. Model calculations indicate that fluoride constitute only an insignificant risk.. Chloride and sulfate in ashes may, depending on the construction, constitute a certain risk with respect to the drinking water quality in a local well. The comparison between the calculated guideline values and the ash data that was available showed that the majority of the ashes could be used in a road construction without implying a significant risk to health or environment. In the available set of ash data, each combination of incineration plant and fuel is only represented by few data. This makes it difficult to draw specific conclusions for a certain type of ash.. The model or framework for developing the general guidelines, presented herein, may also be used for site specific environmental risk assessments. If so, the model should be further developed to better describe the risk for exposure by dust.

  15. Evaluation of Co-Digestion of Biosludge from Pulp and Paper Mills; Utvaerdering av samroetningspotential foer bioslam fraan massa-/pappersbruk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Berg, Andreas; Karlsson, Anna; Ejlertsson, Joergen; Nilsson, Fredrik

    2011-02-15

    The biogas potentials from 2 biosludges from the pulp- and paper industry and 10 possible co-digestion substrates have been evaluated. 6 combinations, each including two co-digestion substrates and one biosludge, were evaluated in lab scale biogas reactors. Stable biogas processes were obtained with all combinations and the rawgas potential was higher in the co-digestion processes then for the biosludges alone (0.31- 0.43 compared to 0.21- 0.22 NL/g VS) The investment costs for two production plants were calculated. For a plant using 7 ton biosludge TS/d (total solids per day), co-digested with evaporation condensate (3 m3/d) and fibre sludge (3 ton/d) and thereby producing 850 000 Nm3 CH{sub 4}/yr the investment cost was estimated to 43 MSEK excluding ground works. For a larger plant using 20 ton biosludge TS/d, co-digested with food waste (8 ton/d) and cereal residues (12 ton/d) and producing 2 500 000 Nm3 CH{sub 4}/yr, the investment cost was estimated to 51 MSEK excluding ground works

  16. Degradation rate of sludge/fly ash mixture used as landfill liner; Nedbrytningshastigheten foer taetskikt uppbyggda av slam och aska

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wikman, Karin; Berg, Magnus [AaF-Process AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Svensson, Malin; Ecke, Holger [Luleaa Univ. of Technology (Sweden)

    2005-10-01

    In order to be able to use mixtures of ash and sludge as landfill liner an important aspect is to demonstrate that the degradation of organic matter is slow enough. Therefore, the goal of this project has been to find out for how long a landfill liner material of sludge and ash will be stable and keep its function. The degradation of organic material in two different mixtures of sludge and ash has been studied in laboratory experiments. The rate of degradation was then estimated for barriers of sludge and ash, taking into account construction techniques (mixture, compaction, water content), climate conditions (freezing, drying) and biological processes (NaN{sub 3} additive). The effect of the degradation on the permeability has also been quantified. Organic material may disappear for the landfill liner material through 1) initial leaching of soluble organic material, 2) leaching of organic material after chemical reactions or 3) evaporation during biological degradation. Bacterial activity was not found in the sludge/ash mixtures during the experiments. Therefore, the organic material is probably reduced mainly though leaching according to 1) and 2). The leached amount of TOC (total organic carbon) was measured for all samples of sludge/ash in several experimental cycles. The leached amount of TOC was compared to the initial amount of TOC in the material. The results show a small initial reduction of organic material through leaching but the TOC content in the material is then stabilized. In relation to the total weight of the material the leaching of TOC was similar for the mixtures with 80 % ash and 20 % ash. However, this means that a larger amount of TOC was leached out from the mixtures with a high ash content since the initial amount of organic material was smaller. General conclusions about which ash-sludge ratio that is suitable for a landfill liner material could not be drawn from the experiments from a degradation point of view. If the initial permeability is low enough (<1x10{sup -9} m/s) the results indicate that the leaching of TOC will be of less importance for the function of the barrier layer. The hydraulic conductivity was independent of the change in TOC, i.e. even though the organic material was reduced through chemical degradation and leaching the permeability was not negatively affected. Instead, the permeability was reduced in time and affected mainly by the compaction grade. Therefore, it is important to compact the landfill liner material and to mix the ash and sludge to a homogeneous mixture. Drying of the material increased the hydraulic conductivity: the barrier layer should therefore be kept moist. Freezing through cycles did not affect the permeability. Calculations on the basis of results from experiments with columns with an initial hydraulic conductivity of <1x10{sup -9} m/s show that the leaching of TOC stops after 38 years (NSR-Oeresundskraft) and 14 years (Bromma-Maelarenergi). The combination of reduced percolation and more immobilized TOC is expected to lead to very low leaching rates for organic material after this time. On basis of this study it is recommended to change the landfill liner material at Filborna in Helsingborg from clay to ash/sludge on a test area. During such large-scale tests it is suitable to control changes in the material to verify the results from the experiments.

  17. Development of a dynamic drying model for for a combustion grate; Framtagande av en dynamisk torkmodell foer en foerbraenningsrost

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Broden, Henrik; Ramstroem, Erik [TPS Termiska Processer AB, Nykoeping (Sweden)

    2005-02-01

    Combustion of wet wood fuel at high grate loading requires good control of the burnout position to avoid unacceptably high content of unburnt fuel in the ash. To control the burn-out position, control actions on the grate feeding must be made with sufficient range and anticipation. One way to improve the understanding of the dynamic fuel bed response on changes in control system parameters is mathematical modelling. The research task has been to develop a mathematical model of a drying fuel bed on a moving grate. The model includes a simplified description of drying, pyrolysis and char combustion and also pusher/grate movement and primary air flow/distribution. The objectives of the project have been to establish the most likely mechanism for drying and ignition of a wet fuel bed on a moving grate by the use of mathematical modelling and also to create a tool for simulation of control system step responses. The target group for the project are individuals working in the area of control system development of grate fired boilers. Three different assumptions on drying and ignition front propagation in a bio fuel bed with 50 and 53 % moisture have been modelled: 1. Drying and ignition from an underlying char layer in a co-current primary air flow 2. Drying and ignition from an overlaying char layer in counter-current primary air flow 3. Drying and ignition from both an underlying and overlaying char layer The model with drying and ignition driven by an underlying char layer is the projection, which gives the fastest and time-wise the most similar course to what one normally sees in grate fired boilers. The model with drying and ignition from above is not capable of upholding a stable diffusion controlled burning char layer since too small quantities of heat is transferred into the fuel bed. The model with drying and ignition from both directions results in similar combustion rate as the first model. The similar course of combustion is due to the energy for drying mainly transported by convection. This model exhibit the same difficulty as the second model maintaining a burning char layer on the topside. A number of control system step responses have been calculated. The results show that control actions, which but comprise grate feeding only temporarily changes the fuel bed extension. After a course of curving in, the bed take in a steady state, which is almost identical to the initial position. The step answer analysis indicates that actions, which also include changes in primary air stoichiometry are more efficient methods to permanently change the bed extension and course of drying. By combining combustion theory with knowledge on fuel bed feeding the project has created a novel tool to estimate the short and long term consequences of control actions during grate combustion. The primary field of application for the model in its present design is step answer analysis.

  18. Small-scale power production for sustainable development. Households', Utilities' and Retailers' experiences from the market for small-scale solar panels and wind turbines; Smaaskalig elproduktion foer en haallbar utveckling. Hushaalls, energibolags och aaterfoersaeljares erfarenheter av marknaden foer smaaskaliga solpaneler och vindturbiner

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Palm, Jenny; Tengvard, Maria

    2009-06-15

    In this report, a special form of small scale renewable solutions marketed towards Swedish households is targeted. During the autumn 2008 the Swedish companies 'Egen El i Stockholm AB' ('Egen El') and 'Home Energy' launched a concept with small scale wind turbines and solar cells that the households connect to the electricity socket so that the own produced electricity can be used directly. The purpose with this report is to analyze how users, retailers and grid companies look upon such small scale production of electricity and discuss what institutional effects own produced energy could have on the electricity market. The main research method used was in-depth interviews. We conducted interviews with representatives of eight retail companies, five grid companies, the industry organization Swedenergy, IKEA Greentech, and 20 households. A main conclusion is that the market concerning households small scale production of electricity is still immature. Though, the media attention that Egen El relieved during spring 2008 has made more households aware of the concept and householders increased interest in the concept is also recognized by other retailers and amongst the grid companies. According to the retailers, it is still hard to make a living from selling these kind of products to household. Nevertheless, they are optimistic and believe that the changes in regulations concerning small scale production of electricity and IKEA's investment in PVs will improve the situation. The grid companies, too, have a positive outlook. Though, they stress a number of problems that could occur with many households producing their own electricity. This is mainly related to security and whether the grid will be able to handle this produced electricity. As for the households, environmental concerns supply the main motive for adopting PVs or micro wind power generation. In some cases, the adopting households have an extensively ecological lifestyle, so such adoption represents a way to take action in the energy area. This investment is symbolic for some, displaying environmental consciousness to others - to set an example. For still others, the adoption is a protest against 'the system' with its large dominant actors or is a way to become self-sufficient. Such micro-generation installations are rejected mainly on economic grounds; other motives are respect for neighbours and difficulties finding a place to install a wind turbine. For these solutions to reach a majority of Swedish households, some important measures are needed to be implemented to eliminate the economic hindrances and to simplify the rules and installation process

  19. Investigation of quality assurance routines of DAP-meters in Swedish hospitals; Kartlaeggning av kvalitetssaekringsrutiner foer DAP-maetare i svensk sjukvaard

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Almen, Anja; Grindborg, Jan-Erik; Leitz, Wolfram

    2005-11-01

    The Swedish Radiation Protection Authority has investigated quality control of dose area product meters (DAP meters) used in x-ray diagnostics. A questionnaire was sent out to medical physics experts who are working with diagnostic radiology in Swedish hospitals. This report presents information about the routines practised and gives examples of measures to improve the quality of these practices.

  20. Recommendations for optimised repair welding operations in steam systems exposed to creep; Rekommendationer foer optimering av svetsreparationer i kryppaakaenda aangsystem

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Storesund, Jan; Samuelson, Aake; Klasen, Bjoern; Jensen, Carsten

    2002-03-01

    Recommendations for optimised repair welding in creep exposed steam systems have been produced on basis of different parts of the project which involve a literature survey, case studies, metallographical investigations and finite element simulations. The separate parts are compiled in the present report where the results also are coupled to each other. Two of the project parts are reported in appendices in the present report and the other ones in three separate work reports. The studies have shown evidence of the complexity associated with repair welding and many alternatives may be offered for a given situation. The importance of the factors which may influence the life time of the repair have been investigated and are described in order to facilitate the decision-making process for the given situation. From the obtained results there are also more general recommendations to be given: Make sure that system stresses not are acting at the repair. Avoid welding methods that could result in strongly creep soft HAZs. Select a weld metal for the repair which is slightly creep hard compared to the remaining aged material. Selection of a wide and 'medium' deep excavation geometry as well as a repair around the whole circumference is to be preferred. Repairs of welds that not include excavation of the whole width of the original weld should be avoided. Replica testing is recommended in addition to the common practice in the quality and condition-monitoring control of the repair.

  1. Optimization of the enzyme system for hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose substrates; Optimering av enzymsystemet foer hydrolys av foerbehandlade lignocellulosa substrat

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tjerneld, Folke [Lund univ., (Sweden). Dept. of Biochemistry

    2000-06-01

    This project aims to clarify the reasons for the slow and incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis of certain lignocellulose substrates, particularly softwood e.g. spruce. Based on this knowledge we will optimize the enzyme system so that the yield of fermentable sugars is increased as well as the rate of hydrolysis. We will also study methods for recycling of the enzymes in the process by adsorption on fresh substrate. Progress in these areas will lead to improved process economy in an ethanol process. We collaborate with Chemical Engineering on hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose substrates and with Analytical Chemistry and Applied Microbiology on analysis of potential inhibitors. Within this main research direction the work at Biochemistry during this project period (since 970701) has been focused on the following areas: (1) Studies of the role of substrate properties in the enzymatic hydrolysis to clarify the reasons for the decrease in the rate of hydrolysis; (2) enzyme adsorption on lignin; (3) studies of recently identified low molecular weight endo glucanases which may be used for more effective penetration of small pores in pretreated substrates (this part is financed by the Nordic Energy Research Program). Central results during the period: In order to study the role of substrate properties for hydrolysis we have initiated investigations on steam pretreated substrates with several techniques. Measurements of pore sizes have been done with probe molecules of known molecular weights. Results show that probe molecules with diameters larger than 50 Aangstroem can more easily penetrate pretreated willow compared with spruce, which can be a part of the explanation for the better hydrolysability of hardwood substrates compared with softwood. We have started studies with electron microscopy of pretreated substrates at different degrees of enzymatic hydrolysis. With scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we can see significant differences in substrate structure in comparisons before and after hydrolysis. For better interpretation of enzyme effects on substrates we have started studies with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where we aim to study enzyme binding to the cellulose and lignin parts of the substrate. Studies of enzymatic hydrolysis of steam pretreated spruce have been done to clarify the reasons for the drastic reduction on hydrolysis rate in the later stage of hydrolysis. Results show that the hydrolysis rate for the enzymes CBHI and EGI is reduced to 10% of the initial rate already after 60 min. Additions of fresh enzymes to the hydrolysed substrate leads to increased hydrolysis rate. Our conclusion is that the enzymes become unproductively bound to the substrate during the course of hydrolysis which leads to reduction of the effective enzyme concentration. In studies of the synergy between CBHI and EGI we have observed that the synergy between the enzymes is increasing during the hydrolysis, which can be explained by the increased need for the exo-enzyme CBHI to have access to free cellulose chain ends which can be formed by the action of endo glucanase I. This points to the possibility to increase the hydrolysis rate by addition of extra endo glucanase during the later stages of the hydrolysis. The adsorption of the enzymes on the lignin is of importance since the pretreated substrate is a lignocellulose complex. A strong adsorption to the lignin may reduce the amount of enzymes available for cellulose hydrolysis, and can reduce the possibilities for enzyme recycling. Our studies show that the central enzyme CBHI is strongly adsorbed to alkali extracted lignin and that the binding kinetics are fast.

  2. Predictive emission monitoring system (PEMS) for emission control in biomass fired plants; Predikterande emissionsmaetsystem (PEMS) foer emissionskontroll i biobraensleeldade foerbraenningsanlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Harnevie, H; Sarkoezi, L; Trenkle, S

    1996-08-01

    An alternative method for estimation of NO{sub x}-emissions from biomass fired plants has been investigated. The method, `Predictive emission monitoring` (PEMS), implicates the creation of a mathematical formula. The formula expresses the relations between NO{sub x}-emissions and various operating and external parameters, such as flue gas temperature, excess combustion air and heat load. In this study the applicability of PEMS has been tested for two plants both of type travelling stokers. The most important results of the study are: PEMS is suitable for emission monitoring for some types of biomass fired plants (for example travelling stokers) even if the plant is fired with fuel with varying water content. In most cases it should be sufficient if the relation is based on oxygen level in the flue gas and plant load, with the possible addition of flue gas temperature and/or furnace temperature rate. These parameters are usually measured in any case, which means that no additional investment in instrumentation is necessary. In this study many measured parameters (for example the throttle levels) did not affect the NO{sub x}-emissions. A PEMS relation is only applicable for a specific plant and for a fixed validity range. Thus the function should be performed in such a way that it covers the limits of the operating parameters of the plant. Usage of different fuels or drift optimization can only be done within the validity range. Good combustion conditions could be necessary to receive a usable PEMS-function. Before creating the PEMS-function the combustion and the emission levels must be optimized. In plants with very fluctuating combustion, for example fixed stokers, it is possible that PEMS leads to not satisfying results. The total cost for a PEM-function can be calculated to be about 50-70% compared to a CEM during a period of a decade. 8 refs, 13 figs, 15 tabs, 8 appendices

  3. Oil from peat and biomass. Final report of the seventh stage. Olja ur torv och biomassa. Slutrapport foer sjunde etappen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Karlsson, O

    1986-11-01

    The production of automitive fuels from domestic sources can be produced according to different schemes for direct liquefaction. Experimental studies have been made concerning the problems connected with high pressure liquefaction, focused on composition and production of the contemplated recirculated solvent for dissolution. Special importance has been given to a fundamental study for the choice of raw materials, especially peat. Deactivation of catalysts for hydrotreatment has been initiated and analytical methods for the characterization of products have also been further developed. (G.B.).

  4. SKB's program for societal research 2004-2011. An evaluation; SKB:s program foer samhaellsforskning 2004-2011. En utvaerdering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Soederberg, Olof [Energi- och miljoestrategi O. Soederberg, Solna (Sweden)

    2012-04-15

    This evaluation of the program of societal research that SKB conducted the years 2004-2011 has been performed on behalf of Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB). The review has focused on answers to a series of questions as follows: General questions - Why was a program started? - What was SKB's purpose with the program? - Does the result mean that the objective has been achieved? - Has the program had effects (positive or negative) that were not anticipated when the purpose was formulated? - Strengths and weaknesses of the program? Questions about the implementation - How did announcement and selection procedures work? - Which forms were used for reporting results from the research projects? Questions about the continued investment in societal research - Are there such needs? - In that case, is it in SKB's interest to contribute financially to such research? - What forms might be appropriate if SKB sees interest to contribute financially to such research?.

  5. The importance of ash for the favourable properties of sewage sludge in co-firing; Askans betydelse foer roetslams goda samfoerbraenningsegenskaper

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Davidsson, K.; Jones, F.; Niklasson, F.; Ryde, D. [SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, Boraas, (Sweden); Gustafsson, G. [Boraas Energi och Miljoe, Boraas (Sweden); Herstad Svaerd, S. [WSP Kraft and Vaerme, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    2012-11-01

    Sewage sludge has been shown to have positive properties during cofiring with difficult fuels. The sludge mitigates deposition and corrosion which occur because of the fuels content of chlorine and alkali. The reason for the positive properties of sludge are its content of sulphur, phosphorus and aluminium silicates. Its high content of ash has also been discussed because the fly ash would constitute a large surface for alkali chlorides to condensate on and thereby avoid condensation on e.g. superheater surfaces. The ash could also blast the surface and thereby keeping them clean. The present project aims at testing the hypothesis that the ash in the sludge mitigates the deposition. Tests have been performed with synthetically produced waste pellets of which some were doped with inert particles in form of aluminium oxide. The tests were done in a lab-scale bubbling fluidised bed. Deposit probes collected deposits during the combustion of doped and un-doped waste pellets, and the deposits were chemically analysed. The result shows that the inert particles do not have any effect on the amount of hard attached deposits. The particles ended up on the lee side of the probe where they deposited because of gravitation, but they could be easily removed. The remaining deposit was analysed and the effect of inert particles was a small decrease of the content of chlorine. Tests were also performed with pellets doped with sludge. In this case the amount of deposit and its content of chlorine decreased significantly. Different sewage sludges have different properties. The present results show that sludge for cofiring should not be chosen for its amount of ash but rather for its content of sulphur, phosphorous and aluminium.

  6. The importance of ash for the favourable properties of sewage sludge in co-firing; Askans betydelse foer roetslams goda samfoerbraenningsegenskaper

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Davidsson, K.; Jones, F.; Niklasson, F.; Ryde, D. [SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, Boraas (Sweden); Gustafsson, G. [Boraas Energi och Miljoe, Boraas (Sweden); Herstad Svaerd, S. [WSP Kraft and Vaerme, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2012-07-01

    Sewage sludge has been shown to have positive properties during cofiring with difficult fuels. The sludge mitigates deposition and corrosion which occur because of the fuels content of chlorine and alkali. The reason for the positive properties of sludge are its content of sulphur, phosphorus and aluminium silicates. Its high content of ash has also been discussed because the fly ash would constitute a large surface for alkali chlorides to condensate on and thereby avoid condensation on e.g. superheater surfaces. The ash could also blast the surface and thereby keeping them clean. The present project aims at testing the hypothesis that the ash in the sludge mitigates the deposition. Tests have been performed with synthetically produced waste pellets of which some were doped with inert particles in form of aluminium oxide. The tests were done in a lab-scale bubbling fluidised bed. Deposit probes collected deposits during the combustion of doped and un-doped waste pellets, and the deposits were chemically analysed. The result shows that the inert particles do not have any effect on the amount of hard attached deposits. The particles ended up on the lee side of the probe where they deposited because of gravitation, but they could be easily removed. The remaining deposit was analysed and the effect of inert particles was a small decrease of the content of chlorine. Tests were also performed with pellets doped with sludge. In this case the amount of deposit and its content of chlorine decreased significantly. Different sewage sludges have different properties. The present results show that sludge for cofiring should not be chosen for its amount of ash but rather for its content of sulphur, phosphorous and aluminium.

  7. Developing of FTIR- and new probe technique for combustion gas analysis; Utveckling av FTIR- och sondteknik foer gasanalys i foerbraenningsrum

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Johansson, Annika; Andersson, Christer [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Thulin, C [Swedish National Testing and Research Inst., Boraas (Sweden); Karlsson, Maria; Aamand, L E [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    1996-08-01

    The objective of the reported project has been to develop and field test a versatile measurement system for combustion gases based on the FTIR technique. The project has included the following stages: Development of gas sampling methods, Further development of the FTIR technique, Field testing of the measurement system. The development of evaluation routines based on CLS and PLS methods has lead to the conclusion that both methods are well suited for the application in question, which enables an automation of the evaluation procedure. However, the elaboration of versatile and quality controlled methods is time consuming and the application requires a qualified user. With the dilution probe prototype, a satisfactory rejection of particles is achieved at the same time as a good mixing of the dilution gas and the sample gas takes place. Sampling is performed without using a filter at the probe tip. The intended function of the probe requires that most particles can be rejected without giving rise to a too high dilution ratio. This was achieved in the middle and upper part of the CFB boiler. Comparisons of measurement data from field measurements with the developed probe concept and the `conventional` CTH extractive probe show that the results are in good agreement in many cases, but also that interesting discrepancies exist. Sampling artefacts have been noticed for the gases HCN and SO{sub 2}, where HCN and SO{sub 2} are found in higher concentrations when sampling with the dilution probe. Analyzed concentrations of CO and hydrocarbons (methane, ethene and acetylene) are throughout all the measurements lower when the dilution probe is used. 21 refs, 34 figs, 29 tabs

  8. Process for increased biogas production and energy efficient hygienisation of sludge; Process foer oekad biogasproduktion och energieffektiv hygienisering av slam

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rogstrand, Gustav; Olsson, Henrik; Andersson Chan, Anneli; Johansson, Niklas; Edstroem, Mats

    2012-07-01

    In Sweden there is a need to increase biogas production to meet the rising demand for biomethane as vehicle fuel but the amount of domestically available biomass to digest is limited. One way to help meet current and future demand for methane is to enhance the digestion of the substrates that are currently utilized. Vaexjoe municipality in southern Sweden is in the process of upgrading their facilities for biogas production at the Sundet waste water treatment plant. Their aim is to produce more biogas in order to meet the demand from an increasing methane-based local transit fleet. This is the backdrop to a joint project between JTI and Vaexjoe municipality where JTI's mobile pilot plant was used to study the possibility of extracting more biogas from the existing sewage sludge. In the future, Vaexjoe municipality also plans to co-digest source separated municipal organics with the sewage sludge, which will likely result in stricter demands in terms of hygienization of all utilized substrates. The goal of the project at hand was to demonstrate the possibility to produce more than enough additional biogas from existing sewage sludge to yield a net energy profit even with the added energy demand of ensuring the hygienic quality of the digestate through conventional pasteurization. Although the project was focused on the conditions at Sundet waste water treatment plant, the issues dealt with are general and the results are relevant to many waste water treatment plants in Sweden. The research, conducted between June 2011 and January 2012 were divided into two trials. The two trials, described schematically in Figure 1, represented two possible process configurations designed to reach the goal stated above. The key component of both process configurations is the addition of a post-digestion step to the existing single-step digestion process. In trial 1 the additional feature of dewatering between the two digestion steps served to reduce energy demand for pasteurization and increase the organic loading rate of the post-digester.

  9. Evaluation of the Swedish biogas standard - basis for a future audit; Utvaerdering av svensk biogasstandard - underlag foer en framtida revision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Svensson, Mattias

    2011-04-15

    This report is intended to constitute a basis for a future revision of the SS 15 54 38, 'Motor fuels - Biogas as fuel for high-speed otto engines.' When it was published in 1999, it was not deemed appropriate to source compressed biomethane from landfill gas, because of its wider range of trace elements, often in relatively high concentrations, such as siloxanes and halogenated hydrocarbons. Siloxanes are also present in the gas from waste water treatment plants, but the assessment was made that upgrading methods available at the time reduced these levels sufficiently. By putting a maximum limit on the nitrogen content, landfill gas was effectively shut out. Technical Development (cryogenic upgrading making it possible to clean landfill gas to biomethane quality; stricter emissions standards for vehicles that has led to a higher level of sophistication in engine and aftertreatment technologies) has now made it necessary to better control the levels of all trace elements. The state of standardization is not satisfactory for CNG in general and renewable CNG (biomethane) in particular. Standardization at the international level is mostly qualitative. Most standards are at the national level and with the exception of Sweden biomethane is only standardized for injection on the natural gas network. A mandate (M/475, 2010) from the European Commission to develop the CEN standards for biomethane fed into the grid, or used directly as renewable CNG, may change this, and the issue will be addressed in a new committee (CEN/TC408 'Project Committee - Biogas for use in transportation and injection into natural gas pipelines'). A variety of trace elements has been discussed for inclusion in the new standards, where countries such as Holland and France stand out as supporters of more stringent and comprehensive regulations. This report's working group considers it like the regulation of substances such as siloxanes and halogenated hydrocarbons will lead to removal methods, which sufficiently lowers also the levels of many of the other trace elements discussed. With respect to microorganisms, it is likely that the current requirement of a 1 micron filter may be sufficient to reduce the levels of these to harmless levels. If pathogens would be present, then the absorbed dosage would be too small to constitute any real risk. Lowering the maximum level for total sulfur content is an important revision, because the high content of sulfur dioxide in exhaust gases has an inhibitory and aging impact on catalysts, with lean-burn engine applications as the most sensitive. It is clear that most of the sulfur has its origin in the odorization, THT being utilized in Sweden (tetrahydrothiophene, about 6 mg S/Nm3). More sulfur-poor and even sulfur-free alternatives are available on the market, where the sulfur-free option is a less likely candidate, due to its uncharacteristic odor. Siloxanes are suspected as accountable for many of the undiagnosed operational problems in NGV's, since they precipitate as solid silica during combustion. Problems with clogging of the lambda sensors have been attributed to the presence of elementary silicon in petrol. It is unknown whether similar problems might arise from the presence of siloxanes in compressed biomethane. Reported total concentrations of siloxanes after upgrading fall below 0.6 mg Si/Nm3. Whether to regulate volatile heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic or not is an issue that risks becoming a stumbling block in the discussions between the Swedish vehicle manufacturers, who want to see quantitative regulation of these, and the CNG industry, which believes that the level of these rarely reach above the detection level even in the raw gas, and even less so in upgraded gas. As in the case of siloxanes and halogenated hydrocarbons, a possible recourse is to standardize/certify according to substrate source, heavy metals being present in principle only in landfill gas. In addition to the biologically derived trace elements it is also evident that there is a need to more closely regulate the contents of oil and water. The fact is that most of the operational problems of NGV's may be attributed to elevated levels of these two substances. However, the biggest obstacle to solve in order to revise the current Swedish standard of biomethane is the lack of validated testing methods, such as for entrained oil in the gas and the halocarbons. SP has already today candidate testing methods that can be validated for the former two, and shortly the validation of the sampling and analysis of siloxanes will be finished.

  10. Process for increased biogas production and energy efficient hygienisation of sludge; Process foer oekad biogasproduktion och energieffektiv hygienisering av slam

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rogstrand, Gustav; Olsson, Henrik; Andersson Chan, Anneli; Johansson, Niklas; Edstroem, Mats

    2012-07-01

    In Sweden there is a need to increase biogas production to meet the rising demand for biomethane as vehicle fuel but the amount of domestically available biomass to digest is limited. One way to help meet current and future demand for methane is to enhance the digestion of the substrates that are currently utilized. Vaexjoe municipality in southern Sweden is in the process of upgrading their facilities for biogas production at the Sundet waste water treatment plant. Their aim is to produce more biogas in order to meet the demand from an increasing methane-based local transit fleet. This is the backdrop to a joint project between JTI and Vaexjoe municipality where JTI's mobile pilot plant was used to study the possibility of extracting more biogas from the existing sewage sludge. In the future, Vaexjoe municipality also plans to co-digest source separated municipal organics with the sewage sludge, which will likely result in stricter demands in terms of hygienization of all utilized substrates. The goal of the project at hand was to demonstrate the possibility to produce more than enough additional biogas from existing sewage sludge to yield a net energy profit even with the added energy demand of ensuring the hygienic quality of the digestate through conventional pasteurization. Although the project was focused on the conditions at Sundet waste water treatment plant, the issues dealt with are general and the results are relevant to many waste water treatment plants in Sweden. The research, conducted between June 2011 and January 2012 were divided into two trials. The two trials, described schematically in Figure 1, represented two possible process configurations designed to reach the goal stated above. The key component of both process configurations is the addition of a post-digestion step to the existing single-step digestion process. In trial 1 the additional feature of dewatering between the two digestion steps served to reduce energy demand for pasteurization and increase the organic loading rate of the post-digester.

  11. Controlling of processes for producing energy carriers by means of biotechnique. Reglering av processer foer att producera energibaerare med bioteknik

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mandenius, C F

    1987-01-01

    The most suitable parameter to reducing production cost is controlling of sugar content when converting sulfite lye or cellulose hydrolysate to ethanol. By keeping the sugar content low in the end product the yield and productivity are improved. A sensor for ethanol in the yeast tank has been developed and the continous analysis of glucose has been performed by means of an analyser for enzymes.

  12. Intelligent soot blowing for boilers co-firing waste and biofuel; Behovsstyrd sotblaasning foer bio- och avfallseldade pannor - inventering och teknikval

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kjoerk, Anders [S.E.P. Scandinavian Energy Project AB, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    2003-11-01

    To achieve optimum boiler operation and performance it is necessary to control the cleanliness and limit the fouling of the heat transfer surfaces. Historically, the heating surfaces in boilers firing biomass and waste are cleaned by steamblowing soot blowers on scheduled time-based and/or parameter-based intervals or by mechanical methods. With the advent of fuel switching strategies and use of mixed-in industrial waste, the control of heating surface cleanliness has become even more crucial for these boilers. Scheduled and/or parameter based approaches do not easily address operational changes. As plant operators push to achieve greater efficiency and performance from their boilers, the ability to more effectively optimize cleaning cycles has become increasingly important. If soot blowing is done only when and where it is required rather than at set intervals, unit performance can be maintained with reduced blowing, which saves steam. Two philosophical approaches toward intelligent soot blowing are currently being applied in the industry. One incorporates heat flux monitors to gather real-time heat transfer data to determine which areas of the furnace need cleaning. The other uses indirect temperature and pressure data to infer locations where soot blowing is needed, and is mainly applied for controlling soot blowers in the superheater and economiser area. The heat flux monitors are so fare used for control of the furnace wall blowers. A system using temperature, pressure and flow data does not require much additional instrumentation as compared with what is available on a standard boiler. However the blower control system must be capable of operating blowers on an individual basis. For advanced options it should also be possible to adjust the speed of the soot blower and the steam pressure. The control program could be more or less advanced but the ability to model heating surfaces and determine real-time cleanliness is crucial for an intelligent soot blowing system. Both boiler manufacturer and company dealing with soot blowers work with this issue and have a set of different solutions, all of them based on some kind of modelling of the boiler heat transfer surfaces. A model is needed to take the load changes and fuel switches into account. An intelligent soot blowing system should be easy to tune and adjust depending on the actual experience gained on each installation. It is also important that the system still works without jeopardy the availability of the boiler even if any instrument fails. As a first step it is therefore advisable to start with an indicative system which then when it is proved to be safe could control the soot blowing. From an economical point of view large boilers with many hours in operation are best suited for an intelligent soot blower system installation.

  13. Guidance to regulations on trade with emission permits for carbon dioxide; Vaegledning till lagstiftning om handel med utslaeppsraetter foer koldioxid

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2008-07-15

    This guidance is intended to facilitate application of the rules on emissions trading. The guidance is principally concerned with issues relating to permit appraisal and monitoring, but also discusses some terms common to permits and allocations, such as installation and operator. The guidance follows the same structure as the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency regulations (NFS 2007:5) in order to provide direct support for the rules. The focus is on providing a general description of the responsibilities of the operator and application of the rules. In addition, some difficult terms and relationships are explained. However, no exhaustive description of the operator's responsibilities is given, nor are the rules on verification described. We therefore recommend that the guidance should be read in conjunction with the Trading Act, the Trading Ordinance and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency regulations. The first chapter presents a brief description of the purpose of the trading scheme, and is followed by a chapter in which the rules on applying for permits and the application procedure are reviewed. The next chapter gives a description of how the operator should monitor emissions and how the rules for the monitoring plan work, as well as the options that exist for simplified monitoring. The next chapter looks at notifications the operator might have to make and what they should contain. Guidance is also provided on how the county administrative board should process these notifications. The conditions of the permit decision are also briefly described. This is followed by a short chapter on the emissions report and the materiality threshold. The final chapter comments on certain parts of the annexes to the regulations. The EU Emissions Trading Directive has been implemented in Sweden through the Emissions Trading Act (2004:1199) (the Trading Act), the Emissions Trading Ordinance (2004:1205), the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency regulations (NFS 2007:5) and general recommendations on carbon dioxide emission allowances and the Swedish Energy Agency regulations (STEMFS 2004:8) on an emission allowance registry. All these documents can be found at www.utslappshandel.se

  14. Operators tool to control fibre quality in the production of CTMP/TMP in an energy efficient way. New view shows a potential to reduce energy input; Operatoersverktyg foer styrning av fiberkvalitet vid tillverkning av CTMP/TMP paa ett energieffektivt saett. Ny syn visar paa potential foer energibesparing

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ferritsius, Olof; Johansson, Ola; Ferritsius, Rita

    2011-10-15

    The main objective of the project was to provide operators in the two factories the opportunity to more actively identify causes of variations in energy efficiency in the production of TMP and CTMP. To achieve this, it was done in collaboration with the Umeaa Inst. of Design at Umeaa Univ., new types of operator interfaces that clearly demonstrate when changes are about to occur in the process variables respectively quality variables. In addition, a method was developed to calculate the energy efficiency on-line with regard to quality.

  15. Policies, strategies and systems for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel; Principer, strategier och system foer slutligt omhaendertagande av anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Grundfelt, Bertil (Kemakta Konsult AB (Sweden))

    2010-12-15

    In this report an up-to-date account is made of the status of different principles, strategies and systems for the management and disposal of spent nuclear fuel. As large scale use of nuclear power for the production of electricity began in the 1960s and 1970s, studies of various principles and strategies for the management of the spent nuclear fuel were initialised. In particular in the USA, comprehensive studies were conducted of all strategies described in this report

  16. Biological recipient control at the Oskarshamn nuclear power plant. Annual report for 2011; Biologisk recipientkontroll vid Oskarshamns kaernkraftverk. Aarsrapport foer 2011

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andersson, Jan; Franzen, Fredrik; Lingman, Anna

    2012-07-01

    Potential ecosystem effects caused by the effluent cooling water from the Simpevarp nuclear power plant, close to Oskarshamn on the Swedish coast of the Baltic Proper, are monitored in yearly surveys using gillnets and fyke nets. Fishing is undertaken at several sites in a coastal gradient starting at the location of the emitted cooling water, and in a reference area 100 km north of the recipient. Soft bottom macro fauna and macro vegetation are monitored both in the gradient and in the reference area. Fish mortality due to entrapment in the cooling water system and commercial landings are monitored to assess the effects on the local fishery. The water used for cooling is normally heated by 10-12 deg C when passing through the power plant. In sheltered parts of the recipient bay of Hamnefjaerden, the surface water was 4-6 deg C warmer in April-November 2011 than in the reference area comparable reference areas and the emitted water occasionally exceeded 30 deg C in the summer. Fish losses in the cooling water rinsing system were dominated by Baltic herring. Effects on abundances at the population level are estimated to be small, but local effects cannot be ruled out. Perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) dominated the catches in the surveys with gillnets in Hamnefjaerden, as well as in the archipelago surrounding the power plant. Perch abundances increased in these areas. Catches of roach decreased close to the power plant, but also in the reference area. Perch in the gillnet catches were younger and grew faster close to the power plant than in the reference area. Abnormal gonads, previously observed at high frequencies in perch and roach in Hamnefjaerden, were rare in the 2011 sampling. The abundance of young of the year perch in the recipient did not change over time. The size of the perch fry however, increased in Hamnefjaerden, as well as in the local reference area. The catch and size structure of yellow eel (Anguilla anguilla) did not change over time in the recipient since the 1980s. The prevalence of swim bladder parasites (Anguillicoloides sp.) has been 50-60% since the parasite was established in Hamnefjaerden in the late 1980's. Gillnet surveys are performed in the spring on the open coast at the power plant to study effects on Baltic herring and other marine species, normally appearing at low water temperatures. Problems due to an increasing population of grey seals forced a change in fishing methodology in 2011, and the pelagic nets were replaced with a series of demersal nets. The abundances of the long term dominants Baltic herring (Clupea harengus), sea scorpions (Myoxocephalus scorpius) and cod (Gadus morhua) have shown large periodic variations since the survey was established in the early 1970's. Cod alone has shown a long term decrease, probably reflecting the general situation in the Baltic Sea. Silver eel (Anguilla anguilla) catches decreased in the local fishery, but increased in the reference area until silver eel fishing stopped in this area in 2001. The long term development is however believed to reflect the general trends of eel in the Baltic region. Abundance and species richness in soft bottom macro fauna increased strongly in shallow sites between 1962-2011, in Simpevarp as well as in the reference area. The number of species increased also on deeper sites, but the total abundance did not change significantly. The abundance of the introduced polychaete Marenzelleria sp. increased rapidly in recent years and is now among the dominants in both areas. The trend is reflective of the general changes in the Baltic Sea. Vegetation on hard bottoms is monitored on three sites in the coastal gradient of cooling water. The algal communities are considered to have good ecological status and the studied sites are among the richest in the region. The Fucus vesiculosus cover decreased however, in recent years due to the wearing of ice. Fucus increased its distribution in deeper parts in two sites south of the power plant. The cover of filamentous green algae increased over the last decade and the cover of red algae in 5-6 m depth decreased in recent years.

  17. Technique for compressed bundles for harvest of whole straw willow. Pilot study; Teknik foer komprimerande helskottsskoerd av salix i buntform. Foerstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eriksson, Hans (Vaesteraeng Lantbruk AB (Sweden))

    2008-06-15

    The pilot study was initiated by the need of a new technology that has been raised from the problem, and by the specifications of requirements, that has been described from the project 'Salix Maelardalen'. The need has been crystallized by the energy company Maelarenergi AB, Vaesteraas, in their handling of bio fuel, among many other fuels. The company Maelarenergi AB can see a potential in the use of Salix of a considerable volume. There is a special need by the means of the big volume handling of Salix, since the Salix raw material must be able to be delivered under a longer period or for intermediate storage. 8-9 months could be an adequate storage period. The possibility for intermediate storage could do the flow of fuel raw material to the combined power and heating plant is harmonized to the special requirements of fuel. The storage capability in chipped raw Salix chips is very short and that's why chipped Salix are not going to be a sustainable system combined with the handle of big volume together with portioned inflow to the plant. The production of Salix chips in a system of direct chipping is a very delicate system. The ground conditions with frozen and dry grounds are important for a system with heavy machines. The last years have not given such climate conditions. A big problem with practicability has been coming up. The number of days for contract work during the harvest period without interruption, because of hard conditions, has been decreased to the level that the capacity very considerably falls below what is economical defensible. The needs of larger areas for harvesting during fewer days under good conditions counteract each other. In the 'hot flow' during the harvest when the harvest machine will work with escort vehicles/container transports in the field can be impossible to realize because of for example the breakdown of the soil structure. The organization around 'hot flow system' is a very heavy programme and demand good and secure weather conditions. Heavy rain or snow is a big problem during harvest season. The proposal from Maelarenergi AB has been carefully analysed and they think this is a solution with high potential. It should mean lower costs than in compare to using a mobile fossil driven cutter. Chipped Salix on farmland is a 'hot' flowchart, with big demand on among other things the logistic in and around the system. The possibility to direct consumption with chipped Salix has a limited storage capability. Chipped Salix is not possible to transport long distance, maximum 30 - 35 km, if it should keep the capacity to pay the procedure. The costs of transport will be too big in comparison to production value. Another advantage is the costs for intermediate storage. For example the area of the intermediate storage station, can be reduced when smaller volumes with higher density are handled. An overall analysis over the project 'Salix Maelardalen' point out very obviously that an alternative to the today direct chipping system is necessary and that development work around harvest with compressing bundle technique is very important. Big positive effects on environment can also be shown. Questions around 'compressed whole straw harvest of Willow' can be answered by a pilot study. There are o lot of aspects to pay attention to and 'smooth the road' to the growing production of Salix and it's rising as fuel raw material. The pilot study is going to penetrate the development of new harvest technique and earlier systems for 'compressed whole shoot harvest' of Salix. Needs and potential of new technique will be analysed and the study will also give suggestions to a new specification of requirements. The study will also suggest future developing projects. One of the purposes with the pilot project is that it could be a platform for future technical and practical research and even to be as a base for coming application in the field of innovative machinery development. The pilot study expects to answer 'which measures that must be done' to use the advantages in a new harvest system. Consumers of Salix raw material and Salix entrepreneurs are the target groups for this pilot study. To handle the Salix raw material during a longer period than today the water content for further storage must reach a level that's acceptable for storage. Developer of machinery and machinery system is a target group which has to follow the specifications of requirements. People working with research in the field of what new techniques can come up with in comparison to the techniques of today is of course also one important target group. New calculations and analyses must be done on the whole chain that includes produce of fuel energy from energy forest. The realization of the project is going to be as a pilot study based on the project 'Salix Maelardalen'. The value of a production of a new type of harvest technique for Salix is very great.

  18. Pre-study - mobile briquetting plant for reed canary grass in inland Northern Sweden; Foerstudie - mobil briketteringsanlaeggning foer roerflen i norrlands inland

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paulrud, Susanne; Lundmark, Bo

    2009-07-01

    The aim of this preliminary study was to summarize existing information and to develop an outline plan for a mobile briquette plant based on the conditions and requirements of reed canary grass production on forestry land. The results of the study show that there is potential to build up small-scale briquette production from reed canary grass in the areas around Arvidsjaur, Lycksele and Malaa. Important conclusions from the study are that there are potential users for reed canary grass briquettes in all three areas studied, but that profitability for mobile briquette plants is dependent on the willingness of the users to pay well for the briquettes. These briquette plants would need a relatively high degree of automation for commercial operation to be profitable. The first plant should therefore be collocated with another business so that staff, machinery (e.g. loader) and storage space can be shared with other operations. One appropriate location would be to build up activities for a mobile reed canary grass briquette plant around Glommers Miljoeenergi's pellet plant in Glommerstraesk. Thus, the plant could be used as a demonstration mobile unit, with a stationary 'home production base'CO{sub 2} Glommerstraesk

  19. High temperature corrosion in biomass- and waste fired boilers. A status report; Kunskapslaeget betraeffande hoegtemperaturkorrosion i aangpannor foer biobraensle och avfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Henderson, P; Ifwer, K; Staalenheim, A; Montgomery, M; Hoegberg, J; Hjoernhede, A

    2006-12-15

    Many biomass- or waste-fired plants have problems with high temperature corrosion on the furnace walls or at the superheaters, especially if the steam temperature is greater than 500 deg C. An increase in the combustion of waste fuels means that an increasing number of boilers have had problems. Therefore, there is great interest from plant owners to reduce the costs associated with high temperature corrosion. At the same time there exists a considerable driving force towards improving the electrical efficiency of a plant by the use of more advanced steam data. The purpose of the work presented here was to answer three main questions: What can be done to reduce high temperature corrosion with current fuel blends and steam temperatures? How can more waste fuels be burnt without an increased risk for corrosion? What needs to be done to reach higher steam temperatures in the future? The level of knowledge of high temperature corrosion in biomass- and waste-fired boilers has been described and summarised. The following measures are recommended to reduce corrosion in existing plant: Make sure that the fuel is well mixed and improve fuel feeding to obtain a more even spread of the fuel over the cross-section of the boiler. Use combustion technology methods to stabilize the oxygen content of the flue gases near the membrane walls and other heat transfer surfaces. Experiment with additives and/or supplementary fuels which contain sulphur in some form, for example peat. Reduce the flue gas temperature at the superheaters. Review soot-blowing procedures or protect heat transfer surfaces from soot blowers. Evaluate coated membrane wall panels in parts of the furnace that experience the worst corrosion. Test more highly alloyed steels suitable for superheaters and when replacing a superheater change to a more highly alloyed steel. For the future, the following should be considered: The role of sulphur needs to be investigated more and other additives should be investigated. Waste products that can reduce fouling and corrosion should be identified. Testing of high-alloyed steels, nickel-base alloys and coatings is needed. Also a better understanding of why some alloys are better than others. New boiler designs with reduced flue gas temperatures near the superheaters. Continue with better mixing of different fuel fractions and improved fuel feeding Improve boiler control to remove the CO peaks. Design superheaters with a larger gap between the loops and use less soot blowing.

  20. Measures for simultaneous minimization of alkali related operating problems, Phase 2; Aatgaerder foer samtidig minimering av alkalirelaterade driftproblem, Etapp 2. Ramprogram

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gyllenhammar, Marianne; Herstad Svaerd, Solvie; Davidsson, Kent; Aamand, Lars-Erik; Steenari, Britt-Marie; Folkeson, Nicklas; Pettersson, Jesper; Svensson, Jan-Erik; Boss, Anna; Johansson, Linda; Kassman, Haakan

    2007-12-15

    Combustion of an increasing amount of biofuel and waste woods has resulted in certain environmental advantages, including decreased emissions of fossil CO{sub 2}, SO{sub 2} and metals. On the other hand, a number of chloride and alkali related operational problems have occurred which are related to combustion of these fuels. Alkali related operational problems have been studied in a project consisting of two parts. The overall scope has been to characterise the operational problems and to study measures to minimise them. The first part was reported in Vaermeforsk report 997. In part two, additional measures have been included in the test plan and initial corrosion has been studied linked to the different measures. The tests have also in part two been carried out at the 12 MW CFB boiler at Chalmers. The effect of the selected measures has been investigated concerning both deposit formation and bed agglomeration, and at the same time emissions and other operational conditions were characterised. The second part of the project has among other things focused on: To investigate measures which decrease the content of alkali and chloride in the deposits, and consequently decrease the risk for corrosion (by investigating the initial corrosion). Focus was also on trying to explain favourable effects. To investigate if it is possible to combine a rather low dosage of kaolin and injection of ammonium sulphate. This was done in order to reduce both bed agglomeration and problems from deposits during combustion of fuels rich in chlorine. To investigate if co-combustion with sewage sludge, de-inking sludge or peat with high ash content, could give similar advantages as conventional additives. Investigate if ash from PFBC (coal ash and dolomite) is possible to use as an alternative bed material. In the reference case, straw pellets were co-combusted together with wood pellets. This fuel mixture gave high alkali and chlorine contents. Alkali was in surplus of chlorine. The agglomeration temperature is reduced by about 50 deg C after 12 h of combustion with wood and straw pellets. Sticky alkali-silicate particles reduce the agglomeration temperature. The bed sand particles are coated with alkali (potassium) and also calcium. The straw ash itself forms sticky parts which contribute to the low agglomeration temperature. Alkali chloride will be formed and vaporized to the gas phase. It will then be measured in the flue gas and will later condensate on the tubes in the back pass. Small amounts of alkali sulphates will also be formed. The alkali chloride content will increase from 1-2 ppm to 44 ppm in the flue gas when the straw pellets are added. The flue gas contains also 9 ppm SO{sub 2} and 85 ppm HCl. All measures had a positive influence on the agglomeration temperature (except the addition of ammonium sulphate which was added to the cyclone inlet and did not have any significant influence on the bed). The results also showed that all measures, except co-combustion with de-inking sludge and changing bed material to sieved bottom bed ash from a PFBC boiler (PFBC-ash), lowered the alkali chloride content in deposits and therefore the risk of corrosion. Initial corrosion was found in the reference case at test probes of 304L exposed 4 hours at 600 deg C. Chromium depletion of the tube material showed that the protected chromium oxide had been damaged. By comparing the different measures in part two, it could be concluded that cocombustion of sewage sludge gave the best overall effect. The judgement was based on the effects concerning bed agglomeration, level of alkali chloride in the flue gas, deposits and initial corrosion. One disadvantage of sewage sludge is the large amount of ash which increases the ash load significantly. In the tests the ash flow increased four times more than for the reference case. Simultaneous addition of kaolin and ammonium sulphate also had a favourable impact both in the bed and on the alkali chlorides in the gas phase. Dosage of kaolin did not reduce the effect of injected ammonium sulphate. Addition of kaolin will increase the ash load. The sulphur dioxide content will increase in the flue gas with addition of ammonium sulphate. Maybe sulphur reduction would be needed in some cases. The NO{sub x}-content decreases when adding ammonium sulphate but the ammonia content could increase. Co-combustion of peat could also be a very attractive alternative, but it is critical to select a suitable peat type. It is of special concern to avoid peat with a high content of calcium, since it can increase the vel of alkali chlorides by reacting with available sulphur. In these tests resulted 50% peat addition in higher agglomeration temperature and lower corrosion risk on the superheater tubes. Change of bed material to ash from the PFBC-boiler (coal ash and dolomite) can decrease problems with bed agglomeration, but there is a risk of increased deposit formation and corrosion.

  1. Residential energy efficiency: changes in household chores for women and men; Energieffektivisering i bostaden. Foeraendringar i hushaallsarbete foer kvinnor och maen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carlsson-Kanyama, Annika; Wulff, Petter [Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm (Sweden); Linden, Anna-Lisa [Lund Univ. (Sweden)

    2005-12-15

    A substantial amount of energy is used in the residential sector. Many of the measures that residents can apply by themselves to save energy demand a change in behaviour, and thus everyday life is altered. It is common for women and men to take on different responsibilities in the household when they live together. Women spend more time on household chores and take the main responsibility for washing and cooking. In this study, we investigated how behaviour changed when women and men took part in various types of energy-saving campaigns. The data were obtained through 30 interviews in four different locations in Sweden. The results showed substantial adaptation and changes in behaviour. Examples included lowering room temperatures during the night, avoiding the use of tumble-dryers, replacing baths with showers, turning off lights, using energy-saving light bulbs, cooking and washing during hours when electricity is cheap and refitting the house for higher energy efficiency. The changes needed for this adaptation imply that women take on new responsibilities in areas that are their traditional territory, including many tasks carried out on a daily basis such as washing and drying clothes. Men often take on new responsibilities within the sphere of their traditional territory, such as building alterations or installing new equipment. These tasks are typically carried out during short periods and are mainly relevant in owner-occupied residences.

  2. Mechanical pre-treatment for enzymatically enhanced energy efficient TMP; Mekanisk foerbehandling av flis foer effektiv enzymatisk paaverkan vid energieffektiv TMP tillverkning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Viforr, Silvia

    2008-11-15

    Thermomechanical pulp (TMP) processes are high energy demanding. This together with the high energy prices of nowadays results in significant costs, why less energy demanding processes are wished. This project has evaluated the potential for energy reductions in a TMP process by a mechanical pre-treatment of the wood chips combined with an enzymatic modification based on a cellulase mixture. The structure of the wood was opened up by the mechanical pre-treatment making it easier for the enzymes to penetrate into the pre-treated wood material. The enzymatic treatment was then run at optimum standard conditions. The EU project - Ecotarget 2004-2008 (www.ecotarget.com) have studied different types of enzymes that could be used for pre-treatment of wood chips in order to save energy during TMP processes. Based on these studies cellulose enzyme was recommended to be used at pre-treatment experiment performed by the Vaermeforsk project. Due to the fact that the Ecotarget-project has also been run during 2008 with activities involving enzymes, the steering board of the Vaermeforsk project took the decision to co-ordinate the experiments from both of the projects. This co-operation increased the funds and also the number of experiments for both of the projects. The experimental results from this project showed that energy reductions at a given tensile index could be achieved if gently mechanical pre-treated wood chips were enzymatically treated. An intensive mechanical pre-treatment gave negative effects on both fibre length and tear index while the light scattering coefficient was promoted, probably due to the fibre shortening. Enzymatic modification of mechanically pre-treated chips showed a favourable modification of the fibres, even regarding the fibre shortening, if compared to mechanical pre-treated chips only. The effects of cellulases was however not as expected, why a high amount of cellulases was used. Other types of enzymes which could attack the primary wall of the wood cell should be tested in mechanical pre-treatment of wood chips for energy savings in TMP processes. Such enzymes could be xylanases, pectinases or proteases. New equipments that could pre-treat wood chips more gently may also be desired

  3. Oxidation catalysts for cleaning of CO and TOC in flue gases - step 1; Oxidationskatalysatorer foer rening av ofoerbraenda roekgaser - etapp 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Berg, Magnus [TPS Termiska Processer AB, Nykoeping (Sweden); Harnevie, H. [SwedPower AB (Sweden)

    2001-01-01

    Environmental demands on the firing of solid fuels are gradually being sharpened and will in the future be regulated by different EG directives. Of particular importance is an EG directive on the incineration and co-incineration of waste. Most fractions of recycled wood fuel will be included in this directive. In the directive, high demands are placed above all on the restriction of the release of unburned compounds such as CO, TOC and dioxins. In many cases, it will be very difficult to optimise combustion in order to reduce releases of these compounds in question to the level regulated by legislation. This has therefore led to the initiation of this project on oxidation catalysts as a tool in the reduction of such emission components. In this preliminary study, 11 suppliers of oxidation catalysts have been contacted on this issue. An investigation has been carried out into their principles and costs and also interest in the application of these. Of the suppliers interviewed, 7 were seriously interested in the current application and at least 5 can be considered interesting for further discussion at later stages. Based on the information received, it could also be noted that costs for monolithium catalysts which can clean 12.000 m{sup 3}{sub n} flue gas/hour varied between approximately 60.000 and 240.000 SEK. This flow of flue gas corresponds to the amount generated by a 5 MW plant fired with normal forest chips (50% TS). Within the scope of this stage, an application study of two boilers has also been carried out (Vattenfall's boiler at Swedish Match and Marbodal). In both cases, the catalysts are considered to be able to be assembled without much reconstruction. However, it remains uncertain whether the catalysts can endure the current concentration of particles in the flue gas duct or for Swedish Match also the concentration of HCl and SO{sub 2} respectively. Finally is a proposal of how continued work in this area should be carried out described. This should take place via a combination of work in both laboratory and full scale. During laboratory experiments, the sensitivity of the catalysts for variations in H{sub 2}O, HCl, SO{sub 2} and O{sub 2} should be examined. Full-scale attempts should include approximately 6 months continuous follow-up in two separate plants. Preferably a plant fired with a fuel containing both chlorine and sulphur and also preferably a plant that fires a fuel relatively free from both these components.

  4. Retrofitting oil fired boilers for pellets based pulverised wood firing at peak load; Konvertering av befintliga oljepannor till pulvereldning foer spetslast

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Malmgren, A.; Tao, L.; Wennstroem, M. [TPS Termiska Processer AB, Nykoeping (Sweden)

    2000-03-01

    The types of equipment for grinding of pellets used by commercial heat producers today are discussed. Powder from a representative number of plants has been collected and classified using a traditional vibrating sieve and an aerodynamic method 'Aeroklass'. The results show clearly that the difference in 'fluffyness' between a powder produced from pellets, briquettes or directly from wood can be identified by the aerodynamic method. The shapes of different particles are shown in microscope pictures. The requirements of burners and combustion chambers for good burnout of fuel particles are discussed theoretically. Burnout time for wood particles of different size at different temperatures are calculated and the result is presented in diagrams. It is difficult to calculate the residence time for fuel particles in a flame in a generally useful way with any precision. Some diagrams that can be used to approximate the residence time of an aerodynamically small particle, in different parts of a flame, as a function of fuel load and burner diameter are presented. The results of CFD-simulations (with Fluent) of the trajectories of different sized fuel particles in a 20 and a 10 MW flame are shown in 20 pictures. Colour coding is used to show the particle temperature, residence time and combustion stage along the trajectories. The final discussion is based on the analysis of 3 real installations of burners in the size 9 - 20 MW.

  5. Energy statistics for single-family houses, apartment buildings and non-residential premises in 2012; Energistatistik foer smaahus, flerbostadshus och lokaler 2012

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2013-07-01

    This report presents a summary of energy use and heating method in Swedish buildings (2012). The report covers basically three surveys - energy use in houses, in apartment buildings and premises. These three studies are first published separately. The results are then processed further, with the aim to provide a comprehensive picture of energy use in permanently occupied dwellings (houses and apartments) and commercial buildings (excluding industrial premises). This report presents the results of these operations.

  6. Abatement Technologies for Volatile Organic Compounds in Emissions from Biofuel Driers; Reningsteknik foer organiska aemnen i utslaepp till luft vid biobraensletorkning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nielsen, Karin; Ehrstedt, Thomas [Sycon Energikonsult AB, Malmoe (Sweden)

    2000-06-01

    This report is a part of a program at Vaermeforsk called Drying of Biofuels and deals with abatement technologies for volatile organic compounds (VOC) in biofuel drier emissions. The report gives an account of the amount of organic matter in wood and in drying gases and also of different abatement technologies for VOC. Processes from about 20 contractors are briefly described. The conclusions from this work are that thermal or catalytic oxidizing technologies in connection with regenerative heat recovery seems to be the most suitable technique for this application. Both technologies should give a degree of purification above 95 %. The purification cost for a typical case has been estimated to about 22 SEK per kg removed organic matter in both cases. The investment cost is higher for the catalytic oxidizer (6-20 MSEK for a 60.000 Nm{sup 3} /h catalytic plant compared to 4-6,5 MSEK for a thermal plant) but the fuel cost is lower. Condensation is a usable technique but it suffers from bad degree of purification. By using a wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) the degree of purification can be enhanced but it will still be lower than for the oxidizers. Adsorption and absorption are not suitable for gases at high temperatures containing several different organic compounds at low concentrations, which is the case in biofuel drying. This means high purification costs and low degree of purification. Other technologies that have been found less suitable are biological purification and membrane technology. World-wide there are a few reference plants based on thermal oxidizing in connection with biofuel drying. Otherwise the experiences are very limited. According to this, tests in pilot plant scale are recommended before investment in a full-scale plant for biofuel driers.

  7. Simple, clear and informative price models for district heating to detached houses; Enkla, tydliga och informativa prismodeller foer fjaerrvaerme till smaahus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wiren, Christer [Consevo AB, Vaesterlanda (Sweden)

    2005-07-01

    This report deals with pricing and price models of district heating for single-family houses. The purpose of this study is to give proposals for price models which meet with customer demands for freedom of choice regarding charges for connection and heating consumption of single-family houses. Equally these price models should consider the needs of district heating companies for sound economy of this business in the long term. The scope of the project has covered both the customer and the company side of the market for district heating to single-family houses. Customers consider distant heating to be advantageous both with regard to costs and to comfort. Therefore it is important for companies to facilitate for customers to finance the installation of district heating and to offer alternatives of different heating consumption fees. A distinctive feature of district heating is that the companies have control of the total value chain from the installation of the boiler to the actual supply of the heating with options also to offer various service support. This means that district heating companies have the possibility to price either the district heating boiler and the district heating separately or in various forms of combinations. This is a distinct advantage that the report recommends companies to exploit to the maximum in order to benefit from the market potential. The report recommends five different price models, which should give the companies sound finances and the customers an optimal freedom of choice regarding the balance between the connection fees and the heating consumption fees.

  8. System identification methodology for grate modeling. Black- and grey-box models; Metodik foer modellering av foerbraenningsrost med systemidentifiering. Svart- och graalaademodeller

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lundgren, Astrid; Sjoeberg, Jonas; Ramstroem Erik; Sunnerstam, Fredrik

    2004-10-01

    The possibility to use system identification to model combustion on a grate was studied. The identification was based on collected data from the combustion unit, data which was used to determine the model parameters. A number of step response experiments have been performed, for instance with varying pusher speed and air supply. No clear response was seen and thus it is concluded that the system is poorly excited. The initial requirements on the input parameters were not met. For instance many of the input parameters are co-varying with each other which limits the possibilities to single out the influence from each parameter on the combustion process. This will obstruct the identification procedure. In an attempt to improve the model, and compensate for the poor data, theoretical insights, i.e. a mass- and heat balances, have been included. Two model approaches were suggested, one based on the measured grate temperature, and another based on the fuel bed extension on the grate (particularly the position of the burn-out of the fuel). The first approach was implemented in an existing grey-box identification software MoCaVa, but the model output was concluded to be in poor agreement with measured data. The second approach was never tested since it could not be implemented in the MoCaVa software due to a discontinuous optimisation criteria. Instead a linear model based on the grate temperature has been used for comparison. In this model, it was shown that the response time of the grate temperature signal is significantly shorter than the fuel transportation time on the grate, thus a change in grate temperature is not only a result of the fuel transport. Radiation and conduction of heat to the grate is influencing the grate temperature and needs to be included in future modeling work. A strategy in order to separate the response from each signal during normal operation have been suggested. In future work the model need to be identified by exciting the system further and without covariance of the parameters. The time of each experiment needs to increase since the time constant of the system is long. Also it could be of interest to sample (and control) the fuel composition to the boiler, which is preferably done in a laboratory scale equipment. In this work, all models have the grate temperatures as output. This was motivated by the fact that this temperature is simple to measure and that it indicates the char burn out zone position on the grate. However, it is suggested for future work that the power output, also could be used as a model output. For instance the primary air might decrease the grate temperature due to convective cooling or it might increase the temperature due to more intense combustion in the fuel bed resting on the grate. If the convective cooling and the more intense combustion are in the same order of magnitude, the influence on the grate temperature from primary air will be low. It is believed that the power output is a better model output than the grate temperature, from which the grate temperature and the burn-out zone can be estimated.

  9. Methodology for geometric modelling. Presentation and administration of site descriptive models; Metodik foer geometrisk modellering. Presentation och administration av platsbeskrivande modeller

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Munier, Raymond [Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., Stockholm (Sweden); Hermanson, Jan [Golder Associates (Sweden)

    2001-03-01

    This report presents a methodology to construct, visualise and present geoscientific descriptive models based on data from the site investigations, which the SKB currently performs, to build an underground nuclear waste disposal facility in Sweden. It is designed for interaction with SICADA (SKB:s site characterisation database) and RVS (SKB:s Rock Visualisation System). However, the concepts of the methodology are general and can be used with other tools capable of handling 3D geometries and parameters. The descriptive model is intended to be an instrument where site investigation data from all disciplines are put together to form a comprehensive visual interpretation of the studied rock mass. The methodology has four main components: 1. Construction of a geometrical model of the interpreted main structures at the site. 2. Description of the geoscientific characteristics of the structures. 3. Description and geometrical implementation of the geometric uncertainties in the interpreted model structures. 4. Quality system for the handling of the geometrical model, its associated database and some aspects of the technical auditing. The geometrical model forms a basis for understanding the main elements and structures of the investigated site. Once the interpreted geometries are in place in the model, the system allows for adding descriptive and quantitative data to each modelled object through a system of intuitive menus. The associated database allows each geometrical object a complete quantitative description of all geoscientific disciplines, variabilities, uncertainties in interpretation and full version history. The complete geometrical model and its associated database of object descriptions are to be recorded in a central quality system. Official, new and old versions of the model are administered centrally in order to have complete quality assurance of each step in the interpretation process. The descriptive model is a cornerstone in the understanding of the investigated site and forms a basis for subsequent planning of the repository layout as well as for safety assessment studies.

  10. Biological recipient control at the Ringhals nuclear power plant. Annual report for 2011; Biologisk recipientkontroll vid Ringhals kaernkraftverk. Aarsrapport foer 2011

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jansson, Maria; Gustavsson, Frida; Fagerholm, Bjoern

    2012-07-01

    The cooling system of the Ringhals nuclear power plant affects the fish community in two steps. In the first step, seawater is used to cool the system in the nuclear power plant. Fish eggs, larvae and small juveniles are carried by the incoming water and are exposed to risk of damage or mortality. In the second step the heated water is released back into the sea, where the fish is affected by the increase in temperature. Reactor 1 and reactor 3 at Ringhals nuclear power plant produced electricity during the major part of the year 2011, with exceptions for the annual audits, and shorter stops in production. Reactor 2 only operated between January and April, due to a fire which led to a shutdown and a thorough remediation work during the rest of the year. Reactor 4 was producing electricity from January to June, but was later shutdown due to a prolonged annual audit until November. Fish eggs and fish larvae are sampled in the incoming cooling water using a modified Bongo net to monitor losses of eggs and larvae in the nuclear power plant. The abundance of shorthorn sculpin larvae (Myoxocephalus scorpius) has decreased since the sampling period started, although it is still the most abundant larvae. Also the abundance of rock gunnel larvae (Pholis gunnellus) has decreased over the years. To sample juvenile fish a modified Isaacs-Kidd midwater-trawl is used. This sampling is mainly focused on glass eels (Anguilla anguilla). The abundance of glass eels have declined strongly since the beginning of the 1980's, but a minor increase was observed in 2011. The decline of the glass eel abundance is most probably due to a general decrease in recruitment and not to a local effect caused by the nuclear power plant. The effects of the heated water released into the sea are monitored by fykenet surveys in the recipient as well as in a reference area. These two areas are monitored in two seasons to compare differences between the two areas in naturally cold and warm water of the two seasons. There was a different development in the diversity of fish between the two areas in the cold season, where the recipient showed a decreasing trend in diversity and the reference area was stable with no trend. This is possibly an effect of the warm water emissions. Species which prefer warm water have been observed to concentrate in the recipient area. Eel and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) are good examples, showing either stable or increasing catches in the area. Species which prefer cold water, as cod (Gadus morhua), shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) and eelpout (Zoarches viviparous) were less abundant in the recipient. No new findings for Swedish water of marine alien species were made in a scuba diving survey in four shallow areas near the outlet of cooling water from Ringhals (Ringhals udde, Baatafjorden, Norra Horta and Vendelsoe). Four species already established on the Swedish west coast were found however, the japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas), two species of red algae Dasya baillouviana, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and one brown algae, the japanese wireweed (Sargassum muticum)

  11. Knowledge basis concerning the market for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids (KAMEL); Kunskapsunderlag angaaende marknaden foer elfordon och laddhybrider (KAMEL)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2009-07-01

    The Swedish Energy Agency is proposing a four-year demonstration and development program to support the market introduction of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids (electric vehicle applications). This in light of the uncertainties in the market introduction of vehicles, cost of key components such as batteries, the possibility of industrial development in Sweden and the uncertainty of how to complement to existing charging infrastructure in an socioeconomic way. In addition to this, the more general aid to electric cars and plug-in hybrids is to be reviewed. Today, electric vehicles, hybrids, ethanol vehicles, bio-gas vehicles and fuel-efficient vehicles, are supported by the green car definition and the environmental classification system. Furthermore, ethanol vehicles and biogas vehicles have support through tax reduction for biofuels. Overall, community support for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids is lower than for the introduction of ethanol vehicles and biogas vehicles which do not reflect the environmental benefits they have. The review of the general subsidies for electric vehicles and the support through a demonstration program represent a concerted strategy to overcome the initially very high additional cost of these vehicles

  12. Evaluation of pine bark for treatment of water from biomass fueled plants; Utvaerdering av bark foer rening av vatten vid biobraensleeldade anlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hansson, Christina; Hansson, Helen; Hansson, Soeren [Carl Bro Energikonsult AB, Malmoe (Sweden)

    2004-01-01

    In Sweden, large amounts of pine bark are produced as a by-product from the pulp and forest industry. This makes pine bark available in large volumes to a relative low price. Pine bark has shown good absorption effect for organics pollutants, such as oil, in water and pine bark is used commercially as an oil absorbent. In a study the pine bark has also shown to have good absorption effects on heavy metals in water, in laboratory conditions. This indicates that pine bark also could be used as a natural absorbent for heavy metals in flue gas condensate and for leachate from biomass fuel storage. For the latter purpose the bark could be used as a combined heavy metal and oil absorber. In this project the pine barks ability to absorb heavy metals from flue gas condensate has been studied. The tests were performed using an untreated flue gas condensate, which was purified by using a basket filter with commercially available pine bark (trademark EcoBark) as absorbent. The bark filter has the same function as a tube reactor, which would imply that the absorption of heavy metals should be better than the laboratory tests. However, the results from the flue gas condensate tests showed much lower absorption of heavy metals than the laboratory tests. The only significant absorption levels were found for iron and mercury, which showed a reduction ratio of about 25 %. Other metals, such as lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, vanadium and zinc had a reduction ratio of about 10 %, which is quite low compared to the 98 % reduction for lead and about 80 % for copper and zinc that was achieved in the former laboratory tests. The most probable reason that the pine bark had a very low absorbent effect in the flue gas condensate is that the concentration of potassium and calcium restrains the ion exchange capacity of the pine bark. It is also likely that iron mainly is absorbed by the bark, while other metals only are separated as particles. Another possible reason for the rather poor absorption results in the flue gas condensate tests could be that iron affects the absorption of other metals. The water temperature could also have some influence on the results while the laboratory tests were performed at a considerably lower water temperature, 22 C. The flue gas condensate tests also included measurements of COD upstream and downstream the bark filter. The analyses shows that the COD concentration in the condensate upstream the filter is very low, 20-25 mg/litre, while the COD concentration downstream the filter is considerably higher, in the range 40 - 220 mg/litre. The COD before the filter probably originates from the small amount of char particles in the flue gas condensate and the increase of COD after the bark filter comes from humus that has been dissolved from the bark. The heavy metal absorption that has been analysed in the test with flue gas condensate should be comparable with heavy metal absorption from leachate from bio fuel storage, even if the water temperature in the latter case is lower.

  13. After Chernobyl. Consequences for energy policy, nuclear safety, radiation protection and environment protection. Efter Tjernobyl. Konsekvenser foer energipolitik, kaernsaekerhet, straalskydd och miljoeskydd

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1986-01-01

    The basic problems of the safety of nuclear power have been elucidated. The cause of the Chernobyl accident and its effects are discussed. The impact of this accident on the evaluation of Swedish nuclear safety is dealt with, and recommendations concerning increased safety when nuclear power accidents take place in other countries are presented. The environmental and economic consequences of early decommissioning of the Barsebaeck power plant are discussed as well as the general aspects of nuclear power phaseout in Sweden.

  14. Biomass functions for tree fractions from pine, spruce, and birch in Sweden; Biomassafunktioner foer traedfraktioner av tall, gran och bjoerk i Sverige

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Petersson, Hans

    1999-07-01

    This report describes new functions for estimation of the biomass of a tree, separated in a number of fractions. The functions will be used to estimate the potential supply of wood fuel from the forests, and to make calculations of bound carbon and indirect nitrogen balance in the forest.

  15. Species-specific guidelines for choosing forest regeneration material for northern Sweden; Beslutsunderlag foer val av skogsodlingsmaterial i norra Sverige med traedslagsvisa guider

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rosvall, O.; Andersson, Bengt; Ericsson, Tore

    1998-05-01

    To facilitate the selection of suitable seed-orchard and natural-stand regeneration material for sites in northern Sweden, a conceptual model was developed which includes a specification of the sites and genetic material, seed source transfer effects on various tree characters, and delineation of suitable utilization-areas for specific regeneration materials and management objectives. The most important site characteristics are photoperiod, temperature sum and local-climate pattern, specified by latitude, elevation and topography. The regeneration material is characterised by its specific properties, such as breeding value, and potential reaction to changes in the photoperiod (standardised latitudinal origin). A specification of transfer effects was made by the changes in the characteristics of a population when moved along photoperiod (latitudinal) or temperature (elevation) gradients. Optimum latitudinal seed-source transfer distances can be calculated for each temperature climate and management objective based on the economic value of the population characteristics and the species-specific transfer effects. On the basis of what were assessed to be common requirements, we drew up a baseline option whereby suitable utilization areas for seed-orchard and natural-stand progenies were delineated. An analysis was made of the consequences of the baseline option and the background information was reviewed and summarised for Pinus sylvestris, Pinus contorta, Picea abies and Betula pendula 95 refs, 24 figs, 16 tabs

  16. Method to produce combustible gas with low tar content out of biomass. Foerfarande foer att ur biomassa framstaella en tjaerfattig braennbar gas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lindman, N

    1988-01-11

    The gas is led in a controlled flow to a vertical reactor shaft with a circulating fluidized bed containing dispersed calcined limestone. The biomass is pyrolyzed by means of the reactor heat in order to produce tarry gas and charcoal. While the gas flows upward in the reactor shaft the tar is gasified in a heterogeneous catalytic reaction with limestone. Charcoal and limestone are separated from the gas at the top of the reactor shaft and brought back to the fluidized bed for combustion. (L.F.).

  17. Biological effects in limed forests; Biologiska effekter i kalkad skog. Aarsrapport 1998. Effektuppfoeljning av Skogsstyrelsens program foer kalkning och vitaliseringsgoedsling av skogsmark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Larsson, Per-Erik; Akselsson, Cecilia; Bengtsson, Roland; Bjelke, Ulf

    1999-10-01

    The Swedish Board of Forestry experimental work with liming and vitalising (nutrient compensation) of forest soil includes an extensive review program of the effects of this work. Results from the experimental work are presented in annual reports. This report gives an account of the review program carried out to indicate the results of the biological effects. The studies are performed within the Swedish Board of Forestry's large-scale experiments with the liming and vitalising fertilisation of forest soil. The report covers the time period, or parts of the period, from 1991 to 1998. The results in short are as follows: (1) Benthic invertebrate: The investigation revealed that a dose of 3 tonnes per hectare was insufficient to have a substantial effect on the fauna in acidified streams during the first seven years after treatment. An increase in the number of species and taxon or larger bio-diversity could not be confirmed. No indications of harmful effects on the fauna, caused by high lime concentrations, were found., (2) Benthic algae: Changes to benthic flora in streams after soil treatment was minimal. The total number of species increased slightly after lime treatment. At the same time the number of acid indicating species diminished. In other words, the decrease in acidity has improved the water quality. No negative effects, as a result of soil treatment were found., (3) Nutritional status in needles: The trees reacted quickly to the treatments. The soil treatment led to an increase in levels of calcium in the needles. Treatment using wood ash and the vitalising agent 'Skogvital' led to an increase in calcium and boron levels. Treatment using a mixture of wood ash and lime resulted in increased magnesium and manganese levels. Samples were taken one and three years respectively after treatment. A longer period of time is required to carry out a detailed evaluation of the nutritional status of the needles., and (4) Tree vitality: It is not possible to identify any variations in needle loss comparing limed areas and untreated reference areas during the six-year study. Similarly in the observation areas set up by the Swedish Board of Forestry, there was no evidence of any reductions in needle loss in spruce forest during the test period.

  18. The use of indentor testing in determining the creep properties locally - a review; Nyttjande av indentorteknik foer bestaemning av krypegenskaper lokalt - litteraturstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andersson, Peder [Det Norske Veritas AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2000-07-01

    A review has been performed with the purpose of examining what has been published regarding the creep indentation technique. In the reference list a selected choice of published papers is presented. Furthermore, the use of the technique is explained, a presentation is made of the parameters that are possible to determine and, finally, the limitations of the technique are discussed. In the investigated publications, the theoretical aspects of the indentation technique are discussed, as well as the possibilities of applying the technique in practice. From the published material, it is obvious that creep indentation testing is a technique suitable when the creep deformation properties of a material are to be determined. It seems though, that the technique so far mostly has been used in academically designed experiments and not in a larger industrial scale. The creep indentation testing technique seems to be a good complement to conventional uniaxial creep testing in determining the creep deformation properties of a material. Especially in testing of the creep deformation properties of weldments and parts of weldments, such as HAZ, the indentation testing technique can prove to be advantageous, as only a small amount of material is needed. In the line of business of plants operating in the high temperature range, where materials experience creep, there should be an interest in seeing a development of a testing standard for the creep indentation technique. This could be performed by doing a more comprehensive analysis of a selected choice of published papers, putting together their differences and similarities after which verifying experiments are pursued. In the end, it should be possible to come up with a draft standard for creep indentation testing.

  19. Laws, directives and policy instruments important for the development of the waste management system; Lagar, direktiv och styrmedel viktiga foer avfallssystemets utveckling

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nilsson, Karolina; Sundberg, Johan

    2010-01-15

    This report gives a survey and a description of present and future policy instruments that have been or will become important for the development of the waste management system. Policy instruments here refers to laws, directives, taxes/fees, national/local goals and other regulating measures that the society introduce to steer the development of the waste management system. This work can thus be used as a dictionary or a guideline for these measures. The investigation has two goals: 1. To give representatives of the Swedish waste management system a summary of important policy instruments for the future development of the waste management system. 2. To give Waste Refinery a summary of these policy instruments that can be used for the discussions of how the research within the centre should develop during stage 2. A large number of policy instruments have been found during the study. These instruments have been, most likely will become, or may become important for the development of the waste management system. Most of them are described in this report. The selection made is presented in Table 1. Focus for the selection has been policy instruments that are important for the research activities within Waste Refinery, meaning policy instruments that direct or indirect can change the use of thermal and/or biological treatment as well as techniques and methods supporting these treatment methods. [Table 1. Policy instruments that are presented in the report

  20. Utilization of controllable load for system operations services - Potential in the power system; Utnyttjande av styrbara laster foer systemdrifttjaenster - Potential i kraftsystemet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bojrup, Martin; Petersson, Andreas; Agneholm, Evert

    2013-04-15

    The frequency quality in the synchronized Nordic power system has decreased significantly during the last years. At the same time the procurement costs for frequency control services from the producers has increased dramatically. The decreased frequency quality has also resulted in an increased wear on production units taking part in frequency control. The large scale integration of renewable s, such as wind power, will probably result in a need for more frequency control resources. In order to increase the frequency control resources in the power system and find more cost efficient solutions this project suggests a development of a method for load control based on grid frequency. The suggested load control is applicable on loads fed by a variable-speed drive (VSD) and the purpose is to use energy loads, i.e. loads that not necessary need a constant power. By using the control capacity in these loads the power consumption from these loads can be controlled without causing any notable inconveniences for the customers. In the report the future potential is estimated for different ancillary services. As the installation of new VSDs and exchange of existing VSDs are performed to a large extent every year it is possible, already some years after implementation, to see an impact in the power system.

  1. Ash and sludge covering of mine waste - Final report. Benefits and/or risks using ash and sludge for covering of weathered mine waste; Aska och roetslam som taet- och taeckskikt foer vittrat gruvavfall - Slutrapport. Foerdelar och/eller risker med att anvaenda aska och slam som taet- och taeckskikt foer vittrat gruvavfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baeckstroem, Mattias; Karlsson, Ulrika [Oerebro Univ. (Sweden). Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre

    2006-02-15

    One of the main sources for metal pollution in Sweden is mine waste. One way to decrease the leaching of metals from mine waste areas are covering which decreases the volume of acid drainage. There is a shortage of appropriate materials to use for covering and excavation of till and clay from the environment might cause damages on the landscape. Previous studies have demonstrated that sludge and ashes are suitable materials for covering of waste deposits. When covering mine waste with ash and sludge various positive effects would arise, since the production of drainage water decreases as well as the pH increases due to the high buffer capacity of the ash. In Ervalla outside Oerebro an area with mine waste (tailings) has been covered with ash and sludge. This area gives a unique possibility to study benefits and/or risks with the covering of mine waste with ash and sludge. Unfortunately, the covering was not, from the start, carried out in a way that made it possible to evaluate the data. For instance, data about the surface and groundwater quality prior to the covering is lacking. Sulphidic minerals are also very common in the area, giving rise to acidic groundwater from other parts of the area, which haven't been remediated. This report is a final report where all phases are presented (phase 1 and 2). Focus in phase 1 has been on characterization of the material that has been used for covering and initiation of a monitoring program. In phase 2 focus has been on evaluation of monitoring data and the pros and cons of the deposit regarding the environment. Preliminary findings indicate that that the covering increases the leaching of some metals whereas the leaching of some metals decreases. An increase was observed for pH, calcium, potassium, sodium, arsenic, barium, chromium and copper. A decrease in the concentration of iron, nickel, cobalt, lead and zinc was observed. Other benefits with the remediation is also discussed (increased plant growth and an area for storing timber). From the results an approach towards future covering of weathered mine waste with ash and sludge is presented.

  2. Investigation and mapping of the requirements for lifting devices in a nuclear facility; Utredning och kartlaeggning av krav foer lyftanordningar inom kaernteknisk anlaeggning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andersson, Kjell (Inspecta Sweden AB, Vaexjoe (Sweden))

    2010-03-15

    This technical report covers the investigation and identification of requirements for lifting devices in nuclear facilities. The report is divided into the following Section: 1. A mapping of the regulatory framework for nuclear hoists in Finland, Germany and USA. 2. A description of how the international legal framework is applied in for replacement or modernization of lifts in the Swedish nuclear power plants. 3. In Europe, the new harmonized standard has been developed for conventional hoists. The rules appear in the 'EN-13 001'. The study will illustrate these rules, and how they currently apply in the nuclear industry in Sweden. 4. A comparison between the IKH's lifting standards and EN13001 which differences are highlighted and explained

  3. Evaluation of regulations and norms for concrete constructions in Swedish nuclear power plants; Utvaerdering av regler och normer foer betongkonstruktioner i svenska kaernkraftsanlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jovall, Ola (Scanscot Technology AB, Lund (Sweden))

    2010-12-15

    In the SSM's regulations and recommendations, there are at present no specific requirements and adequate guidance on how concrete structures should be designed in case of new buildings or verification analyses of existing buildings. The result of the work presented in this report constitute the basis for SSM's ongoing regulatory project Investigation regarding requirements for construction, design, analysis and review of reactor containments and other safety-related building structures. The project includes the following: 1. Summary of the regulations and requirements that have been applied at the initial design and new construction of concrete structures at the Swedish nuclear power plants. 2. Comparison and evaluation of relevant regulations published by the European and North American authorities. 3. Comparison and evaluation of relevant codes, standards, guidelines etc. for load-bearing concrete structures in different countries. 4. Conclusions and recommendations to the regulatory framework for the design of load-bearing concrete structures at the Swedish nuclear power plants. Based on a comparison and evaluation of regulations from the U.S., Canada, France, the UK, Finland and Sweden, as well as guidelines established by the international organizations IAEA and EUR, the following general recommendations are provided as a regulatory framework for the design of load-bearing concrete structures at the Swedish nuclear power plants: 1. The Eurocodes will replace the BKR design rules of Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning as the conventional building regulations on the construction of nuclear power plants. 2. A general review and updating of the existing industry standard Design rules for buildings at nuclear facilities DRB:2001 is implemented. Reference is made to the Eurocodes with regard to conditions of conventional design rules

  4. High-temperature pretreatment of biogas substrate by using district heating to increase the biogas production; Hoegtemperaturfoerbehandling av biogassubstrat med fjaerrvaerme foer oekad biogasproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Del Pilar Castillo, Maria; Ascue, Johnny [JTI, Uppsala (Sweden); Olsson, Marcus; Henriksson, Gunilla; Nordman, Roger [SP, Boraas (Sweden)

    2011-12-15

    In this study, we have shown that pre-heating sludge from a waste water treatment plant can give a higher biogas production rate. However, pretreatment showed no effect on substrate from a biogas plant at the conditions tested in this study. The study has also shown that there is potential of using district heating in the biogas industry for thermal pretreatment of sludge.

  5. Summary of the program 'Environmentally correct utilization of ashes' at Vaermeforsk 2002-2005; Syntes av delprogrammet 'Miljoeriktig anvaendning av askor' foer 2002-2005

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bjurstroem, Henrik [AaF-Process AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2006-04-15

    The present report summarizes the results during the period 2002-2005. The report also presents an evaluation of the programme and suggests priorities for the coming period, 2006-2008. During the period 2002-2005, 61 projects have been performed. The utilizations of ashes that have been targeted are, as materials in geotechnical construction, and as nutrients in forestry. Work has been carried out in four main areas: geotechnical constructions, landfills, recycling ash to soils, environment and chemistry. Among all results obtained, the following progresses along lines of development may be shown: A proposal for environmental guidelines on the utilization of ashes in construction; A battery of tests that allow a discussion of the geotechnical properties of ashes in e.g. road construction; Continued development of the use of ashes together with wastewater sludge as a cover for landfills, the use of fly ash in gravel roads; Use of ashes from biofuels in concrete; Evidence for the positive effects of spreading ashes on forest growth; and A method to classify those by-products from combustion that have mirror entries in the EWC as hazardous or non-hazardous. Each year, about 1 million tons of by-products, or ashes, are produced at the Swedish combustion plants. The largest potential market for these materials is in construction, which consumes some 100 million tons of materials each year. The most immediate uses are in road construction, in landfills or as ballast or filler in concrete. The most important barriers for use in e.g. road construction have been the absence of methods to assess the impact on the environment, and the absence of relevant testing methods for the geotechnical properties of ashes. Both these barriers were addressed in parallel projects. Guidelines with general limit values for road construction have been proposed. This work has also yielded an unexpected result: leaching of metals from ashes to soil and water is usually not the problem that it has been thought to be. However, highly soluble salts may be a cause for restrictions. Although one should interpret results from calculations with cautiousness it seems that dust from the roads settling on vegetables grown in the vicinity of a road is a larger problem. The tests used today to determine the geotechnical properties of materials aim primarily at checking if these are within specifications. As for other recovered materials, somewhat different tests must be used to ascertain that ashes can be used to provide a function. Three bottom ashes were investigated, and the results confirmed that the tests proposed are relevant. Some of the tests need to be refined. The properties related to moisture may become critical, in particular frost-heave in moist ashes. Work has been concluded with a handbook containing guidelines for building unpaved roads using fly ashes. The standards in force today on the use of ashes in cement and concrete refer to the utilization of coal ashes rich in silica. The Swedish ashes from biofuels do not fit into these standards. Their use as fine filler in concrete has been developed and demonstrated. Fly ash has been shown to be a replacement for cement in mines. The main thrust in the Ash Programme for landfills is on covers using ash and sludge from municipal wastewater treatment. Ashes provide the cover layer a high pH value that hinders biological degradation of the sludge as well as mechanical stability. Projects have investigated mixing proportions between ash and digested sludge and prepared in all four pilot surfaces on landfills, with satisfactory results. These projects have been complemented with an investigation of the chemical stability of the digested sludge. Mine tailings have been studied in two projects: In the first project digested sludge is used as support for vegetation on the mounds. The second role filled by the sludge is to prevent oxygen from reaching the sulphides tailings. To prevent roots from the vegetation to reach the tailings, an intermediate layer with ash has been placed under the vegetation support layer. The high pH-value of the ash, its content of heavy metals and its hardness yield an effective barrier. In another project, the effect of covering tailings with a mixture of ash and digested sludge on leaching from the tailings mound has been monitored. The goal for the covering has been reached, i.e. reducing leakage through the surface in the mound and an ugly sterile surface has been converted to a green, useful surface. Ashes from biofuels have an important role to fill in sustainable harvesting of biofuels. The removal of mineral nutrients in the logging residues is compensated for by spreading the ashes to these areas, i.e. recycling or compensatory fertilization. Ashes provide a more balanced supply of nutrients than lime or chalk to surfaces damaged by acid rain. The Ash Programme has strived at increasing interest for spreading ashes on forest soils by providing evidence for also short-term profits, such as effects on growth. In another project, old experiments where lime and ash have been spread to counteract the effects of acid rain in south-west Sweden have been examined and other studies have been re-examined. The results indicate that lime and ash treatment yielded an increased growth for spruce. The potential for improving the stability of ashes have been investigated in two projects. The data obtained within the Ash Programme have been collected in a database, Allaska, available on the Internet site of the Ash Programme (www.askprogrammet.com)

  6. Summary of the program 'Environmentally correct utilization of ashes' at Vaermeforsk 2002-2005; Syntes av delprogrammet 'Miljoeriktig anvaendning av askor' foer 2002-2005

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bjurstroem, Henrik [AaF-Process AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2006-04-15

    The present report summarizes the results form the projects that have carried out during the period 2002-2005. The report presents an evaluation of the programme and suggests priorities for the coming period, 2006-2008. The Ash Programme is a wide initiative including building up knowledge, work on guidelines, development work and communication. During the period 2002-2005, 61 projects have been performed. The utilizations of ashes that have been targeted are as secondary or recovered materials in geotechnical construction on the one hand, as nutrients in forestry on the other hand. Work has been carried out in four main areas: geotechnical constructions, landfills, recycling ash to soils, environment and chemistry. Among all results obtained, the following progresses along lines of development may be shown: A proposal for environmental guidelines on the utilization of ashes in construction; A battery of tests that allow a discussion of the geotechnical properties of ashes in e.g. road construction; Continued development of the use of ashes together with wastewater sludge as a cover for landfills, the use of fly ash in gravel roads; Use of ashes from biofuels in concrete; Evidence for the positive effects of spreading ashes on forest growth; A method to classify those by-products from combustion that have mirror entries in the EWC as hazardous or non-hazardous. Each year, ca 1 million tons of by-products, or ashes, are produced at the Swedish combustion plants. The large potential market for these materials is in construction, which consumes ca 100 million tons of materials each year. The most immediate uses are in road construction, in landfills or as ballast or filler in concrete. The most important barriers for a use in e.g. road construction have been the absence of a method to assess the impact of the use of ashes in a construction on the environment, as well as the absence of relevant testing methods for the geotechnical properties of ashes. Both these barriers were addressed in parallel projects. The standards in force today on the use of ashes in cement and concrete refer to the utilization of coal ashes rich in silica. The Swedish ashes from biofuels do not fit into these standards. Their use as fine filler in concrete has been developed and demonstrated. Fly ash has been shown to be a replacement for cement in another type of construction. In mines, excavated ore volumes are filled with tailings stabilized with cement before the neighbouring volumes may be exploited. Fly ash may replace at least half of the cement, which also has been confirmed in pilot tests. The main thrust in the Ash Programme on landfills is on covers using ash and sludge from municipal wastewater treatment. Ashes provide the cover layer a high pH value that hinders biological degradation of the sludge as well as mechanical stability. In two parallel alleys projects have investigated mixing proportions between ash and digested sludge and prepared in all four pilot surfaces on landfills, with satisfactory results. The properties of these surfaces are now being followed up during a longer time. Landfills are today the largest consumers of ashes. The uses for ashes, e.g. as banking material or covers, and the experience gained have been reviewed. Ashes from biofuels have an important role to fill in a sustainable harvesting of biofuels. The removal of mineral nutrients in the shape of logging residues is compensated for by spreading the ashes to these areas, i.e. recycling or compensatory fertilization. Ashes provide also a more balanced supply of nutrients than lime or chalk to surfaces damaged by acid rain, the so-called vitalizing fertilization. In contrast to construction, where guidelines are needed, there are already guidelines, acceptance from authorities and ongoing activities. An important issue is the classification of combustion by-products according to the waste regulations. This requires a deep knowledge of the speciation of elements. This is almost impossible to attain for as complex materials as ashes. A simplified method has been developed: starting from present knowledge of the chemistry of ashes a conservative selection of compounds has been made for the elements found in an analysis. The regulations are then applied on an ash to determine whether it is or is not hazardous. To disseminate information about the properties of ashes, the data obtained within the Ash Programme have been collected in a database, Allaska. This database may be reached on the Internet site of the Ash Programme, www.askprogrammet.com. At the end of 2005, data for 244 samples have been recorded.

  7. Survey of development work and problems with different collection techniques of food waste; Kartlaeggning av utvecklingsarbete samt problem vid olika insamlingstekniker foer matavfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Henriksson, Gunilla

    2010-07-01

    In accordance with Sweden's environmental objectives it has been decided that, by 2010, 35 per cent of all food waste shall be recovered through biological treatment. In order to get there, the problems regarding collection methods needs to be solved. There are several different collection systems to choose between, but at the present time there is no complete list of the methods and techniques available on the market. Lists of advantages and disadvantages with each system, of potential improvements, and of completed or ongoing development projects are also missing, and creating difficulties for municipalities and businesses which are planning on introducing a system. The goal with this study is to provide a survey of technical problems with different systems and to identify previous studies as well as new innovations within collection techniques. The expectation is that this work eventually will lead to improved collection systems. The study will cover existing collection techniques in households, large-scale kitchens, restaurants and grocery stores in Sweden. The study will only cover the so called hard parameters, i.e. primarily technical issues. The target group is on the one hand municipalities planning on starting collection of food waste and on the other hand all actors in the area, such as innovators, producers and suppliers as well as Waste Refinery's organizations. Soft issues such as issues regarding information and quality are not included. The system limits of this project span between the recycling equipment of homes and businesses to the food waste's treatment at the biological treatment plant. The methods that have been used in this project are: questionnaire survey to 133 municipalities that today are recycling food waste, telephone interviews with a number of biological treatment plants and innovators in the business, and Internet searching for relevant reports and studies in the field. The results show that the paper bag and the bioplastic bag both have shortcomings. Many of the shortcomings are related to the supplier/producer. Other problems such as misplaced waste, problems with mould, fly-maggots/flies etc. can be solved with information. Problems as corrosion on the collection vehicles and metallic substance in the plant have also been observed. A common problem when it comes to stores is how to best treat packaged material. Today there are treatment plants that treat certain packaged food waste, but a solution for glass is still missing. An issue which is not directly linked to the producer or the supplier is the issue of standardization of sorting equipment in kitchens. Many kitchens have own sorting equipment under the sink where the bags rarely fit. This leads to the bags being used in the wrong way. An important project would therefore be to gather the waste industry and kitchen suppliers to try to come up with a solution to this. There are a lot of technical problems in the process as arise when the biogas plant will digest the food waste as not are a homogenous material. The plants inquire for more effective technology for pretreatment the food waste and this could be a new research working. All that somehow affects the quality of digestate and compost are of interest to Waste Refinery, since quality issues are and will continue to be main issues within biological treatment

  8. Assessment of two techniques for drying of easily degradable organic bio-waste; Bedoemning av tvaa tekniker foer torkning av laett nedbrytbart organiskt matavfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raaholt, Birgitta; Bergstroem, Birgitta; Broberg, Agneta; Holtz, Emma; Nordberg, Ulf; Del Pilar Castillo, Maria; Baky, Andras

    2011-10-15

    In 2010, all food waste from the Swedish food industry would, according to national environmental goals, be recycled through biological treatment. For food waste from households and food establishments, the corresponding goal is at least 35%. The project aims to explore the potential for reducing costs and energy consumption, as well as decreasing the environmental impact, by decreasing the moisture content of food waste. Dried food waste has a long shelf-life and can be used as a bio fuel substrate together with other material of low dry matter content. It is expected to increase the bio fuel potential by improved possibilities to control the organic load. The storage costs are also reduced, as is the collecting frequency. Additionally, collecting can be done from a larger number of collecting points at the same occasion. Furthermore, the collection vehicle does not need to be equipped with collecting trays for silage effluent from the food waste. Since dried food waste can be stored for a longer period, this results in more optimal use of the energy of the food waste. The dried material requires neither decomposition nor sieving, has a very high purity degree (>99%), and does not result in reject material at treatment. The nutritional content of the dried material was also in principle intact. Composting of food waste from households was performed as a practical reference, in laboratory scale. The results show that rehydrated dried food waste works as good as a conventional compost fraction. However, the material has a tendency to dry out faster than conventional compost. Further rehydration may therefore be needed during the process. In this project, an assessment was made of two possible techniques for drying readily biodegradable organic waste: microwave vacuum drying of waste from food establishments and air-drying of food waste from households. The techniques were compared individually with current systems for handling waste, with respect to quality of the incoming material to treatment plants, energy consumption, cost, and climate impact. The quality of the dried material was evaluated with respect to purity degree, shelf-life stability, nutritional content, bio fuel potential and rehydration properties. In the system analysis, each drying technology, combined with a supposed subsequent digestion process, was compared to today's system for collection and digestion of food waste. An initial assessment of the potential of the microwave-vacuum drying process was made, as an alternative technique for hygienisation of food waste which contains animal by-products (ABP). The results indicate that the microwave process would be possible to adjust, in order to meet the time-temperature requirements for hygienisation. However, complementing studies are required to optimise and control the process towards the required microbiological reduction. Dried material has, as expected, advantages from both an odour and storage point of view; the lower water content corresponds to lower water activity and accordingly longer shelf-life and reduced risk for e.g. mould growth and odour. Even if energy is needed for drying the material, there are environmental advantages at collection of food waste (at transport distances less than about 50 km). Digestion experiments showed that dried food waste from households in Goeteborg did not result in any significant differences in methane exchange, with regard to organic matter (VS), expressed as m{sup 3}CH{sub 4}/tonne VS, compared with fresh food waste. Dried waste from food establishments in Boraas showed significantly lower methane exchange, with respect to organic matter (VS), than fresh food waste. The reasons for this need to be further investigated. A project delimitation was that the techniques were evaluated based upon food waste which was collected during a relatively short period of time. The target group of the project is the Swedish food industry, personnel responsible for waste collection, as well as owners of plants for biological treatment of food waste. The results of the project are also of interest to purchasers and contractors throughout the food and waste area.

  9. Comparison between existing recycle processes for composite materials - a study regarding microwave pyrolysis; Jaemfoerelse av befintliga aatervinningsprocesser foer kompositmaterial - en foerstudie gaellande mikrovaagspyrolys

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pettersson, Carina; Andreasson, Sune (Stena Metall AB (Sweden)); Skrifvars, Mikael; Aakesson, Dan (Hoegskolan i Boraas (Sweden))

    2009-07-01

    The purpose of this project has been to investigate the possibilities to use recycled composites as energy recycling based on microwave pyrolysis and also to evaluate the microwave pyrolysis technique for the recycling of combined materials, such as composites. Composites can be recycled by mechanically grinding into a material which can be used as a filler in virgin composites. However, several earlier studies have showed that this will give a material with inferior quality, and there is presently no economical viable use of the recycled material. Composites can be incinerated together with other waste materials but the high content of inorganic material results in a material with low energy content. Composites typically contain 40-50 weight-% glass fibres, and in some cases be as high as 60-75 weight-%. Consequently, composites often end up at landfill sites and processes to recycle composites do not exit. Large volumes of composites are produced in Europe and these products will largely end up on landfill site after end-of-life as systems to recycle these products do not exist. These composites represent a large amount of energy which presently is not utilized. Processes and materials to produce composites are being developed continuously. This in addition to the need for light weight materials in the aerospace, windmills and automotive industry spurs the use of composites. It is therefore of outmost importance to develop processes to recycle of composites. Recycling of composites by the use of microwave pyrolysis has been studied in this project. Microwave pyrolysis is a process where the material is heated by microwave in an inert environment. The project has been focusing on the recycling of glass fibre reinforced composites as this type of composite makes the large volume of composites. Pyrolysis of glass fibre reinforce composites will result in two fractions - one oil fraction and one inorganic fraction. The oil fraction was analyzed with calorimetry and by GC-MS. The oil largely consists of aromatic compounds, such as styrene and toluene. The energy content of the oil is relatively high and is comparable to petroleum based oils. The oil can be used to generate energy or as a starting material to produce synthesis gas. This will imply a new alternative and/or complement in order to use the oil in small refineries. After the pyrolysis, an inorganic fraction will also be formed, consisting of recycled glass fibres. A possible use of these fibres is to use them to produce new composites. Composites were produced by and evaluated thermo mechanically. The mechanical properties of these composites were relatively low. The low mechanical properties are probably caused by a low adhesion between the fibres and the matrix. The surface properties were therefore studied by TGA and scanning electron microscopy. The fibres were coated with particles which were not pyrolysed. This is probably the fibre sizing which was partly degraded after the pyrolysis

  10. Stable control in FB-boilers. Guidelines for improved control of head fans; Stabilare drift hos FB-pannor. Riktlinjer foer foerbaettrad reglering av huvudflaektar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boman, Katarina; Hedlund, Johan

    2007-12-15

    The general aim is to present research that allows more stable performance in FB-boilers that cause decreased emissions of CO and NO{sub x}, less alarms caused of transient course of events. The primary goal for the project was to clarify how the control of air and flue-gas fans influence on operation stability and how control parameters shall be adjusted for optimized operation. Furthermore it should be clarified whether it is recommended to recirculate flue gas from pressure- or suction side of the flue gas fan. The target group is plant owners with plants that show periodic oscillations that cannot be related to fuel variations. The report can also be used as a support for new and rebuilding. Three plants has been visited and studied considering physical construction of recirculation of flue gas and also for control of air supply. One of the plants was studied more in detail and tests were performed to find the dynamics in components such as fans, dampers and control system. A computerized control model was build for this plant and verified the operation. Then the model was optimized to improve the operation of the plant. The results from the simulations shows that it is possible to build simulation models that correspond well with the real plant operation. Simulations also show that it is possible to optimize the operation of the plant by optimization tests in the simulation model. It is also shown that the constructions of recirculate flue gas from the suction side of the flue gas fan introduce disturbance in the primary air flow which give large consequences in the O2 control which introduce other control oscillations. The simulations also show that more even flow of primary gas flow, evens out the combustion and less oscillations is raised. One recommendation is therefore at new or rebuilding that the recirculation of flue gas is taken at the pressure side of the flue gas fan and that the control of the flow will be subordinated the primary airflow. If the flue gas is taken on the suction side where the pressure vary it must be secured that there is capacity on the fan and dampers to achieve enough flow at all differential pressures that can be expected. Though there will always be larger variations in recirculated flue gas if it is taken on the suction side

  11. Environmental evaluation of electric power from a systems perspective. Guidance for sustainable development; Miljoevaerdering av el ur systemperspektiv. En vaegledning foer haallbar utveckling

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gode, Jenny; Byman, Karin; Persson, Agneta; Trygg, Louise

    2009-12-15

    The electricity market is deregulated. This means that all electricity customers are free to choose their electricity supplier. Many utilities market renewable electricity products such as wind power or hydroelectric power, saying that the customer makes a contribution to the environment by choosing these products. But is that really true? In this report, four researchers and consultants give an account of their views on how environmental valuation of electricity should be made. Specifically they discusses the driving forces for the development of the electricity system and the purchase of environmentally certified electricity and the link to environmental benefits. An important objective is to provide guidance as to how individuals and businesses through their actions can contribute to sustainable development

  12. Smart management - Driving forces and conditions for the development of advanced electricity networks; Smart ledning - Drivkrafter och foerutsaettningar foer utveckling av avancerade elnaet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Larsson, Oerjan; Staahl, Benjamin (Blue Inst., Stockholm (Sweden))

    2011-02-15

    This report describes the development of Intelligent Networks, or Smart Grids. It is divided into two sections. The first section highlights the basics of what is called 'smart' grid technology, what the underlying driving forces are and how the conditions for market looks like. It also depicts the impact on consumers, emerging business logics and ongoing investment and incentives in the world. The first part ends with an operator map of the market. The second part takes a closer look on some key areas and includes a simple reminder of technology related to smart grids

  13. Measures for simultaneous minimization of alkali related operating problems, Phase 3. Frame work; Aatgaerder foer samtidig minimering av alkalirelaterade driftproblem, Etapp 3. Ramprogram

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Herstad Svaerd, Solvie; Steenari, Britt-Marie; Aamand, Lars-Erik (and others)

    2011-01-15

    The positive effects of co-combustion with digested sewage sludge on bed agglomeration, deposit composition and initial corrosion have been studied at Chalmers 12 MW CFB-boiler. The trials comprised co-combustion of 4 different sludges and the results were compared with addition of phosphate and sulphate in the cyclone inlet. The base fuel was a mixture of 20 % sorted waste pellets and 80 % bark pellets. Corrosion studies were also carried out at the Haendeloe 75 MW CFB boiler firing 50% household waste and 50% industrial waste. Test rings of chromium rich material (304L and Sanicro 28) were exposed for 24 and about 400 hours with and without cocombustion with digested sewage sludge. Two lab studies have also been carried out; the corrosivity of different phosphates and the effect on bed agglomeration when co-firing 'small amounts' of digested sewage sludge

  14. The effect of cleaning on materials wastage in biomass and waste fired power plants; Sotningens inverkan paa materialfoerluster foer bio- och avfallseldade pannor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hjoernhede, Anders; Henderson, Pamela

    2006-03-15

    The reason for this study is the relatively large material loss caused by soot blowing of heat exchange surface in waste- and biomass fired boilers. The material losses depend on the method of cleaning: Normally soot blowing with a relatively high pressure is used in order to remove deposits on super heater tubes. However, this also damages the tube material. Earlier theories state that the material losses are caused by erosion or rather erosion-corrosion of the tube surface. There is a clear evidence for the existence for this type of damage, but it is often caused by badly adjusted soot blowing equipment. However, even well adjusted equipment causes accelerated metal loss, albeit lower than with badly adjusted soot blowers. This type of material loss is caused by the removal of the outer molten deposit layer. This outer layer of deposit actually acts as a barrier to corrosive species diffusing inwards towards the oxide and uncorroded metal. There is a lamellar oxide under this deposit, which is especially protective if it contains Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}, MoO{sub 3} or Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5}. The lamellar oxide is damaged by the defects produced by the soot blowing and the diffusion of corrosive species into the metal tube. Since molybdenum probably through molybdenum oxide seems to reduce metal losses due to soot blowing, alloys containing molybdenum should be used. The addition of sulphur, or sulphur compounds like ammonium sulphate reduces the deposit growth rate by about 50%. This means that the soot blowing frequency and therefore metal losses are reduced. There is also an indication that certain metals or alloys reduce the tendency for deposits to stick to tubes. Coating with pure nickel is one example of this, but as nickel is sensitive to soot blowing it is not possible to use nickel in areas affected by soot blowing. A common way of reducing metal losses is to mount tube shields on the most affected tubes. These shields are changed regularly. Normally expensive austenitic stainless steels have been used. Cheaper materials like SiCromAl could be used instead. Research indicates that it is beneficial to leave some deposits on the tube, i.e. not to clean completely. A reduction in the soot blowing pressure or frequency also reduces metal losses.

  15. SCR at bio fuels combustion - phase 2. Measures to extend catalyst life time; SCR vid biobraensleeldning - etapp 2. Aatgaerder foer att foerlaenga katalysatorns livslaengd

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andersson, Christer; Bodin, Henrik; Sahlqvist, Aasa [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Aelvkarleby (Sweden); Khodayari, Raziyeh; Odenbrand, Ingemar [Lund Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Chemical Engineering II

    2000-07-01

    In this project phase, the deactivation of catalysts during combustion of bio fuels, and different methods of regeneration have been investigated. The overall purpose is to improve the economic and technical possibilities to use SCR at bio fuels combustion. The two different methods for regeneration are washing with water and so called sulphation (treatment with sulphur dioxide). The results from wood fired FB-boilers show that the catalyst lose 25% (average) of the relative activity during a normal heat production season. The tendency is that a boiler with short residence time between final combustion and catalyst and/or high flame temperatures gives a faster deactivation. Such unfavourable conditions arise in FB-boilers with a large part of the combustion in freeboard/cyclone. The alkali content of the fuel (wood fuel) is of minor importance for the deactivation rate compared with the combustion conditions. The flue gas temperature within the interval 250 - 375 deg C is not an important parameter for the deactivation in the time interval 3 000 - 6 000 h. The 'new' honeycomb catalysts that were tested during phase two, BiotypA-C, evidently show different deactivation trends. The highly active BiotypC e.g. increases its activity during the first thousand hours. Calculations indicate that BiotypC at 315 deg C requires the smallest volume of catalyst over ten years of operation in order to maintain given performance. Practical consequences for downstream equipment also need to be carefully checked. Sulphation with SO{sub 2} works in the laboratory as a regeneration method for all of the tested samples. The sulphatised samples deactivation are almost comparable to a fresh sample when exposed to flue gas. About 80 % of the lost activity can be regained only by using sulphation. Plate-type catalysts gets a somewhat lower increase in activity compared to honeycomb-types, probably related to chemical rather than geometric design. High SO{sub 2}-concentration gives a quicker sulphation, but not a greater increase in activity after long time. The recommendation is to sulphatise with 500 ppm SO{sub 2} during at least 16 hours at high flue gas temperature. Since ammonium salts may give problems on downstream equipment (e.g. air preheaters) it is recommended that the ammonia dosage is closed during the sulphation. A simple model is presented for calculation of optimal procedure according to local conditions. The experiments with water washing show that the main part (65 - 80 %) of the potassium on the catalyst is washed out during 45 minutes in water. Also sulphur is washed out and must be replaced by sulphation. Some vanadium is lost (depending on type of catalyst) by washing in sulphuric acid, but not to a significant extent in water. The combination of water washing and sulphation gives about 75 - 120 % activity relative fresh samples depending on type of catalyst. Water washing combined with sulphation gives approximately 6 % higher activity at 300 deg C compared to sulphation alone, approximately 10% higher at 375 deg C (honeycomb {approx} 60% k/k{sub 0}). The advantage of washing increase by increased potassium content in the catalyst.

  16. Guidance for classification of residues from combustion and incineration in accordance with the Swedish ordinance for waste; Vaegledning foer klassificering av foerbraenningsrester enligt Avfallsfoerordningen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Adler, Peter [AaF Energi och Miljoe AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Haglund, Jan-Erik [Soederenergi AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Sjoeblom, Rolf [Tekedo AB, Nykoeping (Sweden)

    2004-05-01

    A new ordinance for waste came into force in Sweden on the first of January 2002, replacing some previous ordinances. The new ordinance is based on certain EU directives and contains amongst other things new rules regarding how certain streams of waste are to be classified into hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste. In a number of cases, the classification is to be made according to whether or not the waste possesses one or more of a number o properties H1 - H14, i e if the waste contains hazardous substances. The new rules are based on the regulation that exists for chemical substances and preparations. When attempts have been made to use these new rules in practice - e g for residues from incineration and combustion - it has become apparent that they are very difficult or even impossible to apply. The primary reason for this is that the residues contain a very large number (thousands) of substances which would have to be analysed and for which the hazard would have to be assessed correctly in accordance with the criteria for the properties (H4 - H8 and H10 - H11). Furthermore, some of the properties listed in the ordinance for waste lack criteria for assessment of hazard. These are H13 (can give rise to another substance which may be hazardous, e g leachate) and H14 (hazardous to the environment). Moreover, there are significant differences between the Ordinance of waste and the regulation of the National Chemicals Inspectorate. It is on the latter that the rules in the Ordinance of waste are based, and this is also the cause of many of the questions and of the uncertainties in the classification. In the present report, a method is developed and described for classification of residues from combustion and incineration. The method is to be applicable in practice without compromising environmental and health aspects. As a part of the present work, a compilation of content and alteration of chemical substances in is carried out. In another chapter, the experience from implementation of European Union directives in other countries is described. The proposed simplified method proposed in Chapter 7 implies the following: Reference substances are selected for different inorganic and organic chemical substances in the residues. These reference substances are utilised as a basis for the classification against the properties H4 - H8 and H10 - H11. This leads to a very substantially reduced need for analyses. The reference substances have been chosen in a conservative way so that the hazard for health and environment will not be underestimated. The main principles of the regulation on chemical products are applied, e g regarding weighting of the properties. The property H13 is assessed based on the properties H4 - H8 and H10 - H11. The property H14 is assessed based on the rules for environmental hazard in the regulations of the National Chemicals Inspectorate. In practice the simplified methodology in a normal practical case amounts to an assessment with respect to 15 metallic elements and four groups of organic substances. The degree of hazardousness is then figured based on certain schedules together with levels provided in available chemical data bases. One prerequisite for the application of the simplified methodology is that the residues at some point are contacted with water. In the end of the report (Chapter 8), the procedure for classification according to the simplified method is described and an example is given of a classification on a specific residue from combustion.

  17. Heating in churches. Heat and moisture transfer simulations for design and climate control; Uppvaermning i kyrkor. Fukt- och vaermetekniska beraekningar foer dimensionering och klimatstyrning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brostroem, T. [KTH College of Engineering, Visby (Sweden)

    1996-10-01

    This thesis aims to describe heat and moisture transfer in churches, i.e. how the outdoor climate and the building fabric influence the indoor climate. The goal is to provide methods for calculating the heat and moisture transfer that can be used to simulate and control the indoor climate. The methods suggested are developed from the basic relations for heat and mass transfer and then verified in relation to measurements made in five medieval churches. When a church is heated intermittently with a constant heat input, the temperature increases proportionally to the square root of time. In the present work it is shown how this relation can be used to: Determine the total thermal inertia of the building; Calculate heating-up load and the heating times. The design outdoor temperature (DOT) depends on the thermal inertia of the building. It is shown that the method commonly used in Sweden to determine DOT can also be used for buildings with extremely high thermal inertia, such as stone churches. Furthermore, it is shown how internal walls and the insulation of external walls may affect the thermal inertia of the building. Churches built in stone have a great capacity for moisture exchange with the indoor air. This enables them to dampen variations in humidity. It is shown here how the humidity in a church can be calculated as a function of the indoor temperature and the outdoor humidity. There is not enough scientific evidence to determine what constitutes a good indoor climate with respect to damage. It is certain, however, that the variations in relative humidity should be minimized. The heating strategy is crucial in this respect. Permanent heating gives great annual variations, whereas intermittent heating will limit the variations. The above-mentioned calculation methods can be used to predict and control the relative humidity, both annually and during intermittent heating. 87 refs, 133 figs, 13 tabs

  18. The future market for biogas from waste - Sub-Project 3; Framtida marknaden foer biogas fraan avfall - Delprojekt 3 inom projektet Perspektiv paa framtida avfallsbehandling

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Holmstroem, David; Bisaillon, Mattias; Eriksson, Ola; Hellstroem, Hanna; Nilsson, Karolina

    2013-09-01

    The overall aim of the project was to study the conditions, opportunities and constraints for the development of the market for biogas from waste in Sweden. Seven areas of importance to the development have been identified in previous projects. The areas are: market and competition, supply and demand for waste, environmental benefits of biogas utilization, technology development, economic value of biogas, political instruments and the handling of digestate. The ambition has been to create a fact and market report for these areas for stake holders such as operators, representatives of authorities and decision makers. The project is a sub-project of 'Perspectives on future waste treatment'. The goal achievement of the project is expected to be good. During the project, there has also been considerable interest in the results, which is already used by a number of operators, both within and outside the project. Thereby, the results have a good spread, even before the project is completed.

  19. Status for cast stainless steel in older Swedish nuclear power plants, March 1996; Status foer gjutet rostfritt staal i aeldre svenska kaernkraftverk, mars 1996

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Trolle, M.

    1996-04-01

    The purpose of this study is to compile what is known about larger cast components primarly in older BWR nuclear power plants with external circulation pumps. The work includes metallurgical data and a compilation on the material that the owner of Oskarshamn 1, OKG AB, has delivered to The Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate as a result of the investigation of these components. An overview of the investigations performed on the other Swedish plants of similar design during the annual outage 1995 is also described in this report. International experinece is also reported. The results from OKG AB show that there has been extensive cracking in both valves and pump casings and that they are probably resulting defects from the manufacturing process, but an environmental factor cannot be excluded. In order to get a complete picture of the situation in Swedish nuclear power plants a more extensive survey needs to be performed. Internationally the phenomenon of hot cracking in cast stainless steel is well known, but not as severe as in Oskarshamn 1. One question however that is discussed is the recommended amount of ferrite in these steels in order to avoid hot cracking without risking embrittlement of the ferrite phase. The Swedish utilities specify 3%, some European countries recommend 8%. Japan suggests ferrite contents up to 30%. 25 refs.

  20. Considerations underlying SSIs review of SKBs complement to the Research Program for 1992; Underlagsmaterial till SSIs granskning av SKBs komplettering av forskningsprogrammet foer 1991

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jensen, M; Nolin, J; Sundqvist, G

    1995-04-01

    Two documents are presented: (i) SSI`s background review PM for SKB`s complement to the research program for 1992. (ii) An interdisciplinary study of the steering principles in the Swedish waste management. This work is an independent contribution to the debate about waste management in Sweden.

  1. Dose conversion factors for radiation doses at normal operation discharges. E. Exposure pathways and radioecological data; Dosomraekningsfaktorer foer normaldriftutslaepp. C. Exponeringsvaegar och radioekologiska data

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Karlsson, Sara; Aquilonius, Karin

    2001-10-01

    A study has been performed in order to develop and extend existing models for dose estimations at emissions of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities in Sweden. This report presents a review of all exposure pathways in the project, in order to secure that no important contributions have been omitted. The radioecological data that should be used in calculating conversion factors for air and water emissions are also reviewed. Nuclid-specific conversion factors have been calculated for radiation doses from inhalation and intake for children in different age groups.

  2. Measurements of emissions during waste wood combustion to identify refurbishment needs; Maetning av emissioner vid foerbraenning av RT-flis foer att identifiera eventuella ombyggnadsaatgaerder

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lindau, Leif

    2003-01-01

    The background to this project is the new EU directive 2000/76/EG regarding incineration of waste. This directive may have an effect on emission limits for Swedish plants firing waste wood. It may lead to needs of refurbishment in e.g. the area of flue gas cleaning equipment. In order to produce a basis to evaluate the need for such upgrading, measurement of metals, HCI, SO{sub 2} , CO, TOC and dioxin have been carried out on three plants firing wood waste: a grate boiler (Handeloeverket P11), one circulating fluid bed boiler (Aaterbruket in Lomma), and a bubbling fluidised bed boiler (Johannes in Gaevle, firing 50% waste wood). The measurements have mainly been carried out after boiler, equivalent to upstream flue gas cleaning. The results are that the demands of the EU directive on most points can be managed with existing equipment if this consists of electrostatic precipitator or bag filter with good performance and flue gas condensor. Without flue gas condensor, there is a need for other measures for 1-10 and for grate boilers, SO{sub 2} as well. The requirements in the directive for TOC is weaker than the demand on CO, and correspondingly, the demand on CO is driving. The level of dioxin from the boiler (upstream filter) exceeds allowed emission, and is in the range of 0,1-2 ng TE/Nm{sup 3} tg, 6 % O{sub 2} . Existing equipment will meet the emission limit for the lower levels (0,1-0,3) , but not safely for the higher levels (1,5-2). Correspondingly, there may be a need for equipment upgrading, e.g. in the form of activated carbon injection upstream flue gas filter.

  3. Evaluation of electrochemical techniques for measurement of fireside corrosion in thermal power plants; Utvaerdering av elektrokemiska tekniker foer maetning av roekgassidig hoegtemperaturkorrosion i pannor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hjorrnhede, Anders

    2007-12-15

    The possibility to measure the corrosion rate on-line, in situ, is getting more and more interesting due to increased corrosion. The worsening may be a result of lower fuel quality or increased steam data due to raised efficiency demands. Also the use of inhibitors can be improved and the lifetime of important components can be increased. Today, virtually all corrosion measurements of materials used for waterwalls, superheaters, economisers and other heat-transferring surfaces are based on in-situ probe tests of coupons or rings. The aim of the project is to evaluate the practicability of commercial or semicommercial on-line in-situ corrosion probes for use in waste fired boilers. The target groups are owners of boilers, operators, service personnel but also boiler manufacturer and material producers. Since the use of on-line, in situ, corrosion probes is substantial, some of the most promising corrosion probes have been tested in a waste fired boiler in Hamburg, Germany. Tests in waste fired boiler have never before been performed. The MECO CB, a Linear Polarisation Resistance (LPR) corrosion probe from Coresto Oy, Finland was tested and from Lehrstuhl fuer Umweltverfahrenstechnik und Anlagentechnik (LUAT) der Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Germany an Electrochemical Noise (EN) - probe was tested. From Pepperl + Fuchs both EN- and LPR-CorrTran corrosion sensors were tested. The test periods were lasting from 1050h to 3750h. The test materials were the low alloyed steel 15Mo3, the Ni-based super alloys Sanicro 63 and Haynes Hastelloy C-2000. The fluegas temperatures were 635 deg C or 520 deg C. The material temperatures were 440 deg C, 420 deg, 350 deg C and was swept from 400 deg C to 300 deg C. All probes are measuring a signal which has a correlation to the corrosion process, but the quantification procedure is not working well. The results achieved from the corrosion probes must be calibrated against corrosion rates measured by means of conventional corrosion probes in order to determine the exact corrosion rate. However, a correlation between the temperature and the corrosion rate exists. The practical use of the on-line corrosion probes is in use together with conventional corrosion probes. Either should the quality of the measured corrosion rates given from the corrosion probes increase or the post treatment of the data must be standardised in order to avoid different kind of influences on the results

  4. Economic consequences of extra by-passes in district heating networks. Investment-, running- and maintenance costs; Rundgaangars ekonomiska betydelse foer fjaerrvaermenaeten. Investerings-, drift- och underhaallskostnader

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Herbert, P. [AaF-Energikonsult Stockholm AB, (Sweden)

    1995-02-01

    For various reasons, extra by-passes are installed in district heating networks to ensure a high flow temperature when the water circulation is insufficient. By `extra by-pass` we here mean a connection between the distribution pipe and the return pipe. This study mainly deals with extra by-passes to prevent freezing. The estimation of the extra by-pass costs is based on the district heating rates. Our assumption is that an extra by-pass can be regarded as a substation in the district heating network, with regard to the demand for the water flow, heat and power. The reason is the difficulty to obtain available facts to estimate the real costs concerning extra by-passes. Therefore, the method can not claim that the information about the costs is exact but gives an indication of the size of them. The valves in an extra by-pass can be set more or less open. We assume that manual valves in extra by-passes are wide open. Thermostatic valves are, however, assumed to be adjusted in order to cause a very small water flow. 2 refs, 16 figs, 9 tabs, 6 appendices

  5. Report on the Swedish National Energy Administration's program for energy efficiency 1998-2001; Redovisning av Energimyndighetens insatser foer energieffektivisering aaren 1998-2001

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-01-01

    Support for raising energy efficiency is reported for the following five areas during 1998-2001: 1. Fuel-based energy systems with the sub-areas: Sustainable production of biofuels, including ash recycling; Cogeneration; and Large scale heat production. 2. Transport with two sub-areas: Internal combustion engines; and Electric drive-lines. 3. Power production/Power technology with the sub-areas: Hydropower; Wind power; Power transmission and distribution; and Photovoltaic solar cells. 4. Industry with the sub-areas: Processes; and Support systems in industry. 5. Buildings with the sub-areas: Heating, cooling and climatic shields; and Components and support systems. In total, 1,800 M SEK (about 180 M USD) was contributed by the Energy Administration during this period. An overview of the projects is presented in this report.

  6. Possible consequences of climate change on the Swedish energy sector - impacts, vulnerability and adaptation; Taenkbara konsekvenser foer energisektorn av klimatfoeraendringar. Effekter, saarbarhet och anpassning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gode, Jenny; Axelsson, Johan; Eriksson, Sara; Holmgren, Kristina; Hovsenius, Gunnar; Kjellstroem, Erik; Larsson, Per; Lundstroem, Love; Persson, Gunn

    2007-06-15

    The events of recent years clearly demonstrate the far-reaching consequences of extreme weather situations on the energy system, particularly in the case of severe damage to transmission lines in connection with violent storms. Many climate researchers predict an increase in extreme weather events. Against this background, in 2005 Elforsk initiated this project where the aim has been to examine how climate change can affect plant operation, production conditions and energy usage patterns, how undesirable consequences can be predicted and what long-term measures may be necessary. Another central objective has been to bring about a dialogue between climate researchers, energy consultants/engineers and buyers for the energy industry. The inclusion of both positive and negative consequences has been an important ambition of the project. One key aspect of the project has been to develop climate scenarios for the next 20-25 years that describe possible changes in climate variables with relevance for the energy system. Based on these and literature studies, contact with experts and internal assessments, an analysis has been made of the possible impacts on hydropower, wind power, biofuel supply, natural gas supply, the power transmission network and energy usage. The project findings, which have also been discussed at a workshop with representatives from the energy industry, did not reveal any acute need for adaptation aside from those measures already being taken, for example to make the transmission system less vulnerable to weather conditions. Furthermore, the results indicate increased production potential for both hydropower and wind power. The production potential for hydropower stations from the Dalaelven River northwards would appear to increase by 2-10%. Estimates for the southern watercourses are less certain, but the production potential may decrease. Since around 80% of the country's hydropower is produced in the northern watercourses, this indicates an increase in Sweden's overall production potential. For wind power, the growth potential is 5-20% based on an installed capacity of 4000 MW. It is also a possible that the bioenergy potential will increase in view of the predicted 5-10% growth in production potential for forestry and agriculture. On the other hand, the extent to which this potential will be used for bioenergy production is uncertain since is it strongly dependent on the price of biomass and use of biomass for other purposes. Some of the climate-related problems that exist today may lessen in scope, while others may increase and new problems arise in a future climate. It is difficult to assess future wind conditions, since different climate scenarios produce somewhat different results. Among other things, an increase in heavy winds could have a negative impact on the electricity transmission network, wind power, biofuel supply and natural gas supply. However, the natural gas platforms that supply Sweden have proven highly robust and weather resistant. For the transmission network, a number of measures are being taken to increase its robustness to extreme events. Thunderstorms are another somewhat unpredictable climate variable. The analyses made in the project indicate a possible increase in problems related to lightning overvoltage in the transmission network. An additional area that is complex to assess is how problems with icing of transmission lines and wind power plants can change in a future climate. It is probable that these problems will increase in certain areas, but decrease in others. In certain parts of Sweden, evaporation may exceed precipitation and give rise to a water shortage. This applies particularly to the southeastern part of the country, which could affect the biofuel supply and hydropower generation in these areas. An opposite problem is that of future floods, which may increase especially during the winter season and in central and northern Sweden. Flooding has no direct connection to hydropower other than the ability for regulation to control water levels. However, hydropower is indirectly affected by flooding since public attention is often focused on the industry when high flows occur. A warmer climate will reduce the country's heating requirement by approximately 15 TWh. While electricity usage for heating is estimated to decrease by around 3 TWh as a result of a warmer climate, a probable rise in demand for air conditioning could lead to increased electricity usage during the summer. However, future energy usage for heating and air conditioning will be strongly dependent on factors other than the climate, such as the implementation of energy efficiency measures, changes in behaviour, the use of heat generating appliances, population growth, etc. The project has included a rough assessment of how both climate-related and non climate-related factors may affect energy usage for heating of homes and businesses (not industrial facilities) in a 20- to 25-year perspective. A lower energy requirement for heating would also reduce the production base for CHP. To maintain production it will be necessary to expand district heating to areas that are currently without, convert from other heating systems to district heating and/or utilise new business opportunities such as absorption cooling or energy combines with CHP utilising renewable fuels like biomass or pellets. Changes in production potential and energy usage patterns and the occurrence of climate-related problems will affect the entire energy system. Increased production potential for the northern hydropower stations, particularly in combination with a growing share of power types that are difficult to regulate, may increase the need for power transmission capacity from north to south. This is especially true if the north-to-south shift continues and in the event of rising demand for electricity in the rest of Europe.

  7. Technical development to increase the use of reed canary grass - Full scale demonstration; Teknikutveckling foer oekad etablering och nyttjande av roerflen - Demonstrationsfoersoek i fullskala

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oerberg, Haakan; Skoglund, Nils; Grimm, Alejandro; Bostroem, Dan; Oehman, Marcus

    2010-06-15

    Introducing fuels from agricultural crops into the heat and power sector in Sweden is a desired and needed development, thus it is connected to some obstacles. For the crop producers it is important to use the most efficient handling for harvest, collection, loading and transport technology in order to reach low production costs. For the fuel consumers it is of high importance that these fuels work together with other utilized fuels in mixtures without complications. This includes fuel mixing, fuel feeding, combustion behavior and ash transformation mechanisms. Specifically for the combustion process, gaseous and particle emissions, ash behavior and deposit formation on cooled surfaces should not be negatively effected by mixing in agricultural crops. In this study these aspects of the energy crop reed canary grass (RCG) have been examined. The recommended harvest period for harvesting RCG in Sweden is during springtime when the crop from the year before is collected, called delayed harvest. During this period the grass is very dry and has been harvested in this project with an average water content of 11,3 %. Two major different harvest systems have been tested. One where the energy grass is chopped directly in the field by a chopper connected to a wagon. The other system was based on baling the crop with round balers or big square balers. The chopped or baled material is transported 6 km to a farm center or terminal for unloading. Further transport to CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plant, 12 km, was done with road truck (135 m3). In the case of field chopped RCG the mixing of the other fuels has been easily done since the material was well chopped (40-50 mm). The RCG was mixed into a mixture of peat and wood to a share of 10-12% of the total energy content of the mixture. Also the baled material was transported to a farm centre or terminal for unloading the farm wagon and loading on a road truck (135 m3). In this case an additional procedure is needed for chopping the bales before mixing them into the fuel mixture. Chopping of baled crops is sometimes problematic since it generates dust and noise, and it might also cause fire. For this reason some CHP plants will not accept this handling inside the gates. This study has started from the state that the RCG was moved with a conditioning mover (3,5-4,0 m). The capacity of balers and forage choppers were registered. The transport capacity was also registered. Results from the harvest and transport operations show that field chopping system are very efficient up to the farm level. The very low density of the chopped material 81-85 kg/m3 leads to low transport capacity on the road to CHP plant. A fully loaded truck could only take 11 ton dry RCG. The low density will also complicate dry storing of the chopped material. For storing purposes, big square bales with a density of 380 kg/m3 are more optimal. One full loaded truck of square bales could take 20,9 ton in average. The field chopping was done with a self propelled forage harvester with pick up (3,0 m) and tractor transported containers in the field and on trucks on the road. The overall capacity was very high. In spite of the high water content (77%) the total time consumption for all operation was the lowest compared to the other harvest systems when recalculated to 11,3% water content. Four different combustion tests were done with RCG in mixture with peat and wood. In Hedensbyn (98 MW CFB) two tests were made, one in June 2008 and one in November 2009, using field directly chopped RCG. In both test the RCG share of the mixture was 10% of the total fuel energy. The other components were peat 10-20% and wood 70-80%. The results show no negative influence of mixing in RCG at this level. Both particle and gaseous emissions were at the same level as reference mixture without RCG. The deposits on cooled probes were slightly higher on the test in June but on the other hand it was slightly lower on the test in November. The XRF characterization of fly ashes from electric filter and bed material does not show any changes in chemical composition. Thus from these test it can be concluded that mixing in 10% RCG on energy base has no negative influence of combustion process in a CFB boiler. Two tests were done with briquettes made of RCG and peat, one in Eskilstuna 4MW grate fired boiler and one in Roebaecksdalen 600 kW grate fired boiler. The RCG was produced on organic soil to obtain low ash content. Comparisons were made between briquettes made with 100% RCG (high ash content) and with briquettes with 15% peat on weight base mixed with 85% RCG with low ash content. Results from these combustion tests show that NO{sub x} emissions increased when RCG was used compared to wood pellets (600 kW boiler) explained by high N content in RCG. Even the total dust in flue gas increased with RCG compared with wood pellets (600 kW boiler) but total dust emissions were reduced with 50% when peat was mixed in briquettes.

  8. Characterization of gas sensors for measurement of unburned gases in small district heating furnaces; Karaktaerisering av gassensorer foer maetning av ofoerbraenda aemnen i naervaermecentraler

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eskilsson, David; Roennbaeck, Marie [Swedish National Testing and Research Inst., Boraas (Sweden)

    2004-11-01

    Small district heating boilers are often equipped with a simple O{sub 2}-gauge (lambda sensor) that controls the air supply. There is a great need in small furnaces of continuous measurements of several gas components such as CO, THC and NO{sub x} by simple and cheap technique. Recently, new types of cheap gas sensors have been developed which can be suitable. These gas sensors measure the amount of unburned species (sum of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and hydrogen). The objective with this project has been to characterise several gas sensors for unburnt in order to evaluate if they are suitable for combustion control and surveillance of small district heating furnaces. In this work three different gas sensors have been characterised. The sensors were characterised in the laboratory where they were exposed for mixtures of pure gases. The sensors were mounted inside the flue gas channel from a small district heating furnace during 3 months in order to estimate the sensors robustness and the character of the signal in flue gas. The tests with pure gases show that all sensors also reacts for other components besides CO and THC. It is mainly the oxygen concentrations that affect the sensors characteristics but also an altered humidity is important. Measurements in the small district heating furnace showed that none of the sensors was able to measure correctly when mounted directly in the flue gas channel (in situ). The in situ sensors are covered with fly ash and the fly ash also slowly destroys the sensors. Sensors mounted after a filter (exposed for a particle free flue gas) work satisfactory. All of the tested sensors, mounted after a filter, follow the changes in CO concentration well. Some of the sensors are capable of detecting CO as low as 15 ppm. But the accuracy of how well the sensors are able to detect CO varies from sensor to sensor. The measurements also show that even if the sensor is able to follow the changes in CO concentration, the ground signal of the sensor (signal during low CO concentrations), is drifting The tested sensors are most likely applicable in a control system which optimise the secondary air supply with regard to O{sub 2} and unburnt (lambda optimisation) in real time, provided that the sensors are protected from fly ash. With a lambda optimised control system it is possible to reduce the fuel cost for small district heating furnaces. Calculations show that the cost of a lambda optimised system on a 500 kW furnace would be paid back after one year. A lambda optimised system would also lower the emissions of unburnt and NO{sub x}. In order to use the sensors for operations follow-up and remote control the sensors must be further developed and evaluated.

  9. Model based monitoring functions for safer and more efficient operation of remotely operated plants; Modellbaserade oevervakningsfunktioner foer saekrare och effektivare drift av fjaerrstyrda anlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bjoerklund, Thomas; Raaberg, Martin [Carl Bro Energikonsult AB, Malmoe (Sweden)

    2004-12-01

    The increasing demands on profitability lead to an increase in the demands on production units. These demands include an increase in production capacity, in efficiency and a decrease in production costs. To accommodate these demands the tendency is to connect several production units to control and monitor them in one central control room. This generates a huge demand on the operators. They should understand a large amount of different plants. They should understand how the plants act in several operation points and in addition understand how they operate together. This results in the fact that the monitoring and maintenance personnel are not able to have full knowledge about the processes in all these plants. The implementation of a simple device oriented, model based monitoring function will help the personnel in the decision making in process related issues. This report describes methods to easily include process knowledge in the I-C-system. Emanating from known physical facts about the functionality of the devices and use them to combine process values into functions that will describe the status of the device alarms can be created. These alarms are activated if the functionality deviates from the normal operating procedure in specific ways. The primary target group is the plant owners of district heating plants, but the process industry in general is faced with the same problems. The work includes three parts; an investigative part, a compiling part and a describing part. The investigative part involves investigating theories, the normal level of instrumentation and discussions with operators to confirm the alarms and the appropriate actions. The compiling part involves to in the best way mace use of the normal level of instrumentation to achieve the operator's goals with respect to valid alarms. These goals are attained through adapting the existing theory in the area. The describing part includes the presentation of the equations and relations involved in a way that a programmer could implement it in a control system. The studies shows that the interesting objects are pumps and heat exchanges. These objects have an essential function in heat and power plants. By securing the function of these objects, the accessibility of the plant is increased and the risk for unplanned outages is decreased. These objects are the focus of the report. For these objects all variables shown to be of interest are described in general programming code. In addition additional variables has been identified and described. The goal of the work is thus achieved.

  10. Outlook on renewable fuels in Sweden - Update and extension of the study 'Opportunities for renewable fuels in Sweden to 2030' by Grahn and Hansson, 2010; Utsikt foer foernybara drivmedel i Sverige - Uppdatering och utvidgning av studien 'Moejligheter foer foernybara drivmedel i Sverige till aar 2030', av Grahn och Hansson 2010

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hansson, Julia [IVL, Stockholm (Sweden); Grahn, Maria [Chalmers Tekniska Hoegskola, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    2013-02-15

    The purpose of this study is to update and extend the authors' analysis, from 2010. The report includes a compilation of other actors visions for the development of renewable fuels, a compilation of control means for renewable fuels, a survey of existing and planned production for biofuels in Sweden and outlook to the world. There is a discussion of Sweden's future import opportunities, a survey of the state of infrastructure and vehicles, and finally scenarios for the development of renewable fuels in Sweden to 2030, with different assumptions. The study's analysis is based on literature studies, contacts with actors in the field and on the results of our own scenarios. The scenarios provide a picture of the potential contribution of renewable fuels, to the Swedish road transport sector, can range from 7 to 16 TWh in 2020 and 13-30 TWh in 2030 (of which 5 to 13 TWh in 2020 and 13-26 TWh in 2030 is the possible domestic contribution that is., without imports)

  11. Biodiversity on mire ecosystems and drained peatlands - a basis for environmental peat harvesting; Biologisk maangfald paa myrar och dikad torvmark - underlag foer ett miljoemaessigt torvbruk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stedingk, Henrik von (Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Uppsala (Sweden))

    2009-07-01

    The interest of peat harvesting has increased, due to the political ambition to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to increase the use of local energy sources. Peatlands drained for forestry, a common resource in Sweden, can be a good energy source in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, under certain conditions. The question is what consequences increased peat harvesting would have on biodiversity in the forest landscape. To answer this question this literature study was performed to summarize what is known about the life of a natural and drained mire, and to discuss what conservation values could be found on a drained peatland. The definition of mire is a wetland with active peat accumulation, even if mires also are distinguished based on specific plant communities. A mire often contains several mire types. Some mire taxa are specialized for living on mires, other organisms have other main habitats but utilize the mire for fulfilling their life cycle. The level of knowledge varies for different organisms. The best known groups are vascular plants and bryophytes. They are also used for classifying mires since their abundance is related to gradients of pH, fertility and water level. Arthropods is a diverse group on mires favored by open moist forests and water pools. Poor mires with restricted flora may be good insect habitats. Birds are found in habitats rich in insects. Large mires are richer in wader species thanks to higher heterogeneity and a variety of insect habitats. The microscopic life in peat is rich and the species composition differs from the forest soil, even if the level of knowledge is limited. Drainage leads to species turn over for many groups of organisms and drainage often leads to a decrease in diversity. However, drained peatlands is a collective concept including different peatland types in different succession phases and different intensity of drainage. Therefore in general, drained peatlands cannot be treated as less important for biodiversity than not drained peatlands. The plant succession following drainage leads to denser vegetation and dominance of forest plants. Often drainage is followed by forestry, leading to even lower nature conservation values. Conservation values on drained peatlands are rarely studied. Potential environments for nature conservation in drained peatlands are: 1) Areas with little drainage influence and preserved mire function. 2) Late forest successions after drainage with deciduous trees and dead wood. 3) Open pine forest or swamp forest that act as refugia for old growth lichens and wood fungi. 4) Pools and stream like older ditches with running water. An inventory focused on conservation values on drained peatlands is recommended. Peat harvesting causes ecosystem shift and species living on the mire disappear. An estimation of biodiversity effects from peat harvesting must include the lost mire, time of exploitation, as well as the after-treatment. A longer time perspective is therefore required when evaluating consequences of peat harvesting. The development of a broader spectra of after-treatment involving biodiversity is essential, as well as a system that guarantees a long term perspective in after-treatment for biodiversity. Methods for evaluating effects on the landscape level from increased peat harvesting are required. Increased peat harvesting on drained peatlands could be in convergence with the Swedish environmental goals, if choice of site and after-treatment is based on landscape analysis focusing on biodiversity

  12. Characterization of solid heterogeneous waste fuel - the effect of sampling and preparation method; Karaktaerisering av fasta inhomogena avfallsbraenslen - inverkan av metoder foer provtagning och provberedning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wikstroem-Blomqvist, Evalena; Franke, Jolanta; Johansson, Ingvar

    2007-12-15

    The aim of the project is to evaluate the possibilities to simplify the methods used during sampling and laboratory preparation of heterogeneous waste materials. Existing methods for solid fuel material is summarized and evaluated in the project. As a result of the project two new simplified methods, one for field sampling and one for laboratory preparation work has been suggested. One large challenge regarding waste sampling is to achieve a representative sample due to the considerable heterogeneity of the material. How do you perform a sampling campaign that will give rise to representative results without too large costs? The single largest important source of error is the sampling procedure, equivalent to about 80% of the total error. Meanwhile the sample reduction and laboratory work only represents 15 % and 5 % respectively. Thus, to minimize the total error it is very important that the sampling is well planned in a testing program. In the end a very small analytical sample (1 gram) should reflected a large heterogeneous sample population of 1000 of tons. In this project two sampling campaigns, the fall of 2006 and early winter 2007, were conducted at the waste power plant Renova in Gothenburg, Sweden. The first campaign consisted of three different sample sizes with different number of sub-samples. One reference sample (50 tons and 48 sub-samples), two samples consisting of 16 tons and 8 sub-samples and finally two 4 tons consisting of 2 sub-samples each. During the second sampling campaign, four additional 4 ton samples were taken to repeat and thus evaluate the simplified sampling method. This project concludes that the simplified sampling methods only consisting of two sub-samples and a total sample volume of 4 tons give rise to results with as good quality and precision is the more complicated methods tested. Moreover the results from the two sampling campaigns generated equivalent results. The preparation methods used in the laboratory can as well be simplified, especially by effective sample and particle size reduction through gradually grinding processes. Consequently, the plant owner can reduced their cost for each sampling campaign by using the simplified methods described in this project. A finding that either can be used to lower the cost for waste sampling or to increase the number of samples and sampling frequency which will increase the plant owners knowledge about the waste composition, properties and qualities. Increased quality and an even quality of the waste mixture has an large impact on the life cycle cost of the plant since it's affect the accessibility as well as the cost of maintenance.

  13. Guidelines for calculating impacts on the Swedish environmental objectives from altered energy use; Vaegledning foer att beraekna paaverkan fraan foeraendrad energianvaendning paa de svenska miljoemaalen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Engstroem, Rebecka; Gode, Jenny; Axelsson, Ulrik

    2009-01-15

    The guidelines in this report have been developed by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, within a project financed by the Environmental Objectives Council, the Swedish Energy Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The idea originated from an earlier project for the Swedish Energy Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, where the potential of a business model for energy efficiency (Energy Performance Contracting, EPC) to contribute to fulfil the national environmental objectives was studied. When environmental impacts from the studied EPC projects was to be calculated, it was evident how many difficult methodological choices one is faced with when trying to follow up the environmental impacts from projects changing the energy use. A second project was then performed to further analyse the issues involved. The result is this guideline report. The guidelines are on the first hand directed at companies and municipalities performing projects with effects on the energy use, that want to calculate impacts from these on the Swedish environmental objectives. The guidelines can also be useful for county administrations, central authorities and other actors with interest in the issues. A starting point for the recommendations is the Swedish environmental objectives, with focus on those of special interest in relation to energy use and airborne emissions. These are Reduced climate impact, Clean air, Natural acidification only, Zero eutrophication and A good built environment. The environmental objectives are mainly concentrated on what affects the Swedish environment. However, not only emissions in Sweden cause such effects, but also emissions in other countries can be transported by air and fall down and cause impacts in Sweden. Thus, the guidelines focus on Sweden, but include to a certain extent also emissions in other countries. Another starting point is that the guidelines are developed to follow up effects from individual projects or measures. This differs in fundamental aspects from follow up of effects within a geographic unit (for example a municipality) or of environmental impacts from an organisation on a yearly basis. When following up environmental impacts from something other than a project perspective, the recommendations given are not doubtlessly applicable, since what are the most correct methodological choices differ depending on the starting point. The report is called guidelines, and not handbook or manual. This is because of the fact that there are many aspects to consider in the topical methodological choices, and the recommendations are to be considered as approximations. The aim of the report is therefore also to function as a knowledge survey in the area of environmental assessment of energy use, with in-depth background information of the recommendations and references to supplementary literature. The guidelines cover stationary energy use (hence, transport is not covered), with primary energy and life cycle perspectives to embrace total environmental impacts and facilitate comparisons between energy carriers. However, comparisons should always be made with caution, since there are several aspects to consider in conversions between energy carriers. Such aspects are how impacts are transferred between local, national and international levels, between Sweden and other countries, or between different environmental objectives. Weighting between such aspects are very difficult, and measures that reduce impacts in general are therefore preferable, when this is possible

  14. Possibilities for improved practice, decision support for permit applications of ash utilization in constructions; Laett att goera raett, beslutsunderlag foer miljoeproevning av askor i anlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Toller, Susanna; Johansson, Mats; Wik, Ola; Erlandsson, Aasa; Lundberg, Kristina

    2011-02-15

    Combustion of solid biofuels, peat and different types of waste in Sweden for the purpose of energy production generates approximately 1.3 million tonnes of residues yearly. These have varying chemical and technical properties, depending on the type of fuel, the combustion process and the type of furnace. From a technical point of view, some of the ashes may be used for civil works. However, the Swedish Environmental Code requires that operators obtain a permit from the local environmental authorities if ashes are utilized for construction purposes. Previous studies on the application and permitting process have indicated that it can be improved, in particular both the information provided by the operators and the decision process. The stakeholders involved in the decision process have expressed that they have limited knowledge on expected environmental impacts from the utilization of ashes in civil works and that existing knowledge not is being fully applied in practice. The aim of this project was to improve the decision support for permit application of ash utilization in constructions. The goals were to - initiate and develop the discussion regarding which information should be used in the decision process - suggest the scope and content of the information to be supplied in the permit application - contribute to improved communication between different stakeholders - identify possibilities of using the knowledge obtained by research for decision support The stakeholders' (operators and environmental authorities) opinions and viewpoint on the assessment and application process were achieved through interviews. The results from the interviews were presented and discussed during a seminar. Both the interviews and the seminar provided information, but at the same time they served to initiate a discussion on permit application procedure and to increase the communication between different stakeholders. The outcomes from these activities (interviews and seminar) form the basis for the discussion in this report. The views and thoughts of the stakeholders differed greatly regarding both their previous experiences of permitting processes and their views on the preferred content of permit applications. It was therefore concluded that a general praxis is needed on the scope of the information that should be requested in an application. However, it is not possible and it is not desirable that this praxis is detailed. Instead, the general praxis needs to be complemented with separate guidelines for specific ashes and for the relevant and specified utilization of these ashes. Such guidelines need to be established and agreed upon by all the stakeholder groups involved. Suggestions are given on which aspects to be considered in the application process, based on the Swedish Environmental Code. Furthermore, improved cooperation and improved dialogue are needed between stakeholders involved in permitting processes for ash utilization. The aspects suggested need to be further elaborated and agreed upon and long term goals and strategies for ash management in Sweden should be discussed. The different stakeholders involved in the permitting process have sometimes very different starting-points and these needs to be understood by the other stakeholders in order to achieve a constructive communication. In conclusion, to obtain decisions that are based on current legislation and to achieve that through an efficient process, the demands from the authorities need to be more clearly expressed as well as good quality information needs to be provided by the operators. Finally, the different stakeholders involved in the permitting process need to discuss and agree upon goals and strategies for utilization of combustion residues

  15. Better and more efficient collaboration for increased use of field fuel in heating plants; Baettre och effektivare samverkan foer oekad anvaendning av aakerbraenslen i vaermeverken

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arkeloev, Olof (Agrovaest, Skara (Sweden)); Hellstroem, Chris; Hollsten, Ronnie (KanEnergi Sweden AB, Skara (Sweden)); Lindh, Carina (LRF Konsult, Skara (Sweden))

    2010-05-15

    Despite that the potential for field fuels in SW Sweden is great and that the combustion characteristics of fuels are known, the interest for field fuels has been low from farmers and heating plants. The purpose of the project is to identify why the introduction of field fuel into heating plants is going so slow and to suggest possible solutions. Field fuel is missing the general structure and tradition that is found in forest fuels in terms of harvesting, processing, logistics and business models. The overall long-term objective is a better and more effective cooperation between heating plants, farmers and logistic companies for the increased use of field fuels in heating plants. The potential for field fuel in the area is great but won't be sufficient to cover the need. The raw materials that exist today and are deemed will be relevant in the future are willow, straw and grain kernel. We have divided the heating plants into two groups; Small plants with a furnace less than 35 MW, and large plants with an effect over 35 MW. Common to both small and large heating plants is that there must be a willingness to receive and combust field fuels for the share of field fuels to increase. For the small heating plants to be able to receive and combust field fuels the knowledge of the combustion properties of these fuels must increase. Larger heating plants have better opportunities to use field fuels in their boilers when it comes to the technology and the know how. They have a more controlled handling and receiving of fuels. It is not uncommon that storing and blending of fuels will take place at their own facility. They also have more experience of handling a larger number of suppliers at the same time. The heating plants would like to see standardization in terms of fuel characteristics, and they prefer to obtain approximately the same burning performance regardless of delivery date. Today, the small heating plants do not have the routines to manage multiple small fuel suppliers. To increase the amount of field fuels in the small heating plants the farmers need to collaborate in small supplier groups and deliver a pre-mixed fuel with consistent quality. For this to work the heating plants need to find an effective method of quality assurance at the reception of the fuel and the supplier group needs to develop an internal quality assurance and billing system. The larger heating plants, over 35 MW, large fuel requirement means that the fuel shipments should be coordinated to minimize storage time and disruption of traffic to and from the facility. With a functioning transport system, where several farmers join forces to increase the delivery volume, and ensure the quality, the ability to be a reliable fuel supplier is increased. For a local market of field fuels to arise it requires that the local heating plant initiate by demanding different types of field fuel. Increased use of field fuels is also stimulated by greater integration in the value chain in order to obtain a more optimal allocation of value creation and to meet the demands of volume, quality and security of supply, which is required. The studies and analysis show that the development would be facilitated if: - Farmers integrate horizontally to bring up the volumes and better supply security. This also creates better conditions for rational harvesting and handling of fuels (chipping, storage, drying, mixing, etc.) through for example small fuel terminals and the control and management of the quality of the fuel. - Farmers integrate vertically by operating and/or owning small heating plants (up to a couple of MW) specially adapted for field fuels. - Horizontal integration or interaction between heating plants can be used for fuel purchase and coordination, where field fuels can be mixed with other fuels on the basis of individual requirements and possibilities. - Heating plants are working together on fuel supply, quality, technology and business models. - Heating plants and farmers can work jointly with logistics and quality issues

  16. Repository for spent nuclear fuel. Preliminary construction description - layout D Oskarshamn the Simpevarp area; Slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle. Preliminaer anlaeggningsbeskrivning - layout D. Oskarshamn, delomraade Simpevarp

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2006-02-15

    This report presents the preliminary design of a repository located in the Simpevarp area. The description has been disposed so as to deal primarily with the site dependent layouts for the above- and underground constructions. The report is disposed as follows: c1 gives the background and some basic information. Chapter 2 presents the demands and necessary conditions that take precedence when adapting the plant to the local conditions, construction, operation and closure. Chapter 3 is a general description of the area, its infrastructure and the specific sites that have been studied. Chapter 4-5 describe the design of the plant for the two chosen sites. Chapter 6 gives a review of data for the plant, and Chapter 7 'References' is the last part of the main document. The appendices A-I give brief information on the general, non-site specific, parts of the plant, e.g. buildings, life cycle, system, operation and organization.

  17. Program description for the program Fuel program conversion 2011-07-01 - 2015-06-30; Programbeskrivning foer programmet Braensleprogrammet omvandling 2011-07-01 - 2015-06-30

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-04-15

    The Fuel program conversion is included as one of three programs in a cohesive commitment to increased, sustainable and efficient production and use of indigenous and renewable fuels that are implemented by the Swedish Energy Agency during the period July 1, 2011 - June 30, 2015. The program focuses on increasing knowledge and development of technologies for processing of the fuel feedstock, and conversion to primarily heat and electricity in plants up to about 10 MW. Issues of particular concern is to strengthen competitiveness, efficiency and sustainability in the chain from raw material to end use, and increasing raw material base by developing knowledge and technologies for new materials that are current. The program includes basic and applied research, development and demonstration. Within the sub-area Processing efforts are prioritized which streamline and reduce costs in different types of processing operations. Processing here means not just technology for pelleting and briquetting, but also sub-processes that prepare, dry, handle or process raw materials in other ways. Within the sub-area Conversion to heat and electricity in the range <10 MW, the focus is principally, on one hand increasing the knowledge of the interaction between fuel and combustion plant, and on the other hand to implement results of research in collaboration with users and equipment suppliers. Furthermore, great importance is given to increasing the competitiveness of local heating in the transition from oil to renewable heat supply and the use of new fuel materials and fuels. Questions about the fuel supply from forestry and agriculture, including issues of sustainability, environment and resource use are treated in the two parallel running programs, the Fuel program supply and the Fuel program sustainability

  18. Pre-treatment of waste fuel with low-speed shredding and screening for fluidized bed incineration; Foerbehandling av avfallsbraensle foer fluidbaeddpannor med laangsamtgaaende valskross och saekerhetssiktning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hermansson, Sven; Victoren, Anders; Niklasson, Fredrik; Jones, Frida

    2013-09-01

    In FB combustion of waste, an important cost factor is the pre-treatment of the waste fuel. The most common method of final levigation of the waste fuel is using hammer mills, which crushes the fuel with high force and high rotational speed. The advantage of the powerful hammer mill is, however, also a disadvantage. The fraction of fines becomes large, and the method is experienced to cause high maintenance costs and problems with accidental fires. A plausible alternative to the hammer mill is the shredder. The rotational speed of the shreeder is lower, while it cutting and slicing the waste fuel instead of grinding it. The shredder is, therefore, expected to yield less wear and tear, lower electricity consumption and less accidental fires. On the other hand, the shreeder may yield a higher fraction of oversized fuel particles, which could cause problems in the combustion, especially in smaller FB-plants with one single fuel supply conveyor. In this project, the framing of question has been if low-speed shredding in combination with screening of over sizes fuel particles, may function for smaller FB plants with one single fuel supplying conveyor. The aim of the project has been to support FB plant owners and manufacturers for independent comparision of the different fuel pre-treatment methods, via pre-treatment and combustions trials and economical comparisons. The concept of lowspeed shreddning and screening has been compared economically with a traditional hammer mill system and a shredding system designed for a larger FB plant. Moreover, combustion trials have been carried out with shredded and screened fuel, and hammer milled fuel, in two smaller parallel FB furnaces with one single fuel supplying conveyor per furnace. The fuels were analysed for particle size distribution and composition, and the operation during the combustion trial was evaluated. The economical evaluation of the new pre-treatment concept, with lowspeed shredding and screening, yielded an approximate cost of 104-118 SEK/tonne (12-14 /tonne) treated waste, which is the same as for the larger FB plant shredder system. The cost for the hammer mill system was determined to 155-185 SEK/tonne (18-22 /tonne) treated waste. The higher cost for the hammer mill system rely on the estimated higher maintenance and electricity consumption costs. The analysis of the particle size distribution of the fuel treated with lowspeed shredding and screening shows that the fuel satisfy the demands stipu-lated for combustion in smaller FB furnaces. Furthermore, the combustion trials show no obvious differences in operation quality, compared to the normal hammer milled fuel; no significant differences in level or stability in power, bed temperature or emission levels could be found. Nor was the frequency of spikes of CO of NO{sub x} increased, nor the frequency of violation of the stipulated 24-hrs, halv-hour, or ten-minute stipulated emission limits increased. In summary, the study gives initial support for the thesis that shedding and screening is just as feasible for fuel pre-treatment in smaller FB furnaces with one single fuel supply conveyor as traditional hammer milling systems. Furthermore, it is cheaper. Lowspeed shreddning should, therefore, be concidered as pre-treatment method for both larger as well as smaller FB incineration plants. Beyond the parameters that have been investigated within the scope of this project, availability and safety are important factors that speek for lowspeed shedders. However, these are questions that have to be further investigated.

  19. Development of methods for determination of PAH based on measured CO-content; Metodutveckling foer indirekt bestaemning av PAH-halt utgaaende fraan maett momentan CO-halt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ingman, Rolf; Schuster, Robert [AaF Energikonsult Stockholm AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2001-02-01

    The aim of the project 'Development of methods for determination of PAH based on measured CO-content' is to investigate the possibility to develop a method for continuous optimisation of NO{sub x}-emissions by decreased air ratio, without significant increase of polyaromatic hydrocarbons such as PAH. The general idea has been to find a indirect online method to predict the emissions of heavier hydrocarbons by: - creating a correlation between the content of CO and PAH, - controlling the air ratio by the CO-content, and - integrating the calculated PAH-content from CO-content. Today many boilers are operated with a low air ratio to minimise the NO{sub x} content and the NO{sub x}-fee. A low ratio increases the risk of high CO contents in the flue gas as well as increased contents of VOC and PAH. Other boilers are operated with high air ratios in order to minimise the CO content, which in some cases will result in unnecessary high NO{sub x} emissions. One of the main difficulties in optimising the air ratio to the most environmental friendly level is the lack of a suitable and well proven PAH instrument. There are today no available instruments for instantaneous and continuous measurement of PAH. PAH is normally measured as an average value during a period of at least one hour. It is not possible to detect short peaks. The development of the CO-method has been based on data from a CFB-boiler in Korsta in Sundsvall (Vaermeforskrapport 541). The data shows a clear correlation between THC and CO. The correlation seems to be mostly dependent of moisture content and load. The development presented in the report shows that it is possible to find a method to predict the PAH content from the CO-content in the flue gas. The next phase aims to improve and implement the method, by measurements and adaptation in a plant. The practical use of the method is as a tool to optimise the emission of CO, NO{sub x}, THC and PAH and/or to predict the PAH-emission during continuous operation.

  20. Load Prediction in District Heating Systems with Regard to Scenarios and Uncertainties in Weather; Lastprognoser foer fjaerrvaerme med haensyn till scenarier och osaekerheter i vaedret

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hedberg, Martin; Koppers, Gijs [Meteopolaris AB, Nacka (Sweden)

    2011-11-15

    The report shows, by means of load calculations on ensemble weather forecasts and subsequent production planning, that by a better optimization of the operation of district heating plants the costs of production of heat and electricity can be reduced. During a fifth of the time the saving potential is 5% or more.

  1. Preservation of information about the repository for spent nuclear fuels - proposal for action plan; Bevarande av information om slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle - foerslag till handlingsplan

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bowen-Schrire, Monica; Eckerhall, Daniel; Jander, Hans; Waniewska, Katarina (Vattenfall Power Consultant AB, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2008-10-15

    This report is a proposal for an action plan with the ultimate aim of ensuring that information about the repository for spent nuclear fuel can be preserved and transferred for future generations. The purpose of the proposal for an action plan is to present ideas on tangible measures and guidelines for information preservation and transfer, in the short and long term. The report deals with a number of aspects relating to information preservation as well as risks that can lead to the loss of important information. The proposal for an action plan is based on reasoning about these subjects. The main emphasis is on measures that need to be implemented in the near future to ensure that successive and direct information transfer is handled in a suitable manner. It is suggested that the following measures should be implemented within a five-year period: - Designate a person responsible for information preservation. - Work out guidelines for information preservation and transfer. - Form a network with other organizations in Sweden. - Initiate a dialogue with other countries, especially USA and France. - Participate in seminars, conferences and workgroups on an international level within the IAEA and NEA. In a longer time perspective the following measures should also be implemented: - Implement guidelines for information preservation and transfer. - Document the archiving system. - Establish a communication plan. - Archive information about the repository. - Keep the action plan up to date

  2. Construction of a flexible pilot dryer for products such as biofuels and iron ore pellets; Uppbyggnad av flexibel pilottork foer produkter som biobraenslen och jaernmalmspellets

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Karlsson, Erik; Truedsson, Ida; Stenstroem, Stig

    2009-02-15

    Drying of different products is an operation that requires large amounts of energy in Sweden, a compilation from 2006 indicates a total use of over 32 TWh of thermal energy. A more energy efficient drying process can thus result in significant savings of energy for this process. The interest to use biofuels for heating purposes increases with increasing energy prices and thus also the interest to dewater and dry these products. Often an excess of low-value heat (flue gases, warm water etc.) is available and it would be desirable to use these streams for drying of different products. The goal in this project has been to carry out two subtasks: A Rebuild and modernise the old pilot dryer at the department so that it can be used for studies of drying kinetics for different products in a bed or as separate particles. B Perform a number of drying experiments with two representative bio-fuels which can be used for evaluation of different proposals for drying of these products. The results will mainly be of interest for companies handling biofuels in the forestry sector, for LKAB producing iron ore pellets and for manufacturers of industrial dryers. The constructed pilot dryer can be used for studies of drying kinetics of different types of products such as bark, wood chips, materials in the form of pellets such as iron ore pellets or wood pellets and foods. If the drying cell is designed so that fine particulate materials are not entrained with the gas flow, products such as municipal or industrial sludges can also be handled in the dryer. The results indicate specific energy use figures of between 2500 and 3000 kJ/kg evaporated water, both for different fractions of bark and independently if the origin of the bark was Vaeroe or Iggesund. The drying time to reach a dry matter content of 60 % for a bed with a thickness of 20 cm and an air velocity of 1 m/s is about 5000 seconds at an air temperature of 50 deg C. It increases to 15000 seconds to reach a dry matter content of 90 %. If the air temperature is increased to 100 deg C the drying time is reduced to 1800 seconds to reach a dry matter content of 60 %. The shrinkage of the bark at different dry matter contents and drying of bark particles smaller than 2 mm are two topics which should be considered in future projects. Also it would be desirable to equip the pilot dryer with instruments so that emissions of volatile organic components such as terpenes can be measured

  3. Environmental data book 2011. Estimated emission factors for fuels, electricity, heat and transport in Sweden; Miljoefaktaboken 2011. Uppskattade emissionsfaktorer foer braenslen, el, vaerme och transporter

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gode, Jenny; Martinsson, Fredrik; Hagberg, Linus; Oeman, Andreas; Hoeglund, Jonas; Palm, David

    2011-04-15

    The environmental data book summarizes current and general emission factors for most fuels and sources of Swedish electricity and heat and to power vehicles. Emission data are compiled for wood fuels, energy crops, bio-oils, waste fuels, fossil fuels and peat, biofuels, wind power, hydro power, nuclear power and solar power

  4. Analysis of consequences of different incentives and tax-models for the Swedish energy system; Konsekvensanalyser av olika framtida styrmedels- och skattemodeller foer det svenska energisystemet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-03-01

    Six different incentives and tax scenarios were used to study the short range (2004) and long range (2010) effects on the Swedish energy system. The competitive effects for Biofuels, Natural gas, District heating and Electric space heating analyzed. Four of the six models come from governmental enquiries that have not yet been published, the other two are the actual situation year 2002 and year 2003. A defined set of suppositions of the fuel prices were used for all scenarios: Wood chips: 145 SEK/MWh, Biofuel pellets: 225 SEK/MWh, Natural gas: 160 SEK/MWh, Light/heavy fuel oil: 170/145 SEK/MWh, Electricity: 230 SEK/MWh (1 USD {approx} 8 SEK). In a sensitivity analysis, variations on the prices were analyzed, together with variations in the price of electricity certificates and CO2 emissions. For all scenarios, biofuels are dominating the district heating and cogeneration sectors. It is uncertain if, under the scenarios studied, any of the three branches prepared for expansion: Biofuels, Natural gas and District heating will have a dramatic growth. However, there seem to be room for a moderate growth of all three sectors.

  5. The significance of the golden eagles domestic areas, the habitat and movements for wind power establishment; Betydelsen av kungsoernars hemomraaden, biotopval och roerelser foer vindkraftsetablering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hipkiss, Tim; Dettki, Holger; Moss, Edward; Hoernfeldt, Birger [Inst. foer vilt, fisk och miljoe, Sveriges lantbruksuniv., Uppsala (Sweden); Ecke, Frauke [Inst. foer vilt, fisk och miljoe, Sveriges Lantbruksuniv., Uppsala (Sweden); Inst. foer vatten och miljoe, Sveriges Lantbruksuniv., Uppsala (Sweden); Sandgren, Carolin [Inst. foer vilt, fisk och miljoe, Sveriges Lantbruksuniv., Uppsala (Sweden); Naturvaardsenheten, Laensstyrelsen i Jaemtlands laen, Oestersund (Sweden)

    2013-10-15

    There is a need for developing methods for reliable environmental impact assessment of wind farms in Sweden, and to facilitate the establishment of 'eagle friendly' wind farms. During 2010 and 2011 a total of 43 adult and juvenile golden eagles in northern Sweden were marked with GPS transmitters, to provide information on the species home range, habitat selection and ranging behaviour. These transmitters have so far provided more than 100 000 valid GPS positions. Individual eagles fitted with the most effective type of transmitter provided on average more than 2,000 positions during the 2012 breeding season. The home ranges of adult golden eagles covered an average area of over 200 km{sup 2} during the breeding season, although there was considerable variation among eagles. Fledged juvenile eagles used a smaller area within their parents home range, until they left their natal area and their parents in October. Within their home ranges juvenile and adult eagles showed a particular preference for clear cuts, but also for coniferous forest on lichen-dominated bedrock, while dense, young forest and mires were avoided. Steep slopes were preferred over flatter areas. Adult golden eagles occasionally undertook long-distance movements during both summer and winter. Juveniles migrated south and spent their first winter in southern and central Sweden, and migrated north the following spring to the Scandinavian mountain region. The results in this report are largely based on one breeding season, and should thus be treated with some degree of caution. However, this also highlights the need for the project to continue, so that incoming transmitter data can continue to be processed and analysed, and that annual variation can be assessed. Nevertheless, we do not suspect that the results for e.g. habitat selection are in any way unusual, since they generally agree with what is known from other parts of the world, that golden eagles require open habitats for hunting and therefore avoid dense, impenetrable habitats.

  6. Harvest and logistics for better profitability from small cultivations of Short Rotation Willow Coppice; Skoerdeteknik och logistik foer baettre loensamhet fraan smaa odlingar av Salix

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baky, Andras; Forsberg, Maya; Rosenqvist, Haakan; Jonsson, Nils; Sundberg, Martin

    2010-06-15

    In Sweden, the political desire to increase the amount of short rotation willow coppice (Salix) plantations has been expressed. However, for various reasons interest from farmers has been low. The hypothesis of this study is that the total area of Salix cultivation can be increased by also cultivating fields smaller than those generally considered economic today. In order to lower production costs, machine systems adapted for harvest of smaller fields are required. The possibility of using farmers' existing tractors and more convenient machines, as well as achieving lower machine costs for smaller fields, may increase farmers' interest. The long-term objective is to achieve large-scale deliveries of willow with small-scale solutions at farm level, as an option and complement to today's more large-scale systems for harvesting willow. Costs, energy use and climatic impact (CO{sub 2} emissions) for two harvest and logistical chains suitable for small fields have been calculated from field to energy plant, and methods for minimizing these costs have been analyzed. Comparison is made with the direct chipping system, the most commonly used in Sweden today. The systems studied comprised: 1. Direct bundling harvest system with a tractor-towed harvester, collection of bundles in the field with a trailer-mounted crane, and storage in a pile before delivery. Chipping is performed at the energy plant. 2. Direct billeting with a tractor-towed harvester accompanied simultaneously by a tractor and trailer for collection, and storage in a pile before delivery. 3. Direct chipping with a self-propelled modified forage harvester accompanied simultaneously by a tractor and container for collection, and direct delivery to plant. Both the billet and bundle systems show higher costs than the direct chipping system, irrespective of field size. The analysis of different scenarios and conditions shows possibilities of lowering the costs through certain measures. Furthermore, the billets and bundles can be stored for longer periods at field's edge, unlike chips, which facilitates increased security of supply according to the needs of energy plants. This can motivate a higher payment from the plant. The drying process taking place during storage, delivers a dryer fuel, which may give added value for some customers. Hence, the choice of machine system seems to be more dependent on whether the product needs to be stored or not, rather than on field size. In addition, there are other possible advantages with the two systems that should be taken into account when comparing with the currently-used direct chipping system, such as the possibility of increased rural employment or characteristics that suit smaller fields better. An example of the latter is the fact that harvest and delivery does not need to take place at the same time, i.e. extra costs for disruptions in harvest or delivery are avoided. The most important measure for reducing total system costs for the studied billet system is to increase the harvesters' capacity. For the studied bundle system costs for field- and road transport need to be reduced. These costs can be reduced by using a more efficient system for collection of bundles in the field and by utilizing a lorry's load capacity better during transport to the plant. One way of increasing utilisation of the load capacity is to increase the density of the bundles. However this requires a new or modified construction of the harvesting machine and more knowledge of how the drying process of the bundles is affected by this

  7. Energy savings in dust collector plants of bag house filter type. Phase 1 - Literature study; Energieffektivisering av anlaeggningar foer stoftrening med slangfilter. Etapp 1-Litteraturstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eriksson, Lars; Wikman, Karin; Berg, Magnus [AaF-Energi and Miljoe AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2004-01-01

    The largest energy demands in connection with the operation of bag house filters are the electric energy consumption for the fans, securing the flow of flue gas through the filter, and the electric energy consumption when producing the pressurized air (compressors or high pressure fans). Considering the significantly increased fan work when having a non-optimised cleaning of the filters, it seems justified to investigate the possibilities to minimise the unnecessary pressure drop. There is also a saving potential in the filter cleaning process, which otherwise may cost an unacceptable amount of pressurized air or other energy. The main purpose of this work is to develop methods to optimize the operation of bag house filters, which is started up with this report containing a follow-up of what has been done in Denmark and a confirmation of the technology status. In the next step, a case study where two-three plants are examined more in detail is suggested followed by a potential study to estimate the total energy saving potential in Sweden. Dust precipitation with bag house filters is basically a rather simple technique, which has existed in flue gas cleaning for about 50 years. From the literature study it can be established that there has been no revolutionary development in the field, but there are some work being done mainly to introduce new filter material but also to optimise the use of bag house filters with new computer based control systems. The largest potential of energy saving prevails if the filter from the beginning is overloaded, which usually is the case. The reason for overload may be a too large volume flow in relation to the filter area, that the dust has penetrated and blocked the filter, a defective filter cleaning process or that wrong filter material has been chosen. In Denmark a study has been made with the purpose to investigate the possibilities to optimise the energy consumption for bag house filters. For the three plants studied, an average energy saving of 50% was noted by exchange of filter material and improvement of the cleaning process. Other plants in Denmark have been rebuilt during the latest years but for these plants no reports have been found concerning how efficient the measures have been regarding energy demand for the filters. Today the suppliers of bag house filters have refined the control systems for the on-line cleaning of the filters. The systems differs in advance but are usually based on minimising the pressure drop on the flue gas side by keeping the dust layer thickness on the filter constant on the smallest possible level considering the flue gas dust emission. Very often this is combined with minimising the energy consumption of the cleaning process. Also the consumption of chemicals (for example limestone, active coal) are minimised by these control systems, which mainly in larger plants may be prior to minimising the electric energy consumption.

  8. Dynamic generation of socio-economic scenarios for climate change adaptation: methods, building blocks and examples; Dynamisk generering av socioekonomiska scenarier foer klimatanpassning: metod, byggstenar och exempel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carlsen, Henrik; Dreborg, Karl Henrik

    2008-05-15

    There is a need for socio-economic scenarios in climate change adaptation work in order to help planners cope with uncertainty of the long term development of society. The United Nations' Panel of climate change (IPCC) has developed climate scenarios with substantially different climatic characteristics in a hundred years' perspective. However, in a 25-30 years' perspective, which is very long term in societal planning, the difference between the scenarios is small, while society may develop in different directions. Since measures of adaptation to a changing climate may have different impacts depending on future socio-economic conditions, there is a need for scenarios that describe different possible developments. With a time frame of 25 years scenarios are more useful than projections of single factors such as GDP or demography, because scenarios can capture structural changes of society. This report presents results from a first step of the development of a scenario tool for climate adaptation work in municipalities, regions, and sectors of society in Sweden. The tool is to be further developed in regional case studies with the aim to make it adaptable to the specific focus of interest of various planning agencies. Therefore, we primarily concentrate on developing external factors and different possible future states for these, and a methodology for combining them into scenarios. The report presents the main steps of the scenario methodology and building blocks for the scenario construction consisting of socio-economic factors of special importance for climate adaptation work. The 13 socio-economic factors are: Demography; International mitigation policy; International climate change adaptation policy, Swedish economy; Ideology and social cohesion; Climate change perception; Swedish governance; Environmental policy; Global energy paradigm; Swedish energy paradigm; Land use; Built environment; Transportation. For each factor different possible future states are suggested. It is a leading idea that a specific set of Swedish socio-economic scenarios should be tailored for each specific planning situation: The national level will be described from the point of view of the actual focal issue. The report also entails three examples of socio-economic scenarios. However, these have been designed on the basis of the general question of what impacts the conditions for climate change for Sweden at large. Socio-economic scenarios can support adaptation work in several ways. They can reveal challenges, both opportunities and threats, related to different directions of development for society. Scenarios may also elicit ideas of adaptation measures by widening the perceptions of what may happen in the future. Furthermore, they may be used for assessing measures or combinations of measures as regards the impact they will have in the different scenarios. Such an assessment may facilitate the development of a strategy that works reasonably well under several plausible future conditions

  9. Short-term forecasts of district heating load and outdoor temperature by use of on-line connected computers; Korttidsprognoser foer fjaerrvaermelast och utetemperatur med on-linekopplade datorer

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Malmstroem, B; Ernfors, P; Nilsson, Daniel; Vallgren, H [Chalmers Tekniska Hoegskola, Goeteborg (Sweden). Institutionen foer Energiteknik

    1996-10-01

    In this report the available methods for forecasting weather and district heating load have been studied. A forecast method based on neural networks has been tested against the more common statistical methods. The accuracy of the weather forecasts from the SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) has been estimated. In connection with these tests, the possibilities of improving the forecasts by using on-line connected computers has been analysed. The most important results from the study are: Energy company staff generally look upon the forecasting of district heating load as a problem of such a magnitude that computer support is needed. At the companies where computer calculated forecasts are in use, their accuracy is regarded as quite satisfactory; The interest in computer produced load forecasts among energy company staff is increasing; At present, a sufficient number of commercial suppliers of weather forecasts as well as load forecasts is available to fulfill the needs of energy companies; Forecasts based on neural networks did not attain any precision improvement in comparison to more traditional statistical methods. There may though be other types of neural networks, not tested in this study, that are possibly capable of improving the forecast precision; Forecasts of outdoor temperature and district heating load can be significantly improved through the use of on-line-connected computers supplied with instantaneous measurements of temperature and load. This study shows that a general reduction of the load prediction errors by approximately 15% is attainable. For short time horizons (less than 5 hours), more extensive load prediction error reductions can be reached. For the 1-hour time horizon, the possible reduction amounts to up to 50%. 21 refs, 4 figs, 7 appendices

  10. Evaluation and development of methods for determining methane emissions from biogas plants - Literature Study; Vaerdering och utveckling av maetmetoder foer bestaemning av metanemissioner fraan biogasanlaeggningar - Litteraturstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Holmgren, Magnus Andreas (SP, Boraas (Sweden)); Willen, Agnes; Rodhe, Lena (JTI, Uppsala (Sweden))

    2011-11-15

    Previous work in areas such as framework of voluntary commitment shows that there is a need for techniques for measurement of methane and other greenhouse gases from various sources in the handling of organic residuals. There are no established methods for determining for instance emissions of methane from open or partially open tanks and cisterns, typically residue storage and the like. This report gives results from Phase 1 of this project, in which literary studies, market research studies, interviews and site visits have been made to identify a number of methods applied for the determination of emissions from open areas, such as liquid surfaces, but also land. Focus is on methods that can be applied to plants for biological treatment, which also includes the water treatment process at the treatment plants, but also the procedures used in measurements on land, landfills and processing plants are studied. First, the report gives a brief overview of a large number of measurement methods, where more detailed descriptions of four methods are given. The four methods are considered to be the most promising to pursue in the following phases of the project: - chamber technology; - sampling hood; - plume measurement with DIAL (Differential Absorption Lidar); - air input in a covered storage.

  11. Quality criteria for bottom ashes for civil construction. Part II Technical characteristics of bottom ashes; Kvalitetskriterier foer bottenaskor till vaegoch anlaeggningsbyggnad. Etapp II Bottenaskors tekniska egenskaper

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bahr, Bo von; Loorents, Karl-Johan; Ekvall, Annika; Arvidsson, Haakan [SP Swedish National Testing and Research Inst., Boraas (Sweden)

    2006-01-15

    This report is the presentation of the second of two stages. This stage deals mainly with the testing of three different types of ashes and the evaluation and suitability of the chosen test methods. The project only relates to the technical aspects of ashes. The report is written in such a way that both ash owners (e.g. Energy companies) and those who build roads and constructions will find it meaningful. All test methods that are used for traditional materials (gravel and crushed rock) is not fitting for ashes. New test methods for some properties that will be tested must therefore be presented, tested practically and evaluated. The project encompasses both road and construction building but has a focus on road construction since there the highest and comprising demands are defined. Three bottom ashes of different types have been studied regarding some tenfold mechanical/physical parameters, essential for the functionality of the ash as a construction material. An important conclusion is that ash is from a functionality and characterisation point of view, an undefined concept that encloses materials with widely different properties. Despite that only three ashes have been looked into the range of results are varying large for some properties. This is especially true for the loose bulk density, water absorption and grain size distribution. It is also clear that some of the standard test methods for aggregates need to be exchanged by other methods, which are more adapted to alternative materials. One such example is water absorption, a property that further influences frost resistance, frost heave and such. All the proposed test methods that been used in the project is considered fitting for its purpose. The test methods can be divided into two categories the ones that yield easy assessable results and those that yield results hard to appraise. To the first group belong grain size distribution, loose bulk density, thermal conductivity, permeability and frost heave. To the other group belong organic content, water absorption, frost susceptibility, water suction height, cyclic load triaxial test, modified compressibility and compactability. The difficulty in interpreting the results do not depend on the methods themselves, i.e. that the method would be particularly complex, but rather due to limited data, in particular data that compares field and laboratory testing, so that one can say what a particular test result has in practise. The report forwards a suggestion for a control procedure for bottom ashes in two different cases; a less comprising suggestion for common characterisation and also an extensive suggestion for testing when the ash is to be used as a material for roador construction building. An essential conclusion is that the ashes large variation makes it difficult to generalize results based on testing single ashes. A thoroughly characterisation of ashes, e.g. according to the proposition of this report, would enable a single laboratory or field trial to be incorporated into a wider context and help create general conclusions.

  12. Cost studies concerning decontamination and dismantling. The interim store for spent fuel at Studsvik; Kaerntekniska kostnadsstudier avseende dekontaminering och nedlaeggning. Mellanfoervaret foer anvaent kaernbraensle i Studsvik

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sjoeblom, Rolf; Sjoeoe, Cecilia [Tekedo AB, Nykoeping (Sweden); Lindskog, Staffan; Cato, Anna [Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2006-04-15

    The interim store for spent fuel at Studsvik was designed and constructed in 1962-64. It has been used for wet storage of fuel from the Aagesta Nuclear Power Plant as well as the R2 reactor at Studsvik. The interim store comprises three cylindrical pools for fuel storage as well as equipment for handling and decontamination. The purpose of the present work is to develop methodology for calculation of future costs for decontamination and dismantling of nuclear research facilities. The analysis is based on information from Studsvik as well as results from information searches. The requirements on precision of cost calculations is high, also at early stages. The reason for this is that the funds are to be collected now but are to be used some time in the future. At the same time they should neither be insufficient nor superfluous. It is apparent from the compilation and analysis that when methodology that has been developed for the purpose of cost calculations for power reactors is applied to research facilities certain drawbacks become apparent, e.g. difficulties to carry out variation analyses. Generally, feedback of data on incurred costs for the purpose of cost calculations can be achieved by using one or more scaling factors together with weighing factors which are established based on e.g. expert judgement. For development and utilisation of such tools it is necessary to have access to estimated costs together with incurred ones. In the report, the following combination of aspects is identified as being of primary significance for achieving a high precision: Calculations with the possibility to calibrate against incurred costs; Radiological surveying tailored to the needs for calculations; Technical planning including selection of techniques to be used; Identification of potential sources for systematic deviations. In the case of the interim store, some of the sources of uncertainty are as follows: Damaged surface layers in the pools; Maintenance status for the drains; Radiological surveying; Compilation and selection of techniques to be used. A number of aspects were compiled in the information search and the results give support to the above conclusions. Leakage to the groundwater and methodology for removal of surface layers might be mentioned as examples. It is assessed, in conclusion, that it is reasonable to achieve a confidence level of 80 % using the above summarised methodology. This assessment is based on known error margins in planning of new plants in combination with achievable reduction in uncertainty in the most important sources of systematic errors in cost calculations for nuclear research facilities.

  13. The potential of utilizing wood ash and peat ash on organic soils in Sweden; Arealer foer skogsgoedsling med traeaska och torvaska paa organogena jordar i Sverige

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Haanell, Bjoern [Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Umeaa (Sweden). Dept. of Silviculture

    2004-01-01

    Nutrients removed from the forest when branches and treetops are harvested as fuel can be returned to the site by recycling the remaining wood ash after combustion. This compensation measure is presently not carried out to any appreciable extent, partly because there is no economic incentive for the landowner. In sites where this measure has been applied, only on mineral soils (e.g. moraine) until now, greater margins for sustainable maintenance of the long-term site productivity can be expected. The ash contains all elements required for tree growth except for nitrogen (N). Therefore the ash amendment does not result in increased stand growth on these soils because the most important element for a growth response (N) is missing. In contrast, on organic soils N is often abundant whereas the amounts of other mineral nutrients are small. Thus, the elements lacking in the soils of peatland forests are available in the ash. This is especially true for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). This means that peatland forests provide an opportunity for ash amendment in order to increase forest production. Old fertilization trials using wood ash show that the growth increase can be very large. The aim of this study was to (i) calculate the area of peat covered land that with respect to stand growth responses could be regarded as most suitable for bio-ash (wood ash and peat ash) fertilization, and (ii) assess the amount of bio-ash needed for fertilizing this area. Peat ash, although not as much studied, also has potential to be used to provide nutrients for increasing peatland forest growth. Most of the area calculations were based on data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) 1997-2001. Sites were selected with guidance from existing knowledge about ash fertilization effects on tree growth and with the aid of registrations made in NFI regarding peat depth, site productivity, drainage, condition of drains, dominating field vegetation, and degree of stand development. Additional calculations were made concerning the area of abandoned peat fields ready for after-use by afforestation. The main part of the site selection was made in five steps. First, the non-productive sites (which produce less than 1 m{sup 3}/ha/yr) were rejected. Also sites with peat cover shallower than 30 cm were excluded. In the next step it was decided to restrict the ash fertilization to areas with drains in good condition, and to sites where the field vegetation was dominated by 'better shrubs' (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis idaea, Equisetum silvaticum, and tall sedges) or 'low sedge' (Eriophorum vaginatum, Scirpus caespitosus, and other low Cyperaceae plants). Finally, open areas, seedling stands, and young forests were rejected in favour of un-thinned and thinned mid-rotation, and mature and old stands. According to these selection criteria the most suitable sites for ash fertilization are drained, productive peatlands characterized by thinning stands or older stands where the field vegetation is dominated by better shrubs or low sedge plants. The selection comprises 190,000 ha. Most of these areas are located in North Sweden (90,000 ha), whereas Central and South Sweden accounted for 30,000 ha and 70,000 ha, respectively. In addition to this, 2,000-3,000 ha of abandoned peat fields ready for afforestation should be added within a period of about 5 years. The requirement for phosphorus when peatland forests are fertilized is 40-50 kg/ha. From this, and from studies on the variation of phosphorus content and bulk density of wood ash of various origins, it can be calculated that a proper ash fertilization dose would be 3-5 t/ha. The nutrient content in the ash may however often prove lower than in the reported studies, in which case larger doses than 5 t/ha would be required. The present annual production of bio-ash in Sweden is about 250,000-300,000 tonnes. If it were desired to amend all sites (190,000 ha) identified in this study by using 5 tonnes per ha, it would use up 3-4 years of annual production of bio-ash.

  14. Analysis of algorithms for detection of resonance frequencies in vibration measurements on super heater tubes; Analys av algoritmer foer detektering av resonansfrekvenser i vibrationsmaetningar paa oeverhettartuber

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eriksson, Daniel

    2010-07-01

    Combustion of fuel in thermal power plants emits particles which creates coatings on the super heater tubes. The coatings isolate the tubes and impairs the efficiency of the heat transfer. Cleaning the tubes occurs while the power plant is running but without any knowledge of the actual coating. A change in frequency corresponds to a change in mass of the coatings. This thesis has been focusing in estimating resonance frequencies in vibration measurements made by strain gauges on the tubes. To improve the estimations a target tracking algorithm had been added. The results indicates that it is possible to estimate the resonance frequencies but the algorithms need to be verified on more signals.

  15. Ice Forces on Offshore Wind Power Plants. Descriptions of mechanisms and recommendations for dimensioning; Islaster paa vindkraftverk till havs. Beskrivning av mekanismer och rekommendationer foer dimensionering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bergdahl, Lars [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden). Dept of Water Environment Transport

    2002-02-01

    Mechanisms for ice-loads on off-shore wind power plants are described, The ice-loads are due to thermal expansion, water level variations, drifting ice and ice-reefing. Ice accretion is briefly treated. Ice instance, ice thickness, ice retention time, water level variations and stream velocities in Swedish waters are compiled. The main text deals with recommendations for dimensioning wind power plants at sea. In the appendices, a thorough review of the physical and mechanical properties of ice is presented.

  16. Dose conversion factors of radiation doses at normal operation discharges. E. Description of geographical surroundings and critical group; Dosomraekningsfaktorer foer normaldriftutslaepp. E. Omraadesbeskrivningar och kritisk grupp

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hallberg, Bengt

    2001-10-01

    A study was performed in order to develop and supplement existing models for calculating radiation doses from discharges of radionuclides under normal operating conditions at the Swedish NPPs at Barsebaeck, Forsmark, Oskarshamn and Ringhals, and at the nuclear plants at Studsvik and the Westinghouse Atom fuel plant. A general description of the surroundings of each plant is given in this report, together with an inventory of agricultural activities, forestry, areas for leisure activities etc. The conditions of the critical group has been selected based on the description of the surroundings and the modeling of dispersion in the atmosphere and fallout on the ground. In contrast to earlier models where fictive critical groups were used, the present model is based on factual circumstances.

  17. Air quality and residential wood combustion - application of the model system SIMAIRrwc for some Swedish municipalities; Luftkvalitet och smaaskalig biobraensleeldning. Tillaempningar av SIMAIRved foer naagra kommuner

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Omstedt, Gunnar; Andersson, Stefan; Johansson, Christer; Loefgren, Bengt-Erik

    2008-11-15

    SIMAIRrwc is a Web based evaluation tool for meeting the EU directive on air pollution limits in residential areas using wood combustion. The background is a four-year research program (2001-2004) called Biomass Combustion Health and Environment. Some conclusions from this program were that emissions from small scale wood combustion can influence human health mainly due to high emitting old wood stoves during cold weather conditions and that the air quality in such areas can improve significantly if old wood stoves were replaced by modern wood boilers attached to a storage tank or with a pellet boiler. SIMAIRrwc is based on the same principles as SIMAIRroad, which is a Web based evaluation tool for road traffic i.e. coupled model system using different models on local, urban and regional geographical scales, best available emission data, but at the same time presented in a very simplified way. In this project SIMAIRrwc has been applied in five different Swedish municipalities. The aim has been to apply and improve the model in cooperation with the municipalities. The conclusions from the project are: Small scale wood combustions in residential areas are local problems which sometimes include only a few houses and/or wood-burners. Air quality problems related to the EU directive are mainly due to particles. Combinations of residential areas with wood combustion and emissions from nearby dense traffic roads might give rise to bad air quality. Actions require knowledge about individual equipment which needs information from the local chimney sweeps. The best way to identify problem areas is to use model calculations. If model calculations indicate risks of exceeding air quality limits, then new calculations should be made with improved input data taking into account for example information of district heating or other installations that can effect the emissions. Before actions are taken it may also be useful to make measurements. The measurement site can then be selected in the area where the model calculations show the largest impact. SIMAIRrwc is a powerful tool that can be used for identification and visualisation of areas where there might be air quality problems due to residential wood combustion

  18. Biofuels from the forest. A study of environmental impacts and economy of different uses; Biobraensle fraan skogen. En studie av miljoekonsekvenser och ekonomi foer olika anvaendningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ekstroem, Clas; Amnell, Goesta; Anheden, Marie; Eidensten, Lars; Kirkegaard, Gunilla [Vattenfall Utveckling AB (Sweden)

    2002-04-01

    The energy and environmental council of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences initiated this study of how an additional 30 TWh/year of forest biofuel could be used in the Swedish energy system within a 10-year period. The specifications include that the forest biofuel shall be used in such a manner that the greatest possible reduction in carbon dioxide emissions will be achieved at the lowest cost without risking other environmental goals, such as good quality of local air. The figure chosen as starting point for the study, 30 TWh/year, was selected as it is this amount that available data have suggested could be extracted without negatively affecting the long-term productive capacity of forest land. The long-term potential of biofuel will probably be much larger than the volume used today, together with the additional use of 30 TWh/yr. We therefore studied fields of use that, totally, will be considerably larger than 30 TWh/yr. The starting point for comparisons of different uses for forest biofuel was the available benefit/utility for industrial, transportation and service sectors, together with domestic uses. The reference alternative was the existing uses of fossil fuels. Comparisons of different alternatives were made including differences in fuel consumption, CO{sub 2} emissions, emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust, as well as costs without environmental and energy taxes or subsidies. Monetary estimations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust in accordance with the EU ExternE Project were included in the costs. In our study, we have used two scenarios as starting points in order to cover the range of results. Summary of results: The largest reductions in CO{sub 2} emissions (generally about 0.6-1 Mtonnes CO{sub 2} /TWh forest biofuel and for heat pumps slightly more than 2 Mtonnes CO{sub 2}/TWh forest fuel) at the lowest cost are obtained when bioenergy replaces electricity produced by coal fired condensing power stations in neighbouring countries. In some of these cases, bioenergy would not imply any additional cost in comparison with the use of electricity produced by coal condensing plants. In most other cases the estimated additional costs will not be higher than about 60 SEK/tonne reduced CO{sub 2} emissions (up to 90 SEK/MWh electricity). If bioenergy in cases with additional costs is to replace electricity from coal condensing plants it is necessary to place a price on the CO{sub 2} emissions by coal power stations and/or submit them to carbon dioxide taxation. This is not the case today. Pellet boilers in multi-family houses can utilise considerable amounts of forest biofuel and provide heating at lower costs than electric boilers. District heating and cogeneration of power and district heating can also utilise large volumes of forest biofuel (up to 20 TWh resulting in more than 12 Mtonnes/year reduced CO{sub 2} emissions) at low added costs (about 60 SEK/tonne reduced CO{sub 2} emissions corresponding to 20-40 SEK/MWh district heating) in comparison with fossil alternatives. Emissions of other air pollutants can then more easily be minimised and will occur further from built-up areas. The amount of electricity that can be produced from forest biofuel at these low added costs in comparison with fossil alternatives is restricted by the level of district-heating production. Today the power transmission systems permit only limited exports of electrical power, and consequently important reductions in CO{sub 2} emissions can be achieved at low cost if electricity from biofuel-fired cogeneration plants, that cannot be exported, is used by new heat pumps in villas. This would also give lower emissions of other air pollutants in urban areas than if pellets or oil were used to fire the villa boilers. Heat pumps and pellet boilers will be the most favourable forest biofuel based heating alternative for villas heated by water radiators. Heat pumps give greater reductions in CO{sub 2} emissions at lower cost provided they can be assumed to be powered by electricity obtained from a forest biofuel based cogeneration plant. If transmission of electricity between Sweden and northern Europe could take place with considerably less physical restrictions than the case today, then the largest CO{sub 2} reductions at the lowest added costs would be obtained through maximal production of district heating and cogeneration electricity, heating of homes and premises that are not linked to the district heating using pellet boilers instead of electric boilers, and by reducing consumption of electricity in villas with direct electric heating by introduction of pellet stoves. In this scenario, the use of heat pumps in villas instead of electric boilers would mean reduced consumption of electricity produced by coal condensing plants and thus result in reduced CO{sub 2} emissions. However, this cannot be related to the use of forest biofuel. (abstract truncated)

  19. Long term effects on wet stored calcium rich fly ash with bearing on ground improvement work; Laangtidspaaverkan av kalkrika flygaskor vid vaatlagring foer anvaendning inom markstabilisering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lagerlund, Johan; Jansing, Christiane

    2012-02-15

    Generation of electricity and heat by means of thermal power demands a product that can be ignited. This combustible material is usually coal, oil, gas, biomass and waste. If using solid fuels as coal, biomass and waste a by product known as ash is formed in the process; FA, (FA) and bottom ash. Roughly 600 Mt ashes are annually produced throughout the world and 70 weight % of these ashes are FA, 25 weight % bottom ashes and 5 weight % slag. 41 weight % of all ashes are annually reused in some form. Given the environmental impact of combustion i.e. CO{sub 2} emissions, a widened use of biomass fuels and co-combustion is expected in the near future. This will however create new problems when reusing ashes and FA in particular. The reuse of FA within the concrete industry stand for a total of about 25 % but the reuse of non-coal derived FA in the concrete industry is prohibited. Non-coal derived FA usually has higher amounts of calcium oxide, which acts expansively in concrete. Less than 20 % of biomass or co-combustion FA are reused today in Europe. A new standard, the EN 450, is however under construction. This standard will deal with the reuse of noncoal derived FA within the cement and concrete industry. In Sweden, coal is very seldom used as a fuel. More common is the use of biomass, peat and waste. It means that the FA are all non-coal derived and thus derived from reuse within the cement and concrete industry. Beside their non-coal origin, the main part of the FA is produced during November- March. This means that it might be hard to find available FA all year around, making the reuse of FA less attractive. Hence, FA must be stored prior to use. Little research have been made on the storage of calcium rich FA from biomass and co-combustion. Storing FA in a cheap way requires an addition of water to prevent from dusting when stockpiled outdoors. Addition of water in calcium rich FA will however cause an hardening of the material, thus causing detrimental effects within the FA

  20. Effects of Non Process Elements in the chemical recovery system of paper mills; Effekter av PFG foer integrerade pappersbruk vid indunstning och foerbraenning av bioslam i sodapannan

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dahlbom, Johan [AaF Process AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Wadsborn, Rickard [STFI-Packforsk AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2005-09-01

    Effluent treatment of pulp and paper mills generates a biological sludge that according to Swedish implementation of EU-directives from 2005 has to be taken care of by incineration or by production of soil for agriculture or ground cover. An alternative way to take care of the sludge is incineration in the recovery boiler. This method is used in two Finish and two Swedish pulp mills with good results. The purpose of this project is to investigate the consequences for integrated pulp and paper mills when the biological sludge is incinerated in the recovery boiler. The biological sludge contents Non Process Elements, NPE, which increase the risks of incrustations in the system and increase the need of make up lime. This study comprises the following NPE: aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chloride, potassium, manganese, magnesium, iron, copper, barium and calcium. The simulation program WinGEMS 5.0 (Pacific Simulation) was used in the study to predict the levels of NPE in the recovery system of the Kraft mills. Three different pulp and paper mills were selected for the study, Billerud Skaerblacka, ASSI Domaen Froevi and SCA Obbola. The mills are different concerning raw materials, process, degree of own produced pulp and paper products. All three the mills have effluent treatment and use the method of activated sludge that generates a surplus of biological sludge. The results of the study proved that for Skaerblacka mill the method is applicable. For Obbola the prerequisites are somewhat more complicated, the effluent treatment generates considerably higher amount of sludge per ton pulp produced due to the treatment technique and use of waste paper (40 %) for the paper machine. The high input of aluminum with the sludge will give troublesome incrustations of sodium-aluminum-silicate on the heat surfaces in the evaporation plant. To eliminate the aluminum from the system magnesium can be added to the black liquor which will precipitate as the double salt hydrotalcite in the green liquor and be rejected by the green liquor dregs. For Froevi mill the situation is somewhat more favorable compared to Obbola but a smaller amount of magnesium has still to be added to avoid incrustations of sodium-aluminum-silicate in the evaporation plant. The need of make-up lime will increase due to the content of phosphorus in the biological sludge which otherwise will be build up in the lime. The increased need of make up lime was estimated to 2 kg/ADt for Skaerblacka and Froevi while Obbola will need about 2-3 kg/ADt. Experience from mills that employ incineration of biological sludge in the recovery boiler shows that NO{sub x} in the flue gas has not increased. For Skaerblacka and Froevi the increase of nitrogen by the biological sludge will be moderate and will probably not give any increased formation of NO{sub x} in the flue gas. For Obbola the amount of nitrogen by the sludge will be higher which increases the risks of having higher levels of NO{sub x} in the flue gas. The other NPEs as chlorides, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, cupper, barium and calcium will not give any problems for the recovery system. The study proves that it is possible for an integrated pulp and paper mill to evaporate and incinerate the biological sludge in the recovery boiler. Disadvantages as increased need of make up lime and also the necessity of adding magnesium when using this method should be compared with benefits and drawbacks with other methods that are available. Costs of the methods must be calculated based on the actual pulp and paper mill.

  1. System analyse cellulose ethanol in combines - Combustion characterisation of lignin from cellulose based ethanol production; Systemanalys foer cellulosabaserad etanol i kombinat - Foerbraenningskarakterisering av lignin fraan cellulosabaserad etanolproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lindstedt, Jan; Wingren, Anders; Magnusson, Staffan; Wiinikka, Henrik; Westbom, Urban; Lidman, Marcus; Groenberg, Carola

    2012-02-15

    In this work 3 different hydrolysed lignin fractions produced from Sugarcane Bagasse, Spruce and Wheat Straw were burned in a 150 kW horizontal furnace equipped with a powder burner to assess the combustion behaviour of hydrolysed lignin fuels. The combustion experiments showed that the feeding properties of all three lignin fractions were better compared to ordinary wood powder

  2. Guidance to the regulations on sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids Version 3.0; Vaegledning till regelverket om haallbarhetskriterier foer biodrivmedel och flytande biobraenslen Version 3.0

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2012-07-01

    Swedish Energy Agency is the regulatory authority for enforcement of the Act (2010:598) concerning sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids. The Act implements into Swedish law provisions on sustainability criteria in the so-called renewable-directive. Authority is based on the authorization issued regulations, but there are many details that are not regulated by statute. Many of the interested companies contacts the authority and want to know more about what will apply in various respects. The Agency has therefore chosen, in this guide, to introduce more detailed explanations of the rules that exist in law and regulation. It is thus not a question of legally binding rules. This third version of the guidance has been supplemented with sections on reporting. The Agency will gradually expand the guide to include more parts of the acquis. The guidance has been produced by the unit for sustainable fuels. Before the content was fixed definitively the guidance has been circulated to NGOs and government.

  3. Strategies for reducing the emission of carbon dioxide. A study of some Annex 1 countries; Strategier foer att minska koldioxidutslaeppen. En studie av naagra Annex 1 laender

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stenkvist, M.; Olofsdotter, A.

    2000-07-01

    This report gives an overview of the development of carbon dioxide emissions and the energy systems in a number of countries. The analysis also includes the strategies chosen by the countries to reduce the emissions.

  4. Ecology and physiology of reed. A literature study for evaluation of reed as an energy source. Vassens Ekologi och Fysiologi. Litteraturstudie foer Bedoerfrung au Vass som Energiraavaren

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bjoerndahl, G.; Egnens, H.

    1980-01-01

    The potentials of reed as an energy source are evaluated. The following subjects are discussed: The structure and life-cycle of reed; Primary production and photosynthesis; Important environmental factors for the production; Genetic variation; Competition, succession and parasitism; Human influence like cultivation, harvesting, etc. An extensive list of references is given.

  5. Tools for system validation. Dynamic modelling of the direct condenser at Sandvik II in Vaexjoe; Hjaelpmedel foer systemvalidering. Dynamisk modellering av direktkondensorn paa Sandvik II i Vaexjoe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raaberg, Martin [Dynasim AB, Lund (Sweden); Tuszynski, Jan [Sycon Energikonsult AB, Malmoe (Sweden)

    2002-04-01

    The project reported here aimed to test the suitability of existing computer tools for modelling of energy processes. The suggested use for the models are at the early tests and validations of new, refurbished or modernised thermal plants. The technique presented in this report should be applicable for clarification of the scope of delivery and testing for both the process and tile control system. The validation process can thus be simplified, allowing risk reduction and predictability of the commissioning. The main delays and economical misfortune often occurs during commissioning. This report should prove the feasibility of the purchase routines where purchaser, vendor and quality inspection will use a common model of the process to validate system requirements and specifications. Later on it is used to validate structure and predefine testing. Thanks to agreement on the common model, early tests can be conducted on complex systems, minimizing the investment risks. The modelling reported here concerns the direct condenser at Sandvik 11, power and heating plant owned by Vaexjoe Energi AB in Sweden. We have chosen the direct condenser because it is an existing, well-documented and well-defined subsystem of high complexity in both structure and operation. Heavy transients made commissioning and test runs of similar condensers throughout Sweden costly and troublesome. The work resulted in an open, general, and physically correct model. The model can easily be re-dimensioned through physical parameters of common use. The control system modelled corresponds to the actual control system at the Sandvik II plant. Any improvement or deep validation of the controllers was not included in this work. The suitability is shown through four simulation cases. Three cases are based on a registered plant operation during a turbine trip. The first test case uses present plant data, the second an old steam valve actuator and the third uses the old actuator and an error in level measurement. The last test case is a ramped load change from stationary operation to a new higher operation point and then back to the original starting point. The size of the object simulated indicates that modelling is applicable to medium and small plants sizes. That was possible only through availability of the basic simulation tools, here Dymola / Modelica, and the well established model library ENERGY. All adapted to the common PCs of today.

  6. Combustion tests in a solid fuel boiler to clarify the emissions when co-firing refuse; Proveldning i fastbraenslepanna foer att kartlaegga emissioner vid inblandning av olika avfallsfraktioner

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Blom, Elisabet; Lundborg, Rickard; Wrangensten, Lars

    2002-04-01

    In this Vaermeforsk-project tests have been performed in a 60 MW moving grate steam boiler at Tekniska Verken in Linkoeping. The boiler plant has an electrostatic filter for dust reduction and also a flue gas condensing plant with heat recovery. Vaermeforsk has financed the project. During the tests the following fuel fractions have been injected into the reference fuel, a mix of recovered wood chips (70 %) and bark (30 %): Paper/plastic/wood fuel (10 % and 25 % injection on an energy basis); Meat powder (10 % and 25 % injection on an energy basis); Napkin waste (10 % injection on an energy basis); Leather waste (10 % injection on an energy basis). The highest lower heating value was noted for meat powder, approx. 24 MJ/kg with a moisture content of 3,4 %. The heating values for the other fuel fractions were on the same level or just beneath the corresponding heating value for the reference fuel. The highest chlorine content was found in the paper/plastic/wood fraction respectively the leather waste fraction with 1,2 and 1,4 % (weight) of chlorine. The meat powder had the highest nitrogen content but all the fuel mixes had a quite high content of nitrogen with values over 1 % (weight). Analyses of sulphur in the fuels showed that leather waste had the lowest content just over 0, 1 %, considered as a low sulphur level for fuels in general. However, there are problems to get balance between in- and output for sulphur and chlorine based on fuel analysis. Difficulties to take representative fuel samples, especially when it comes to chlorine, can be an explanation. Video camera recordings and flue gas analysis in the furnace showed that the injection of refuse fractions seems to improve the combustion conditions with better local combustion of CO and hydrocarbons. The results from the emission measurements in the chimney can be summarised as follows (emission values at 11 % O{sub 2}): the lowest CO emission was noted with 25 % meat powder injection (<50 mg/nm{sup 3}); The highest HCI emission, before the flue gas condensing plant, was noted for the reference fuel (approx. 245 Mg/nm{sup 3}); The highest SO{sub 2} emission, in the upper furnace, was also noted for the reference fuel (over 50 mg/nm{sup 3}). Levels after the condensing plant could not be measured. 25 % meat powder injection gave the highest NO{sub x}-emission (approx. 50 mg/MJ). The high heavy metal content in ash could not bee correlated to the content in the fuel fractions. The unburnt carbon content in bottom ash is remarkably lower for 25 % meat powder injection into reference fuel. The conclusion is that the operation parameters for the oiler are optimized for this specific fuel fraction and the amount injected. Tests with a fouling probe near the first superheater showed that at a temperature of 400 deg C 10% napkin waste gave most fouling. This is interesting as the lowest HCl-emission level was noted for napkins, maybe depending on that the chlorine is present in the depositions. The project results point in the direction that co-combustion of different refuse fractions will be possible within the existing environmental legislation and maybe also within the new EU directive 2000/76/EG. Although flue gas condensation is necessary to get acceptable emissions of HCl and SO{sub 2}. Further general research is thus needed and several R and D project areas are listed in the report. Deeper studies of the combustion process in furnace are important in future project.

  7. Evaluation and optimization of a method for pretreatment of sorted household wastes for biogas production; Utvaerdering och optimering av metod foer foerbehandling av kaellsorterat hushaallsavfall till biogasproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bohn, Irene (NSR AB, Helsingborg (Sweden)); Carlsson, My (AnoxKaldnes AB, Lund (Sweden)); Eriksson, Ylva; Holmstroem, David (Lund Univ., Lund (Sweden))

    2010-04-15

    At NSR in Helsingborg, Sweden, organic household waste is digested and converted into biogas and bio-fertiliser. The incoming waste contains a small fraction of non-sorted waste such as plastics, metal and paper. These materials, especially plastics, can cause operational problems in the digester and pollution of the bio-fertiliser. In order to separate these particles from the digestion substrate, the waste requires pre-treatment. For two years, a screw press has been applied for pre-treating the waste at NSR. In the pre-treatment process, food waste is grounded and mixed with water to form a slurry. The slurry is separated into a dry fraction (reject) and a liquid fraction in the press. The liquid fraction is the digestion substrate and is sent to the digester while the reject is sent to combustion. Though, the separation in the screw press is not complete and thus organic, easily degradable matter ends up in the reject. In order to evaluate the efficiency in the screw press and to estimate the loss of easily degradable matter (and thus loss of methane), an assessment of the mass- and energy balances was carried out. The composition of the in- and outgoing fractions was analysed with the purpose of determining the distribution of organic material in the two outgoing fractions. The methane potential in the liquid fraction was compared with the methane potential in the slurry so as to estimate the loss of methane. The results of the mass balances showed that 63 % of the organic material that enters the screw press ends up in the liquid fraction and 37 % ends up in the reject. One ton of waste that enters the pre-treatment facility will eventually result in 1.5 tons of liquid and 0.2 tons of reject. Analysis of the composition was carried out in the slurry, the liquid fraction and the reject. These analyses showed that the liquid fraction contains a higher concentration of easily degradable matter such as fat and protein than the reject. In the incoming material, as well as in the reject, visual plastic objects and large fibres were present, while no visual large particles occurred in the liquid fraction. Analyses of the methane yield in the three streams showed that the liquid fraction has the highest methane potential. However, a considerable amount of methane can be produced from the reject and thus, a large amount of potential methane is lost in the present situation. Approximately 65 % of the methane that potentially can be produced in the slurry can be produced from the liquid fraction. Methane is a gas with a high energy value and can be converted to vehicle fuel. The energy in the reject is converted into heat and electricity when combusted in a combined heat and power plant. Just over 12 GWh of methane could be produced from digestion of the slurry. The corresponding energy production from the liquid fraction is 8 GWh. From combustion of the reject, almost 2 GWh of electricity can be produced and close to 4 GWh of heat. The total amount of energy that can be produced by applying the screw press is therefore larger when the screw press is applied. However, the energy in the gas is considered as a higher form of energy and the selectivity in the screw press should therefore be increased in order to achieve a higher methane production from the liquid fraction. Though, pre-treatment in the screw press gives benefits in terms of increased operational stability and a possibility to use the digestion sludge as a bio-fertiliser. A lab scale study was carried out in order to investigate the possibilities of increasing the methane production from the liquid fraction. By increasing the temperature in the mixing tank, more fat can be dissolved in the liquid phase in the slurry and be separated to the liquid fraction. According to the results of the study, the energy production could increase with close to 40 % if the fat concentration in the liquid fraction is increased by 35 %. Experiments carried out with electroporation of the waste show that an increase of the dissolved organic matter can possibly be achieved but th at the energy input that is required exceeds the benefit. The conclusion is that the screw press is efficient in separating unwanted material but that improvements are required in order to minimise the loss of methane

  8. Wind power on Gabriel mountain - Follow-up of the consequences for reindeer herding, third year results; Vindkraft paa Gabrielsberget - Uppfoeljning av konsekvenserna foer rennaeringen, tredje aarets resultat

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2011-05-15

    According to the Environmental Court's decision Gabriel Mountain the wind plant's impact on reindeer husbandry followed up by a control program. According to the Environmental Court's decision Gabrielsberget the wind plant's impact on reindeer husbandry followed up by a control program. The control program was initiated in autumn 2008. Reporting to the County Board will be made annually until the trial period ends. The construction of roads on Gabriel Mountains began in November / December 2008. No construction work was carried out, however, during the period that the reindeer were in the area (January-March 2009). The construction work started again in the summer / fall of 2009. The first 20 wind turbines began operating in January 2011. During these periods, the continuous interviews were held with reindeer herders from grazing district Byrkije. Reindeer herding utilization of the area before the wind farm been built and under construction has thus been mapped. Despite good grazing conditions Byrkije experienced difficulty in reindeer herding in and around wind power construction at Gabriel Mountain, especially during the second winter season (2010/11), when construction has been more extensive. Byrkije had to support feeding and use helicopter, something that previous seasons only was done in poor grazing conditions. The herders were also more people who worked actively with the reindeer and the working day has been longer and more strenuous compared to the seasons before the wind farm was built. The reindeer has moved more and were more spread out. The herders have also been forced to retrieve outside reindeer winter Loegdeaa land, something that has rarely happened in previous seasons. The reindeer's movement patterns and utilization of pastures have been different during the construction of the wind farm than in previous years. This report will be based on the new data over the years monitoring program runs.

  9. 2D or 3D? New user interfaces for control rooms in process industries. A feasibility study; 2D eller 3D? Nya graenssnitt foer processindustrins kontrollrum

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Karlsson, MariAnne

    2008-01-15

    Three dimensional user interfaces and techniques for visualisation have been discussed as possible ways to improve the work situation for control room operators in process industries. The aims of the project, which is a pilot project, has been: (i) to compile existing knowledge on the pro's and con's of 2D versus 3D user interfaces in order to assess and conclude if, and how, 3-dimensional visualisations could be applied when designing new user interfaces for modern process control rooms and (ii) to investigate operators' attitudes towards and acceptance of 3-dimensional user interfaces for visualisation of information. The project has included the following activities: a literature review has been completed in order to collect information on different projects and tests in which 3-dimensional user interfaces have been evaluated for different tasks; an identification of feasible use cases has been made, partly on basis of a workshop in which participated researchers from the field and partly on basis of study visits to different process plants on the west coast of Sweden; an interview study has been carried with control room operators at four different power plants in order to find out the operators' assessments of and attitudes towards 3-dimensional information visualisation; and interviews with representatives of system developers have been completed in order to elicit information on ongoing development work and experiences of developing and implementing 3-dimensional user interfaces in control rooms. On basis of the literature review as well as the interview studies cannot be concluded that 3-dimensional user interfaces and 3-dimensional visualisation of information hold any general advantages compared to 2-dimensional solutions. Pro's and con's are, instead, highly contextual and dependant upon (i) the characteristics of user (in terms e.g. of computer skills); (ii) the (work) task; and (iii) the specific design of the user interface/visualisation. The interviews with the operators revealed that a 3-dimensional visualisation of the physical elements of a plant may come to contain much information which could, for certain tasks, be classified as 'noise'. Furthermore, during supervision and optimisation of the process, the operators need to have access to specific values. Such information can be difficult to integrate in a too detailed a representation of plant and/or process. The type of visualisation that the operators themselves judged to be the most interesting was visualisations of, for instance, the distribution of temperature or the degree of moisture in a material to be burned with the purpose to further understand the specific conditions in order to further optimise the process. The same type of visualisation could support the operator in trouble shooting and analyses of failures. Also in a dialogue between operators and maintenance staff could a 3-dimensional representation of the plant have certain advantages compared to a 2-dimensional one

  10. Products based on the mixes of fly ashes and fibre sludge (fibre-ashes) for road construction; Produkter baserade paa blandningar av flygaska och fiberslam (fiberaskor) foer vaegbyggande

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lahtinen, Pentti; Maijala Aino; Macsik, Josef

    2005-03-01

    The project has derived benefits from the earlier Finnish research and development as well as from the experience in the fibre-ash materials for geotechnical applications. The fly ashes used for the project have been taken from the same sources as the fly ashes for the earlier Vaermeforsk project 870: FACE. The project's objective was to develop construction materials based on mixtures of fibre sludge and fly ash for geotechnical applications, and for the final commercialisation of the fibre-ash materials. The mixtures are based on fly ashes from energy production (bark, peat and sludge used for incineration) and on kaolin containing fibre sludge from the paper industry. With help of laboratory tests the project has been searching for fibre ashes with excellent technical characteristics like good frost resistance combined with a good bearing capacity and resilience in geotechnical structures. The project's results has given additional knowledge about alternative road construction materials to construct technically good, sustainable and environmentally friendly roads and other constructions with lower costs than the conventional constructions. The results of laboratory tests have shown that this is possible. However, it has to be verified with help of field tests and pilot constructions. The first tasks of the project were to make choices of the appropriate fibre sludge and fly ashes for the project targets. The laboratory tests have been carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of Ramboll Finland Oy (earlier SCC Viatek Oy, SGT - later in the report SGT). After arrival of all test material in the laboratory the test programme started in order to find out the most optimal fibre-ash mixtures with or without any activator. The most potential mixtures were tested for their geotechnical long-term properties (mainly resistance against climatic load) and for their environmental risk potential. The results comprise of several technically, environmentally and economically potential fibre-ash mixtures and recommendations for their further development with the help of field tests and test construction. The most noteworthy benefits of the fibre ashes as soil construction materials are their elasticity and resistance against permanent deformation. These properties make the fibre-ash materials significantly more frost resistant than the conventional materials. Also, the fibre-ashes are easier and simpler to use in the construction process than the fly ashes because the fibre-ashes are practically dust-tight materials. The results of the project will be background information for the further studies, and for the guidelines and commercialisation of e.g. road construction with fibre ashes.

  11. Methodology for classification of the H14 criterion according to the directive 2008/98/EC on waste. Proposal of a biotest battery for the classification of hazardous waste. Ecotoxicological testing with bacterium, algae, crustacean and fish embryo; Metodik foer klassificering av H14-kriteriet i Avfallsfoerordningen. Foerslag till biotestbatteri foer klassificering av farligt avfall. Ekotoxikologisk testning med bakterie, alg, kraeftdjur och fiskembryo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stiernstroem, Sara; Hemstroem, Kristian; Wik, Ola; Carlsson, Gunnar; Breitholtz, Magnus

    2009-02-15

    Waste, including ashes that can cause ecotoxicological effects, should be classified under criterion H-14 in the Directive on Waste 2008/98/EC. The complex nature of ash production and the fact that it has a complex chemical composition makes ecotoxicological hazard and risk assessment of ashes based on mere chemical analysis insufficient. Biological test systems are thus indispensable tools to support the ecotoxicological characterisation and classification of the properties of ashes. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a leaching procedure suitable for preparation of water extracts for ecotoxicity testing, and (2) to evaluate an ecotoxicological test battery for the characterisation of ashes. A leaching procedure developed for organic compounds was assumed to be more realistic than existing standard methods for preparation of eluates for ecotoxic tests from complex matrices. A modified version of a recirculation column test, the ER-H method, developed for leaching of nonvolatile organic compounds and validated for PAHs and CPs, was used in this study and compared with the batch test EN 14735 (Characterization of waste - Preparation of waste samples for ecotoxicity tests). The ecotoxicological test battery included species representing different trophic levels; the bacterium Vibrio fisheri, a growth inhibition test with the micro algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum, a larval development test with the copepod Nitocra spinipes and an embryo toxicity test with sebra fish (Danio rerio). These test species show a relatively low sensitivity to elevated salinity levels. This test battery can be used to test a wide variety of matrices (e.g. single chemicals, complex effluents, eluates and sediments), and therefore offers flexible solutions for testing of leachates with differing and difficult properties. Both the ashes and their leachates were also analyzed chemically for organic and inorganic substances. All the test organisms responded with distinct concentration-responses when exposed to different bottom/fly ash leachates. The larval development test with Nitocra spinipes was the overall most sensitive test. Despite that, the project demonstrated that no single species or endpoint were the most sensitive to all the ashes. This emphasizes the importance of using a battery of biotests when evaluating ecotoxicological effects of ashes. The observed toxicological effects were not possible to foresee with mere chemical analyses and literature ecotoxicological data, which shows the importance of using a combination of chemical and biological tests when evaluating the ecotoxicological effects of complex eluates. The leaching of inorganic substances, when using the column leaching test developed for leaching of organic compounds, was largely in agreement with the leaching from the standardized batch test (EN 14735). In our opinion the column leaching test is in general more suitable for preparation of eluates used for ecotoxicological characterisation since standard leaching methods for wastes contain features that have been proven to be less suitable for leaching of hydrophobic organic compounds, e.g. end-over-end rotating or shaking and filtration. The preparation of ashes (ageing, drying etc.) before leaching will affect the properties of the eluates. Clearly, this will influence their ecotoxicological properties. Sample treatment should therefore follow a fixed routine before the ecotoxicological tests with ashes are conducted and evaluated. For example, the role of pH in the leaching process must be understood, as well as its importance for the outcome of the ecotoxicity tests. An important conclusion from this study was that to fully understand the hazard potential of the tested ashes, an integrated analysis of biological and chemical data is necessary

  12. Flow Cytometry for rapid characterization of colloidal particles of various types in process waters; Floedescytometri foer snabb karaktaerisering av kolloidala partiklar av olika typ i bakvatten - MPKT 05

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Degerth, R.; Holmbom, B. [Aabo Akademi, Turku (Finland)

    1998-12-31

    Since more than ten years Flow Cytometry (FCM) has been used for characterization of blood cells and bacteria and has become indispensable for medical and biological use. FCM is able to count thousands of particles per second and simultaneously determine their the type and size ending up in a statistically significant report within less than a minute. The principle of FCM is based on a light excitation of a `lined up` particle stream and a multi-channel determination of scatter and fluorescence. This rapid technology has so far not been used in a greater extent within process industry, except for counting bacteria in milk and beer. BASF of Germany has developed and patented a single-channel fluorescence counter for determination of resin droplets in the process waters of paper making. The FCM, however, is a far more effective and reliable method, being able not only to detect resin droplets but also bacteria, live or dead, as well as other occurring particles. We know we are able to determine bacteria, we have seen resin and we aim to show that FCM is able to give a comprehensive view of the colloidal contents of process waters in paper mills by exploring means to selectively stain the different types of particles. (orig.) 3 refs. CACTUS Research Programme

  13. Variations in the wood raw material for pellets manufacture and its influence on the quality of wood pellets; Variationer inom traeraavaran foer pelletstillverkning och deras paaverkan paa pelletskvaliteten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jirjis, Raida; Vinterbaeck, Johan; Engberg, Jessica [Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (Sweden). Dept. of Bioenergy; Oehman, Marcus [ETC Energitekniskt Centrum, Piteaa (Sweden)

    2002-05-01

    The aim of this project was to study the variations in properties of raw material and its effect on pellets quality. The project included three parts which together would help describe the relationship between material properties, process parameters and fuel quality. The first part dealt with a small-scale production of pellets using a well defined raw material. The objectives of this part were to study the effect of tree species, stem diameter and storage of raw material on pellets quality. In the second part of the project data concerning characteristics of raw material and product quality were collected from two pellet factories: SAABI AB, where spruce is the major raw material, and Bioenergi i Luleaa AB, which uses mainly sawdust from pine. The objectives of this part of the project were to analyse and evaluate the relationship between raw material properties/process parameters and fuel quality using multivariate data analysis. Part three of this project involved a questionnaire survey in which pellets producers were asked at four occasions during one year of production, to give information about variations in raw material properties during various seasons, characteristics of the material during pressing and to supply data related to process parameters. Data concerning variations in pellet quality during the whole year were also requested. The sawdust used in the first part of the project was originated from small diameter trees (14 cm in average) and large diameter stems (30-36 cm) of Scots pine and Norway spruce. One third of the material was dried at room temperature to a moisture content (MC) around 12 % (fresh weight basis), then frozen until needed. The rest of the material was stored in 32 plastic net bags in a large outdoor pile during the period end of May-January. The average dry matter loss in all assortments after eight months of storage was about 0.5 % per month. An attempt to produce pellets from the fresh and stored material from the various assortments was undertaken using a small Metador press machine. To study the effect of variations in the raw material on pellets quality, the setting of the press equipment was kept unchanged during the pressing of all assortments. Many technical difficulties were encountered during the small-scale manufacturing of the pellets. We only succeeded in pelletizing sawdust from fresh and four-months stored pine but not from 8-months stored pine or spruce assortments. The ash content in sawdust taken from different material was low and varied between 0.2 and 0.35 % of dry weight. The content of ash in the small-scaled produced pellets was close to that of the raw material. The initial average calorific heating values of pine, both thin and large diameter trees, were higher than that of spruce. The concentration of extractives, both those extracted with acetone or with alcohol, were generally higher in pine compared to spruce samples. A marked increase in the concentration of alcohol-soluble extractives was measured during the storing of sawdust from both pine and spruce. The pellets made from this material showed a similar pattern. This increase possibly reflects changes in some chemical components that were affected by the high temperature developed during storage. Attempts to relate the changes occurred in the raw material to the quality of the produced pellets were not totally successful partly due to the large variations within the raw material itself and partly because of the failure to palletise certain assortments. However, general conclusion are still possible to draw. The compact density of individual pellets varied very little between various samples produced by the small-scale pelletizing method. Similar results were obtained in pellets manufactured at the industrial factories. The durability of pellets produced using the small-scale method was generally higher when the raw material was stored before pelletizing. This observation is in agreement with the general opinion of many industrial manufacturers. No clear correlation between the extractives content and pellets durability was observed. Bulk density measurements, reported by the two pellets factories, varied very little between various seasons with possibly a slight increase during the winter. From the results obtained through the first two parts of the project, it was clear that both variables, i.e. raw material properties and process parameters have a considerable effect on pellets quality. Due to various reasons, the results obtained through the survey analyses in the third part of this project, were not sufficient to draw any reliable conclusions concerning the effect of seasonal variations on pellets quality.

  14. Large scale development of wind power. Consequences for the national grid and the need for load balancing; Storskalig utbyggnad av vindkraft. Konsekvenser foer stamnaetet och behovet av reglerkraft

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2008-06-15

    Wind power is expected to growth rapidly in Sweden. The existing certificate system gives economic incentives for development of 17 TWh from renewable energy sources until 2016, compared to the 2002 level. The Swedish Energy Agency estimates that 9 TWh wind power will be built by 2020, given the present certificate system. However, a new planning goal of 30 TWh wind energy by 2020 has been proposed by the Agency. It is very important for Svenska Kraftnaet to follow the development in order to take the right actions to adapt the national grid to the increased share of wind power. The total increased need for balancing power is estimated to be: 1 400-1 800 MW for 10 TWh added wind power, and 4 300-5 300 MW for 30 TWh. About 15% of the increased balancing need must be assigned to automatically frequency regulating generation. The rest can be made up of sources that can be regulated on a minute- or hour-scale. The planned wind power risks to replace generation with regulating capacity, and it is important to continuously analyze if and how this happens, and which the consequences will be for the balancing capacity. The socio-economic effects for the national grid include increased investment cost and increased costs foe balancing and regulating. Massive expansion in North Sweden is the most costly alternative, with a capitalized cost estimated to 25 000 MSEK (about 4 000 MUSD) at an expansion of 30 TWh wind power. This can be compared to the estimated investment cost for the wind power expansion of 150 000 MSEK

  15. Test and evaluation of multiple lambda-sensors for use in combustion gases; Multi {lambda}-sond - Utveckling och test av enkel teknik foer O{sub 2}-maetning oever tvaersnitt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kallner, Per; Gaardman, Lennart; Engel, Erik [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2001-03-01

    Fluctuations and zones with fuel rich conditions are the main causes of CO-emissions and abnormal deposit formation. This project was initiated to try and trace such disturbances. 'Multi-sensor-probes' is a quick and easy way of mapping fluctuations in many points along an axis simultaneously. This project is concentrated on such measurement systems, based on lambda({lambda})-sensor technology. The project was run in a few steps: - The use of {lambda}-sensors for O{sub 2} measurements in hot flue gases (>800 deg C), - Development and testing of probe-constructions for multi-point measurements, and - Performing measurement series in Vaermeforsk-related boilers, to identify fluctuations and fuel rich zones. This project shows how standard {lambda}-sensors can be utilised also in hot flue gases. In-situ measurements with a single-sensor probe is demonstrated in CFB, PF and grate boilers. It is a water-cooled probe, with the {lambda}-sensor mounted inside the tip of the probe. To perform multi-point measurements with the standard {lambda}-sensors, an extractive probe design had to be developed. With the standard {lambda}-sensors no sensible design for multi-point in-situ measurements could be found. A way to achieve such designs would be development of {lambda}-sensors where the zirconium oxide measurement cell is separated from the electrical wiring. This would give much smaller pieces to include in the probe and especially solve the problem of low temperature demand for the parts just behind the measurement cell in standard {lambda}-sensors. This could mean a multi-probe cooled to just 500-600 deg C. The construction of the extractive multi-probe tested in this project suffered from leakage in the suction lines when exposed inside the PF boiler. A proposed design with better function in this aspect is presented in this report. The results show that by combining a cooled probe-design with standard {lambda}-sensor components a tool for measurements of O{sub 2}-fluctuations in hot flue gases is achieved. All this with low cost and easily available parts.

  16. Guidance to the regulations on sustainability criteria for biofuels and liquid biofuels. Version 2.0; Vaegledning till regelverket om haallbarhetskriterier foer biodrivmedel och flytande biobraenslen. Version 2.0

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Engstroem, Lina; Jozsa, Emmi; Hagberg, Linus; Wollin, Per; Petren Axner, Margareta

    2012-11-01

    For biofuels and liquid biofuels: Swedish Energy Agency's guidance on the regulatory framework on sustainability criteria have been updated and expanded with new sections on control systems, independent auditing, sustainability statements and verification of land criteria in Sweden.

  17. Nuclear industry practice for clearance of materials, facilities and buildings as well as land. Tutorial; Kaerntekniska industrins praxis foer friklassning av material, lokaler och byggnader samt mark. Handledning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-12-15

    This handbook comprises the common practices of the Swedish nuclear industry for the clearance of material, rooms, buildings and soil in order to be exempted from the Swedish Nuclear Activities Act and the Swedish Radiation Protection Act. After clearance the management/usage of material, rooms, buildings and soil is permitted without any control from the radiation protection point of view. Clearance is practiced to reduce the amount radioactive waste. Cleared material can be reused according to its original form, recycled or, if these two possibilities are not available, disposed as conventional waste. The working procedures described in this handbook are mainly based on the regulation SSMFS 2011:2 from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority: 'Regulations concerning clearance of material, rooms, buildings and soil from activities with ionising radiation'. The purpose of this handbook is to serve as a tool and guidance for generating specific routines and instructions for clearance. It describes the principles, processes and routines that should be followed under a clearance procedure. The intention is to accomplish the current regulation by following the routines and principles described in this manual. This handbook spans over a large number of conditions towards clearance, such as facility specific conditions and different types of objects. Because not all the conceivable conditions and objects can be included here, the purpose has been to cover the most common types of clearance practices. The practices comprise: - Description of regulations and recommendations, Swedish and international, that represent the basis of the requirements in this handbook. - Presentation of the processes for clearance of material, rooms, buildings and soil. Those which cannot be cleared are considered as radioactive waste. A proposal for the decision-making process is presented. - Illustration for radiological surveys to systems and components, buildings and soil in regard to the radioactive substances carried during the activities. - Description of measuring methods and related technical equipment that can be used in a clearance process. Issues on radiological background in measuring places, detection limits and confidence of measurements are addressed. - Presentation of proposals on routines for clearance, as well as grouping of material flows from a clearance point of view, and discussion on sorting criteria. - Principles for quality assurance and documentation. Detailed directives must be addressed in every company's leading system. - Review on the need of competence for the personnel performing measurements, evaluating results and approving cleared material. Competence profiles for the different roles involved in the clearance process

  18. Nuclear cost studies for decontamination and dismantling. The interim storage for spent fuels at Studsvik.; Kaerntekniska kostnadsstudier avseende dekontaminering och nedlaeggning. Mellanfoervaret foer anvaent kaernbraensle (FA) i Studsvik.

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sjoeblom, Rolf; Sjoeoe, Cecilia [Tekedo AB, Nykoeping (Sweden); Lindskog, Staffan; Cato, Anna [Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2005-05-01

    The interim store for spent fuel (FA) at Studsvik was designed and constructed in 1962-64. It has been used for wet storage of fuel from the Aagesta Nuclear Power Plant as well as the R2 reactor at Studsvik. FA comprises three cylindrical pools for fuel storage as well as equipment for handling and decontamination. The purpose of the present work is to develop methodology for calculation of future costs for decontamination and dismantling of nuclear research facilities. The analysis is based on information from Studsvik as well as results from information searches. The requirements on precision of cost calculations is high, also at early stages. The reason for this is that the funds are to be collected now but are to be used some time in the future. At the same time they should neither be insufficient nor superfluous. It is apparent from the compilation and analysis that when methodology that has been developed for the purpose of cost calculations for power reactors is applied to research facilities certain drawbacks become apparent, e.g. difficulties to carry out variation analyses. Generally, feedback of data on incurred costs for the purpose of cost calculations can be achieved by using one or more scaling factors together with weighing factors which are established based on e g expert judgement. For development and utilisation of such tools it is necessary to have access to estimated costs together with incurred ones. In the report, the following combination of aspects is identified as being of primary significance for achieving a high precision: Calculations with the possibility to 'calibrate' against incurred costs; Radiological surveying tailored to the needs for calculations; Technical planning including selection of techniques to be used; Identification of potential sources for systematic deviations. In the case of FA, some of the sources of uncertainty are as follows: Damaged surface layers in the pools; Maintenance status for the drains; Radiological surveying; Compilation and selection of techniques to be used. A number of aspects were compiled in the information search and the results give support to the above conclusions. Leakage to the groundwater and methodology for removal of surface layers might be mentioned as examples. It is assessed, in conclusion, that it is reasonable to achieve a confidence level of 80 % using the above summarised methodology. This assessment is based on known error margins in planning of new plants in combination with achievable reduction in uncertainty in the most important sources of systematic errors in cost calculations for nuclear research facilities.

  19. Water Activities in Forsmark (Part I). Removal of groundwater from final repository for spent fuel; Vattenverksamhet i Forsmark (del I). Bortledande av grundvatten fraan slutfoervarsanlaeggningen foer anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Werner, Kent [EmpTec (Sweden); Hamren, Ulrika; Collinder, Per [Ekologigruppen AB (Sweden)

    2010-12-15

    The construction, operation and decommissioning of the repository for spent nuclear fuel in Forsmark are associated with a number of measures that constitute water operations according to Chapter 11 in the Environmental Code. This report is an appendix to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and describes water operations in the form of groundwater diversion from the repository (the report is also included in the permit application according to the Nuclear Activities Act). The main objective of the report is to describe hydrogeological and hydrological effects and the consequences that may arise in the surroundings of the repository due to the groundwater diversion. Moreover, the report presents prevention measures to reduce the effects of the groundwater diversion and mitigation measures that aim at its consequences

  20. Flow Cytometry for rapid characterization of colloidal particles of various types in process waters; Floedescytometri foer snabb karaktaerisering av kolloidala partiklar av olika typ i bakvatten - MPKT 05

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Degerth, R; Holmbom, B [Aabo Akademi, Turku (Finland)

    1999-12-31

    Since more than ten years Flow Cytometry (FCM) has been used for characterization of blood cells and bacteria and has become indispensable for medical and biological use. FCM is able to count thousands of particles per second and simultaneously determine their the type and size ending up in a statistically significant report within less than a minute. The principle of FCM is based on a light excitation of a `lined up` particle stream and a multi-channel determination of scatter and fluorescence. This rapid technology has so far not been used in a greater extent within process industry, except for counting bacteria in milk and beer. BASF of Germany has developed and patented a single-channel fluorescence counter for determination of resin droplets in the process waters of paper making. The FCM, however, is a far more effective and reliable method, being able not only to detect resin droplets but also bacteria, live or dead, as well as other occurring particles. We know we are able to determine bacteria, we have seen resin and we aim to show that FCM is able to give a comprehensive view of the colloidal contents of process waters in paper mills by exploring means to selectively stain the different types of particles. (orig.) 3 refs. CACTUS Research Programme

  1. Digestion with initial thermophilic hydrolysis step for sanitation and enhanced methane extraction in wastewater treatment plants; Roetning med inledande termofilt hydrolyssteg foer hygienisering och utoekad metanutvinning paa avloppsreningsverk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Persson, Emelie; Ossiansson, Elin [BioMil AB, Lund (Sweden); Carlsson, My; Uldal, Martina; Johannesson, Sofia [AnoxKaldnes AB, Lund (Sweden)

    2012-02-15

    Thermophilic (55 deg) pre-hydrolysis has been shown to improve methane yield, organics reduction and/or treatment capacity when applied to anaerobic digestion (Persson m. fl. 2010). The method has also proven to kill off pathogens, making it an interesting hygienisation alternative to pasteurisation. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has opened up for the possibility to validate new methods for hygienisation, if the pathogen reduction can be proven to be efficient enough. Thermophilic pre-hydrolysis has several possible advantages to pasteurization; e. g. district heating of lower temperature can be used, the stability of the process may increase, as well as the efficiency and extent of the digestion process. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of thermophilic pre-hydrolysis on anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge with respect to: 1. Biogas/methane production and solids reduction. 2. Correlations between substrate properties, process conditions and effect on the AD process. 3. Pathogen reduction efficiency. 4. Operational consequences. Laboratory trials in continuous and batch mode were conducted on sewage sludge from four Swedish wastewater treatment plants. In the trials thermophilic pre-hydrolysis with consecutive mesophilic AD was compared to conventional one-step mesophilic AD, as well as pre-pasteurisation with consecutive AD. For all the tested sludge samples the reduction of TS and VS increased as a result of thermophilic pre-hydrolysis prior to mesophilic AD. The results with respect to methane yield were not as straightforward. Increased production of biogas was achieved in pilot scale, but the methane production did not improve. In the laboratory trials the effect on methane production varied from -8 % till +18 % for the sludge samples tested. The most positive results were achieved in the test that had the highest organic load and that was fed with a sludge that was low in fat and high in carbohydrates, compared to the other sludge samples. The VS reduction increased more than the methane production as a result of thermophilic pre-hydrolysis prior to mesophilic AD. Possible explanations are loss of hydrogen gas and/or volatile organic compounds in the pre-hydrolysis step, partially aerobic degradation and errors in the gas flow measurements. None of the performed measurements or analyses can confirm the cause, but loss of methane potential through hydrogen release in the pre-hydrolysis step seems most likely. The study has shown that thermophilic pre-hydrolysis has a hygienising effect. In the pilot trial with pre-hydrolysis at 6 hours exposure time and 1.5 days hydraulic retention time the requirements for pathogen reduction that have been suggested for sewage sludge for Salmonella and E-coli were reached, but could not be reached with respect to Enterococcus. In the lab-scale trials with 24 h exposure time the same level of pathogen reduction could not be reached. The results were in these cases inconsequent and difficult to interpret, both from pasteurization and from thermophilic pre-hydrolysis. A possible explanation for this could be that the area of contact per volume is considerably larger in lab scale than in pilot scale. The gas produced in the pre-hydrolysis step needs to be introduced into the main digester in order for it to be fully utilized. If there is a risk that the concentration of hydrogen gas in the pre-hydrolysis step can exceed 25 % by volume, the safety requirements of the plant need to be revised. Simulations have shown that the hydrogen level may momentarily increase after intermittent feeding, so this should be further investigated.

  2. Follow-up for the years 2000-2002 of productivity studies for the operation of CLAB; Uppfoeljning foer aaren 2000-2002 av undersoekning av produktivitetsutvecklingen vid driften av CLAB

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lundberg, Haakan [AaF-Energi and Miljoe AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2003-04-01

    SKB hands every year over, on behalf of the power companies, to SKI a cost calculation for spent fuel handling and dismantling of the Swedish nuclear power plants. SKI has tried to investigate the future impact which the growth of money in the Nuclear Waste Fund might give in relation to the change of consumer price index, CPI. The long term yield of the Fund has been related to the change of CPI, as the bigger part of the fund money has been invested in real interest rate bonds, issued by the Swedish state. The cost development has been studied with an index named 'KBS-3-index', which is a basket of weighted factor price indexes based on the SKB programme. Since 1986 and up to 2002, the KBS-3-index has increased about 102%, but CPI only about 70%. If this discrepancy should continue during the whole period when Fund money should be available, the Fund would be insufficient. But the difference between KBS-3-index and CPI might be eliminated due to a future productivity development. At the moment, SKI has no knowledge about future productivity development in the SKB programme. A closer analysis of the productivity and efficiency development in the facilities operated by SKB is therefore applicable. Nearest to study is the productivity at the operation of CLAB, Central Interim Storage Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel. The work in CLAB is receiving and storing of spent nuclear fuel and core components. The consumption of all production factors can be measured in economical means. Here the total production factors are defined as the sum of the annual operation costs and the sum of annuities for reinvestments during the year. The development of total productivity is increasing slightly, but decreasing in the end. Normal for a new business is that the productivity is rising sharply in the beginning. Here the productivity is slightly decreasing in the beginning, and then rising, decreasing, rising and finally decreasing. The project 'compact storing' was finished in 1992, and the relocation to compact cassettes started in 1993. This is said to be the reason for the large decrease in total productivity that time. The relatively low productivity in 1997 is said to depend on failure of the gearbox in the cassette handling machine. Productivity increases with increased production, is the general experience from industry. The high productivity in 1998 coincides with a big production the same year. The compact storing terminated in 2002. That is the reason for the decrease in productivity then. The reason for the increased productivity up to 2002 is better technology and larger production. CLAB is lacking competition. However, the free power market has depressed the power prices. Analogous it can be expected that CLAB is experiencing a pressure to get the costs down and continue the efforts to increase the productivity. Suitable measures are review of operations, the opening to competition for parts of the works and benchmarking. An important task for CLAB is to decrease the residual heat and radiation from the fuel. From that point of view, the productivity is increasing all the time. That depends on the costs which are rather constant, but the amount of fuel stored is increasing until time for placing it in the repository. The operation of the encapsulation plant and the deep repository as well as the decommissioning service operation could be compared with the operation of CLAB.

  3. Lille magt, men stort imperium. Et bidrag til debatten om TV og medieimperialisme

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Niels-Aage Nielsen

    1987-08-01

    Full Text Available Denne artikel tager fat i alt det svære - det begrebsmæssige - som vi enten springer over eller tager for givet i vores diskussioner af TV som magt- og påvirkningsfaktor. Derfor er den lang og til tider lidt omstændelig, idet den undgår at tage vores umiddelbare antagelser for pålydende. I stedet bliver de endevendt. I de seneste 15 års medieforskning har magten været implicit til stede et eller andet sted i TV. Vi har skiftevis kritiseret mediet, frygtet det, taget afstand fra det og er nu senest med receptionsteorierne blevet beroliget: Enhver TV-seer skaber ud fra sin egen sunde fornuft sin personlige opfattelse af "Dollars". Påvirkningen af hende er ikke længere producen- ternes eller medieforskernes eller Danmarks Radios ansvar, det er seerens eget. Medieimperialismen er dermed opløst, ihvertfald som undertrykkelsessystem. Det første kritikpunkt i Niels-Aage Nielsens diskussion er medie- imperialismeteorien. Den har ikke nogen teori om hvordan magten sætter sig igennem hævder han, idet den alene ved cirkler og pile focuserer på ensidigheden i "flow'et" fra USA med resten af verden som modtagere. Hvis det skal udtrykke en magtposition, må der være en relation mellem varestrømmene (basis og den ideologiske overbygning. Vi er vant til at antage, at denne relation findes, men hvordan sætter den sig igennem? Diskussion heraf er - i bedste fald - gået i stå. For at kunne gå videre her, tager Niels-Aage Nielsen et opgør med receptionsteoriens socialpsykologi og søger at afdække hvilken del af betydningsdannelsen, og dermed påvirkningen, som netop unddrager sig en receptionsanalyse, der bygger på seerens egne udsagn og uden f.eks. en psykoanalytisk tilgang. Betydningsproblemet skal endda diskuteres endnu mere pricipielt: Vi er i dag mindre enige end nogensinde om hvad der er TV's samfunds- mæssige funkitioner. Uklarheden hænger bl.a. sammen med at ideologi- begrebet gradvist forsvandt ud af medieforskningens hovedst

  4. Proposal of performance indicators/model for Operational Readiness Verification (ORV) at restart after a planned shutdown; Framtagning av bedoemningsfaktorer/modell foer utvaerdering av driftklarhetsverifiering (DKV) infoer uppstart efter revisionsavstaellning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hollnagel, Erik; Nygren, Magnus [Linkoeping Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Computer and Information Science

    2005-12-15

    The objectives of the study reported here were to propose a model that can be used in the analysis of possible future ORV-related events and to outline a set of performance indicators that can be used by the inspectorate to assess a utility's level of readiness if an ORV-event should take place. Together the two objectives serve to improve the inspectorate's ability to ensure that the utilities maintain an adequate capability to respond. The background for the current study is the nine ORV events that occurred in Sweden between 1995- 1998, as well as the findings of a previous study of safety during outage and restart of nuclear power plants project. This study found that the three levels or types of tests that occur in ORV were used according to need rather than according to a predefined arrangement or procedure, and that tasks were adapted relative to the different types of embedding and the degree of correspondence between nominal and actual ORV. The organisation's coping with the complexity of ORV was discussed by the relation between expectations and surprises, how planning was used as control, attention to details, and the practices of shift changes. It is a truism that accidents are analysed and interpreted relative to a commonly accepted understanding of their nature. This understanding is, however, relative rather than absolute, and has changed significantly during the last decade. In the 1990s, accidents were analysed step by step, and explanations and recommendations therefore emphasised specific rather than generic solutions. The present study illustrates this by going through the responses to the nine ORV events. Following that, the nine events are analysed anew using a contemporary understanding of accidents (a systemic model), which emphasises that incidents more often arise from context induced performance variability than from failures of people. The alternative interpretation provided by a systemic model is illustrated by a detailed analysis of the 323-event. This leads to a proposal of an ORV-model based on the concept of maintaining control. According to this, it is essential that an organisation (a system) knows how to respond (reaction), knows what to look for (observation, attention), and knows what to anticipate (prediction). While an organisation must possess those qualities to respond to an incident in the short term, a regulator must assess the organisation possesses those qualities in the long term. In terms of performance indicators, ten Common Performance Conditions are proposed. Each is assessed with regard to whether it can be the basis of practical measurements and whether it can be used concretely to induce an improvement to operational readiness. The re-analysis of the nine ORV events suggested that adequacy of organisation, adequacy of training and experience, availability of procedures and plans, and available time would be the most important performance indicators. Further work should look into detailed measurement methods, evaluation criteria, and means of intervention all based on an explicit model of safety as an organisational function.

  5. Evaluation of MELTGUARD{sup TM} - a measuring system for control of fireside corrosion in boilers; Utvaerdering av MELTGUARD{sup TM} - ett maetsystem foer kontroll av roekgassidig korrosion i pannor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Henderson, Pamela [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2001-10-01

    Studsvik AB has developed and now owns the patent for a product called MELTGUARD. According to information from Studsvik, Meltguard is a measuring probe that shows in real-time how much corrosion is occurring and that can reduce costs and increase the lifetime of power boilers burning biomass. The product consists of a tubular air-cooled probe which is exposed in the flue gas through an existing inspection port. The electrodes in the probe react with the flue gas and ash deposit and corrosion is registered as the short-circuited corrosion current (using the zero resistance method) between rings made of the investigated material. The aim of the project was to independently evaluate Meltguard, compare it with a conventional corrosion probe and to publish the results for the Swedish thermal power industry. Two steels have been compared on the probes (a Meltguard-probe can accommodate a maximum of two test pieces), with about the same temperature. Measurements have been carried out with the steels SS2218 (T22) and Esshete 1250 on a Meltguard probe in the biomass fired boiler at Naessjoe combined heat and power plant during the period November 2000 to March 2001. For a 48 hour period sulphur was added to the fuel supply to change the fuel chemistry and influence the corrosion rate. The corrosion current for SS2218 was unstable, fluctuating considerably throughout the measuring period, and was greatly affected by soot-blowing. Usually, soot-blowing resulted in a marked decrease in the corrosion current. No simple or clear relationship between the boiler load and the average corrosion current could be determined. The corrosion current for Esshete 1250 was mostly stable, about 20{mu}A. The current for SS2218 was a little higher than that for E1250, but the relationship between current and corrosion rate was unclear. It was obviously not a linear function as the corrosion measured in 2218, when the testing was completed, was approximately four times greater than that in E1250. The corrosion in 2218 corresponded to 0.6 mm per 5000 hours. With such a corrosion rate it is not unusual for a superheater to need replacing after 4 or 5 years. However, there were no indications from the current measurements that the corrosion rate was high. There was good agreement of the corrosion rates, measured after the exposure had finished, between Studsvik's and Vattenfall's probes. The same type of corrosion was seen in both probes. It was difficult to show that Meltguard is sensitive to changes in fuel chemistry. At best it can be said that Meltguard takes time to react - at least 24 hours. According to Studsvik, the amount of deposit on the probe after exposure for 2900 hours was unusually low. Since it is the deposit that acts as an electrolyte between identical electrodes, this can explain why the current was low. Meltguard is probably better suited to conditions where there are thicker deposits, for example, during waste incineration. Usefulness in plants firing 100% wood (forest fuel) is limited.

  6. Digestion with initial biological hydrolysis step for enhanced methane production in sewage and biogas plants. Exploratory; Roetning med inledande biologiskt hydrolyssteg foer utoekad metanutvinning paa avloppsreningsverk och biogasanlaeggningar. Foerstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2010-03-15

    Anaerobic degradation of organic matter is a multi-step process through the action of various groups of microorganisms whose optimum conditions can differ considerably regarding e.g. nutrients, pH demand, sensitivity for changes and patterns for growth and nutrient uptake. One way of optimizing the anaerobic digestion process, and thereby increase the biogas production and the reduction of organic matter, can be to physically divide the anaerobic digestion process in two steps consisting of an initial hydrolysis and acid production step followed by a methane production step in an anaerobic digester. One problem with the biogas processes of today is that not all organic matter that is added to the process becomes available for conversion into biogas. This is particularly evident in digestion of waste water treatment sludge where almost half of the organic matter added remains after anaerobic digestion. More efficient utilization of substrate in biogas plants is an important element to increase the profitability of biogas production. The possibility to use different pre-treatment methods is being discussed to increase the degree of conversion of organic matter into biogas in the digester. Pre-treatment methods are often energy as well as cost demanding and can require the addition of chemicals. To use the microbiological steps in the biogas process more efficiently by adding an initial hydrolysis step is a method that does not require the usage of chemicals or increased energy consumption. This pre-study is based on literature studies related to anaerobic digestion with initial biological hydrolysis and collected knowledge from full-scale plants, universities and suppliers of equipment. Nearly 70 published scientific articles relevant to the subject have been found in the performed literature searches. The articles have been subdivided according to the purpose of each article. A large part of the articles have concerned modelling of anaerobic digestion why a separate section of the report has been devoted to this. The literature study shows that the majority of the experiments with an initial hydrolysis step that have been performed with substrates such as waste water treatment sludge, organic waste or dairy manure have given advantages in the form of for example higher methane yield, increased degree of degradation and/or increased treatment capacity. In addition other advantages have been achieved by the method, for example elimination of foaming in digester, more stable process and pathogen inactivation. It is difficult to draw any general conclusions about optimal pH for hydrolysis. Optimal pH most likely differs, mainly in relation to the composition and characteristics of the substrate. It seems that pH control, in most cases, is not necessary to achieve a satisfactorily process, which is important considering the costs for addition of acid or base in a full scale application. Concerning process temperature an increase up to 55 deg. C have in most studies resulted in a higher hydrolysis rate. Optimal retention time and organic load for optimization of the hydrolysis process depends on the composition and characteristics of the substrate. For each combination of process parameters there is an optimum that changes if any of the process conditions does change. For waste water treatment sludge generally 4-7 days retention time seems to be appropriate and for dairy manure 2-4 days have been used successfully in studied scientific papers. Simulation of hydrolysis can show a clear optimum for which retention time gives the highest hydrolysis rate. This can be used to design a multi-step process so that the hydrolysis rate, and thus the biogas production, can be optimized. Modelling experiments also show that multi-step digestion processes can be simulated with a good correspondence to data. Hydrogen gas can be produced in an initial hydrolysis step which gives the opportunity to produce bio-hythane but can also be a safety risk if the plant is not designed for this. No safety problems with hydrogen formation have however been observed at identified full scale plants. Anaerobic digestion with an initial biological hydrolysis step should be possible to implement at a digestion plant with relatively simple means by mainly the addition of one stirred and insulated tank. The importance and effect of an initial separate hydrolyse step is however dependent on the characteristics of the substrate and other process parameters of the plant such as organic load and actual retention time. The added value achieved by addition of an extra step in the digestion process has to be revised compared to the costs and the additional work required for process monitoring and maintenance. Six full scale plants in Sweden (3), Germany (1) and USA (2) that are in operation, or have done experiments, with separate biological hydrolysis step have been identified.

  7. Evaluation and demonstration of remediation alternatives for historical mine waste using ash and alkaline by products; Utvaerdering och demonstration av efterbehandlingsalternativ foer historiskt gruvavfall med aska och alkaliska restprodukter

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baeckstroem, Mattias; Sartz, Lotta; Karlsson, Stefan [MTM, Man-Technology-Envionrment, Oerebro Univ., 701 82 Oerebro (Sweden)

    2009-03-15

    The results clearly show that the use of alkaline by products can significantly reduce the leakage of trace metals from historical acid mine waste. Under ideal conditions (laboratory experiments) pH increase significantly and the trace metal concentrations decrease with around 99% compared to the untreated reference. During more realistic conditions (pilot scale) the same increase in pH was not obtained and thus the decrease in trace metal concentrations was not as great. In the stabilisation experiments pH was between 5.8 and 6.8 while the trace metal reduction was around 96-99%. In the filter experiments a median pH between 4 (aged ash) and 10 (lime kiln dust) was obtained after the alkaline section. Average metal reduction is around 95% for cadmium, copper and lead while it is slightly lower for zinc (85%). In summary it is indicated that hydroxide dominated materials work best in aerated environments while carbonate dominated materials work best in reducing environments. In summary it can be concluded that the use of alkaline by products to neutralise acidic mine waste and acid mine drainage from historical mine sites give rise to both environmental and economical benefits and should therefore be encouraged as a sustainable remediation method

  8. Decision support system on line to minimize the NO{sub x} emission. Results from Oerebro Energi; Beslutsstoed on line foer minimering av NO{sub x}. Resultat fraan Oerebro Energi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bergdahl, B G; Liao, B; Sieurin, J [EuroSim AB, Nykoeping (Sweden)

    1996-05-01

    A Decision Support System to reduce NO{sub x} emission from combustion processes with SNCR system have been developed and tested in full scale at Oerebro Energy. The boiler is a 165 MWh{sub th} CFB and have been fired with a mixture of biomass, peat and coal. The results proves that the EuroSim method works to calculate the derivative included in the Decision Support System. The Decision Support System is a tool for the operator of the plant, he will be informed of the advantage of making an increase or decrease of the ammonia flow or excess air. The trend curves that are presented to the operator includes information about the economic value to make an adjustment of the ammonia flow. The derivative dNO{sub x}/dO{sub 2} shows the advantage of making a reduction in the excess air level, concerning the fee for NO{sub x}. In this case it is important to take into consideration the risk for understoichiometric combustion and corrosion. The results from the full scale test in the Oerebro Plant shows that during some time periods it is economical to shut off the ammonia flow. The derivative dNO{sub x}/dAF is under the profitability limit. This indicate that the cost for the ammonia is higher than the fee for the NO{sub x} emission. If the ammonia flow is added in excess, the emission of ammonia and N{sub 2}O will increase. During other time periods the Decision Support System shows that it is profitable to increase the ammonia flow, the derivative is lower than -0,2. The derivative dNO{sub x}/dO{sub 2} is normally between 10 and 20 (ppm/%). This indicate that it is a great potential to reduce the NO{sub x} fee by decreasing the excess air level in the boiler. 3 refs, 23 figs

  9. The development of fast reactors - Effects on the Swedish system of management of spent fuel; Utveckling av snabba reaktorer - Paaverkan paa det svenska systemet foer hantering av anvaent braensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hans Forsstroem, Hans [SKB International AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2013-09-15

    Since the start of the nuclear power era studies have been performed of how to utilise the uranium energy resource in the most effective way. Only about one percent of the energy potential of uranium is utilised in the light water reactors of today. To improve the utilization other types of reactors are needed. With fast reactors theoretically 50-100 times more energy can be extracted from the uranium. This will require reprocessing of the uranium and multiple recycling of the plutonium. Plutonium and uranium can also be recycled in light water reactors, but this will only improve the uranium utilisation by about 20 %. Recycling of plutonium on a routine basis is presently only done in France. The development of fast reactors has been going on since the end of the 1940ies. During the 1970ies the planning was that a large number of fast reactors and their associated fuel cycle facilities would be in operation by the year 2000. The development has, however, for different reasons been much slower than planned. The general assessment today is that fast reactor, if they will be realised, will hardly give an important contribution to energy production until after 2050. Nuclear power production has instead been dominated by light water reactors similar to the ones in use in Sweden. Light water reactors are believed to continue to dominate during the next decades. To start a fast reactor system plutonium (or highly enriched uranium) will be needed. Such plutonium is contained in spent nuclear fuel from light water reactors. This raises the question: Should the spent nuclear fuel be stored so that the potential energy resource in the fuel can be used in the future instead of disposing of it as a waste? The answer to this question will depend on when the material will be useful, i.e. when fast reactors have been introduced on a large scale. It will also depend on the demand for plutonium at this time, i.e. will plutonium be a scarce redundant resource at this point of time. In this context it should be considered that fast reactors will generate their own plutonium, as breeder reactors. Plutonium from other reactors will thus only be needed for the first years of operation. To provide a basis for the answer to the question if the Swedish spent fuel is a resource or a waste this report provides an overview of the present development status for fast reactors and their potential for large scale commercial use. It further describes the impact on the Swedish system for management of spent nuclear fuel if the fuel were to be reprocessed and the uranium and plutonium reused as fuel for fast reactors or for the present reactors.

  10. The conditions for use of reed canary grass briquettes and chopped reed canary grass in small heating plants; Foerutsaettningar foer anvaendning av roerflensbriketter och hackad roerflen i mindre vaermecentraler

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paulrud, Susanne; Davidsson, Kent; Holmgren, Magnus A. (Swedish National Testing and Research Inst., Boraas (Sweden)); Hedman, Henry; Oehman, Rikard; Leffler, Joel (ETC, Piteaa (Sweden))

    2010-09-15

    The aim of this study was to test fuel blends of briquettes and chopped reed canary grass in three existing heating plants (50 kW - 500 kW) and elucidate the requirements for good performance and low emissions. In addition, the study investigated production of reed canary grass briquettes using a Polish screw press developed for straw. Some tests with a bale shredder were also undertaken. The screw press technique is of interest for reed canary grass because it is a simple technique, easy to handle, developed for small scale production, and for straw. The test with reed canary grass in this study showed that the technique worked well but that further adjustments and a longer test period are needed in order to achieve higher bulk density and mechanical strength. The test with chopped reed canary grass shows that a system with a forage harvester is slightly more effective than baling and cutting in a bale shredder. The study concluded that few existing heating plants of size 50 kW-1 MW that currently use wood fuels will be able to use reed canary grass without adjustment, conversion or replacement of the combustion equipment. Reed canary grass has 15-20 times higher ash content than wood briquettes and 2-3 times higher ash content than forest residue; the combustion equipment must be able to handle these properties. The boiler must be equipped with a continuously operating ashing system and it must be possible to move the ash bed mechanically. There is a risk of high content of unburned matter if the residence time in the boiler is too short, due to the structure and low bulk density of the reed canary grass ash. Using a blend of wood briquettes and reed canary briquettes results in lower ash content, but also affects the ash chemistry and tends to lower the initial ash fusion temperature compared to using 100 % reed canary grass. Blending chopped reed canary grass and wood chips in an existing small scale heating plant also requires measures to achieve an even fuel blend and uniform feed to the boiler. To facilitate the development of reed canary grass as an energy crop, it is important that potential users have access to an overview and assessment of appropriate combustion techniques on the European market today. More demonstration projects are also needed, as well as practical development of fuel handling systems, combustion systems, flue gas cleaning and combustion control systems

  11. Bottom ash from fluidising bed boilers as filler material in district heating pipe culverts. Chemical and geotechnical characterisation; Pannsand som kringfyllnadsmaterial foer fjaerrvaermeroergravar. Kemisk och geoteknisk karaktaerisering av fluidbaeddsand

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pettersson, Roger; Rogbeck, Jan; Suer, Pascal

    2004-01-01

    Bottom ashes from fluid bed boilers have been characterised, both geotechnically and chemically, in order to investigate the possibility to use them as filler material in district heating pipe culverts. Bottom ashes from both biofuel boilers and waste boilers are represented in this project. The companies which ashes have been characterised are Sundsvall Energi AB, Sydkraft OestVaerme AB, Sydkraft MaelarVaerme AB, Eskilstuna Miljoe och Energi, Stora Enso Fors, Soederenergi and Fortum Vaerme. A total of ten ashes have been analysed where three ashes originates from Sundsvall Energi AB, two from Sydkraft OestVaerme AB and one from the each of the remaining companies. The chemical analyses have been performed both on fresh ashes and on ashes aged for three months. The geotechnical analyses performed are grain size distribution, packing abilities and permeability. Chemical analyses performed are total content, available content, leaching tests (leaching both by shaking method and column procedure) and organic analyses (PAH, EOX, TOC, dioxin and fenol). The geotechnical analyses show that the ashes fulfils the demands that are put on the filler material used in district heating pipe culverts. When using the ashes in applications, light compaction should be performed due to the risk of crushing the material which may cause an increased amount of fine material. The leachability of fine material is larger than for coarse material. The ashes are relatively insensitive to precipitation. Bio fuel based bottom ashes have a lower content of environmental affecting substances than waste fuel based ashes. This is also shown in the leaching analyses. The leaching water from fresh ashes contains a higher concentration of leachable components than aged ashes. When aged the pH in the ashes decreases due to carbon uptake and hydration and this makes metals as Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn less mobile. On the other hand, an increase in leachability of Sb, Mo and SO{sub 4} is shown when the ashes are aged. If the leaching values of the ashes are compared to the limits set by the European Union for placing waste on an inert landfill the bio fuel based ashes generally fulfil the demands. Corresponding comparison for waste fuel based ashes shows generally high values for Sb, Mo and SO{sub 4}. As a recommendation the bio fuel based should be used in district heating pipe culverts. The leachability of antimony for waste based fuels is critical and further investigations of the environmental effects caused by Sb are needed to secure the use of waste fuel based ashes.

  12. Combined environmental impacts from production and use of the products. An EIS-application project for refineries; Sammanvaegd miljoepaaverkan fraan produktion och anvaendning av produkterna. Ett MKB-tillaempningsprojekt foer raffinaderier

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kindbom, K; LoevbIad, G.; Stripple, H.

    2001-12-01

    At European refineries a change in production is planned in order to obtain better qualities of gasoline and diesel, from an environmental point of view. This change will, however, lead to higher emissions at the refineries. The present study of the combined effects of emissions at the refineries and the use of the products gives the opportunity for considering the entire system and gives a stronger positive signal than the traditional EIS would do. Three different methods were used: Net change in emissions to air; Exposure of men and ecosystems for air pollutants; and Exceeding norms and critical levels. The results for the Swedish refinery at Lysekil shows that the emissions from using the products are much higher than the emissions from the refinery for all cases studied. The net emissions from production and use of the products will be reduced for the new products compared to the present situation. Risks for exceeding norms and critical levels due to the changes at the refinery exist for emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, but a lower background load will probably mean that the total future load will be reasonably close to the critical level in the area affected by the refinery. In the urban environment, reduced risks for exceeding the levels for benzen and low levels for toluene and xylene give greater advantages than the increased emissions of sulfur and nitrogen close to the refinery.

  13. Water activities in Forsmark (Part II). The final disposal facility for spent fuel: water activities above ground; Vattenverksamhet i Forsmark (del II). Slutfoervarsanlaeggningen foer anvaent kaernbraensle: Vattenverksamheter ovan mark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Werner, Kent [EmpTec (Sweden); Hamren, Ulrika; Collinder, Per [Ekologigruppen AB (Sweden); Ridderstolpe, Peter [WRS Uppsala AB (Sweden)

    2010-09-15

    The construction of the repository for spent nuclear fuel in Forsmark is associated with a number of measures above ground that constitute water operations according to Chapter 11 in the Swedish Environmental Code. This report, which is an appendix to the Environmental Impact Assessment, describes these water operations, their effects and consequences, and planned measures

  14. Program description for the program Fuel program sustainability July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2015; Programbeskrivning foer programmet Braensleprogrammet haallbarhet 1 juli 2011 till och med 30 juni 2015

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-04-15

    The Fuel program sustainability is included as one of three programs in a cohesive commitment to increased, sustainable and efficient production and use of indigenous and renewable fuels that are implemented by the Swedish Energy Agency from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2015. The program focuses on issues of environment and ecological sustainability of the production of biofuels, and systems and resource issues concerning the use. It does not include purely technical issues related to biofuels production or processes in which fuel is converted to heat, electricity or fuel. Questions about fuel supply and fuel processing / scale combustion are treated in the parallel running programs; the Fuel program supply and the Fuel program conversion. The four-year program will commence on July 1, 2011 and will run until June 30, 2015 and has an annual budget of total SEK 16 millions. Ambiguities in the environmental area may through various regulations mean various forms of barriers on the biofuel market. The Fuel program sustainability aims to sort out such ambiguities and, if possible, eliminate such obstacles, identify solutions and develop opportunities. The availability of biofuels and croplands is limited relative to needs. Thus the program also aims to describe the resource efficiency and climate benefits of current biofuel chains, and the possibility of using instruments to stimulate good practice. The program consists of sub-areas that partly overlap. - The sub-area Environment and sustainability focuses on how biofuel production will be designed to meet national and international environmental objectives and sustainability criteria. - The sub-area Biofuels and greenhouse gases describes different climate aspects related to production and exploitation of biofuels. - The sub-area System and market focuses on resource- and climate-efficient solutions in a system perspective, and how the bio-energy system can be affected by policy instruments

  15. Organisational culture at the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland's department of Nuclear Reactor Regulation; Organisationskulturen inom den finlaendska Straalsaekerhetscentralens (STUK) avdelning foer oevervakning av kaernkraftverk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reiman, T.; Norros, L. [VTT Automation, Esbo (Finland)

    2001-03-01

    A case study to investigate the organisational culture of the regulatory authority was conducted at the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland's (STUK) Nuclear Reactor Regulation (YTO) - department. Organisational culture is defined as a pattern of shared basic assumptions, which are basically unconscious. Objectives of the study were to conceptualise and describe the main characteristics of YTO's organisational culture and to carry out a tentative core task analysis of the inspectors' work. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used in the research. YTO's culture was identified as a hierarchy-focused culture with less emphasis on innovation or social support. However, the ideal values of the personnel emphasised also social support and goal setting. Ambiguous goals were felt by some personnel as increased uncertainty about the meaningfulness of one's job. Also a lack of feedback was mentioned. The core task analysis identified the critical functions of the regulatory practice. These functions specify the three roles of the regulatory authority, the expert role, the public role and the authority role. The culture must support the fulfilment of the requirements of all the three roles. Development needs in YTO's culture were identified and recommendations were made. (au)

  16. The basis for decisions in the nuclear waste issue. Experiences of the legislative basis and the EIA process; Grunden foer beslut i kaernavfallsfraagan. Upplevelser av lagstiftningsgrund och MKB-process

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Keskitalo, Carina; Nordlund, Annika; Lindgren, Urban (Umeaa Univ., Umeaa (Sweden))

    2009-03-15

    The purpose of the present study is to analyze the multi-level governance process in conjunction with the siting and design of a final repository for spent nuclear fuel. Since no similar activities have ever been implemented in Sweden, there is no available practice for how different laws should be coordinated and interpreted. The study sheds light on three general questions: 1) What is the formal decision-making mandate and what are the decision-making bodies at different levels (municipal level, regional or county level, and national level) according to the legislation, and what interpretation problems have these actors experienced with regard to the legislation and the EIA process? 2) What 'broader public' and organizations besides groups within the formal decision-making mandate have participated in the consultations, and what viewpoints have they expressed regarding the EIA process and consultations? 3) How have judgements and understanding of, and reactions to, risk related to the final repository been handled in the process? The study is mainly based on two different sources of material. A literature review with a focus on nuclear fuel management has been carried out within the social sciences field. Special interest has been devoted to discussing the content of legislation in relation to the EIA process and licensing, and the background and design of the EIA process. The EIA process is of special interest here, since it brings in both formal decision-making bodies and participation by broader groups. Furthermore, the literature review deals with theoretical perspectives regarding perceptions and communication of risk assessments. Literature reviews have also been conducted on minutes from EIA consultations during the period 2001 to 2007. The main source of the material used in the study is interview studies. The interview subjects represent both government authorities and non governmental organizations at the national, regional and local level. The results of the studies show that there are differences in participation between actors at different levels. The interviews show that the municipal level and local environmental organizations have played an active role in the process, while the role played at the regional level by the county administrative boards has been more limited. On the national level, particular attention is given to the state's impact on the EIA process via recommendations for research and financial support for the participation of different groups via the Nuclear Waste Fund. A universal perception of the legislation is that most of the actors feel secure in their own role within their particular profession, but that the interaction between sectoral laws and the Environmental Code is unclear in some respects when it comes to the complex issue of nuclear waste. The interview subjects express the view that the process for EIA and consultations has been based on practice established between the parties who have participated in the site selection process since the early 1990s. The forms for the consultation were thus worked out before the beginning of the formal consultation process in 2001. Many of the environmental organizations perceive that they have entered this process after the consultation form had already been developed, which has somewhat curtailed their chances to influence it. The broadening of participation via the Environmental Code has, however, given the environmental organizations access in another way than they have had via their traditional oppositional role as non governmental organizations outside the establishment. The environmental organizations and established parties have, however, largely had different perspectives on EIA and the role of the consultations. Here established parties, including regulatory authorities, can to some extent be seen as representing a planning paradigm (where the project itself and political decisions about it are in focus), while many environmental organizations traditionally represent an environmental paradigm that focuses on the precautionary principle for potentially environmentally hazardous processes. These differences have characterized much of the consultation process, and can also be seen as symptomatic for inclusion of parts of an environmental paradigm within legislation such as the Environmental Code. The results of the interviews also show that non-profit organizations and private citizens have difficulty participating in the process on the same terms as government authorities and activity operators, and that the resources of the developer cannot be matched by any other party when it comes to information, participation and expertise. Some believe that the County Administrative Board should play a more central role in this context, given its overall responsibility for coordination under the law.

  17. Review of construction criteria for nuclear fuels under normal operation and anticipated operational occurrences - a literature study; Oeversyn av konstruktionskriterier foer kaernbraensle under normaldrift och foervaentade driftsstoerningar - en litteraturstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rudling, P. [Advanced Nuclear Technology, Uppsala (Sweden)

    1999-06-01

    General Design Criteria 10, GDC 10, in the Code of Federal Regulation Part 50 of Nuclear Regulatory Commission specifies that the fuel assembly including the fuel rod may not be damaged during normal operation and anticipated operational occurrences. No damaged, means that the fuel rods do not fail, that fuel rod and assembly dimensions remain within operational tolerances, and that functional capabilities are not reduced below those assumed in the safety analysis. This objective is given by GDC 10, and the design limits that are required to accomplish this objective are called Specified Acceptable Fuel Design Limits, SAFDLs. The SAFDLs are specified in Standard Review Plan, SRP, chapter 4.2. This report summarises and analyses published open data that are relevant for the below-specified SAFDLs. It also summarises the current view of NRC on the discussed SAFDLs as well as the margin towards fuel failure of the SAFDLs. The following SAFDLs are discussed herein: Avoidance of fuel centre melting; Avoidance of liftoff; Maximum cladding creep deformation; Avoidance of cladding collapse; Maximum fretting; Maximum dimensional changes; Maximum stresses; Maximum fatigue stresses; Maximum oxide thickness; Maximum hydrogen content; Avoidance of PCI - failures.

  18. Multiphase flow in the geosphere around a repository for spent nuclear fuels. Inventory of the present knowledge; Flerfasfloede i geosfaeren kring ett foervar foer utbraent kaernbraensle. Inventering av kunskapslaeget

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aalen, Bengt [Bergab, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    2004-10-01

    Important quantities of gas can form in an underground repository for nuclear wastes. Gas can be formed through: corroding metals; water and certain organic substances that undergo radiolysis; organic material degrading through microbial activity. The last point is of concern mainly for intermediate-level wastes, which can hold large amounts of organic materials. The first point is the main process for high-level wastes. The gas could transport radioactive substances through the buffer and the geosphere into the biosphere, or affect the performance of the repository in a negative way. The present report gives a review of the knowledge about two-phase flow in connection with deep geologic repositories for spent nuclear fuel.

  19. Fly ashes as binders for the stabilisation of gravel. Laboratory tests and preparations for a field test; Flygaskor som bindemedel foer stabilisering av grusmaterial. Laboratorieundersoekningar samt foerberedelser infoer provbyggandet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lahtinen, Pentti; Jyraevae, Harri; Maijala, Aino; Macsik, Josef

    2005-04-01

    The project is based on the results of a significant research project FACE (Fly Ash in Civil Engineering). The project aims at the development of binder recipes based on a chosen fly ash from Holmen Paper's Hallsta Pappersbruk for the renovation of a road. The development will benefit from the Finnish research and experience on this type of binders for geotechnical applications. The stabilisation should result in improving bearing capacity and better long-term durability and service life of the gravel roads. The environmentally friendly stabilisation system comprises also the possibility to reuse and recycle the material that already exists in the road to be renovated. The test materials for the development project were the gravel from a chosen test road and the fly ash of Holmen Paper AB. The fly ash was used as the binder material. The geotechnical tests included characterisation tests of the test materials, tests on the stabilised mixes and control tests for the stabilisation recipe. Also, there were tests for the assessment of the environmental impact of the stabilisation. Side by side with those tests there has been a full-scale test, a separate project in Hallstavik, to test the stabilisation process with respect to the technical, environmental and economical aspects of construction. The full-scale test will be reported separately. The project results imply that fly ash can be beneficially used as a binder for the stabilisation of gravel materials and similar materials. Fly ash can be used also with small amounts of other binder materials like cement or blast-furnace slag in order to have a frost resistant material. The project gives also basis for the development of binders for other types of applications, both for the renovation purposes and for the improvement of spoils for construction purposes.

  20. Power plants structures offshore - a method for locally increasing the biologic diversity in the Baltic Sea?; Kraftverkskonstruktioner i havet - en metod foer att lokalt oeka den biologiska maangfalden i Oestersjoen?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Malm, Torleif

    2005-02-01

    Preliminary research results from Kalmar Sound (Baltic Sea) reviewed in this report indicate the the submarine constructions of an offshore wind power plant can have positive effects on stationary fish as well as benthic animals and algae. This happens even though the total surface of the wind power plants is but a minor part of the surface of the wind power park. It is reef effect, bringing in foreign substrates and structures in the marine environment that causes this effect.

  1. Potential assessment of using fly ash as a binding agent for stabilization and solidification of dredged material; Potentialbedoemning av flygaskor som bindemedelskomponent foer stabilisering och solidifiering (s/s) av muddermassor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wilhelmsson, Anna; Holm, Goeran; Lagerlund, Johan; Maijala, Aino; Macsik, Josef

    2010-04-15

    Over the next few years, about 200 000-800 000 m3 of contaminated sediments, with a muddy, slimy texture, high water ratio and low strength, shall be dredged annually in the development of ports and maintenance dredging of navigable waterways. Dumping at sea is limited since the dredged materials are contaminated. Land disposal requires transports and land area and is thus high in costs. In the construction of new port areas, large volumes of crushed rock, etc. are normally used as construction filling materials. These materials can be replaced by stabilised and solidified dredged materials, with modified geotechnical properties. The method of stabilising/solidifying (s/s) contaminated dredged materials has been used internationally for a long period of time, and, in more recent years, also in the Nordic countries. In Sweden, for instance, the Port of Gaevle and the Port of Oxeloesund have received permissions to reuse s/s-treated contaminated dredged materials in the port structures. Reuse of the stabilised/solidified masses in a geotechnical structure is supported by the new Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) on waste where great emphasis is placed on recycling. Within the project, fly ashes were inventoried with respect to suitability and availability. Five fly ashes, both individual fly ashes and mixtures of different fly ashes, were investigated in the laboratory as a binder component in a binder mix consisting of 50% cement, 20% Merit 5000 and 30% fly ash. Sediment from the Port of Gaevle were stabilised with a binder mixture amount of 150 kg/m3. Produced samples were examined in terms of strength, permeability and leaching. An assessment of the fly ashes' potential was performed based on technological, environmental and economical aspects, as well as market demand and the acceptance of stabilised and solidified dredged materials as construction material. The results show that fly ash, together in a binder mixture with construction cement and slag cement, has good potential as a binder. There is a clear correlation between the CaO content of fly ashes and compressive strength of the stabilised samples, whereas maximum compressive strength was obtained with the fly ash with a maximum content of CaO. All stabilised samples passed the basic criterion of compressive strength > 140 kPa, with the lowest value being 300 kPa and with a median of just over 500 kPa after 91 days. The samples had a low permeability between 10-8 m/s and 10-9 m/s. Leaching tests showed that the stabilised material's leaching of metals was low and that organic pollutants were barely detectable. A binder mixture with 30% fly ash provides a cost reduction of the binder of approximately 25%. High standards are required for port constructions, which means high demands on the quality of the binders used in the stabilisation and solidification processes. Therefore, a sturdy binder mixture that is capable of handling a variation in the quality of fly ash and sediment materials, plus a variation in the binder quantity involved in the stabilised material. The need for large volumes of binders means that binder suppliers must cooperate and that the logistics needed to ensure delivery of fly ash in an s/s project is a process that requires good preparation

  2. Geologic facts for priority site selection in the area west of Simpevarp. Reports 1-4; Geologiskt underlag foer val av prioriterad plats inom omraadet vaester om Simpevarp. Delrapport 1-4

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wahlgren, Carl-Henric; Persson, Lena [SGU, Uppsala (Sweden); Danielsson, Peter; Berglund, Johan [SwedPower AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Triumf, Carl-Axel; Mattsson, Haakan; Thunehed, Hans [GeoVista AB, Luleaa (Sweden)

    2003-03-01

    The area west of Simpevarp at Oskarshamn is a candidate site for the Swedish repository for high-level radioactive waste. Since the available information of geologic structures in the area is not very detailed, measurements and interpretation of existing data have been performed in order to find inhomogeneities and local lineaments. Surveys were made air and by geophysical measurements in the field.

  3. Acceptance-criteria for the bedrock for deep geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Proceedings from a seminar at Gothenburg University; Acceptanskriterier foer berggrunden vid djup geologisk slutfoervaring av anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-11-01

    The seminar was directed to Nordic participants, and discussed disposal in the Nordic crystalline bedrock. Criteria for the bedrock should include: It should give durable mechanical protection for the engineered barriers; give a stable and favorable chemical environment for these barriers; have a low turnover of ground water in the near field; be easy to characterize; give favorable recipient-conditions; not have valuable minerals in workable quantities. These general criteria raise several questions coupled to the safety analysis: e.g. the need for geological, hydrological and geochemical parameters. Which data are missing, which are most difficult to find? What should the site characterization program look like to focus on factors that are of the highest importance according to the safety analysis. The demands on the conditions at a site need to be translated into quantitative criteria, which should be expressed as values that can be measured at the site or deduced from such measurements. These questions were discussed at the seminar, and 21 contributions from Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish participants are reported in these proceedings under the chapters: Coupling to the safety analysis; Methodology and criteria for site selection in a regional geoscientific perspective; Rock as a building material - prognosis and result; Geoscientific criteria for the bedrock at the repository - Mechanical protection; Geoscientific criteria for the bedrock at the repository - Low ground water turnover, chemically favorable and stable environment in the near field; Geoscientific criteria for the bedrock at the repository - Demands on the bedrock concerning the migration of radionuclides.

  4. Optimized raw material usage and utilization degree in a polygeneration plant for heat, electricity, biofuel and market fuel; Optimal raavaruinsats och utnyttjandegrad i energikombinat foer vaerme, el, biodrivmedel och avsalubraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jennie Rodin; Olle Wennberg; Mikael Berntsson; Rolf Njurell; Ola Thorson

    2012-01-15

    Energy and economic efficiency for six different types of energy combines which include heat, electricity, pellets and fuel production have been studied. The basic case is a conventional power plant, which subsequently is expanded with various additional facilities (dryer, pellets and/or fuel). Maximum exploitation of the product against inserted biofuel was obtained in case 6, pulp mills that use waste heat for district heating supply and drying of bark. Case 6 had also the lowest payoff period; two years. Of the CHP [combined heat and power] based energy combines 'the big combine' with four different products generally showed best marginal efficiency and economy. The results indicate that drying may be an economical way to extend the operating season and increase the production of electricity in a CHP based energy combine.

  5. Consequences of the quota requirement for energy efficiency. Can a Swedish quota obligation systems give less energy usage?; Konsekvenser av kvotplikt foer energieffektivisering. Kan ett svenskt kvotpliktssystem ge mindre energianvaendning?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bjoerkroth, Sara; Bladh, Mats; Holmberg, Rurik; Lock, Anna; Naderi, Ronak; Widerstroem, Glenn

    2012-11-01

    The Agency has on behalf of the government investigated what the consequences would be of the introduction of a compulsory quota system in Sweden. Under the proposed new EU directive on energy efficiency, all Member States should introduce a compulsory quota system, where energy companies actively initiate measures for energy efficiency among end users. In Sweden, a quota obligation system of this kind would mean energy efficiency of about 3 TWh per year, which can be difficult to achieve. The Swedish Energy Agency suggests that if a compulsory quota system is introduced, the quota obligation should be placed on the network companies. If not, there is a risk of complications in the Swedish and Nordic electricity market. The Energy Markets Inspectorate consider that the quota obligation can not be on the network companies because of their function as regulated monopoly. The Swedish Energy Agency suggests that efficiency measures can be implemented in all sectors, including transport.

  6. Power, heat and cooling production for a group of buildings (CHCP); Integrerade loesningar foer produktion av kraft, vaerme och kyla (CHCP) i grupper av byggnader med el-, vaerme- och kylbehov

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nelson, Corfitz [Svenskt Gastekniskt Center AB, Malmoe (Sweden); Bjurstroem, Henrik; Cronholm, Lars-Aake; Forsberg, Maya [AaF-Energi och Miljoe AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2005-04-01

    Small-scale production and distribution of power, heat and cooling (CHCP) for a group of buildings is described in this report on a general level. Possible system solutions are identified and a summary of the state-of-the-art is provided. Costs have been compared for different system solutions using a fictitious group of buildings in a case study. CHCP (Combined Heat, Cooling and Power) is an acronym used for a compact cogeneration unit (CHP) that also provides cooling, where cooling may be produced using an absorption cooling machine. The advantage of heat-driven cooling process combined with a cogeneration unit offers is an increase of the annual number of hours during which the cogeneration is operated. This should lead to an increased competitiveness for small-scale cogeneration also in Sweden, which should become even better if the price for electricity continues to increase. Systems with cogeneration and cooling are often associated with the concept of 'distributed generation' of electricity and with units in single buildings such as hotels, hospitals, offices, shopping centers etc. They could also be considered for groups of buildings connected to a small distribution network for district heating, and district cooling. Both steam and hot water are possible energy carriers. The focus of the study was small-scale cogeneration units in the range 0,1 to 2 MW{sub e} with natural gas as fuel. For the sake of the analysis of profitability and of investment, a fictitious area has been defined with four buildings: two hotels, an office and a shopping centre. The maximum total heat and cooling loads of this area are 8 MW heat and 3.5 MW cooling. The alternatives to heat-only boilers and electric chillers in each building studied were based on piping networks. The results from the calculations show that local production of electric power, heat and cooling is possible in buildings and areas with large energy consumption. With prices and assumptions as in the basic case, the payback period for a network bound system with centralised production of district heating and district cooling is about 10 years. Heat and cooling are produced with a CHP unit common to all four buildings and a common electric chiller. Using an absorption chiller is not economically interesting. Placing a CHP unit and an electric chiller in each building in the area considered yields a payback period of about 8 years, which is somewhat shorter. As for a system with a common CHP, absorption chillers are not economically attractive. Systems where heat is distributed as steam or hot water to local cooling units are not economically interesting because investments in the absorption machines are too large.

  7. Prerequisites for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in Sweden - a synthesis of the Baltic Sea Project; Foerutsaettningar foer avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS) i Sverige - En syntes av Oestersjoeprojektet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gode, Jenny; Stigson, Peter; Hoeglund, Jonas; Bingel, Eva

    2011-07-01

    This publication summarizes a project on carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the Baltic region conducted at the initiative of the Energy Agency. The project is called 'the Baltic Project' and the aim has been to highlight the prospects for CCS in Sweden and how the Baltic Sea region affects this

  8. Prestudy: Anaerobic digestion with primary hydrolysis from increased methane production in waste water treatment plants band biogas plants; Foerstudie: Roetning med inledande hydrolyssteg foer utoekad metanutvinning paa avloppsreningsverk och biogasanlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Persson, Emelie; Ossiansson, Elin (BioMil AB, Lund (Sweden)); Carlsson, My; Uldal, Martina; Olsson, Lars-Erik (AnoxKaldnes AB, Lund (Sweden))

    2010-04-15

    Anaerobic degradation of organic matter is a multi-step process through the action of various groups of microorganisms whose optimum conditions can differ considerably regarding e.g. nutrient and pH demand, sensitivity for changes and patterns for growth and nutrient uptake. One way of optimizing the anaerobic digestion process, and thereby increase the biogas production and the reduction of organic matter, can be to physically divide the anaerobic digestion process in two steps consisting of an initial hydrolysis and acid production step followed by a methane production step in an anaerobic digester. One problem with the biogas processes of today is that not all organic matter that is added to the process becomes available for conversion into biogas. This is particularly evident in digestion of waste water treatment sludge where almost half of the organic matter added remains after anaerobic digestion. More efficient utilization of substrate in biogas plants is an important element to increase the profitability of biogas production. The possibility to use different pre-treatment methods is being discussed to increase the degree of conversion of organic matter into biogas in the digester. Pre-treatment methods are often energy as well as cost demanding and can require the addition of chemicals. To use the microbiological steps in the biogas process more efficiently by adding an initial hydrolysis step is a method that does not require the usage of chemicals or increased energy consumption. This pre-study is based on literature studies related to anaerobic digestion with initial biological hydrolysis and collected knowledge from full-scale plants, universities and suppliers of equipment. Nearly 70 published scientific articles relevant to the subject have been found in the performed literature searches. The articles have been subdivided according to the purpose of each article. A large part of the articles have concerned modelling of anaerobic digestion why a separate section of the report has been devoted to this. The literature study shows that the majority of the experiments with an initial hydrolysis step that have been performed with substrates such as waste water treatment sludge, organic waste or dairy manure have given advantages in the form of for example higher methane yield, increased degree of degradation and/or increased treatment capacity. In addition other advantages have been achieved by the method, for example elimination of foaming in digester, more stable process and pathogen inactivation. It is difficult to draw any general conclusions about optimal pH for hydrolysis. Optimal pH most likely differs, mainly in relation to the composition and characteristics of the substrate. It seems that pH-control, in most cases, is not necessary to achieve a satisfactorily process, which is important considering the costs for addition of acid or base in a full scale application. Concerning process temperature an increase up to 55 deg C have in most studies resulted in a higher hydrolysis rate. Optimal retention time and organic load for optimization of the hydrolysis process depends on the composition and characteristics of the substrate. For each combination of process parameters there is an optimum that changes if any of the process conditions does change. For waste water treatment sludge generally 4-7 days retention time seems to be appropriate and for dairy manure 2-4 days have been used successfully in studied scientific papers. Simulation of hydrolysis can show a clear optimum for which retention time gives the highest hydrolysis rate. This can be used to design a multi-step process so that the hydrolysis rate, and thus the biogas production, can be optimized. Modelling experiments also show that multistep digestion processes can be simulated with a good correspondence to data. Hydrogen gas can be produced in an initial hydrolysis step which gives the opportunity to produce bio-hythane but can also be a safety risk if the plant is not designed for this. No safety problems with hydrogen formation have however been observed at identified full scale plants. Anaerobic digestion with an initial biological hydrolysis step should be possible to implement at a digestion plant with relatively simple means by mainly the addition of one stirred and insulated tank. The importance and effect of an initial separate hydrolyse step is however dependent on the characteristics of the substrate and other process parameters of the plant such as organic load and actual retention time. The added value achieved by addition of an extra step in the digestion process has to be revised compared to the costs and the additional work required for process monitoring and maintenance. Six full scale plants in Sweden (3), Germany (1) and USA (2) that are in operation, or have done experiments, with separate biological hydrolysis step have been identified.

  9. Status, remaining service-life and quality assurance of PP-materials in flue-gas applications; Status, kvarvarande livslaengd och kvalitetssaekring av PP-material i anlaeggningar foer rening och kondensering av roekgaser

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jacobson, Karin

    2011-10-15

    Background: The project is intended to provide a better understanding of how the service life of PP-materials is affected when used in flue-gas applications. It intends to form a basis for the development of relevant techniques and a methodology from which it is possible to give advice and guidance so that the quality of PP-materials can be ensured for a given desired service life. In addition it aims as being able to assess the status and remaining life of PP-materials in current components. Project outline - An inventory, contact and choice of facilities for closer cooperation. Plants with high proportions of PP in the equipment have been prioritised. - Visits to the chosen sites during shut-down periods for inspection and collection of samples from different PP details for further analysis in the laboratory. Collection of operating data and experiences of the use of PP (operating time/exposure conditions in different parts, component substitutions that have been made, etc.). - Systematic studies of the processes and mechanisms for stabiliser consumption over time. - Developing methods and methodology on which advice and guidance can be based so that the quality of PP-materials can be ensured for a given desired service life. The goal is to be able to assess the status and remaining service-life of the PP-materials in flue-gas applications. Results and Conclusions: It has been found that corrosion is relatively rare and that the main factors limiting the use and longevity of polypropylene are the thermal properties (thermal expansion and heat distortion). Leaching of stabilisers from the material is also commonly found but only a few cases of oxidative degradation, as a result of this, have been observed. An important part of the project has been to develop techniques and methodologies to assure the quality PP-material for a desired service life, and to assess the status and remaining life of the PP- materials in flue-gas applications. To do this, samples that had been exposed in the Brista and Igelsta works for an earlier Vaermeforsk Project (Materials for flue gas condensation, Stage 2, M4-303, 2004) were very useful for this. Here the OIT method, which has traditionally been the most commonly used to assess the remaining service life with respect to stabiliser concentration, was compared with FTIR and FTIR line-scan. It turned out that, especially the latter method, gives a clearer and fuller picture of the remaining amount of stabiliser than OIT. It also has the potential to be even more sensitive by further method development. However, none of the methods can provide a clear picture of the remaining life. It turned out that one material which would have been recommended to be taken out of service after only eight months in operation (according to all three techniques) survived another 3 years without detecting even the smallest decline in material properties. News value The results from the method development are interesting not only for the use of PP in flue-gas applications, but for all environments where PP is used. Further development of the line-scan FTIR technique may provide new opportunities for more correct lifetime predictions.

  10. Choices of action and its influence on farmers' attitudes regarding willow and reed canary grass cultivation; Betydelsen av olika handlingsalternativ foer oekat intresse hos lantbrukare att odla salix och roerflen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jonsson, Aasa; Paulrud, Susanne; Laitila, Thomas

    2010-02-15

    The contribution of energy crops from the agricultural sector is an example of a resource that has a potential to increase substantially in the near future. However, one problem is the lack of interest in cultivating energy crops within the agricultural Several studies have shown that there are a number of reasons for farmers not becoming involved in energy crops. Besides biological aspects, market potential and profitability the farmers are also affected by the available resources on the farm, the effect of the crops on the surroundings, work load, liquidity and the perceived risks. The overall aim with the present study is to increase the knowledge about how to change farmers' attitudes regarding energy crop cultivation, i.e. making them more interested. This study also shows that there is a large fraction of farmers that generally believe they have no or little knowledge of energy crops, such as willow, reed canary grass and hemp. The fraction of farmers considering there is a larger probability of future cultivation of these crops with increased knowledge is also quite large. Energy crop cultivation does not suit everybody. Generally, growing willow and reed canary grass is an alternative for farmers having another business besides agricultural business. Characteristics for these farms are working hours <1500 hours and that the machines are partly owned

  11. Carbon Emission Trading. A survey of regional and national emission trading schemes outside the European Union; Handel med utslaeppsraetter. Kartlaeggning av EU-externa regionala och nationella system foer handel med koldioxidutslaepp

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Widegren, Karin

    2007-03-15

    For those countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol this is naturally one of the most important incentives for the introduction of mandatory measures such as emissions trading schemes. At the same time, there are major similarities between the political discussions in countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol and countries that did not. In all countries there is a great interest in market-based regulation such as emissions trading, at the same time as the political difficulties in achieving unity on the limits and shaping of the systems are very substantial. In countries with a federal government, operators at the regional level frequently have a prominent role. The driving force for the regional players is frequently a desire to influence the federal policy from below at the same time as goodwill is created and a learning process is developed that may become a competitive advantage the day a federal system is introduced. Regional initiatives and the introduction of different voluntary programs for emissions trading have also contributed to an increased interest on the part of industry and industrial operators. They have in several cases actively participated in the design of such programs. When it comes to the operational status of the different schemes none of the studied countries is expected to have a nationally compulsory trading system in operation prior to 2010. Most initiatives are at the initial stage and have been delayed many times on account of significant administrative and political difficulties. It may be established that as regards market volume, liquidity and practical experiences EU ETS is in a class of its own. The most common trading system that is planned or debated is of the type 'cap and trade'. Systems focus almost without exception on the energy sector and on emissions of carbon dioxide. Frequently, proposals include a wide variety of approved emission credits (offset). The design of these emission credits often reflects other political goals which produce national solutions and measures that are incompatible with the Kyoto Protocol. There are quite a number of factors that shape the possibilities of linking EU ETS to the systems that are discussed and planned in the countries studied, e.g. the existence of a price cap and rules for offset. The final selection of the system design in the countries studied will thus have a decisive significance on the possibilities of linking these systems to EU ETS in the future.

  12. Steam slaking of lime - kinetics and technology. New energy effective lime slaking technology in kraft pulping; Aangslaeckning av kalk - kinetik och teknik. Ny energieffektiv teknik foer slaeckning av mesakalk i sulfatmassaindustrin

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lundqvist, Roland

    2008-06-15

    Lime stone is widely used in chemical recovery for regeneration of white liquor in kraft pulping. Slaked (hydrated) lime is used to convert (causticize) sodium carbonate into sodium hydroxide, whereby lime mud (calcium carbonate) precipitates from the solution. Lime mud is dried and reburned in a lime kiln, where burned lime (calcium oxide) is formed. The circle is closed when lime is slaked (hydrated) in green liquor in an exotherm reaction. Problems with traditional lime burning and slaking methods are that heat recovery is bad and heat is recovered at low temperatures. With the method described in this report there is potential to increase heat recovery in the causticizing plant, and to recover heat at higher temperatures. The forecasted method means that lime is slaked with water vapour, for example combined with an indirect heated lime mud drier and a lime kiln. This project is a follow-up to pilot tests performed in a specific machine equipment at year 2006. The target group is pulp and paper industry using the kraft process. The owner of this new project is Carnot AB and the project is performed inside the Vaermeforsk Program for Pulp and Paper Industry 2006-2008. Partners and advisers in project group have been KTH Energy Processes, CTH Energy and Environment, LTH Chemical Technology, SMA Mineral AB, and reference group from STORA Enso Skoghall, Sodra Cell, M-Real Husum and SCA Packaging Piteaa. The task in this stage has included market investigations and laboratory tests. Contacts have been made with suppliers, preliminary dimensioning of process equipment and budget offers are received. Economic calculations have been made out of the offers. The laboratory tests are done as an examination paper at KTH Energiprocesser on the reactivity of burned lime from kraft lime kiln when it is slaked with water vapour instead of green liquor. The vapour intended to be used is at atmospheric pressure or even down to 0,2 atm. Complementary addition to these laboratory tests are performed at Carnot AB. The evaluation indicate that a combination of lime slaking with water vapour from indirect heated lime mud dryer could be technically possible in the evaluated/studied equipments. The laboratory tests show however that the reaction speed is considerably lower than expected, leading to need for larger and somewhat more expensive equipment. Tests in the suppliers pilot test plants are necessary to guarantee the process and to determine the capacity. Such tests are offered. (author)

  13. Basis for applying for exemption according to species protection regulation. Final repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark; Underlag till ansoekan om dispens enligt artskyddsfoerordningen. Slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle i Forsmark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-02-15

    SKB will submit applications for permits and admissibility under the Environmental Act and under the Nuclear Activities Act to construct and operate a disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark. In the final repository the spent nuclear fuel from Swedish nuclear power plants is placed in order to protect human health and the environment against harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Construction and operation of the disposal facility in Forsmark will make an impact, give effects and consequences for the natural environment. Utilization of land for the construction of the facility and the impact on ground water as a result of groundwater drainage is expected to have negative consequences for the species included in species protection regulation. Thus, the planned activity require exemption from species protection regulation (SFS 2007:845). The purpose of this document is to provide a basis for an application for exemption under 14 paragraph species protection regulation from the prohibitions of 4, 6, 7 and 8 paragraph species protection regulation. A basis for the exemption application is that the proposed activity is considered to have an 'overriding public interest' prescribed in 14 paragraph species protection regulation. The document reports the impact, effects and consequences of the planned activities on species covered in the species protection regulation. The impact on protected species can be divided into two categories: - Direct effects on protected species and their habitats by utilization of the land. - Indirect effects on protected species and their habitats in the drainage of groundwater and the effect on groundwater levels. The document also includes a description of planned actions to prevent, restrict and compensate for the effects and consequences that the activity may cause. By applying for an exemption under 14 paragraph species protection regulation in a separate order from the application for permit according to chapters 9 and 11 Environmental Act, SKB intends to ensure that proposed actions will be planned and implemented well before the impact on protected species occur and thus ensure that the conservation status of species is not adversely affected by the planned activity. Applications for exemptions cover only those species in species protection regulation (as well as the habitats of these species when these are protected by regulation) that occur within the impact area of SKB's planned activity in Forsmark

  14. Carbon Emission Trading. A survey of regional and national emission trading schemes outside the European Union; Handel med utslaeppsraetter. Kartlaeggning av EU-externa regionala och nationella system foer handel med koldioxidutslaepp

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Widegren, Karin

    2007-03-15

    For those countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol this is naturally one of the most important incentives for the introduction of mandatory measures such as emissions trading schemes. At the same time, there are major similarities between the political discussions in countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol and countries that did not. In all countries there is a great interest in market-based regulation such as emissions trading, at the same time as the political difficulties in achieving unity on the limits and shaping of the systems are very substantial. In countries with a federal government, operators at the regional level frequently have a prominent role. The driving force for the regional players is frequently a desire to influence the federal policy from below at the same time as goodwill is created and a learning process is developed that may become a competitive advantage the day a federal system is introduced. Regional initiatives and the introduction of different voluntary programs for emissions trading have also contributed to an increased interest on the part of industry and industrial operators. They have in several cases actively participated in the design of such programs. When it comes to the operational status of the different schemes none of the studied countries is expected to have a nationally compulsory trading system in operation prior to 2010. Most initiatives are at the initial stage and have been delayed many times on account of significant administrative and political difficulties. It may be established that as regards market volume, liquidity and practical experiences EU ETS is in a class of its own. The most common trading system that is planned or debated is of the type 'cap and trade'. Systems focus almost without exception on the energy sector and on emissions of carbon dioxide. Frequently, proposals include a wide variety of approved emission credits (offset). The design of these emission credits often reflects other political goals which produce national solutions and measures that are incompatible with the Kyoto Protocol. There are quite a number of factors that shape the possibilities of linking EU ETS to the systems that are discussed and planned in the countries studied, e.g. the existence of a price cap and rules for offset. The final selection of the system design in the countries studied will thus have a decisive significance on the possibilities of linking these systems to EU ETS in the future.

  15. Devices for separation of particle emissions from biofuel plants smaller than 10 MW - Today's technology and potential for development; Stoftreningsteknik foer biobraensleanlaeggningar mindre aen 10 MW - tekniklaege och utvecklingspotential

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roennbaeck, Marie; Gustavsson, Lennart; Martinsson, Lars; Tullin, Claes; Johansson, Linda

    2002-09-01

    The objective of this report is to compile a survey of available technologies for separation of particles and to present research and development in the area of particle separation for biofuel plants smaller than 10 MW. Technical and economical opportunities to transfer the technologies used today in larger plants to smaller ones are discussed. As the health effects of aerosols are under investigation, the issue of separation of particle less than 1 {mu}m is especially scrutinised. Current research concerning the particle size distribution at different load is presented. The project has been realised partly as a literature survey, partly through contacts with scientists in the area and manufacturers of devices for flue gas cleaning and particle separation. The target group is owners of plants, manufacturers of devices and authorities with responsibility for air quality and energy planning. Fabric filters is an established technology that can perform low particle emissions (less than a few mg/m{sup 3}) at a low cost also at smaller plants. Also electrostatic precipitators can perform the same low emissions, but the cost for installation at smaller plants has to be reduced. Both these technologies can, properly designed, separate submicron particles. Cyclones can today as its best perform a little less than 100 mg/m{sup 3} at 13 % CO{sub 2}. Cyclones are used together with other technologies to achieve high separation at a low cost. Cyclones are attractive because of their simplicity and low price, but because they use inertia forces as separation mechanism, they can never separate submicron particles. Conventional scrubbers and flue gas condensers are capable of separation of submicron particles but the efficiency is lower compared with fabric filters and electrostatic precipitators. The emission level after a scrubber/flue gas condenser is about 70 - 80 mg/m{sup 3} at 13 % CO{sub 2}. New technologies for separation of particles oriented towards smaller plants and towards separation of smaller particles are beds filled with gravel or granulate for ionised flue gas, found installed in Sweden and in a research plant in Denmark. In Germany a combined cyclone/fabric filter/catalytic converter is developed, with the requested ability to separate submicron particles. In Norway a panel bed filter has been tested, working on the same principle as a fabric filter showing good abilities to separate submicron particles. It is uncertain if any of these mentioned new technologies will show to be competitive besides the already established ones. The knowledge of how particles are formed, how load and operation of the specific plant influence on the formation, how the particles are distributed in size and mass and their chemical composition, is limited. To meet the demand for good air quality at the same time as combustion of biofuel in small scale plants is increased, there is a need for more research and more measurements to cast light on both mechanisms for formation and separation. Possibilities have to be given to realise new ideas and to test them in practise.

  16. HMI-Design of System Solutions in Control Rooms. Description of a Working Process from a Human-Machine Perspective; MMI-design av systemloesningar i kontrollrum. Arbetsprocess foer utformning utifraan ett maenniska-maskinperspektiv

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bligaard, Lars-Ola; Andersson, Jonas; Thunberg, Anna; Osvalder, Anna-Lisa

    2008-01-15

    To stay competitive, the process industry of today faces increasing demands of continuous development for efficient use of both technical and human resources. An important step is to create new useful technical solutions, which also bring demands on functionality and usability. Functionality means that the new technology fulfils its purpose, while usability means that the human operator knows how to handle the new technology. If any of these two components are inferior, the potential of new technology will never be fully utilized. Today, a growing amount of advanced information technology is being used in supervisory control, at the same time as the process complexity is increasing. The technology has thereby become more difficult to understand, supervise and control, when processes, connections and logics are not visible in the same way as earlier. An increased level of automation together with reduced work force is also a contributing factor. Due to this, human-machine interaction (HMI) has become a more important aspect of quality in the development of new technology. From the operators' point of view, it is important that the development takes place with an increased transparency of the technical system, as well as reduction of the amount of information that has to be processed by the operator. To achieve a good human-machine interaction, it has to be considered during all phases in the development process of control room design. It is important that relevant hand-books and guidelines are used, but also a working process, which describes how the development work should be performed and the relationship between different parts in the process. The aim of this project was to present a general report in Swedish, which describes a working process for development of useful operator interfaces, work tasks, instructions, and working environments. The report is primarily aimed for the process industry, but can be useful in all other areas including interaction between operators and machines. The content can be used both for new development projects and for upgrading of already existing control room designs. The main target group for the report is the development engineers at the plant, who work close to the supplier, and the people who should plan and guide the development work in the control room. The purpose of the report is to deliver knowledge about how to consider a human-machine perspective in the development process. The report presents what is important to consider, but does not in detail show design solutions. The report is also a usable tool for those people who should do the actual screen designs, but then it should be used together with hand-book data and guide-lines referred to. The report begins with a description of basic concepts and definitions within the area of HMI. This is followed by a description of the HMI development working process. The working process includes five steps; planning, requirements, conceptual design, detailed design, and commissioning. The steps also include methodology for data collection and evaluation. Finally, the handbook also contains short summaries of the different steps in the working process, where important points to consider are brought forward

  17. Basis for applying for exemption according to species protection regulation. Final repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark; Underlag till ansoekan om dispens enligt artskyddsfoerordningen. Slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle i Forsmark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-02-15

    SKB will submit applications for permits and admissibility under the Environmental Act and under the Nuclear Activities Act to construct and operate a disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark. In the final repository the spent nuclear fuel from Swedish nuclear power plants is placed in order to protect human health and the environment against harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Construction and operation of the disposal facility in Forsmark will make an impact, give effects and consequences for the natural environment. Utilization of land for the construction of the facility and the impact on ground water as a result of groundwater drainage is expected to have negative consequences for the species included in species protection regulation. Thus, the planned activity require exemption from species protection regulation (SFS 2007:845). The purpose of this document is to provide a basis for an application for exemption under 14 paragraph species protection regulation from the prohibitions of 4, 6, 7 and 8 paragraph species protection regulation. A basis for the exemption application is that the proposed activity is considered to have an 'overriding public interest' prescribed in 14 paragraph species protection regulation. The document reports the impact, effects and consequences of the planned activities on species covered in the species protection regulation. The impact on protected species can be divided into two categories: - Direct effects on protected species and their habitats by utilization of the land. - Indirect effects on protected species and their habitats in the drainage of groundwater and the effect on groundwater levels. The document also includes a description of planned actions to prevent, restrict and compensate for the effects and consequences that the activity may cause. By applying for an exemption under 14 paragraph species protection regulation in a separate order from the application for permit according to chapters 9 and 11 Environmental Act, SKB intends to ensure that proposed actions will be planned and implemented well before the impact on protected species occur and thus ensure that the conservation status of species is not adversely affected by the planned activity. Applications for exemptions cover only those species in species protection regulation (as well as the habitats of these species when these are protected by regulation) that occur within the impact area of SKB's planned activity in Forsmark

  18. Removal of groundwater from final repository in Forsmark. Description of consequences for nature values and forest production; Bortledande av grundvatten fraan slutfoervarsanlaeggningen i Forsmark. Beskrivning av konsekvenser foer naturvaerden och skogsproduktion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hamren, Ulrika; Collinder, Per; Allmer, Johan (Ekologigruppen AB (Sweden))

    2010-11-15

    The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB) has chosen Forsmark in the Municipality of Oesthammar as site for the final repository for spent nuclear fuel. This report describes consequences for nature values and forestry due to groundwater diversion during construction and operation of the repository. The report concerns nature values that depend on, or are favoured by, a groundwater table close to or above the ground surface

  19. Competitiveness of grid-connected solar electricity in Sweden - as seen from the perspective of the utilities and the net owners; Konkurrenskraft foer naetansluten solel i Sverige - sett ur kraftfoeretagens och naetaegarnas perspektiv

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carlstedt, Nils-Eric [Vattenfall Power Consultant AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Karlsson, Bjoern; Kjellsson, Elisabeth; Samuelsson, Olof [Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University, Lund (Sweden); Neij, Lena [International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, Lund (Sweden)

    2006-12-15

    The objective of this report was to analyse the competitiveness of grid-connected solar power in Sweden - and specifically the competitiveness for energy companies and net owners. In theory, solar power could to a large extent fulfil the electricity demand in Sweden, especially in the summer. However, the high cost of solar cells is a major barrier to implementation. Future technology development and increased efficiency could, however, lead to important cost reductions. The question is if such expected cost reductions would make grid-connected solar power a preferable investment option for energy companies and an interesting alternative for the net owners. The results of the study show that solar power will not be a competitive alternative for the energy companies in Sweden, not in 2020 and probably not in 2050. Other alternatives such as new investments in wind turbines and bio-mass based technology options will be producing electricity at a lower cost. Moreover, solar power will have an unfavourable production profile, generating power in the summertime when less needed. However, by using the reservoirs of the hydro power systems in Sweden as storage capacity, approximately 5 TWh solar power could be allowed in the Swedish electricity system. The results of the study indicate that solar power could have a positive effect on the electricity distribution system since distributed generation will result in lower losses in the system. Moreover, solar power will be produced during daytime when the electricity demand will peak. One of the main challenges for the net owners would be to design the net in such a way that the net and the solar cells could work together in the best possible way. Another challenge would be the high cost for connecting the solar cells to the grid; this cost needs to be reduced. Looking instead at the house-owners as possible investors, solar cells appear as a much more attractive alternative for the future, the value of the solar power is higher for the house-owner at the same time as the cost is lower. The calculated cost is as low as 1 SEK/kWh in 2050 assuming a top rated power of 7 kW. In all, the report shows that solar power will not be a competitive alternative for energy companies in the near future. The net owners will also confront challenges and high cost related to the connection of the solar cells to the grid. In the near term, the interest in investing in solar cells will be associated with house-owners. In a longer time perspective, the development will be much more uncertain. Climate change may force us to invest more in technologies such as solar cells, which in turn may lead to new innovative technology options and new types of solar cells. This may lead to drastic cost reductions and the use of solar cells in conventional technologies such as solar protection devices, windows and facades.

  20. 'Finnova Development Group'. Comb Configurated Costumer-close Network Installations with Underground Service Boxes; 'Finnova' Innovativ Montage och Systemloesning foer Fjaerrvaermeanslutning av Villaomraade. Huvudloesning 'Kamfoerlaeggning med Serviceskaap'

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gudmundson, Tommy [AaF-Process AB, Stockholm (SE)] (and others)

    2006-07-15

    In this report a completely new approach to the distribution of District Heating Services is presented. The general idea of the solution, here presented under the name Comb Configurated Costumer close Network Installations with Underground Service Boxes (in the following referred to as Finnova AF), was given birth during a very early stage of the working process of the FDG. The goal for our 'Vaermegles'- project ('Vaermegles' means for a residential area to have a low heat demand) is to present a technical solution that implies a substantial cost reduction for establishing DH in such low heat demand residential areas, when compared with what is recognized as to-day applied 'best technology'. The aim point was, in the cost level of 2003/2004, VAT not included, a total investment sum of SEK 50,000 (about 7,000 USD). Using flexible piping, delivered to the site as coils of 100 m of pipes each, installed according to the Comb configuration principle, no joints installed directly in the ground are needed. The number of street crossings is strongly reduced, as compared with today's practice. The total of the joint assembly work takes place inside underground service boxes, situated at the building site boundaries. In this way the continuity of the building process is strongly improved. The stages of operation: digging, installing of pipes, backfilling and arranging of service boxes will take place in shortest possible time. As a prototype, the so called service box (e g a service and connection box, let us call it an 'S/C' box) is square, made of concrete and will be installed with its roof 4-8 inches above ground. Inside the box, a fully equipped DH 'substation', designed as an easily replaceable cassette. In the prototype the closing cap is made from a galvanised steel sheet. The same box and cassette designs can be used for almost all single family houses with a heat demand not exceeding 10 kW. This gives a possibility for a high degree of standardisation. The main reason for abandoning the classical DH substation is purely economical. According to available statistics, the conventional Swedish substation normally counts for nearly 40 % of the total costs. Thus, the DH substation is moved out from the customer's house. The DH energy supply is transformed, checked and metered before it is delivered to the premises of the end-user. The costumer will be given 'four holes in the wall' - holes that at demand supply refined hot water directly to existing radiator- and hot water systems. In addition to the already mentioned low investment costs, the two most important advantages are the following: The DH supplier, not the costumer, will be able to perform a life long supervision, and maintenance of the DH S/C box as a whole. All maintenance work and metering can be performed without any inconvenience for the costumer. He will be given 'four pipes through the wall' and more indoor space and a better indoor climate. For the DH supplier: The most evident improvement is the low investment costs. It is substantially lower than to day's best choice. The main reason for this that the all building site work are harmonised to be performed with high continuity and with minimized open excavation time. Also the possible drawbacks are given in the report. For the costumer the S/C box, as situated in the prototype, may be a hard to like new part of a since long familiar and beloved garden view. Another drawback is of course that the heat losses from the box to the house are added to the billed heat consumption. As part of the report, advantages and drawbacks for three different solutions have been listed and discussed. The three approaches are: The Finnova AF, one traditional Swedish high temperature system (temperatures up to + 120 C), with individual substation and a low temperature system called EPSPEX, supported by a common substation. In the aggregated evaluation, including investment costs, service and maintenance and environment, Finnova AF comes out best. As a result of the ongoing demonstration in Trelleborg, new experiences are forwarding further improvements. There is a definite need for further development in the field of flexible DH heating piping. The costs for steel and copper will certainly continue to rise rapidly, as will they be an increasing demand for sophisticated plastic materials. There is a need to further develop plastic materials to have an increased endurance to high temperature and pressures. There is also a need to improve the flexibility to allow lower bending radii at installation. As has been demonstrated, the most important parameter with respect to a comprehensive and continuously performed pipe installation is that no joints directly in the ground are needed. Consequently, these also affect the costs to a high degree. Therefore, one simple way of further development is to increase the diameter on as coils to the site supplied piping. At present, the summed up economy of the system is not yet totally settled. However, the presented investment cost calculation is fairly well supported; about 75 % of the installations in Trelleborg are finished without any surprises. With the Finnova AF approach, the investment costs for a installed network of 1,425 m, serving 50 single family houses, the costs will amount to less than SEK 49,900 per house. This is a cost reduction with 32 %, compared with best choice, today's applied 'best technology'.

  1. Adaptation to Climate Change in Risk and Vulnerability Analysis on a Municipal Level, a basis for further work; Anpassning till klimatfoeraendringar i risk- och saarbarhetsanalyser paa kommunal nivaa, underlag foer fortsatt arbete

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mossberg Sonnek, Karin; Lindberg, Anna; Lindgren, Johan

    2007-12-15

    The aim of Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (RVA) at local authority level in Sweden is to increase the capacity of local authorities to handle crises and to reduce vulnerability in the community. RVA processes could be an appropriate starting-point for discussions on how the community is influenced by climate change and how its effects could be reduced using various adjustment measures. In the report we present four methods: ROSA, MVA, IBERO and the Car Dun AB method. These have all been developed to support Swedish local authority RVA processes. We also present five international frameworks that have been developed by the organisations UNDP, USAID, UKCIP, C-CIARN and CSIRO to help decision-makers and stakeholders to adapt to climate change. Together, these descriptions form a foundation for continuing the work being done within the project Climatools, in which tools are being produced to be used by local authorities in adapting to climate change. In the report, we also discuss the concepts 'risk', 'vulnerability' and 'adaptation' and how analysis of adaptation to climate change has changed in recent years.

  2. Effects of wood-ash addition on nitrogen turnover in a highly nitrogen loaded spruce site. Final project report; Effekter av askaaterfoering paa kvaeveomsaettningen i ett kvaeverikt granbestaand i Halland. Slutrapport foer projektet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nohrstedt, H.Oe.; Hoegbom, Lars; Nordlund, Sten [Forestry Research Inst. of Sweden, Uppsala (Sweden)

    2000-04-01

    During two consecutive years, it was studied how a fertilization with 4.2 tonnes pelleted bark ash per ha, made six-seven years earlier, affected soil chemistry, nitrogen turnover and soil-water chemistry on a Norway spruce site in SW Sweden. The actual site has a very acidic soil. At the same time, the supply of inorganic N is rich. Measures against soil acidification, e. g. addition of ash or lime, may significantly influence the turnover of N with a subsequent risk for increased leaching. Thus, there is a potential conflict between two urgent environmental goals, i. e. to decrease acidification and to decrease the N load on aquatic ecosystems. In the humus layer and the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil, pH(H{sub 2}O) had increased with at the most 0.2 units because of the ash addition. The easily extractable amounts of Mg, P and nitrate were slightly increased. The potential nitrification in the humus layer was generally higher in the ash treatment, but the difference. was not statistically significant. The soil water at 50 cm depth was 0.1-0.2 pH-units more acidic where ash had been applied. Simultaneously, there were tendencies for higher concentrations of nitrate, Al and K. This is the first time in Sweden that ash fertilization of a closed forest has given clear indications of an increased N leaching. As expected, the ash fertilization decreased the acidity of the top soil. On the contrary, the runoff became more acidic and more rich in Al. Thus, the ash fertilization has counteracted one of its primary goals, i. e. to produce a runoff less toxic to aquatic life. The acidification of the runoff may partially be because of acid production during nitrification.

  3. Flue gas wells to minimize dust and acidic components in small-scale burning of field fuel, further development; Roekgasbrunn foer minimering av stoft och sura komponenter vid smaaskalig foerbraenning av aakerbraenslen, vidareutveckling

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yngvesson, Johan; Roennbaeck, Marie; Arkeloev, Olof

    2011-01-15

    Agricultural derived solid fuels are more problematic to combust in small-scale heating plants than conventional wood fuels. Their high content of ash, chlorine and sulphur leads to increased emissions of dust, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen chloride in the flue gases. By transporting the flue gases to a flue gas well where it condenses, and separates dust and sour components, enables a cost effective flue gas purification for small-scale heating plants (50 kW - 10 MW) of agricultural derived solid fuels. This project have studied two heating plants using flue gas wells with the aim to add to the knowledge about how a flue gas wells may look like and to quantify how much emissions of dust, chlorine and sulphur in the flue gases are reduced. The project also aimed to summon regulations and laws regarding the handling of the condensate that develop in the flue gas well. In the project measures were conducted on two different heating plants with mounted flue gas wells: a 60 kW biofuels boiler combusting grains and red canary grass and a 1 MW batch fired boiler combusting wheat straw. Measurements on flue gases were conducted with and without water injection in the flue gases. The flue gas wells reduced dust emissions of up to 80 %. The best reduction was achieved at the 60 kW heating plant when firing red canary grass. Firing grains in the same plant lead to 7 % reduction of the dust emissions. In the 1 MW heating plant firing wheat straw the flue gas well accomplished 40 % reduction of dust emissions. The boiler ability to achieve complete combustion, hence minimize the content of volatile and semi-volatile components in the flue gas, is largely affecting the flue gas well ability to reduce dust emissions. This did not, however, affect the reduction of dust in the flue. Chlorine emissions was reduced by up to 88 % by a flue gas well. Water injection made a big difference on reduction of chlorine emission from grain combustion. Sulphur emissions was reduced by 50 %, from wheat straw combustion, by a flue gas well. No reduction of sulphur was achieved from grains combustion in the 60 kW heating plant and water injection had little or no effect on the reduction rate. As the condensate was very acetic and potentially erosive an ejector fan was used to cool down the flue gases enough to enable acid resilient plastic pipes to be used for the flue gas canal. The well was drained of condensate continuously and the piping must be sweeped with regular intervals to prevent blockage of the flue gas. Plants below 20 MW is excluded from national regulations on activity emission regarding flue gas condensate. The Swedish Environmental Code does however place the responsibility for preventing harm to nature upon the practicer. The possibilities of managing the condensate from the flue gas well are spillage to a manure reservoir for spreading it as fertilization on farmland, or spillage directly to receiving waters. The later method require neutralization of the pH, commonly by using sodium hydroxide, but possibly also limestone

  4. A method for mapping the motion and temperature history of fuel particles in grate boilers and waste incinerators - stage 1; Metod foer kartlaeggning av braenslepartiklars roerelse och temperaturhistorik i rosterpannor/avfallsugnar - etapp 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gustavsson, Lennart; Blom, Elisabeth; Hald Pedersen, Niels; Moritz, Anders; Maardsjoe, Olle; Oskarsson, Jan; Petersson, Mats

    2000-04-01

    A feasibility study has been conducted where methods using radioactive tracer techniques for studying the behaviour of fuel particles on a grate are proposed and assessed. The following topics are addressed: - the possibility to continuously register the position of a single fuel particle on a grate from the fuel feed to burn-out; - the possibility to determine when a single fuel particle reach a certain temperature; and - the possibility to study drying and pyrolysis processes for a single fuel particle. In addition, a method to determine the height and density profiles of a fuel bed on a grate is proposed. The method for continuous determination of position is based on including a radiation source of the isotope {sup 24}Na in a fuel particle which is then supplied to the fuel feed. The gamma radiation emitted is registered by a number of detectors, mounted on the outside of the boiler. Since the radiation registered is dependent on both the distance between the source and detector and on the materials in the pathway, it is possible to continuously calculate the position of the fuel particle with the aid of Monte Carlo simulation. The inaccuracy in the determination is estimated to less than 5 cm. This is deemed to be accurate enough to be interesting. In order to study when a fuel particle reach a certain temperature, it is proposed that vials, manufactured in materials that will be broken at a defined temperature, is filled with the isotope {sup 85}Kr and mounted in fuel particles. When this noble gas is released, it follows the flue gases through the boiler and can be detected in the flue gas duct through its beta emission. The drying process of a fuel particle is proposed to be studied through impregnating fuel particles with tritium-containing water. The tritium-containing water is evaporated as the fuel particle dries and through analysing the tritium content of the flue gases the drying process can be followed. The feasibility study also deals with the radiation hazards connected to the proposed methods. Use of the methods requires authorization by the radiation protection agency. However, this is not believed to be a problem, although the radioactive isotopes must only be handled by authorized persons. It should be emphasised that the planned use do not mean that persons are exposed to radiation of any health-related significance whatsoever. Action plans for near-accident scenarios are described, which mean that no risks for persons and/or the plant should arise. In contrast, the risks for limited access to the boiler or shutdown during 10-14 days in case of near-accident must be assessed in each case. The assessment of the proposed methods leads to the conclusion that the technical possibilities to use the methods are realistic. Validation trials are therefore proposed to be conducted on a biomass boiler and on a waste incinerator. The prerequisites for these trials, a proposed validation program as well as a preliminary time schedule, is finally given.

  5. Calculation of additional costs in 2010 - for the demolition of the Swedish nuclear power plants and disposal of residues; Beraekning av merkostnader 2010 - foer rivning av de svenska kaernkraftsverken och omhaendertagande av restprodukter

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brewitz, Erica; Schoultz, Christian; Wetzel, Carina

    2010-09-15

    This report describes the SSM's calculation of additional costs for fee proposal for 2012-2014. The calculation is made pursuant to the Financing Act and includes all additional costs until the residue from the Swedish nuclear power plants is disposed of. According to current calculations, this should be done in 2069. Estimates of such a long time means a great deal of uncertainty and SSM uses, like SKB, the successive calculation method to estimate an expected value and tax association uncertainty. As a starting point for analysis, the SSM has made estimates of the future costs broken down into paragraphs in paragraph 2 Financing Act. The estimates were made after discussions within the organization and representatives of relevant external organizations. Assuming a total annual cost per worker of 1.24 million gave these estimates a total cost of over three billion. It should be emphasized that this sum is only a starting point for analysis and applies in particular circumstances. These circumstances critically reviewed the analysis and the reasonableness of assessments made by a analysis group. The analysis took place for 2.5 days in spring 2010. The analysis group consisted of 17 people including nine from the SSM. Lores Borg and Steen Lichtenberg were moderators. Via a brainstorming process, the analysis group presented a number of uncertainties and made a three-part assessment of their impact on the overall results (minimum, most likely and maximum). The result of the analysis: average in the 2010 monetary value was assessed to 4.24 billion Swedish crowns with a standard deviation of 920 million Swedish crowns. These values are undiscounted

  6. Comparison between the KBS-3 method and the deep borehole for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel; Jaemfoerelse mellan KBS-3-metoden och deponering i djupa borrhaal foer slutligt omhaendertagande av anvaent kaernbraensle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Grundfelt, Bertil (Kemakta Konsult AB (Sweden))

    2010-09-15

    In this report a comparison is made between disposal of spent nuclear fuel according to the KBS-3 method with disposal in very deep boreholes. The objective has been to make a broad comparison between the two methods, and by doing so to pinpoint factors that distinguish them from each other. The ambition has been to make an as fair comparison as possible despite that the quality of the data of relevance is very different between the methods

  7. Development of the SKI Handbook for reviewing PSA after the review of the of a PSA level 2 study; Utveckling av SKIs Tillsynshandbok foer PSA utifraan granskningen av en PSA Nivaa-2 studie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lindholm, Ilona; Sairanen, Risto [VTT Processes, Helsinki (Finland)

    2003-02-01

    A review of the Oskarshamn 2 Level 2 PSA has been conducted by VTT Processes. One objective of the review was validation and development of Tillsynshandbok PSA applying it to Oskarshamn 2 PSA Level 2 study. The review was based on the PSA Level 2 documentation: the main report, the supporting reports on containment success criteria and release calculations with the MAAP4 code, and five phenomenological reports for selected specific questions. The main result of the phenomenological analyses is that none of the phenomena considered contributes to the conditional failure probability of the Oskarshamn 2 containment in severe accidents. The project was conducted as a set of separate studies and the project quality assurance has also focused on one part at the time. As such, the quality assurance is adequate. A high level QA ensuring that all separate studies and analysis steps use same assumptions seems to be missing. Results from the phenomenology reports are not always transferred to accident analyses and vice versa. There is no specific discussion of uncertainty or sensitivity analyses. In general, the number of sensitivity analyses could be larger. Such should have been provided for sequences or phenomena that could result in early or unmitigated release. Examples are pressure vessel failure at high pressure, the effect of larger hydrogen production, and the key assumptions used for steam explosion and direct containment heating. Suggestions for additional sensitivity studies have been given in discussion of phenomenological reports. The project documentation is generally good. Missing information is usually associated with transfer of results from one study to another. It can be assumed that the information exists also in this cases but has not been documented in the reports above. Documentation of the containment event trees and the assumptions used for them could be more detailed, maybe similar to the approach used in the Appendix of this report. More effort should have been taken to harmonise the formalism which is different in case of the HS3 event trees. There is very little discussion on utilisation of the results. Half of the core damage frequency results in the containment end state SAM, which is not very well defined. SAM states in which the core is not damaged should have been separated from the SAM states in which the core damage occurs but containment is calculated to remain intact. A discussion should be presented how the plant could be taken to a stable state from SAM conditions. The SKI handbook was utilised in the review. It was generally found suitable although the guide focuses more on conduction of PSA than review of it. Quality control, documentation of central assumptions and the goal for comprehensive assessment is emphasised. Tables showing the most important aspects of the a PSA review are useful. To reflect the usual way of conducting a Level 2 PSA, the Guide should even more emphasise the need for consistency between the specific phenomenological studies and with the source term estimates. The guide points out that a result from a PSA does not only mean the quantitative results but also the background information, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis and description of models and data. Availability of this material was found central also when conducting the review.

  8. Towards higher transparency and efficiency in energy taxation. Energy taxation and environmental policy in a small open economy; Foer oekad transparens och effektivitet i energibeskattningen. Energibeskattning och miljoepolitik i en liten oeppen ekonomi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Normann, Goeran (and others)

    2002-11-01

    The accrual of energy taxation has led to a complex structure of taxes and charges that are characterized by instability and low efficiency. Other reasons for analyzing the system is the pressure from our contractual responsibilities within the European Union and the raised ambitions in the environmental policy. The report leads to the conclusion that it would be motivated to separate fiscal energy taxation from measures to internalize environmental costs that the market does not register. This separation would make it possible to create a more transparent and rational energy taxation. The fiscal energy taxation ought to be a broad, value-based tax, equal for all energy sources. Value-based means, besides the energy content in kWh, also properties such as conversion and distribution costs. Two alternatives are suggested for the fiscal energy taxation: A separate consumption tax on energy. Such a tax would amount to 48% to produce the same income as the fiscal elements of today's energy taxes. Another alternative would be to include the fiscal energy tax in the value added tax. This would raise the standard VAT level to 30%, if the lower VAT levels are kept unchanged. With this model, consumption of energy would be treated as any other consumption. The environmental policy measures against greenhouse gases should be delt with through a system with international trade with emission quotas for such gases. Measures against other external effects from energy use are not suggested in this report, except for the opinion that economic incentives are preferable to regulations. The initial allocation of quotas ought to be done through an auction, since this method would give lower national costs than the alternatives. The system should cover all greenhouse gases and (almost) all sources which indicates that an upstream solution would be best with low administrative costs. A safety vent should be considered, so that extreme costs for CO{sub 2}-emissions are avoided, if e.g. the economic growth is higher than expected.

  9. Inventory of future power and heat production technologies. Partial report Boilers/Combustion/Steam cycle for district heating and cogeneration; Inventering av framtidens el- och vaermeproduktionstekniker. Delrapport Pannor/Foerbraenning/Aangcykel foer fjaerrvaerme och kraftvaerme

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schuster, Robert (AaF Process, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2008-12-15

    The energy market of today is turbulent and it is quite clear that big changes in the consumption pattern are going to occur, due to the expansion in Asia and the expected Climate Change. The EU has, as a first step, stated in a directive that the consumption of renewable energy in the heat and power sector should be increased to 20 % and in the transportation sector to 10 % by the year 2020, a target which is high above current levels in most of the EU countries. It is reasonable to believe the European demand of renewable energy will create a shortage of biomass and that the development and use of technology for energy production will therefore not only depend on what is technically possible. One scenario is that biomass is mainly used for the markets that have very few alternatives, such as the transportation sector and small scale CHP units. We have today a relatively high electrical consumption through a stable grid and district heating nets in almost all densely populated areas. Large high efficiency power plants combined with heat pump technology will probably prevent any significant expansion of the district heating nets. A third major net for gas distribution seems not to be a feasible solution. Local nets for production of biogas from wet waste for different purposes, including EvGT units with 55% efficiency may however be good solution for some areas. There are a number of cycles and technical solutions to increase the electrical efficiency which could be applied also on smaller plants. The total efficiency will however not increase, only the el/heat ratio and it is not obvious that the higher investment cost for indirect cycles, bottom cycles or extreme steam data in combination with the risk of lower availability is a feasible solution. Especially waste to energy plants, with their need of high utilisation time, are sensitive to long production interruptions. The existing heat sinks in Sweden will however be efficiently used for electrical production of some kind, though they can be expected to be decreased due to warmer climate and energy efficiency measures in buildings. The big manufacturers and energy companies are today heavily involved in RandD to develop climate friendly fossil fuel plants. The goal is to increase the efficiency and to develop the CCS-technology. With the amount of money involved it is plausible that they are going to be successful and that Post Combustion technology will be commercial around the year 2015, OxyFuel/Carbon around 2020 and Chemical looping after year 2030. This development includes also a significant efficiency increase, mainly based on material development and development of oxygen and carbon dioxide separation. It can be assumed that Sweden in the year 2030, as the other countries in the EU union, will produce electricity mainly in large high efficiency plants with low CO{sub 2} emissions. The plants could be natural gas fired combined cycles (efficiency without CCS of eta{sub el} = 65%), coal fired CHP-plants (efficiency without CCS eta{sub el} >55%) and/or nuclear power plants at our coast line. Inland there could be waste and bio fired CHP plants and Pulp and paper plants, both types producing biofuel from all the different types of biomass that are available

  10. Open absorption heat pump for waste heat utilization in the forest industry. A study of technical and economic potential; Oeppen absorptionsvaermepump foer uppgradering av spillvaerme fraan skogsindustrin. Studie av teknisk och ekonomisk potential

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Westermark, Mats; Vidlund, Anna

    2006-02-15

    Waste heat from the forest industry is mainly humid air or humid flue gases with somewhat too low dew point for direct use as district heating or for other qualified purposes. Upgrading of the temperature by heat pumps is thus often necessary for the full use of the waste heat. This study evaluates an open absorption heat, based on hygroscopic condensation. The hygroscopic condenser has the potential to replace mechanical heat pumps or conventional absorption heat pumps (based on lithium bromide) for the upgrading of heat from humid gases. The goal for the project is to evaluate technology and potential for an open absorption heat pump for heat recovery from humid gases in the forest industry. In an open heat pump the humid gas is brought in direct contact with the hygroscopic liquid (whereas a conventional heat pump uses an intermediate circuit with evaporation of water in the evaporator). The direct contact makes it possible to recover the heat at a higher temperature than the dew point of the humid gas without the use of evaporator. The target group for the study is the forest industry and its suppliers of technology and knowledge. The study has been carried out in cooperation with representatives from the forest industry and from suppliers of equipment. The study shows that the forest industry has good potential to upgrade waste heat from humid air to district heating. The waste heat can be extracted from various humid gases such as exit air from paper machines, wood driers, green liquid quenchers and flue gases from soda boilers, mesa kilns, bark-fired boilers and gas engines. Hygroscopic condensation is considered to give economic and environmental advantages compared to conventional absorption heat pumps due to much less consumption of driving heat. An interesting special case is the regeneration of the hygroscopic medium by direct contact with hot flue gases and for this application a patent application has been filed. Upgrading of waste heat to process steam (for use in pulp and paper plants) is technically more advanced. The high temperature level demands absorption liquids with high boiling point elevation (sodium hydroxide) and driving steam at 25 bar. The example studied uses waste heat at 50 deg C for production of low pressure steam at 1.2 bar, i.e. slightly above atmospheric pressure. Such low pressure steam can be used for steam injection in paper machines or upgraded to process steam of higher pressure by steam compression.

  11. Hvor moralsk tenker fotballspillere? – en empirisk studie av toppfotball

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lars Tore Ødegård

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available Det er en utbredt oppfatning at det økende prestasjonskravet i toppfotball fører til en svekkelse av moral og fair play-holdninger. Men hvordan tenker toppfotballspillere i forhold til ulike dilemmaer som oppstår på banen, og er det forskjeller mellom toppfotballspillere og spillere på lavere nivå?  For å avklare dette gjennomførte vi en empirisk undersøkelse der vi intervjuet spillere og trener i én toppklubb og én breddeklubb. Vi var interessert i to hovedproblemstillinger:  1 Hva tenker fotballspillere på ulike prestasjonsnivå om etikk og moralske dilemmaer i fotball? 2 Hvilke faktorer påvirker spillerne, direkte og indirekte, i deres vurderinger og handlinger? Resultatene fra undersøkelsen viser at det er store forskjeller mellom de to prestasjonsnivåene. Spillerne på breddenivået føler generelt et større ansvar for å opptre ærlig på banen enn hva som er tilfelle på toppnivået. Vi fant 4 spesifikke faktorer i toppfotballen som bidrar til umoralsk opptreden. For det første opplever spillerne en forventning om at de prioriterer resultat foran fair play. For det andre bidrar tilstedeværelsen av supportere på kamper til en slik prioritering. For det tredje vil handlinger som er i strid med fair play signaliseres som akseptable internt i miljøet, selv om de ofte signaliseres som uakseptable overfor media og omverdenen. For det fjerde kan spillere oppleve det som vanskelig å gå i mot trenerens oppfordringer til en pragmatisk og resultatfokusert opptreden.Nøkkelord: moral, etikk, fair play, footballEnglish summary: How morally do football players think? – an empirical study of moral dilemmas in elite footballIt is a common view that the increasing focus on achievement and success in elite football leads to a weakening of moral and fair play attitudes. But how do elite players think and what do they think about different dilemmas that appear on the field, and is there a difference between elite players and lower

  12. Deletion of groundwater from a disposal facility in Laxemar. Description of the consequences for nature values and production land; Bortledande av grundvatten fraan en slutfoervarsanlaeggning i Laxemar. Beskrivning av konsekvenser foer naturvaerden och produktionsmark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hamren, Ulrika; Collinder, Per; Allmer, Johan (Ekologigruppen AB, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2010-10-15

    SKB has chosen Forsmark in the municipality of Oesthammar as site for the repository for spent nuclear fuel. This report describes consequences for nature values, agriculture and forestry due to groundwater diversion from a repository at the non-chosen Laxemar site in the municipality of Oskarshamn. The report concerns nature values that depend on, or are favoured by, a groundwater table close to or above the ground surface. Laxemar is a valuable area from a nature conservation point of view, primarily associated to the cultural- and forest landscape and its prior use for pasture and hay-making. Hence, these values depend on factors other than the level of the groundwater table. Except for old pastures and haymaking areas, many high nature values consist of hardwood-forest groves and old solitary deciduous trees. 67 groundwater-dependent or groundwater-favoured nature objects (wetlands, pieces of forest and surface water) are identified in the investigated area. No nature object is judged to have national value (class 1). 15 nature objects (pieces of forest) are judged to have regional value (class 2), 18 have municipal value (class 3) and 34 local value (class 4). It is judged that a drawdown of the groundwater table only would result in small consequences for the nature values of the area in its entirety. The nature objects that would be affected by the largest groundwater-table drawdown have relatively low nature values and consist of small wetlands with local value (class 4). The low nature values of these objects imply that the consequences of the groundwater diversion would be small. Nature objects with higher nature values (regional or municipal value) consist of forest key habitats and ancient pastures on previously argued land. The nature values of these objects are hence dependent on factors other than the level of the groundwater table, which implies that the consequences would be small also for these objects. The consequences would be largest (noticeable) for the stream Laxemaraan, due to reduced stream discharge and drier conditions along parts of the stream. The groundwater diversion would not cause any consequences for protected areas. The investigated area does not contain any known red-listed species associated to wetlands or wet forest areas. It is judged that the groundwater diversion would lead to insignificant to small consequences for protected frogs. There is a proposal concerning restoration of a wetland in Laxemaraan. This measure would partly counterbalance the consequences for frogs of the groundwater-table drawdown in Laxemar. It is judged that the groundwater diversion would lead to a harvest reduction of slightly more than 10% and a forest-yield reduction of approximately 20 % in the influence area of the groundwater table drawdown. These are rough judgements that provide upper reduction limits

  13. Review of results from SKB R and D on grouting technology for sealing the rock, years 1996-2000; Oeversikt av resuItat fraan SKB:s FoU inom injekteringsteknik foer bergtaetning aaren 1996-2000

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boden, A. (ed.) [Swedpower AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Eklund, D. [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Aelvkarleby (Sweden); Eriksson, Magnus [Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden). Div. Soil and Rock Mechanics; Fransson, Aasa [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden). Inst. of Geology; Hansson, Paer [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Aelvkarleby (Sweden); Lagerblad, B. [Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Inst., Stockholm (Sweden); Lindblom, U. [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden). Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering; Wilen, P. [Swedpower AB, Goeteborg (Sweden)

    2001-05-01

    In order identify the current state of the art and developments needs, SKB assembled a group of experts from universities and other research organisations. Internal plans were written for the subprojects 'Characterisation of rock for grouting purposes', 'Mechanisms that control the spreading of grout in jointed rock' and 'Cement based grouting material'. Later internal plans for the subprojects 'Demands on grouting' and 'Stabilising and sealing effect of pre-grouting' were written. The aims, which were set for the different subprojects, were in short, to summarise the technological advances, establish a method for rock characterisation from a grouting point of view, develop conceptual and numerical models for simulation of the grouting course, characterise grout in a relevant way, develop understanding and theoretical know-how of durability and chemical influence, identify and develop a number of grouting materials for different situations, develop a specification of requirements for grouting and to verify the theories in laboratory. In the subproject 'Demands on grouting' a literature review was carried out. One important conclusion from the study is that the concept is not very well dealt with in the literature. SKB are currently investigating the prerequisites for the construction of the deep repository. One part of that work is to further specify demands on maximum allowed volume of leakage water for the repository as a whole and also for each part of the deep repository. In the subproject 'Characterisation of rock for grouting purposes', the possibilities of using hydraulic tests for predictions and design have been studied. The idea of this study was to investigate correspondences and deviations to increase the understanding of what is measured in a water-loss measurement. One can draw the conclusion that hydraulic tests are useful when describing the fracture geometry. Numerical modelling and experiments indicate that the specific capacity, Q/{delta}h, (flow/head) is a robust parameter and that the distribution of specific capacities and calculated apertures pictures the geometric variations within the fracture. This distribution may, together with the area, also give an estimate of the fracture volume. The distribution of specific capacities and apertures within a fracture may help when choosing grouting strategy like choice of grout and order of grouting. The work in the subproject 'Mechanisms that control the spreading of grout in jointed rock ' has dealt with laboratory tests, numerical modelling and a summarising conceptual model. The results of the laboratory tests are a number of phenomenological studies of the spreading mechanisms. Preliminary attempts to take care of filtration and separation while grouting are incorporated in a numerical model. Software that generates fracture geometry, calculates penetration with respect to filtration and separation and evaluates the effect of grouting has been developed. A conceptual model has been developed, describing how to calculate the sealing efficiency and how a prediction of the leakage into a tunnel can be done. The subproject 'Stabilising and sealing effect of pre-grouting' has aimed to create a theoretical base for the modelling of the behaviour of weakness zones under the influence of different reinforcement systems in combination with pre-grouting of the zone. Freezing of a zone weathered down to gravel has also been studied. By, analytically or graphically, putting the ground reaction curve (GRC) together with the reaction curve of the reinforcement, the tunnel wall deformation is obtained in the current case. The studies show that, when using modern software for rock mechanical analyses, it is possible to create the necessary theoretical base for a decision on driving through a weakness zone in good bedrock. When driving, the great difficulty is probably to, fast enough, obtain relevant material parameters as input in the model. Therefore field investigations and rock mechanical analyses should be carried through already at the planning stage. The subproject 'Cement based grouting material' is divided into three parts. The part 'Inventory and characterisation of material' has mainly dealt with finely ground cements and different types of super plasticizers. The biggest durability problem regarding cement-based grouts is that they contain water-soluble components. Durability will mainly be a function water penetration through the grouted zone. This will, in turn, depend on the coefficient of fullness in the fracture system and the permeability of the stiffened grout. Therefore, a valuation of leaching and durability has to be based on studies of grout in fractures in the rock and calcium content of the penetrating water. Grout based on granulated blast-furnace slag and/or silica fume contains less calcium hydroxide, which decreases the leaching. These cements are, however, very slow if they aren't accelerated.(abstract truncated)

  14. Modelling of a hybrid plant and development of a control system for the Vaesthamn plant based on artificial neural networks; Modellering av hybridanlaeggning samt utveckling av oevervakningssystem foer Vaesthamnsverket baserat paa Artificiella Neurala Naetverk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Assadi, Mohsen; Fast, Magnus [Lund Inst. of Technology (Sweden). Dept. of Energy Sciences

    2006-12-15

    The project aim is to model the hybrid plant at Vaesthamnsverket in Helsingborg using artificial neural networks (ANN). The definition of a hybrid plant is that it uses more than one fuel, in this case a natural gas fuelled gas turbine with heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and a biomass fuelled steam boiler with steam turbine. The models in the present project are based on operational data from the plant in contrary to previous projects where synthetic (simulated) data has been used in a large extent. The gas turbine represents the subsystem that has received most attention in previous projects, which will also be the case for the present project although models of the HRSG, steam boiler and steam turbine are created since the whole plant is of interest. The completed ANN sub modules are connected in a network, which can be used for e.g. offline simulation and real-time condition monitoring of the plant. A product, including all sub modules, is created in shape of a user-friendly interface in an MS Excel environment. This user interface can be used for continuous monitoring, training personnel and in planning of the operation. The target group is the plant owners and the original equipment manufacturers (OEM). The plant owners interest lies in receiving a product that can assist them when operating the plant, for instance supply them with information about the grade of degradation. The OEMs main interest lies in investigating the possibilities of delivering ANNs, based on synthetic data, along with their new gas turbines. Vaesthamnsverket have contributed with operational data from the plant as well as support in plant related questions. Siemens have contributed with expert knowledge about their gas turbine, the SGT800. The received data has been examined and filtered before used for training ANN models. The models have been evaluated with independent data. The results are very promising with ANN models showing high prediction accuracy. All subsystems can be modeled with ANN and there are also possibilities of further development. The results have shown that there is potential in developing gas turbine models based on synthetic data but in order to draw any conclusions in this matter further research has to be carried out. A conclusion about the project as a whole is that ANN shows great versatility along with potential to be used within the field of thermal power plants. The project goals are considered to be fulfilled by the authors.

  15. Environmental policy based on economic efficiency - The case of policy instrument choice for air quality standards for nitro dioxide and particles; Miljoepolitik paa samhaellsekonomisk grund - En fallstudie om styrmedlet miljoekvalitetsnormer foer partiklar och kvaevedioxid

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pyddoke, Roger; Nerhagen, Lena

    2010-09-15

    The purpose of the present project is to examine whether or not economic analysis and quantified assessments have been part of the information used when designing and implementing these environmental quality standards. Such assessments are regularly used in the transport sector in Sweden but several studies in Sweden and abroad have found that this is not the case for environmental policies. Most of these studies argue that this type of information is important for an efficient design of policy instruments and abatement measures. Efficient policy design was also considered an important part in the new environmental policy and the Swedish EPA was commissioned to develop methods of integrating costs of environmental impacts into economic and social decision-making models but also to investigate the possibility to use economic policy instruments. In the beginning of the report we provide a theoretical discussion about the value of doing socioeconomic analysis. It is argued that structured and quantified assessments such as cost-benefit or cost-efficiency analysis can help to clarify the extent of the environmental problem and the efficiency of a policy instruments and their impact on the community. Economic reasoning also provides a basis for a discussion about possible reasons for why this type of information may not have been used on a regular basis. The main conclusion from this report is that neither the current design of these environmental quality standards nor the policy instruments chosen have been based on quantified economic assessments. This is so even though Sweden for the emissions considered in this report has adopted limit values that are more far reaching than those stated in EC directives. Moreover, although new evidence regarding the harmfulness of these pollutants has emerged, no adaptations to the original limit values have been undertaken. Nor are the action programmes, which have been implemented in cities where the environmental quality standard (or standards) is exceeded, based on these types of assessments. This is so even though it is a requirement stated in the Environmental Code, but also in the information provided to the local authority by the Swedish EPA. There appears to be several reasons for the lack of economic information and quantified assessment in the decision process. One is introduced already in the government bill which, regarding air quality, states that the objective that low risk levels for human health of emissions in air are not to be exceeded, while at the same time stating that evaluations of the consequences on overall society from different policy measures needs to be done. In practice, the introduction of these strict limit values appears to have reduced the incentives to evaluate the trade-offs between these and other goals in society. There was also room for interpretation of the actual meaning of the Code concerning the environmental quality standards where the Swedish EPA made the interpretation that these were strict values that could not be exceeded (a stop rule). The strict interpretation of the Code also seems to have reduced the incentives to undertake more thorough evaluations. There are however additional reasons for why these analyses are not carried out. One is that evaluations of the policy instrument have only been done by legal expertise while the action programmes have mainly been produced by persons with a background in environmental sciences or transport planning. Not even the National Road Administration, that has a long tradition of cost benefit analysis, has used cost benefit analysis in the area of air quality evaluation regarding road transport. A hypothesis is therefore that this information is not used because the public officials involved in the evaluation do not know the insights potential of cost benefit analysis and hence it is not demanded. We therefore give suggestions, based on lessons from the transport sector, on how requirements on the decision processes can help to encourage the use of this type of information also in the field of environmental policy. Important aspects in this type of process are formalized requirements on information based on scientific evidence but also on more evaluations done by third parties of the assessments underlying the policy proposals of Swedish EPA. Another finding in the study is that the Environmental quality standards have resulted in a great number of activities at different levels of society. At the municipality level measurements of air quality are undertaken and information on these levels is provided to the public, while the Swedish EPA develops regulations and also makes assessments and decides on research programmes. The impact of the standards on air quality and societal costs however has so far been limited since few of the abatement measures presented in the action programmes have been implemented and these are to some extent introduced for other reasons than air quality.

  16. Calculation methodology for economic comparison between different land uses. With focus on comparisons between energy crops and traditional crops; Kalkylmetodik foer loensamhetsjaemfoerelser mellan olika markanvaendning. Med fokus paa jaemfoerelser mellan energigroedor och traditionella groedor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rosenqvist, Haakan

    2010-02-15

    There are two main objectives to this report. The first is to describe a calculation method for both short- and long-term analysis of crops, as well as present the basis and reasoning around it. Another objective is to create an approach that lay-people can use to compare energy crops with traditional crops in a sufficiently straight-forward and believable manner. The report describes, discusses and develops the technical aspects to the calculation questions around the analysis of crops that are grown only on small area of land today, but have the potential to be grown on much larger areas in the future. The variable costing calculation approach is used in agriculture as decision-support for what should be produced. The present variable costing calculation approach has been reworked and redeveloped in order to be more applicable as a decision-support tool. This includes its use to decide which crop should be grown in both short- and long-term perspectives, as well as for perennial energy crops. A number of items that impact growing economy and how they can be interpreted in the growing calculations are discussed. Some of the examples are: Fertilization effects; Sales commissions/product prices; Storage/reestablishment; Fertilization of P and K; Crop insurance; Labor costs; Machine costs; Timeliness costs; New production chains and unutilized resources; Interest rates; Land costs; Over overhead costs; and Costs which not are annual. The main objective of this report is a methodological question and not to show the absolute profitability for each particular land use alternative. But even though the calculations have been improved for different land uses, there is material that that can even be used for profitability analyses. This has been performed to a smaller degree in this report. The profitability of Salix growing has been studied for a variety of different conditions. For part of the studies have used the entire growing period of 22 years, part with consideration to three years of established growing. Different rates of fertilization are studied. In the high fertilization cases Nitrogen fertilization with a conventional spreader after harvest, the following year with elevated spreader, and no fertilization the year prior to harvest have been carried out. In the calculation without elevated fertilization, Nitrogen fertilization occurs only the year after harvest. There is even an alternative without any Nitrogen fertilization. In the calculations with sludge, the sludge is the only fertilization that takes place; within these calculations there is even the income inclusion of the receiving of the sludge. There are modest profitability differences between the fertilization options with an exception for sludge fertilization. Fertilization with sludge increases the profitability substantially

  17. Small-scale bio fuelled heat and power - requirements for standardized technical and fuel solutions from a systems perspective; Smaaskalig biobraenslebaserad kraftvaerme - foerutsaettningar foer standardiserade loesningar med avseende paa teknik och braenslen i ett systemperspektiv

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nystroem, Olle; Johansson, Kent; Steinwall, Pontus [Sycon Energikonsult AB, Malmoe (Sweden)

    2001-01-01

    Different techniques for small-scale heat and power generation have been investigated. The included cycles are steam turbine, diesel engine, Otto engine, Stirling engine, gas turbine and organic Rankine cycle (ORC). For steam turbines, Stirling engine, and indirectly fired gas turbines, the combustion can be placed in a relatively conventional furnace, which gives a fairly free choice of fuel. In other cycles like the traditional gas turbine cycle, diesel engine and Otto engine, the fuel should be in the gas or liquid phase. Experiments are in progress to use wood pf (pulverised fuel) as fuel. The technique for plants based on steam turbine, diesel engine, Otto engine, conventional gas turbine and ORC based on different forms of bio fuel exist already today. For Stirling engine, gas turbine with HAT cycle (Humid Air Turbine) and indirectly fired gas turbine further development is needed before the technique will be commercially available using bio fuel. An interesting process coupling is a gas engine combined with a gasifier. This coupling can be a competitive choice to the other processes if the problems with gas cleaning can be solved.

  18. Follow-up of the project 'Methodology for classification of the H14 criterion in the EU Directive on waste'; Uppfoeljning till projektet 'Metodik foer klassificering av H14-kriteriet i Avfallsfoerordningen'

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stiernstroem, Sara; Bengtsson, Bengt-Erik; Breitholtz, Magnus (Dept. of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm Univ., Stockholm (Sweden)); Hemstroem, Kristian; Wik, Ola (Swedish Geotechnical Inst., Linkoeping (Sweden))

    2009-12-15

    Within the European Union, ash materials and other waste types, which may cause ecotoxicological effects, should be classified based on their inherent hazardous effects under criterion H-14 ('Ecotoxic': substances and preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment) in the Directive on waste 2008/98/EC. According this directive the classification of waste as hazardous waste should also be based on the Community legislation on chemicals, in particular concerning the regulation for classification and labelling CLP. In recent years, recommendations on how to classify waste based on analytical measurement of solid material have been published by Swedish organizations and/or interest groups. A limitation of these recommendations is that a classification procedure based on measurement of metals and metal compounds in many cases are defective with respect to speciation and bioavailability of the metals. This makes it difficult to evaluate inherent hazardous properties, and may lead to either over- or underestimations of hazard potential of the waste material. To overcome this limitation, there is currently an international consensus that biological test systems can be used for the ecotoxicological characterization and classification of the intrinsic properties of waste in general. Today, there are, however, no quantitative criterions on how to feed in information from ecotoxicological tests to the regulatory system. A further shortcoming is that the proposed test methods for classification of waste with regards to H-14 mainly have been used for hazard assessment and classification of single chemical substances, which means that they may not be optimal for classification of complex waste materials. The main aim with current study was to further refine the methods proposed (both for biological testing and leaching) and used in earlier studies for classification of waste as hazardous waste. In view of the fact that earlier studies on ashes has shown that organic compounds are of insignificant importance with respect to hazard classification, leaching methods where adopted to OECD's guidance on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media. As model ash materials one fly ash from incineration of peat and one bottom ash from incineration municipal waste were selected. These ash materials were prepared for subsequent ecotoxicological testing using both a standardized batch test and a pH-stat test (to mimic OECD guidelines as above). The eluates were tested with ecotoxicological tests using test organisms representative for tempered regions, i.e. both an acute and a larval development test with the crustacean Nitocra spinipes, which has been used in our earlier studies on ash materials, and a growth inhibition test with the macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne, a species which has not been used for classification of waste materials before. The most important finding from the study is that depending on whether the classification of the ash was based on chemical analysis of either the solid material or the leachate, or toxicity of the ash elaute, the outcome was disparate. For instance, the bottom ash was classified as very toxic based on measurements of (mainly) metals in the solid material, whereas the toxicity index based on levels of the same metals in the ash eluates and the acute toxicity in Nitocra spinipes indicated low toxicity. At the same time, very high toxicity was observed in the subchronic larval development test with the same species, although only when leaching was performed at LS/10 and at the natural ash pH of 10.2 (before pH-adjustment). The pH-stat test used in this study showed good repeatability and may be an option for preparation of ash eluates for subsequent ecotoxicological testing. This would in turn, at least partly, offer a possibility to harmonize current waste and chemical legislations. It should be noted however that the pH-stat test used in the current study gives very low L/S conditions as compared to recommendations within OECD. For the studied bottom ash, a change in leaching conditions from L/S 10 to L/S 1000 and from the ash material's natural pH to pH 7, resulted in a relatively small change in both toxicity index based on levels of Cu, Pb and Zn in the eluate and growth inhibition in Ceramium tenuicorne. The toxicity observed in the subchronic test with Nitocra spinipes however was drastically reduced when leaching was performed with the pH-stat test as compared to the batch test. Aging of the fly ash from incineration of peat during 28 days in the laboratory resulted in a slight reduction of hazard potential in the sense that the eluates from the aged ash were less toxic in the ecotoxicological tests. Finally, the ecotoxicological characterization of the selected ash materials in the current study showed that none of the test organisms was most sensitive to all ash eluates.

  19. The SSI and SKI review of the updated Final Safety Report for SFR 1 issued by SKB. Review report; SSI:s och SKI:s granskning av SKB:s uppdaterade Slutlig Saekerhetsrapport foer SFR 1. Granskningsrapport

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Avila, Rodolfo; Jensen, Mikael; Larsson, Carl-Magnus; Lund, Ingemar; Loefgren, Tomas; Moberg, Leif; Norden, Maria; Wiebert, Anders [Swedish Radiation Protection Authority, Stockholm (Sweden); Berglund, Thomas; Dverstorp, Bjoern; Hedberg, Bengt; Kautsky, Fritz; Lilja, Christina; Simic, Eva; Stroemberg, Bo; Sundstroem, Benny; Toverud, Oeivind; Wingefors, Stig; Zika, Helmuth [Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2003-11-01

    The repository for operational radioactive wastes in Sweden, SFR1, has been the object for a new safety assessment study by SKB (The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.). The findings of the review group will form the basis for decisions by the authorities on the provisions for the future operation of the repository.

  20. Simultaneous harvesting of straw and chaff - for energy purposes. Influence on bale density, yield, field drying process and combustion characteristics; Samtidig skoerd av halm och agnar foer energiaendamaal - inverkan paa avkastning, baldensitet, faelttorkningsfoerlopp och foerbraenningsegenskaper

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lundin, Gunnar; Roennbaeck, Marie

    2010-04-15

    Introductory field experiments were carried out in central Sweden during 2009 for long- and short-stalked winter wheat crops. Two different types of combine harvesters were used with somewhat different methods of kernel separation. Both harvesters were equipped with the Combi System from Rekordverken. This enabled them to mix the chaff in the straw swath as well as distribute this fraction over the working width. The measurement of crop residue moisture immediately after combine harvesting showed that admixture of chaff reduced the initial moisture in the straw swaths. The added chaff increased the total yield of crop residue with 14%, showing that about half the biologically available chaff was harvested. The combustion analyses showed a slight increase in ash content when chaff was mixed in. This did not cause any significant change in net calorific value or ash melting behavior

  1. Treatment and disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants. Program for encapsulation, deep geologic deposition and research, development and demonstration; Kaernkraftavfallets behandling och slutfoervaring. Program foer inkapsling, geologisk djupfoervaring samt forskning, utveckling och demonstration

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-09-01

    Programs for RD and D concerning disposal of radioactive waste are presented. Main topics include: Design, testing and manufacture of canisters for the spent fuels; Design of equipment for deposition of waste canisters; Material and process for backfilling rock caverns; Evaluation of accuracy and validation of methods for safety analyses; Development of methods for defining scenarios for the safety analyses. 471 refs, 67 figs, 21 tabs.

  2. Characterization of limestone reactivity with SO{sub 2} and sulfur capture modelling under fluidized bed combustion conditions; Bestaemning av kalkstensreaktivitet med avseende paa SO{sub 2} och modellering av avsvavling foer foerbraenning i fluidiserad baedd

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mattisson, T. [Chalmers Univ. of Technology and Univ. of Goeteborg, Goeteborg (Sweden). Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry; Lyngfelt, A. [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden). Dept. of Energy Conversion

    1996-12-01

    During combustion of fossil fuels, SO{sub 2} is released to the atmosphere. Because of environmental concern with acid rain, the capture of SO{sub 2} is a very important process. Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion method where limestone may be added to the furnace chamber to capture SO{sub 2} as the stable product CaSO{sub 4}. In the present work a relatively simple laboratory method has been developed for characterizing limestone reactivity with SO{sub 2}. The reactivity data from such investigations are used, together with residence time and particle size distribution, in a sulfur capture model for fluidized bed boilers that predicts the sulfur capture as a function of the Ca/S molar ratio. In addition, the model predicts the conversion of CaO to CaSO{sub 4} for all particle sizes present in a boiler. The model was developed and verified using data from two boilers, a 12 and a 40 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler, and showed reasonable agreement for both boilers. In addition to the development of a sulfur capture model, the effects of SO{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} concentrations, particle size, temperature variations, and reducing conditions on the sulfation reaction was studied using a fixed-bed quartz reactor. The sulfation reaction was also studied for long periods of time, up to 60 hours. This was done because of the long residence times of certain particle sizes that may exist in a fluidized bed boiler. From the parameter study it was found that particle size and variations between oxidizing and reducing conditions had a large effect on the sulfation behaviour. The investigation of long sulfation times showed that the reaction continued even at high degrees of conversion, although at a very slow rate. CO{sub 2} concentration had a moderate effect on the sulfation reaction while temperature variations showed no effect on the final conversion between CaO and CaSO{sub 4}. 29 refs, 25 figs, 4 tabs

  3. The influence of particle shape on the combustion properties and emission of nitrogen oxides when using pulverized biofuels; Partikelformens betydelse foer foerbraenningsegenskaper och utslaepp av kvaeveoxider (NO{sub x}) vid anvaendning av biobraenslepulver 970701-991231

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kastberg, Susanne; Nilsson, Calle [Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Umeaa (Sweden). Dept. of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden

    2000-08-01

    The objectives of the project are: 1. to make a detailed fuel characterisation of wood- and reed canary-grass powder with respect to particle size distribution and particle shape, 2. to compare the result from this characterisation with a more quick and simple field method, 3. to perform studies of how the powder characteristics influences combustion performance and emissions and to define critical parameters using a 150 kW powder burner, and 4. to make more detailed flame studies by simulations. This report gives the result from the project covering 970701-991231 and includes the installation and function verification of the 150 kW powder burner using wood and reed canary grass powder. It also includes a performance test using wood powder utilising experimental design and parameter study. In addition characterisation of powder fuel from various mills by sieving, laser diffraction and image analysis is reported. The results shows that after some minor modifications the burner performed well, the ignition of the powder was easy and a stable combustion was achieved. Optimisation with wood powder showed stable, low emission levels at an air excess of 4-5 % (mean values CO 30-40 ppm, HC 2-3 ppm, NO 40-50 mg/MJ). These emissions were obtained using a low level of secondary air and high primary and tertiary air levels. Three different industrial mills were tested for reed canary-grass. A preliminary combustion test was performed, however not showing the same stable emission levels as for wood powder. Mean CO and HC were low but peaks were noted for CO. The combustion chamber became covered with porous slag products due to the ash composition and high ash content of the fuel. For powder characterisation the techniques sieving, laser diffraction and image analysis were used on different powder qualities obtained using lab mills as well as industrial mills. Valving experiments were also performed. Principal component analysis was used for evaluation of the results from image analysis. The results using the three different characterisation methods show that there are certain differences in the powder obtained from the various mills. Also the valving tendency showed wide variation between the different powder fuels. In general, powder from a knife mill gave the best handling characteristics.

  4. Materials for higher steam temperatures (up to 600 deg C) in biomass and waste fired plant. A review of present knowledge; Material foer hoegre aangtemperaturer (upp till 600 grader C) i bio- och avfallseldade anlaeggningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Staalenheim, Annika; Henderson, Pamela

    2011-02-15

    A goal for the Swedish power industry is to build a demonstration biomass-fired plant with 600 deg C steam data in 2015. Vaermeforsk also has a goal to identify materials that can be used in such a plant. This project involves a survey of present knowledge and published articles concerning materials that are suitable for use in biomass and wastefired plants with steam data up to 600 deg C. The information has been gathered from plants presently in operation, and from field tests previously performed with probes. Plants firing only household waste are excluded. The components considered are waterwalls/furnace walls (affected because of higher steam pressures) and superheaters. Fireside corrosion and steam-side oxidation are dealt with. Candidate materials (or coatings) are suggested and areas for further research have been identified. The purpose of this project is to give state-of-the-art information on what materials could be used in biomass and waste-fired plant to reach a maximum steam temperature of 600 deg C. This report is aimed at suppliers of boilers and materials, energy utility companies and others involved in building new plant with higher steam data. In accordance with the goals of this project: - Materials suitable for use at higher steam temperatures (up to 600 deg C steam) in wood-based biomass and waste-fired plant have been identified. Austenitic stainless steels HR3C, TP 347 HFG and AC66 all have adequate strength, steam-side oxidation and fireside corrosion resistance for use as superheaters. AC66 and HR3C have better steam-side oxidation resistance than TP 347 HFG , but TP 347 HFG has better fireside corrosion resistance. It is recommended that TP 347 HFG be shot-peened on the inside to improve the oxidation resistance if in service with steam temperatures above 580 deg C. - Furnace walls coated with Ni-based alloys or a mixture of Ni- alloy and ceramic show good corrosion resistance at lower temperatures and should be evaluated at higher pressures/temperatures - Ferritic/martensitic steels are not suitable for superheaters because of their poor fireside corrosion resistance - Ways of reducing corrosion have been suggested. They are the use of additives and moving the position of the final superheaters to a less aggressive environment. - More work is needed on furnace walls at higher pressures/temperatures and other (super) austenitic stainless steels, with adequate creep strength should also be evaluated. - For straw, materials have not been tested with 600 deg C steam. Alloys with high chromium contents should be avoided and TP 347 HFG is the material with the lowest corrosion rate which has been identified so far

  5. Water Activities in Laxemar Simpevarp. The final disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel - removal of groundwater and water activities above ground; Vattenverksamhet i Laxemar-Simpevarp. Slutfoervarsanlaeggning foer anvaent kaernbraensle - bortledande av grundvatten samt vattenverksamheter ovan mark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Werner, Kent (EmpTec (Sweden)); Hamren, Ulrika; Collinder, Per (Ekologigruppen AB (Sweden))

    2010-12-15

    This report concerns water operations (Chapter 11 in the Environmental Code) below and above ground associated with construction, operation, and decommissioning of a repository for spent nuclear fuel in Laxemar in the municipality of Oskarshamn. SKB has chosen Forsmark in the municipality of Oesthammar as site for the repository, and the report hence describes a non-chosen alternative. The report provides a comprehensive description of how the water operations would be executed, their hydrogeological and hydrological effects and the resulting consequences. The description is a background material for comparisons between the two sites in terms of water operations. The underground part of a repository in Laxemar would, among other things, consist of an access ramp and a repository area at a depth of approximately 500 metres. The construction, operation, and decommissioning phases would in total comprise a time period of 60-70 years. Inflowing groundwater would be diverted during construction and operation. The modelling tool MIKE SHE has been used to assess the effects of the groundwater diversion, for instance in terms of groundwater levels and stream discharges. According to MIKE SHE calculations for a hypothetical case with a fully open repository, the total groundwater inflow would be in the order of 55-90 litres per second depending on the permeability of the grouted zone around ramp, shafts and tunnels. In reality, the whole repository would not be open simultaneously, and the inflow would therefore be less. The groundwater diversion would cause groundwater- level drawdown in the rock, which in turn would lead to drawdown of the groundwater table in relatively large areas above and around the repository. According to model calculations, there would be an insignificant drawdown of the water level in Lake Frisksjoen, the largest lake in the area. The discharge in the most important stream of the area (Laxemaraan) would be reduced by less than ten percent. Comprehensive field inventories have been performed in the area, for instance concerning ecological conditions, agriculture, forestry and private wells. In total, 67 nature objects have been identified, geographically delineated, and classified in terms of nature values. These consist of forest key habitats (or so called objects with nature values), wetlands, lakes and streams. In general, the objects are judged to have low nature values (municipal or local value). Forest key habitats are judged to have higher nature values (regional value), but the main nature values for these objects are not associated to wet or moist conditions. It has neither been found any red-listed or protected species whose survival depends on the level of the groundwater table. However, the area contains species (bats, for instance) that are favoured by a mosaic landscape, including moist/wet areas and ponds. With one exception, it is judged that the groundwater diversion would lead to none, insignificant or small consequences for the identified nature objects. The principal ecological consequence of the groundwater diversion concerns the stream Laxemaraan, for which the consequences of a discharge reduction would be noticeable. Concerning agriculture and forestry it is judged that within the influence area, groundwater table drawdown would reduce the crop yield and the forest yield by up to 10% and 20%, respectively. The groundwater diversion would not affect municipal water supply. However, the Laxemar area contains a large number of private wells, which implies that the groundwater diversion possibly would affect private water supply in terms of reduced well capacity. It would require more detailed investigations of separate buildings and road stretches in order to assess subsidence risks. Buildings and other infrastructure owned by Oskarshamns Kraftgrupp AB (including the reactor buildings O1-O3) and associated water handling would not be affected by the groundwater diversion. Above-ground water operations would include a bridge across Laxemaraan and measures in the vicinity of the surface facility (the industrial area) for the repository, in Laxemaraan and in a ditch (Oxhagsbaecken). During construction of the bridge, measures would be taken to reduce the consequences of turbid water, for instance for spawning fish. No intermediate support in the stream would be required, and the bridge would be constructed not to influence the flow conditions of the stream and not to be a wandering obstacle for people and animals. Other water operations above ground would be executed for handling of drainage water from the underground part of the repository and leachate from a rock dump. These waters would be diverted to Laxemaraan via a constructed 'lake' adjacent to the stream. The leachate would also be treated in a broad irrigation area with a recirculation- and detention pond (Laxemarkaerren).

  6. Contents of a regulatory strategy for assessing future human actions in the safety evaluation of a repository for spent fuels; Innehaallet i en strategi foer myndighetsbedoemning av framtida maenskligt handlande vid vaerdering av saekerheten for slutfoervar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wilmot, R.D.; Wickham, S.M.; Galson, D.A. [Galson Sciences Ltd., Oakham (United Kingdom)

    2001-08-01

    The objective of this report is to discuss issues that should be considered in the development of a regulatory strategy for assessing future human actions in any forthcoming license application for a deep repository for spent fuel in Sweden and for sites of other repositories. The report comprises an outline of key issues concerning the treatment of future human actions in safety assessment, reviews of regulatory developments, recent safety assessments and supporting studies, and international initiatives on the treatment of future human actions in safety assessment, and the principal elements of a regulatory strategy. Performance assessments (PAs) are generally accepted as providing illustrations of system performance under given sets of assumptions. The results of PAs are clearer and easier to understand if certain large uncertainties are accounted for by determining performance under several different sets of assumptions or scenarios, each of which defines a possible evolution of the disposal system. A number of assumptions can be made that would restrict the scope of an assessment without reducing the credibility of the corresponding safety case. Reducing speculation about technological development, by assuming that the techniques used in future human activities are similar to those currently in use in the region or at similar sites, will simplify the assessment. A distinction is generally made between inadvertent and intentional intrusion, with intentional activities excluded because society cannot protect future populations from their own actions if they understand the potential consequences. A division of human activities into 'recent and ongoing' and 'future' activities considers not only the timing of the activities but also the degree of control or influence that can be imposed on them. Recent and ongoing human activities are those that affect an area beyond the immediate vicinity of the disposal facility and which neither the proponent nor the regulator can influence. Examples include anthropogenic climate change and activities that have recently taken place in the vicinity of the disposal site, such as groundwater abstraction. Future human activities are those that may take place in the vicinity of the disposal system at some time in the future and which may affect the performance of the disposal system by by-passing or affecting the characteristics of the engineered and natural barriers. Institutional controls can prevent or reduce the likelihood of any disruptive activities. It may be inappropriate to treat recent and ongoing human activities in the same way as future human activities. Scenarios that include the occurrence of future human activities are conditional and are used to illustrate the potential behaviour of the system. Scenarios including recent and ongoing human activities are not conditional and may provide a better estimate of system performance than those that exclude such activities. The focus of assessments of future human actions should be on longer-term doses received by groups of people who might anyway be considered in the Reference Scenario In particular, human intrusion assessments should include groups considered in assessments of groundwater releases who may receive additional doses from new pathways arising from future human actions, and groups consuming foodstuffs contaminated by radionuclides brought to the surface during or subsequent to an intrusion and dispersed into, the biosphere. Members of a drilling crew that intrude into a repository do not fulfil the definition of a potentially exposed group because any intrusion would be an isolated activity not occurring on a day-to-day basis. The dose received by one individual from a specific short-term event cannot be compared with a regulatory criteria expressed as an average annual dose. The following outline strategy is proposed as a basis for consultation on the treatment of future human actions. Assessments must include calculations of disposal system performance without any disruptive future human actions. These calculations should include the effects of any recent and ongoing human activities that might affect the performance of the disposal system. Additional calculations should illustrate the potential effects of disruptive human actions. Assessments of future human actions should be based on present-day conditions in the region of the disposal site and similar sites. Site-specific definitions of the region considered and the period examined for defining rates and frequencies should be provided by the proponent. Assessments should consider the long-term effects of disruption through the formation of new pathways and the dispersal of radioactive material in the biosphere. The proponent should develop and justify the scenarios analysed in an assessment. (abstract truncated)

  7. Present status and an appreciation of the consequences for recreation and outdoor leisure activities from siting a nuclear waste repository at Forsmark; Nulaegesanalys samt bedoemning av konsekvenser foer rekreation och friluftsliv av ett slutfoervar i Forsmark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ottosson, Pia [Atrax Energi AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2007-07-15

    This report describes how the area around Forsmark is used with respect to recreation and outdoor life. It also describes the impact of the final repository on recreation and outdoor life if it is located in Forsmark. The studied area is situated in the parish of Forsmark in the municipality of Oesthammar. Forsmark nuclear power plant and the final repository for radioactive operational waste, SFR, are situated within the area and there are both houses and holiday houses. The area is used for leisure pursuit by inhabitants and employees at FKA and SKB, but also by a number of different associations and by tourists. Statistical data shows that the parish of Forsmark is sparsely populated. The area was previously dominated by one big landowner and the land surrounding the nuclear power plant was inaccessible to the general public during that period. The outdoor life is therefore less widespread here than along other parts of the east coast. The value of the area does not lie in paths and trails, bike tracks and bathing places, but in the unspoiled countryside, the wildlife and the bird life. Recreation such as hunting and fishing is very popular in the area. The construction of a final repository will increase traffic and hence increase noise and motion in the area. This will mainly impact the enjoyment value for the people spending time in the area. No other significant consequences are expected as the final repository will be mainly situated within the existing industrial complex and hence the character of the area should remain unchanged.

  8. Study concerning today's and tomorrow's power metering and balance settlements structure for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle/Electric Vehicle charging; Studie avseende dagens och morgondagens elmaetnings- och avraekningsinfrastruktur foer PHEV/EV-laddning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Moilanen, Mika (Vattenfall Services Nordic AB (Sweden)); Spante, Lennart (Vattenfall Research and Development AB (Sweden))

    2009-07-01

    This study is a part of the ELFORSK programme: 'Plug-In Hybrids and Electric Vehicles', sub programme 'P6 - Future systems for payment, communication and charging of Plug-In Hybrids (PHEV) and electrical vehicles (EV)'. As a first task within this sub programme, a study concerning today's and tomorrow's infrastructure for electrical metering and clearing for PHEV/EV-charging was made during autumn 2008. This report shows the results and conclusions from the initial work concerning this market related issue. During an introductory market phase, it is assumed that public charging mainly will be made by connecting an onboard charger in the vehicle to a single-phase 230 V outlet with 10 (or 16 A) fuse. For charging power of 2.3 - 3.7 kW, the cost for electricity (including grid fee) will be 3 - 5 SEK/charging hour. Costs for charging post investment, and maintenance etc must also be added. The future total 'customer cost' for access to charging posts in this power range is estimated to be less than 10 SEK/charging hour including electricity. In larger cities the 'hour cost' for parking is, in many cases, considerably higher than this. Today, there are no official regulations for charging and associated payment of PHEV/EV. In the report a number of infrastructure solutions with different levels of ambitions for utilising existing systems, e g allowing electricity supplier selection, are presented. The examples describe possible flows of payment between different potential actors within the PHEV/EV market. In the first market phase the number of charging posts and consequently number of chargings will be limited. If current market regulations would be followed the administrative costs for billing each charge would exceed other costs associated with the charge, which is not realistic. A suitable solution is to manage PHEV/EV charging and payment outside the comprehensive regulations of the electricity market, by letting charging and payment be a part of the existing electricity subscription (e g by specific charging fees determined by the charging place operator). The solution may be considered as the cheapest solution for the market what regards the pricing for the charging service, however the existing metering- and debiting system of the utilities cannot be used and neither can electricity supplier be chosen. Since the expectations and the demands on the market for PHEV/EV charging in a more mature stage may be changed, this study also looks at different solutions including separate electricity metering for the charging (including choice of electricity supplier). The total costs for the society for these solutions have not been evaluated in this initial study. It needs to be further investigated if the legislation for network concession (in Electricity Law SFS 1997:857 and Statute SFS 2007:215 about exception from requirement on network concession, especially paragraphs 23-29 about transferring electricity on behalf of second party) needs to change in order to allow a wider expansion of charge infrastructure. This investigation needs to be done in close interaction between the Energy Markets Inspectorate, the energy industry and other relevant parties. The rules of today contain some limitations and a change of these needs to be reflected in the light of how the electricity market as a whole works. The recommendation from this initial study is to further deepen the dialogue with the different actors in order to get their view on future charging and associated payment for PHEV/EV. This will give a better picture of how the different alternatives for electricity metering and clearing affect the market and of the total costs for the different alternatives. The Swedish electric power industry takes actively part in the European standardisation work in order to facilitate the market introduction of electrical vehicles. They are very interested in that infrastructure solutions will meet the customers' demands on a European market for electrical vehicles. Private customers must e g be able to use their electrical vehicle also on vacation in other EU-countries. By not rigidly tying the charging infrastructure to the (regulative) design of the Swedish electricity market means that it, at a later stage, will be easier to adopt infrastructure, charging and demands on electrical vehicles to a European structure. At the same time, the Swedish expansion of charging infrastructure may proceed

  9. Potential utilization of biomass in production of electricity, heat and transportation fuels including energy combines - Regional analyses and examples; Potentiell avsaettning av biomassa foer produktion av el, vaerme och drivmedel inklusive energikombinat - Regionala analyser och raekneexempel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ericsson, Karin; Boerjesson, Paal

    2008-01-15

    The objective of this study is to analyse how the use of biomass may increase in the next 10-20 years in production of heat, electricity and transportation fuels in Sweden. In these analyses, the biomass is assumed to be used in a resource and cost efficient way. This means for example that the demand for heat determines the potential use of biomass in co-generation of heat and electricity and in energy combines, and that the markets for by-products determine the use of biomass in production of certain transportation fuels. The economic conditions are not analysed in this study. In the heat and electricity production sector, we make regional analyses of the potential use of biomass in production of small-scale heat, district heat, process heat in the forest industry and electricity produced in co-generation with heat in the district heating systems and forest industry. These analyses show that the use of biomass in heat and electricity production could increase from 87 TWh (the use in 2004/2005, excluding small-scale heat production with firewood) to between 113 TWh and 134 TWh, depending on the future expansion of the district heating systems. Geographically, the Stockholm province accounts for a large part of the potential increase owing to the great opportunities for increasing the use of biomass in production of district heat and CHP in this region. In the sector of transportation fuels we applied a partly different approach since we consider the market for biomass-based transportation fuels to be 'unconstrained' within the next 10-20 years. Factors that constrain the production of these fuels are instead the availability of biomass feedstock and the local conditions required for achieving effective production systems. Among the first generation biofuels this report focuses on RME and ethanol from cereals. We estimate that the domestic production of RME and ethanol could amount to up to 1.4 TWh/y and 0.7-3.8 TWh/y, respectively, where the higher figure describes future opportunities. The analysis of biofuels produced using second-generation technology focuses on the design of energy combines and the physical conditions for utilising the produced heat in the district heating systems. Since we consider the utilisation of district heating systems as heat sinks to be relatively limited, it is of great importance to design the energy combines so that the heat production is limited. This can be achieved through good heat integration and optimisation of the biofuel production. Taking the development over the past few years and current policy instruments into account, we find it realistic that the use of biomass in heat and electricity production will increase in line with our estimates, i.e. by 30-50% within the next 10 to 20 years. Future use of biomass in production of transportation fuels, on the other hand, is more difficult to assess

  10. Flyash and sewage sludge as liner material - Preparations for a pilot test with fly-ash stabilised sewage sludge as landfill liner; Linermaterial med aska och roetslam - Underlag foer genomfoerande av pilotfoersoek med stabiliserat avloppsslam som taetskiktsmaterial

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Macsik, J.; Rogbeck, Y.; Svedberg, B.; Uhlander, O. [Scandiaconsult Sverige AB, Stockholm (Sweden); Mossakowska, A. [Stockholm Vatten AB (Sweden)

    2003-11-01

    The aim of this project was to develop a new liner material based on biofuel fly ash and sewage sludge and to plan for a pilot test with this new liner (FSA) on a landfill. The investigation shows that FSA has potential to fulfil technical and economical requirements as well as requirements of durability. This project constitutes part of a larger one, where the overall aim is to collect information/experience of FSA as a liner for presentation in a handbook. During the conducted laboratory work recipes for mixture proportions for application as landfill liner were controlled according to technical and environmental aspects. A recipe for FSA material has been prepared, which has permeability values lower than 10-9 m/s. This low permeability can assure a low percolation of precipitated water through the landfill liner, < 50 litre/m{sup 2}/year. FSA has sufficient un-drained shear strength and has an estimated slow bio-degradation, which can assure a long duration period. Based on results from tests conducted in this and other projects, where FSA materials were tested, necessary quality verifications has been conducted for the ingredients bio-fly-ash and sewage sludge and for the FSA-mixture. The FSA materials potential as liner increases with darker colour (bordering black). FSA-40 is a mixture of 40 % dry solid (DS) fly ash and 60 % DS sewage sludge, and FSA-60 is a mixture containing 60 % DS fly ash and 40 % DS sewage sludge and so on. Some important parameters of the ingredient materials are DS content (or water content) and pH and CaO content of the fly ash. A liner made of FSA should have surrounding layers of high water containing capacity in order to protect the FSA-liner from drying. The drainage and oxidation protection layers have to transport precipitated water as well as contain sufficient pore water in order to be an oxygen barrier above the liner (FSA). In addition, the investigation shows that a paddle blender should be used in order to guarantee a continuous FSA-mixture. The evaluation made in this report shows that FSA liner has about the same price as traditional liner materials (with bentonite mats etc.) if material costs are not accounted for. However, when the non-payment of waste taxes and deposition costs are accounted for, fly ash and sewage sludge can contribute to cover work and material costs of the liner with FSA. The investigation indicates that the results presented in this report are universal for FSA. This is valid as far as certain qualities of the fly ash and the sewage sludge are granted. Still, FSA with new fly-ash material and/or sewage sludge should be investigated in laboratories before using it at a field application. The proposed pilot/field investigation will provide important management, operational and working information on the FSA material as a liner. According to plans, the test site will be located at Dragmossen landfill site, Aelvkarleby, Sweden. The test site will be controlled at least for a one-year period. Geotechnical and environmental aspects, as settlement, densities, permeability, un-drained shear strength, biological activity etc. will be followed up. New laboratory tests on bio degradation (long term durability) of the proposed FSA liner will be conducted as well.

  11. Hygroscopic slaking of lime with steam or humid air. New energy effective lime slaking technology in kraft pulping; Hygroskopisk slaeckning av kalk med aanga eller fuktig luft. Ny energieffektiv teknik foer slaeckning av mesakalk i sulfatmassaindustrin

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lundqvist, Roland

    2003-07-15

    Lime stone is widely used in chemical recovery for regeneration of white liquor in kraft pulping. Slaked (hydrated) lime is used to convert (causticize) sodium carbonate into sodium hydroxide, whereby lime mud (calcium carbonate) precipitates from the solution. Lime mud is dried and reburned in a lime kiln, where burned lime (calcium oxide) is formed. The circle is closed when lime is slaked (hydrated) in green liquor in an exotherm reaction. Problems with traditional slaking method is that heat is recovered at low temperatures. With the method described in this report there is potential to increase heat recovery in the causticizing plant. The forecasted method means that lime is slaked with steam or humid air, for example combined with a lime mud drier and a lime kiln. The task has included slaking of burned lime with steam or humid hot air, on purpose to test a specific machine equipment in pilote scale, and to investigate temperatures and hydratization rates able to reach. Also the lime slaked with steam/humid air should be compared with burned lime slaked in green liquor when green liquor is causticized, and to investigate the dewatering properties of formed lime mud. The target group is pulp and paper industry using the kraft process. The tests have been performed at SMA Svenska Mineral AB plant (lime burning) at Sandarne Sweden in years 2004-2005. Project owner has been the Swedish company Torkapparater AB, and the project is performed inside the 'Vaermeforsk Program for Pulp and Paper Industry 2004-2005'. Other partners, besides SMA Svenska Mineral AB, has been Stora Enso Skoghalls Bruk, Carnot AB, AaF Process AB and KTH Energiprocesser. Hydrated lime of varying slaking rates has been produced at temperatures up to 270 deg C. Caustizicing being performed show that dewatering properties of lime mud formed is quite up to the standard of lime mud from burned lime slaked in green liquor. The apprehension, that the hygroscopic slaked lime should result in lime mud difficult to dewater, has not become true. Important experiences have come out which could be used as a base in further investigations.

  12. Hygroscopic slaking of lime with steam or humid air. New energy effective lime slaking technology in kraft pulping; Hygroskopisk slaeckning av kalk med aanga eller fuktig luft. Ny energieffektiv teknik foer slaeckning av mesakalk i sulfatmassaindustrin

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lundqvist, Roland

    2005-12-15

    Lime stone is widely used in chemical recovery for regeneration of white liquor in kraft pulping. Slaked (hydrated) lime is used to convert (causticize) sodium carbonate into sodium hydroxide, whereby lime mud (calcium carbonate) precipitates from the solution. Lime mud is dried and reburned in a lime kiln, where burned lime (calcium oxide) is formed. The circle is closed when lime is slaked (hydrated) in green liquor in an exotherm reaction. Problems with traditional slaking method is that heat is recovered at low temperatures. With the method described in this report there is potential to increase heat recovery in the causticizing plant. The forecasted method means that lime is slaked with steam or humid air, for example combined with a lime mud drier and a lime kiln. The task has included slaking of burned lime with steam or humid hot air, on purpose to test a specific machine equipment in pilote scale, and to investigate temperatures and hydratization rates able to reach. Also the lime slaked with steam/humid air should be compared with burned lime slaked in green liquor when green liquor is causticized, and to investigate the dewatering properties of formed lime mud. The target group is pulp and paper industry using the kraft process. The tests have been performed at SMA Svenska Mineral AB plant (lime burning) at Sandarne Sweden in years 2004-2005. Hydrated lime of varying slaking rates has been produced at temperatures up to 270 deg C. Caustizicing being performed show that dewatering properties of lime mud formed is quite up to the standard of lime mud from burned lime slaked in green liquor. The apprehension, that the hygroscopic slaked lime should result in lime mud difficult to dewater, has not become true. Important experiences have come out which could be used as a base in further investigations.

  13. Present status and an appreciation of the consequences for recreation and outdoor leisure activities from siting a nuclear waste repository at Oskarshamn; Nulaegesanalys samt bedoemning av konsekvenser foer rekreation och friluftsliv av ett slutfoervar i Oskarshamn

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dahlstroem, Kristina

    2007-07-15

    This report describes recreation and outdoor life in and around Simpevarp/Laxemar area. It also describes the impact of constructing a final repository for spent nuclear fuel on the outdoor life. The study area in this report is situated in the parish of Misterhult, in the municipality of Oskarshamn. Oskarshamn nuclear power plant (OKG) and the interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel (Clab) are situated within the area. The parish of Misterhult is sparsely populated and includes both houses and holiday cottages. The area is used for various kinds of recreation by inhabitants from surrounding villages and employees at OKG and SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co), and also by a number of different associations and by tourists. Misterhult archipelago has the highest values for recreation and outdoor life in the study area. Many water related activities, such as swimming, sailing, fishing, diving, kayaking and canoeing are conducted in the region Hamnefjaerden, Kraakelund and a walking track called Ostkustleden are three other places in the study area which are popular for outdoor life. SKB and OKG facilities are also visited by many tourists. Disturbances to the recreation and outdoor life during construction and operation of a final repository and a interim storage facility will occur in the form of increased noise and movement in the area, mostly from the traffic. The consequences of these disturbances are: Decreased serenity, which will probably decrease the enjoyment value for the people spending time in the area. The final repository in Laxemar will likely require road access that will cross the walking track. Various prevention and compensation measures, such as noise restrictions and a new section of the walking track at Ostkustleden, are suggested to minimise and/or mitigate the consequences. Also measures that increase the value of recreation and outdoor life are listed, for example an exhibition about the areas nature and culture. Specific compensation and mitigation measures will be outlined in the next design step.

  14. 'Finnova Development Group'. Comb Configurated Costumer-close Network Installations with Underground Service Boxes. From project objectives to main solutions; 'Finnova' Innovativ Montage och Systemloesning foer Fjaerrvaermeanslutning av Villaomraade. Fraan projektmaal till huvudloesningar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gudmundson, Tommy [AaF-Process AB, Stockholm (SE)] (and others)

    2006-07-15

    The overall goal for a project, presented in this report, together with and three additional ones, is to produce at least one new, economically competitive solution for distribution of DH in residential areas with low heat demand density - which normally means distribution in villa areas. As a built in sub goal, the work was anticipated to end up in one demo project. The report presents how both goals are achieved. The presentation gives exhaustive descriptions of the system technologies, of the foreseen installation methods but also of working procedures used by the Finnova Development Group to reach the goals. A great deal of work has been dedicated to the issue of harmonizing system design and layout and methods for construction. The report gives, based on through literature studies both regarding Sweden and internationally, together with many decades of personal experiences for the members of the Finnova Development Group, an enveloping presentation of branch experiences related to system design, choice of materials and methods of installation and operation. Having this as a background, the report highlights on one hand which problems has to be dealt with on the other what should be avoided - if you want to avoid high installation costs and future problems - when designing a DH distribution system. Parallel to this, the success factors for distribution DH in low heat density areas are crystallized and discussed. Consequently, the work presented in this report has three 'foundation bolts': What should be avoided, what we want to achieve and success factors that are there to be used. With these identified and used a generally fit for use foundation for innovative solution can be built. This structure for innovative solution is thoroughly scrutinized with respect to material as well functional issues. The rather great complexity of a DH system, with all its components and functional requirements, are clearly demonstrated. Two main solutions are presented in the report. For the first one, 'Finnova AF', evidence is given that the overall goal is fulfilled. The goal being investment costs lower than SEK 50,000 per costumer - VAT not included and in the cost level of 2003/2004. The possibilities for the second one, 'Finnova LTH', may in the long run be even more promising, with respect to economy as well as functionally. The fulfilling of this requires, however, investigations and research and the time for these are not to be found within the time schedule given for this project. Other important issues dealt with regarding the two solutions are: estimated technical life length, need for and accessibility at maintenance and heat losses The two main solutions are named Comb Configurated Costumer Close Network (Finnova AF) and Villa Connection with Distribution Chambers (Finnova LTH). Both are in general terms presented in this report and fully and more detailed in reports no 2 and 3. A demo for the Finnova AF approach is right now being built in a villa area in the Granlunda suburb of Trelleborg in south Sweden. The system decisive features of the Finnova AF are three: The conventional DH substation is abandoned and replaced with a service and connection box in the garden at the site boundary, no pipe joints directly in ground are to be found, and almost all needed working moments can be performed by anyone of a working crew of 5 people. Among the identified success factors, especially the following should be mentioned: Maximum continuity. No 'extern specialists' needed, the civil works contractor should be able to perform 'almost' all working procedures with his own crew. One-step finished backfilling must be applied. And to obtain continuity, flexible coiled pipes and cold installation of network are necessary. The DH substation moved out of the customer's house. The DH supplier is supposed to be the owner of the service and maintenance box replacing the FC. This box contains a prefabricated, standardised, easily replaceable cassette. This cassette contains all necessary functions needed to deliver, measure and check the quality of heating and tap water being delivered. A new philosophy for the supply of tap hot water. Two pipes instead of one are used for the hot tap water supply. The smaller one normally is used for mere circulation. At higher sudden demands, both pipes serve as forward pipes, increasing the capacity. A high degree of standardization. A high degree of standardization, with respect to components as well as to interfaces, is necessary to minimize the gross working time, including periods of waiting during construction. And more time used can be directly transformed into higher costs for more than half of the working steps that sums up into a contract like this. Adding to this, standardisation and systemisation make life much easier for the DH supplier, when it comes to such things as future maintenance and renewal of the network as well as connecting new costumers in the area in question. As a spin-off, and as a result of the methodology of the Finnova Development Group, the report series can be used as a well of knowledge for further innovative solutions. In appendices, the following is presented: Definitions of technical and economical expressions used in the reports Rules of design for fluid pipes A market survey for machinery and other equipment suitable for the installation of DH piping in residential areas with low heat density.

  15. Profesjonelle læringsfellesskap for lærere i videreutdanning-utvikling i kunnskapskulturen

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marianne Maugesten

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Evaluering av den nasjonale etter- og videreutdanningsstrategien Kompetanse for kvalitet viser at lærere i videreutdanning deler lite av den nyervervede kunnskapen med kollegaer og ledelse, og at det i begrenset grad legges til rette for kunnskapsdeling fra skoleledelsens side. I Kunnskapsdepartementets (2011b retningslinjer for Kompetanse for kvalitet understrekes den enkelte skole og skoleeier sitt ansvar for at kunnskapsdeling skal kunne gjennomføres ved videreutdanning. Denne ubalansen mellom utdanningsmyndighetenes krav og skolenes gjennomføring er utgangspunktet for denne studien; her undersøkes hvordan lærere i videreutdanning i engelsk og matematikk opplever at kunnskapsdeling med kollegaer innenfor et veldefinert læringsfellesskap kan påvirke deres kunnskapskultur. Studien har en kvalitativ tilnærming der empirien utgjøres av studentenes refleksjonstekster knyttet til deling av forskningsbasert kunnskap i et læringsfellesskap. Resultatene viser at lærerne og skolelederne har begrenset erfaring med slik kunnskapsdeling, men de opplever den som en helhetlig læringsprosess.  Studien viser indikasjoner på at denne form for læringsfellesskap initierer gode fagsamtaler. Det kan se ut som om dette læringsfelleskapet hvor teori og praksis møtes, hjelper videreutdanningsstudentene i teoretiseringsprosessen. I et læringsfellesskap hvor både klasserommet og fagfellesskapet inngår som utprøvingsareaer, kan det være et potensial for utvikling i kunnskapskulturen. Ifølge Ertsås og Irgens (2012 er det nettopp evnen til teoretisering i kunnskapsutviklingen som er den kritiske faktoren for at læreren skal kunne utvikle og begrunne sin praksis og slik framstå som en profesjonell yrkesutøver. Studien baserer seg på gjennomføring av èn planlagt samling for kunnskapsdeling, noe som kan være en begrensende faktor, og videre studier over tid er derfor nødvendig.Nøkkelord: videreutdanning, læringsfellesskap, kunnskapskultur

  16. Presentation of safety after closure of the repository for spent nuclear fuel. Main report of the project SR-Site. Part I; Redovisning av saekerhet efter foerslutning av slutfoervaret foer anvaent kaernbraensle. Huvudrapport fraan projekt SR-Site. Del I

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-07-01

    The purpose of the safety assessment SR-Site is to investigate whether a safe repository for spent nuclear fuel by KBS-3 type can be constructed at Forsmark in Oesthammar in Sweden. The location of the Forsmark has been selected based on results of several surveys from surface conditions at depth in Forsmark and in Laxemar in Oskarshamn. The choice of location is not justified in SR-Site Report, but in other attachments to SKB's permit applications. SR-Site Report is an important part of SKB's permit applications to construct and operate a repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark in Oesthammar. The purpose of the report in the applications is to show that a repository at Forsmark is safe after closure

  17. Presentation of safety after closure of the repository for spent nuclear fuel. Main report of the project SR-Site. Part II; Redovisning av saekerhet efter foerslutning av slutfoervaret foer anvaent kaernbraensle. Huvudrapport fraan projekt SR-Site. Del II

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-07-01

    The purpose of the safety assessment SR-Site is to investigate whether a safe repository for spent nuclear fuel by KBS-3 type can be constructed at Forsmark in Oesthammar in Sweden. The location of the Forsmark has been selected based on results of several surveys from surface conditions at depth in Forsmark and in Laxemar in Oskarshamn. The choice of location is not justified in SR-Site Report, but in other attachments to SKB's permit applications. SR-Site Report is an important part of SKB's permit applications to construct and operate a repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark in Oesthammar. The purpose of the report in the applications is to show that a repository at Forsmark is safe after closure

  18. Presentation of safety after closure of the repository for spent nuclear fuel. Main report of the project SR-Site. Part III; Redovisning av saekerhet efter foerslutning av slutfoervaret foer anvaent kaernbraensle. Huvudrapport fraan projekt SR-Site. Del III

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2011-07-01

    The purpose of the safety assessment SR-Site is to investigate whether a safe repository for spent nuclear fuel by KBS-3 type can be constructed at Forsmark in Oesthammar in Sweden. The location of the Forsmark has been selected based on results of several surveys from surface conditions at depth in Forsmark and in Laxemar in Oskarshamn. The choice of location is not justified in SR-Site Report, but in other attachments to SKB's permit applications. SR-Site Report is an important part of SKB's permit applications to construct and operate a repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark in Oesthammar. The purpose of the report in the applications is to show that a repository at Forsmark is safe after closure

  19. Impact assessment of the impact on nature values of the construction and operation of the repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark; Konsekvensbedoemning av paaverkan paa naturvaerden av anlaeggande och drift av slutfoervar foer anvaent kaernbraensle i Forsmark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Allmer, Johan (Ekologigruppen AB, Stockholm (Sweden))

    2011-03-15

    Construction and operation of a repository at Soederviken in Forsmark, Oesthammar municipality means impact, effects and consequences for the environment. This report describes the natural conditions and natural values in Forsmark with particular focus on Soederviken. Furthermore, an assessment of consequences for the natural environment in the development and operation of a repository at Soederviken. Assessment of impacts from water activities are treated in a special report.

  20. Practical consequences of the Water Framework Directive implementation for combustion plants. New water cleaning technologies and methods for improvement of effluent discharges; Praktiska konsekvenser foer foerbraenningsanlaeggningar vid infoerandet av Vattendirektivet. Nya reningstekniker och foerbaettringsaatgaerder vid utslaepp till vatten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Axby, Fredrik; Hansson, Christina [Carl Bro Energikonsult AB, Malmoe (Sweden)

    2004-11-01

    As a consequence of the growing impact on water resources the Water Framework Directive was legislated in 2000. The directive should ensure that a 'good water status' and entail a coordinated legislation striving for a long-term protection of all water resources. Stakeholders should be able to participate in the preparations of river basin management plans and programs of measures. District based water authorities will administrate the implementation and are mandated to decide upon regional environmental quality standards and promulgate fees for water use and discharges. The Directive contains a list of 33 prioritized substances that should be reduced or phased out. Discharges from combustion plants contain twelve, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. PAH and heavy metals impacts growth and vital functions as respiration and photosynthesis of water living organisms and induces cancer in humans. NOEC-values (NO Effect Concentration) state manageable substance concentrations for an organism. Flue gas condensate contains concentrations of some of the substances which impact exceeds the critical state level. Extended sewage treatment could thus be needed. Sludge, wash and soot water contains elevated levels of heavy metals. This water is normally treated by municipal sewage treatment. Further treatment at plant site could be relevant. Presence of PAH and heavy metals in leach water depends on the precipitation. Additional flowing-independent water treatment could be relevant. It is very uncertain how plant owners will be affected. Licenses could be reviewed and standards could be raised for sensitive recipients; new limits for prioritized substances and standards for other types of discharges and water fees could be added. Respites could be given if costs exceed the benefits. Location, ecotoxicological risk assessments and precautionary measures could become more relevant in an EIA. Pricing of water could take place by using a system of emissions trading. Plant owners could make an impact by participating in development of environmental quality standards plans and programs by representation in public consultations and cooperative groups. Methods for improvement to meet the new standards are presented in the categories fuel, combustion, flue gas- and flue gas condensate treatment. The prioritized substances shouldn't be introduced or generated in the system to avoid costly investments of advanced technologies. Heavy metals are reduced by the choice of fuel and complete combustion generates less PAH. Both of the substances could be reduced by the separation of particles. An example of an appropriateness assessment according to a model considering the overall plant conditions including technological, economic and organizational aspects is demonstrated. For a 'standard plant' the best choice of fuel would be wood chips combined with stable combustion. Given the prerequisites of the model, the most appropriate flue gas treatment were a bag filter without chemical dosing and the most appropriate flue gas condensate-, slug-, wash-, and soot water treatment would be sand- or lamella filter with pH-adjustment, together with leach water treatment by sedimentation and sand filter. If another type of plant would be considered, other methods would be more optimal Hence, the model should be used in a 'plant specific' manner and then be a useful tool in negotiations with authorities if/when measures will be taken to reach the standards of the Water Framework Directive.

  1. Problems concerning food production, supply and use caused by radioactive deposition: A study directed towards needs for early decision making after radioactive fallout; Radiakproblem inom livsmedelssektorn: En studie inriktad paa behoven foer beslutsfattande i tidigt skede efter radioaktivt nedfall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bergman, R

    1995-12-01

    The primary aim of this study is to analyze and describe how a radioactive deposition after nuclear weapons employment outside Sweden would affect the domestic food production in a short time perspective and in the sequence of events from primary production over processing and transport to food consumption. The study is an attempt at a comprehensive treatment of knowledge needed as a basis for decisions on operative issues, often of a time-urgent nature. Actions to alleviate the problems pertinent to the food supply in the event of radioactive fallout are also discussed, although without any claim of exhaustive coverage. Other aspects, as the economical consequences of the disturbances due to the fallout situation (or of possible counteractions) are not dealt with, however. With certain restrictions mentioned in the text the results are also applicable in connection with radioactive deposition caused by accidental release from a nuclear power plant. 60 refs, 32 figs.

  2. Nuclear Energy, Geothermal Energy and the Environment. Reports to the Energy Commission's Expertgroup for Safety and Environment. Kaernenergi, geotermisk energi och miljoe. Underlagsrapporter till rapport om miljoeeffekter och risker vid utnyttjandet av energi fraan Expertgruppen foer saekerhet och miljoe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1978-01-01

    This volume contains reports on uranium mining, working conditions in the different stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, risks at storage of spent fuel elements, environmental impact of future reactor technology, effects of waste heat disposal and risks at geothermal energy extraction in Sweden. These reports have been use by the expert group to produce their final paper.

  3. Noise and noise disturbances from wind power plants - Tests with interactive control of sound parameters for more comfortable and less perceptible sounds; Buller och bullerstoerningar fraan vindkraftverk - Foersoek med interaktiv styrning av ljudparametrar foer behagligare och mindre maerkbara ljud

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Persson-Waye, K.; Oehrstroem, E.; Bjoerkman, M.; Agge, A. [Goeteborg Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Environmental Medicine

    2001-12-01

    In experimental pilot studies, a methodology has been worked out for interactively varying sound parameters in wind power plants. In the tests, 24 persons varied the center frequency of different band-widths, the frequency of a sinus-tone and the amplitude-modulation of a sinus-tone in order to create as comfortable a sound as possible. The variations build on the noise from the two wind turbines Bonus and Wind World. The variations were performed with a constant dba level. The results showed that the majority preferred a low-frequency tone (94 Hz and 115 Hz for Wind World and Bonus, respectively). The mean of the most comfortable amplitude-modulation varied between 18 and 22 Hz, depending on the ground frequency. The mean of the center-frequency for the different band-widths varied from 785 to 1104 Hz. In order to study the influence of the wind velocity on the acoustic character of the noise, a long-time measurement program has been performed. A remotely controlled system has been developed, where wind velocity, wind direction, temperature and humidity are registered simultaneously with the noise. Long-time registrations have been performed for four different wing turbines.

  4. Materials in Sweden for future production of fuel pellets. A review of possible materials in short- and medium long-term; Raavaror foer framtida tillverkning av braenslepellets i Sverige. En kartlaeggning av taenkbara alternativa raavaror paa kort och medellaang sikt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinsson, Lars [Swedish National Testing and Research Inst., Boraas (Sweden)

    2003-07-01

    The use of fuel pellets, mainly produced from sawdust and shavings from the Swedish sawmill industry, has increased during the 1990s among small-scale users such as private houses as well as large-scale users such as thermal power stations. During the last years this increase has continued for small-scale use. Due to a significant increase of the pellet prices the last couple of years the increase for the large-scale users seems to have stopped. It is reasonable to believe that these higher prices depend mostly on lack of raw materials for the fuel pellet production. The greater part of sawdust from Swedish saw mills is used in the pellet industry, the board industry or as an internal fuel. It is reasonable to assume a small increase of present raw material available for pellet production without a further decrease in the use for the board industry. Another sawmill by-product, dry chips, may increase in importance as a fuel pellet raw material and give a small contribution while the green chips should be for use in the pulp industry only. If the use of fuel pellets should increase there is a need for new raw materials. In the short-term, thinning material and cull tree could be alternatives that could give pellets with similar characteristics as present fuel pellets. For large-scale consumers with greater ability to handle problems concerning ash, such as sintering and fouling, as well as particle and gaseous emissions a further choice of raw materials could be possible, such as bark, peat and logging residues. In the longer term energy crops could be used as well as lignin, derived from energy effective pulp industry and from possible large-scale production of ethanol from woody biomass. Nearly all of the different raw materials studied in this review have higher amounts of substances not desirable in combustion such as potassium, chlorine and nitrogen. However, pelletizing gives an unique opportunity to mix different raw materials and possible additives in order to obtain a fuel more optimized than the raw materials on there own.

  5. Site selection for disposal of nuclear waste - on what grounds? A report from hearings at the Council June 4-5 2008; Platsval foer slutfoervar av kaernavfall - paa vilka grunder? En rapport fraan kaernavfallsraadets utfraaning den 4-5 juni 2008

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    2009-07-01

    As part of the Nuclear Waste Council's own knowledge-building on site selection, the Council organized a hearing on the what grounds site selection will be made. The public hearing, had several objectives: to contribute to knowledge building on site selection for Nuclear Waste Council and other actors, to contribute to an improved basis for site selection by clarifying the factors and values of importance, to clarify the different actors' expectations SKB's future accounting, to highlight how to deal with different aspects (safety, geological, environmental, infrastructural, socio-economic and democratic) instruments for site selection, and to identify operators of critical issues. The report is divided into the following sections: The Government's View on the upcoming Site Selection; the Site Selection Process, The View of the Local Communities on the Site Selection; the Current Status of the Selection Process, SKB's plans, the Site-Selection Factors; he Authorities' perspective; the Environmental Organizations perspective; Reflections of the Council on the Hearings; Discussion and Analysis of Key Issues related to Groundwater Flow, Final Discussion

  6. Optimizing reed canary grass cropping to increase profitability. Field studies of plant varieties, intercropping with legumes and barley, fertilization and soil compaction; Optimering av odlingsaatgaerder i roerflen foer oekad loensamhet. Faeltstudier av sorter, samodling med baljvaexter och korn, goedsling samt markpackning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Palmborg, Cecilia; Lindvall, Eva (Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Umeaa (Sweden). Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden)

    2010-05-15

    Reed Canary Grass is a promising crop for biofuel production. For reed canary grass the first year is an establishment year when the small biomass is not harvested. The second year the biomass is usually cut in late autumn but the harvest (removal of the biomass from the field) is delayed until spring. This technique has resulted in lower costs and increases in fuel quality through lower ash contents, including lower contents of chlorine, sodium and potassium. However costs for production are still high, especially establishment costs, fertilization costs and harvesting costs. The aim of this project was to test ways to cut costs per MWh by increased yields, and decreased establishment costs. The methods used have been variety trials to develop more productive plant material, intercropping with nitrogen fixing legumes to reduce the nitrogen demand of the crop, fertilization with waste material (sewage sludge, reed canary grass ash or poultry manure) and harvest at frozen ground as a strategy to reduce soil compaction and harvest damages on the crop. Reed canary grass grown as a fuel has so far been grown as a mono culture. However, when it is been grown for forage, or as a biogas crop, intercropping with legumes has been successful in some studies. In addition to NPK-fertilizers sewage sludge, ash from combustion of reed canary grass and poultry manure was used. An economic calculation showed that the establishment costs (the first two growing seasons) can be lowered by intercropping with red clover. However it is also involves more risks, related to weeds, and cannot be recommended on fallow soil with a large seed bank of weeds. A ten year old reed canary grass ley was used for the experiment. Two 25 m wide strips were harvested with a mower on November 19 2008 when the top soil was frozen. The harvested material was chopped and removed from the field the following day. The following spring, May 19 2009, the remaining reed canary grass on the field was cut with a mower and harvested with a square baler weighing 7.5 tons. There were no measurable advantages on biomass growth or soil compaction after late autumn harvest compared to spring harvest, and the method cannot be recommended to sustain high reed canary grass harvests

  7. Environmental impacts from the EPSPEX-system. Part 2: Conventional Twinpipes or EPSPEX for District Heat Distribution - Which is best from an Environmental Standpoint?; Miljoebelastning fraan EPSPEX-systemet. Del 2: Konventionella Twinroer eller EPSPEX foer Fjaerrvaermedistribution - Vad aer baest ur Miljoesynpunkt?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Johansson, Kristin; Olsson, A. Maria; Froeling, Morgan [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden). Dept. of Chemical Environmental Science

    2005-07-15

    In this study the life-cycle environmental impacts from an EPSPEX system for distribution of district heat (a four-pipe system with centrally generated hot tap water) are compared with the environmental impacts of a twin-pipe system with steel media pipes, if installed in the same area. A life cycle assessment of the EPSPEX system constructed in Vraaen, Vaernamo, Sweden, has been reported in FVF-FOU--2005-20. In that study the question was raised of how the EPSPEX system compares with a conventional twin-pipe system with polyurethane-insulated steel media pipes. In the present study the EPSPEX system in Vraaen is compared with a hypothetical construction of a conventional twin pipe system in the same area. Two different fuel mixes for district heat generation have been studied to increase the understanding of the environmental performance of district heat distribution systems; the fuel mix used in Vraaen (heat delivered from Vaernamo Energi) and Swedish average district heat. How media pipes from the two different materials (PEX and steel) compare is discussed in a separate part. There are technical differences that must be kept in mind when the systems are compared in this way. The EPSPEX system is designed for low-pressure district heat systems and could only be used in such context. It is unadvisable to install the EPSPEX system below the ground water table; this is not a restriction for the twin pipe system. Under the conditions of this study the environmental performance of the EPSPEX system is better than the twin pipe system. The heat loss from the EPSPEX system is approximately 60% of the heat loss for a comparable twin pipe system. This is caused by a combination of thick insulation for the EPSPEX system and the possibility to summertime shut down the district heating circuit for this system and only use the hot tap-water circuit. Note, however, that the heat loss from the EPSPEX system is more uncertain compared to the twin-pipe system. From the characterization methods used, the production of the EPSPEX system gives a higher environmental impact compared to the twin pipe system. This heavily depends on the large amount of insulating material used. However, the environmental impacts from production of the insulation are more then outweighed by the emissions avoided from heat generation due to lower heat loss. District heating sub centrals generates a notable part of the total environmental impact when using the weighing method EPS2000. Note that sub centrals are not technically necessary in low-pressure district heat systems, as the EPSPEX system. The comparison between different fuel mixes for heat generation indicates clearly that the heat generation is an important parameter for environmental performance for all district heating. It is further indicated that also biofuels must be used with sensible and environmentally friendly methods. The media pipes of PEX seem to give lower environmental impacts compared with media pipes of steel. However, the results differ between assessment methods used.

  8. Business perspectives on 'Joint Implementation': A study of conditions for Swedish company participation in Joint Implementation under the Kyoto Protocol; Foeretagsperspektiv paa 'Joint Implementation'. En studie av foerutsaettningar foer svenska foeretags deltagande i Gemensamt genomfoerande under Kyotoprotokollet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Burstroem von Malmborg, Fredrik [Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm (Sweden); Borgstroem, Truls; Dethlefsen, Ulrika; Kling, Aasa [Vattenfall AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2002-12-01

    At present, suggestions as for how a JI system would be designed and implemented are being worked out on a national level in Sweden and other countries. An important question in international and national climate policy and thus in work related to JI is how to engage companies. In order to make companies interested in investing and participating in JI, the mechanisms must be compatible with the ways in which companies work. Hence, knowledge and concern of conditions for those who are supposed to implement the politics in practice would be a key issue for the institutions that shape climate policy and JI systems. Given this background and the present situation regarding JI, this report aims at providing a business perspective on the prerequisites for implementing JI in Sweden. The main question addressed in the report is: What would make Swedish companies participate in JI projects? The study underlying this report covered three workshops where representatives of in all 15 Swedish companies from different industry sectors, by working in group, determined and discussed opportunities and obstacles for participation of companies in JI as well as concrete measures as for enabling such participation. From the empirical data collected we have found that Swedish companies, if not directly opposed to JI, play a waiting game at present regarding investments and participation in specific JI projects. According to the data, companies would invest and participate in JI projects if and only if it is found to be the most competitive of different alternatives for the company to meet its carbon dioxide emission restrictions or a profitable project. The former condition applies for companies with considerable CO{sub 2} emissions, the latter for companies with low or no such emissions. However, JI is currently perceived of as risky and associated with large uncertainties. The perceived uncertainties associated with JI participation are mainly related to indistinct and ambiguous messages in the Swedish national climate policy. In addition could be mentioned ambiguities whether the Swedish state is interested in JI from a climate policy perspective or rather from technology export and development aid perspectives. Except for some Swedish state authorities, hardly any actor tells that companies could participate in JI. In a situation like the present, where no strong policy coalitions in the organisation fields of companies speak clearly in favour of JI, it appears to be a legitimate and strategically sound behaviour of Swedish companies to adopt a wait-and-see policy regarding JI. The level of knowledge about JI is relatively low in most companies today, and there is limited preparedness internally in most companies as for how to manage a JI project. There are also uncertainties concerning the external organisation of a JI project. What kinds of contacts and agreements with actors in the country where the project will be carried out will be required? The transaction specific investments of a JI project, e.g. costs for raising the internal competence and for creating and maintaining necessary contacts, may show to be very high. Analysing the empirical data in a framework of transaction cost theory indicates that JI is a less favourable alternative than internal measures for reducing emissions of CO{sub 2} and other greenhouse gases, at least at present. Regarding the creation of JI rules, the participating companies put forward a number of concrete suggestions. Among other things can be mentioned that companies that produce and provide emission reducing technology may consider participation in JI provided that their specific products are used in the JI project and that they are allowed to take part in the project from an early planning stage. Regarding companies with CO{sub 2} emissions, they only consider investments in projects within their industry branch. For companies acting on an international competitive market this implies that they are interested only in investing in JI projects in own industrial plants in the host country, if they have any. A corresponding restriction on participation in JI projects were not found in other CO{sub 2} emitting companies, e.g. energy companies, who act on more local markets although they active in many countries. Representatives of all companies and branches covered in our study asserted that their companies would only invest and participate in JI projects in countries where they are already working. However, countries that are prioritised in the effort to meet framework agreements between Sweden and potential host countries for Swedish JI projects are of low priority according to these companies. It should also be mentioned that many companies see a problem in JI-projects being exclusively focused upon climate issues when it comes to crediting. (abstract truncated)

  9. Long term effects on water streams of wood ash recycling to a forest plantation; Laangtidsverkan paa avrinnande vatten av askaaterfoering till plantskog. Slutrapport foer en delstudie inom det av Energimyndigheten finansierade projektet 'Skogliga aatgaerder - effekter paa kol-, naering- och tungmetallfloeden'

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eriksson, Hillevi; Nilsson, Torbjoern [Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (Sweden). Dept. of Forest Soils

    2001-12-01

    The chemical composition of runoff from a wood ash fertilized catchment in central Sweden have been studied during eight years after the treatment. The effects of the ash treatment was compared with a 12ayear long reference period and a reference catchment close to the ash treated catchment. The ash treated area was earlier (winter 1980/81) whole-tree-harvested to 90 %. At the same time the reference area was stemwood harvested on 60 % of the area. Both areas were planted with spruce and pine. Granulated ash was spread on the whole-tree-harvested area, by helicopter, on two occasions (1aton per hectare in May 1989 and 2 tonnes per hectare in October 1991). During the first ash application a marked peak in K concentration was observed. The second ash application caused a high peak in K concentration. Short-lived peaks was also observed for pH, electric conductivity, ANC, Mg, Na and Cl. Significant increases of pH, electric conductivity, Ca, K and Cl was observed in runoff water from the ash treated area during the 8-year-period after the last ash spreading. However, during the same period concentrations of NH4-N, N03-N and total N have shown a relative decrease in runoff water from the ash treated area, compared to the reference area.

  10. Solutions for future pellet burning technologies - Pellet systems with active control with combined CO/O2 sensors - Pellet system with energy measuring and monitoring; Loesningar foer framtidens pelletsteknik - Pelletssystem med aktiv styrning med CO/O2-sensorer - Pelletssystem med energimaetning och fjaerroevervakning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paulrud, Susanne; Ryde, Daniel; Roennbaeck, Marie

    2011-07-01

    To meet the consumer demands and the upcoming environmental regulations for the future Swedish heating system, development and improvement of the existing methods for combustion of fuel pellets are urged. In this study, two potential concepts - to be considered as important for the continued state-of-the-art improvement - for monitoring of the combustion process, have been demonstrated and evaluated. Within the project, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden has, in co-operation with SenSiC, tested a new type of combined CO/O2 sensor. The sensor has been adapted to real combustion environment in a Jan Fire furnace, to which its control capacity has been verified. Moreover, a system for measuring the use of energy, EnergySaver, has, in co-operation with Effecta, been tested in a field study at the premises of a fuel pellet consumer. The SenSiC combined CO/O2 sensor has during the study progressively been developed and the resulting conclusion states that the product version FEI300-2 now is ready for further tests and market introduction. The trials show that the sensor reacts to an increase in emission levels, where after it manages to control the combustion process back to optimal level. The field study of the Effecta Energy Saver system shows that it, to a large part, is ready for commercial introduction. According to the fuel pellet consumer, the Effecta system increases the interest/awareness of energy saving.

  11. Radioactive waste from non-licensed activities - identification of waste, compilation of principles and guidance, and proposed system for final management; Radioaktivt avfall fraan icke tillstaandsbunden verksamhet (RAKET) - identifiering av aktuellt avfall, sammanstaellning av relevanta regler och principer, foerslag paa system foer omhaendertagande

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jones, C.; Pers, K. [Kemakta Konsult AB, Stockholm (Sweden)

    2001-07-01

    Presently national guidelines for the handling of radioactive waste from non-licensed activities are lacking in Sweden. Results and information presented in this report are intended to form a part of the basis for decisions on further work within the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute on regulations or other guidelines on final management and final disposal of this type of waste. An inventory of radioactive waste from non-licensed activities is presented in the report. In addition, existing rules and principles used in Sweden - and internationally - on the handling of radioactive and toxic waste and non-radioactive material are summarized. Based on these rules and principles a system is suggested for the final management of radioactive material from non-licensed activities. A model is shown for the estimation of dose as a consequence of leaching of radio-nuclides from different deposits. The model is applied on different types of waste, e.g. peat ashes, light concrete and low-level waste from a nuclear installation.

  12. Particle dispersion at road building using fly ash - model review, investigation of influence of humidity content for dust emission and fly ash particle characterisation; Partikelspriding vid byggnation av vaeg med aska - modelloeversikt, undersoekning av fuktighetsgradens betydelse foer damning och karaktaerisering av partiklar fraan flygaska

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gustafsson, Mats; Wik, Ola; Frogner-Kockum, Paul

    2009-03-15

    Ashes from incineration may have very good properties, such as building materials in roads. This use assumes that the ashes do not have serious environmental and health effects. Since ash might generate large amounts of dust in handling the issue on the extent of dusting and dust properties has proved to be important to assess the risks of environmental impacts during use. Inhalable particles in the ambient air are a problem that has attracted much attention and is regarded as one of the most serious health related air pollutants. The present project has aimed to: describe appropriate models for calculating the emission and dispersion of dust in the air during the construction of ash containing roads, evaluate a new method to examine the importance of moisture for dusting from fly ash and investigate the properties of fly ash, making it possible to identify ash in samples of airborne particles. The target audience is ash manufacturers, contractors and consultants with a need for knowledge of ash dusting. Project modules have included: a literature review to identify appropriate modelling tools to describe the emission and dispersion of dust from road building with ash a method study in which a piece of equipment called Duster, have been evaluated for assessing the significance of the ash humidity to dusting, and an electron microscope study where morphology and composition of some ashes, cement and Merit have been studied to find ways to identify ash particles in dust samples. The results show that there is a lack of overall model tools that can describe the emissions from all the management operations of ashes at road building and that existing models sometimes lack key variables. Also, because of high silt content of ashes, some models are deemed inferior compared to when used for ordinary mineral material. Furthermore, attempts with the Duster shows that the method works, but with limited precision, and that dusting from the ash samples was reduced significantly at moisture contents above about 15%. The particle characterization study showed that ash specific chemical signal elements are preferred in the characterization. Important signal elements of ash can be S, Hg, Cd, and the ratio Mg/Al, but elements most appropriate might vary between specific types of ash and applications. The project has brought new knowledge about the possibilities to characterize ash particles and on the moisture needed to avoid dusting from ash. A method to try dusting from ash surfaces has been evaluated in laboratory and the project has also shown available, but in some respects inadequate, models for emission and dispersion of dust from handling of ash

  13. Regional Focus on Small-scale wind power (<50kW) in southeastern Sweden within the Network for wind farms. Final Report, Project No. 31852-1. ; Regional Satsning paa Smaaskalig vindkraft (<50kW) i sydoestra Sverige inom Naetverket foer vindbruk. Slutrapport, projekt nr 31852-1.

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tyrberg, Lennart (ed.)

    2011-07-01

    Energy Agency for Southeast Sweden AB, the Swedish Network for wind farming and the EU project RuralRES have collaborated in this project. The project has resulted in a competence buildup and dissemination of small-scale wind power knowledge. The project has, among other things documented good practices and performs feasibility studies for establishment of small scale wind power. This work has led to an understanding of preconditions for a successful investment in small-scale wind power. The dissemination of this knowledge here in the region, in other parts of Sweden and to other partners in the EU project has contributed to a more realistic level of expectations on small-scale wind power, something that is very important for the industry's continued development. A good wind location is the most important prerequisite for a successful wind power project; this applies to small as well as large-scale wind power. Availability of reliable wind turbines with good performance is important for the development of the industry. Further, it should be reasonably easy to get building permits and permits for electricity connection. The growth might be stimulated by the introduction of net charging and an adaptation of the electricity certificate system for small producers.

  14. Methods to use biomass, consisting of peat and wood material, to extract fiber substance to be used to make paper pulp and a fuel product. Saett att ur biomassa, bestaaende av torv och vedmatarial, utvinna en foer tillverkning av en pappersmassaprodukt laemplig fibermassa samt en braensleprodukt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lindahl, J A.I.

    1985-12-16

    Peat cut from the upper layers is used to make paper pulp of low density. The wood material of the peat is mechanically separated three times. The result is a pulp of peat fibres and wood fibres and dewatered colloidal peat to be used as a fuel. (M.B).

  15. SSI's review of the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co's (SKB) report on large-scale groundwater flow modelling for eastern Smaaland in Sweden (SKB Report 06-64); SSI:s granskning av SKB:s storregionala grundvattenmodellering foer oestra Smaaland (SKB Rapport 06-64)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dverstorp, Bjorrn

    2007-09-15

    This report presents SSI's review of the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co's (SKB) report (SKB Report 06-64) on large-scale groundwater flow modelling for eastern Smaaland in Sweden. SSI review is supported by two external review documents (included as appendices). SSI's review is part of a government decided consultation process on SKB's site investigations aimed at finding a suitable site for a spent nuclear fuel repository. SSI considers that SKB has presented a comprehensive study that contributes to the scientific understanding of how different factors influence the regional groundwater flow pattern. However, in SSI's opinion, SKB's evaluation of the modelling results is not complete enough to support SKB's conclusion that super regional flow conditions can be dismissed as a siting factor. SSI therefore recommends SKB to supplement their study in that respect and also to discuss the implications of identified differences in radionuclide travel times and migration distances on the overall assessment of the repository's longterm protective capability. SSI also recommends SKB to revisit some of their modelling assumptions to ensure that the model is set up in a way that does not block out large groundwater circulation cells. SSI's recommendations in this review should be regarded as guidance to SKB. SSI will make a formal assessment of how SKB has taken into account different siting factors, in connection with the review of SKB's license application to be submitted in 2009.

  16. Review of cost estimates and the calculation of the 2014 Act (1988:1597) on the financing of the management of certain radioactive waste, etc. ; Granskning av kostnadsberaekningar och beraekning av avgift foer 2014 enligt lagen (1988:1597) om finansiering av hanteringen av visst radioaktivt avfall m.m.

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lindskog, Staffan; Engqvist, Stefan; Eliasson, John; Siegers, Andrea; Millner, Anna

    2013-08-15

    Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) has based on the licensee's submitted cost estimates for 2013 and SSM cost-adjustments to those rates calculated under the Act (1988:1597) on the financing of the management of certain radioactive waste, etc. (Studsvik Act) to 0.12 SEK per kWh delivered nuclear electricity for the period 2014 to 2017. The fee calculation has not taken into account the remaining uncertainties in the data. SSM's calculations show that the net present value for measures under Studsvik Act amounts to 1743 million Swedish kronor. This amount is in turn composed of two subtotals. The first installment amounting to 1512 million Swedish kronor and indicates the present value of the costs that have been submitted by the licensee in their cost estimates for 2013. The second partial sum represents the present value of the adjusted cost of 231 million Swedish kronor that SSM chosen to add to the submitted cost estimates.

  17. Inventory of future power and heat production technologies. Partial report Gasification with gas turbine/engine for power plants; Incl. English lang. appendix of 24 p. titled 'Status of large-scale biomass gasification for power production'; Inventering av framtidens el och vaermeproduktionstekniker. Delrapport Foergasning med gasturbin/motor foer kraftvaerk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Waldheim, Lars; Larsson, Eva K [TPS Termiska Processer, Nykoeping (Sweden)

    2008-12-15

    This subproject is limited to applications with gas turbines or engines from approximately 1 MWe and firing of gas in a boiler either as indirect cofiring or as separate firing of gas from waste gasification. Gasification with gas engine, BIG-ICE (Biomass Integrated Gasification Internal-Combustion Engine) is realized in approximately 10 plants in Europe between 1 and 7 MWe. The gas needs to be cleaned from particles and tar before it is fed to the engine. A number of different gasifiers and gas cleaning technologies are applied in these prototypes, and in certain cases a second generation is being built. Gas engines from GE Jenbacher are most common, but there are also other producers with engines for low-calorific-value gas. The exhausts from engines must, unlike gas turbines, be cleaned catalytically, but emissions of hydrocarbons in particular are still higher than from gas turbines. It is possible to increase the electricity generation by applying a 'bottoming cycle' in the form of a steam or an ORC cycle. Such a plant with ORC has been started in Austria this year. During the 1990's expectations were high concerning the development of biomass gasification with gas turbine in a combined cycle BIG-CC (Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) towards commercialisation. Two demonstration plants were built for the same gas turbine model, Siemens SGT 100 (earlier Typhoon); Vaernamo with pressurised gasification and ARBRE in Eggborough, England, with atmospheric gasification. The atmospheric technology has basically the same demands on gas cleaning as in the engine application, but downstream the gas is compressed to the pressure required by the gas turbine. In pressurised gasification, the gasifier pressure is set by the gas turbine. The gas is not cooled below 350-400 deg C and is cleaned in a high-temperature filter. Despite successful demonstration in Vaernamo, no more plants have been built. The ARBRE plant was never put into regular operation because of contract problems and a number of projects in Holland, Italy and Brazil never got to a construction phase. Indirect co-firing has been realised in a few plants where a CFB gasifier is combined with some cooling and cyclone particle removal. If gas cleaning before firing can be achieved, the technology is believed to have a bigger potential. That would mean that waste fuel or other fuels with high chlorine content can be used, and also that the treated gas can be used in an incineration plant without limiting the superheater temperature to the low levels, in relation to power plant boilers, that is used in waste boilers. This means that both the efficiency to electricity and the ratio between electricity and heat production can be increased, in relation to waste incineration. Improvements in performance during the time period in question require that initiatives are taken and that e.g. gas turbine manufacturers participate actively. The probability for this development is more difficult to assess. For BIG-ICE, the technology is assessed to reach 35-40 % electricity efficiency at the end of the period, i.e. 2025-2030, and the investment cost for bigger plants can be just below that of comparable conventional steam plants, perhaps 3 000 Euro/kWe for a complete plant. Completely commercial technology can be expected at the beginning of the 2020's. For BIG-CC the corresponding assessment is 45-50 % and 2500-3000 Euro/kWe. The route to commercial technology is longer in this case and plants on near commercial conditions cannot be expected until the end of the 2020's. For indirect co-firing it is a fact that lime kiln gasifiers and the gasifiers in Lahti, Ruien and Getruidenberg, without extensive gas cleaning, are in a commercial scale and that years of operation experiences already have been earned, also with waste fuels. The energy conversion to electricity uses existing infrastructure and therefore the adoption requirements are very limited. What remains to be demonstrated is that more extensive gas cleaning will work. MaelarEnergi plans to build a large was te gasification plant including gas cleaning that will be taken into operation in 2011. When the gas cleaning technology has been demonstrated and further improved, standalone plants realising firing of clean gas, and no or very little flue gas cleaning, can be introduced during the first half of the 2020's and see a breakthrough during the second half. The cost of such a plant has been estimated to just over 3000 Euro/kWe, including gas firing and power generation. This cost level is very attractive compared to new waste boilers. The same is true for indirect cofiring, where the cost, however, varies more depending on the existing boiler

  18. Inventory of future power and heat production technologies. Partial report Gasification with gas turbine/engine for power plants; Incl. English lang. appendix of 24 p. titled 'Status of large-scale biomass gasification for power production'; Inventering av framtidens el och vaermeproduktionstekniker. Delrapport Foergasning med gasturbin/motor foer kraftvaerk

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Waldheim, Lars; Larsson, Eva K. (TPS Termiska Processer, Nykoeping (Sweden))

    2008-12-15

    This subproject is limited to applications with gas turbines or engines from approximately 1 MWe and firing of gas in a boiler either as indirect cofiring or as separate firing of gas from waste gasification. Gasification with gas engine, BIG-ICE (Biomass Integrated Gasification Internal-Combustion Engine) is realized in approximately 10 plants in Europe between 1 and 7 MWe. The gas needs to be cleaned from particles and tar before it is fed to the engine. A number of different gasifiers and gas cleaning technologies are applied in these prototypes, and in certain cases a second generation is being built. Gas engines from GE Jenbacher are most common, but there are also other producers with engines for low-calorific-value gas. The exhausts from engines must, unlike gas turbines, be cleaned catalytically, but emissions of hydrocarbons in particular are still higher than from gas turbines. It is possible to increase the electricity generation by applying a 'bottoming cycle' in the form of a steam or an ORC cycle. Such a plant with ORC has been started in Austria this year. During the 1990's expectations were high concerning the development of biomass gasification with gas turbine in a combined cycle BIG-CC (Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) towards commercialisation. Two demonstration plants were built for the same gas turbine model, Siemens SGT 100 (earlier Typhoon); Vaernamo with pressurised gasification and ARBRE in Eggborough, England, with atmospheric gasification. The atmospheric technology has basically the same demands on gas cleaning as in the engine application, but downstream the gas is compressed to the pressure required by the gas turbine. In pressurised gasification, the gasifier pressure is set by the gas turbine. The gas is not cooled below 350-400 deg C and is cleaned in a high-temperature filter. Despite successful demonstration in Vaernamo, no more plants have been built. The ARBRE plant was never put into regular operation because of contract problems and a number of projects in Holland, Italy and Brazil never got to a construction phase. Indirect co-firing has been realised in a few plants where a CFB gasifier is combined with some cooling and cyclone particle removal. If gas cleaning before firing can be achieved, the technology is believed to have a bigger potential. That would mean that waste fuel or other fuels with high chlorine content can be used, and also that the treated gas can be used in an incineration plant without limiting the superheater temperature to the low levels, in relation to power plant boilers, that is used in waste boilers. This means that both the efficiency to electricity and the ratio between electricity and heat production can be increased, in relation to waste incineration. Improvements in performance during the time period in question require that initiatives are taken and that e.g. gas turbine manufacturers participate actively. The probability for this development is more difficult to assess. For BIG-ICE, the technology is assessed to reach 35-40 % electricity efficiency at the end of the period, i.e. 2025-2030, and the investment cost for bigger plants can be just below that of comparable conventional steam plants, perhaps 3 000 Euro/kWe for a complete plant. Completely commercial technology can be expected at the beginning of the 2020's. For BIG-CC the corresponding assessment is 45-50 % and 2500-3000 Euro/kWe. The route to commercial technology is longer in this case and plants on near commercial conditions cannot be expected until the end of the 2020's. For indirect co-firing it is a fact that lime kiln gasifiers and the gasifiers in Lahti, Ruien and Getruidenberg, without extensive gas cleaning, are in a commercial scale and that years of operation experiences already have been earned, also with waste fuels. The energy conversion to electricity uses existing infrastructure and therefore the adoption requirements are very limited. What remains to be demonstrated is that more extensive gas cleaning will work. MaelarEnergi plans to build a large was te gasification plant including gas cleaning that will be taken into operation in 2011. When the gas cleaning technology has been demonstrated and further improved, standalone plants realising firing of clean gas, and no or very little flue gas cleaning, can be introduced during the first half of the 2020's and see a breakthrough during the second half. The cost of such a plant has been estimated to just over 3000 Euro/kWe, including gas firing and power generation. This cost level is very attractive compared to new waste boilers. The same is true for indirect cofiring, where the cost, however, varies more depending on the existing boiler

  19. A systems study of the future waste management system in Boraas. Part of the project: 'Thermal and biological waste treatment in a systems perspective'; Systemstudie Avfall - Boraas: En systemstudie foer den framtida avfallsbehandlingen i Boraas. Ett delprojekt inom projektet 'Termisk och biologisk avfallsbehandling i ett systemperspektiv'

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bisaillon, Mattias; Haraldsson, Maarten; Sundberg, Johan; Norrman Eriksson, Ola

    2010-07-01

    The purpose of this project (A systems study of the future waste management system in Boraas) is to evaluate, from a systems perspective, new and improved waste treatment technologies. The study is focused on the waste management system and the district heating system of Boraas. In order to make the analysis complete, the project has also included analyses of surrounding systems that interact with Boraas waste management and district heating systems. The study evaluates the situation in 2015, i.e. a situation only a few years from today. Therefore we have chosen to perform the analysis with one external scenario and 12 development paths (divided into Analyses 1-5). The external scenario describes the development of the surrounding systems through factors that are important for the waste management and district heating systems in Boraas (e.g. electricity price, waste generation, and price of tradable emissions permits for CO{sub 2}). A development path (or local scenario) means changes of the current waste management and/or district heating systems in Boraas and consists of a set of technologies (e.g. anaerobic digestion, central separation and gasification) that are used to fulfil the demand for waste treatment and district heating. The development in the surrounding systems (described by the external scenario) cannot be influenced by the decision-makers in Boraas. The development paths describe possible changes of the waste management and district heating systems that decision-makers in Boraas can choose to implement

  20. Effects of biomass removal from forests on soil acidification, nutrient balances and tree growth - Upscaling based on experimental data and model calculations as a base for mapping the need for ash recycling; Effekter av skogsbraensleuttag paa markfoersurning, naeringsbalanser och tillvaext - Uppskalning baserat paa experimentella data och modellberaekningar som grund foer kartlaeggning av behov av askaaterfoering

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hellsten, Sofie; Akselsson, Cecilia; Olsson, Bengt; Belyazid, Salim; Zetterberg, Therese

    2008-12-15

    Increased biomass removal from forests has become more important as the demand for renewable energy has increased due to climate change. Stump removal, in addition to wholetree harvesting, is now considered in Sweden. However, increased biomass removal may affect the nutrient balances in forest soils causing nutrient depletion and increased acidification . It is therefore important to improve the understanding of the effects of different levels of biomass removal and to assess the need for liming. In this study, the effect of different levels of biomass removal regarding nutrient balances (N, P, Ca, Mg, K and Na), acidification and tree growth has been assessed in three ways; i) assessing the effect of wholetree harvesting from three site experiments, ii) calculations of nutrient balances in forest soils applying a nutrient mass balance model, and iii) dynamic modelling. Three different biomass scenarios have been assessed; stem harvesting, wholetree harvesting, and stump removal. It is important to develop and refine the calculation for stumps, and to develop realistic forestry scenarios for removal of stem, wholetree and stumps. i) Three site experiments : The experiments showed that biomass is reduced by about 15 % at the time of the first thinning following wholetree harvesting. Furthermore, the concentrations of nutrients in the trees are reduced by up to 10 % after wholetree harvesting. The studies also showed that base saturation in the organic layer and in the upper part of the mineral soil was reduced, often between 10 and 30 %, 15 and 26 years after the wholetree harvesting. It was also possible to find a relation between the C/N-ratio in the humus layer and the nitrogen content in the needles. ii) Mass balance calculation: This study shows that there is a great potential to use nutrient mass balance calculations and calculations of excess acidity to assess the rate of depletion for base cations and the need for liming. The mass balance calculation showed losses of Ca and Mg in practically all of Sweden, for stem-, wholetree harvesting and stump removal. These losses were not as significant for K. Increased biomass removal may lead to depletion of P in forest soils in all of Sweden. The calculation also showed that nitrogen accumulates in forest soil at stem harvesting, particularly in the south of Sweden. However, if the biomass removal increases (wholetree harvesting and stump removal), there is a risk of nitrogen depletion in the north, which may result in reduced tree growth. A calculated value for excess acidity was compared with the pool of exchangeable base cations in the root zone of the soil and showed that there are large areas in Sweden where the pool of base cations is depleted rather quickly both in pine and spruce forests. The rate of depletion is significantly quicker in spruce forest and increases with increased biomass removal. These areas may therefore be considered for liming. A sensitivity analysis, testing different levels of nutrient concentrations in trees as input to the mass balance calculation, showed that uncertainties in the nutrient concentrations result in uncertainties in the calculated result with wholetree harvesting, particularly for N, Ca and K. iii) Dynamic modelling: The results of the dynamic modelling was in agreement with the site experiments, regarding decreased base saturation in the organic layer. Furthermore, the dynamic modelling showed that this reduction was still evident at the second harvest, hence indicating that this effect is long lasting. The dynamic modelling showed small or no effects on stem biomass at harvesting where wholetree harvesting had been carried out at the previous harvest occasion. Further work with dynamic modelling (more sites, more scenarios and more forest rotations) can increase the understanding for wholetree harvesting even further

  1. What became of the spruce planted on farmland? Survival, damage, quality, yield and economy in commercial plantations established in six counties in the south and middle of Sweden during 1968-73; Hur har det gaatt foer aakermarksgranen? Oeverlevnad, skador, kvalitet, tillvaext och ekonomi i praktiska planteringar anlagda under aaren 1968-73 i sex laen i soedra och mellersta Sverige

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Malmqvist, Cecilia

    1997-12-31

    Different types of damage, branch quality, survival and yield were studied in 74 randomly chosen commercial plantations of Norway spruce on abandoned farmland. Economic calculations were made to supplement the results of the inventory. The stands, situated in south and middle of Sweden, were planted between 1968 and 1973. Survival in the stands had a wide range as well as yield. Frequency of damage was generally high, the most common types being spike knots and concentration of branches, but frost injuries, stem cracks, damage on the crown and stem, etc. were noted as well. The yield in economic terms is uncertain, except for the stands that grew fastest With 5 page summary in English. 59 refs, 28 figs, 18 tabs

  2. Long-time effects of run-off water from ash recycling to a planted forest. Final report for a partial study in the project 'Forestry measures - effects on carbon-, nutrients and heavy metal flows' financed by the Swedish Energy Agency; Laangtidsverkan paa avrinnande vatten av askaaterfoering till plantskog. Slutrapport foer en delstudie inom det av Energimyndigheten finansierade projektet 'Skogliga aatgaerder - effekter paa kol-, naering och tungmetalIfloeden'

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nilsson, Torbjoern; Eriksson, Hillevi

    2001-06-01

    The chemical composition of runoff from a wood ash fertilized catchment in central Sweden has been studied during eight years after the treatment. The effects of the ash treatment was compared with a 12 year long reference period and a reference catchment close to the ash treated area was earlier (winter 1980/81) whole-tree-harvested to 90 %. At the same time the reference area was stemwood harvested on 60 % of the area. Both areas were planted with spruce and pine. Granulated ash was spread on the whole-tree-harvested area, by helicopter, on two occasions (1 ton per hectare in May 1989 and 2 tonnes per hectare in October 1991). During the first ash application a marked peak in K concentration was observed. The second ash application caused a high peak in K concentration. Short-lived peaks was also observed for pH, electric conductivity, ANC, Mg, Na and Cl. Significant increases of pH, electric conductivity, Ca, K and Cl was observed in runoff water from the ash treated area during the 8-year-period after the last ash spreading. However, during the same period concentrations of NH{sub 4}-N, NO{sub 3}-N and total N have shown a relative decrease in runoff water from the ash treated area, compared to the reference area.