DEL PENSAMIENTO FILOSÓFICO SOBRE LAS LIBERTADESA LA COACCIÓN Y CONDICIONAMIENTO DE LAS LIBERTADESY DERECHOS POLÍTICOS: CASO VENEZUELA

OpenAIRE

Carol, Herrera

2016-01-01

El catálogo de derechos sociales, civiles y políticos en Venezuela ha estado signado por la progresividad, desde las disposiciones filosóficas planteadas en el Supremo Congreso de Venezuela del año 1811. Con base en el pensamiento filosófico sobre las libertades se analizan los antecedentes de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1999 y los principios filosóficos, sociales e históricos que determinaron la"Democracia participativa y protagónica" y"Estado social de derecho y justicia" presente...

Mochima, estado Sucre (Venezuela

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Karen Elisa Requena Mago

2005-01-01

Full Text Available En tiempos de recesión, los expertos nos bombardean con cifras relacionadas a la caída del producto interno bruto, al desempleo, entre otras. Dada la situación que presenta hoy en día Venezuela, aunado a la alta inflación y la devaluación de la moneda; el escenario resulta bastante complicado para el consumidor y las empresas proveedoras de bienes y servicios. En este sentido, las PyMES turísticas de Mochima, ubicadas en el Estado Sucre, Venezuela, se presentan como una alternativa para de alguna manera ayudar a disipar ese triste escenario, mediante sus bondades y en combinación con Internet. De allí que el presente artículo aborde desde los aspectos teóricos del turismo hasta las bondades naturales y culturales que ofrece esta zona oriental del país. Se utilizó una metodología de carácter descriptiva y una combinación de estrategia documental y de campo. Se aplicó un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional, seleccionando los elementos con base en criterios de los investigadores. De acuerdo al estudio, se diseñó la página web y se concluyó, que la implementación de la misma ayudaría en gran medida a mejorar los ingresos de la región y darse a conocer tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.

Experiencias en el uso de la ORIMATITA® como densificante de fluidos de perforación en el Norte de Monagas, Venezuela

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Rengifo, R.; Quercia Bianchi, G.; Quiroga, F.; Chacón, O.; Ojeda, F.; Rollinson, J.; Rivers, R.; Tovar, J.G.

2004-01-01

La barita ha sido predominantemente el material densificante usado en los fluidos de perforación. Las minas de barita se encuentran ubicadas lejos de los centros de consumo, lo cual, debido al transporte, incrementa el costo final del mineral. En Venezuela, dentro de la industria petrolera nacional,

Estado poblacional del orden Plecoptera (Insecta en el Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada en Venezuela y sus implicaciones para planes de conservación

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Maribet Gamboa

2010-12-01

Full Text Available La distribución longitudinal de las especies de plecópteros fue examinada a lo largo del Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada en la región Andina del estado Mérida, Venezuela. El PNSN es uno de las más grandes regiones protegidas y abarca dos subcuencas hidrográficas importantes. Muestras cuantitativas fueron recolectadas en 7 ríos tributarios de estas cuencas a lo largo del PNSN desde febrero a mayo del 2009, con un total de 135 individuos de 4 especies del género Anacroneuria. Sólo en tres ríos (Nuestra Señora, La Picón y Corcovada se encontró la presencia de plecópteros, los análisis de componentes principales muestran que la caracterización del hábitat, la velocidad de la corriente, el oxígeno disuelto y la ausencia de fuentes de perturbación antrópica influyen en un hábitat idóneo para las poblaciones. Los plecópteros se hallan en peligro de desaparición o incluso se han llegado a extinguir en gran parte de su área de distribución como consecuencia de actividades humanas. Planes de conservación deben ser implementados con urgencia, como evitar zonas recreacionales y/o económicas en las cercanías de los mismos.Population status of insects of Plecoptera order in Sierra Nevada National Park in Venezuela and its implications for conservation planning. Longitudinal distribution of Plecoptera species were examined along the Sierra Nevada National Park in the Andean region of Merida State, Venezuela. PNSN is one of the largest protected areas and consists of two major sub-basins. Quantitative samples were collected in 7 river tributaries along the PNSN from February to May of 2009, and a total of 135 individuals and 4 species of the genus Anacroneuria were collected. Only three rivers (Nuestra Señora, La Picón y Corcovada found the presence of stoneflies, the principal component analysis show that the characterization of habitat, current velocity, dissolved oxygen and the absence of human disturbance sources of influence in

Del pensamiento filosófico sobre las libertades a la coacción y condicionamiento de las libertades y derechos políticos: caso Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Carol Herrera

2016-01-01

El catálogo de derechos sociales, civiles y políticos en Venezuela ha estado signado por la progresividad, desde las disposiciones losócas planteadas en el Supremo Congreso de Venezuela del año 1811. Con base en el pensamiento filosófico sobre las libertades se analizan los antecedentes de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1999 y los principios losócos, sociales e históricos que determinaron la “Democracia participativa y protagónica” y “Estado social de derecho y justicia” presentes en l...

Las relaciones de comercio e inversión entre Colombia y Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Eglé Iturbe de Blanco

1997-01-01

Venezuela y Colombia cuentan con una larga trayectoria histórica en sus relaciones económicas. Comercian entre ellas y sus nacionales a lo largo de la frontera desde su nacimiento como naciones e interactúan entre ambos países como si fuera uno solo. Al norte, en la península de la Guajira, viven poblaciones indígenas comunes cuyo sustento es el comercio entre ambos lados de la frontera; y al sur, en los estados andinos venezolanos limítrofes con los llanos colombianos, tradicionalmente se ha...

Venezuela, los cambios globales y su política exterior

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Carlos A. ROMERO

2009-11-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: El mundo ha avanzado hacia la globalización, lo que exige que América Latina, con poca relevancia internacional y con una situación económica crítica, busque ajustarse a las nuevas exigencias internacionales mediante "la desregulación y la coordinación económica". También se hace prioritaria la búsqueda de la integración regional tanto a nivel público como privado a través de instituciones como Mercosur y la Comunidad Andina de Naciones.Este artículo plantea las incidencias de la globalización y la integración en la política exterior venezolana y los mecanismos a aplicar para ajustarse al nuevo modelo mundial. Tres son los puntos prioritarios en este sentido: los cambios globales, el petróleo y la política exterior.La situación de Venezuela como país proveedor de petróleo a Estados Unidos le ha permitido ser conservador en sus posiciones y asumir la apertura económica de forma más discreta al resto de países de la región. La democracia es otro tema que rodea las relaciones internacionales, especialmente lo relativo a los derechos humanos y al buen gobierno, y del cual Venezuela se beneficia al procurar un espacio idóneo para su desarrollo.ABSTRACT: The world has moved towards globalization, which means that Latin America, that has low international leverage and a critical economic situation, has to search for an adjustment to the new international demands by means of "deregulation and economic coordination". It is also a priority to pursue the regional integration at the prívate and public levels through institutions such as Mercosur y la Comunidad Andina de Naciones.This article poses the incidences of globalization and integration in the Venezuelan international policy, as wcll as the mechanisms of adjustment to the new world orden. Three elements are pointed out as priorities: the global changes, the petroleum, and the international policy.The situation of Venezuela as a US supplier of petroleum has

El presupuesto nacional y la política económica.

OpenAIRE

Contreras C., Hugo de Jesús

2007-01-01

Artículos Control de la cocaína: ¿represión o legalización? Cartay, Rafael El presupuesto nacional y la política económica. Contreras C., Hugo de Jesús Viejos y nuevos modelos de Venezuela. Domingo, Carlos; Fargier, María; Mora, C., Jesús Alberto; Rojas Salazar, Andrés y Tonella, Giorgio Una aplicación del análisis de componentes principales en el área educativa. González Martín, Pilar; Díaz de Pascual, Amelia; Torres Lezama, Enrique y Garnica Olmos, Elsy El proces...

Determinantes de la integración colombo-venezolana y perspectivas ante la dimisión de Venezuela a la CAN

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Luis Nelson Beltrán Mora

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Este ensayo hace un balance del comercio colombovenezolano en el período 1990 - 2006, señalando que la integración aumentó los flujos de manufacturas, inversiones y puestos de trabajo para los dos países; la agenda económica se impuso a las agitadas relaciones políticas. Los logros de la integración económica están en peligro por la dimisión de Venezuela a la Comunidad Andina de Naciones – CAN en abril de 2006. A pesar de los síntomas de de intermediación privados, el comercio continúa creciendo como consecuencia de la coyuntura económica favorable para ambas naciones. La dimisión de Venezuela sólo traerá problemas en el corto plazo al comercio colombo-venezolano en la medida que el vecino país no respete el artículo 135 del Acuerdo de Cartagena; en el largo plazo el intercambio podría ser más promisorio si los dos Estados restablecen o generan nuevos acuerdos comerciales en el marco andino o bilateral.

El golpe de abril: el Estado nacional venezolano ante la globalización neoliberal

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Jose Honorio Martinez

2012-06-01

Full Text Available El golpe de abril fue una coyuntura en la que midieron fuerzas dos bloques políticos, la burguesía aliada a los intereses corporativos de los monopolios transnacionales y el bloque nacional popular representado por el gobierno y las organizaciones populares que le respaldaron. El transcurso y desenlace de los acontecimientos mostró que los antagonismos corrieron por diversos frentes, el militar, el de la movilización callejera, el mediático y el institucional. ¿Qué significó el golpe de abril en términos del desenvolvimiento de la lucha de clases en Venezuela? ¿En qué medida los antagonismos entre el bloque opositor y el bloque gubernamental reflejaron la contradicción entre el estado nacional y la globalización neoliberal? Estas preguntas serán el objeto de estudio de este artículo.  Palabras claves: golpe de abril, globalización neoliberal, estado nacional, lucha de clases   ________________________________  Abstract  The coup d’état in April was a moment in which two political forces measured their power. One force was represented the bourgeoisie allied with corporative interests from transnational monopolies, the other one was the national popular group represented by the Government and the popular organizations that support such a Government. The antagonisms were carried out by different fronts: the military front, the mass media front, the popular mobilization on the streets, and the institutional front. What did the coup d’état in April in terms of the classes struggle in Venezuela mean? How did the antagonisms between the opponent group and the Governmental one reflect the contradictions between National-States and neoliberal globalization? These questions will be answered in this study.   Keywords: Coup d’April, neoliberal globalization, National-State, classes struggle

Estructura cambiaria alternativa en Venezuela (1960-2013: implicaciones y consecuencias

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Héctor Romero

2016-05-01

Full Text Available El tipo de cambio nominal es un elemento clave dentro de la economía, ya que sirve como referencia básica para el intercambio de bienes entre los países, así como para la asignación de recursos productivos entre los distintos sectores económicos que componen la economía del país. En términos generales, las naciones del mundo suelen tener una única referencia cambiaria, sin embargo, bajo condiciones particulares de tensión en la balanza de pagos o severas crisis internas, pueden establecer estructuras cambiarias híbridas o múltiples. El trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender la dinámica de las estructuras cambiarias alternativas, las razones que conllevan a su instauración, así como la experiencia de la historia económica de Venezuela (1960-2013. El establecimiento de referencias cambiarias múltiples en el país suele estar asociado con la merma en la disponibilidad de activos externos, producto de choques negativos en los términos de intercambio o desajustes macroeconómicos financiados a través de la emisión monetaria. El aumento de la prima cambiaria entre el tipo de cambio oficial y el paralelo, con las consiguientes distorsiones en el funcionamiento de la economía nacional, ha sido el detonante principal para unificar el tipo de cambio. En consonancia con la experiencia internacional, la tasa de inflación promedio en los años con tipo de cambio unificado en Venezuela fue significativamente menor (14,5% que en los períodos con dos o más tipos de cambio (28,4%.

[Immigration to Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Picouet, M; Pellegrino, A; Papail, J

1986-11-01

Immigration to Venezuela is examined using census data with the focus on the period 1971-1981. A brief overview of trends since the beginning of the twentieth century is first presented. The analysis indicates that "immigration to Venezuela is clearly of a short-term nature. Flows follow job opportunities and adjust to the labour market and to the financial capacity of the exchange market. The large increase of migratory movements to Venezuela in the 1970's is characterized by a diversification of their places of origin and by a greater instability. To a large extent, the migrants are illegal, especially those coming from Colombia and the Caribbean islands. Because of the crisis of the early 1980's, which is now worsened by the down trend of both oil prices and the U.S. dollar, Venezuela has become less attractive to immigrants, particularly from neighbouring countries." The authors observe that migrants in Venezuela are not well integrated and may depart, disrupting the labor supply in certain technical and specialized occupations (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA) excerpt

pobres y nuevas coaliciones en Venezuela

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Charles L. Briggs

2007-01-01

Full Text Available En Venezuela, los gobiernos locales junto con el gobierno nacional, crearon un sistema nacional de salud paralelo, Misión Barrio Adentro (MBA, ubicando a unos 33.000 profesionales de la salud, inicialmente cubanos, en vecindarios de bajos ingresos. A través de la etnografía y entrevistas, se concluye que MBA proporcionó acceso a la atención médica y logró obtener apoyo popular a consecuencia de: movimientos sociales de los pobres; cooperación entre trabajadores comunitarios, residentes, profesionales de salud y funcionarios públicos; la integración de la atención médica con programas sociales y económicos; la ubicación de médicos como residentes en barrios pobres; interacciones positivas y equitativas médico-paciente; el papel clave de los Comités de Salud; y el impacto de la hostilidad de la prensa, un segmento grande de los médicos venezolanos y la oposición en transformar a la salud en un tema político esencial. Todo esto nos sugiere que el Estado puede confrontar las inequidades de salud cuando se unen perspectivas teóricas de la medicina social y la epidemiología crítica con los saberes populares dentro de las comunidades afectadas. Estructuras institucionales flexibles, no burocráticas y creativas aumentan la efectividad de las intervenciones.

Producción, Reservas y Sostenibilidad de la Energía en Venezuela

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Juan Carlos Rojas-Zerpa

2015-06-01

Full Text Available El propósito del presente trabajo está relacionado con la evaluación de los recursos energéticos de Venezuela y su posicionamiento estratégico mundial, referido principalmente a la producción y consumo de energía primaria y reservas. Así mismo se han evaluado los recursos energéticos renovables con la finalidad de identificar oportunidades para el desarrollo de la energía sostenible. Los resultados indican que Venezuela posee recursos fósiles para más de 130 años de explotación, lo cual lo convierte en una potencia energética relevante en el contexto mundial. La potencialidad aprovechable de las energías renovables duplicó la producción de recursos fósiles en 2011. En la actualidad, el aprovechamiento de estas fuentes es inferior al 2 % del total disponible, lo que deja abierto un amplio rango de posibilidades para la diversificación de la matriz energética nacional mediante tecnologías limpias o sostenibles

De la Comunidad Andina de Naciones al Mercado Común del Sur: nueva estrategia de integración de Venezuela

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Alberto Martínez Castillo

2015-04-01

Full Text Available The year 2006 marked a milestone in the history of the regional integration of Venezuela. After 33 years as a member of CAN, the country withdrew from the integration agreement and joined Mercosur, marking a significant change in regional integration strategy. In this paper, the causes of this change, as well as its economic and political effects, have been analyzed through desk research. One of the main conclusions is that Chavez decided to use regional integration as a tool to address the liberal policies of the United States, regardless of the economic consequences. Another is that, due to the economic and institutional deterioration of Venezuela, the non-oil productive sector is not ready to compete with other members of Mercosur.

O referendo na Venezuela: um ato em um drama inacabado

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Jennifer McCoy

2005-07-01

Full Text Available O artigo enfoca o referendo revogatório realizado na Venezuela em agosto de 2004, que confirmou a permanência de Hugo Chávez na Presidência do país até o fim de seu mandato. Apontam-se o contexto político que nele culminou, no qual o governo Chávez foi alvo de intensas contestações por parte de seus opositores, e seus conturbados desdobramentos, com acusações de fraude e de atuação imparcial da autoridade eleitoral. A autora destaca a rígida polarização que permeou o processo, dividindo a sociedade venezuelana e impondo ao governo e à própria oposição o desafio de reconstituir o consenso nacional em torno dos interesses coletivos.The article focuses on the recall referendum that took place in Venezuela in August 2004, which confirmed the permanence of President Hugo Chávez. It points out the political context that culminated in the referendum, in which oppositionists fiercely criticized Chávez and his administration. The author shows the sharp polarization that characterized this process, dividing Venezuelan society and affecting the notion of collective interest.

Banca pública venezolana: reconfiguración del mapa de financiación al desarrollo nacional

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Marianela Acuña Ortigoza

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Durante el período 2000-2011 se producen en Venezuela cambios institucionales que posibilitan la reconfiguración del mapa de financiación al desarrollo nacional. El nuevo marco constitucional, surgido de la aprobación de la Constitución de la Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela de 1999, los lineamientos establecidos en los Planes de la Nación 2001-2007 y 2007-2013, y la manifestación de contradicciones entre la práctica financiera y los objetivos de política pública, se constituirán en el curso del período, en condicionantes permanentes de las transformaciones institucionales del sistema financiero. El objetivo de esta investigación es explicar los cambios institucionales que se han producido en la banca pública venezolana y los resultados alcanzados en relación a los objetivos de la política económica. Mediante una investigación documental con diseño bibliográfico, se explica la experiencia venezolana de transformación de la banca pública y la política pública definida para producir esos cambios, considerando el uso de la capacidad de apalancamiento del sistema financiero como elemento de democratización financiera y dinamizador del desarrollo nacional. Los resultados de la investigación permiten concluir que durante el período 2000-2011 la política económica venezolana persigue modificar los rasgos distintivos del sistema financiero venezolano, y en particular del sector bancario público, y profundizar las transformaciones gradualmente producidas en el sector, de acuerdo a los objetivos de democratización del capital, incremento de la participación del Estado en la actividad financiera y redireccionamiento de la actividad bancaria a los propósitos del desarrollo nacional.

Actitudes lingüísticas en Venezuela. Exploración de creencias hacia la variante nacional, la lengua española y el español dialectal

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Hecsil Yosibel Coello Millán

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Resumen Este artículo analiza las actitudes lingüísticas de hablantes nativos de español de Caracas hacia al español de Venezuela y el de los otros países hispanohablantes. El artículo es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America, financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN. La recolección de los datos se realizó en la capital, entrevistando a una muestra de 400 personas, estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Se analizaron los datos cuantitativa y cualitativamente para identificar las opiniones y creencias de los hablantes y poder describir sus actitudes lingüísticas hacia el habla española de las regiones del país y de otros países hispanohablantes. Este estudio observa un cambio de actitud hacia la variante del español nacional y describe las creencias que comparten los caraqueños hacia el español Abstract This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of native Spanish-speakers from Caracas towards Spanish spoken in Venezuela and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America, funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN. The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 400 respondents, based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed in order to identify the opinions and beliefs of the speakers, and to be able to describe their linguistic attitudes towards the Spanish varieties of the different regions of the country. This study shows an attitudinal change towards the national variety of Spanish and describes the beliefs that caraqueños share towards the Spanish language.

Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela Aspectos epidemiológicos de la leishmaniasis visceral humana y canina en Venezuela

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Olga Zerpa

2003-04-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To report recent data on the distribution of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL in Venezuela, and to highlight problems associated with effective control measures. METHODS: We report the number of cases, incidence rate, age and sex distribution, and mortality rates for human VL (HVL for the period of 1995 through 2000, based on National Registry of Leishmaniasis data. We carried out serological studies on a total of 3 025 domestic dogs from the 12 states in Venezuela reporting cases of human VL in this 1995-2000 period and also from the state of Yaracuy, where cases were reported earlier during the decade of the 1990s. RESULTS: From 1995 through 2000, 242 cases of HVL were reported from 12 states, in various sections of Venezuela. There was a relatively stable national incidence rate of 0.2 cases per 100 000 persons per year. Of the 242 cases, 26.0% were from Margarita Island, one of the three islands that make up the state of Nueva Esparta (Margarita Island was the only one of the Nueva Esparta islands that had HVL cases. Over the 1995-2000 period, the annual incidence rates for Nueva Esparta ranged from 1.7 to 3.8 cases per 100000 population. Males in Venezuela were more frequently affected (59.5% than were females (40.5%. In terms of age, 67.7% of the VL patients were OBJETIVOS: Dar a conocer datos recientes acerca de la distribución de la leishmaniasis visceral (LV humana y canina en Venezuela y resaltar los problemas que se asocian con la aplicación de buenas medidas de control. MÉTODOS: Damos a conocer el número de casos, la tasa de incidencia, la distribución por edad y sexo y las tasas de mortalidad de la LV humana (LVH durante el período de 1995 a 2000, según datos obtenidos del Registro Nacional de Leishmaniasis. Llevamos a cabo pruebas serológicas en un total de 3 025 perros domésticos de los 12 estados de Venezuela que notificaron casos de LV en este período, y también de Yaracuy, donde se notificaron

Molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in patients with acute hepatitis in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

García, Cristina Gutiérrez; Sánchez, Doneyla; Villalba, Maria Caridad Montalvo; Pujol, Flor Helene; de Los Ángeles Rodríguez Lay, Licel; Pinto, Belquis; Chacón, Elsa Patricia; Guzmán, Maria Guadalupe

2012-07-01

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes a common infection in developing countries. HEV infection occurs as outbreaks, as sporadic clinical cases and as large epidemics in endemic areas. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of HEV infection in patients with clinical suspicion of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, referred to the Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" in Venezuela. Seventy-four sera were tested for anti-HAV and anti-HEV IgM antibodies. HEV-RNA was amplified from anti-HEV IgM positive sera using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for ORF1 (RNA dependent RNA polymerase region) and the amplicons sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The frequency of anti-HEV IgM was 22/74 (30%) in the samples tested. Dual infection with HAV and HEV was found in 31% (12/39) of anti-HAV IgM positive patients. Viremia was detected in 3/22 (14%) of sera positive for anti-HEV IgM. Two HEV strains were classified as genotype 1 and one as genotype 3, which were closely related to Yam 67 (north of India) and US1 isolates from the USA, respectively. These findings suggest that HEV is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis in Venezuela as a single infection or co-infection with HAV, with high morbidity in children and young adults suggesting that this infection is endemic in Venezuela. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Murciélagos (Chiroptera: Mammalia del Parque Nacional Yurubí, Venezuela: listado taxonómico y estudio comunitario

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Mariana Delgado-Jaramillo

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Los murciélagos constituyen el grupo de mamíferos más diversificado en la región neotropical y representan un componente clave en la dinámica de muchos ecosistemas terrestres. En este trabajo se describen los resultados de un estudio sobre la quiropterofauna del Parque Nacional Yurubí (ubicado en la zona montañosa del norte de Venezuela, se incluye un listado taxonómico y la caracterización de algunos atributos comunitarios en ambientes predominantemente boscosos. Los datos evaluados fueron obtenidos mediante la revisión de colecciones zoológicas y muestreos diversificados realizados entre febrero y julio del 2009, en un gradiente altitudinal (100-1 500m, que integra a tres unidades ecológicas: bosque semideciduo, bosque siempreverde y selva nublada. Se registraron 64 especies agrupadas en cinco familias, lo que constituye el 63% de los murciélagos conocidos en la Cordillera de la Costa. La familia Phyllostomidae fue dominante (42 especies; 66% del total, seguida por Vespertilionidae, Molossidae, Emballonuridae y Mormoopidae. La comunidad presente a baja elevación fue la más diversificada en términos taxonómicos, mientras que la del piso superior evidenció el menor grado de diversificación. Se identificaron 11 categorías tróficas, con dominancia de los insectívoros en cuanto a la riqueza taxonómica y de los frugívoros en lo que respecta a la abundancia. Nuestros resultados permiten inferir, en un contexto general, que los ecosistemas boscosos del área de estudio muestran un buen estado de conservación, en virtud de la presencia de una proporción relativamente alta de especies pertenecientes a la subfamilia Phyllostominae, cuyos componentes han sido considerados por otros autores como indicadores del grado de conservación de hábitats boscosos primarios, así como la presencia de otras especies con prioridades de conservación. Todos estos aspectos, le confieren a esta área protegida un alto valor proteccionista, en

Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

1987-04-01

The background notes by the U.S. State Department on Venezuela emphasize the unique economic conditions in this oil-rich nation, and include information on its people, geography, history, government politics, defense and foreign relations. Venezuela, located on the north coast of South America, has 17,791,000 people, growing at a rate of 2.7%. Infant mortality is 2.7/1000, and life expectancy is 70 years. Geography ranges from the scarcely populated highlands between the Orinoco river and Guyana, the Orinoco plains, to the populated Andes mountains and coast. 80% of the population is urban. Literacy is a priority at 88.4%; Technical and university education is increasing; emigration from other countries is common because of relatively good working conditions. Venezuela has a long history of self government, having become independent in 1921. Now the democratic constitutional government is effective in improving both internal and regional development and human rights. The economy is based on oil production and refining, as well as steel and aluminum, all nationalized industries. Self-sufficiency in agriculture is a national goal. Because of the rapid population growth rate, however, per capita income and GNP are stagnating.

Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus, Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Auguste, Albert J; Lemey, Philippe; Bergren, Nicholas A; Giambalvo, Dileyvic; Moncada, Maria; Morón, Dulce; Hernandez, Rosa; Navarro, Juan-Carlos; Weaver, Scott C

2015-01-01

Phylogenetic analysis of yellow fever virus (YFV) strains isolated from Venezuela strongly supports YFV maintenance in situ in Venezuela, with evidence of regionally independent evolution within the country. However, there is considerable YFV movement from Brazil to Venezuela and between Trinidad and Venezuela.

Distribución de esponjas (Porifera a lo largo de un gradiente de profundidad en un arrecife coralino, Parque Nacional San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mónica Núñez Flores

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Las esponjas son uno de los grupos de animales sésiles más abundantes y diversos de los fondos marinos tropicales, siendo un componente importante en los arrecifes coralinos, aunque poco estudiado a nivel de especies. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la comunidad de esponjas en el gradiente de profundidad de un arrecife coralino en Isla Larga, Parque Nacional San Esteban, Venezuela. Se trabajaron siete profundidades (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 y 18m donde se midió la sedimentación neta y bruta, el índice de rugosidad, y se evaluó la riqueza, densidad y cobertura de las esponjas. Se identificaron 17 especies en 10 familias. La mayor densidad y cobertura se encontró a los 6m (6.03ind/m2, 11%, coincidiendo con la mínima sedimentación neta y la máxima rugosidad del sustrato. Las especies más abundantes fueron Desmapsamma anchorata, Amphimedon erina y Scopalina rueztleri. El análisis de componentes principales arrojó una separación de esta comunidad en 3 zonas, la somera (1 y 3m, donde las esponjas están sometidas a una tensión producida por el oleaje y alta iluminación, y las zonas media (6, 9 y 12m y profunda (15 y 18m, con características más favorables, dada una menor iluminación y sedimentación.

Estudio comparativo de los aportes de las inmigraciones italiana y portuguesa a la vida nacional venezolana

OpenAIRE

Bondarenko Pisemskaya, Natalia

2015-01-01

Se presenta la problemática de las corrientes migratorias italiana y portuguesa a Venezuela. Después de la reseña histórica, se procede a analizar las características de éstas: personajes destacados, razones para emigrar, edad, situación familiar, picos y descensos en el flujo migratorio. Luego, se discuten sus aportes a la vida nacional venezolana y se presentan las maneras de conservar el legado lingüístico-cultural originario en el suelo del país receptor. Finalmente, se res...

LAS REPÚBLICAS BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA Y NICARAGUA, EN EL MARCO DEL ACUERDO ENERGÉTICO

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Dani José Villalobos Soto

2013-02-01

Full Text Available El  Cooperativismo entre las Repúblicas Bolivariana de Venezuela y Nicaragua, consolidan la expresión de la democracia entre ambas naciones, de manera que este término “Cooperativismo”, constituye la nueva forma de integración de América Latina y el Caribe. Esta investigación analiza el Acuerdo de Cooperación Energética entre  la República de Nicaragua y la República Bolivariana de Venezuela caso PETROCARIBE, 2007-2009. El logro de los objetivos se  basa acerca de la economía en PETROCARIBE y las estadísticas sobre la balanza comercial entre ambos países. Esta investigación fue de tipo documental-descriptivo, el diseño bibliográfico y las fases utilizadas fueron descriptivos, analíticos, interpretativos y constructivos. Se concluye  que el Acuerdo de Cooperación Energética PETROCARIBE, constituye una alternativa para la República de Nicaragua permitiendo dar espacio al desarrollo en áreas como  economía, sociedad, producción, cultura entre otras, y para la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, aparte de fortalecer los aspectos económicos, fortifica aun más los aspectos de política exterior.SummaryThe cooperation among the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Nicaragua, strengthen the democracy expression between both nations, so the term       "cooperativism" is the new form of integration of Latin America and the Caribbean. This research analyzes the Energetic Cooperation Agreement between the Republic of Nicaragua and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, PETROCARIBE case, 2007-2009. The achievement of the objectives is based on the economy in PETROCARIBE and the commercial balance statistics between both countries. This research was documentary-descriptive; the literature design and phases used were descriptive, analytical, interpretive and constructive. We conclude that the PETROCARIBE Energetic Cooperation Agreement represents an alternative to the Republic of Nicaragua, by allowing space for

Triple función del petróleo en la sociedad e interrogantes petroleras para Venezuela.

OpenAIRE

Mora C., Jesús Alberto

2007-01-01

Artículos Control de la cocaína: ¿represión o legalización? Cartay, Rafael El presupuesto nacional y la política económica. Contreras C., Hugo de Jesús Viejos y nuevos modelos de Venezuela. Domingo, Carlos; Fargier, María; Mora, C., Jesús Alberto; Rojas Salazar, Andrés y Tonella, Giorgio Una aplicación del análisis de componentes principales en el área educativa. González Martín, Pilar; Díaz de Pascual, Amelia; Torres Lezama, Enrique y Garnica Olmos, Elsy El proces...

Petroleum. [Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1976-01-01

An introductory chapter of world wide petroleum history is followed by a comprehensive record of the petroliferous basins of Venezuela. Exploration, productivity, production statistics, reserves, geologic structures, and the distribution of oil and gas fields are described separately for the Maracaibo-Falcon basin, Apure-Barinas basin, E. Venezuela basin, and Tuy-Cariaco basin. The descriptions include geographic distribution, geomorphologic outline of the basins, lithology and thickness of sediments, structural development, present structural conditions in which oil and gas fields occur, and their distribution in the basins. Economic factors are discussed in an appendix. 145 references.

LDC nuclear power: Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roche, M.

1982-01-01

Venezuela had an aggressive nuclear program when it was under a dictatorship in the 1950s, but it is currently assuming a wait-and-see stance. The country has one small research reactor, but it may have a reactor on-line in the mid-1990s. CONADIN, Venezuela's nuclear energy planning agency, has commissioned feasibility studies and requested proposals for a reactor-siting survey. A recent study for the Venezuelan state oil company suggests tha a natural-uranium, gas-cooled reactor could provide process steam to extract oil from the bituminous tar sands of the Orinoco Basin. Venezuela is also exploring for uranium reserves. 23 references, 1 figure, 2 tables

Venezuela: A Full-Year Study

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Higdon, Melody

2006-01-01

This Country Climatology Digest is a climatological study of Venezuela. After describing the geography and major meteorological features of the entire region, the study discusses in detail the climatic controls of Venezuela's weather...

Importance of energy efficiency in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Corrie, R.

1991-01-01

Venezuela's economic development relies heavily on oil. The nation's energy production equals 3.5 million barrels of oil equivalent (boe) per day. Oil comprises 71% of the energy Venezuela produces, natural gas 20%, hydro 9% and coal 1%. Of the energy produced, Venezuela exports three quarters and consumes the remainder. Over 99% of Venezuela's energy exports are crude oil and oil products. Economic problems have constrained Venezuela's development in recent years. Saddled with an external debt of $US 32 billion, Venezuela will continue to encounter barriers for years to come. The nation is, however, in the process of restructuring its economy. As part of this process, the Venezuelan government has begun to integrate opportunities for improving the efficiency of its energy use. As a major oil producer and exporter, Venezuela is conscious of its responsibility to the international community to limit its emissions of energy-related CO 2 into the atmosphere. For this reason, the Venezuelan government is in the process of creating a program to conserve and ration the use of energy. This effort incorporates a number of measures including the substitution of natural gas for liquid fuels for all end uses (including transportation activities), the increased reliance on hydropower in the generation of electricity and the reduction of waste in the production of natural gas to 2% of the economically recollectable volume

Venezuela nationalises oil and gas industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wertheim, Peter Howard; Abrantes, Dayse

2007-01-01

Venezuela President Hugo Chavez has stated he will nationalise the Orinoco belt's extra-heavy oil operations and ask for 'special powers' to rule the country. Since last year, the government has been negotiating with international consortia currently operating in the Orinoco area, so that Venezuela state-owned Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA) attains a majority stake in each project (ml)

Decentralization process in Venezuela, under perspective of mayors elected for the term 2000-2004 El proceso de descentralización de Venezuela, desde la perspectiva de los alcaldes electos para el período 2000-2004

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zaira Josefina REVERÓN ESCOBAR

2010-10-01

misma no está sustentada sobre bases reales, con lo que exponen los alcaldes venezolanos sobre la realidad que se observa en el país en este sentido. Así, partimos de la presente hipótesis, los conceptos y las visiones que manejan y esgrimen los alcaldes venezolanos deben coincidir con los postulados teóricos que sustentan la descentralización en general y especialmente la que se da en Venezuela, lo que debe coincidir con su praxis en la municipalidad. Se concluye que tanto las visiones y perspectivas positivas como las negativas o pesimistas, puntualizadas por los alcaldes, coinciden también con los postulados teóricos que sustentan las políticas descentralizadoras en diferentes países y con las diferentes evaluaciones que se han realizado a estas políticas en diferentes naciones. En otras palabras, el caso venezolano no difiere en mucho de lo encontrado en otras naciones a este respecto, ya que pareciera que goza de las mismas virtudes y adolece de las mismas fallas.

Aspectos Musicales del Joropo de Venezuela y Colombia

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Claudia Calderón Sáenz

2015-01-01

Full Text Available El Joropo es una expresión de arte popular en permanente evolución, originalmente una fiesta campesina o pueblerina que integra poesía, canto, música y danza en un sistema de creatividad improvisatoria sobre estructuras establecidas y parámetros definidos de estilo. El Joropo se caracteriza por un sistema de estructuras cristalizadas a lo largo de la historia a partir de canciones y danzas tradicionales que se erigieron en formas musicales, sirviendo como base para a variantes en la letra, o convirtiéndose en formas puramente instrumentales. El Joropo es una tradición que abarca casi la totalidad del territorio venezolano y al menos la cuarta parte del territorio colombiano. En Venezuela el Joropo es considerado el baile nacional por excelencia y existen tres tipos de Joropo clasificados por regiones con importantes variantes de instrumentación y estilo: el Joropo Oriental, el Joropo Central y el Joropo Llanero. Solamente el Joropo Llanero, extendido alrededor de la cuenca central del Orinoco, es común a Colombia y Venezuela, siendo el más difundido de todos, tanto por la amplia discografía y radiodifusión como por la abundancia de festivales, concursos y torneos que involucran a ambos países. Además es notable el auge y desarrollo urbano que ha tenido esta música en los últimos años en las respectivas capitales. Sus orígenes se remontan a las músicas ibéricas del Siglo XVII y XVIII, tales como el múltiple Fandango, las Folías, Peteneras, Jotas y Malagueñas andaluzas, sazonadas con la influencia de ocho siglos de dominación árabe y posteriormente transformadas en América con el mestizaje de elementos africanos e indígenas, bajo el sol abrasador de la Cuenca del Orinoco y la vastedad infinita de sus horizontes y llanuras. Los antecesores del Joropo incluyen la música de marineros y trovadores que llega en los galeones provenientes de España, transformándose en música arraigada en el suelo americano y dando lugar a

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE VENEZUELA ROUND STINGRAY UROTRYGON VENEZUELAE SCHULTZ FROM THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN

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KELLY ACEVEDO

2015-06-01

Full Text Available As for most batoid species, little is known about the basic biology of the Venezuela round stingray Urotrygon venezuelae (Urotrygonidae. This study presents information about the reproductive biology of the species, including fecundity, embryonic development stage, relationship between maternal size and fecundity, gonadosomatic (GSI and hepatosomatic (HSI indices, sex ratios, maturity size and size at birth. With all this information, a preliminary reproductive cycle is proposed. A total of 269 specimens were caught with beach seine in Salguero beach, Colombian Caribbean Sea, between August 2005 and October 2006. We propose for U. venezuelae a biological cycle with three reproductive peaks: November-December, March-April and August. Size at sexual maturity was calculated in 176 mm (total length for females and 227 mm for males; fecundity ranged between one and six embryos per female. We found that cloacal diameter and liver weight were better predictors for fecundity than total length for U. venezuelae.

Los movimientos estudiantiles en Venezuela, 1958-1990

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Roberto López Sánchez

2009-12-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo está centrado en los aportes del movimiento estudiantil al proceso político venezolano, en dos momentos clave: la renovación universitaria de 1969, y las protestas estudiantiles de 1987. Hemos identificado las particularidades de los diferentes grupos estudiantiles, y a sus principales dirigentes; sus mecanismos de intervención y de conflicto, su relación con los programas de partidos y movimientos políticos, y su incidencia en la situación política local y nacional. Recurriendo a fuentes biblio-hemerográficas, documentales y orales, el estudio consideró los aportes teórico-metodológicos de investigaciones relacionadas con los movimientos sociales en general y con el movimiento estudiantil en particular. Se concluye estableciendo que los movimientos estudiantiles fueron durante los primeros treinta años de la democracia puntofijista los principales protagonistas del conflicto social en Venezuela.____________________ABSTRACT:The present work describes the contributions of the student movement to the Venezuelan political process, in two focal moments: the university’s renovation of 1969, and the students’ protests of 1987. We have identified the peculiarities of the different students’ groups and their main leaders; their political mechanisms of intervention and conflict, their relation with programs of parties and movements, and their incidence in the local and national political situation. Referring to biblio-hemerographic, documentary and oral sources, the study has considered the theoretical-methodological contributions of researches related both to social movements in general and to student movements in particular. It is established that, during the first thirty years of the puntofijista democracy, student movements were the main protagonists of the social conflict in Venezuela.  

Calidad de la democracia en Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luis Eduardo León Ganatios

2014-01-01

Full Text Available A partir de una reforma constitucional en Venezuela, en el año 1999 se introdujeron mecanismos de democracia directa como el referendo o el plebiscito. A pesar de que este proceso amplió las vías de participación ciudadana en la vida política, hubo importantes retrocesos en libertades y derechos civiles y políticos básicos. La finalidad de este artículo consiste en medir la calidad de la democracia en Venezuela con base en una serie de indicadores derivados de la concepción de poliarquía de Robert Dahl (1993.Palabras Clave: Calidad de la democracia; Venezuela; Indicadores; estudio comparado; poliarquía.Quality of Democracy in VenezuelaAbstractSince 1999 a constitutional reform in Venezuela introduced some mechanisms of direct democracy such as the referendum and the plebiscite. Although this process broadened the means for citizens’ participation in the political system, there were important setbacks in political and civil liberties. The goal of this paper is to measure the quality of democracy according to a series of indicators that draw upon Robert Dahl’s conception of polyarchy.Keywords: Quality of democracy; Venezuela; indicators; comparative studies; polyarchy.

Application of Geographic Information Systems for Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy: IntiGIS Model. Case of Study: Zapara Island, Zulia State. Venezuela; Aplicaciones de Sistemas de Informacion Geografica para la Electrificacion Rural con Energias Renovables: Modelo IntiGIS. Caso de Estudio: Isla Zapara, Estado Zulia. Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rincon, L; Dominguez, J; Amador, J; Arribas, L; Pinedo, I

2011-07-01

This project started as an educational exercise for the Renewable Energy and Environment Master, taught by the Polytechnic University of Madrid, with the purpose of analyze in a real context GIS application in rural electrification with renewable energies. It was developed in collaboration with CIEMAT, ENELVEN (C.A. Energia Electrica de Venezuela), FUNDELEC (Fundacion para el Desarrollo del Servicio Electrico), CORPOLEC (Corporacion Electrica Nacional de Venezuela) and the UPM. The final aim is to define the technology that suits best to Zapara Islands electrification needs. This improvement will make possible the sustainable development of the population. In order to compare electrification technologies to decide which is the most suitable to Zapara Island, using IntiGIS model, will be required a geographic resources analysis, a population distribution and an electricity demand study. Also, it will be necessary to establish the technical parameters of the facility and economic factors that could affect the study. (Author) 14 refs.

THE BIOCLUB AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE MORROCOY TORTOISE, GEOCHELONE CARBONARIA (SPIX 1824 IN CURUMANÍ-CESAR.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mary Lorena Moyano Acevedo

2016-09-01

Full Text Available In this research, the pedagogical implications generated from the implementation of educational strategy named Bioclub with respect to practices that have the population of the municipality of Curumaní in the department of Cesar (Colombia are presented regarding the Tortuga Morrocoy. Through the collection of information on the socioeconomic conditions of the community education strategy was designed on the premise of contextualized learning. In a second step Bioclub meetings where the community participated directly represented by students of San José College, to obtain data related practices concerning species and their biological and ecological survey were applied. Lastly, the practices of the community in relation to the turtle, the implications concerning the development of an educational strategy emphasizing the benefits that science club in the teaching-learning process in the construction of knowledge are characterized, and how this may generate a positive change in the attitudes of children in environmental stewardship and conservation of biodiversity in Colombia. Finally we developed a Conservation Primer built as a result of Bioclub involving aspects of their biology and ecology, as well as a guide aimed at sustainable farming, in order to try to minimize the negative impact of the practices of the community to species.

Present Status of Historical Seismicity Studies in Colombia and Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Sarabia, A.; Cifuentes, H.; Altez Ortega, R.; Palme, C.; Dimate, C.

2013-05-01

After the publication of the SISRA (CERESIS-1985) regional project, a unified catalog of seismic parameters and intensities for South America, researchers in historical seismicity have continued advancing on different scales in the area of this study of seismic hazard. The most important initiatives carried out in this area in Colombia and Venezuela can be grouped as follows: a) Reviews of destructive earthquakes in national and international historic archives, principally by Altez and FUNVISIS in Venezuela and Espinosa, Salcedo, and Sarabia et al in Colombia, leading to the preparation of seismologic catalogues, scientific and dissemination articles, reports, books, among others. b) Organization and systematization of historic information to develop public domain data bases and information, specifically the Historic Seismologic Teleinformation System in Venezuela, carried out between 2004 and 2008 under the coordination of Christl Palme and accessible on-line: http://sismicidad.ciens.ula.ve. As well, the "Historia Sísmica de Colombia 1550-1830" (Seismic History in Colombia 1550-1830) data base, in CD-ROM, by Espinosa Baquero (2003) and the historic seismicity information system of Colombia (Servicio Geológico Colombiano-Universidad Nacional de Colombia), published on the internet in 2012: http://agata.ingeominas.gov.co:9090/SismicidadHistorica/. c) Macroseismic studies for the development of intensity attenuation equations and the quantification and revaluation of basic historic earthquake parameters using isoseismal maps (Rengifo et al., Palme et al., Salcedo et al., among others) and procedures such as Boxer and Bakun & Wentworth (Palme et al., Dimaté, among others), which have produced significant changes in the parameters of some of the large earthquakes. d) Symposiums of researchers to promote interest and development in the discipline, including Jornadas Venezolanas de Sismología Histórica (Venezuelan Congress of Historical Seismology), held

SOFTWARE LIBRE: OPORTUNIDADES Y RETOS CON ESPECIAL REFERENCIA A VENEZUELA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gladys Rodríguez

2008-11-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se abordan algunas consideraciones en torno al software libre, sus oportunidades pero también sus desafíos, a la vez que se expone el marco legal de esta figura a partir de su implementación en Venezuela. Se ha empleado una metodología descriptivo-explicativa, partiendo de la revisión bibliográfica conjuntamente con la legislación nacional sobre el tema. Asimismo, se consultó a FUNDACITE ZULIA, a través de la Misión Ciencia, y se concluye que el software libre es una oportunidad para desarrollar programas que atiendan necesidades particulares, y hay quienes consideran que resulta una herramienta especialmente útil para democratizar el acceso a la información en países en desarrollo; sin embargo, planteamos la realidad de una brecha digital entre países en desarrollo y desarrollados

Venezuela Rahvusraamatukogu juht kuulutas sõja

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2008-01-01

Venezuela Rahvusraamatukogu direktor Fernando Baez kuulutas, et tema juhtimisel püüab Venezuela rahvusraamatukogu saavutada juhirolli Ladina-Ameerikas, kuna USA Kongressi Raamatukogust on saanud raamatukogude suurimaid vaenlasi ajaloos

Kaos. Venezuelas top flirter med Hizbollah

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gelardi, Maiken

2017-01-01

Terrororganisationen Hizbollah har længe brugt Venezuela som base i det ekstremt lukrative narkotikamarked.......Terrororganisationen Hizbollah har længe brugt Venezuela som base i det ekstremt lukrative narkotikamarked....

International Commercial Arbitration in Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elena P. Ermakova

2014-03-01

Full Text Available In the above article author describes evolution of legal regulation of international commercial arbitration in Venezuela. Author cites statistics of arbitration centers in Venezuela activities. In past two decades many Latin American countries have reformed their arbitration law. In an effort to modernize its arbitral institutions several Latin American countries adopted Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration of the UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL. In addition, many Latin American countries have adopted the monistic system. Author pays detailed attention to this issue, discusses concept of a monistic system - a system in which a unique set of rules governs both domestic and international arbitration. Author argues that legal system of Venezuela fits this definition. Venezuelan law on arbitration in 1998 makes no distinction between domestic and international arbitration. Arbitration was included in judicial system under the Constitution of Venezuela of the 1999. Art. 258 of the Venezuelan Constitution states that arbitration, conciliation and mediation are alternative ways of resolving disputes.

Can Venezuela's oil sector endure Chavez' ambitions any longer?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Honkoop, J.

2009-07-01

The author describes the decline of Venezuela's oil industry as well as President Chavez' reaction to Venezuela's budgetary crisis. Politicization, falling investment and the obligation to take upon itself a plethora of social spending have left national oil company Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. unable to produce efficiently and maintain production levels. Falling oil production and lower oil prices have in turn left president Hugo Chavez unable to spread the wealth to Venezuela's poor and he is searching desperately for ways to extract yet more from Venezuela's dysfunctional economy. As funds run out, Venezuela's expensive foreign policy, supporting regional allies, in particular Cuba, and seeking to export anywhere but the United States, proves overly expensive. Venezuela's impoverished masses, still supportive of Chavez during February's elections, may become less so as funds for social programmes run out. For Chavez it is a time for making choices... otherwise the people of Venezuela will choose for him. [nl

Venezuela and China

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Agustin, Oscar Garcia

2016-01-01

of a political and economic model which can inspire or be followed by other countries. Although China's influence and increasing power in Venezuela is unquestionable in economic terms, the Venezuelan government uses its agreements with China strategically to legitimate its policies, in the name of a South...... draws on this context of 'interdependent hegemony' to explore the existing relationship between Venezuela, as a swing state, and China, as one of the Big Three global powers. Particularly, I focus on Venezuelan efforts to develop, at the domestic and regional level, a counterhegemonic political project...

Murciélagos (Chiroptera: Mammalia del Parque Nacional Yurubí, Venezuela: listado taxonómico y estudio comunitario

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Mariana Delgado-Jaramillo

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Los murciélagos constituyen el grupo de mamíferos más diversificado en la región neotropical y representan un componente clave en la dinámica de muchos ecosistemas terrestres. En este trabajo se describen los resultados de un estudio sobre la quiropterofauna del Parque Nacional Yurubí (ubicado en la zona montañosa del norte de Venezuela, se incluye un listado taxonómico y la caracterización de algunos atributos comunitarios en ambientes predominantemente boscosos. Los datos evaluados fueron obtenidos mediante la revisión de colecciones zoológicas y muestreos diversificados realizados entre febrero y julio del 2009, en un gradiente altitudinal (100-1 500m, que integra a tres unidades ecológicas: bosque semideciduo, bosque siempreverde y selva nublada. Se registraron 64 especies agrupadas en cinco familias, lo que constituye el 63% de los murciélagos conocidos en la Cordillera de la Costa. La familia Phyllostomidae fue dominante (42 especies; 66% del total, seguida por Vespertilionidae, Molossidae, Emballonuridae y Mormoopidae. La comunidad presente a baja elevación fue la más diversificada en términos taxonómicos, mientras que la del piso superior evidenció el menor grado de diversificación. Se identificaron 11 categorías tróficas, con dominancia de los insectívoros en cuanto a la riqueza taxonómica y de los frugívoros en lo que respecta a la abundancia. Nuestros resultados permiten inferir, en un contexto general, que los ecosistemas boscosos del área de estudio muestran un buen estado de conservación, en virtud de la presencia de una proporción relativamente alta de especies pertenecientes a la subfamilia Phyllostominae, cuyos componentes han sido considerados por otros autores como indicadores del grado de conservación de hábitats boscosos primarios, así como la presencia de otras especies con prioridades de conservación. Todos estos aspectos, le confieren a esta área protegida un alto valor proteccionista, en

Nuclear power planning study for Venezuela. Estudio de planificacion nucleoelectrica para Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1978-01-01

The optimum capacity for nuclear power plants that might be built in Venezuela in the period 1985-2000 and the best time for incorporating them into the electric system is defined. The most recent forecasts regarding growth of the population and demand, and of the economy in general, and the taking into account the costs for the fossil-fuel and hydroelectric resources known to exist in Venezuela, as compared with the costs of importing uranium, are discussed.

78 FR 55096 - Ferrosilicon from Russia and Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-09

... from Russia and Venezuela Determination On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the subject... Venezuela of ferrosilicon, provided for in subheadings 7202.21.10, 7202.21.50, 7202.21.75, 7202.21.90, and... with material injury by reason of LTFV imports of ferrosilicon from Russia and Venezuela. Accordingly...

Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations

Science.gov (United States)

2016-11-21

supported the 30 Amnesty International, “Venezuela, Los Derechos Humanos en Riesgo en Medio de Protestas...iachr/docs/annual/2015/doc-en/ InformeAnual2015-cap4-Venezuela-EN.pdf Programa Venezolano de Educación-Acción en Derechos Humanos (PROVEA) http

Venezuela paneb kokku regionaalset energeetikaliitu / Allan Espenberg

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Espenberg, Allan

2007-01-01

Venezuela pealinnas toimus organisatsiooni Petrocaribe kolmas tippkohtumine. Petrocaribe, mis liidab peamiselt Kariibi mere riike ja tegeleb energeetikaküsimustega, algatas 2 aastat tagasi Venezuela president Hugo Chavez. Organisatsiooni kuulub 16 riiki

Arturo Uslar Pietri: de renovador vanguardista a patriarca de la cultura nacional

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Pacheco

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Si atendiendo a la cronología, apreciamos que nació en Caracas el 16 de mayo de 1906, que ya hacia 1920 publicaba sus primeros ensayos y algunos versos, y que hasta las proximidades de su muerte no dejó de ofrecer a la imprenta las muy diversas manifestaciones de su pluma, advertiremos que se trata de más de 80 años de sostenida y meritoria dedicación a la escritura literaria. Y también –valiéndose sobre todo de la prensa y la televisión en buena parte de este período– de una referencia crítica y orientadora de resonancia nacional, en momentos en que Venezuela vivió un vuelco cabal desde la gran hacienda gomecista hasta la modernidad petrolera y cosmopolita.

Trends in fatal snakebites in Venezuela, 1995-2002.

Science.gov (United States)

Benítez, Jesús A; Rifakis, Pedro M; Vargas, Jair A; Cabaniel, Gilberto; Rodríguez-Morales, Alfonso J

2007-01-01

There have been few studies evaluating snakebite mortality in Venezuela and South America. In this study we evaluate trends in fatal snakebites occurring in Venezuela between 1995 and 2002. Epidemiological data for this study were retrieved from the records of the Ministry of Health of Venezuela. Using these data, we analyzed the impact of snakebites in Venezuela during the study period. During the study period, there were 266 reports of death due to snakebite; 79.7% were males, and 20.3% were females (P Mortality rate by age showed an age-dependent rate, with higher rates in older ages (P = .038). Snake envenomations are an important cause of injury and deaths in Venezuela as in many American countries. Surveillance of envenomations is essential for establishing guidelines, planning therapeutic supplies, and training medical staff on snakebite treatment, as well as assessing risk zones for travelers.

78 FR 58556 - Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-24

... From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela Determination On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the... antidumping duty orders on imports of silicomanganese from India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela would be likely to... Venezuela. Background The Commission instituted these reviews on October 1, 2012 (77 FR 59970) and...

Identificación de Mycobacterium sp., en una población de tortugas morrocoy (Geochelone carbonaria en cautiverio y en su entorno, en un zoológico en la Sabana de Bogotá

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ángela Natalia Agudelo

2008-06-01

Full Text Available En un Zoológico de la Sabana de Bogotá, se presentó alta mortalidad de aves por tuberculosis aviar, en un encierro en el cual habitaban dos clases de animales diferentes: reptiles y aves. Se buscó establecer la presencia del Mycobacterium sp, por medio de la identificación molecular (PCR-PRA, en una población de 19 tortugas Morrocoy en cautiverio en el Zoológico mencionado anteriormente. Se procedió a tuberculinizar a todas las tortugas, las cuales resultaron negativas y se recolectaron muestras de materia fecal y muestras ambientales (agua y suelo y se cultivaron en medios OK/MSTA, LJ y OK respectivamente realizando baciloscopia para cada una de las muestras. De la muestras de materia fecal sólo cuatro fueron positivas a baciloscopia y de nueve muestras ambientales (suelo (n=7, agua (n=2, cinco fueron positivas (suelo (n=4, agua (n=1; en cuanto al crecimiento fueron negativas todas las de materia fecal de las tortugas Morrocoy. De las muestras ambientales (suelo, agua crecieron cinco y una muestras respectivamente. Adicionalmente se obtuvo muestras de la necropsia de una tortuga Icotea, (tejido, orina y absceso y sólo hubo crecimiento de la muestra de absceso. De la muestra de absceso se identificó Mycobacterium gordonae tipo 3, de las de suelo se obtuvo Mycobacterium avium tipo 3 y en el de agua se obtuvo Mycobacterium fortuitum tipo 1. Los hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de una vigilancia continua, que permita la identificación de la presencia de micobacterias; por medio de pruebas de laboratorio apropiadas (baciloscopia, cultivo, pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares; ya que se debe evitar que las tortugas sigan siendo parte de un ciclo epidemiológico de transmisión como portadores sanos y el contacto con los humanos debe darse sólo cuando sea estrictamente necesario, aplicando normas de bioseguridad.

Energy sector developments in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pantin, R.

1997-01-01

The current state and future development of the oil, gas and coal sector in Venezuela was discussed. Venezuela has oil reserves of 73 billion barrels, gas reserves of 143 TCF and coal reserves of 6 billion BOE. The country has a refining capacity of 2.9 million barrels per day, a petrochemical capacity of 7.7 million tons per year, and a coal capacity of 4.6 million tons per year. The largest refiners in Venezuela are Shell, Exxon, PDVSA, Mobil, BP, Chevron and Texaco. In 1996 the total oil and derivatives exports for Venezuela were 2.8 million barrels per day. Fifty-eight companies from 14 countries participate in the Venezuelan upstream market. Fifteen operating agreements have been awarded to 27 companies from nine countries. Third round operating agreements have been awarded to 26 companies and profit sharing agreements are in force involving 14 companies. Four vertically integrated projects (Maraven-Conoco, Maraven-Total, Corpoven-Arco-Texaco-Phillips, and Lagoven-Mobil-Veba) are currently underway. The Orimulsion(R) project, the refining system, the natural gas production, marketing and transmission system, associated future projects for the 1997-2006 time frame, and developments in the field of petrochemicals also have been reviewed. 21 figs

Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Sullivan, Mark P

2005-01-01

... who was first elected in 1998. Under Ch vez, Venezuela has undergone enormous political changes, with a new constitution in place, a new unicameral legislature, and even a new name for the country, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela...

El Fenomeno Chavez: Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, Modern Day Bolivar

Science.gov (United States)

2007-03-01

Venezuela’s state owned oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela. Ever seeking opportunities to provoke the giant United States, Chavez agreed to provide...controlled joint “El Fenomeno Chavez” . . . 9 venture, Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA). Exxon Mobil Corporation decided to sell their stakes among...exploited. 9. Major oil companies in Venezuela: 1. Petroleos de Venezuela (PdVSA) – government-owned; generates 1/3 of national GDP; monopolized the

Kebijakan Politik Hugo Chavez Dalam Penanggulangan Krisis Ekonomi Venezuela (1998-2008)

OpenAIRE

Pinem, Try Edo Ati

2015-01-01

Hugo Chavez is the President of Venezuela who has an important role for change of political direction to resolve economic crisis in Venezuela with his Bolivarian Revolution. His political and economic policies able to cope with the bad condition in Venezuela. The purpose of this study was (1) to describe the condition of Venezuela when the economic crisis (2) Describe the Bolivarian Revolution (3) Describe the policies of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela tackling the economic crisis...

Venezuela en la ruta comercial azucarera: Su impacto en la sociedad sucrense

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marisol Rodríguez Arrieta

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Las plantaciones de caña de azúcar se dieron en América Latina y en las islas antillanas como consecuencia de la demanda en los mercados europeos desde el XVI hasta el XIX. El escenario construido con financiamiento internacional y la participación activa de Holanda, Francia, Inglaterra, Estados Unidos, incluso Portugal y España, implicó la inversión de grandes capitales en las colonias para la instalación de los ingenios y la importación de la mano de obra. En el caso de Venezuela y en particular de la región sucrense, la producción y el comercio del azúcar y sus derivados marcó una singular diferencia con lo acontecido en otros países; por cuanto la metrópoli no invirtió capitales para la explotación a gran escala de este cultivo agrícola que tomó fuerza en este escenario, a partir del siglo XIX. En el distrito Sucre del estado Zulia el proceso económico generado por los cambios en la explotación tradicional de la caña de azúcar, en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, aceleró la industrialización del azúcar y sus derivados, cuya referencia más significativa fueron las nuevas compañías azucareras que le dieron un impulso a una clase dominante que diversificó la economía nacional y expandió el desarrollo del capitalismo en Venezuela.

Plans to revive oil fields in Venezuela on track

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1992-01-01

This paper reports on the three operating units of Venezuela's state owned oil company Petroleos de Venezuela SA which will begin receiving bids Feb. 28 from companies interested in operating 55 inactive oil fields in nine producing areas of Venezuela. Francisco Pradas, Pdvsa executive in charge of the program, the the company expects 88 companies or combines of foreign and domestic private companies to participate in the bidding. The program, announced last year, aims to reactivate production in marginal oil fields. It will involve the first direct participation by private companies in Venezuela's oil production since nationalization in 1976

Country watch: Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Koch, R

1996-01-01

Since 1990, ACCSI has worked to safeguard the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS in Venezuela. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) had recognized ACCSI's program by 1992, enabling the nongovernmental organization (NGO) to establish fixed office hours during which it can receive clients. ACCSI does not distinguish between people living with HIV/AIDS and others, but considers it important to regulate AIDS as a public health issue within the context of human rights and ethics. Almost all of the Legal Office's initial cases were related to discrimination in the workplace, health centers, and educational institutions, but the ACCSI now also addresses family problems related to adoption, insurance, and inheritance, among others. To cope with the increase in service caseload, services have been extended through collaboration with specialized organizations concerned with human rights, women, children, prisons, and indigenous people. ACCSI influences governmental policy-making through its participation in the National AIDS Program. Moreover, ACCSI's networking activities ensure that the topic of HIV/AIDS and human rights is now always included in seminars and conferences in Venezuela, even when they are concerned with sexually transmitted diseases or other medical issues. Almost every time the press report upon AIDS, they consult the NGO. Everyday more people in Venezuela are standing up for their rights and denouncing discrimination against people infected with HIV.

Muuga joodab Venezuela naftaga Valgevene tehaseid / Anne Oja

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Oja, Anne, 1970-

2010-01-01

Venezuela toornaftat veetakse Valgevenesse Muuga sadama kaudu. Riia sadam loodab suurema osa Venezuela nafta transiidist endale saada, samas peaks sadam selleks tegema mitmeid töid, nt. süvendama akvatooriumi

La alta gerencia corporativa, el marketing y la responsabilidad social empresarial: Caso Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pasquale Raspa

2014-01-01

Full Text Available El trabajo que se presenta a continuación es una visión que analiza y examina el desarrollo del concepto de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y el Marketing,a nivel global, bajo la óptica de autores como Lindbaek (2003 hasta las tendencias modernas de la misma, a través de las normativas que controlan e incentivan la acción social de las empresas en el concierto de las naciones. Luego de un análisis de esas tendencias se adentra en la situación de la Responsabilidad Social y Marketing en Venezuela y como se viene desarrollando durante las últimas décadas. Finalmente, al comparar las tendencias mundiales sobre Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y la situación venezolana se destaca la propensión del empresariado venezolano a la puesta en práctica de la acción social de una manera eficiente y con orientación al Marketing.Palabras Clave: Responsabilidad social empresarial; marketing, estrategia; acción social; ciudadano corporativo.Corporate senior management, marketing and corporate social responsibility: Venezuela Case AbstractThe work presented below is an overview that draws the development of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility and global marketing from the perspective of authors like Lindbaek (2003 to modern trends of this perspective, through regulations that control and encourage social action of the companies in the concert of nations. After an analysis of these trends, it goes deeper into the situation of the Social Responsibility and Marketing in Venezuela and how it has been developing itself over recent decades. Finally, and to compare global trend about Corporate Social Responsibility and the Venezuelan situation, it is highlighted the propensity of the Venezuelan entrepreneurial to the implementation of social action in an efficient way and marketing focused.Keywords: corporate social responsibility; marketing; strategy; social action; corporate citizen.

HYDROCARBONS RESERVES IN VENEZUELA

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gonzalez Cruz, D.J.

2007-07-01

Venezuela is an important player in the energy world, because of its hydrocarbons reserves. The process for calculating oil and associated gas reserves is described bearing in mind that 90% of the gas reserves of Venezuela are associated to oil. Likewise, an analysis is made of the oil reserves figures from 1975 to 2003. Reference is also made to inconsistencies found by international experts and the explanations offered in this respect by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (MENPET) and Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) regarding the changes that took place in the 1980s. In turn, Hubbert's Law is explained to determine peak production of conventional oil that a reservoir or field will reach, as well as its relationship with remaining reserves. Emphasis is placed on the interest of the United Nations on this topic. The reserves of associated gas are presented along with their relationship with the different crude oils that are produced and with injected gas, as well as with respect to the possible changes that would take place in the latter if oil reserves are revised. Some recommendations are submitted so that the MENPET starts preparing the pertinent policies ruling reserves. (auth)

Venezuela opens up to explorers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kielmas, M.

1995-01-01

The opening of Venezuela's first exploration bidding round since oil nationalisation in 1976 was a turning-point in the country's energy policy. The state oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela (PdVSA), has said that the bidding round could generate investment of some $11 billion eventually in development investment and that over the next 10 years, nearly 20 percent of a planned $55 billion, 10-year state oil company investment programme could also come from foreign or private sector oil investment. Should this optimistic prediction materialise, Venezuela, whose 2.75 million b/d oil production in October was some 400,000 b/d over its Opec quota, will remain both the dominant oil producer in Latin America and the top-ranking oil exporter to the US market. In May this year, Venezuelan oil exports topped 1.43 million b/d, or some 16.8 percent of the US market, compared with Saudi Arabia's 15.7 percent. (author)

Lasers and petroleum in Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

da Costa, G.; Guerri, G.; Calatroni, J. (Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas (Venezuela). Lab. de Optica Cuantica)

1978-06-01

The viscosity of heavy hydrocarbons is one reason why conventional drilling methods are insufficient for petroleum extraction in Venezuela at a depth of 1000 m. The Quantum Optics Laboratory of Simon Bolivar University in Caracas is conducting a search for novel perforation and heating tools for petroleum extraction. Basic research is being carried out using a 10 MW TEA-CO/sub 2/ laser. The laser is not only a research tool but a matter of national interests, as petroleum is Venezuela's main export article.

LIBERALISMO Y DESCENTRALIZACIÓN: ALGUNAS APRECIACIONES EN TORNO A VENEZUELA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Elena Romero Ríos

2000-05-01

Full Text Available La revisión de algunos supuestos que conforman el modelo liberal de sociedad, se trazan como inicio para inferir características presentes en el proceso de descentralización dentro de las reformas del Estado en el contexto venezolano. En las dos últimas décadas importantes cuestionamientos se realizan acerca de la estructura centralizada del Estado en América Latina y de los desiguales niveles de desarrollo que se hallan dentro de un mismo territorio nacional, asociándose el centralismo con la dinámica de la actividad económica capitalista. En la relación de estas variables político-económicas, se describen obstáculos para el desarrollo y agotamiento de las capacidades funcionales del Estado, surgiendo como alternativa la descentralización. Una definición que integra la descentralización política, administrativa y económica, según se dirija a incidir en la participación política, en la administración estatal o en el modelo económico, abre cauces para la discusión del modelo liberal de sociedad. ¿Puede señalarse que la conducción del proceso de descentralización en Venezuela ha seguido orientaciones liberales, con tan marcado predominio económico que ha afectado la institucionalidad política que el mismo proceso conlleva? La descentralización en Venezuela, orientada hacia el fortalecimiento político institucional, tomó el camino de las reformas neo-liberistas, lo cual se le ha convertido en freno para continuar avanzando hacia el fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad política democrática.

Radioactive wastes handling problems in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ramirez, R.; Venegas, R.

1984-07-01

A brief description of the radioactive wastes problem in Venezuela is presented. The origins of the problem are shown in a squematic form. The requirements for its solution are divided into three parts: information system, control system, radioactive wastes hadling system. A questionnaire summarizing factors to be considered when looking for a solution to the problem in Venezuela is included, as well as conclusions and recomendations for further discussion

Noticias y política en diarios sudamericanos. El tratamiento noticioso del rol de UNASUR en Venezuela (marzo de 2014

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Alaniz

2015-10-01

Full Text Available El texto presenta el tratamiento informativo que la prensa escrita realizó en torno al papel de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR ante el conflicto socio-político venezolano en marzo de 2014. Se caracteriza la UNASUR y su constitución como organismo que fortalece los lazos de integración regional. Luego, se considera el rol de los medios informativos en la visibilización de temas relevantes para la sociedad y la confi-guración de percepciones y sentidos otorgados a los mismos. En este sentido, se analizan los criterios noticiosos de los diarios El Universal (Venezuela, El Tiempo (Colombia, El Comercio (Ecuador y El Peruano (Perú.

Oil Prices and Venezuela's Economy

OpenAIRE

Mark Weisbrot; Rebecca Ray

2008-01-01

This paper looks at Venezuela’s export revenue, imports, and trade and current account balances under a range of oil price outcomes for the next two years. It finds that Venezuela would run large current account surpluses for prices between $60-90 per barrel, and would even run a small surplus with prices at $50 per barrel. (Most oil industry estimates for the next two years are in the range of $80-90 per barrel). The authors conclude that Venezuela is unlikely to run into foreign exchange co...

Venezuela takes responsabilidad

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hunter, D.

1992-01-01

No federal government officials showed up at the Oct. 29 ceremony to lauch the Responsabilidad Integral program of Asoquim, the Venezuelan chemical industry association. But that did not discourage industry representatives. Industry has tried to keep the Ministry of Environment Affairs involved as much as possible, says Danay Zoppi de Perez, corporate v.p. with Grupo Quimico. But industry was proud to be doing it anyway, despite the absence of government. It's a private, proactive initiative. Asoquim's program is based on the six Responsible Care codes. At the ceremony, 56 companies from Asoquim's membership of 150, which represents 90% of chemicals production in the country, signed on. Signatories include stateowned Petroquimica de Venezuela (Pequiven), domestic private-sector firms, and most of the multinationls operating in Venezuela. The ceremony drew officials from the fire service and civil defense authorities who have to deal with spills and accidents

Nuclear power planning study for Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1978-01-01

The optimum capacity for nuclear power plants that might be built in Venezuela in the period 1985-2000 and the best time for incorporating them into the electric system is defined. The most recent forecasts regarding growth of the population and demand, and of the economy in general, and the taking into account the costs for the fossil-fuel and hydroelectric resources known to exist in Venezuela, as compared with the costs of importing uranium, are discussed

Occupational Safety and Health in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Caraballo-Arias, Yohama

2015-01-01

Venezuela has pioneered a preventive-focused and comprehensive movement for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Latin America. However, despite being an oil-rich country, it has some of the lowest salaries for their workers and highest levels of hyperinflation, devaluation, crime, and violence of the world. Review the current status and challenges on relevant aspects of OSH in Venezuela. Review of literature and documents from national governments, UN agencies, NGOs, and the Venezuelan government concerning OSH and related topics since 1986. Reformed in 2005, the Organic Law on Prevention, Conditions and Environment (LOPCYMAT) was a fundamental moment of change for OSH. Factors which have impacted OSH the strongest are (i) the creation of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (INPSASEL) and (ii) the socioeconomic crisis Venezuela is going through. Venezuela's laws are innovative and yet non-compliance is enormous. Almost half of the population works in the informal sector. Following the International Labor Office projections, 5 people die per day in Venezuela due to occupational accidents or diseases, making health and safety at work a luxury rather than a right. The quality of life for the average worker has deteriorated, affecting not only health but the overall well-being of all Venezuelans. The political and socio-economic situation has led to a mass exodus of more than 1.6 million highly qualified and talented professionals. Many statistics concerning OSH are not updated and are unreliable regarding occupational accidents and diseases. There is a substantial difference between what is written to protect individual Venezuelans in the workplace and the reality of workplace conditions. Substantial governmental actions are needed in the immediate future to improve occupational safety and health of Venezuelan workers. Copyright © 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Calidad de la democracia en Venezuela Quality of democracy in Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel H. LEVINE

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Los debates sobre la democracia en la Venezuela de hoy carecen de una definición común sobre el tema, sobre cómo estudiarlo, e incluso respecto a qué es democracia. El régimen ha sido descrito de muchas formas: democracia participativa, híbrido, mixto, personalista, populista, iliberal, autoritarismo competitivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el nivel de calidad de la democracia en Venezuela, en el marco de una concepción procedimental de la democracia. La evaluación empírica de cinco dimensiones de calidad de la democracia (decisión electoral, participación, respuesta a la voluntad popular, rendición de cuentas y soberanía revela un nivel bajo en conjunto, con escasa variación entre 2005 y 2010. Los escenarios posibles luego de las elecciones de 2012 incluyen: reforzamiento de las tendencias autoritarias, militarización abierta, liberalización política con fortalecimiento institucional, o volatilidad duradera con conflicto polarizado y debilidad institucional. La salud del presidente Chávez afectará estos escenarios, dado su carácter de factor central unificador de su movimiento y del régimen.Discussions of democracy in contemporary Venezuela lack a settled definition of the subject, how to study it, or indeed of what counts as «democracy» in the first place. The regime has been described as everything from participatory democracy, hybrid, mixed, and personalist to populist, illiberal, or no longer democratic but rather competitive authoritarian. The goal of this article is to measure the quality of democracy in Venezuela, within the terms of a procedural concept of democracy as detailed in our earlier work. Empirical measurement of the quality of democracy on five dimensions (electoral choice, participation, responsiveness, accountability, sovereignty reveals a low level overall and deep institutional weakness under a personalist leadership, with little change from 2005 to 2010. Future scenarios, after the

More oil sand cooperation between Canada and Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1977-07-01

Venezuela has pioneered the production of heavy oil, according to Dr. A. Guzman-Reyes, director general of hydrocarbons for the Venezuelan government. The first heavy oil production began in Venezuela 60 yr ago and the oil industry has steadily improved methods of producing and handling heavy oil. The country's producing fields are capable of yielding almost one million barrels of heavy oil daily, although actual production, largely because of market limitations, is about 650,000 bpd. Canada's daily heavy oil production, including the 60,000 bbl of synthetic crude produced daily by the Great Canadian Oil Sands plant, is about 200,000 bbl. Dr. Guzman-Reyes stated that Venezuela intends to rapidly develop heavy oil production and upgrade facilities to maintain its export markets. The national oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, plans to invest 4 times the amount spent on oil development over the last 60 yr during the next 10 yr, a total of $3 billion by 1980.

Language Planning for Venezuela: The Role of English.

Science.gov (United States)

Kelsey, Irving; Serrano, Jose

A rationale for teaching foreign languages in Venezuelan schools is discussed. An included sociolinguistic profile of Venezuela indicates that Spanish is the sole language of internal communication needs. Other languages spoken in Venezuela serve primarily a group function among the immigrant and indigenous communities. However, the teaching of…

Malaria control and elimination, Venezuela, 1800s –1970s.

Science.gov (United States)

Griffing, Sean M; Villegas, Leopoldo; Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam

2014-10-01

Venezuela had the highest number of human malaria cases in Latin American before 1936. During 1891–1920,malaria was endemic to >600,000 km2 of this country; malaria death rates led to major population decreases during 1891–1920. No pathogen, including the influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic, caused more deaths than malaria during 1905–1945. Early reports of malaria eradication in Venezuela helped spark the world's interest in global eradication. We describe early approaches to malaria epidemiology in Venezuela and how this country developed an efficient control program and an approach to eradication.Arnoldo Gabaldón was a key policy maker during this development process. He directed malaria control in Venezuela from the late 1930s to the end of the 1970s and contributed to malaria program planning of the World Health Organization.We discuss how his efforts helped reduce the incidence of malaria in Venezuela and how his approach diverged from World Health Organization guidelines.

Malaria Control and Elimination,1 Venezuela, 1800s–1970s

Science.gov (United States)

Villegas, Leopoldo; Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam

2014-01-01

Venezuela had the highest number of human malaria cases in Latin American before 1936. During 1891–1920, malaria was endemic to >600,000 km2 of this country; malaria death rates led to major population decreases during 1891–1920. No pathogen, including the influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic, caused more deaths than malaria during 1905–1945. Early reports of malaria eradication in Venezuela helped spark the world’s interest in global eradication. We describe early approaches to malaria epidemiology in Venezuela and how this country developed an efficient control program and an approach to eradication. Arnoldo Gabaldón was a key policy maker during this development process. He directed malaria control in Venezuela from the late 1930s to the end of the 1970s and contributed to malaria program planning of the World Health Organization. We discuss how his efforts helped reduce the incidence of malaria in Venezuela and how his approach diverged from World Health Organization guidelines.

Duas novas espécies de Alera Mabille (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae Two new species of Alera Mabile (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olaf H. H. Mielke

2004-12-01

Full Text Available Alera romeroi sp. nov. da Venezuela (Aragua: Maracay e Alera manu sp. nov. do Brasil (Acre, Bujari e Peru (Madre de Dios, Parque Nacional del Manu são descritas e ilustradas.Alera romeroi sp. nov. from Venezuela (Aragua: Maracay and Alera manu sp. nov. from Brazil (Acre, Bujari and Peru (Madre de Dios: Parque Nacional del Manu are described and illustrated.

Diabetes Care in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis; González-Rivas, Juan P; Lima-Martínez, Marcos; Stepenka, Victoria; Rísquez, Alejandro; Mechanick, Jeffrey I

2015-01-01

The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its economic burden have increased in Venezuela, posing difficult challenges in a country already in great turmoil. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence, causes, prevention, management, health policies, and challenges for successful management of diabetes and its complications in Venezuela. A comprehensive literature review spanning 1960 to 2015 was performed. Literature not indexed also was reviewed. The weighted prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was estimated from published regional and subnational population-based studies. Diabetes care strategies were analyzed. In Venezuela, the weighted prevalence of diabetes was 7.7% and prediabetes was 11.2%. Diabetes was the fifth leading cause of death (7.1%) in 2012 with the mortality rate increasing 7% per year from 1990 to 2012. In 2012, cardiovascular disease and diabetes together were the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years.T2D drivers are genetic, epigenetic, and lifestyle, including unhealthy dietary patterns and physical inactivity. Obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome are present at lower cutoffs for body mass index, homeostatic model assessment, and visceral or ectopic fat, respectively. Institutional programs for early detection and/or prevention of T2D have not been established. Most patients with diabetes (∼87%) are cared for in public facilities in a fragmented health system. Local clinical practice guidelines are available, but implementation is suboptimal and supporting information is limited. Strategies to improve diabetes care in Venezuela include enhancing resources, reducing costs, improving education, implementing screening (using Latin America Finnish Diabetes Risk Score), promoting diabetes care units, avoiding insulin levels as diagnostic tool, correct use of oral glucose tolerance testing and metformin as first-line T2D treatment, and reducing health system fragmentation. Use of the Venezuelan adaptation of

Venezuela electoral 2012: escenarios y perspectivas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Juan Manuel Trak Vásquez

2014-06-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de estas líneas es reflexionar sobre los posibles escenarios que se pueden dar en Venezuela a partir de las elecciones presidenciales del 7 de octubre, en donde se juega la reelección de Hugo Chávez Frías (HCF. Para ello es necesario hacer un breve recorrido por la historia política reciente de Venezuela, cómo llega HCF al poder y los hitos más importantes que han marcado sus mandatos desde 1998.

Venezuela: moving from abundance to moderation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Legros, E

1984-06-01

Venezuela is Latin America's second greatest oil producer and its dependence on oil production is extreme. Hydrocarbons account for over 90% of its foreign currency earnings, and oil revenue represents the bulk of the state's resources. Statistics on petroleum exploration, production, refining, consumption, and exports are given and related to the status quo and predicted development in Venezuela. The potential contribution of the Orinoco heavy crude oil reservoir is assessed. A decreased independence on oil production as an income market for the country is being sought.

Legislación archivística venezolana: una contribución para la consolidación de la gestión de archivos en Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Arcángel Sánchez

2008-05-01

Full Text Available ResumenEste trabajo presenta las reflexiones realizadas por los autores sobre la legislación de archivos en Venezuela.Las actividades archivísticas venezolanas están normadas por la Ley de Archivos Nacionales que data del año 1945 y que fue actualizada en el 2001 con la aprobación de la Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública. Esta investigación descriptiva y documental analiza las legislaciones que aplican en el manejo, conservación, expedición de documentos y otras actividades archivísticas venezolanas; hace énfasis en la evaluación, aplicabilidad y normalización de la terminología de los principales estamentos legales que rigen el devenir de los archivos del país y del patrimonio documental venezolano. Se concluye que el tratamiento de los documentos de archivo debe estar fundamentado en un estricto cumplimiento de la legislación archivística venezolana con el fin de consolidar el Sistema Nacional de Archivos en Venezuela.AbstractThis paper presents insights made by the authors about archive legislation in Venezuela. Archive activities are regulated by the Law of National Archives, created in 1945, and actualized in 2001 with the approval of the Organic Law for Public Administration. This descriptive and documental research analyzes legislations that are applied in the handle, conservation and expedition of documents and other Venezuelan archives’ activities; it makes emphasis on the evaluation, applicability and normalization of the terminology of the main legal statuses that regulate the destiny of the country’s archives and Venezuela’s documental patrimony. This paper concludes that the treatment of archives’ documents must be grounded on a strict adherence to Venezuelan legislation regarding archives, with the purpose of consolidating the Archives National System in Venezuela.

South America's energy integration overshadows Venezuela-US confrontational posture

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abrantes, Dayse

2006-01-01

Venezuela's plans of a 10 000 km gas pipeline project spanning Latin America is presented. A brief analysis of Venezuela's petroleum industry is provided. President Hugo Chavez' main ambitions include reducing oil sales to the USA and to spark South America's energy integration

Impacto social de la preparación investigativa de los residentes y estudiantes del programa nacional de formación de medicina general integral de la misión sucre

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Yanett Del Cerro Campano

2013-10-01

Full Text Available El artículo ilustra el impacto social logrado con la preparación investigativa de un médico residente y cinco estudiantes del Programa Nacional de Formación de Medicina Integral comunitaria de la Misión Sucre, al realizar su desempeño profesional y práctica laboral en el área de salud atendida por el Consultorio Médico Popular de la Comunidad de Pariapan en San Juan de los Morros, estado Guárico de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.  

Decade of Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez, Por Ahora

Science.gov (United States)

2009-04-01

minor production source of opium and cocoa , Venezuela is important in the transit of narcotics between Columbia and the US. 60 61 Mindful of this, a...took over.91 To highlight the significance of oil to Venezuela , in 2006, oil represented 91% of its exports compared to 80% five years earlier.92...methodology to examine the last ten years of Venezuelas Hugo Chavez presidency and the significant aspects in terms of US security. The paper contents

Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in Northern Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Convit, Jacinto; Schuler, Harland; Borges, Rafael; Olivero, Vimerca; Domínguez-Vázquez, Alfredo; Frontado, Hortencia; Grillet, María E

2013-10-07

Onchocerciasis is caused by Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by Simulium species (black flies). In the Americas, the infection has been previously described in 13 discrete regional foci distributed among six countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela) where more than 370,000 people are currently considered at risk. Since 2001, disease control in Venezuela has relied on the mass drug administration to the at-risk communities. This report provides empirical evidence of interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by Simulium metallicum in 510 endemic communities from two Northern foci of Venezuela, after 10-12 years of 6-monthly Mectizan (ivermectin) treatment to all the eligible residents. In-depth entomologic and epidemiologic surveys were serially conducted from 2001-2012 in selected (sentinel and extra-sentinel) communities from the North-central (NC) and North-east (NE) onchocerciasis foci of Venezuela in order to monitor the impact of ivermectin treatment. From 2007-2009, entomological indicators in both foci confirmed that 0 out of 112,637 S. metallicum females examined by PCR contained L3 infection in insect heads. The upper bound of the 95% confidence intervals of the infective rate of the vector reached values below 1% by 2009 (NC) and 2012 (NE). Additionally, after 14 (NC) and 22 (NE) rounds of treatment, the seasonal transmission potential (±UL CIs) of S. metallicum was under the critical threshold of 20 L3 per person per season. Serological analysis in school children Venezuela.

Asian genotype of Chikungunya virus circulating in Venezuela during 2014.

Science.gov (United States)

Camacho, Daría; Reyes, Jesús; Negredo, Ana; Hernández, Lourdes; Sánchez-Seco, María; Comach, Guillermo

2017-10-01

Chikungunya virus emerged on Saint-Martin Island in the Caribbean in late 2013. Since then in July of 2104 Venezuela reported autochthonous cases. This study reports the first phylogenetic characterization of CHIKV autochthonous cases in Venezuela, 2014. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the CHIKV circulating in Venezuela (Aragua state) belong to the Asian genotype (Caribbean clade) and it is related to viruses that circulated in the same year in the Caribbean. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Experiences of the urbanization process in Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Martinez Tirado, N

1985-01-01

The process of urbanization and urban growth in relation to economic development in Venezuela is analyzed. Four periods are considered: the period prior to the discovery of oil in Venezuela, which ended in the early 1940s; from the 1940s to the early 1970s; from the 1970s to 1983; and the present. Information is provided for the period 1936-1981 on total and urban population growth and on the size and number of urban centers.

Hacia la creación de un estado socialista, centralizado y militarista en Venezuela (2007

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Allan Randolph Brewer-Carías

2007-08-01

Full Text Available El trabajo analiza la propuesta de reforma constitucional que presentó el Presidente de Venezuela ante la Asamblea Nacional de ese país en agosto de 2007, en la cual propone cambios fundamentales en la concepción y organización del Estado, para transformar el modelo de Estado Democrático y Social de Derecho descentralizado (federal que se plasmó en la Constitución vigente de 1999, montado sobre un sistema de economía mixta que combina libertad económica y de empresa con la intervención del Estado para asegurar la justicia social, por un Estado Socialista, Centralizado y Militarista, montado sobre la eliminación de la libertad económica y del derecho de propiedad como derechos constitucionales, y el establecimiento constitucional de un sistema económico estatista de planificación centralizada. Dicha «reforma» sólo podría realizarse convocando una Asamblea Constituyente.

Venezuela loodab tüürida Kuuba saatust / Sirje Rank

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Rank, Sirje, 1966-

2006-01-01

Venezuela president Hugo Chavez soovib üle võtte Fidel Castro rolli võitluses USA ülemvõimu vastu. Venezuela odava nafta tähtsus Kuuba majandusele. Vt. samas: Kuuba nafta õõnestab USA embargot

Sistema Nacional de Educação articulado ao Plano Nacional de Educação

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Dermeval Saviani

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Versando sobre el tema central de la Conferencia Nacional de Educación (CONAE, realizada en Brasilia del 28 de marzo al 1º de abril de 2010, el texto trata del concepto del Sistema Nacional de Educación en articulación con el Plano Nacional de Educación. Por tanto, después de indicar los usos básicos del concepto del sistema, aborda la cuestión del Sistema Nacional de Educación explorando, en especial, el problema federativo para mostrar la plena compatibilidad de la organización del Sistema Nacional de Educación con el régimen federativo. En la secuencia, aborda el significado histórico del Plano Nacional de Educación mostrando que el plano es una exigencia del sistema, una vez que la educación sistematizada envuelve la acción planeada. Así pues, el Plano Nacional de Educación constituye el medio por el cual se puede comparar el grado en que el Sistema Nacional de Educación está cumpliendo las metas y objetivos que le corresponde alcanzar.

[Epidemiology of ophidism in Venezuela (1996-2004)].

Science.gov (United States)

De Sousa, Leonardo; Bastouri-Carrasco, Jessica; Matos, Mercedes; Borges, Adolfo; Bónoli, Stefano; Vásquez-Suárez, Aleikar; Guerrero, Belsy; Rodríguez-Acosta, Alexis

2013-06-01

The data of accidents caused by snakebites in Venezuela, registered at the morbidity statistics of the Direction of Epidemiology and Strategic Analysis of the Ministry of Health and Social Development were analyzed. During the years of 1996-2004, 53,792 snakebites were registered in Venezuela (5,976 cases average per year), with a higher incidence during the year 2004 (7,486 incidents). Zulia reported the highest frequency of all the states (5,975 cases); meanwhile the Midwestern region, constituted by Lara, Portuguesa, Falc6n and Yaracuy states, had a higher morbidity for snake bites. The highest incidence, distributed per states was registered in Cojedes, during the year 2001, with 228.72 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. When it was determined by regions, the highest incidence occurred during the year 2004 at los Llanos with 63.81 per 100,000 inhabitants. The median of the incidence rate for Venezuela during the period was of 21.46 accidents per 100,000 inhabitants. The classification of the endemic areas for ophidism, according to the percentiles 23, 50, 75 and 90, organized the country in: (a) states and regions of very high endemicity, (b) high endemicity, (c) middle, (d) low and (e) very low endemicity. These epidemiological data indicated that the accidents caused by snakes constitute a collective health problem in Venezuela.

Migração transfronteiriça na Venezuela

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Francilene Rodrigues

2006-08-01

Full Text Available AS ZONAS fronteiriças são zonas de empréstimos e apropriações culturais e, por isso, um lugar privilegiado para a compreensão do fenômeno migratório internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar alguns aspectos do processo de deslocamentos transfronteiriços no norte do Brasil, no município de Pacaraima (Estado de Roraima e na fronteira sul da Venezuela, no município de Gran Sabana (Estado Bolívar, e, ao mesmo tempo, apontar as tendências e reflexos nas configurações socioculturais nessas zonas de contato. Nessa fronteira Brasil-Venezuela, podemos afirmar que o trânsito maior é de brasileiros para a Venezuela e para a Guiana, em decorrência das possibilidades de atuarem nas atividades de mineração, no comércio local e no setor de transportes, além das atividades ilegais, como tráfico de mulheres, contrabando de combustível e câmbio ilegal de moeda. Apresenta-se, no entanto, uma nova tendência que é a imigração de estrangeiros de outros países do continente, tais como peruanos e colombianos. Esses migrantes transfronteiriços percorrem os países fronteiriços em itinerários cuja porta de entrada é a Venezuela e a Guiana, mas também o Estado do Amazonas.BORDER zones are zones of cultural lending, borrowing and appropriation, and, therefore, a privileged vantage point for understanding the phenomenon of international migration. This essay attempts to examine certain aspects of the transborder dislocation process in northern Brazil (the city of Pacaraima, state of Roraima and in southern Venezuela (the city of Gran Sabana, state of Bolívar, and point out its trends and reflections on the sociocultural makeup of those contact zones. In this Brazil-Venezuela border, the largest movement is clearly that of Brazilians going into Venezuela and Guyana in search of job opportunities in mining, local business and transportation, not to mention illegal activities such as the traffic of women, fuel smuggling and

Misery Index Corrected by Informality: Applicable to Venezuela

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Josefa Ramoni Perazzi

2013-11-01

Full Text Available This paper suggests a variation of the IMO index (Okun's Misery Index, adapting it to markets with these characteristics, adding the ESI level (Employment in the Informal Sector to the unemployment level. This research compares the evolution of several standard misery indexes in several zones during the last decades, with emphasis on the case of Venezuela, for which the new proposed index is also estimated. Results show improvement in the well-being of groups of countries under study, compared to the deterioration of the indicator in Venezuela. In general terms, the IMO is controlled by unemployment, except in Venezuela. However, preponderance of inflation over unemployment in this country seems to occur by the underestimate that the unemployment rate has on the Venezuelan labor market situation.

Critical Pedagogy and Empowering in Teacher Education in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Chacon, Carmen T.; Alvarez, Luisa Cristina

This paper addresses the issue of the relationship between critical pedagogy and English as a foreign language (EFL) in Venezuela. Teacher-researchers have come to see the issues confronting nonnative educators in ELT as a more important issue than in previous years. They are particularly concerned about the current situation in Venezuela,…

Preliminary inventory of mammals from Yurubí National Park, Yaracuy, Venezuela with some comments on their natural history

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Franger J. García

2012-03-01

necesidad de generar información de línea base que nos permita contribuir con la documentación y conservación de la riqueza de la fauna local, realizamos un inventario de mamíferos en el Parque Nacional Yurubí, localizado en el estado Yaracuy, Venezuela. Llevamos a cabo trabajos de campo en tres tipos de vegetación seleccionados: un bosque siempreverde a 197m., un bosque semideciduo entre 100-230m y un bosque nublado a 1 446m. Utilizamos trampas Victor, Sherman, Havahart y un sistema de trampa de caída para la captura de pequeños mamíferos no voladores y mallas de neblina para murciélagos. Adicionalmente, entrevistamos a los pobladores locales para el registro de mamíferos de porte mediano a grande junto con observaciones ocasionales directas e indirectas. Al menos 79 especies están presentes en el área de estudio, representando el 28% de la fauna de mamíferos registrada para el norte del país. Chiroptera (39 spp., Carnivora (13 spp. y Rodentia (9 spp. fueron los órdenes con las mayores riquezas taxonómicas, coincidiendo con los resultados esperados en el Neotrópico. El bosque siempreverde obtuvo la mayor riqueza de especies (n=68, con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 128 horas-malla, 32 baldes-día,16 horas de observaciones y tres personas entrevistadas, seguida por el bosque nublado (n=45 con 324 horas-malla, 790 trampas-noche, 77 baldes-día, 10 horas de observaciones y una persona entrevistada. El valor más bajo de la riqueza fue en el bosque semideciduo (n=41, con 591 trampas-noche, 15 horas-malla, 10 horas de observaciones y tres personas entrevistadas. Los datos y observaciones obtenidos aquí (e.g., endemismo, especies conocidas como “especies sucedáneas” amenazadas en Venezuela, le confieren al Parque Nacional Yurubí un papel importante en la conservación y mantenimiento de los ecosistemas y fauna local, actualmente amenazados por presiones humanas locales en la Cordillera de la Costa.

Los ferrocarriles de servicio público en Venezuela (1870-1990

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Santamaría García, Antonio

1998-12-01

Full Text Available Not available

Este artículo es un estado de la cuestión sobre la historia de los ferrocarriles de servicio público en Venezuela. El trabajo formó parte del proyecto financiado por la Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles, “Los Ferrocarriles Latinoamericanos Ayer, Hoy y Mañana” (1990-92, cuyo objetivo fue construir una base de datos con la bibliografía y las fuentes, fundamentalmente estadísticas, existentes para el estudio del tema. A continuación presentamos los resultados para el caso venezolano, manteniendo como hipótesis que el desarrollo ferroviario en ese país estuvo más determinado que en el resto de América Latina por las necesidades de la construcción del Estado y de integración de la economía nacional en el mercado mundial como productora primario-exportadora. Tal fue la dependencia que aquél tuvo de estos elementos, que tras la finalización del ciclo alcista primario- exportador en las décadas de 1920-30, la explotación ferroviaria sufrió una crisis cuya solución fue el cierre de las líneas.

REGIONAL RECIPROCAL GUARANTEE SOCIETIES IN VENEZUELA

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Orlando J. Canelones

2014-11-01

Full Text Available This research aims to describe the operation of services offered by the Regional Mutual Guarantee Societies (SGRs in Venezuela, and to present synthetically, the rudiments for constitution, as well as the legal basis that must rule them, through conducting an executive summary of the Law of the National System of Reciprocal Guarantees for Small and Medium Business and the Promotion, Constitution and Functioning Rules of National Mutual Funds and Guarantees and SGRs.  The methodology used in this research is documentary, through a literature review and exploration that allowed inferences about the importance of Regional SGRs in Venezuela, as financing alternative

La crisis del constitucionalismo en las letras: de la crítica novelesca a la fundación literaria en Brasil y Venezuela

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Dionisio Márquez Arreaza

2015-05-01

Full Text Available La caída del idealismo nacionalista de los personajes novelescos de Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma, de Lima Barreto, y En este país…!, de Urbaneja Achelpohl, articula emancipación política, literatura de fundación y representación nacional en Brasil y Venezuela. Los personajes son portadores de los ideales patrióticos y reformistas, en sintonía con la retórica nacional de la literatura fundacional y de su carácter “excolonial”. Este carácter comporta una ambivalencia que oscila entre reconocer la inclusión del sujeto marginado y reproducir la misma mirada occidental y colonizadora que marginó a este sujeto en el pasado colonial. En la situación republicana, los personajes reproducen esta mirada a través, tanto del nuevo lenguaje liberal del constitucionalismo, como del discurso sobre la naturaleza y su racionalidad de explotación agropecuaria. Así, el drama de los personajes ficticios se interrelaciona con la promesa de emancipación social de los sujetos históricamente marginados.

Poverty rates in Venezuela: getting the numbers right.

Science.gov (United States)

Weisbrot, Mark; Sandoval, Luis; Rosnick, David

2006-01-01

This article looks at household and individual poverty rates in Venezuela over the past seven years. For more than a year, the statement that poverty in Venezuela has increased under the government of President Hugo Chávez has appeared in scores of major newspapers, on major television and radio programs, and even in publications devoted to foreign policy. There are no data to support such statements, and in fact the available data show a decline in poverty for both individuals and households over the seven-year period: the percentage of people in poverty declined from 50 percent in the first quarter of 1999 to 43.7 percent in 2005. Further, there is no evidence to suggest any change in the methodology for measuring poverty during this period, as has been alleged in a number of reports. The article also examines briefly the impact of significant changes in non-cash benefits such as free health care, which are not taken into account in the measured poverty rate, on poor people in Venezuela. Finally, the authors look at how the mistakes in reporting on Venezuela's poverty rate were made; an appendix gives examples of mistakes in major media and foreign policy publications.

Autonomía del aprendiz: Nociones de estudiantes y profesores de la Universidad Nacional Abierta

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Antonio José Alfonzo Paradisi

2015-07-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo reporta los resultados obtenidos con respecto a las nociones que poseen los profesores y estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Abierta de Venezuela, sobre la autonomía del aprendiz. Estos hallazgos forman parte de una tesis doctoral orientada a clarificar la comprensión de esta comunidad sobre algunas dimensiones de la interacción didáctica en la educación a distancia. Se utilizó el estudio de casos bajo un enfoque metodológico plural: se partió de las teorías acerca de la autonomía en la educación a distancia y se construyó a la luz de un abordaje interpretativo las nociones y perspectivas sobre el tópico; encontrándose que trascienden la toma de decisiones y la conciben como la posesión del propio juicio y su aplicación en el proceso del aprendizaje.

The Dairy Technology System in Venezuela. Summary of Research 79.

Science.gov (United States)

Nieto, Ruben D.; Henderson, Janet L.

A study examined the agricultural technology system in Venezuela with emphasis on the dairy industry. An analytical framework was used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the following components of Venezuela's agricultural technology system: policy, technology development, technology transfer, and technology use. Selected government…

Venezuela slates second oil field revival round

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1992-01-01

This paper reports that Venezuela will accept bids under a second round next year from private foreign and domestic companies for production contracts to operate marginal active as well as inactive oil fields. The first such round came earlier this year, involving about 55 other marginal, inactive fields. It resulted in two contractors signed with domestic and foreign companies. It represented the first time since nationalization of the petroleum industry in Venezuela in 1976 that private companies were allowed to produce oil in the country. A public bid tender was expected at presstime last week

78 FR 4437 - Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, Venezuela: Notice of Commission Determination To Conduct...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-22

... From India, Kazakhstan, Venezuela: Notice of Commission Determination To Conduct Full Five-Year Reviews... silicomanganese from India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of... on subject imports from Venezuela was adequate, and [[Page 4438

Scorpionism due to Tityus neoespartanus (Scorpiones, Buthidae in Margarita Island, northeastern Venezuela Escorpionismo por Tityus neoespartanus (Scorpiones, Buthidae na Ilha de Margarita, Nordeste da Venezuela

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Leonardo De Sousa

2007-12-01

Full Text Available The first two cases of scorpion envenoming caused by Tityus neoespartanus (Buthidae are described. The accidents took place within human environments (one inside a home and the other inside a school, in the village of La Sierra, Margarita Island, State of Nueva Esparta, northeastern Venezuela. Both cases were moderately severe and developed pancreatic involvement and electrocardiographic abnormalities. This report allows inclusion of Margarita Island among the endemic areas of scorpionism in Venezuela.Descrevem se os dois primeiros casos de escorpionismo por Tityus neoespartanus (Scorpiones, Buthidae. Os acidentes ocorreram no ambiente antrópico (um no domicilio e outro na escola na aldeia de La Sierra, Ilha de Margarita, Estado de Nueva Esparta, nordeste da Venezuela. Os dois acidentes, moderadamente graves, cursaram com acometimento pancreático e alterações eletrocardiografias. Este reporte permite incluir à Ilha de Margarita entre as áreas endêmicas de escorpionismo na Venezuela.

Venezuela and Energy Security of Latin America

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Elena Igorevna Vesnovskaya

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The article is devoted to the specificity of Venezuela's energy policy and the features of the evolution of its approaches to solving problems of energy security. Special attention is paid to the projects of Caracas in the energy sector which are aimed at the creating of common energy zone in Latin America. The author has revealed the interaction of internal political processes in Venezuela as the country's leader in the region, with its integration policy, and also identified trends in the further development of energy policy and strategy of Latin American countries. The research of energy resources of Latin America determined that the main factor that works in favor of convergence states within the South American "geopolitical ring" is to ensure energy security. Venezuela is among the richest resources of Latin America. In the research it was determined that Petrosur, Petrocaribe and Petroandina provide the basis for a range of bilateral agreements to promote cooperation, creation ventures based on the state oil companies of these states.

Venezuela - energy situation 1982

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1984-01-01

The energy situation of Venezuela is reviewed on the basis of some relevant data. Its energy policy is commented on, and developments in electric power generation are described as well as the trends observed for the various energy sources. Figures are given on external trade and on the balance of payments.

La capacitación psicopedagógica para desarrollar la motricidad fina en los niños de 3 a 6 años del Centro de Educación Nacional Bolivariano “El Llano”

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Rosalba Cándales-Castillo

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Se ofrece un sistema de actividades dirigidas a los docentes para desarrollar la motricidad fina en los niños de 3 a 6 años del Centro de Educación Nacional Bolivariano “El Llano”, del municipio Libertador, Estado Mérida, Venezuela. El sistema de actividades tiene como estructura diferentes momentos que van desde el diagnóstico, actividades, instrumentación metodológica, donde la participación es una vía esencial, así como la evaluación de cada una de ellas.

La capacitación psicopedagógica para desarrollar la motricidad fina en los niños de 3 a 6 años del Centro de Educación Nacional Bolivariano “El Llano”

OpenAIRE

Rosalba Cándales-Castillo

2017-01-01

Se ofrece un sistema de actividades dirigidas a los docentes para desarrollar la motricidad fina en los niños de 3 a 6 años del Centro de Educación Nacional Bolivariano “El Llano”, del municipio Libertador, Estado Mérida, Venezuela. El sistema de actividades tiene como estructura diferentes momentos que van desde el diagnóstico, actividades, instrumentación metodológica, donde la participación es una vía esencial, así como la evaluación de cada una de ellas.

78 FR 60846 - Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Orders

Science.gov (United States)

2013-10-02

...] Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Orders AGENCY: Import... Venezuela would likely lead to a continuation or recurrence of dumping and material injury to an industry in... orders on silicomanganese from India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela, pursuant to section 751(c) of the Tariff...

Expectations and Perceptions of the Educational Service at the Universidad Nacional Abierta (Local Center Merida, Venezuela

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Teresa de Jesús Molina Gutiérrez

2017-08-01

Full Text Available The objective of this study was to interpret the relationship between the expectations and the perceptions that the staff has about the quality of the educational service offered at the Mérida Local Center (Universidad Nacional Abierta, then the conceptual model of quality of service SERVQUAL, complemented with the qualitative approach. The informants were 15 advisors, 20 students and 5 administrative staff, the data were collected through the semi-structured interview and interpreted with the content analysis. The results indicate that there is no satisfaction with the educational service or that satisfaction is very low, because the expectations that are generated before receiving it are not surpassed by the perceived value, which is an indicator of the absence of quality of service. On the other hand, achieving quality in the service provided is the responsibility of all involved since the complexity of the roles fulfilled in the educational dialectic means that the staff act simultaneously as clients and as service providers.

Roadkills of vertebrates in Venezuela Vertebrados mortos em estradas na Venezuela

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Jan Pinowski

2005-03-01

Full Text Available This paper presents an analysis of vertebrate roadkills in five different habitats of tropical South America. Observations of vertebrate roadkills were conducted in 1978, on a 572 km road between Caracas and Mantecal/Apure in Venezuela, during the rainy season (June-October. During five passages on this route, which includes five distinct habitats, 79 vertebrate carcasses - mammals and reptiles - were found. If we assume that the carcasses remain for two days on the road, vehicles can be expected to strike 350 spectacled caimans Caiman crocodilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Alligatoridae during the rainy season alone. Similar calculations for other species yield 313 snakes and lizards, 294 opossums Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Didelphidae, 220 crab-eating foxes Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1776 (Canidae, 129 tamanduas Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758 (Myrmecophagidae, 55 capybaras Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766 (Hydrochaeridae and 37 eastern cottontails Sylvilagus floridanus Allen, 1890 (Leporidae. Numerous papers have been published on vertebrates killed by vehicles on roads in Europe, North America, and Australia, and several papers are available regarding vertebrate roadkills in Africa and Asia. From South America there are several papers on vertebrates, birds, and mammals, whereas from Venezuela only one and it deals with iguanas (Iguana iguana Linnaeus, 1758, Iguanidae.Este trabalho apresenta uma análise de vertebrados mortos em estrada em cinco habitats tropicais diferentes na América do Sul. As observações dos vertebrados mortos em estrada foram feitas em 1978, a 572 km da rodovia entre Caracas e Mantecal/Apure na Venezuela, durante a estação das chuvas (junho-outubro. Durante cinco passagens nesta rota, a qual inclui cinco habitats diferentes, foram encontradas 79 carcaças de vertebrados - répteis e mamíferos. Assumindo que as carcaças permaneçam por dois dias na estrada, é esperado que veículos matem 350

Beneficios fiscales de las sociedades cooperativas en Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Ramírez A., Héctor M.

2013-01-01

En la última década (período 2000-2010) en Venezuela, el número de sociedades cooperativas ha aumentado notablemente. Esto debido al énfasis por parte del Estado en promover la creación de estas asociaciones inmersas en la economía social, otorgando a las mismas diversos beneficios fiscales. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo, analizar los beneficios fiscales de las sociedades cooperativas en Venezuela. Se concluye, que las cooperativas poseen varios beneficios fi...

¿Patricio o soldado: qué «uniforme» para el ciudadano? El hombre en armas en la construcción de la nación (Venezuela, 1a mitad del siglo XIX

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Hébrard, Veronique

2002-08-01

Full Text Available During the period of Independence in Venezuela (1808-1830 it was the military element which structured both the political and social imaginary and the political practices. The object of this article is to analyse the (sometimes contradictorial logics which take part not only in the definition of the modern political body (the citizens but also in the elaboration of a system of values susceptible of constructing a shared «national» memory.

Durante el período de la independencia en Venezuela (1808- 1830, el elemento militar estructura tanto el imaginario político y social como las prácticas políticas. Por consiguiente, este artículo se propone analizar las lógicas (a veces contradictorias en virtud de las cuales participa no sólo en la definición del cuerpo político moderno (los ciudadanos, sino también en la elaboración de una red de valores susceptibles de construir una memoria «nacional» compartida.

78 FR 13380 - Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela; Scheduling of Full Five-Year Reviews...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-02-27

... From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela; Scheduling of Full Five-Year Reviews Concerning the Antidumping Duty Orders on Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela AGENCY: United States..., Kazakhstan, and Venezuela would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury within a...

78 FR 9034 - Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela: Final Results of the Expedited Second...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-02-07

...] Silicomanganese From India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela: Final Results of the Expedited Second Sunset Reviews of the... India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela. The Department finds that revocation of these antidumping duty orders... INFORMATION: Background The antidumping duty orders on silicomanganese from India, Kazakhstan, and Venezuela...

Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Mata-Essayag, Sofia; Delgado, Alejandro; Colella, Maria T; Landaeta-Nezer, Maria E; Rosello, Arantza; Perez de Salazar, Celina; Olaizola, Carolina; Hartung, Claudia; Magaldi, Sylvia; Velasquez, Etna

2013-08-01

Sporotrichosis is one of the most common subcutaneous mycoses in Venezuela. It is a granulomatous chronic infection with cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue lesions. Regional lymphatic involvement may be present; extracutaneous disease is rare. The causal fungus Sporothrix schenckii has been isolated from soil, vegetation, and animals on numerous occasions and in many localities throughout the world. The aim of this study is to describe clinical and epidemiological features of cases of sporotrichosis observed in Venezuela and review of the literature. We included the demographic data, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment, and follow-up of patients with sporotrichosis from 1963 to 2009, diagnosed at the Department of Medical Mycology. One-hundred and thirty-three sporotrichosis cases were diagnosed. Most patients were under the age of 30 years (66.15%). In 61.6% of them, the mode of transmission was not identified. The predominant clinical form in this population was lymphocutaneous (63.15%). Direct microscopic diagnosis was performed in 123 cases, and 57.9% yielded positive results for asteroid body. Sporotrichosis is an endemic subcutaneous mycosis in Venezuela. There are no reports to this date of disseminated forms of the disease, even amongst patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Direct microscopic examination of wet mount slides with saline solution or distilled water in the search for asteroid bodies is paramount. Saturated sodium and potassium iodine solutions continue to be extremely efficacious and affordable to most of our patients, therefore our treatment of choice. © 2013 The International Society of Dermatology.

Venezuela positioning itself to take key market role in wake of Gulf War

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1991-01-01

This paper reports on Venezuela which continues efforts to position itself in world markets to capitalize on fallout from the Persian Gulf war. The central government and state oil company Petroleos de Venezuela SA have accelerated already ambitious plans to expand activities in upstream and downstream oil and gas sectors. Pvdsa has sharply increased its 1991-96 investment program from the level planned at the end of last year. The goal is to put Venezuela on a par with major Persian Gulf oil exporters in terms of productive capacity. Linchpin of those efforts could well be further steps toward privatization of Venezuela's oil sector. For the first time since nationalization in 1976, private foreign and domestic companies are being permitted to participate in Venezuelan exploration and development. In addition, the government is trimming the onerous tax burden the oil sector has carried in Venezuela, as well as its heavy subsidy of domestic petroleum products

Población y uso de hábitat del venado de páramo Odocoileus lasiotis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae en Venezuela

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Misael Molina

1998-09-01

Full Text Available Direct observations of Paramo´s white-tailed deer were made along transect in the Mucubají area (Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Mérida, Venezuela. Sex ratio was two does per buck. Group composition varied with time of year and reproductive condition. The reproductive cycle was similar to that of the white-tailed deer from the Costa Rican dry Pacific region. Activity was maximum between 9 - 11 h and 15 - 17 h, and minimum at night. The deer feed on 13 species of vascular plants (five families, and one of mushroom (Boletaceae: Agaricales. Fifteen plant species were used for shelter. Territory delimitation and signs for social communication were made primarily on gymnosperms (Cupressus and Pinus. Most deer were observed in terrain with slopes under 20% where the more complex and diverse vegetation associations exist.

[Taxonomy of some microteids (Squamata) from Venezuela, I: variation and geographic distribution of Euspondylus acutirostris and description of a new Euspondylus from northeast Venezuela].

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Mijares-Urrutia, A; Celsa Señaris, J; Arends, A

2000-01-01

Only two species of the microteiid lizard genus Euspondylus (E. acutirostris and E. phelpsorum) had been reported from Venezuela. New records of the poorly known gymnophthalmid lizard Euspondylus acutirostris are reported extending its known range along the Coastal Range and Sierra de Aroa (north-central Venezuela) and Sierra de San Luis (northwestern Venezuela), all records occurring at the cloud forest above 1000 m. Seven body measurements were included and morphological variation is described based on at least 17 new specimens. Sexual dimorphism is determined in, at least, eight characteristics of size and squamation. Specimens were found in epiphytic bromeliads and the ground. The populations from Sierra de Aroa and Sierra de San Luis (only one specimen known from each locality), differ from those of the Coastal Range (supposedly the nominal population) in some morphological and coloration features, suggesting that the former two could represent different taxonomical entities. A new species of Euspondylus is described based on a female (taken within a bromeliad) from Cerro El Humo, Sucre, northeastern Venezuela. It differs from congeners mainly by having keeled scales on the limbs and a very acute snout.

Propuesta para el desarrollo de un sistema de regulación y control técnico-social de la investigación Biomédica y Biotecnológica: Caso Venezuela

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Ludwig Schmidt H.

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo tiene como propósito ofrecer los resultados de una investigación que pueda ayudar al mejoramiento del sistema de regulación y control tecno-social de la investigación biomédica y biotecnológica en Venezuela. Ésta, es clave tanto para el sector de Ciencia y Tecnología como para el de Salud nacional. La percepción bioética integral en esta materia, garantiza el incremento de la efectividad y calidad en la investigación con seres humanos, ya que esta interdisciplina busca la protección integral de las personas involucradas.

Information Sciences: training, challenges and new proposal from Venezuela

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Leomar José Montilla

2012-04-01

Full Text Available It reflects on the training of information professionals in Venezuela and the potential contributions that these professionals can provide to society and its projection to it. The content is divided into three parts: the first deals with issues related to professional training in Information Sciences in Venezuela, the second project the training Venezuelan Information Sciences in the future and the third reflects on the prospects for professionals in Information Science

Proteste in Venezuela und die Krise des Chavismus

OpenAIRE

Mijares, Víctor M.

2014-01-01

Seit Wochen demonstrieren in Venezuela Gegner der Regierung von Nicolás Maduro gegen Gewaltkriminalität, Inflation und die Einschränkung bürgerlicher Grundrechte. Die Regierung antwortet mit Repression und lässt einen führenden Oppositionspolitiker verhaften. Venezuela steht vor einem neuen Zyklus der Instabilität. Das während der Präsidentschaft von Hugo Chávez (1999-2013) etablierte sozioökonomische Modell stößt schon im ersten Amtsjahr seines Nachfolgers Nicolás Maduro an seine Grenzen: Ve...

Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in Northern Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Onchocerciasis is caused by Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by Simulium species (black flies). In the Americas, the infection has been previously described in 13 discrete regional foci distributed among six countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela) where more than 370,000 people are currently considered at risk. Since 2001, disease control in Venezuela has relied on the mass drug administration to the at-risk communities. This report provides empirical evidence of interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by Simulium metallicum in 510 endemic communities from two Northern foci of Venezuela, after 10–12 years of 6-monthly Mectizan® (ivermectin) treatment to all the eligible residents. Methods In-depth entomologic and epidemiologic surveys were serially conducted from 2001–2012 in selected (sentinel and extra-sentinel) communities from the North-central (NC) and North-east (NE) onchocerciasis foci of Venezuela in order to monitor the impact of ivermectin treatment. Results From 2007–2009, entomological indicators in both foci confirmed that 0 out of 112,637 S. metallicum females examined by PCR contained L3 infection in insect heads. The upper bound of the 95% confidence intervals of the infective rate of the vector reached values below 1% by 2009 (NC) and 2012 (NE). Additionally, after 14 (NC) and 22 (NE) rounds of treatment, the seasonal transmission potential (±UL CIs) of S. metallicum was under the critical threshold of 20 L3 per person per season. Serological analysis in school children < 15 years-old demonstrated that 0 out of 6,590 individuals were harboring antibodies to Ov-16. Finally, epidemiological surveys made during 2010 (NC) and 2012 (NE) showed no evidence of microfilariae in the skin and eyes of the population. Conclusions These results meet the WHO criteria for absence of parasite transmission and disease morbidity in these endemic areas which represent 91% of the population previously at

As questões habitacional e urbana na Venezuela contemporânea

OpenAIRE

Flávio Higuchi Hirao

2015-01-01

Essa dissertação aborda a questão urbana e habitacional na Venezuela. Realiza-se investigação histórica sobre os principais períodos da política habitacional na Venezuela a partir de 1928 (fundação do Banco Obrero), seguida pela caracterização do programa Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela (sob a gestão de Hugo Chávez) e dos movimentos sociais urbanos reunido em torno da plataforma do Movimiento de Pobladoras y Pobladores. Investiga-se a importância da formação das favelas e a subsequente luta pe...

Pediatric multiple sclerosis in Venezuela

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Joaquín A. Peña

2012-04-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Venezuelan pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS. METHODS: Database records from the National Program for MS were searched for patients with an established diagnosis of MS whose first symptoms appeared before age 18. RESULTS: The national database held records of 1.710 patients; 3.8% had onset of the first symptoms before age 18. 46.7% were boys, yielding an F:M ratio of 1.13:1. Many children had a disease onset characterized by motor impairment (30.7%, brainstem/cerebellum and spinal cord affectation (27.6%, headache (26%. Less frequent symptoms were sensory symptoms (8% and optic neuritis (7%. DISCUSSION: Pediatric MS patients in Venezuela represent a significant proportion of all MS cases. The clinical pattern is characterized by motor symptoms at onset, and predominantly monosymptomatic presentation with a relapsing-remitting pattern. This is the first systematic attempt to estimate the prevalence of pediatric MS in Venezuela.

Violence in Venezuela: oil rent and political crisis Violência na Venezuela: renda petroleira e crise política

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Roberto Briceño-León

2006-06-01

Full Text Available This article analyzes the changes in violence in Venezuela during the last forty years. It links the ups and downs of the oil revenues and the political crisis of the country to the changes in the homicide rates, which increased from 7 per 100 thousand inhabitants in 1970 to 12 in 1990, 19 in 1998 and 50 in 2003. The article characterizes Venezuela as a rentist society and shows its trajectory from rural violence to the beginning of urban violence, the guerilla movements of the 60s, the delinquent violence related to the abundance of oil revenues and the violence during the popular revolt and the sackings of 1989 in Caracas. After this, we analyze the coups d'état of 1992 and the influence the political violence exerted upon criminal violence. We describe the political and party changes in the country, their influence upon the stabilization of homicide rates since the mid-90s and their remarkable increase during the H. Chávez government. The article finishes with an analysis of the current situation, the official prohibition to publish statistics on homicides and with some thoughts about the perspective of greater violence in Venezuela.O presente artigo analisa as mudanças na violência ocorridas na Venezuela nos últimos quarenta anos, relacionadas com os altos e baixos da renda petroleira e com a crise política no país, fatos que contribuíram para um aumento nas taxas de homicídios: de 7 por cada cem mil habitantes em 1970 a 12 em 1990, 19 em 1998 e 50 no ano de 2003. O artigo caracteriza a Venezuela como sociedade rentista e, a partir daí, faz uma retrospecção cobrindo desde a violência rural até os inícios da violência urbana, o movimento guerrilheiro dos anos sessenta, a criminalidade resultando da abundância dos recursos petroleiros e a violência em decorrência da revolta popular e dos saques ocorridos em 1989 em Caracas. Em seguida são analisados os golpes de Estado de 1992 e o impacto que a violência política exerceu

Proyectos educativos: estudio comparativo entre Venezuela y Colombia

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Mineira Finol

2005-09-01

Full Text Available El Proyecto Educativo Integral Comunitario (PEIC y el Proyecto Educativo Institucional constituyen la categoría de comparación entre Venezuela y Colombia; a tal fin, este estudio de tipo comparativo-documental se centró en determinar congruencias y discrepancias entre PEIC y PEI, utilizando el método comparativo estructurado en cuatro fases: descripción, interpretación, yuxtaposición y comparación, propuesto por Hilker y Bereday (1972 Entre los resultados se tienen: congruencias en cuanto surgen sobre las bases de diagnóstico externos efectuados por organismos internacionales UNESCO, CEPAL ante la inefectividad y baja productividad de ambos países; a nivel interno responden a políticas educativas reformadoras de currículum y leyes,. Discrepancias referidas al tiempo de implementación; en Venezuela a partir de 1996; Colombia en 1992; este último, consolidó las bases para la participación a través del gobierno escolar y de un sistema de evaluación institucional, muy incipiente en Venezuela.

CYP2D6 variability in populations from Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Moreno, Nancy; Flores-Angulo, Carlos; Villegas, Cecilia; Mora, Yuselin

2016-12-01

CYP2D6 is an important cytochrome P450 enzyme that plays an important role in the metabolism of about 25% of currently prescribed drugs. The presence of polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene may modulate enzyme level and activity, thereby affecting individual responses to pharmacological treatments. The most prevalent diseases in the admixed population from Venezuela are cardiovascular and cancer, whereas viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, particularly malaria, are prevalent in Amerindian populations; in the treatment of these diseases, several drugs that are metabolized by CYP2D6 are used. In this work, we reviewed the data on CYP2D6 variability and predicted metabolizer phenotypes, in healthy volunteers of two admixed and five Amerindian populations from Venezuela. The Venezuelan population is very heterogeneous as a result of the genetic admixture of three major ethnical components: Europeans, Africans and Amerindians. There are noticeable inter-regional and inter-population differences in the process of mixing of this population. Hitherto, there are few published studies in Venezuela on CYP2D6; therefore, it is necessary to increase research in this regard, in particular to develop studies with a larger sample size. There is a considerable amount of work remaining before CYP2D6 is integrated into clinical practice in Venezuela.

Prevalencia de infeccion humana por Trypanosoma cruzi en bancos de sangre en Venezuela Prevalence of human infections by Trypanosoma cruzi in Venezuelan blood banks

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Alberto Aché

1993-10-01

Full Text Available Las primeras investigaciones realizadas a nivel de bancos de sangre, durante la década 50, indican que la seroprevalencia por infecciones a T. cruzi entre hemodadores fue de 12%. Un estudio posterior, entre 1963-64, efectuado en varios bancos de sangre, así como otros centros, registró una seroprevalencia global de 6.0% (1.1-10.1%. La donación de sangre en Venezuela es gratuita. El control de los bancos de sangre recae en el Departamento de Transfusiones y Bancos de Sangre del Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social. A partir de 1988, se emplea uniformemente la técnica de ELISA para el diagnóstico de infecciones a T. cruzi en los Bancos de Sangre. La seropositividad promedio interanual, entre 1984-1992, fue de 1.20% (1.09-1.94%. Existen variaciones geográficas entre las localidades de varias entidades federales. Los estados con mayor prevalencia se ubican en las regiones del occidente y centro del país, a saber: Portuguesa, Barinas, Lara, Trujillo, Cojedes y Carabobo. Por las dificultades en obtener tasas de incidencia para el Mal de Chagas, resulta adecuado emplear tasas de prevalencia para uso en salud pública, en función de su mayor estabilidad; y en el caso de Venezuela, dada la severidad menor y una sobrevivencia mayor por esta patologia hoy día. La especificidad, como parámetro de las pruebas serológicas, debería considerarse en función de la baja seroprevalencia detectada a nivel nacional. Convendría emplear varias pruebas diagnósticas en paralelo para buscar un equilibrio entre sensibilidad y especificidad.Primary investigations carried out in blood banks in Venezuela during the 1950s, indicated that overall seroprevalence for Trypanosoma cruzi infection was 12% amongst blood donors. In Venezuela, blood donation is free. All public and private blood banks are controlled by the Ministry of Health. As from 1988 the ELISA technique was uniformly used in blood banks for the detection of T. cruzi infections. Annual median

Events affecting gold exploration in Venezuela since 1999

Science.gov (United States)

Wilburn, David R.

2014-01-01

The structure of the gold mining industry in Venezuela has changed significantly since 1999 as a result of Government policy changes and industry response to these changes. This report documents the policy decisions that have affected the mining industry, discusses the response of the industry on a site by site basis, and suggests possible effects of these changes on the global economy. For the short term, at least, it appears that these changes have made Venezuela a more difficult place to invest for U.S. and Canadian companies, while investment by Chinese entities has been encouraged.

The Guyana-Venezuela Border Dispute: An Analysis of the Reasons Behind Venezuela’s Continuing Demands for Abrogation of the 1899 Anglo-Venezuelan Arbitral Treaty

Science.gov (United States)

1992-01-01

Universidad de los Andes. 1989. "Beice Ingreso a la OEA." Prensa Libre (Ciudad Guatemala,I Guatemala). January 9. 1991: 4. "Felize in... de las "Nuevas Tribus". Pue rto Ayvamcho). Territorlo Federal de Amazonias , Venozuela: Edicion del Comite Regaional del PartidoICerunista, de ...Suministro de Crudo a Republica Dominicana." E1 Universal (Caracas, Venezuela). August 17, 1990: 12. "Venezuela Propone Defensa de la Amazonia ."

Tres nuevas especies de Sterculia L. (Sterculiaceae) de Venezuela

OpenAIRE

MONDRAGÓN, Alcides

2005-01-01

Como resultado del estudio taxonómico del género Sterculia L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela, se describen tres nuevas especies: Sterculia abbreviata, procedente de los estados Amazonas, Aragua, Delta Amacuro, Mérida y Miranda; S. amazonica, a lo largo del Río Ocamo del estado Amazonas, y estado Bolívar; S. steyermarkii, en bosques siempreverdes en las costas del estado Miranda y en el estado Mérida. As a result of a taxonomical study of the genus Sterculia L. (Sterculiaceae) in Venezuela, t...

Diversity of avian haemosporidians in arid zones of northern Venezuela.

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Belo, Nayara O; Rodríguez-Ferraro, Adriana; Braga, Erika M; Ricklefs, Robert E

2012-07-01

Arid zones of northern Venezuela are represented by isolated areas, important from an ornithological and ecological perspective due to the occurrence of restricted-range species of birds. We analysed the prevalence and molecular diversity of haemosporidian parasites of wild birds in this region by screening 527 individuals (11 families and 20 species) for parasite mitochondrial DNA. The overall prevalence of parasites was 41%, representing 17 mitochondrial lineages: 7 of Plasmodium and 10 of Haemoproteus. Two parasite lineages occurred in both the eastern and western regions infecting a single host species, Mimus gilvus. These lineages are also present throughout northern and central Venezuela in a variety of arid and mesic habitats. Some lineages found in this study in northern Venezuela have also been observed in different localities in the Americas, including the West Indies. In spite of the widespread distributions of some of the parasite lineages found in northern Venezuela, several, including some that are relatively common (e.g. Ven05 and Ven06), have not been reported from elsewhere. Additional studies are needed to characterize the host and geographical distribution of avian malaria parasite lineages, which will provide a better understanding of the influence of landscape, vector abundance and diversity, and host identity on haemosporidian parasite diversity and prevalence.

Using the Five Themes of Geography To Teach about Venezuela and Mexico.

Science.gov (United States)

Sunal, Cynthia Szymanski; Christensen, Lois

Activities that employ the five themes of geography--location, place, relationships within places, movement, and regions--to teach about Venezuela and Mexico are described in this document. Each theme has objectives, a list of materials, and three types of activities--exploration, invention, and expansion. Background information on Venezuela and…

Venezuela ups the ante

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Collitt, Raymond.

1997-01-01

Strong performances by small and medium sized oil companies in Venezuela have contributed to the success of its oil industry. This paper considers the historical progress of the industry since its nationalisation twenty-one years ago, charting its attractiveness to investors and plans for expansion. Its very success has brought the Venezuelan oil industry into conflict with OPEC's quota system, which it argues, needs to be charged. (UK)

Violence in Venezuela: oil rent and political crisis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roberto Briceño-León

2006-06-01

Full Text Available This article analyzes the changes in violence in Venezuela during the last forty years. It links the ups and downs of the oil revenues and the political crisis of the country to the changes in the homicide rates, which increased from 7 per 100 thousand inhabitants in 1970 to 12 in 1990, 19 in 1998 and 50 in 2003. The article characterizes Venezuela as a rentist society and shows its trajectory from rural violence to the beginning of urban violence, the guerilla movements of the 60s, the delinquent violence related to the abundance of oil revenues and the violence during the popular revolt and the sackings of 1989 in Caracas. After this, we analyze the coups d'état of 1992 and the influence the political violence exerted upon criminal violence. We describe the political and party changes in the country, their influence upon the stabilization of homicide rates since the mid-90s and their remarkable increase during the H. Chávez government. The article finishes with an analysis of the current situation, the official prohibition to publish statistics on homicides and with some thoughts about the perspective of greater violence in Venezuela.

World status: Petroleos de Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1991-01-01

A brief review is given of the petroleum industry in Venezuela. The industry was nationalized in 1975 and by 1990 was the world's fifth largest oil company. They have ambitious plans to expand production capacity and are looking to the major oil companies to assist. The prospects for sales of Orimulsion are also discussed. (UK)

English Teaching Profile (Provisional): Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

British Council, London (England). English Language and Literature Div.

This profile of the English language teaching situation in Venezuela discusses the status of English in society and in the educational system. It also gives an account of Venezuelan political, economic, and social life. A description is given of the education system and reforms that have been proposed for nursery school through higher education.…

Quality of democracy in Venezuela

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Daniel H. LEVINE

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Discussions of democracy in contemporary Venezuela lack a settled definition of the subject, how to study it, or indeed of what counts as «democracy» in the first place. The regime has been described as everything from participatory democracy, hybrid, mixed, and personalist to populist, illiberal, or no longer democratic but rather competitive authoritarian. The goal of this article is to measure the quality of democracy in Venezuela, within the terms of a procedural concept of democracy as detailed in our earlier work. Empirical measurement of the quality of democracy on five dimensions (electoral choice, participation, responsiveness, accountability, sovereignty reveals a low level overall and deep institutional weakness under a personalist leadership, with little change from 2005 to 2010. Future scenarios, after the 2012 presidential election result, include reinforcement of authoritarian trends, open militarization, liberalization and institutional strengthening, or long term volatility and polarized conflict. All scenarios are contingent on the health of President Chávez, who is a central unifying factor for his movement and regime

CAPITAL HUMANO Y CAPACIDADES SOCIETALES DE INNOVACIÓN: CONDICIONES PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS EMPRESAS DE PRODUCCIÓN SOCIAL EN VENEZUELA /HUMAN CAPITAL AND CAPACITIES SOCIETALES DE INNOVATION: CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANIES OF SOCIAL PRODUCTION IN VENEZUELA

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Belinda Elena COLINA ARENAS

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo es ofrecer una propuesta de fortalecimiento del capital humano para el desarrollo de Capacidades Societales de Innovación CSI en Empresas de Producción Social EPS a través de la instauración de una cultura innovadora, bajo la convicción del papel protagónico que debe asumir el mismo en el desarrollo y consolidación de estas. Las EPS surgen en el marco del Registro de Empresas de Producción Social REPS, creado en noviembre de 2005 inserto en el Programa de Empresas de Producción Social, amparado en el decreto 3.895 de septiembre de 2005, denominado “Desarrollo Endógeno y Empresas de Producción Social” (Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2005 y en el marco del Plan Siembra Petrolera 2006-2012; adjudicándosele a Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. como empresa estratégica del estado una función catalizadora en el apalancamiento de estas modalidades socio productivas. El REPS representa una innovación socioinstitucional y socioproductiva venezolana y constituye una estrategia fundamental del estado venezolano en apoyo a la consolidación de la economía social en el país. Este registro tiene además la finalidad de diversificar la producción, incrementar y fortalecer el tejido productivo nacional y la transformación de las relaciones de producción. Por su parte las EPS representan una innovación en la economía social venezolana, las cuales profundizan los valores de solidaridad tanto al interior de estas organizaciones, como por su relación con las comunidades menos favorecida socioeconomicamente. Se efectuó la observación de bibliografía nacional e internacional especializada en el tema y de documentación oficial e institucional nacional, más una entrevista. Entre sus resultados destacan: 1 propuesta de algunos elementos teóricos para la instauración de una cultura innovadora en el capital humano de las EPS y 2 introducción de la noción de CSI ajustada al contexto de las EPS venezolanas y 3 construcción de

Health Physics Education in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Solanas, J.

1979-01-01

Training courses on health physics have been organized regularly in Venezuela since 1962. The basic course consists of 20 hours for theoretical tuition and 10 hours for laboratory practice. Post-graduate courses have been organized by the Central University since 1965. Radiological technicians receive their training through the courses organized by the Ministry of Health. (author)

Assessing Whether Oil Dependency in Venezuela Contributes to National Instability

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Adam Kott

2012-08-01

Full Text Available The focus of this article is on what role, if any, oil has on Venezuela's instability. When trying to explain why a resource-rich country experiences slow or negative growth, experts often point to the resource curse. The following pages explore the traditional theory behind the resource curse as well as alternative perspectives to this theory such as ownership structure and the correlation between oil prices and democracy. This article also explores the various forms of instability within Venezuela and their causes. Finally, the article looks at President Hugo Chavez's political and economic policies as well as the stagnation of the state oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA. This article dispels the myth that the resource curse is the source of destabilization in many resource dependent countries. Rather than a cause of instability, this phenomenon is a symptom of a much larger problem that is largely structural.

Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Sullivan, Mark P; Olhero, Nelson

2008-01-01

Under the populist rule of President Hugo Ch vez, first elected in 1998 and most recently reelected to a six-year term in December 2006, Venezuela has undergone enormous political changes, with a new...

Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Sullivan, Mark P; Olhero, Nelson

2007-01-01

Under the populist rule of President Hugo Ch vez, first elected in 1998 and most recently reelected to a six-year term in December 2006, Venezuela has undergone enormous political changes, with a new...

Streptomyces venezuelae TX-TL - a next generation cell-free synthetic biology tool.

Science.gov (United States)

Moore, Simon J; Lai, Hung-En; Needham, Hannah; Polizzi, Karen M; Freemont, Paul S

2017-04-01

Streptomyces venezuelae is a promising chassis in synthetic biology for fine chemical and secondary metabolite pathway engineering. The potential of S. venezuelae could be further realized by expanding its capability with the introduction of its own in vitro transcription-translation (TX-TL) system. TX-TL is a fast and expanding technology for bottom-up design of complex gene expression tools, biosensors and protein manufacturing. Herein, we introduce a S. venezuelae TX-TL platform by reporting a streamlined protocol for cell-extract preparation, demonstrating high-yield synthesis of a codon-optimized sfGFP reporter and the prototyping of a synthetic tetracycline-inducible promoter in S. venezuelae TX-TL based on the tetO-TetR repressor system. The aim of this system is to provide a host for the homologous production of exotic enzymes from Actinobacteria secondary metabolism in vitro. As an example, the authors demonstrate the soluble synthesis of a selection of enzymes (12-70 kDa) from the Streptomyces rimosus oxytetracycline pathway. © 2017 The Authors. Biotechnology Journal published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Reactor, radioactive isotopes and nuclear energy: their avatars in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roche, M.

1981-01-01

A brief history of nuclear affairs in Venezuela, since the decision to bring a research reactor (3MW) to Venezuela (1954) to current situation, is presented. Since the establishment of the National Council for Nuclear Affairs (CONAN) and then of the National Council for the Development of Nuclear Industry (CONADIN), steps are being taken to train nuclear engineers, since most studies thus far indicate the last few years of the Century as the time when nuclear energy will have to supplement other sources

El rostro más especial de Venezuela. Jacqueline Saburido.

OpenAIRE

González, Silvia Lidia

2006-01-01

: Editorial: El emblemático número tres. Por: Ruiz Calderón, Humberto Especial Jóvenes, alcohol y ¿salud?. Venezuela, penoso liderazgo: consumo de licor y muertes en percances viales. Por: González, Silvia Lidia ¡Cuidado! ebrio al volante. Artículo Bebiendo el futuro. Por: Morales, Nelson Guía Web Sitios sobre alcoholismo en Internet. Historias El rostro más especial de Venezuela. Jacqueline Saburido. Por: González, Silvia Lidia Hora libre...

Lanzamiento de supermercados cheap en venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Oscar A. Colmenares D.

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El presente caso de estudio se plantea en el contexto del sector de distribución de alimentos al detal en Venezuela en los años 2005 al 2007, el cual ha ostentado diversas mutaciones y cambios en función de las condiciones socioeconómicas del país y las tendencias globales. La cadena internacional de Supermercados Cheap, de origen tailandés, es una empresa dedicada a la distribución al menor de productos de consumo masivo, que estaba interesada en abrir operaciones comerciales en Latinoamérica tomando como país piloto a Venezuela. Para ello, quiere desarrollar una red de tiendas con marca y concepto propio adecuada a las características y exigencias del mercado local. En este sentido, debe diagnosticar el escenario de negocios y del mercado actual del sector y diseñar un plan de acción para cumplir con su objetivo.

US energy security plans threatened by militant Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

2005-01-01

Faced with the need to import increasing volumes of crude oil and the desire to avoid over-dependence on the Middle East, the United States is looking to its own hemisphere for more oil. Unfortunately for Washington, the continent's largest oil exporter does not appear to want to co-operate. Venezuela's President, Hugo Chavez, wants to reduce his country's political and economic ties with the US and is seeking other markets for its oil. He has also picked a fight with US oil companies operating in Venezuela, disputing their taxes and refusing to approve their upstream investment programmes, giving rise to fears that oil and gas production will not grow as planned, thereby reducing future export levels. (author)

Republic of Venezuela. Country profile.

Science.gov (United States)

Hakkert, R

1985-06-01

Venezuela's current economic and demographic situation is described. Venezuela is a major oil country, and the oil industry accounts for 90% of the country's foreign exchange, 70% of the government's revenues, and 15% of the gross domestic product. The economy experienced a sudden and high rate of economic growth in the mid-1970s as a result of high oil prices; however, in recent years, declining oil prices have had a negative effect on the economy. The country is now faced with a serious trade deficit, and the government recently imposed restrictions on imports. Imports in recently years had increased markedly. The emphasis on the oil industry weakened the agricultural sector and, as a result, food imports increased. In addition, the rapid economic growth experienced during the 1970s greatly increased the demand for imported consumer goods. Venezuela has the 4th highest foreign debt in the world (US$35 billion). Despite these problems Venezuela has a relatively high per capita income (US$4,140) and living standard, compared to other countries in the region. Venezuela's total population is 14.6 million, and the population is unevenly distributed. 86% of the population lives in cities of 2500 or more. 37.4% of the population and 70% of the industry is concentrated in the Federal District which contains Caracas, and in the surrounding states of Aragua, Miranda, and Carabobo. This area constitutes only 2.36% of the country's territory. Most of the oil fields are located in the state of Zulia which also contains the country's 2nd largest city (Maracaibo). The country's coastal area contains most of the agricultural lands, and the prairies just south of the coastal mountain ranges are devoted primarily to cattle raising. The remaining 58.2% of the country's territory is essentially jungle and contains only 6.9% of the country's population. The annual population growth rate is 3.11%. Although the rate declined in recent years it is higher than in most of the other

Prevalence of Dyslipidemias in Three Regions in Venezuela: The VEMSOLS Study Results

Science.gov (United States)

González-Rivas, Juan P.; Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis; Brajkovich, Imperia; Ugel, Eunice; Rísquez, Alejandro

2018-01-01

Background The prevalence of dyslipidemia in multiple regions of Venezuela is unknown. The Venezuelan Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (VEMSOLS) was undertaken to evaluate cardiometabolic risk factors in Venezuela. Objective To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in five populations from three regions of Venezuela. Methods During the years 2006 to 2010, 1320 subjects aged 20 years or older were selected by multistage stratified random sampling from all households in five municipalities from 3 regions of Venezuela: Lara State (Western region), Merida State (Andean region), and Capital District (Capital region). Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were obtained from each participant. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the NCEP/ATPIII definitions. Results Mean age was 44.8 ± 0.39 years and 68.5% were females. The prevalence of lipids abnormalities related to the metabolic syndrome (low HDL-c [58.6%; 95% CI 54.9 - 62.1] and elevated triglycerides [39.7%; 36.1 - 43.2]) were the most prevalent lipid alterations, followed by atherogenic dyslipidemia (25.9%; 22.7 - 29.1), elevated LDL-c (23.3%; 20.2 - 26.4), hypercholesterolemia (22.2%; 19.2 - 25.2), and mix dyslipidemia (8.9%; 6.8 - 11.0). Dyslipidemia was more prevalent with increasing body mass index. Conclusion Dyslipidemias are prevalent cardiometabolic risk factors in Venezuela. Among these, a higher prevalence of low HDL is a condition also consistently reported in Latin America. PMID:29538522

Heavy water. A production alternative for Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A survey of heavy water production methods is made. Main facts about isotopic and distillation methods, reforming and coupling to a Hydrogen distillation plant are presented. A feasibility study on heavy water production in Venezuela is suggested

Venezuela: Higher education, neoliberalism and socialism

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Muhr, T.; Verger, A.; Hill, David; Rosskam, Ellen

2008-01-01

In this chapter we analyse the Higher Education For All (HEFA) policies and practices in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. In the construction of a 21st Century Socialism, universal access to higher education has not only become a constitutional right but assumes a pivotal role in both the

Estimating Venezuelas Latent Inflation

OpenAIRE

Juan Carlos Bencomo; Hugo J. Montesinos; Hugo M. Montesinos; Jose Roberto Rondo

2011-01-01

Percent variation of the consumer price index (CPI) is the inflation indicator most widely used. This indicator, however, has some drawbacks. In addition to measurement errors of the CPI, there is a problem of incongruence between the definition of inflation as a sustained and generalized increase of prices and the traditional measure associated with the CPI. We use data from 1991 to 2005 to estimate a complementary indicator for Venezuela, the highest inflation country in Latin America. Late...

[Mycoses in Venezuela: Working Groups in Mycology reported cases (1984-2010)].

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez Méndez, Dilia; Hernández Valles, Rosaura; Alvarado, Primavera; Mendoza, Mireya

2013-01-03

In 1984 the Venezuelan Work Groups in Mycology (VWGM) were created introducing an innovative approach to the study of the mycoses in Venezuela. To study the occurrence of the mycoses in Venezuela. Review the reported cases of mycoses by the newsletter Boletín Informativo Las Micosis en Venezuela (VWGM) from 1984 to 2010. The data collected showed 36,968 reported cases of superficial mycoses, 1,989 of deep systemic cases, and 822 of localized mycoses. Pityriasis dermatophytosis was the most common superficial infection, and paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis the most frequent deep systemic infection. Chromoblastomycosis was the most frequently diagnosed subcutaneous infection. The data provided showed the distribution by geographical area for each of the fungal infections studied, which may help to establish the endemic areas. Superficial mycosis is a public health problem due to its high morbidity and is probably responsible for some of the outbreaks in high-risk groups. Paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis were reported more often, which agrees with earlier reports prior to the formation of the VWGM. Cases of sporotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis in Venezuela can be considered unique due to the high number of cases. This study highlights the contribution of the VWGM to the behavior of the mycoses in Venezuela, its incidence, prevalence, and the recognition of these infections as a problem of public health importance. The VWGM should keep working in this endeavor, not only reporting new cases, but also unifying the clinical and epidemiological criteria, in order to properly monitor the evolving epidemiological changes reported in these types of infections. Copyright © 2012 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.

Growth in an oil abundant economy: The case of Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Bety Agnany; Amaia Iza

2008-01-01

This paper has been presented at DEGIT-X held in México 2005.-- Revised: 2008-08. Venezuela's growth experience over the past fifty years is characterized by a high economic growth rate from 1950 to 1970 and a low economic growth rate in the last thirty years. Although Venezuela is an oil abundant economy, this growth experience is largely accounted for by the evolution of its real non-oil GDP. We use growth accounting to quantify the extent to which the growth experience in non-oil sector...

José María Vargas (1786-1854): Reformer of anatomical studies in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Reverón, Rafael Romero

2014-03-01

José María Vargas (1786-1854): Venezuelan medical doctor, surgeon, optician, anatomist, chemist, botanist, professor, geologist, mineralogist, and mathematician. Second President of Venezuela (1835-1836), First republican dean, he reformed medicine studies in 1827 establishing human anatomical dissection in the Universidad Central de Venezuela where he taught human anatomy between 1827 and 1853 along with surgery and chemistry. In 1838, he wrote Curso de Lecciones y demostraciones Anatómicas, the first book on the subject printed in Venezuela for the teaching of human anatomy. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Development of Next Generation Synthetic Biology Tools for Use in Streptomyces venezuelae

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Phelan, Ryan M.; Sachs, Daniel; Petkiewicz, Shayne J.

2017-01-01

precludes rapid and predictable metabolic engineering that is possible in hosts such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In an effort to improve genetic tools for Streptomyces venezuelae, we developed a suite of standardized, orthogonal integration vectors and an improved method to monitor...... expression system. These tools advance S. venezuelae to be a practical host for future metabolic engineering efforts....

Venezuela: World Oil Report 1991

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1991-01-01

This paper reports on Venezuela's expansion by state oil company PDVSA has gone from a mere concept a year ago to a well-defined plan. The five-year project that began this year and runs through 1995 received a $4-billion upgrading last fall to $25 billion. Money will be spent in increments of $5 billion/year, and all sectors are involved. Largest share, about $10.5 billion, will go to upstream projects, with $6 billion to be invested in refining, $6 billion in petrochemicals, $1.5 billion in coal and $800 million in domestic marketing. PDVSA intends to finance most of the spending directly from its cash flow. The upstream spending will go toward boosting oil production to more than 3.6 MMbpd by the beginning of 1996, with capacity topping at 4.2 MMbopd. Such heavy spending should prove a boon to the Venezuelan economy. The oil industry constitutes 23% of Venezuela's GNP, accounts for 75% of governmental revenues and produces 70% of the nation's annual foreign exchange earnings. The Ministry of Planning already is forecasting a 7% leap in real growth of the GNP this year

Dengue in Venezuela : A study on viral transmission, risk factors and clinical disease presentation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Velasco, Zoraida

2014-01-01

Dengue is wereldwijd de belangrijkste door muggen overgedragen ziekte. In Venezuela komen regelmatig epidemieën van toenemende omvang voor. In het onderzoek beschreven in dit proefschrift werden ongeveer 2000 personen uit drie wijken in Maracay, Venezuela, bestudeerd middels een prospectieve

Nanoscience and nanotechnology in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

López Cadenas, María Sonsiré; Hasmy, Anwar; Vessuri, Hebe

2011-08-01

Nanoscale research in Venezuela is briefly reviewed, with emphasis on research groups, research lines, and institutions involved. A summary exploration is made of international collaboration through scientific co-authorship, as well of the efforts to build nano capacities, available infrastructure, relationships to the productive sector and a weak presence in Venezuelan public policies, although there is some expectation that the situation may soon begin to change.

Perspectivas del MERCOSUR ante la incorporación de Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Laredo, Iris Mabel; Cignacco, Gloria; Díaz, Corina; Angelone, Juan Pablo

2006-01-01

El trabajo analiza críticamente las principales experiencias de integración regional existentes en un contexto de creciente globalización asimétrica. Una caracterización del bolivarianismo permite revisar la política exterior de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. De allí, se examinan las posibles consecuencias de la admisión de Venezuela al MERCOSUR, no sólo para ese país, sino para toda América Latina. This paper analyzes critically the mayor experiences of regional integration that e...

Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy

Science.gov (United States)

2008-08-01

constitution and unicameral legislature, and a new name for the country, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. U.S. officials and human rights...revamped political institutions, eliminating the Senate and establishing a unicameral National Assembly, and expanded the presidential term of office from

Venezuela: Issues in the 111th Congress

Science.gov (United States)

2010-09-03

Congressional Research Service 12 telecommunications, electricity, and steel companies, as well as cement, coffee , sugar, flour, and milk...poppy, and cannabis cultivation in the common Sierra de Perijá mountain area bordering the two countries. In 2008 and 2009, Venezuela installed 10

International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) orientation phase mission summary report: Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1985-01-01

A report has recently been published which describes the findings of the International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) mission to Venezuela. The IUREP Orientation Phase mission to Venezuela estimates that the Speculative Resources of that country fall within the range 2,000 to 42,000 tonnes uranium.- The majority of this potential is expected to be located in the Precambrian crystalline and sedimentary rocks of the Guayana Shield. Other potentially favorable geologic environments include Cretaceous phosphorite beds, continental sandstone and granitic rocks. The mission recommends that approximately US $18 million be spent on exploration in Venezuela over the next five years. The majority of this expenditure would be for surface surveys utilizing geologic studies, radiometric and geochemical surveys and some drilling for geologic information. Additional drilling would be required later to substantiate preliminary findings. (author)

Del pensamiento filosófico sobre las libertades a la coacción y condicionamiento de las libertades y derechos políticos: caso Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carol Herrera

2016-01-01

Full Text Available El catálogo de derechos sociales, civiles y políticos en Venezuela ha estado signado por la progresividad, desde las disposiciones losócas planteadas en el Supremo Congreso de Venezuela del año 1811. Con base en el pensamiento filosófico sobre las libertades se analizan los antecedentes de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1999 y los principios losócos, sociales e históricos que determinaron la “Democracia participativa y protagónica” y “Estado social de derecho y justicia” presentes en la Constitución, que bajo la premisa de derechos, la libertad, la igualdad, la propiedad, la seguridad y la justicia, permite a todos los ciudadanos, en teoría, el goce de los derechos y libertades. La Constitución vigente dene al sistema democrático como “Estado social de derecho y Justicia”, el cual supone como fundamento la igualdad entre los ciudadanos para ejercer sus deberes y derechos políticos. Del análisis de los elementos que integran la democracia participativa y de los derechos se concluye el advenimiento postconstitucional de un estado paralelo denominado “estado comunal” tras la promulgación de leyes orientadas a sectorizar la participación ciudadana bajo la ideología del sector ocial y el desconocimiento de los derechos humanos ante las sentencias emitidas por la Corte Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos

Egalitarian policies and social determinants of health in Bolivarian Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Muntaner, Caries; Benach, Joan; Páez Victor, María; Ng, Edwin; Chung, Haejoo

2013-01-01

In 1999, newly-elected Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez initiated a far-reaching social movement as part of a political project known as the Bolivarian Revolution. Inspired by the democratic ideologies of Simón Bolívar, this movement was committed to reducing intractable inequalities that defined Venezuela's Fourth Republic (1958-1998). Given the ambitious scope of these reforms, Venezuela serves as an instructive example to understand the political context of social inequalities and population health. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the impact of egalitarian policies in Venezuela, stressing: (a) the socialist reforms and social class changes initiated by the Bolivarian Movement; (b) the impact of these reforms and changes on poverty and social determinants of health; (c) the sustainability of economic growth to continue pro-poor policies; and (d) the implications of egalitarian policies for other Latin American countries. The significance and implications of Chávez's achievements are now further underscored given his recent passing, leading one to ask whether political support for Bolivarianism will continue without its revolutionary leader.

[Colombians in Venezuela: myth and reality].

Science.gov (United States)

Bidegain Greising, G; Freitez Landaeta, A

1988-08-01

Figures of Colombian immigrants in Venezuela in the period 1981-1986 as well as the development of their socio-demographic profile and their integration into the labor market are analyzed by means of ad hoc tables drawn from a Sample Home Survey by the Oficina Central de Estadisticas e Informatica and information from the civil record office. It is estimated that in 1987 there are only half a million Colombians in Venezuela and, contrary to what is generally assumed, not only has the afflux decreased (3/4 of the Colombians entered before 1981), but also a return migration can be observed. Colombian immigration is not homogeneous, but is made up of different groups as far as their professional skills and occupations are concerned. The number of Colombians engaged in household service and those living in rural areas has decreased, but not the number of active farm workers. A greater proportion of Colombians engaged in trade and sales activities is observed, but artisans and skilled labor are still the majority.

PDV [Petroleos de Venezuela] ditches past to play leading role in Venezuela's future

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Giusti, L.

1994-01-01

The president of Petroleos de Venezuela (PDV) describes the transformation of Venezuelan society and economics which has come about between 1989 and 1992 and the effect of these political changes on the oil industry in this country. While political and social unrest has been widespread before and during these changes PDV, at least, considers that a more robust economy and a better and fairer society will result than would have been possible under the oil rent system which held sway prior to 1989. (author)

Adapting EVIAVE methodology as a planning and decision-making tool in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zamorano, M.; Paolini, A.; Ramos, A.; Rodriguez, M.L.

2009-01-01

Landfills in Venezuela have serious problems regarding their location, design and operation. In fact, basic waste disposal is one of the main weaknesses of the municipal waste management in this country. The Venezuelan Ministry of Environment and Renewable Resources has studied and identified the negative impacts of operating landfills, but no program has been implemented to determine the cause-effect relation of these impacts or to design strategies to counteract with the serious environmental and health risks generated. This paper describes how EVIAVE methodology can be successfully used for landfill diagnosis, and shows how this type of landfill diagnosis was applied in Venezuela. For our research study, we carried out both a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the environmental problems generated by 22 landfills in Venezuela. Our study was based on the following environmental indexes: Landfill Environment, Environmental Risk, Environmental Value, and Probability of Contamination. For the purposes of our study, it was first necessary to adapt EVIAVE to the legal system and social context in Venezuela. The results obtained confirmed the applicability of this methodology to Venezuelan landfills. EVIAVE was found to be an effective planning tool that provided crucial information for the development of action plans, which would improve landfill operation, and help make decisions pertaining to their closure, sealing and eventual recovery.

A new minute Andean Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae from Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

César L. Barrio-Amorós

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A new species of Pristimantis is described from the Venezuelan Andes. The new species is the smallest in its genus known in Venezuela and belongs to the Pristimantis unistrigatus Group. It differs from the rest of Venezuelan Andean congeners in body size (mean male SVL < 21.3 mm, female SVL < 26.3 mm, expanded discs on fingers and toes, absence of dorsolateral folds, and a distinctivecall consisting in 2–5 cricket-like short notes. The new species inhabits the southwestern part of the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela and the Venezuelan side of the Cordillera Oriental deColombia, and could be present on the Colombian portion of the cordillera as well.

Risk, Activism, and Empowerment: Women's Breast Cancer in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Eid, Mahmoud; Nahon-Serfaty, Isaac

2015-01-01

The prevalence of breast cancer in Venezuela is particularly alarming, which is attributed to healthcare inequalities, low health literacy, and lagging compliance with prevention methods (i.e., screening and mammography). While the right to health is acknowledged by the Venezuelan constitution, activism beyond governmental confines is required to increase women's breast cancer awareness and decrease mortality rates. Through the development of social support and strategic communicative methods enacted by healthcare providers, it may be possible to empower women with the tools necessary for breast cancer prevention. This paper discusses issues surrounding women's breast cancer, such as awareness of the disease and its risks, self-advocacy, and the roles of activists, healthcare providers, and society. Specifically, it describes a four-year action-oriented research project developed in Venezuela, which was a collaborative work among researchers, practitioners, NGOs, patients, journalists, and policymakers. The outcomes include higher levels of awareness and interest among community members and organizations to learn and seek more information about women's breast cancer, better understandings of the communicated messages, more media coverage and medical consultations, increasing positive patient treatments, expansion of networking of NGOs, as well as a widely supported declaration for a national response against breast cancer in Venezuela.

Guidelines to elaborate a migration plan for digital terrestrial television in Venezuela

OpenAIRE

José Rafael Uzcátegui; José Francisco Torres; Nelson Pérez García; Luís Duque; Zeldívar Bruzual

2011-01-01

In October 2009, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela adopted the ISDB-Tb (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial Built On), released by Japan, with some improvement made by Brazil, as Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) to be deployment in Venezuela. After standard choice, has been start the route towards the solution of transcendental aspects of legal and technical nature to enable the provision of digital terrestrial television service harmonized with the goals of true soc...

Venezuelas Pursuit of Caribbean Basin Interests: Implications for United States National Security.

Science.gov (United States)

1985-01-01

sold to buyers in Western Europe and the United States. The most important Venezuelan exports in the 19th century were cocoa and coffee. In the 20th...confusion in the U.S. Congress over the difference between the Organiza- tion of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), of which Venezuela was not a...member, and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), to which Venezuela belonged, the action remained in force even though Caracas had

Venezuela: Un perfil general.

OpenAIRE

Quevedo, Rafael Isidro

2003-01-01

1.- Artículos Cartay, Rafael. "Los productos típicos y su reglamentación. Una tentativa de aplicación de la denominación de origen al cacao venezolano" Kalvatchev, Zlatko; Garzaro, Domingo; Guerra Cedezo, Franklin. "Theobroma Cacao L.: Un nuevo enfoque para nutrición y salud" Anido, Daniel; Gutiérrez, Alejandro. "La demanda de las calorías en Venezuela 1970-1995: Algunas evidencias empíricas" Molina, Luisa Elena. "Notas sobre la situación de la producción primaria de arroz en Ven...

Taska teeb Venezuela seebi eesti moodi / Verni Leivak

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Leivak, Verni, 1966-

2008-01-01

Produtsent Kristian Taska ostis ära Venezuela seebiooperi "Lorenzo naine", et valmistada Kanal Spordis näitamiseks Eesti oludele mugandatud "Kalevi naised" (lavastaja Ingomar Vihmar, osades Maria Avdjuško, Andrus Vaarik, Jan Uuspõld, Anne Reemann)

Algunas Características de los Cacaos Criollos de Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ciferri R.

1949-03-01

Full Text Available Se indican algunas características morfológicas y biométricas de los cacaos "Criollo de cáscara morada" y "Criollo de cáscara decolorada", observadas en un cacaotal de Venezuela y las cuales se comparan con las de algunos de sus cruces, así más afines, como más alejados, que en conjunto forman el Forastero Venezolano. Se llama la atención sobre unos tipos de cacao muy valiosos, derivados de los cruzamientos entre estos dos tipos de Criollo, mencionados. Se indica, además, la distribución de dichos Criollos en Venezuela.

Astrometry and Geostationary Satellites in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Lacruz, E.; Abad, C.

2015-10-01

We present the current status and the first results of the astrometric project CIDA - ABAE for tracking geo-stationary satellites. This project aims to determine a preliminary orbit for the Venezuelan satellite VENESAT-1, using astrometric positions obtained from an optical telescope. The results presented here are based on observations from the Luepa space tracking ground station in Venezuela, which were processed using astrometric procedures.

Estructura del sistema legal del turismo en Venezuela | Structure of the legal system of tourism in Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Melania Navas Graterol

2017-11-01

Full Text Available It is a fact that the social dynamic of human life, in its constant evolution promotes special and particular circumstances that the law must regulate, such as tourism. The latter, as multifaceted activity, develops into different scopes of human activities: economic, social, cultural, environmental, political and obviously, in the judicial, and requires to be regulated, supervised, encouraged and coordinated by the law. This compendium of rules integrates what is known as the Legal System Structure of the Tourism in Venezuela and they are organized in a hierarchical way, into a legal level that gives a determinate rank, which can be the same or different, and could be seen in the pyramidal model created by Hans Kelsen. The understanding of this legal system that regulates tourism through the compressive hermeneutics of its rules, allowed to find out that the legal structure is well defined within the Venezuelan touristic context. The analysis of results allowed to conclude that the norm that regulates the tourism activity in Venezuela responds to the Kelsen pyramidal model and there is a diverse number of legal instruments which contain rules that regulates it in direct way and others indirectly.

Mastery: A Lesson from Maria in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Powell, Sandra Anez; Powell, Norman W.

2012-01-01

Children who have been born into poverty or into at-risk circumstances are often considered "disposable" and not a societal priority. These youngsters have few advocates and limited successful options in life. In the city of Maracaibo, Venezuela, there is a large population of Amerindians who are called Guajiros. These indigenous people…

Comunicación y empoderamiento ciudadano en salud: un caso de investigación-acción en la Venezuela polarizada

Science.gov (United States)

NAHÓN SERFATY, Isaac; EID, Mahmoud

2016-01-01

En el marco de un proyecto de investigación-acción que se implementó en Venezuela de 2009 a 2013 se buscó empoderar (empower) a activistas sociales y pacientes en la lucha contra el cáncer de mama (CM). Este proyecto se puso en marcha en un contexto de alta polarización política y social en el marco de la llamada «Revolución bolivariana». A partir de una perspectiva ecológica de la comunicación y el activismo en salud, que integra los niveles interpersonal, grupal y social, se celebraron una serie de actividades orientadas a desarrollar las habilidades de vocería de ciudadanos, especialmente de mujeres, y ampliar las redes de cooperación entre diversos sectores, al mismo tiempo que se perfiló una visión consensuada entre actores sociales e institucionales sobre una respuesta nacional contra el CM. Una comunicación horizontal y participativa permitió que se escuchara la voz de actores usualmente marginalizados en las políticas sanitarias. PMID:27867911

Undocumented migration to Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Van Roy, R

1984-01-01

"In 1980 Venezuela took...steps to regularize the undocumented migrant population. While the number responding to the amnesty was small relative to expectations, the majority of illegals appeared to have regularized their status. For the first time it was possible to assess objectively the characteristics of the undocumented population. Moreover, the problem of illegal migrants seems to have been temporarily solved, a result of both the amnesty and the country's declining economic activity." Topics covered in the present article include the nationality, geographic distribution, sex and age distribution, educational status, and occupations of undocumented migrants. excerpt

Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) to temephos in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Alvarez, Leslie C; Ponce, Gustavo; Oviedo, Milagros; Lopez, Beatriz; Flores, Adriana E

2014-08-01

Temephos is an insecticide widely used in Venezuela to control the proliferation of the larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), the principal vector of dengue virus. The aim of this study was to identify the susceptibility to temephos of Ae. aegypti in four locations in western Venezuela: Lara, Tres Esquinas, Ureña and Pampanito. Larval bioassays were conducted on samples collected in 2008 and 2010, and the levels of α- and β-esterases, mixed-function oxidases, glutathione-S-transferase and insensitive acethyl cholinesterase were determined. Larval populations from western Venezuela obtained during 2008 and 2010 were found to be susceptible to temephos, with low resistance ratios and without overexpression of enzymes. The low RR values reveal the effectiveness of temephos in controlling the larval populations of Ae. aegypti. Control strategies must be vigorously monitored to maintain the susceptibility to temephos of these populations of Ae. aegypti. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

Metamorfosis del delito de secuestro en el Estado Zulia, Venezuela

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María Alejandra Añez Castillo

2010-12-01

Full Text Available El delito de secuestro es un flagelo social que ha experimentado mutaciones en el tiempo. El año 2009 terminó con una cifra sin precedentes en cuanto a los secuestros reportados en Venezuela. Los datos aportados por los organismos oficiales revelan que durante el 2008 hubo 537 secuestros, lo cual representa un aumento de 52% respecto al total del 2007, mientras que en el 2009 la cifra se incrementó en un 62,82%, en relación con el año anterior. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir el delito de secuestro en Venezuela, con especial referencia al Estado Zulia, población fronteriza limítrofe con Colombia. Para ello se emplea una metodología de tipo documental- descriptiva. Se revela que no existen esquemas predefinidos que permitan caracterizar este tipo penal, pues, tal y como ha venido sucediendo, es susceptible de llevarse a cabo en cualquier momento y circunstancia, no de modo exclusivo en sujetos de alto estatus socioeconómico, sino con mínimos medios para responder a las exigencias de los plagiarios; de aquí la proliferación de la modalidad del llamado secuestro exprés. El delito de secuestro en Venezuela ha cambiado en forma notable sus patrones: de ser un delito predominantemente político, fronterizo y ejecutado por grupos organizados, ha pasado a ser uno de objetivos sobre todo económicos, urbano, y ejecutado con un fin de lucro por la delincuencia común. En verdad, el Estado Zulia sigue repuntando en la lista de los estados con mayor incidencia de este delito en Venezuela, pero no es el principal, pues ha sido desplazado en posicionamiento por otras urbes del país, encabezadas en la actualidad por la ciudad capital de Caracas.

The Crisis of Civil-Military Relations in Venezuela: Testing Rational Choice, Cultural, and Institutional Theories

Science.gov (United States)

1999-12-01

universal.com. [10 October 1998], 1. El Universal Digital, " Pobreza Critica in Venezuela," 01 January 1998. Available [Online]:HYPERLINK "http:/www.eud.com...Digital, " Pobreza Critica in Venezuela," 01 January 1998. Available [Online] :HYPERLINK "http:/www.eud.com/Elecciones98" http:/www.el- universal.com

[Zika virus: Another emerging arbovirus in Venezuela?].

Science.gov (United States)

Valero Nereida

2015-09-01

Current health conditions of Venezuela, together with the tropical proliferation of different types of Aedes (aegypti and albopictus), suggest the arrival to this country of ZIKA virus (ZIKV). The Pan American Health Organization urges Latin American countries to take measures to prevent the ZIKV entry and advises that these measures must be designed to detect the introduction of ZIKV in an area, track its spread and actively monitor the disease. In Venezuela and other Latin-American countries, where endemicity is high for other arboviruses such as dengue arid chikungunya, health authorities should strengthen their surveillance systems to detect early and timely introduction of ZIKV ap.d refine diagnostic methods to confirm the infection rate; however, the high incidence of cases due those viral agents reflects weakened and poorly timed insensitive monitoring systems, as well as, poor vector control measures, arising the questions: will this arbovirus pop in our country, will it set as the other as edemicepidemic and lead to alter their clinical behavior and severity of the disease?

[Three phases of homicidal violence in Venezuela].

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Briceño-León, Roberto

2012-12-01

Venezuela was considered one of the least violent countries in Latin America, however by 2010 it was among the countries with the highest homicide rate. This article analyzes the evolution of homicides in Venezuela between 1985 and 2010 and proposes the existence of three stages which correspond to trends in social and political institutions of the country. The first from 1985 to 1993, characterized by the looting of 1989 and the coups d'état of 1992, when for the first time the homicide rate rose from 8 to 20. The second phase from 1994 to 1998 was a recovery period of the institutional and political stability when the homicide rate remained constant at around 20. The third phase began in 1999 with the H Chavez government and the institutional destruction that comes with the Bolivarian revolution and caused an increase in the rate of 20 to 57 homicides per 100 thousand inhabitants. This article argues that the explanation for the changes in the phases is to be found in the transformation of social and political institutions.

Do heavy-handed tactics reduce homicides? The case of Venezuela

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Andrés Antillano

2017-09-01

Full Text Available This article examines the effectiveness of mano dura (heavy-handed policies in reducing homicides by studying the case of Venezuela in the period 2012-2015 and gives particular attention to policies involving police violence. Although firm hand policies involve a set of strategies and discourses that revolve around the crime and the institutional response to it, this paper exclusively addresses police interventions that involve increased coercion and violence as a formula for tackling criminality. Over these years, policies have been tested out in Venezuela that involve greater police violence on the pretext of defeating the high levels of criminal violence. But rather than the expected effects of reducing violence and homicides, both have grown significantly.

Risk, Activism, and Empowerment: Women’s Breast Cancer in Venezuela

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Eid, Mahmoud; Nahon-Serfaty, Isaac

2016-01-01

The prevalence of breast cancer in Venezuela is particularly alarming, which is attributed to healthcare inequalities, low health literacy, and lagging compliance with prevention methods (i.e., screening and mammography). While the right to health is acknowledged by the Venezuelan constitution, activism beyond governmental confines is required to increase women’s breast cancer awareness and decrease mortality rates. Through the development of social support and strategic communicative methods enacted by healthcare providers, it may be possible to empower women with the tools necessary for breast cancer prevention. This paper discusses issues surrounding women’s breast cancer, such as awareness of the disease and its risks, self-advocacy, and the roles of activists, healthcare providers, and society. Specifically, it describes a four-year action-oriented research project developed in Venezuela, which was a collaborative work among researchers, practitioners, NGOs, patients, journalists, and policymakers. The outcomes include higher levels of awareness and interest among community members and organizations to learn and seek more information about women’s breast cancer, better understandings of the communicated messages, more media coverage and medical consultations, increasing positive patient treatments, expansion of networking of NGOs, as well as a widely supported declaration for a national response against breast cancer in Venezuela. PMID:27868080

Atención primaria y trastornos por consumo de alcohol: evaluación de un programa de formación del profesorado en Venezuela

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Gaskin de Urdaneta Alvia

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Objetivos. La atención primaria proporciona la oportunidad de identificar y tratar a personas cuyo consumo de alcohol se encuentra por encima de los niveles permisibles. Con el fin de preparar a los médicos de atención primaria de todo el mundo para prevenir y tratar los problemas relacionados con el alcohol, el Instituto Nacional sobre el Abuso de Alcohol y el Alcoholismo (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: NIAAA de los Estados Unidos de América (EE. UU. ha creado y probado un Programa Internacional de Educación Médica sobre el Alcohol, destinado a aumentar las aptitudes clínicas, educativas e investigadoras del profesorado de las facultades de medicina que trabaja con los estudiantes universitarios, los residentes y los médicos de atención primaria. Venezuela fue uno de los países seleccionados para la puesta en marcha de esta iniciativa. Métodos. Durante 5 días del mes de septiembre de 1999 se realizó en la Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela, un curso de formación del profesorado que consistió en 19 talleres. Los métodos de enseñanza fueron clases, representaciones demostrativas, presentaciones de casos, talleres de desarrollo de aptitudes y la creación de un plan educativo por cada uno de los participantes. Resultados. En el proyecto participaron 33 profesores de nueve de las 10 escuelas de medicina en Venezuela: 18 mujeres y 15 hombres con un promedio de 44 años, 9 de ellos con formación en medicina de familia, 7 en psiquiatría, 6 en pediatría, 4 en obstetricia, 3 en medicina interna, y 4 en especialidades no especificadas. El 76% de los participantes completaron una entrevista 6 meses más tarde. Este grupo refirió que su competencia en 14 áreas clínicas había aumentado de forma significativa y que había emprendido con buenos resultados nuevas actividades curriculares en sus respectivas facultades de medicina y programas de residencia. Conclusiones. Este modelo demostró ser eficaz para

Mycobacterium tuberculosis population structure and molecular epidemiological analysis in Sucre municipality, Miranda state, Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Patiño, Margareth A; Abadía, Edgar; Solalba Gómez; Maes, Mailis; Muñoz, Mariana; Gómez, Daniela; Guzmán, Patricia; Méndez, María Victoria; Ramirez, Carmen; Mercedes, España; de Waard, Jacobus; Takiff, Howard

2014-12-01

Sucre municipality is a large, densely populated marginal area in the eastern part of Caracas, Venezuela that consistently has more cases of tuberculosis than other municipalities in the country. To identify the neighborhoods in the municipality with the highest prevalence of tuberculosis, and determine whether the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain distribution in this municipality is different from that previously found in the western part of Caracas and the rest of Venezuela, we collected data on all tuberculosis cases in the municipality diagnosed in 2005-6. We performed two separate molecular epidemiological studies, spoligotyping 44 strains in a first study, and spoligotyping 131 strains, followed by MIRU-VNTR 15 on 21 clustered isolates in the second. With spoligotyping, the most common patterns were Shared International Type SIT17 (21%); SIT42 (15%); SIT93 (11%); SIT20 (7%); SIT53 (6%), a distribution similar to other parts of Venezuela, except that SIT42 and SIT20 were more common. MIRU-VNTR 15 showed that six of seven SIT17 strains examined belonged to a large cluster previously found circulating in Venezuela, but all of the SIT42 strains were related to a cluster centered in the neighborhoods of Unión and Maca, with a MIRU-VNTR pattern not previously seen in Venezuela. It appears that a large percentage of the tuberculosis in the Sucre municipality is caused by the active transmission of two strain families centered within distinct neighborhoods, one reflecting communication with the rest of the country, and the other suggesting the insular, isolated nature of some sectors.

Gestión de Tecnología en Empresas de Clase Mundial del Sector Bebidas en Venezuela Caso: Municipio San Francisco – Estado Zulia

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Francisco Batlle Rois Méndez

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La investigación se planteó como objetivo analizar la gestión de tecnología en empresas de clase mundial delsector bebidas del municipio San Francisco del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto se revisaron los postulados del Modelo Nacional de Tecnología (MNT (2009 y los aportes teóricos de autores como Gaynor (1999, Peters (2006 y Bosch (2000, en relación con la gestión de tecnología. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo bajo un diseño de campo, no experimental-transeccional y con una muestra constituida por seis sujetos encargados de gerenciar tecnología en las unidades productivas de la Cervecería Polar y Pepsi de Venezuela. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante el cuestionario utilizado para la recolección de información, permitieron concluir que la gestión de tecnología, en dichas empresas, se desarrolla de manera empírica con una configuración funcional en la cual no existen estándares establecidos en cuanto a su integración con la gestión del conocimiento ni en la necesidad de generar unidades de I+D que tengan foco en la gestión de la tecnología. Sin embargo, el reconocimiento del impacto de la gestión tecnológica en los resultados positivos de la empresa condujo a reconocer mejores prácticas y experiencia a través de las actividades de vigilancia, planeación, habilitación, protección e implantación tecnológica.Palabras Clave: Gestión; tecnología; conocimiento; competitividad. Management of Technology in the Business World Class Beverages Sector in Venezuela Case: San Francisco County - Zulia StateAbstractThe main purpose of this research was to analyze the technology management in world-class companies belonging to the drinking sector at the San Francisco county, Zulia State, Venezuela. The tenets of National Model for Technology (MNT (2009 and the theoretical contributions of authors such as Gaynor (1999, Peters (2006 and Bosch (2000, in relation to the management of technology were

Heavy metals in sediments,mussels and oysters from Trinidad and Venezuela

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L Rojas de Astudillo

2005-05-01

Full Text Available The Gulf of Paria is bordered by both Trinidad and Venezuela,from which various metallic pollutants and other contaminants can originate.The Gulf is still a significant source of fish,crabs and shellfish for human consumption to both countries,where concerns over the quality of this marine environment have been long expressed but never properly addressed.In addition,the circulatory current patterns in the Gulf ensure that contaminants originating from either country are likely to affect both countries eventually.Heavy metals were determined in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae and C.virginica ,green mussels (Perna viridis and sediments from the Gulf of Paria.Samples were obtained at four sites in Trinidad and three sites in Venezuela in the Gulf of Paria,in addition to comparative samples collected from three sites on the north coast of Venezuela.Edible tissues of twelve shellfish from each location were blended and aliquots digested with concentrated nitric acid, for extraction of cadmium,chromium,copper,lead,nickel and zinc.The solutions were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.Mercury was extracted with a mixture of nitric,hydrochloric and sulphuric acids and determined by cold vapour atomic absorption.Sediments were oven-dried at 60°C, before being similarly extracted.Results showed that mercury in sediments at all sites in Trinidad and Venezuela exceeded NOAA and Canadian sediment quality guidelines,while cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc also exceeded these guidelines at several sites.Heavy metal levels in oysters and green mussels varied widely with location. However,oysters from the Gulf of Paria contained significantly higher mean levels of cadmium,copper,nickel and zinc than those from the north coast of Venezuela, but this difference was not apparent in mussels.Cadmium, mercury and zinc in sediments were significantly correlated with those of mussels,but not of oysters,in which copper and zinc at several sites in the

Releitura da Biblioteca Nacional Rereading the National Library

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Célia Maria Portella

2010-01-01

Full Text Available História e memória na Biblioteca Nacional. O conceito de biblioteca pública e nacional. Integração entre biblioteca física e digital. Leitura e cidadania. Transparência. Acessibilidade. Uma nova concepção da Fundação Biblioteca Nacional, apoiada na estrutura unitária do tempo, a uma só vez, passado, presente e futuro. Aglutina retrospectivas, perspectivas e prospectivas, no empenho de releitura da lição e da vida da Biblioteca Nacional.History and Memory of the national library. The concept of public and national library. Integration between physical and digital library. Reading and citizenship. Transparency. Accessibility. A new conception of the National Library Foundation, based upon an unitarian structure of time, wich holds past present and future, wich gathers a retropective, perspective and prospective approach. Lesson and Life of the national library foundation.

Household energy use in urban Venezuela: Implications from surveys in Maracaibo, Valencia, Merida, and Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Figueroa, M.J.; Sathaye, J.

1993-08-01

This report identifies the most important results of a comparative analysis of household commercial energy use in Venezuelan urban cities. The use of modern fuels is widespread among all cities. Cooking consumes the largest share of urban household energy use. The survey documents no use of biomass and a negligible use of kerosene for cooking. LPG, natural gas, and kerosene are the main fuels available. LPG is the fuel choice of low-income households in all cities except Maracaibo, where 40% of all households use natural gas. Electricity consumption in Venezuela`s urban households is remarkably high compared with the levels used in households in comparable Latin American countries and in households of industrialized nations which confront harsher climatic conditions and, therefore, use electricity for water and space heating. The penetration of appliances in Venezuela`s urban households is very high. The appliances available on the market are inefficient, and there are inefficient patterns of energy use among the population. Climate conditions and the urban built form all play important roles in determining the high level of energy consumption in Venezuelan urban households. It is important to acknowledge the opportunities for introducing energy efficiency and conservation in Venezuela`s residential sector, particularly given current economic and financial constraints, which may hamper the future provision of energy services.

Strategi Venezuela Menyepakati ALBA dalam Menghadapi Ekspansi Perdagangan Amerika Serikat Dikawasan Amerika Latin

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Pahlawan, Indra; Wahyu, Septian

2014-01-01

In 2004 Venezuela and Cuba have agreed on a regional collaboration in latin america called Alternative Bolivarian Para las Americas an abbreviated ALBA. This collaboration is formed as a resistance facing U.S. trade expansion to bring a mission neoliberalism. With the formation of ALBA, Venezuela is the regional co-operation leaders make strategic measures to face Neoliberalism. In 2010 ALBA has had a total of 10 member countries. As counter hegemony, ALBA also worked in three space. In the s...

Analisis Penerapan Kebijakan Ekonomi Sosialis Venezuela Pada Masa Pemerintahan Hugo Chavez Menghadapi Imperialisme Ekonomi Amerika Serikat Tahun 1998-2013

OpenAIRE

Razali, Rino

2014-01-01

This describes through analysis of the literature study on the application of the socialist economy in Venezuela when leadership of Hugo Chavvez. This Research intended to analyse the application of Venezuela socialist economic policies when the leadreship of Hugo Chavez to face the Economic imperialism by United States of America in 1998-2013. It is because the US economic imperialism was very detrimental to the people of Venezuela.Keywords: policy, bolivarianisme, economics.

Doing Business Economy Profile 2015 : Venezuela, RB

OpenAIRE

World Bank Group

2014-01-01

This economy profile for Doing Business 2015 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Venezuela RB. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2015 is the 12th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain ...

[Seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection in Canis familiaris, state of Sucre, Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Berrizbeitia, Mariolga; Concepción, Juan Luis; Carzola, Valentina; Rodríguez, Jéssicca; Cáceres, Ana; Quiñones, Wilfredo

2013-01-01

Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans has been extensively studied in Venezuela; however, in reservoirs it has been less investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the seroepidemiology of T. cruzi in the state of Sucre, Venezuela. A cross-sectional and prospective study conducted in 95 towns and 577 dwellings in the 15 municipalies of the state of Sucre, Venezuela, from August to November, 2008. The evaluation of serum samples was performed with the CruziELISA kit and the multiple antigens binding assays (MABA). Furthermore, epidemiological surveys were applied to evaluate the risk factors. A total of dogs (average age of 2, 6 + 2.2 years, 226 males and 137 females) was evaluated. The combination of the ELISA / MABA tests detected 78 positive sera, sixty-nine negative and 10 of inconclusive results. The seroprevalence of the T. cruzi infection in dogs in the state of Sucre, was 22.1% (CI 95%: 20.58-22.4%). No significant statistic association was found between the T. cruzi infection in dogs and the evaluated epidemiological variables: hunting dogs that slept oudoors roaming freely in the populated center, sex of the animal and eating habits. The T. cruzi infection was associated to the age of canines, being significantly higher in the group of 0 to 3 years, when compared with older dogs. The high T. cruzi seroprevalence dected in dogs shows that in this región of Venezuela there prevails an important risk factor of transmissibility of this parasite to human populations.

Neotropical genera of Naucoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha): new species of Placomerus and Procryphocricos from Guyana and Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Sites, Robert W; Camacho, Jesús

2014-01-09

The Neotropical fauna of saucer bugs (Naucoridae) currently includes four monotypic genera. Recent extensive collecting in Venezuela has produced three new species in two of these genera. In addition, undetermined Guyanan specimens of one of the new species were found in the United States National Museum of Natural History. Thus, described here are Placomerus obscuratus n. sp. from Guyana and Venezuela with brachypterous and macropterous hindwing forms, and two species of Procryphocricos from Venezuela. Procryphocricos quiu n. sp. is described from the brachypterous forewing form and Procryphocricos macoita n. sp. from both brachypterous and macropterous forms. Previously described species also are discussed.

Urban outbreak of acute orally acquired Chagas disease in Táchira, Venezuela

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Benítez, Jesús A.; Araujo, Benjamín; Contreras, Krisell; Rivas, Marianela; Ramírez, Pedro; Guerra, Watermo; Calderón, Noél; Terren, Carlo Ascaso; Barrera, Reggie; Rodríguez Morales, Alfonso Javier

2013-01-01

Aguda por vía oral adquirió la enfermedad de Chagas (AOACD) se ha convertido en una amenaza importante en algunos países de América del Sur [1,2]. Hasta marzo de 2013, al menos cuatro han reportado brotes de la enfermedad de Chagas aguda adquirida por vía oral, en concreto Brasil [3], Venezuela [4], Colombia [5] y Bolivia [6]. Los brotes también se están produciendo probablemente en Argentina y Ecuador, según algunos informes antiguos [2]. En Venezuela, ha habido por lo menos tres informes ep...

Estudio cariotípico en plantas de Agave cocui trelease (Asparagaceae nativas del estado Sucre, Venezuela | Karyotypic study in plants of Agave cocui trelease (Asparagaceae from Sucre state, Venezuela

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Jennifer Mata-Sucre

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Se analizaron los cromosomas mitóticos de tres poblaciones de Agave cocui recolectadas en las localidades de Parque Nacional Mochima (10°23'45'' N, 64°21'20'' O, 41 m s.n.m., Morro de Puerto Santo (10°42'43'' N, 63°09'50'' O, 72 m s.n.m. y Playa Medina (10°42'58'' N, 63°00'42'' O, 35 m s.n.m., estado Sucre, Venezuela. Se aplicaron protocolos convencionales de evaluación cariológica a través de la preparación de láminas temporales para mitosis y cariotipos, registros fotomicrográficos y análisis computarizado. La mayor frecuencia de células en metafase se observó a las 8:00 y 9:00 am. El cariotipo fue consistentemente diploide 2n=2x=60 con 25 pares de cromosomas pequeños (0,83-2,10 µm de morfologías m y cinco pares más grandes (3,68 a 4,97 µm sm y st (con satélites. Los índices de asimetría A1 = 0,74 y A2 = 0,65 confirman la bimodalidad cariotípica en esta especie. Las poblaciones resultaron cariológicamente similares y se describe la fórmula idiogramática 50m+8sm+2stsat. Estos resultados representan el primer reporte de conteo y clasificación cromosómica en A. cocui.

Indice de la microflora marina de Venezuela: diatomeas, dinoflagelados y cocolitofóridos

OpenAIRE

Díaz-Ramos, José Rafael

2000-01-01

Los estudios sobre el fitoplancton marino de Venezuela han sido realizados de manera regular desde mediados del siglo XX. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se ha realizado un compendio de las especies encontradas que sirva como marco de referencia a los trabajos taxonómicos. En este trabajo se presenta por primera vez un índice de la microflora marina de Venezuela. El índice incluye sólo las diatomeas (89 especies céntricas y 186 especies pennadas), los dinoflagelados (ocho especies atecadas y 154 ...

Nuevos significados de la democracia en Venezuela

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Ingrid Karina Núñez Muñoz

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es interpretar los nuevos significados de la demo- cracia en Venezuela, construidos a partir de los cambios y transformaciones iniciados en 1999 (proceso constituyente-reforma política, teniendo como centro los discursos y prácticas de una ciudadanía que debe participar de forma activa y organizada en los asuntos públicos con miras a la búsqueda de la solución de sus problemas más apremiantes. La aproximación metodológica (cualitativa-hermenéutica se realizó con- siderando que esta redefinición es una construcción intersubjetiva de los valores, acciones y normas en el ámbito político que intenta explicar cómo se construye la ciudadanía, fundamentalmente en el nivel local, a través de formas asociativas (como los consejos comunales en su interrelación con el Estado. Se concluye que a partir del nuevo orden constitucional de 1999 se comien- za a construir en Venezuela un nuevo sujeto que intenta viabilizar sus de- mandas a través de las organizaciones sociales.

La Universidad Nacional y la Academia Nacional de Medicina.

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Alfonso Vargas Rubiano

1998-12-01

Full Text Available

Señor Presidente, Colegas Académicos :

Quiso mi buena suerte, que a finales del año anterior, cuando recibo la honrosísima designación de Académico Honorario, estuviera terminando mi nuevo libro histórico “Los Vargas en la Cultura Médica Colombiana” :que unos días antes, la promoción 1965-71 de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional – al conmemorar 25 años de su grado y reunidos en Acto Académico-Cultural – aceptaran la invitación de su vocero Manuel Elkin Patarroyo de que, “puestos de pie produzcamos un fuerte aplauso al Decano y profesores de nuestra época”. Y como si estas satisfacciones fuesen pocas, el día 21 de diciembre, mis 7 hijos y 12 nietos, nos ofrecen a Amalia y a mi, el más grato homenaje, con motivo de 50 años de feliz vida matrimonial.

En mi lejano pasado -también en los dorados diciembres- obtenía el anhelado grado de Bachiller del Colegio de Boyacá (1936; en el 44 el Doctorado en Medicina; en el 45, era admitido en la Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría; en el 46, formamos con Amalia el hogar Vargas del Valle y en el 50, lograba el profesorado en mi facultad. Todos estos momentos triunfales eran la culminación de un gran esfuerzo y el logro de las metas que cada uno se forma en la vida.

Pero, hay otras satisfacciones quizás más valiosas -por recibirse espontáneamente de los compañeros de labores: los colegas de la Sociedad de Pediatría me honran en el 54 y 65 con la Presidencia de la entidad; en el 58 los profesores me eligen como su vocero ante el consejo de la Facultad, y las directivas universitarias me confían la organización del Departamento de Pediatría y luego el Vicedecanato y Decanato, en el crucial quinquenio 67 – 72.

Mas recientemente -ya en la década de los 80- recibo de mi Alma Mater el Profesorado Honorario de Medicina, y mis compañeros de la Asociación de Exalumnos de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional (AEXMUN y de la Sociedad de

Competitividade nacional, conhecimento e investimento estrangeiro

OpenAIRE

Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Serra, Fernando; Duarte, Carlos; Marques, Tânia

2010-01-01

As condições que promovem a competitividade nacional têm sido objecto de política governamental e debatidas no meio académico e empresarial. Neste artigo discutimos as condições de competitividade nacional em termos de sistemas de inovação, investimento do e no estrangeiro, capacidades tecnológicas e instituições. Os países inovadores beneficiam de efeitos de aprendizagem localizada que podem ser utilizados internamente e explorados no estrangeiro. A participação em redes de investigação e de...

El Atlas del Bosque Nacional El Yunque

Science.gov (United States)

Maya Quiñones; Isabel K. Parés-Ramos; William A. Gould; Grizelle Gonzalez; Kathleen McGinley; Pedro. Ríos

2018-01-01

Esta publicación es un esfuerzo colaborativo entre el Instituto Internacional de Dasonomía Tropical y el Bosque Nacional El Yunque para proveer mapas y análisis de información espacial actualizados sobre una importante reserva natural en Puerto Rico y el único bosque tropical dentro del Sistema de Bosques Nacionales de los Estados Unidos. El Atlas del Bosque Nacional...

Use of nuclear techniques in agriculture in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ramirez C, R.

1984-01-01

The agricultural activites being carried out so far in Venezuela are described. Failures and lessons learned from the induced mutation programme (sorghum and ajonjoli) are emphasized. Some of the results obtained with the use of isotopes in biological investigations with dairy and beef cattle and sheep are related. (M.A.C.) [pt

Valgevenest Iraanini : Venezuela liider koob USA-vastas ühisrinnet / Krister Paris

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Paris, Krister, 1977-

2006-01-01

Venezuela president Hugo Chavez külastab mitmeid Ameerika Ühendriikidele probleemseid riike. Kohtumine Valgevene presidendi Aleksandr Lukashenkoga, eelseisvast visiidist Venemaale. Lisa: Chavez tahab julgeolekunõukogusse

Venezuela tõusis presidendi sotsialismikursi vastu üles / Krister Paris

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Paris, Krister, 1977-

2007-01-01

Venezuelas toimunud rahvahääletusel lükati tagasi president Hugo Chavezi ettepanekud, mis puudutasid põhiseaduse muutmist. President peab seda vaid ajutiseks tagasilöögiks. Lisa: Tudengid ja meedia riigipea vastu

[Need and demand of kidneys for transplantation in Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Milanés, C L; Bellorín-Font, E; Weisinger, J; Pernalete, N; Urbina, D; Paz-Martínez, V

1993-01-01

The number of cadaveric kidneys available for transplantation has become insufficient around the world. Despite concerted efforts, we have been unsuccessful in greatly improve the supply of organ donors, and consequently the number of end stage renal failure patients awaiting for kidney transplantation continues to increase. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the need and supply of kidneys for transplant in Venezuela. An overview of the current level of kidney transplant activity in Venezuela is presented, observing that the activity with cadaveric donors had been predominant since 1983, although not to an optimal level. The annual activity in kidney transplant between 1989-1991 remained stable in 6 transplants/million people, but went sharply down to 4.6 in 1992. An estimate of the current need is around 10 donors/million people. This is in contrast with an effective donation rate of only 2.01 and 1.92 donors/million achieved in 1990 and 1991 respectively. The most frequent cause for no donation was the lack of familiar consent. Based on an analysis of the factors involved in the shortage of donor supply in Venezuela, we present some recommendations to increase the availability of cadaveric organ donors in the country. These measures include an improvement of education and legal regulation in the field of organ donation and transplantation, and following the Spanish model, the creation of a program of hospital transplant coordinators that can detect and evaluate potential organ donors as well as coordinate the logistical aspects of transplantation.

[Control, elimination and eradication of viral immuno preventable diseases in Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Valero, Nereida; Maldonado, Mery

2005-09-01

Vaccination has demonstrated the capacity for the drastic decrease of the prevalence and incidence of several diseases of viral etiology and it has allowed their eradication. Among these human immuno preventable diseases are included poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox, rubella, hepatitis A and B, influenza A and yellow fever. In residents, travelers to endemic areas and personal at risk, the vaccines to Japanese and equine encephalitis, rabies and adenovirus can be applied. Venezuela has not escaped from the positive impact in the epidemiology of these illnesses as a consequence of the organization and implementation of big national vaccination campaigns; however, and in spite of these efforts, important outbreaks of measles, yellow fever, chicken pox and hepatitis have occurred in the last few years. The tools to eliminate the majority of these viral diseases exist in Venezuela as well as in other countries, and are readily available, effective and relatively not expensive, but require on the whole of an effort of authorities and communities. The implementation of these strategies should have the support of the World Health Organization and the Panamerican Health Organization. This is a priority for the next few years if our aim is the eradication of these illnesses from Venezuela, the continent and the world.

Natural gas as an integrating element for Latin America - An opportunity for Venezuela?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gonzalez Cruz, Diego

2010-09-15

Summary This paper offers an analysis of the natural gas situation in Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina, including countries of the Caribbean; analyzes the attitude of potential buyers of this energy source and the possibilities of each country receiving natural gas from Venezuela based on its reserves and production, highlighting the most outstanding projects being undertaken in some of those countries; makes recommendations in the area of energy, with emphasis on natural gas; and, lastly, presents an epilog describing Venezuela's role in an integration process in Latin America.

Heavy metals in sediments, mussels and oysters from Trinidad and Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rojas Astudillo, L. de; Chang Yen, I.; Bekele, I.

2005-01-01

The Gulf of Paria is bordered by both Trinidad and Venezuela, from which various metallic pollutants and other contaminants can originate. The Gulf is still a significant source of fish, crabs and shellfish for human consumption to both countries, where concerns over the quality of this marine environment have been long expressed but never properly addressed. In addition, the circulatory current patterns in the Gulf ensure that contaminants originating from either country are likely to affect both countries eventually. Heavy metals were determined in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae and C. virginica), green mussels (Perna viridis) and sediments from the Gulf of Paria. Samples were obtained at four sites in Trinidad and three sites in Venezuela in the Gulf of Paria, in addition to comparative samples collected from three sites on the north coast of Venezuela. Edible tissues of twelve shellfish from each location were blended and aliquots digested with concentrated nitric acid, for extraction of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. The solutions were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mercury was extracted with a mixture of nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric acids and determined by cold vapour atomic absorption. Sediments were oven-dried at 60 0 C, before being similarly extracted. Results showed that mercury in sediments at all sites in Trinidad and Venezuela exceeded NOAA and Canadian sediment quality guidelines, while cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc also exceeded these guidelines at several sites. Heavy metal levels in oysters and green mussels varied widely with location. However, oysters from the Gulf of Paria contained significantly higher mean levels of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc than those from the north coast of Venezuela, but this difference was not apparent in mussels. Cadmium, mercury and zinc in sediments were significantly correlated with those of mussels, but not of oysters, in which copper and zinc at several

La reemergencia del discurso nacional-popular en la nueva izquierda latinoamericana

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Cancino, Hugo

2012-01-01

En este artículo analizamos la reemergencia del discurso nacional-popular. Los movimientos nacional-populares son un fenómeno recurrente en la historia de América Latina. Las revoluciones y los movimientos sociales más significativos del siglo XX fueron los movimientos nacional-populares. Para...... nuevo Estado, a través de la democracia radical, los cuales sustituyen la oligarquía del Estado y de la Nación Criolla que excluyeron indígenas y mestizos del poder y de la riqueza. Palabras claves: Discurso; Nacional-popular; Izquierda...

Las nuevas fronteras de las commodities en Venezuela: extractivismo, crisis histórica y disputas territoriales

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Emiliano Teran Mantovani

2016-01-01

Full Text Available En el marco de una crisis histórica en Venezuela, se está produciendo una significativa reorganización geoeconómica del territorio alrededor del extractivismo: se trata de una expansión hacia las nuevas “fronteras de las commodities” en la cual se pretende incorporar a la megaminería entres sus más importantes actividades económicas. El artículo presenta rasgos y características de la actual expansión de frontera, desde la perspectiva de la ecología política y la economía ecológica, analizando también los factores históricos y coyunturales más determinantes de este proceso, así como las formas que toma la nueva cartografía del extractivismo en el país. Algunas modalidades discursivas, de apropiación de la naturaleza y de territorialización, derivadas de esta política sobre el “tejido de la vida” serán también examinadas. A su vez, se resaltan algunas potenciales consecuencias e implicaciones de estos procesos, haciendo énfasis en los daños socioambientales, el déficit ecológico nacional, y los diferentes conflictos y disputas producidas por ellos.

Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Torres, J; Noya, O; Mondolfi, A; Peceño, C; Botto, C

1988-07-01

A cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey seeking hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly was carried out in isolated Yanomami hamlets in Amazonas Territory in Venezuela. All 110 inhabitants greater than 1 year of age were evaluated clinically and 98 were studied immunologically. The spleen index for individuals greater than 10 years of age was 44%. Only 3 patients had Plasmodium spp. on thick blood smears. All had serological evidence of infection with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Twenty-three patients were considered to show hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly. Clinical manifestations of the syndrome did not differ from those described in other parts of the world.

La fusión bancaria en Venezuela. Importancia de las TIC en la banca universal y microfinanciera nacional

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Flor Villalobos de Bastidas

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Con la entrada en vigencia de la Ley de Instituciones del Sector Bancario en el año 2010, se prevé que se produzcan transformaciones y fusiones de bancos bajo los modelos de banca universal, por la cual se realizan todas las operaciones de intermediación financiera y sus servicios conexos y de banca micro financiera cuyo objeto principal es fomentar, financiar y promover las actividades de producción de bienes y servicios de las pequeñas empresas industriales y comerciales, de los micro empresarios y micro empresas y de la economía popular alternativa. En tal sentido, el objetivo del presente artículo es el análisis de la fusión en las entidades bancarias venezolanas y la importancia de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación(TIC como recurso que dinamiza el proceso de fusión así como su relevante aplicación en la banca universal y micro financiera. En cuanto a la metodología se re-visaron fuentes documentales y electrónicas, realizándose una investigación descriptiva y cualitativa de la actualidad bancaria venezolana. Los resultados permiten afirmar que la fusión bancaria en Venezuela es un proceso regulado por el Estado, en el cual intervienen los recursos tecnológicos tanto como factor que dina-miza el proceso de fusión como de herramientas estratégicas para la fluidez de las operaciones de intermediación financiera. Como conclusiones se señala que en los nuevos escenarios de la banca venezolana se despliegan las innovaciones tecnológicas como instrumentos que generan nuevas opciones de negocios y que su aplicación constituye desafío del sector bancario venezolano para ofrecer a los usuarios un amplio catálogo de productos y servicios financieros, realizadas hoy día con flexibilidad, agilidad y la comodidad que demanda la sociedad actual.

A new species of Hemerobiella Kimmins (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) from Venezuela with notes on the genus.

Science.gov (United States)

Sosa, Francisco; Lara, Rogéria I R; Martins, Caleb C

2015-10-09

Hemerobiella periotoi Sosa & Lara sp. nov. is described from Venezuela. The new species was collected at the edges of a mature cloud forest in Lara state. This is the third species known in Hemerobiella Kimmins, and the second recorded from Venezuela. Additionally, new Venezuelan records and illustrations of H. oswaldi Monserrat, as well as, a key to Hemerobiella species are provided.

Dengue Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Past and Recent Viral Transmission in Venezuela : A Comprehensive Community-Based Study

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Velasco-Salas, Zoraida I.; Sierra, Gloria M.; Guzman, Diamelis M.; Zambrano, Julio; Vivas, Daniel; Comach, Guillermo; Wilschut, Jan C.; Tami, Adriana

Dengue transmission in Venezuela has become perennial and a major public health problem. The increase in frequency and magnitude of recent epidemics prompted a comprehensive community-based cross-sectional study of 2,014 individuals in high-incidence neighborhoods of Maracay, Venezuela. We found a

Caracterización del mercado laboral del sector hotelero del estado Mérida, Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Villasmil R., María A.; Andrade, Henry

2009-01-01

Esta investigación trata sobre modelos que permiten caracterizar Mercados Laborales Locales (MLL), ya que en Venezuela el manejo de los mismos es casi inexistente. En este sentido, se plantea como objetivo caracterizar al mercado laboral del sector hotelero del estado Mérida-Venezuela en función del conocimiento de las particularidades económicas, institucionales, políticas, sociales, educativas y culturales de la zona así como las condiciones que se tengan en materia de empleo, oferta de for...

Escuela de psicología en Venezuela: estructura curricular

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Herminia Vicentelli

Full Text Available The paper is concerning to the academic formation of the psycho1ogist at Venezuela, studing the curriculum structure, taking in consideration the recommendations, suggestions and reflections presented in events that had influenced the teaching of Psychology and the action of the professional.

Lutzomyia Lewisi, a new Phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae from Cojedes State, Venezuela

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M. Dora Feliciangeli

1984-09-01

Full Text Available The female of a new species, Lutzomyia lewisi is described. Reasons are stated on which the classification proposed by Lewis et al. (1977 is adopted for sandflies recorded in Venezuela. The current controversy over the generic names of phlebotomine sandflies are also discussed.A fêmea da uma nova espécie, Lutzomyia lewisi é descrita. A argumentação pela qual se adota a classificação de Lewis et al. (1977 para os flebótomos da venezuela é apresentada, assim como se discute a controvérsia atual sobre a nomenclatura genérica dos flebótomos.

End-stage renal disease and its treatment in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Bellorin-Font, Ezequiel; Milanés, Carmen Luisa; Rodríguez-Iturbe, Bernardo

2002-09-01

In Venezuela there are 3234 new cases (132 per million population [pmp]) requiring renal replacement therapy each year, and only 40% of these are admitted to the different modalities of dialysis. In the year 2000, there were 195 patients pmp in chronic hemodialysis (4700 patients). Diabetes, glomerular diseases, and hypertension account for more than 60% of the patients in chronic dialysis. Gross mortality in hemodialysis is around 20%, and cardiovascular causes are the primary cause of death (39.5%). Hospital admission in the dialysis patients amounts to 4.6 days/patient/year. Rehabilitation is inadequate. Only 45% of the dialysis patients report normal home or work activities. Transplantation in Venezuela has a general graft survival rate of 83% at 1 year (90% for living related grafts) and 50% (64% for living related grafts) at 10 years. Future tendencies include emphasis in preventive strategies, including early detection and treatment of diabetes and hypertension, as well as efforts to increase the rate of renal transplantation.

[Changes in lipid availability in Venezuela, 1970-1992].

Science.gov (United States)

Abreu Olivo, E A; Ablan de Flórez, E

1994-12-01

The authors carry out a research focused on the quantification and analysis of the main changes in feeding and nutrition in Venezuela between 1970 and 1992. Such research started with the review and adjustment of the Food Balance Sheets (Hojas de Balance de Alimentos) elaborated by the Instituto Nacional de Nutrición (National Nutrition Institute) between 1970 and 1979 in order to homogenize them in a methodological way to make them similar to those elaborated by that institution and the Fundación Polar for the 1980-90 period. Estimates were made about the daily and per person availability of food for human consumption (DCH) for 1991 and 1992. This report, a partial product of that research, characterizes the evolution of the lipidic DCH in Venezuela for the 1970-1992 period. This period has been divided in seven stages of the evolution of the total energetic DCH, as this reflects well the course of the daily and per person Food Purchasing Power (PCA); there is a direct and strong functional relationship between these two variables. Along those stages the behaviour of the lipidic DCH is studied and we try to view possible relationships between the evolution of the Venezeluans economical situation and the absolute and relative variations observed in the level and the structure of the lipidic DCH. This structure is analyzed from several points of view: groups of food sources, origin, "visibility", and place of origin. One purpose is to determine also which food groups are mainly responsible for the venezuelan's external lipidic dependence. A general picture of the evolution of the DCH for saturated fatty acids and cholesterol is made, as well as of the variations experienced by the P/S and M/S relationships. It was found that the most dynamic elements, those that can explain a very high percentage of the variations observed in the level and the structure of the lipidic DCH were: the groups of foods of Visible Fats, Milk and dairy products, and Meats; vegetal lipids

ANÁLISIS DEL COMERCIO DE GAS ENTRE COLOMBIA Y VENEZUELA

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SEBASTIÁN OSORIO RUIZ

2011-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se analizan las oportunidades de intercambio de gas natural de Colombia con otros mercados regionales. Para dicho análisis, se propone un modelo del mercado de gas natural en Colombia, el cual incluye la oferta, la demanda, y las restricciones de transporte, así como las importaciones y exportaciones. El modelo se basa en la representación del comportamiento de los productores y su efecto en el mercado. Ya en este mercado la oferta es un oligopolio y el modelo es un modelo de equilibrio espacial con competencia a la Cournot. Los fl ujos resultantes del modelo indican que el impacto inicial de las exportaciones a Venezuela sobre el mercado Colombiano es bajo, y que las importaciones desde Venezuela mejoran la seguridad del suministro de gas al mercado y aumentan la competencia entre los productores.

Asociación entre la incidencia de leishmaniosis cutánea y el índice de desarrollo humano y sus componentes en cuatro estados endémicos de Venezuela Association between cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and the human development index and its components in four endemic states of Venezuela

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Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Objetivos. Evaluar las posibles asociaciones entre el índice de desarrollo humano (IDH y sus componentes, y la incidencia de Leishmaniosis cutánea (LC en cuatro estados endémicos de Venezuela (Mérida, Trujillo, Lara y Sucre en el período 1994 al 2003. Materiales y métodos. La data socioeconómica (clasificada de acuerdo al Banco Mundial se obtuvo del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y la epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud, ambos de Venezuela. Para este estudio ecológico se evaluó la variación anual de las variables y se realizó modelos de regresión. Resultados. El IDH varió en el período, de 0,6746 en 1994 a 0,8144 en 2003 (p=0,90, asimismo, se observó un aumento de la incidencia acumulada de Leishmaniosis, en especial del año 1998 (7,3 casos/100 000 hab a 1999 (11,3 casos/100 000 hab. Al analizar con los modelos de regresión lineal, se observó que la relación entre las variables epidemiológicas y sociales era diferente a nivel de los Estados evaluados. Para Mérida y Trujillo se observó un descenso significativo de la incidencia de LC con relación al aumento del porcentaje de alfabetización (pObjectives. Assess potential relationships between the Human Development Index (HDI and its components and the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL in four endemic States of Venezuela (Mérida, Trujillo, Lara and Sucre in the period 1994-2003. Material and methods. Socioeconomical data (classified according the World Bank was obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, and the epidemiological data from the Ministry of Health, both from Venezuela. For this ecological study the annual variation of the variables was assessed and also regression models were done. Results. The HDI varied in the period from 0.6746 in 1994 to 0.8144 in 2003 (p=0.90. During this time an increase in the cumulative incidence of Leishmaniasis was observed, particularly from 1998 (7.3 cases/100,000 pop to 1999 (11.3 cases/100,000 pop. Analyzing

Reorganization and redimensioning of nuclear activities in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1984-02-01

This paper is of a self-critical nature, beginning with a retrospective look at nuclear activities in Venezuela. An inventory of human resources, materials and existing techniques is also made. National nuclear policies and developments are examined pointing out failures and successes. Finally, conclusions are presented about the technical assistance received from international organizations in research, nuclear safety and technological development

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Venezuela a case report

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Alejandro J. Caraballo H.

1991-06-01

Full Text Available A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD in a 32 year old man is presented. The clinical picture included a rapid progressive dementia associated with ataxia, global aphasia, myoclonus and pyramidal signs, death ocurred after 13 months. The diagnosis of CJD was confirmed by CT and neuropathological studies. This is the first report of CJD occurring in Venezuela.

National Oil Companies: the view from Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rodriguez, M.

1994-01-01

National oil companies were key elements in the initial OPEC strategy and they brought a de-integration of oil industry. These companies have tried to move from crude marketing to product marketing through new investments at home and abroad in order to get higher value added and more secure markets for crude. Low prices bring new challenges. Venezuela's answers are strategic associations, operating contract for marginal fields and profit sharing agreements. (Author)

a continuous presence

OpenAIRE

Rosa, Victor M. P. Da; Gandsman, Ari; Trigo, Salvato

2010-01-01

Desde a época colonial que os portugueses fazem parte da história da venezuela e continuam a ser um dos grupos mais importantes do mosaico nacional. Utilizando uma abordagem simultaneamente histórica e antropológica, os autores tentam demonstrar como a comunidade de origem lusitana constitui um bom exemplo de integração na sociedade venezuelana. The Portuguese have played a formative role in the history of venezuela since the colonial period. They...

Snakes from the Leeward Group, Venezuela and eastern Colombia

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Brongersma, L.D.

1940-01-01

Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck entrusted me with the study of the snakes, which he collected during his trips to the islands off the north coast of Venezuela, to the Venezuelan mainland, and to eastern Colombia. In the present paper the species collected by Dr. Hummelinck are listed with data on scale

Frogs from the Leeward group, Venezuela and eastern Colombia

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Brongersma, L.D.

1948-01-01

The present notes deal with a small collection of frogs that was made by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK during his visits to the islands of the Leeward Group, Venezuela and Eastern Colombia. I have included in this study the specimens of Pleurodema brachyops (Cope) already present in the Rijksmuseum van

Characterization of antigenetic serotypes from the dengue virus in Venezuela by means of Grid Computing.

Science.gov (United States)

Isea, Raúl; Montes, Esther; Rubio-Montero, Antonio J; Rosales, José D; Rodríguez-Pascual, Manuel A; Mayo, Rafael

2010-01-01

This work determines the molecular epidemiology of dengue virus in Venezuela by means of phylogenetic calculations performed on the EELA-2 Grid infrastructure with the PhyloGrid application, an open source tool that allows users performing phylogeny reconstruction in their research. In this study, a total of 132 E nucleotide gene sequences of dengue virus from Venezuela recorded in GenBank(R) have been processed in order to reproduce and validate the topology described in the literature.

Review of the genus Bythonia Oman 1936 with description of a new species and new record from Venezuela (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Iassinae).

Science.gov (United States)

Gaiani, Marco A

2017-06-06

Bythonia freytagi sp. nov. is diagnosed and described from northern Venezuela. Bythonia rugosa is recorded for the first time in Venezuela from the southern state of Amazonas. The presence of both species of Bythonia in Venezuela represent the first occurrences of this genus north of the Equator. Comments on the relationships of the described species are made and two species groups are proposed. A checklist and key to the known species of the genus are provided.

El impacto fiscal de las reformas del IVA en Venezuela. 1993-2012

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Veruschka Quílez

2015-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es calcular el impacto fiscal de las reformas a la ley del Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA en Venezuela, desde su creación en 1993 hasta el año 2012. Para ello, se utilizaron las Encuestas Nacionales de Presupuestos Familiares (ENPF de 1997 y 2005 que publica el Banco Central de Venezuela (BCV y las leyes del IVA, así como la data de consumo final de los hogares en el mercado interno que publica el BCV en sus Cuentas Nacionales. Los resultados del estudio arrojaron que en Venezuela el sacrifico fiscal de las exenciones del IVA es elevado, y para el período en estudio oscilan entre un mínimo de 2,17% del PIB en 2008 y un máximo de 4,51% del PIB en 1999. Esta pérdida fiscal se incrementa en la medida que aumenta la base exenta y la alícuota aplicada son mayores y los costos fiscales que asume el Estado son entre 9 y 11 veces superiores para el diez por ciento de la población de mayor ingreso comparado con el diez por ciento de menores ingresos.

Especies nuevas del género Gibberula (Mollusca: Cystiscidae de Cuba y Venezuela New species of the genus Gibberula (Mollusca: Cystiscidae from Cuba and Venezuela

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José Espinosa

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Se describen 3 especies nuevas de moluscos marinos: Gibberula palmasola sp. n., recolectada en la vegetación asociada a rocas rodeadas de sedimentos blandos en una laguna costera cercada por mangle en la península de Guanahacabibes, Cuba, y caracterizada por presentar, el animal vivo, la cabeza negra y una distribución típica de bandas negras y pardas con lunares anaranjados en el manto bajo la concha; Gibberula dosmosquises sp. n., recolectada en fondos rocosos del Caribe insular de Venezuela, se caracteriza por una discreta coloración del manto y un patrón de manchas en el pie, y Gibberula thetisae sp. n, proveniente de los pastos marinos del golfo de Batabanó, Cuba, con 3 pliegues en la columela, el último muy débil, y un labio externo casi cortante, caracteres que permiten separarla de todas las demás especies conocidas en el área antillana, aunque se desconozca la anatomía del animal. Se discute la lista de especies válidas del género para Cuba y Venezuela, y se hacen adiciones y consideraciones al complejo de especies en torno a Gibberula ubitaensis Espinosa y Ortea, 2000.Three new species of marine molluscs are described. Gibberula palmasola new species, collected in vegetation associated with rocks surrounded by soft sediments in a coastal lagoon surrounded by mangroves in Guanahacabibes Peninsula, Cuba, and characterized by a black head and typical distribution of black and brown bands and orange spots in the mantle. Gibberula dosmosquises new species, collected in rocky bottoms of a Caribbean island from Venezuela, characterized by a simple staining in the mantle and a pattern of spots on the foot, and Gibberula thetisae new species, from sea grass in the gulf of Batabano, Cuba, with shell having 3 columellar folds, the last very weak, and a sharp outer lip; although, its anatomy is not known, these conchological characters separate it from all other known species in the Antilles. Aditionally, the list of valid species

REVISIÓN TAXONÓMICA DE LOASACEAE EN VENEZUELA

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Noguera Eliana

2012-06-01

Full Text Available La familia Loasaceae no ha sido estudiada taxonómicamente en Venezuela, por tal razón se realizó una revisión taxonómica que permitió reconocer las especies presentes en el país y los principales caracteres de importancia taxonómica para su reconocimiento. Se examinaron 102 especímenes de Loasaceae depositados en herbarios nacionales e internacionales. En Venezuela, Loasaceae está representada por tres subfamilias (Gronovioideae, Loasoideae y Mentzelioideae, cuatros géneros (Gronovia, Klaprothia, Nasa y Mentzelia y nueve especies (Gronovia scandens L., Klaprothia fasciculata (C. Presl Poston, K. mentzelioides Kunth, Nasa lindeniana (Urb. & Gilg Weigend, N. venezuelensis (Steyerm. Weigend, N. perijensis (Weigend Weigend, N. triphylla (Juss. Weigend subsp. papaverifolia (Kunth Weigend, Mentzelia aspera L., M scabra subsp. chilensis (Gay Weigend. Se proporcionan claves para las especies presentes en el país, descripciones, ejemplares examinados, sinónimos, ilustraciones, datos de distribución geográfica y ecología, y breves comentarios morfológicos. El indumento y la ornamentación de la cubierta seminal son los principales caracteres de valor taxonómico para distinguir las especies de Loasaceae venezolanas.

State-Led Education for Democratic Socialism: Venezuela's Education Missions

Science.gov (United States)

Duffy, Maura

2015-01-01

Venezuela's "Bolivarian Revolution" is conceptualised as an anti-neoliberal project that aims to promote fundamental changes in the configuration of political power via processes of state-grassroots collaboration. Central to this process is an emphasis on the key role of education in the development of a 21st Century socialism based on…

Sincronía reproductiva interpoblacional de Agave cocui (Agavaceae en Venezuela

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Carmen J Figueredo

2011-09-01

Full Text Available cocui (Agavaceae es una especie de amplia distribución en zonas áridas y semiáridas de Venezuela y Colombia. A pesar de su importancia ecológica como fuente de recursos para la fauna silvestre y de su potencial valor económico como materia prima para la producción del licor “Cocuy de Penca”, los estudios sobre su ecología reproductiva son muy escasos. En este estudio se evaluó la fenología de floración y fructificación de A. cocui en ocho localidades de Venezuela. La fase reproductiva se inició al finalizar el periodo de lluvias. Las flores se producen durante cinco meses. Para la Región Noroccidental del país y los Andes los máximos de floración ocurrieron en enero, mientras que las localidades en la costa central y oriental exhibieron un desface de cerca de dos meses, a principios de marzo. La mayor sincronía floral ocurrió entre todas las poblaciones censadas en el occidente del país, incluyendo las localidades andinas. Dicha sincronía reproductiva potenciaría la conformación de un corredor de néctar para aves y murciélagos, que se extendería desde el Norte de Falcón, en la Costa Occidental, hasta los bolsones andinos, en el Suroeste del país.Interpopulation reproductive synchrony of Agave cocui (Agavaceae in Venezuela. Agave cocui (Agavaceae is a species with broad distribution in arid and semiarid areas of Venezuela and Colombia. Despite of its ecological importance as a source of food for wildlife, and its economic value for production of a spirit drink, studies on the reproductive ecology of the species are relatively rare. In this study, we conducted a oneyear evaluation of the flowering and fruiting phenology of A. cocui in the eight representative localities of the species’ distribution in Venezuela. Within each study site, we chose an area with a minimum of 50 reproductive individuals and followed their reproductive phenophases with the help of binoculars, using six qualitative cathegories (emerging

Indice de la microflora marina de Venezuela: diatomeas, dinoflagelados y cocolitofóridos

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José Rafael Díaz-Ramos

2000-12-01

Full Text Available Los estudios sobre el fitoplancton marino de Venezuela han sido realizados de manera regular desde mediados del siglo XX. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se ha realizado un compendio de las especies encontradas que sirva como marco de referencia a los trabajos taxonómicos. En este trabajo se presenta por primera vez un índice de la microflora marina de Venezuela. El índice incluye sólo las diatomeas (89 especies céntricas y 186 especies pennadas, los dinoflagelados (ocho especies atecadas y 154 especies tecadas y los cocolitóforidos (24 especies a los cuales se les realizado una diagnosis formal e ilustraciones (dibujos y/o fotografias y que han sido reportados en la literatura científica (revistas y/o tesis de licenciatura o maestría. Esta ordenado según la clase, orden, familia y especie. Además, en el se cita al autor (es de cada taxón.ha.The marine phytoplankton of Venezuela has been studied on a regular basis since the mid 20th century. However, a species checklist that can be used as a framework for taxonomic studies is lacking. In this paper, an index of the marine microflora of Venezuela is presented for the first time. The index includes only those diatoms (89 centric and 186 pennate species, dinoflagellates (eight naked and 154 thecate species and coccolithophores (24 especies for which formal diagnosis and illustrations (drawings and/or photographs have been reported in the scientific literature (journals and/or first degree or master's theses. It is ordered alphabetically according to class, order, family, and species. It includes the author (s of the taxa.

Urban movements and disempowerment in Perú and Venezuela Movimientos urbanos y desempoderamiento en Perú y Venezuela

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Daniel H. LEVINE

2010-11-01

Full Text Available This paper addresses a core puzzle: why is continued citizen mobilization accompanied by growing disempowerment of those same citizens? Why do movements fail, leaders burn out and members disperse, and what are the implications of this organizational failure for demo¬cratic representation? Our consideration of the issues is rooted in a close examination of urban movements, mobilization, empowerment and disempowerment in the recent experience of Venezuela and Perú. The puzzle that concerns us is of course not limited to these two countries: it is common to all the Andean republics, and in different ways, to much recent experience of urban mobilization in Latin America and beyond. After a brief account of urban citizen move¬ments and politics in our two cases, we outline general reflections on the nature of empowerment and disempowerment, on the peculiar combination of strengths and weaknesses that mark many contemporary movements. A close examination of types of movements and their links with poli¬tical parties and protest follows. The character of city life is important here. We close with analysis of recent waves of urban mobilization in Perú (that sparked the ouster of president Alberto Fujimori and in Venezuela (both for and against president Hugo Chávez Frías, and with reflections on the likely future of empowerment and disempowerment for urban citizens and the implications of this perspective for democratic representationEste artículo plantea un puzzle principal: ¿por qué la movilización ciudadana continuada viene acompañada de un crecimiento del desempoderamiento de estos mismos ciudadanos? ¿Por qué los movimientos fracasan, los líderes se desgastan y los miembros se dispersan, y cuáles son las implicaciones del fracaso organizativo para la representación democrática? Nuestra consideración del asunto encuentra sus raíces en un profundo análisis de los movimientos urbanos, de la movilización, del empoderamiento y del

A program on quality assurance and dose calibration for radiation therapy units in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Padilla, M.C. de; Carrizales, L.; Diaz, J.; Gutt, F.; Cozman, A.

1996-01-01

The results of a five year program (1988-90-91-92-93) on quality assurance and dose calibration for 12 Cobalt-60 units from public hospitals, which represents 30% of total radiation therapy units in Venezuela, are presented. The remarkable improvement in the general performance of these units can be seen in the IAEA/WHO Postal TLD Intercomparison results which gave 100% within ± 5% in 1990 and 1992, while 63% in 1990 and 44% in 1992, with errors up to 37% were obtained for the participants not included in the program. The difference between the two groups lead the government to decrete through the Gaceta Oficial de la Republica de Venezuela, Resolution G-1397 on March 3, 1993, the quality assurance and dose calibration programs shall be established for all radiation therapy installations in Venezuela. The project for the standards was developed by the SSDL physicists and it was already approbated by the Health Ministry. It is expected that the Norms will enter into effect by the end of 1994. (author). 14 refs, 1 fig., 3 tabs

A program on quality assurance and dose calibration for radiation therapy units in Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Padilla, M.C. de; Carrizales, L; Diaz, J; Gutt, F; Cozman, A [Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas (Venezuela). Lab. de Calibracion Dosimetrica

1996-08-01

The results of a five year program (1988-90-91-92-93) on quality assurance and dose calibration for 12 Cobalt-60 units from public hospitals, which represents 30% of total radiation therapy units in Venezuela, are presented. The remarkable improvement in the general performance of these units can be seen in the IAEA/WHO Postal TLD Intercomparison results which gave 100% within {+-} 5% in 1990 and 1992, while 63% in 1990 and 44% in 1992, with errors up to 37% were obtained for the participants not included in the program. The difference between the two groups lead the government to decrete through the Gaceta Oficial de la Republica de Venezuela, Resolution G-1397 on March 3, 1993, the quality assurance and dose calibration programs shall be established for all radiation therapy installations in Venezuela. The project for the standards was developed by the SSDL physicists and it was already approbated by the Health Ministry. It is expected that the Norms will enter into effect by the end of 1994. (author). 14 refs, 1 fig., 3 tabs.

Consideraciones sobre la produccion de frutas en Venezuela

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Jesús Aular

2011-10-01

Full Text Available En la presente revisión se presenta información sobre superficie, producción, y rendimiento de los frutales en Venezuela. Además se hacen consideraciones sobre los sistemas de producción, destacando limitaciones, avances y sugerencias. La fruticultura en Venezuela ocupa el 3er. lugar dentro del sector agrícola vegetal. Existen 167.691 Ha de frutales y una producción 2.232.088 TM por año. Se producen comercialmente una docena de rubros frutícolas, siendo los principales: plátano, banano, naranjo y piña. Las áreas de producción van desde zonas bajas y áridas, en donde se obtienen uvas y piñas; hasta zonas altas y húmedas donde se hallan duraznos y fresas. Ha habido reducción de la superficie plantada, con excepción de lechosa, piña y aguacate. El manejo hortícola de los huertos frutícolas es heterogéneo, ya que se observa desde bajo hasta alto nivel de tecnología. La incorrecta aplicación de las prácticas hortícolas origina baja productividad y calidad de fruta. La poscosecha podría mejorarse a través del desarrollo e implementación de normas de clasificación, empaque, embalaje, y cadena de frío. La exportación de frutas venezolanas se ha reducido en los últimos años y se concentra en mango, naranja y lima Tahití. Los principales destinos son Colombia, Europa, Norteamérica y las islas del Caribe. Sólo la naranja se procesa de manera importante en Venezuela. Las perspectivas para la fruticultura venezolana es continuar como una actividad dirigida al mercado interno, no se vislumbra una mayor participación del país en el mercado internacional.

Apendicularias de la región oriental de Venezuela

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zoppi de Roa, Evelyn

1971-01-01

El presente trabajo es una contribución al estudio de las Apendicularias de la región oriental de Venezuela. Presenta los resultados taxonómicos y de distribución de las especies recolectadas durante los años 1960 a 1962. Las muestras de plancton analizadas indicaron la presencia de 18 especies

Petrochemical development in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Volkenborn, A.

1997-01-01

This presentation highlighted the evolution of the petrochemical industry in Venezuela. Comparative advantages for the industry such as (1) abundant low cost energy, (2) attractive geographical position, (3) good infrastructure, (4) skilled, low cost labour force, and (5) regional integration, were reviewed. A summary of national production, refining, and marketing facts for petrochemicals, coal, orimulsion, and marine transportation were presented, along with financial information concerning revenues from sales, and profits and investments. Future plans to maximize the creation of value for the nation through increased oil production and partial privatization of state petroleum enterprises, were reviewed. The current state and future plans for focused development of fertilizers, olefins and olefin derivatives, and methanol products were outlined. Production statistics for three large petrochemical complexes, - El Tablazo, Moron and Jose - were also presented. 9 figs

A tale of two countries : blessed with huge heavy oil resources, Canada and Venezuela pursue different paths

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ball, C.

2005-01-01

Both Canada and Venezuela are rich in heavy oil resources. This article presented an overview of current development activities in both countries. International interest in the oil sands region has been highlighted by the French oil company Total's acquisition of Deer Creek Energy Ltd in Alberta for $1.35 billion. The acquisition supports the company's strategy of expanding heavy oil operations in the Athabasca region. With 47 per cent participation in the Sincor project, Total is already a major player in Venezuela. Although the Sincor project is one of the world's largest developments, future investment is in jeopardy due to an unpredictable government and shifts in policy by the state-run oil company Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA). The country's energy minister has recently announced that all existing agreements will be terminated as of December 31, 2005. The government has allowed 6 months for companies to enter into new agreements with new terms. Under revised rules, foreign companies will be required to pay income tax at a rate of 50 per cent. The rate will be applied retroactively to profits made over the last 5 years. Under the new law, agreements could be established under the terms of mixed companies, where Venezuela will have majority equity in the company that exploits the oil. In addition, the government has accused companies of not paying the required income tax levels on contracts, and some companies have been fined as much as $100 million. It was suggested that current difficulties are the result of an incoherent energy policy and an unstable regime. The international oil and gas community is watching developments, and it was anticipated that parties previously considering Venezuela as an investment opportunity will now reconsider. By contrast, Alberta has been praised by oil companies for its stable regulatory regime and its reasonable royalty structure. Thanks to a purge of 18,000 employees from PDVSA by Venezuelan president, Alberta is now

Perú y Venezuela: desempeño económico e instituciones

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Alberto Martínez C.

2012-01-01

Full Text Available En 1989 Venezuela implementó un programa de reformas para fortalecer el papel del mercado en la asignación de los recursos y disminuir la intervención del Estado y un año después Perú hizo otro tanto. Sin embargo, Perú creció a una tasa de 6,3 por ciento en las siguientes dos décadas, mientras que Venezuela lo hizo al 3,1 por ciento. El objetivo de este trabajo es indagar, mediante una investigación documental, las causas que explican ese resultado. La principal conclusión es que el marco institucional es un elemento fundamental para explicar el desempeño económico de estos dos países

Gasto social y consolidación de la sobrepoblación relativa en Venezuela durante el chavismo (1998-2010

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Romina De Luca

2013-08-01

Full Text Available During the administration of Hugo Chavez, social expenditure in Venezuela expanded in relative and absolute terms simultaneously with the increase in oil revenues. Expenditures even went beyond the levels reached during the previous oil boom in the 1970s, particularly due to the expenditures in social security. Based on an analysis of Venezuela's social and economic structure, we show that this increase is aimed mostly towards the working population that is increasingly seen as excess workers. The increase in expenditure substantially improves the living conditions of this group. However, since there is no change in capital accumulation in Venezuela, this group continues to consolidate itself as excess wokers.

Modelling the production of hydrogen (H{sub 2}) using natural gas in Venezuela. An approach involving the sustainability of productive processes; Modelizacion de la produccion de hidrogeno (H{sub 2}) usando gas natural en Venezuela. Una aproximacion a la sostenibilidad del proceso productivo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rojas Zerpa, Juan [Centro Politecnico Superior, Universidad de Zaragoza (Espana)] email: juancarlosrojas4@yahoo.com

2009-09-15

formulacion del modelo matematico es de tipo lineal, el cual incluye la produccion de H{sub 2}, la eficiencia del proceso de conversion de la energia, el coste de los principales insumos y recursos (gas natural, agua y electricidad), el coste del reformador y el coste del sistema de captura, transporte y almacenamiento del CO{sub 2}. Tres escenarios se han considerado para la produccion sostenible del H{sub 2} produccion convencional de hidrogeno, produccion de H{sub 2} considerando la remocion directa del CO{sub 2}, y finalmente la produccion del H{sub 2} con remocion del CO{sub 2} y aumento del gas natural en pozos agotados (EGR). Los resultados indican que en Venezuela se puede producir mas de 1 millon de toneladas de hidrogeno por ano a un coste inferior de 1 $/kg, con una efectividad de remocion del CO{sub 2} superior al 61% y un factor EGR en torno al 8%. Adicionalmente, la reduccion significativamente del gas arrojado a la atmosfera evitaria la inyeccion de mas de 23 millones de toneladas de CO{sub 2} equivalente por ano (11,7% del CO{sub 2} total-nacional). El coste total de produccion obtenido es significativamente inferior a los mencionados por la literatura, incluyendo el coste objetivo esperado por el Departamento de Energia de los Estados Unidos de America (DOE) al 2017.

MODELIZACIÓN ACTUARIAL DE LAS NUEVAS PRESTACIONES SOCIALES EN VENEZUELA

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Evaristo Diz Cruz

2014-05-01

Full Text Available En el presente paper se trata el tema de la valoración actuarial del nuevo esquema de prestaciones sociales contempladas en la nueva Ley Orgánica del Trabajo de Venezuela . Se desarrolla un modelo actuarial en detalle y se ilustra con un ejemplo numérico el impacto en temas de pasivo actuarial para una empresa típica. Besides the usual pension benefits the pension plan of a company may be forced by law in some countries to offer wage based Lump-sum payments for labor termination this is the Venezuela case. An actuarial model of funding severance payment liabilities is formulated and studied. All formulas involved are explained in detail. Finally a specific numerical example illustrates the dynamics of the liabilities determined by the Projected Unit Credit Method for a typical Venezuelan company within the new Labor Law context a Venezuelan accounting College is promoting Actuarial Valuations of this contingencies as mandatory so this model can be used for it.

SIMULACIÓN DE UN MODELO DE EQUILIBRIO GENERAL COMPUTABLE PARA VENEZUELA

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Luis Enrique Pedauga

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta los resultados de la simulación de un modelo de equilibrio general computable construido para Venezuela. El uso de este modelo se ejempli-fica mediante la calibración y simulación de una economía abierta con tres agentes institucionales (hogares, empresas y gobierno y tres sectores productivos (petró-leo, manufactura y resto, para una economía abierta. Se considera diferentes re-glas de política. En cada caso se muestra el proceso de calibración y los resultados de las simulaciones utilizando información proveniente de la serie de matrices de contabilidad social para Venezuela entre 1997 y 2005. Se aporta simulaciones de la economía hasta 2009, tanto en los parámetros pertinentes y como algunos ejerci-cios de sensibilidad

Banco Nacional: jogo de Ponzi, PROER e FCVS

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Fernando de Holanda Barbosa

2008-03-01

Full Text Available Banco Nacional: Ponzi game, PROER and FCVS. This paper analyses the causes of the failure of Banco Nacional and the resolution method adopted by the Brazilian central bank. The program (PROER designed by the central bank and its legal framework allowed the failed bank to buy " defaulted securities" , financed by the central bank, and to use them as borrowing collateral. The paper also analyses the private and social costs of this bank failure.

Geographic distribution and host plants of Raoiella indica and associated mite species in northern Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Vásquez, Carlos; de Moraes, Gilberto J

2013-05-01

The red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), is an invasive pest in the New World, where it is currently considered a serious threat to coconut and banana crops. It was first reported from northern Venezuela in 2007. To determine its current distribution in this country, surveys were carried out from October 2008 to April 2010 on coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), banana (Musa spp.), ornamental plants and weeds in northern Venezuela. Higher population levels of RPM were registered on commercial coconut farms in Falcón and Sucre states but also on other plant species naturally growing along the coastal line in Anzoategui, Aragua, Carabobo, Monagas and Nueva Esparta states. Out of 34 botanical species evaluated, all RPM stages were observed only on eight arecaceous, one musaceous and one streliziaceous species, indicating that the pest developed and reproduced only on these plants. Mite specimens found on weeds were considered spurious events, as immature stages of the pest were never found on these. Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was the most frequent predatory mite associated with RPM in all sampling sites. The results indicate that RPM has spread to extensive areas of northern Venezuela since its initial detection in Güiria, Sucre state. Considering the report of this pest mite in northern Brazil in the late 2009, additional samplings in southern Venezuela should be carried out, to evaluate the possible presence of RPM also in that region.

The New Phase of Constitutional Struggle in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

2016-07-21

the context of the November 22 election of conservative Mauricio Macri to the presidency of Argentina , the announcement by Ecuadorian President Rafael...Correa that he will not run for a fourth term, the economic crisis in Brazil with the looming impeachment of its president Dilma Rousseff, and the...and its neighbors. Anatomy of the Coming Crisis The potential for catastrophe in Venezuela within the coming months arises from a potentially

Radioisotope Concentration in Lake Sediments of Maracaibo, Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Salas, A. Rangel; Viloria, T.; Sajo-Bohus, L.; Barros, H.; Greaves, E. D.; Palacios, D.

2007-01-01

Maracaibo Lake is one of the most important water basing and oil producing regions in Venezuela. Changes in the local environment have been monitored for chemical pollution in the past. For this study we selected a set of sediment samples collected in the shore and analyzed for its radioisotope content. Results show the gamma emitting isotopes distribution. Isotopes concentrations have been determined within the natural K, Th and U families

Academia Nacional de Medicina. Proposición

OpenAIRE

Academia Nacional de Medicina

1996-01-01

La Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia registra con profundo pesar la desaparición del ilustre médico doctor Julio Araújo Cuéllar, Miembro Honorario de nuestra Institución, a la que sirvió con gran competencia por más de 40 años y en la que ocupó cargos directivos de alta responsabilidad, tales como Tesorero (1961-1962), Secretario (1971-1973); Miembro de la Comisión de Pediatría para la celebración del centenario de la Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia (1973) y Miembro...

Factores de Eficacia Escolar en Venezuela / Factors of School Effectiveness in Venezuela

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Cynthia Martínez-Garrido

2016-06-01

Full Text Available La línea de investigación sobre Eficacia Escolar aporta información sobre los factores de aula y escuela que promueven de forma duradera el desarrollo global de todos y cada uno de sus estudiantes más allá de lo que sería esperable teniendo en cuenta sus condiciones previas, al mismo tiempo que fomentan el desarrollo de la comunidad educativa (Murillo, 2007. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar cuáles son los factores de Eficacia Escolar en Venezuela. Para dar respuesta a este objetivo, se lleva a cabo un estudio multinivel siguiendo el planteamiento de valor añadido, esto es, se considera cuál es la aportación de cada factor de eficacia descontando el efecto que generan las características personales, sociales previas del estudiante (nivel socioeconómico y cultural de la familia del estudiante, rendimiento previo, género…. El estudio se lleva a cabo con la información aportada por 362 estudiantes de 23 aulas de tercer curso de Primaria de 10 escuelas venezolanas. El análisis se realiza sobre 4 variables de producto (Rendimiento en Matemáticas y Lectura, Autoconcepto y Satisfacción hacia la escuela, 5 variables de ajuste y 37 variables explicativas. Para la recogida de la información se utilizaron pruebas de rendimiento, test de autoconcepto y cuestionarios a los profesores de la escuela y los estudiantes. Como método de análisis se utilizaron Modelos Multinivel con dos niveles de análisis (estudiante, escuela. Los resultados encontrados indican la existencia de 6 factores de eficacia escolar en Venezuela que demuestran hacer una aportación significativa al desarrollo cognitivo y socioafectivo de los estudiantes: Sentido de Comunidad, Clima de aula y escuela, Currículum de calidad, Dirección escolar, Participación de la comunidad escolar y Recursos. Los resultados de esta investigación han de considerarse como un insumo esencial en cualquier debate informado que busque mejorar la calidad y la equidad de

[Direct genetic manipulation and criminal code in Venezuela: absolute criminal law void?].

Science.gov (United States)

Cermeño Zambrano, Fernando G De J

2002-01-01

The judicial regulation of genetic biotechnology applied to the human genome is of big relevance currently in Venezuela due to the drafting of an innovative bioethical law in the country's parliament. This article will highlight the constitutional normative of Venezuela's 1999 Constitution regarding this subject, as it establishes the framework from which this matter will be legally regulated. The approach this article makes towards the genetic biotechnology applied to the human genome is made taking into account the Venezuelan penal law and by highlighting the violent genetic manipulations that have criminal relevance. The genetic biotechnology applied to the human genome has another important relevance as a consequence of the reformulation of the Venezuelan Penal Code discussed by the country's National Assembly. Therefore, a concise study of the country's penal code will be made in this article to better understand what judicial-penal properties have been protected by the Venezuelan penal legislation. This last step will enable us to identify the penal tools Venezuela counts on to face direct genetic manipulations. We will equally indicate the existing punitive loophole and that should be covered by the penal legislator. In conclusion, this essay concerns criminal policy, referred to the direct genetic manipulations on the human genome that haven't been typified in Venezuelan law, thus discovering a genetic biotechnology paradise.

KPC and VIM producing Enterobacter cloacae strain from a hospital in northeastern Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez, Dianny; Marcano, Daniel; Rodulfo, Hectorina; Salgado, Nurys; Cuaical, Nirvia; Rodriguez, Lucy; Caña, Luisa; Medina, Belkis; Guzman, Militza; De Donato, Marcos

2015-06-01

An 83-year-old male patient is admitted to the central hospital in Cumana, Venezuela with severe urinary infection, history of hospitalizaions and prolonged antimicrobial treatments. A strain of Enterobacter cloacae was isolated showing resistance to multiple types of antibiotics (only sensitive to gentamicin), with phenotype of serine- and metallo-carbapenemases. Both, bla(VIM-2) and bla(KPC) genes were detected in the isolate. This is the first report of an Enterobacteriaceae species producing both KPC carbapenemase and VIM metallo carbapenemase in Venezuela. This finding has a great clinical and epidemiological impact in the region, because of the feasibility of transferring these genes, through mobile elements to other strains of Enterobacter and to other infection-causing species of bacteria.

Evolution of Dengue Virus Type 3 Genotype III in Venezuela: Diversification, Rates and Population Dynamics

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

Background Dengue virus (DENV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. DENV are comprised of four distinct serotypes (DENV-1 through DENV-4) and each serotype can be divided in different genotypes. Currently, there is a dramatic emergence of DENV-3 genotype III in Latin America. Nevertheless, we still have an incomplete understanding of the evolutionary forces underlying the evolution of this genotype in this region of the world. In order to gain insight into the degree of genetic variability, rates and patterns of evolution of this genotype in Venezuela and the South American region, phylogenetic analysis, based on a large number (n = 119) of envelope gene sequences from DENV-3 genotype III strains isolated in Venezuela from 2001 to 2008, were performed. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed an in situ evolution of DENV-3 genotype III following its introduction in the Latin American region, where three different genetic clusters (A to C) can be observed among the DENV-3 genotype III strains circulating in this region. Bayesian coalescent inference analyses revealed an evolutionary rate of 8.48 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year (s/s/y) for strains of cluster A, composed entirely of strains isolated in Venezuela. Amino acid substitution at position 329 of domain III of the E protein (A→V) was found in almost all E proteins from Cluster A strains. Conclusions A significant evolutionary change between DENV-3 genotype III strains that circulated in the initial years of the introduction in the continent and strains isolated in the Latin American region in recent years was observed. The presence of DENV-3 genotype III strains belonging to different clusters was observed in Venezuela, revealing several introduction events into this country. The evolutionary rate found for Cluster A strains circulating in Venezuela is similar to the others previously established for this genotype in other regions of the world. This suggests a lack of correlation

Evolution of Dengue Virus Type 3 Genotype III in Venezuela: Diversification, Rates and Population Dynamics

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Moratorio Gonzalo

2010-11-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Dengue virus (DENV is a member of the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. DENV are comprised of four distinct serotypes (DENV-1 through DENV-4 and each serotype can be divided in different genotypes. Currently, there is a dramatic emergence of DENV-3 genotype III in Latin America. Nevertheless, we still have an incomplete understanding of the evolutionary forces underlying the evolution of this genotype in this region of the world. In order to gain insight into the degree of genetic variability, rates and patterns of evolution of this genotype in Venezuela and the South American region, phylogenetic analysis, based on a large number (n = 119 of envelope gene sequences from DENV-3 genotype III strains isolated in Venezuela from 2001 to 2008, were performed. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed an in situ evolution of DENV-3 genotype III following its introduction in the Latin American region, where three different genetic clusters (A to C can be observed among the DENV-3 genotype III strains circulating in this region. Bayesian coalescent inference analyses revealed an evolutionary rate of 8.48 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year (s/s/y for strains of cluster A, composed entirely of strains isolated in Venezuela. Amino acid substitution at position 329 of domain III of the E protein (A→V was found in almost all E proteins from Cluster A strains. Conclusions A significant evolutionary change between DENV-3 genotype III strains that circulated in the initial years of the introduction in the continent and strains isolated in the Latin American region in recent years was observed. The presence of DENV-3 genotype III strains belonging to different clusters was observed in Venezuela, revealing several introduction events into this country. The evolutionary rate found for Cluster A strains circulating in Venezuela is similar to the others previously established for this genotype in other regions of the world. This suggests a

Los mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae y su importancia en Venezuela | The mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae And their importance in Venezuela

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Irma Fátima Agrela Da Silva

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of various diseases that affect the health of the Venezuelan population. The increase in the incidence of malaria and the emergence of diseases such as chikungunya and Zika make it necessary to implement control measures to reduce the impact of these diseases in Venezuela. To do this, it is essential to know the aspects related to their morphology, bioecology and the characteristics that make possible the participation of mosquitoes in the transmission of these diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe these aspects.

Venezuela - energy situation 1981. BfAI-Marktinformation. Reihe MI-BS

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1983-01-01

The energy situation of Venezuela is reviewed on the basis of some relevant data. Its energy policy is commented on, and developments in electric power generation are described as well as the trends observed for the various energy sources. Figures are given on external trade and the balance of payment.

Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1867 (Annelida: Polychaeta from Venezuela

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Ildefonso Liñero-Arana

2012-06-01

Full Text Available One hundred nineteen specimens of the family Ampharetidae Malmgren, collected in soft bottoms from 26 stations of the Venezuelan coast using PVC corer (0.018 m2, trawl and dredge van Veen (0.013 m3, were analyzed taxonomically. Five species were identified: Auchenoplax crinita Ehlers, 1887, Isolda pulchella F. Müller, 1858, Melinna maculata Webster, 1879, Amphicteis cf. scaphobranchiata Moore, 1906, and Hobsonia florida Banse, 1979; all are new records for Venezuela and extend the geographic distribution of these species.

Semblanza Cuerpo Nacional de Delegados

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Elena Isabel Alonso Quesada

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Presenta una breve reseña historia de la creación del Cuerpo Nacional de Delegados del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, así como una descripción de las labores realizadas por el mismo durante sus sesenta años de existencia

Occupational medicine in a developing society: a case study of Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Guidotti, T L; Goldsmith, D F

1980-01-01

Recent activities of the World Health Organization and other international agencies have placed new emphasis on occupational health in developing nations. Venezuela is a nation in transition from a developing society dominated economically by petroleum and agriculture to an economically-diversified industrialized urban society. It provides a case study which illuminates the problems of extending occupational health services in developing economies and questions of public policy regarding utilization of medical resources and the priority that occupational health should hold in such a society. Occupational health has become a serious problem in the developing world as new industries and accelerating ecnomic development occur without adequate resources for worker protection. The study of cases such as that of Venezuela may provide guidance for anticipating and preventing problems in other nations. This paper should be considered a pilot study to explore a social aspect of occupational health that has not received adequate attention.

Estado nacional y nacionalidades indígenas.

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José Mauro Gagliardi

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Cuando se estudian los pueblos indígenas de Brasil la primera cosa que se constata es su reducción de mayoría a minoría. Los traslados del interior para el litoral, las matanzas y las epidemias son hechos que sirven para ilustrar ese proceso de exterminación. A partir del siglo XVIII, com la administración pombalina se inició la formación delEstado Nacional que de forma planificada impuso a los indios una forma de actuar y de pensar. La finalidad del reglamento sobre las misiones de catequesis y civilización de los indios de 1845 era también la de incorporarlos a los patrones de vida occidentales. Se trataba de preparar a esos pueblos para un tipo de trabajo uniformado, hablando la lengua nacional, como una conciencia económica y cultural homogénea. Durante el periodo republicano, los mecanismos de integración de los pueblos indígenas a la sociedad nacional se hicieron todavía más eficaces. Si tomamos como referencia la formación del Estado Nacional verificaremos que es una tendencia de esa forma de organización política la de uniformizar las relaciones sociales y disolver la diversidad cultural. El estudio de ese fenómeno ayudará para la comprensión más profunda de las relaciones entre los indios y la sociedad brasileña y probablemente ayudará a programar estrategias que aseguren la vida de aquellos que todavía sobreviven.

Resultados operacionales de la Policía Nacional, 2010

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Ervyn Norza Céspedes

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Este documento presenta la descripción estadística de los logros operativos de la Policía Nacional en el año 2010, los cuales se ajustan a las estrategias gubernamentales e institucionales encaminadas al despliegue efectivo de acciones preventivas, disuasivas y de control. Asimismo, contiene los aspectos relevantes de la principal estrategia operativa de la Policía Nacional, denominada Plan Nacional de Vigilancia por Cuadrantes, y los alcances del control social formal ejercido por la Policía sobre los delincuentes y la delincuencia; además, pasa por una revisión de los postulados teóricos y empíricos, tanto del control social como de las características de los victimarios, la impunidad y las herramientas para combatir el delito.

D’une problématique locale-frontalière à un enjeu binational : le cas de la contrebande transfrontalière de carburants entre la Colombie et le Venezuela

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Amanda Andrade Benitez

2011-10-01

bilateral agreement. The energy agencies of Venezuela and Colombia were leading actors in this process and played a great role in the agenda setting process.El artículo identifica el proceso a través del cual la problemática transfronteriza del contrabando de combustibles entre Colombia y Venezuela se inserta en la agenda de integración binacional y logra convertirse en un tema público sustantivo. Existen pocos trabajos que traten este sujeto en una perspectiva de política interna y no externa. Nos basamos en la perspectiva teórica desarrollada por Cobb y Elders (1983 sobre la manera como un asunto arriba a la agenda pública, y en el desarrollo posterior de Jones y Baumgartner (2005 en cuanto a su evolución a través de la intrusión de nuevas temáticas que transforman la percepción de las autoridades políticas sobre un tema. Buscamos entender cómo este problema llega a formar parte de la agenda de integración energética binacional y luego se suscribe una solución basada en la cooperación. Las agencias de energía de Colombia y Venezuela fueron los actores privilegiados de este proceso, interviniendo directamente en la inserción del problema en la agenda y en las negociaciones que permitieron llegar a una solución. Los efectos económicos que generaba esta actividad a escala nacional y el aspecto securitario que implicó su evolución a escala fronteriza, fueron determinantes para llegar a un acuerdo.

Análisis de las diferencias entre las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) y los Principios de Contabilidad (VEN-NIIF)

OpenAIRE

Carmen Haydeé Peña Molina

2013-01-01

El presente artículo es producto de una investigación, cuyo objetivo fue analizar las diferencias existentes entre las normas internacionales de información financiera (NIIF) y las normas emitidas por la FCCPV, denominadas VEN - NIF. Tales diferencias consisten en: (1) reservas en la aplicación de algunas disposiciones contenidas en las NIIF, y (2) tratamientos particulares para Venezuela. En Venezuela, la adopción de las NIIF fue aco rdada en enero de 2004 por un Directorio Nacional Ampliado...

Definir y recrear la identidad nacional: los colombianos en el exterior

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Fabián Felipe Villota-Galeano

2015-12-01

Full Text Available A partir de la discusión acerca de lo que implica la identidad nacional y el nacionalismo, y de la presentación de algunas de las trayectorias en torno al concepto de identidad, este artículo pretende interpelar esas concepciones, a través de la indagación de una experiencia transnacional: la migración; para observar ahí, a través de las narraciones de los migrantes colombianos, cómo efectivamente se recrea y define la identidad nacional por fuera del territorio nacional.

Relaciones interorganizacionales en el entorno territorial de Maracaibo-Venezuela

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Fernando Torres

2014-09-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de la investigación es describir las relaciones interorganizacionales en el entorno territorial de Maracaibo - Venezuela, para lo cual se caracterizaron los elementos interconectores del capital social como soporte de la innovación y el emprendimiento. Desde el capital social se trabajaron con las perspectivas de Putnam et al (1993, Coleman (1988, Bourdieu (2001 y Lin (2001. La población la conformaron 475 empresas de siete sectores económicos. La técnica muestral empleada fue el muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional aplicado a 85 empresas. Se recolectaron los datos mediante un cuestionario estructurado a cada agente informante de las empresas, el cual fue validado por expertos y la confiabilidad de acuerdo a Alpha de Cronbach arrojó un 0.96, por lo que el instrumento demuestra alta confiabilidad. Las respuestas del cuestionario tuvieron un tratamiento estadístico descriptivo mediante el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciencies (SPSS. Se concluye que hay una debil interconectividad de los elementos del capital social, incidiendo en el bajo nivel de innovación y emprendimiento, precarizando las fuerzas sustentadoras del desarrollo territorial de Maracaibo-Venezuela.

Funciones de la supervición escolar en Venezuela. Aproximación a un modelo

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Mogollón de González, Amada

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Resumen:Esta investigación tiene como propósito presentar la aproximación a un Modelo para las funciones de la supervisión escolar en Venezuela sustentado en los ámbitos, acción supervisora y funciones denominadas: Técnicas, Administrativas, Sociales, de Asistencia y Mediación. El modelo se fundamentó teóricamente en Kaufman, Stufflebeam, Teoría de Sistemas de Bertalanffy, enfoque humanista y jerarquía de las necesidades de Maslow. Es una investigación de campo realizada en Venezuela en los estados: Nueva Esparta, Distrito Federal, Carabobo, Lara, Táchira, Barinas y Delta Amacuro. El instrumento arrojó resultados que evidenciaron deficiencias, omisiones y ausencias durante el hecho supervisorio y su validación condujo a garantizar el éxito y calidad en la supervisión educativa venezolana.Abastract: This investigation must like intention present/display the approach to a Model for the functions of the scholastic supervision in Venezuela sustained in the scopes, supervisora action and denominated functions: Techniques, Administrative, Social, of Attendance and Mediation. The model was based theoretically on Kaufman, Stufflebeam, Theory of Systems of Bertalanffy, focuses humanist and hierarchy of the necessities of Maslow. It is an investigation of field made in Venezuela in the states: Nueva Esparta, Federal District, Carabobo, Lara, Táchira, Barinas and Delta Amacuro. The instrument threw results that demonstrated deficiencies, omissions and absences during the fact supervisorio and its validation lead to ensure the success and quality in the Venezuelan educative supervision.

Conflictividad y Gestión Multilateral de Crisis en América Latina: casos Venezuela (2002 y Honduras (2009

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Miguel Ángel Martínez Meucci

2013-03-01

Full Text Available En América Latina se evidencia una modificación importante de los patrones de conflicto que imperaban antes y después de la ola democratizadora de los años 80 y 90 del siglo XX. A su vez, durante las últimas dos décadas se ha pasado de la preeminencia del paradigma institucional / liberal a la irrupción de diversos gobiernos de legitimidad social / plebiscitaria. La lucha entre estas dos formas de entender y practicar la democracia ha alimentado en gran medida las crisis políticas de los últimos 15 años, hasta el punto de provocar diversas iniciativas de gestión multilaterales de crisis. El estudio comparado de tales iniciativas permite comprender mejor la evolución de los patrones de conflictividad desde los años 90 hasta nuestros días, tanto a nivel nacional como regional, y sopesar aciertos y desaciertos de las iniciativas de gestión multilateral. La comparación de los casos de Venezuela (2002 y Honduras (2009 permite constatar el avance del paradigma social / plebiscitario, el mayor peso de Brasil en la región y la insuficiencia de los procesos electorales para canalizar la conflictividad característica de las últimas dos décadas.

The Production and Utilization of GDP-glucose in the Biosynthesis of Trehalose 6-Phosphate by Streptomyces venezuelae.

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Asención Diez, Matías D; Miah, Farzana; Stevenson, Clare E M; Lawson, David M; Iglesias, Alberto A; Bornemann, Stephen

2017-01-20

Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase OtsA from streptomycetes is unusual in that it uses GDP-glucose as the donor substrate rather than the more commonly used UDP-glucose. We now confirm that OtsA from Streptomyces venezuelae has such a preference for GDP-glucose and can utilize ADP-glucose to some extent too. A crystal structure of the enzyme shows that it shares twin Rossmann-like domains with the UDP-glucose-specific OtsA from Escherichia coli However, it is structurally more similar to Streptomyces hygroscopicus VldE, a GDP-valienol-dependent pseudoglycosyltransferase enzyme. Comparison of the donor binding sites reveals that the amino acids associated with the binding of diphosphoribose are almost all identical in these three enzymes. By contrast, the amino acids associated with binding guanine in VldE (Asn, Thr, and Val) are similar in S. venezuelae OtsA (Asp, Ser, and Phe, respectively) but not conserved in E. coli OtsA (His, Leu, and Asp, respectively), providing a rationale for the purine base specificity of S. venezuelae OtsA. To establish which donor is used in vivo, we generated an otsA null mutant in S. venezuelae The mutant had a cell density-dependent growth phenotype and accumulated galactose 1-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, and GDP-glucose when grown on galactose. To determine how the GDP-glucose is generated, we characterized three candidate GDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases. SVEN_3027 is a UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, SVEN_3972 is an unusual ITP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, and SVEN_2781 is a pyrophosphorylase that is capable of generating GDP-glucose as well as GDP-mannose. We have therefore established how S. venezuelae can make and utilize GDP-glucose in the biosynthesis of trehalose 6-phosphate. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

The Production and Utilization of GDP-glucose in the Biosynthesis of Trehalose 6-Phosphate by Streptomyces venezuelae*

Science.gov (United States)

Asención Diez, Matías D.; Miah, Farzana; Stevenson, Clare E. M.; Lawson, David M.; Iglesias, Alberto A.; Bornemann, Stephen

2017-01-01

Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase OtsA from streptomycetes is unusual in that it uses GDP-glucose as the donor substrate rather than the more commonly used UDP-glucose. We now confirm that OtsA from Streptomyces venezuelae has such a preference for GDP-glucose and can utilize ADP-glucose to some extent too. A crystal structure of the enzyme shows that it shares twin Rossmann-like domains with the UDP-glucose-specific OtsA from Escherichia coli. However, it is structurally more similar to Streptomyces hygroscopicus VldE, a GDP-valienol-dependent pseudoglycosyltransferase enzyme. Comparison of the donor binding sites reveals that the amino acids associated with the binding of diphosphoribose are almost all identical in these three enzymes. By contrast, the amino acids associated with binding guanine in VldE (Asn, Thr, and Val) are similar in S. venezuelae OtsA (Asp, Ser, and Phe, respectively) but not conserved in E. coli OtsA (His, Leu, and Asp, respectively), providing a rationale for the purine base specificity of S. venezuelae OtsA. To establish which donor is used in vivo, we generated an otsA null mutant in S. venezuelae. The mutant had a cell density-dependent growth phenotype and accumulated galactose 1-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, and GDP-glucose when grown on galactose. To determine how the GDP-glucose is generated, we characterized three candidate GDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases. SVEN_3027 is a UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, SVEN_3972 is an unusual ITP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, and SVEN_2781 is a pyrophosphorylase that is capable of generating GDP-glucose as well as GDP-mannose. We have therefore established how S. venezuelae can make and utilize GDP-glucose in the biosynthesis of trehalose 6-phosphate. PMID:27903647

La calidad de vida urbana en Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Camargo Mora, María Gabriela

2014-01-01

En las últimas décadas Venezuela se ha caracterizado por un crecimiento alto que supera el 3% interanual, el cual al ser extrapolado al año 2005, refleja una tendencia a situarse alrededor del 2%, catalogado como crecimiento moderado, que de seguir a este ritmo de crecimiento la población tiende a quintuplicarse en la segunda mitad del siglo XX (Camargo, M., 1996). Dicho crecimiento poblacional ha estado acompañado de cambios en la distribución de la población, como resulta ser la concentraci...

The Crustal Structure and Seismicity of Eastern Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Schmitz, M.; Martins, A.; Sobiesiak, M.; Alvarado, L.; Vasquez, R.

2001-12-01

Eastern Venezuela is characterized by a moderate to high seismicity, evidenced recently by the 1997 Cariaco earthquake located on the El Pilar Fault, a right lateral strike slip fault which marks the plate boundary between the Caribbean and South-American plates in this region. Recently, the seismic activity seems to migrate towards the zone of subduction of the Lesser Antilles in the northeast, where a mb 6.0 earthquake occurred in October 2000 at 120 km of depth. Periodical changes in the seismic activity are related to the interaction of the stress fields of the strike-slip and the subduction regimes. The seismic activity decreases rapidly towards to the south with some disperse events on the northern edge of the Guayana Shield, related to the Guri fault system. The crustal models used in the region are derived from the information generated by the national seismological network since 1982 and by microseismicity studies in northeastern Venezuela, coinciding in a crustal thickness of about 35 km in depth. Results of seismic refraction measurements for the region were obtained during field campains in 1998 (ECOGUAY) for the Guayana Shield and the Cariaco sedimentary basin and in 2001 (ECCO) for the Oriental Basin. The total crustal thickness decreases from about 45 km on the northern edge of the Guayana Shield to some 36 km close to El Tigre in the center of the Oriental Basin. The average crustal velocity decreases in the same sense from 6.5 to 5.8 km/s. In the Cariaco sedimentary basin a young sedimentary cover of 1 km thickness with a seismic velocity of 2 km/s was derived. Towards the northern limit of the South-American plate, no deep seismic refraction data are available up to now. The improvement of the crustal models used in that region would constitute a step forward in the analysis of the seismic hazard. Seismic refraction studies funded by CONICIT S1-97002996 and S1-2000000685 projects and PDVSA (additional drilling and blasting), recording equipment

Venezuela's African Agenda in a South–South: Context The Cases ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Venezuela's African Agenda, an intention to diversify its oil partners as well as a search for a land where to export the 'Bolivarian Revolution', is a sign of the growing interest on the part of Latin America to strengthen ties with the African continent, and constitutes an alternative to the option represented by the BRICS ...

Isotopic evidence for prehistoric subsistence change at Parmana, Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Merwe, N.J. van der; Roosevelt, A.C.; Vogel, J.C.

1981-01-01

Results of 13 C/ 12 C ratio measurements on human skeletons from Parmana, Venezuela are reported which show that there was a dramatic shift in the prehistoric diet from dependence on C 3 plants, in which carbon dioxide is initially fixed as phosphoglyceric acid, to C 4 plants, which include maize, in which the carbon dioxide is fixed as a C 4 carboxylic acid. (U.K.)

Field evaluation of an exoantigen-containing Babesia vaccine in Venezuela

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S. Montenegro-James

1992-01-01

Full Text Available Bovine babesiosis is endemic in Venezuela, causing significant losses in highly susceptible imported cattle. Current immunoprphylatic methods include the less desirable use of live parasites. Inactivated vaccines derived from exoantigen-containing supernatant fluids of in vitro Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cultures have been developed and constitute a major improvement in vaccine safety, stability and ease of handling. Vaccination trials conducted under field conditions provide the final evaluation of a culture-derived B. bovis-B. bigemina vaccine. During a 5-year period, approximately 8,000 cattle were vaccinated and 16 clinical trials carried out in. 7 states of Venezuela Clinical, serologic and parasitologic data were collected monthly from 10% of the animals over a 2-year period. Data were also collected from a similar number of nonvaccinated control cattle. Analysis of results from these trials demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of clinical disease among vaccinated animals and complete protection against mortality among vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. Use of this inactivated vaccine offers the best combination od safety, potency and efficacy for thew immunoprophylatic control of bovine babesiosis.

Estimating the equilibrium real exchange rate in Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Hilde Bjørnland

2004-01-01

To determine whether the real exchange rate is misaligned with respect to its long-run equilibrium is an important issue for policy makers. This paper clarifies and calculates the concept of the equilibrium real exchange rate, using a structural vector autoregression (VAR) model. By imposing long-run restrictions on a VAR model for Venezuela, four structural shocks are identified: Nominal demand, real demand, supply and oil price shocks. The identified shocks and their impulse responses are c...

Misery Index corrected by informality: applicable to Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Ramoni Perazzi, Josefa; Orlandoni Merli, Giampaolo

2013-01-01

This paper suggests a variation of the IMO index (Okun's Misery Index), adapting it to markets with these characteristics, adding the ESI level (Employment in the Informal Sector) to the unemployment level -- This research compares the evolution of several standard misery indexes in several zones during the last decades, with emphasis on the case of Venezuela, for which the new proposed index is also estimated -- Results show improvement in the well-being of groups of countries under study, c...

Venezuela: confrontación social y polarización política

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Leonardo Bracamonte

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Medófilo Medina y Margarita López Maya. Venezuela: Confrontación social y polarización política. Bogotá: Ediciones Aurora, 2003. La intensidad del debate público y del enfrentamiento político al que asiste el país desde 1998, ha logrado penetrar los espacios ociales más diversos, incluso aquellos en los que se creía que estaban vedados asuntos tan terrenales como los políticos, tenidos hasta la víspera como banales y de poca monta. Tal es uno de los saldos más trascendentales del proceso de transformación en curso hoy en Venezuela. Esto último es tan innegable, que constituye una verdad compartida por los dos bandos en que fatalmente está dividido el país

Secondary metabolites of lichens in the snow zone of the Sierra Nevada in Mérida-Venezuela and their role in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rojas Fernández, J.A.; Balza Quintero, A.; Marcano, V.; Rojas, P.A.; Dávila Vera, D.; Peña Contreras, Z.; Mendoza Briceño, R.V.; Palacios Prü, E.

2008-01-01

Photochemical analyses of secondary compounds in lichens from the Venezuelan Andean snow zone were carried out in order to know the absorbance capacity of UV radiation at the UVA, UVB and UVC ranges and to determine its probable UV protective function. Spectrophotometric (UV) and fine layer chromatographic techniques (TLC) were utilized to separate and identify the compounds. UV radiation values were obtained from the Red Bioclimática del Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada de Mérida which constitutes a program supported by the University of Los Andes, Venezuela. Results indicated the existence of 22 species of lichens at the snow zone; 55% of these species showed a strong resistance to UVC radiation, 95% to UVB radiation, whereas the 100% revealed a strong resistance to UVA radiation. The substances that have the highest resistance to UVA and UVB radiation are characterized by having ester bonds among phenolic units depsids and constitute the most abundant products in lichens, whereas the substances having both ester and ether bonds among the two phenolic units depsidones revealed a higher capacity to absorb UVC radiation that could indicate a primitive origin [es

[Superficial mycoses: casuistry of the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel", Caracas, Venezuela (2001-2014)].

Science.gov (United States)

Capote, Ana María; Ferrara, Giuseppe; Panizo, María Mercedes; García, Nataly; Alarcón, Víctor; Reviakina, Vera; Dolande, Maribel

2016-03-01

The superficial mycoses are very common infectious diseases and therefore are a frequent reason for medical consultation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic frequency of superficial mycoses in the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" during 14 years (2001-2014). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to review the mycological records of patients with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycosis. Nails, hairs and epidermal scales were the processed samples. The identification of fungi was performed by macro and microscopic observation of colonies and biochemical and physiological tests, as required of the isolated agent. For the investigation of Malassezia spp. only direct examination was performed. Of the 3 228 samples processed, 1 098 (34%) were positive and their distribution according to the etiological agent was: dermatophytes 79.5%; 10.9% yeasts; non-dermatophytes fungi 5.1% and 4.5% Malassezia spp. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum Complex (70.1%), followed by T mentagrophytes complex (15.1%), Microsporum canis (9.4%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (4%). The most frequent ringworms Were: Tinea unguium (66.8%), followed by Tineapedis (16.4%) and Tinea capitis (8.1%). Candida parapsilosis complex (37.5%) was the most frequently isolated yeast and Fusarium spp. (53.6%) was the most isolated among non-dermatophyte fungi, followed by Aspergillus spp. (19.6%) and Acremonium spp. (10.7%). The identification of the etiological agent is essential to guide appropriate treatment. This study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our country.

Molecular Epidemiologic Source Tracking of Orally Transmitted Chagas Disease, Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Segovia, Maikell; Martínez, Clara E.; Messenger, Louisa A.; Nessi, Anaibeth; Londoño, Juan C.; Espinosa, Raul; Martínez, Cinda; Alfredo, Mijares; Bonfante-Cabarcas, Rafael; Lewis, Michael D.; de Noya, Belkisyolé A.; Miles, Michael A.; Llewellyn, Martin S.

2013-01-01

Oral outbreaks of Chagas disease are increasingly reported in Latin America. The transitory presence of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites within contaminated foods, and the rapid consumption of those foods, precludes precise identification of outbreak origin. We report source attribution for 2 peri-urban oral outbreaks of Chagas disease in Venezuela via high resolution microsatellite typing. PMID:23768982

Reflexiones sobre contabilidad privada y contabilidad nacional

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José Arturo Gutiérrez

1995-01-01

Full Text Available Se discuten las interrelaciones de la contabilidad privada y la contabilidad nacional, insistiendo en sus condicionantes internos contradictorios en relación con la sobredeterminación de la formación económico-social vigente. En relación con ello se introduce la reflexión sobre la unidad contradictoria entre empresa y capital, esto es, la base técnica frente a su determinante socioeconómico, conflicto que la propia contabilidad privada expresa: al describir el capital aporta necesariamente el conocimiento de la producción social. De allí su probable compatibilidad con el propósito de la contabilidad nacional, y, por extensión, ambiental.

The policy process in a petro-state. An analysis of PDVSA's (Petroleos de Venezuela SA's) internationalisation strategy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baena, C.E. [Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administracion, Caracas (Venezuela)

1999-07-01

Venezuela offers a unique case and fertile ground for the study of oil policy-making processes. In the specialised literature very little attention has been paid to the nature and operations of multinationals from developing countries. By analysing Petroleos de Venezuela SA's (PDVSA's) internationalisation policy, this unique book explores the difficulties encountered by a major state oil enterprise in its efforts to grow beyond national borders. This informative study focuses on the impact of democratic bargaining on the process of oil policy-making in Venezuela, stressing the constraints posed by politics on PDVSA's efforts to expand its foreign operations. (author)

La violencia como mecanismo del debate público en Venezuela durante el siglo XX

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Inés Guardia Rolando

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del presente ensayo es describir los mecanismos por medio de los cuales la violencia política se presenta como uno de los elementos fundamentales del debate público en dos coyunturas históricas en Venezuela: en la Revolución de Octubre y en la Revolución Bolivariana. El trabajo se desarrolla en torno a dos ideas: primero se abordará el problema de la violencia y el miedo desde una perspectiva teórica, luego se describirá cada una de estas coyunturas históricas; finalmente se revisa comparativamente este fenómeno que se repite a lo largo del tiempo en Venezuela.

The hope of the universe: Bolivarianism in the era of Gran Venezuela (1974-1983

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Tomás Straka

2017-09-01

Full Text Available This work reviews Venezuelan Bolivarianism and its relationship with the political discourses and projects during what has been called “Gran Venezuela” (Great Venezuela, 1974- 1983. During this period, Venezuela enjoyed a combination of two decades of democratic stability and high oil prices, becoming an exceptionally prosperous, free and peaceful country in Latin-America. In this context, democratic governments used political Bolivarian historicism in order to legitimize their apparent success as proof that they were complying with the vision set out by Simón Bolívar, traditionally associated with conservative thought and dictatorship. It also used Bolivarianism to project its status as an emerging power in the Third World.

Historia del Instituto Nacional de Salud Ocupacional del Perú History of Instituto Nacional de Salud Ocupacional del Peru

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Juan M. Cossio-Brazzan

2012-06-01

Full Text Available En el Perú, el desarrollo de la industria ha generado mejoras económicas pero, a la vez, ha tenido un gran impacto en la salud de sus trabajadores por lo que era necesario implementar mecanismos de control. Por ello, en 1940 se crea el Departamento de Higiene Industrial, que en 1956 cambia a Instituto de Salud Ocupacional, que fue desactivado en 1994. Sin embargo, el 2001 reaparece en la estructura organizacional del Ministerio de Salud como Instituto de Salud Ocupacional "Alberto Hurtado Abadía". En la actualidad, es el Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS, órgano del Instituto Nacional de Salud que continúa trabajando en sinergia con otras instituciones y sectores, generando evidencias para proteger la salud de las personas expuestas (trabajadores y comunidad a la contaminación y riesgos asociados con las actividades económicas.In Peru, the industry´s development has made economic improvements but at the same time, it has had a major impact on the health of the workers; for that reason, it was necessary to generate control mechanisms. So, in 1940 it was created the Departmento de Higiene Industrial, which in 1956 was changed to Instituto de Salud Ocupacional, but it was deactivated in 1994. However, in 2001 it reappeared into the Ministerio de Salud organizational structure with the name of Instituto de Salud Ocupacional "Alberto Hurtado Abadía". Actually, it is the Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS, organ of the Instituto Nacional de Salud which continues working in synergy with other institutions and sectors, making research to protect the health of exposed persons (workers and community to contamination and risks associated with economic activities.

Geographical Distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Carrasco, Hernán J.; Segovia, Maikell; Llewellyn, Martin S.; Morocoima, Antonio; Urdaneta-Morales, Servio; Martínez, Cinda; Martínez, Clara E.; Garcia, Carlos; Rodríguez, Marlenes; Espinosa, Raul; de Noya, Belkisyolé A.; Díaz-Bello, Zoraida; Herrera, Leidi; Fitzpatrick, Sinead; Yeo, Matthew; Miles, Michael A.; Feliciangeli, M. Dora

2012-01-01

Chagas disease is an endemic zoonosis native to the Americas and is caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is also highly genetically diverse, with six discrete typing units (DTUs) reported TcI – TcVI. These DTUs broadly correlate with several epidemiogical, ecological and pathological features of Chagas disease. In this manuscript we report the most comprehensive evaluation to date of the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in Venezuela. The dataset includes 778 samples collected and genotyped over the last twelve years from multiple hosts and vectors, including nine wild and domestic mammalian host species, and seven species of triatomine bug, as well as from human sources. Most isolates (732) can be assigned to the TcI clade (94.1%); 24 to the TcIV group (3.1%) and 22 to TcIII (2.8%). Importantly, among the 95 isolates genotyped from human disease cases, 79% belonged to TcI - a DTU common in the Americas, however, 21% belonged to TcIV- a little known genotype previously thought to be rare in humans. Furthermore, were able to assign multiple oral Chagas diseases cases to TcI in the area around the capital, Caracas. We discuss our findings in the context of T. cruzi DTU distributions elsewhere in the Americas, and evaluate the impact they have on the future of Chagas disease control in Venezuela. PMID:22745843

Resurrection Symphony: "El Sistema" as Ideology in Venezuela and Los Angeles

Science.gov (United States)

Fink, Robert

2016-01-01

The explosive growth of Venezuela's "El Sistema" is rewriting the agenda of musical education in the West. Many commentators from the world of classical music react to the spectacle of dedicated young colonial musicians playing European masterworks as a kind of "miracle," accepting "Sistema" founder José Antonio…

Espacios culturales comunitarios en Venezuela

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Peña, José Adolfo

2004-06-01

Full Text Available The community centre programme in Venezuela (ECC,Spanish initials for Espacios Culturales Comunitarios wasundertaken in 2001 on the initiative of the Deputy Ministry ofCulture’s Department of Cultural Buildings. The idea was todesign an extremely simple, flexible and inexpensive system,readily applicable all across the country and suitable for atropical climate. The programme was headed by ProfessorJuan Pedro Posani, who created the architectural design forthese centres. Engineer José Adolfo Peña and architectCarmen Yáñez authored the structural and buildingengineering. The solutions devised to meet constructionrequirements were based on two principles: the choice of alightweight prefabricated building system and the definition ofthe extreme climatic conditions characteristic of the tropics asthe core issue to be addressed.In terms of architectural and humanist policy, the project is anarchitectural commitment to the environment, buildingtechnology and the conditions and demands of a clearlydisadvantaged social community.El programa de los Espacios Culturales Comunitarios (ECCen Venezuela surge de la dirección de EdificacionesCulturales del ViceMinisterio de Cultura en el año 2001. Laidea consiste en diseñar un sistema extremadamente sencillo,flexible y económico que pueda multiplicarse rápidamentepor todo el país y que sea capaz de responderadecuadamente a las condiciones contextuales del trópico. Elprograma ha sido dirigido por el profesor Juan PedroPosani, quien concibió la arquitectura de los mismos. Laconcepción estructural y constructiva es obra del ingenieroJose Adolfo Peña y de la arquitecta Carmen Yáñez. Larespuesta a las condiciones de partida se basó en dosprincipios: la elección de un sistema de prefabricación ligeray la consideración en primer plano de las condicionesclimáticas extremas propias del trópico.El proyecto, en términos de arquitectura y de política humanista,es un compromiso arquitect

Rodada de altura 2012

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Alfredo Palacios Barra

2012-05-01

Más de 20 ciudades se sumaron a la rodada en el territorio nacional mexicano, además de varias ciudades de países latinoamericanos que se sumaron a ella como Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estados Unidos, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, entre otros.

Distribución y redistribución del ingreso en Venezuela

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Samuel FREIJE

2008-11-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: El análisis de la distribución y redistribución del ingreso en Venezuela se puede resumir en tres conclusiones generales. En primer lugar, la distribución del ingreso en Venezuela es más desigual en el año 2000 que a finales de la década de 1970. En segundo lugar, esta situación se debe a un descenso en la acumulación de capital que está también asociado al colapso del producto y el ingreso. En tercer lugar, el descenso en la acumulación de capital no parece estar asociado a la desigualdad inicial de la economía o a mecanismos redistributivos por parte del gobierno. Puede decirse que la contracción del crecimiento económico es lo que ha causado el aumento de la pobreza y el aumento de la desigualdad en la economía venezolana.ABSTRACT: An analysis of distribution and redistribution of income in Venezuela leads to three general conclusions. In first place, the distribution of income is more unequal in 2000 than by the end of the seventies. In second place, this situation is due to a drop in the accumulation of capital, also linked to the collapse of the product and the income. In third place, the drop in the accumulation of capital does not seem to be associated to the initial inequality of the economy or to redistributive mechanisms of the government. It is possible to say that the reduction of the economic growth has caused an increase of the poverty and the raise of inequality in the Venezuelan economy.

Severity of the 1998 and 2005 bleaching events in Venezuela, southern Caribbean

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Sebastián Rodríguez

2010-10-01

Full Text Available This study describes the severity of the 2005 bleaching event at 15 reef sites across Venezuela and compares the 1998 and 2005 bleaching events at one of them. During August and September 2005, bleached corals were first observed on oceanic reefs rather than coastal reefs, affecting 1 to 4% of coral colonies in the community (3 reef sites, n=736 colonies. At that time, however, no bleached corals were recorded along the eastern coast of Venezuela, an area of seasonal upwelling (3 reefs, n=181 colonies. On coastal reefs, bleaching started in October but highest levels were reached in November 2005 and January 2006, when 16% of corals were affected among a wide range of taxa (e.g. scleractinians, octocorals, Millepora and zoanthids. In the Acropora habitats of Los Roques (an oceanic reef, no bleached was recorded in 2005 (four sites, n=643 colonies. At Cayo Sombrero, a coastal reef site, bleaching was less severe in 1998 than in 2005 (9% of the coral colonies involving 2 species vs. 26% involving 23 species, respectively. Our results indicate that bleaching was more severe in 2005 than in 1998 on Venezuelan reefs; however, no mass mortality was observed in either of these two events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3: 189-196. Epub 2010 October 01.En este estudio se describe la severidad del evento de blanqueamiento del 2005 en 15 arrecifes coralinos de Venezuela, y se compara con el ocurrido en 1998 para uno de esos arrecifes. Los primeros corales blanqueados se observaron en agosto y septiembre 2005, en arrecifes oceánicos en lugar de costeros, afectando entre 1 y 4% de las colonias coralinas (3 arrecifes, n= 736 colonias. Para ese momento, tampoco se había detectado blanqueamiento en áreas oceánicas de la costa este de Venezuela (3 arrecifes, n= 181 colonias, donde ocurre una surgencia estacional. En arrecifes costeros, el blanqueamiento comenzó en octubre pero alcanzó su máximo entre noviembre 2005 y enero 2006, afectando hasta el 16% de

Distribution, status, and traditional significance of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

O'Shea, Thomas J.; Correa-Viana, Martín; Ludlow, Mark E.; Robinson, John G.

1988-01-01

Aerial and interview surveys were conducted in 1986 to determine the current distribution, status, and traditional significance of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in Venezuela. Aerial surveys provided just eight tentative sightings in 73 hours of searching. These discouraging results may have been due to poor visibility, small populations, and perhaps reduced dry season manatee activity. Results of interview surveys, however, permitted a number of important generalizations. A remnant manatee population exists in Lake Maracaibo, but none occur along the more than 1500 km of Caribbean coastline. Abundance is greatest in eastern Venezuela bordering the Golfo de Paria, in the Orinoco Delta, and in the middle Orinoco and tributaries. Local market hunting in the middle of this century probably greatly reduced manatee populations in these areas. Recent protection laws, education efforts, and manatee scarcity have resulted in a declining interest in manatee hunting. Much excellent manatee habitat persists in these regions, and a continued decline in hunting could result in an optimistic outlook for future manatee populations if the incidental take in net fisheries is controlled. Traditional beliefs and legends concerning manatees in Venezuela, including hunting taboos, show that these animals remain a colorful part of the folk culture. However, manatee protection does not pose economic hardships or infringe upon traditional spiritual beliefs.

APORTE PATRIMONIAL A PARTIR DEL PROCESO INMIGRATORIO CANARIO EN VENEZUELA Y EL ESTADO LARA ENTRE 1961 Y 1981

OpenAIRE

Pastrán Calles, Félix Reinaldo

2017-01-01

FULL TITLE PATRIMONIAL CONTRIBUTION FROM THE CANARY IMMIGRATION PROCESS IN VENEZUELA AND THE LARA STATE FROM 1961 TO 1981 RESUMEN El presente articulo tiene como objetivo reconocer el aporte patrimonial a partir del proceso inmigratorio canario en Venezuela y el Estado Lara, durante el periodo 1961 hasta 1981, periodo que abarca una amplitud de beneficios y desarrollo como resultado de acciones de canarios dentro del espacio geográfico venezolano. Metodológicamente se aplican los funda...

LA CAPACITACIÓN PROFESIONAL DE FUNCIONARIOS POLICIALES EN VENEZUELA

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Daisy Sofía Rodríguez Ugueto

2017-01-01

Full Text Available La capacitación del funcionario policial en la actualidad, en cuanto a la práctica policial, presupone la delimitación de contradicciones que resultan necesarias en la sociedad y que no se corresponde con la pertinencia del momento histórico. Esta realidad está presente en la sociedad venezolana, que de manera particular la están viviendo los cuerpos policiales del país, los cuales en el marco de las transformaciones sociales que se llevan a cabo, requiere también cambios de su rol como funcionario a nivel nacional en la orientación del proyecto social, exigencia que conlleva a un Nuevo Modelo Policial alejado de lo tradicional y poco funcional como cuerpo represivo capaz de orientarse hacia una nueva disposición como funcionario inserto en la comunidad cuya función de represión se ha de ajustar a un plano primario de prevención y formación ciudadana. Los autores reflexionan en estas problemáticas.PALABRAS CLAVE: capacitación profesional; capacitación continua; modelo policial.THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF POLICE OFFICIALS IN VENEZUELA ABSTRACTThe police official's training at the present time, as for the police practice, it presupposes the delimitation of contradictions that are necessary in the society and that doesn't belong together with the relevancy of the historical moment. This reality is present in the Venezuelan society that are living her the police bodies of the country in a particular way, which also requires changes of its list like official at national level in the orientation of the social project in the mark of the social transformations that are carried out, demand that bears a New Police Model far from the traditional and not very functional as repressive body able to be guided toward a new disposition like official inserts in the community whose function of repression must be adjusted to a primary plane of prevention and civic formation. The authors meditate in these problems.KEYWORDS: professional training

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP in Margarita Island, Venezuela

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Amelia La Barbera-Sánchez

2004-09-01

Full Text Available A severe outbreak of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP occurred in Manzanillo and Guayacán, northwestern coast of Margarita Island, Venezuela, between August and October 1991. A bloom of dinoflagellates including Prorocentrum gracile, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium tamarense seemed to be responsible for this outbreak. Levels of PSP toxins in mussels (Perna perna exceeded the international safety limit of saxitoxin, 80 µg STX/100 g meat. PSP toxin values varied between 2 548 and 115 µg STX/100 g meat in Manzanillo, and between 1 422 and 86 µg STX/100 g meat in Guayacán. At both locations, the highest levels were detected in August, when 24 patients exhibited typical symptoms of PSP toxicity after consuming cooked mussels (16 required hospitalization. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC procedure was recently used on the 1991 samples. The major toxin detected in samples of both locations was decarbamoyl saxitoxin (dcSTX, but low concentrations of saxitoxin were also found in Manzanillo samples. Gonyautoxins GTX1, GTX2 and GTX3 were detected only at Guayacán, while in both locations, decarbamoylgonyatouxin (dcGTX2,3 toxins were detected. These findings represent the first time that causative toxins of PSP in Venezuela have been chemically identified, and confirm the presence of dcSTX and dcGTX in mussels from the Caribbean Sea. The presence of dcSTX and dcGTX in shellfish is indicative that Gymnodinium catenatum was a causative organism for outbreak of PSPUn severo brote de intoxicación paralizante por moluscos (PSP en inglés ocurrió en Manzanillo y Guayacán en la costa noroeste de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela entre agosto y octubre de 1991. Una proliferación de Prorocentrum gracile, Gymnodinium catenatum y Alexandrium tamarense causó el brote. Los niveles de PSP en mejillón (Perna perna superaron los niveles máximos permisibles de saxitoxina, 80 µg STX/100g carne. Los niveles de toxinas variaron entre 2 548 y 115

[An explanation of recent trends in infant mortality in Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Picouet, M R

1984-01-01

An analysis of recent trends in infant mortality in Venezuela is presented using official data. The results show a strong decline up to 1968, followed by a period of fluctuation due to sporadic outbreaks of epidemics. However, the most recent data reveal a continuing decline in mortality, indicating that the problems posed by epidemics have been resolved. (summary in ENG, SPA)

Modelo Crosscultural de Pasantias para Lideres de la Educacion: Cooperacion entre Estados Unidos y Venezuela (Designing an Effective School Administrator Internship Program: United States and Venezuela Cooperation).

Science.gov (United States)

Serafin, Ana Gil; Thompson, Eugene W.

A model was developed of an internship program designed to give valuable cross-cultural experience to school administrators in training at universities in the United States and Venezuela. A naturalistic approach was used to develop the model. Leading school administrators and educational leadership theorists in both countries were interviewed by…

LAS COMPLEJIDADES DE LA SEGURIDAD Y LA SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA EN VENEZUELA

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Francisco Domínguez

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Security and food sovereignty are usually closely linked, even more so in Venezuela, but due to the structural economic characteristics of its oil economy, and, since 1999, due to the transformations in which this nation embarked from the onset of the Bolivarian Revolution initiated by Hugo Chavez Frias. Social justice, especially poverty eradication, and all the consequences associated with this scourge so common in Latin America, such as labor informality, socio-political exclusion of large sections of the poor and destitute, and, above all, child mortality, malnutrition and undernourishment, have been priority objectives of the Bolivarian process. Because of that, food security has been proclaimed as a constitutional right, specifically Art.305 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela enshrines the right to food as a fundamental state policy. The achievements in food security are noteworthy, leading Bolivarian Venezuela to merit two FAO official recognitions. However, the achievements in food sovereignty are more modest, the main obstacle being the century-old highly specialized structure around oil of this South American nation’s economy. A second obstacle, more contemporary but no less serious in achieving not only sovereignty but especially food security is the economic war that, as in the Chile of Salvador Allende, seeks to erode the base of political support for bolivarianism through hoarding, smuggling food staples and fuel, large-scale currency speculation, and the use of fracking to induce oil prices to collapse levels as a political weapon against governments and regimes that Washington detest. And, as in Chile, such destabilisation plans can be lethal.

First Report of Cowpea Mild Mottle Carlavirus on Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis in Venezuela

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Edgloris Marys

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis plants with virus-like systemic mottling and leaf distortion were observed in both experimental and commercial fields in Aragua State, Venezuela. Symptomatic leaves were shown to contain carlavirus-like particles. RT-PCR analysis with carlavirus-specific primers was positive in all tested samples. Nucleotide sequences of the obtained amplicons showed 84%–74% similarity to corresponding sequences of Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV isolates deposited in the GenBank database. This is the first report of CPMMV in Venezuela and is thought to be the first report of CPMMV infecting yardlong bean.

La cultura nacional y su impacto en los negocios: el caso chileno

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Pedro Hidalgo Campos; Enrique Manzur Mobarec; Sergio Olavarrieta Soto; Pablo Farías Nazel

2007-01-01

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto de la cultura nacional en los negocios. Uno de los investigadores más destacados en el análisis de la cultura nacional es Geert Hofstede (1980). Él identificó cuatro dimensiones de la cultura nacional: distancia de poder, aversión a la incertidumbre, individualismo y masculinidad. Fernández et al. (1997) midieron estas cuatro dimensiones en Chile, caracterizando a los chilenos en esas cuatro dimensiones. Revisando la evidencia empírica chile...

Mitos fundantes en la fuerza espiritual de los warao de Venezuela / Mitos de origem na espiritualidade dos warao da Venezuela

OpenAIRE

GONZÁLEZ-MUÑOZ, Jenny; Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez - Universidad Latinoamericana y del Caribe.

2014-01-01

El trabajo que se presenta a continuación es parte del producto de una exhaustiva investigación realizada por la autora y un grupo de colegas, concretamente con el pueblo warao de comunidades ubicadas en el municipio Antonio Díaz, estado Delta Amacuro, Venezuela, con el objetivo de recopilar una serie de mitos de origen desde los propios actores sociales para intentar conocer si para el momento, es decir, finales de la primera década del siglo XXI, aún se contaban ante los miembros del pueblo...

Education, Democracy and Social Change: Venezuela's Education Missions in Theory and Practice

Science.gov (United States)

Duffy, Maura

2015-01-01

The "Bolivarian Revolution" in Venezuela is conceptualised as a pedagogical project that aims to develop "twenty-first century Socialism" through state-grassroots collaboration in the reorganisation of political space in order to develop participatory, democratic institutions and processes. The cornerstones of this project to…

A Study of Venezuela’s Internal and External Threat and the United States Security Assistance Program in the Build-Up and Modernization of Her Forces

Science.gov (United States)

1984-09-01

percent of the popula- tion, leaving six percent of the population to other denominations; and (3) a literacy rate of 77 percent. The national language is...has focused on the improve- ment of Venezuela’s educational system. In 1958, the adult literarcy rate was 63 percent (20:320). Today the adult literacy ...hasta Marzo 1969. Oficina Central de Informacion . Caracas, Venezuela, 1969. 28. Penniman, Howard R. Venezuela at the Polls: The National Elections of

An Analysis of the Contracting Process Used by the National Armed Force of Venezuela

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Rodriguez, Yovany

2000-01-01

... to the new Bolivarian Venezuelan National Constitution The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the military contracting process for goods and services in Venezuela as well as to identify policies...

Field evaluation of an exoantigen-containing Babesia vaccine in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Montenegro-James, S; Toro, M; Leon, E; Guillen, A T

1992-01-01

Bovine babesiosis is endemic in Venezuela, causing significant losses in highly susceptible imported cattle. Current immunoprophylactic methods include the less desirable use of live parasites. Inactivated vaccines derived from exoantigen-containing supernatant fluids of in vitro Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cultures have been developed and constitute a major improvement in vaccine safety, stability and ease of handling. Vaccination trials conducted under field conditions provide the final evaluation of a culture-derived B. bovis-B. bigemina vaccine. During a 5-year period, approximately 8,000 cattle were vaccinated and 16 clinical trials carried out in 7 states of Venezuela. Clinical, serologic and parasitologic data were collected monthly from 10% of the animals over a 2-year period. Data were also collected from a similar number of nonvaccinated control cattle. Analysis of results from these trials demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of clinical disease among vaccinated animals and complete protection against mortality caused by babesiosis. Vaccine efficacy was measured calculating the incidence rates of disease and mortality among vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. Use of this inactivated vaccine offers the best combination of safety, potency and efficacy for the effective immunoprophylactic control of bovine babesiosis.

Urban invation of sandflies transmition of leishmania in merida venezuela

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Elsa Nieves Blanco

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Urban development together with uncontrolled construction in endemic areas of leishmaniasis has resulted in a series of environmental transformations that have promoted the spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with the adaptation sandflies transmitters to these urban environments. This study aims to determine the presence of sandflies and the epidemiological factors associated with the transmission of leishmaniasis in an urban area of Zea, Venezuela. Five methods of catching sandflies were used indoors in two urbanizations in Zea, Venezuela. Through a survey-type instrument, the epidemiological variables associated with the transmission of leishmaniasis in the housing estates were determined. The presence in the urban dwellings of Lutzomyia youngi, Lutzomyia spinicrassa, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia ovallesi, Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia venezuelensis, Lutzomyia atroclavata and Lutzomyia lichyi were demonstrated. 62.5% of the species caught in urbanized areas have antropohematophagy habits. A 67% and 80% of infestation was determined in the dwellings of the studied urbanizations. It was evidenced a low level of knowledge in the inhabitants mainly on the sandflies, which increases the risk of domiciliation and transmission of leishmaniasis, the control entities are warned to implement preventive and educational measures.

The Texts of the Instruments Concerning the Agency's Assistance to Venezuela for the Continuation of a Research Reactor Project

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1976-01-01

The texts of the Title Transfer Agreement between the Agency and the Governments of the United States of America and Venezuela, and of the Project Agreement between the Agency and the Government of Venezuela concerning the Agency's assistance to that Government for the continuation of a research reactor project, are reproduced herein for the information of all Members. Both Agreements entered into force on 7 November 1975, pursuant to Articles IV and X respectively.

A project: 'Radiological protection in radiology', IAEA - Universidad Central de Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Diaz, A.R.; Salazar, G.; Fermin, R.; Gonzalez, M.

2001-01-01

For several years a reference center of the UCV has been working on the project VEN/9/007 on dose reduction in diagnostic radiology sponsored by the IAEA. The dose and quality image was evaluated for different types of radiological study (conventional radiology, CT, mammography, interventional radiology) in different facilities at Caracas and others regions of the Venezuela. TL dosimeters were used to assess dose and reduction in dose. Based on the recommendations given by CEC documents on diagnostic quality criteria, a quality control program in radiological protection of patients and staff has been developed, for example: Pilot study by using TLD in personnel radiation monitoring. Comparative study between high and low kVp in chest. Evaluation and dose reduction in chest pediatric. Reduction of radiation dose in studies of billiards via Quality Image and reduction of the dose in studies of colon by enema. Radiation dose of staff in fluoroscopy procedures. Evaluation and dose reduction in dental radiography in public Institutions. A mammography accreditation program for Venezuela, applied to public hospitals. (author)

Humedales: proyectos legislativos nacional y bonaerense : Definición e inventario

OpenAIRE

Romero, María Cristina

2017-01-01

Se describen los proyectos de Ley Nacional de Presupuestos Mínimos y de la Provincia de Buenos Aires para la protección y manejo de los humedales; y la situación de gestión para la realización de un inventario de los mismos tanto a nivel nacional como de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.

TSUNAMI HAZARD IN NORTHERN VENEZUELA

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B. Theilen-Willige

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Based on LANDSAT ETM and Digital Elevation Model (DEM data derived by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM, 2000 of the coastal areas of Northern Venezuela were investigated in order to detect traces of earlier tsunami events. Digital image processing methods used to enhance LANDSAT ETM imageries and to produce morphometric maps (such as hillshade, slope, minimum and maximum curvature maps based on the SRTM DEM data contribute to the detection of morphologic traces that might be related to catastrophic tsunami events. These maps combined with various geodata such as seismotectonic data in a GIS environment allow the delineation of coastal regions with potential tsunami risk. The LANDSAT ETM imageries merged with digitally processed and enhanced SRTM data clearly indicate areas that might be prone by flooding in case of catastrophic tsunami events.

Petróleo y cambio social como programa de investigación en Venezuela

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Luis J. González Oquendo

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Alo largo del siglo xx, el petróleo ha sido el elemento estructural que ha explicado la estructuración de la sociedad venezolana. Es una idea extendida que Venezuela es lo que la actividad petrolera le ha permitido ser. El presente trabajo se está interesado en estudiar cómo la construcción de la sociedad venezolana ha sido posible desde la óptica de productos intelectuales científico sociales. No interesa sólo una lectura teórica sino hacer una aproximación epistemológica que determine la existencia de un programa de investigación. Se utilizó el modelo VIE de José Padrón para analizar la obra de cinco científicos sociales clave que han estudiado el impacto social del petróleo en Venezuela: Rodolfo Quintero, Carmen Vallarino de Bracho, Roberto Briceño León, María Sol Pérez Schael y Fernando Coronil. Finalmente, se pudo demostrar que el único elemento en común entre estos estudios de investigación es el objeto, aunque cada uno de ellos tiene diferentes construcciones teóricas acerca de éste. De este modo, «petróleo y cambio social en Venezuela» no es todavía un programa de investigación

Inventario y evaluación nacional de aguas superficiales

OpenAIRE

Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales

1980-01-01

Determina la potencialidad del recurso agua de escurrimiento superficial a nivel medio anual y su distribución en el territorio peruano. El informe incluye el Inventario y Evaluación Nacional de Aguas Superficiales, propiamente dicho y el Inventario Nacional de Ríos y se acompaña con el Mapa de Zonas de Escurrimiento del Perú y la propuesta para un Programa de Instalaciones Hidrométricas. Para el desarrollo de esta publicación se ha considerado las complejidades propias del territorio desde l...

Gross alpha radioactivity of drinking water in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sajo-Bohus, L.; Gomez, J.; Greaves, E.D.; Herrera, O.; Salazar, V.; Smith, A.

1997-01-01

Bottled mineral water is consumed by a large population in Venezuela. The alpha emitters concentration was measured in samples of bottled water and water springs collected near the surface. Approximately 30% of the total mineral water suppliers was monitored. a database on natural and artificial radioactivity in drinking water was produced. Results indicate that 54% of the waters sampled contain a total alpha radioactivity of less than 0.185 Bql -1 and only 12% above 0.37 Bql -1 . Our results revealed a total annual dose of 2.3 mSv year -1 . (author)

Sentinel surveillance of influenza-like illness in two hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela: 2006-2010.

Science.gov (United States)

Comach, Guillermo; Teneza-Mora, Nimfa; Kochel, Tadeusz J; Espino, Carlos; Sierra, Gloria; Camacho, Daria E; Laguna-Torres, V Alberto; Garcia, Josefina; Chauca, Gloria; Gamero, Maria E; Sovero, Merly; Bordones, Slave; Villalobos, Iris; Melchor, Angel; Halsey, Eric S

2012-01-01

Limited information exists on the epidemiology of acute febrile respiratory illnesses in tropical South American countries such as Venezuela. The objective of the present study was to examine the epidemiology of influenza-like illness (ILI) in two hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela. We performed a prospective surveillance study of persons with ILI who presented for care at two hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela, from October 2006 to December 2010. A respiratory specimen and clinical information were obtained from each participant. Viral isolation and identification with immunofluorescent antibodies and molecular methods were employed to detect respiratory viruses such as adenovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, and respiratory sincytial virus, among others. There were 916 participants in the study (median age: 17 years; range: 1 month--86 years). Viruses were identified in 143 (15.6%) subjects, and one participant was found to have a co-infection with more than one virus. Influenza viruses, including pandemic H1N1 2009, were the most frequently detected pathogens, accounting for 67.4% (97/144) of the viruses detected. Adenovirus (15/144), parainfluenza virus (13/144), and respiratory syncytial virus (11/144) were also important causes of ILI in this study. Pandemic H1N1 2009 virus became the most commonly isolated influenza virus during its initial appearance in 2009. Two waves of the pandemic were observed: the first which peaked in August 2009 and the second--higher than the preceding - that peaked in October 2009. In 2010, influenza A/H3N2 re-emerged as the most predominant respiratory virus detected. Influenza viruses were the most commonly detected viral organisms among patients with acute febrile respiratory illnesses presenting at two hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela. Pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus did not completely replace other circulating influenza viruses during its initial appearance in 2009. Seasonal influenza A/H3N2 was the most common influenza

Two Species Previously Confused Under the Concept of Sabethes Tarsopus in Central America (Diptera: Culicidae)

Science.gov (United States)

1992-07-01

2 pl. 1966. Mosquitos de Venezuela. Vol. 1. Galindo, P. 1973. Experiencias epidemiolo- Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, gicas en el Proyecto ...Heinemann, S.J. and J.N. Belkin. 1977b. Col- Facultad de Ciencias Biologia. Universidad lection records of the project "Mosquitoes Nacional Autonoma de

Introduction of the gross motor function classification system in Venezuela--a model for knowledge dissemination.

Science.gov (United States)

Löwing, Kristina; Arredondo, Ynes C; Tedroff, Marika; Tedroff, Kristina

2015-09-04

A current worldwide common goal is to optimize the health and well-being of children with cerebral palsy (CP). In order to reach that goal, for this heterogeneous group, a common language and classification systems are required to predict development and offer evidence based interventions. In most countries in Africa, South America, Asia and Eastern Europe the classification systems for CP are unfamiliar and rarely used. Education and implementation are required. The specific aims of this study were to examine a model in order to introduce the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS-E&R) in Venezuela, and to examine the validity and the reliability. Children with CP, registered at a National child rehabilitation centre in Venezuela, were invited to participate. The Spanish version of GMFCS-E&R was used. The Wilson mobility scale was translated and used to examine the concurrent validity. A structured questionnaire, comprising aspects of mobility and gross motor function, was constructed. In addition, each child was filmed. A paediatrician in Venezuela received supervised self-education in GMFCS-E&R and the Wilson mobility scale. A Swedish student was educated in GMFCS-E&R and the Wilson mobility scale prior to visiting Venezuela. In Venezuela, all children were classified and scored by the paediatrician and student independently. An experienced paediatric physiotherapist (PT) in Sweden made independent GMFCS-E&R classifications and Wilson mobility scale scorings, accomplished through merging data from the structured questionnaire with observations of the films. Descriptive statistics were used and reliability was presented with weighted Kappa (Kw). Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to explore the concurrent validity between GMFCS-E&R and Wilson mobility scale. Eighty-eight children (56 boys), mean age 10 years (3-18), with CP participated. The inter-rater reliability of GMFCS-E&R between; the paediatrician and the PT was Kw = 0.85 (95% CI

The paramo vegetation of Ramal de Guaramacal, Trujillo State, Venezuela. 1. Zonal communities

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cuello, A.N.L.; Cleef, A.M.

2009-01-01

Zonal paramo vegetation communities present on top of Ramal de Guaramacal, Trujillo state, Venezuela, have been studied with the aim to provide a syntaxonomic scheme or classification, based oil analysis of the physiognomy, floristic composition, ecological relations and spatial distribution of the

Genotyping of clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba genus in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Wagner, Carolina; Reyes-Batlle, María; Ysea, María Alejandra Vethencourt; Pérez, Mónica V Galindo; de Rondón, Carmen Guzmán; Paduani, Anaibeth J Nessi; Pérez, Angelyseb Dorta; López-Arencibia, Atteneri; Sifaoui, Ines; de Galindo, María Virginia Pérez; de Suárez, Eva Pérez; Martínez-Carretero, Enrique; Valladares, Basilio; Piñero, José E; Lorenzo-Morales, Jacob

2016-12-01

Free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba genus are opportunistic pathogens distributed worldwide. Strains included in this genus are causative agents of a fatal encephalitis and a sight-threating keratitis in humans and other animals. In this study, 550 clinical samples which were collected between 1984 and 2014 from different patients with suspected infections due to Acanthamoeba were initially screened for the presence of this amoebic genus at the Laboratorio de Amibiasis-Escuela de Bioanálisis at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. Samples were cultured in 2% Non-Nutrient agar plates seeded with a layer of heat killed Escherichia coli. From the 550 clinical samples included in this study, 18 of them were positive for Acanthamoeba genus after culture identification. Moreover, positive samples were confirmed after amplification of the Diagnostic Fragment 3 (DF3) of the Acanthamoeba18S rDNA genus and sequencing was carried out in order to genotype the isolated strains of Acanthamoeba. Furthermore, the pathogenic potential of the strains was checked by performing thermotolerance and osmotolerance assays. Sequencing of the DF3 region resulted in the identification of genotype T4 in all the isolated strains. Moreover, most isolates were thermotolerant or both thermotolerant and osmotolerant and thus were classified as potentially pathogenic strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular characterization at the genotype level of Acanthamoeba strains in Venezuela.

Counter-Hegemonic Regionalism and Higher Education for All: Venezuela and the ALBA

Science.gov (United States)

Muhr, Thomas

2010-01-01

This paper employs new regionalism theory and regulatory regionalism theory in its analysis and theorisation of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) as a counter-hegemonic Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regionalism. As (initially) the regionalisation of Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution, ALBA is centred around the idea…

MONOPOLY AND OLIGOPOLY: CAUSES OF ENTERPRISES CLOSED IN VENEZUELA. A CASE STUDY IN THE ZULIA STATE.GROUP SIDEPRO.

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Javier Agostini

2011-04-01

Full Text Available The economy has been impacted because of the monopoly and oligopoly Venezuela markets. This study analyzes the causes of the closure of the main company producing pipes for the oil industry in Zulia State.(Group SIDERPRO It is a research field, documentary and descriptive. The information was collected on experiences arising in the process of expropriation and recovery. As a result evidence of the need to propose a macroeconomic planning and control allowing to speed recovery of closed industrial parks and Venezuela recovery process model.

OBSERVATORIO NACIONAL DE INFANCIA, FAMILIA Y DISCAPACIDAD

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Elsa Galán Sarmiento

2002-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta la investigación social participativa que diseña actualmente el Observatorio Nacional de Infancia, Familia y Discapacidad en el escenario del Comité Nacional para la Protección del Menor Deficiente, la Fundación Fe y un grupo de padres y madres de familia de dicha Fundación. Aporta al desarrollo de conciencia social hacia un análisis crítico de la realidad de la infancia y jóvenes con discapacidad y sus familias con un enfoque de derechos, perspectiva sistémica y de construccionismo social. Se desarrollan procesos formativos y de investigación en contextos conversacionales y de sistemas observantes. Se define la gestión del Observatorio, su organización y las bases para un sistema de información.

Democracy in Hugo Chavez's Venezuela: Developing or Faltering Due to His Politics, Activities, and Rhetoric?

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

David, R. N

2008-01-01

.... During his reign, Chavez, a member of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, has made many dramatic changes to the nearly 50-year-old democracy, including nationalizing several key industries...

O Sistema Nacional de Combate ao Abuso e à Exploração Sexual Infantojuvenil e o Plano Nacional: um exemplo de política pública aplicada

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Thaísa Veras

Full Text Available Este artigo tem por objetivo principal tratar de uma política pública aplicada, qual seja, o Sistema Nacional de Combate ao Abuso e à Exploração Sexual Infantojuvenil. Para tanto, inicialmente, é apresentada uma breve definição dos termos, com o intuito de esclarecer a forma como foram interpretados e utilizados no texto. Além disso, é definido o significado de políticas públicas, para que se tenha maior clareza sobre como estas podem auxiliar no entendimento do tema. Por fim, são apresentados os impactos sociais do Sistema Nacional e feito um breve relato sobre o Plano Nacional.

PCR deduction of invasive and colonizing pneumococcal serotypes from Venezuela: a critical appraisal.

Science.gov (United States)

Bello Gonzalez, Teresita; Rivera-Olivero, Ismar Alejandra; Sisco, María Carolina; Spadola, Enza; Hermans, Peter W; de Waard, Jacobus H

2014-04-15

Serotype surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae is indispensable for evaluating the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Serotyping by the standard Quellung reaction is technically demanding, time consuming, and expensive. A simple and economical strategy is multiplex PCR-based serotyping. We evaluated the cost effectiveness of a modified serial multiplex PCR (mPCR), resolving 24 serotypes in four PCR reactions and optimally targeting the most prevalent invasive and colonizing pneumococcal serotypes found in Venezuela. A total of 223 pneumococcal isolates, 140 invasive and 83 carriage isolates, previously serotyped by the Quellung reaction and representing the 18 most common serotypes/groups identified in Venezuela, were serotyped with the adapted mPCR. The mPCR serotyped 76% of all the strains in the first two PCR reactions and 91% after four reactions, correctly identifying 17 serotypes/groups. An isolate could be serotyped with mPCR in less than 2 minutes versus 15 minutes for the Quellung reaction, considerably lowering labor costs. A restrictive weakness of mPCR was found for the detection of 19F strains. Most Venezuelan 19F strains were not typeable using the mPCR, and two 19F cps serotype variants were identified. The mPCR assay is an accurate, rapid, and economical method for the identification of the vast majority of the serotypes from Venezuela and can be used in place of the standard Quellung reaction. An exception is the identification of serotype 19F. In this setting, most 19F strains were not detectable with mPCR, demonstrating a need of serology-based quality control for PCR-based serotyping.

El financiamiento de la banca pública en los Planes de Desarrollo de la Nación en el período 2000-2012

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Marianela Acuña Ortigoza

2014-05-01

Full Text Available En esta investigación se exponen los elementos de política pública que direccionan la agenda desarrollada por el Estado venezolano durante el período 2000-2012 para transformar el sistema financiero nacional de acuerdo a los objetivos indicados en los Planes de Desarrollo Nacional, sustentándose en autores como Álvarez (2009, Girón et al. (2010, Meszaros (2009, Ocando y Pirela (2008 y documentos institucionales de SUDEBAN, Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo y Asamblea Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Mediante una investigación documental con diseño bibliográfico, se aborda el análisis político y epistémico de la investigación, considerando el método hermenéutico, que permitió reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiamiento instrumentados por el Estado venezolano durante el período 2000-2012. Los resultados de la investigación señalan la necesidad de comprender la axiología que determina la toma de decisiones públicas para analizar y explicar las dinámicas económicas. Durante el período analizado se observan cambios significativos en el sistema financiero venezolano asociados al cumplimiento de los objetivos enunciados en los Planes de Desarrollo Nacional 2001-2007 y 2007-2013, entre ellos: el aumento de la participación de la banca pública asociándose la función de banca de desarrollo como la función fundamental de los bancos públicos, la orientación del crédito de acuerdo a los propósitos estratégicos de desarrollo, modificación y/o creación del marco jurídico e institucional, aumento en los niveles de bancarización, creación de instituciones de atención a sectores excluidos: Banco de Desarrollo de la Mujer y el Banco del Pueblo, transformación del Fondo de Inversiones de Venezuela en el Banco de Desarrollo Económico y Social de Venezuela (BANDES, y adquisición por parte del Estado venezolano del Banco de Venezuela, lo que permitió incrementar la participación de la

Relaciones interorganizacionales en el entorno territorial de Maracaibo-Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Fernando Torres; María Cristina Useche; Gerardo Castellano

2014-01-01

El objetivo de la investigación es describir las relaciones interorganizacionales en el entorno territorial de Maracaibo - Venezuela, para lo cual se caracterizaron los elementos interconectores del capital social como soporte de la innovación y el emprendimiento. Desde el capital social se trabajaron con las perspectivas de Putnam et al (1993), Coleman (1988), Bourdieu (2001) y Lin (2001). La población la conformaron 475 empresas de siete sectores económicos. La técnica muestral empleada fue...

Argentina, Brasil e Venezuela: as diferentes percepções sobre a construção do Mercosul Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela: different perceptions about the construction of Mercosul

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Miriam Gomes Saraiva

2009-06-01

Full Text Available No artigo, analisam-se as percepções de atores políticos domésticos no interior dos maiores países membros do Mercosul sobre o processo de integração, e apresentam-se as idéias existentes na esfera pública de apoio ou de rejeição ao bloco. Para atingir este objetivo, são analisadas as idéias defendidas por estes atores na Argentina e no Brasil, assim como é avaliada a medida na qual atores políticos domésticos da Venezuela são envolvidos no processo de incorporação do país ao Mercosul.The article analyses perceptions of domestic political actors about the integration in Mercosur inside each of its biggest members, and presents some ideas for and against the block. To achieve this aim, it analyses ideas defended by these actors in Argentina and Brazil and evaluates how domestic actors in Venezuela were involved in the process of incorporation of this country to Mercosur.

Impacto económico del dengue y del dengue hemorrágico en el Estado de Zulia, Venezuela, 1997-2003 Economic impact of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the State of Zulia, Venezuela, 1997-2003

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Germán Añez

2006-05-01

en Venezuela. A pesar de que el estudio tuvo algunas limitaciones, los resultados demuestran que el dengue constituye un importante problema de salud pública que ocasiona grandes gastos por ausentismo laboral temporal y que afecta considerablemente al desarrollo de la economía regional y nacional.OBJECTIVES: To determine the direct and indirect costs of medical care provided to cases of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS between 1997 and 2003 in Zulia State, Venezuela. METHODS: The total number of patients with dengue and DHF/DSS was obtained from records belonging to the Regional Epidemiology Office of the state of Zulia and from reports of cases that were confirmed in the Virology Section of Dr. Americo Negrette’s Clinical Research Institute, Zulia University, Maracaibo, Venezuela, between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2003. Direct costs included the cost of emergency medical care for all cases and hospital costs for cases with DHF/DSS (cost per bed-day and laboratory expenses. The costs connected to absence from work among patients over 15 years of age and mothers who accompanied their children under 15 years of age comprised the indirect costs, which were adjusted for the proportion of men and women in the labor force. Calculations were based on the minimum yearly wage, and results were given in United States dollars, converted according to each year’s average exchange rate. RESULTS: During the study period, 33 857 cases of dengue and DHF/DSS were seen. Of them, 30 251 (89.35% were cases of dengue, and 3 606 (10.65% were cases of DHF/DSS. Six cases of DHF/DSS died (lethality rate: 0.2 per 100 cases of DHF/DSS. Direct costs were US$ 474 251.70; of these costs, US$ 132 042.30 were spent on emergency medical care and US$ 342 209.40 on the hospital costs of DHF/DSS cases. Indirect costs were US$ 873 825.84 and comprised 64.8% of overall expenditures (US$ 1 348 077.54 connected to this disease during the study years. CONCLUSIONS

LESIONES CUTANEAS PARASITARIAS EN EL ASNO EQUUS ASINUS DE CHORONI, ESTADO ARAGUA, VENEZUELA

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Morales, Abelardo; Garcia, Francisco; Rossini, Mario

2010-01-01

Three donkeys (Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758), two males and a female sex, between 5-8 years of old, in athletic shape, in Choroni, Aragua, Venezuela were examined. Clinical examination evidenced hirsute hair and moderate body condition. Nodular dermatitis like skin lesions showed crusted erythemat...

Guidelines For Implementation of Industrial Programs For Proposed Community Colleges in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Sada, Pablo Maria

The purpose of this study was to examine selected industrial education departments and programs of the community colleges in the United States, and to draw some beneficial implications for the establishment of the proposed community colleges in Venezuela. The procedure involved a review of the literature, the construction of a questionnaire, and…

Ethics, Risk, and Media Intervention: Women's Breast Cancer in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Eid, Mahmoud; Nahon-Serfaty, Isaac

2015-07-01

Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are of concern among Latin American women, mainly due to the growing prevalence of this disease and the lack of compliance to proper breast cancer screening and treatment. Focusing on Venezuelan women and the challenges and barriers that interact with their health communication, this paper looks into issues surrounding women's breast cancer, such as the challenges and barriers to breast cancer care, the relevant ethics and responsibilities, the right to health, breast cancer risk perception and risk communication, and the media interventions that affect Venezuelan women's perceptions and actions pertaining to this disease. In particular, it describes an action-oriented research project in Venezuela that was conducted over a four-year period of collaborative work among researchers, practitioners, NGOs, patients, journalists, and policymakers. The outcomes include positive indications on more effective interactions between physicians and patients, increasing satisfactions about issues of ethical treatment in providing healthcare services, more sufficient and responsible media coverage of breast cancer healthcare services and information, a widely supported declaration for a national response against breast cancer in Venezuela, and the creation of a code of ethics for the Venezuelan NGO that led the expansion of networking in support of women's breast cancer healthcare.

Venezuela recasts itself as a new frontier in the Americas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reinsch, A.E.

1996-01-01

In January of this year, Venezuela captured the attention of the international energy community by welcoming back the foreign oil companies that, 20 years earlier, it had shut out of the country by nationalizing the hydrocarbon sector. The tool used to attract that attention, a new exploration bidding round, is the most publicized event staged to date in the country's aperture process. However, it is only the latest in a series of steps taken by officials to bring international oil and gas companies back to Caracas. Venezuela's physical attraction is easily understood. The country possesses roughly one-half of Latin America's (including Mexico) 125 billion bbl of established, conventional crude oil reserves, plus an estimated 300 billion bbl of additional, nonconventional reserves in the ultra-heavy crude belt of the Orinoco basin. Averaging 2.8 million bpd in 1996, Venezuelan crude production represents over 35% of regional oil output. Natural gas reserves total 138 Tcf, or just over one-half of the region's total reserves of 274 Tcfg. Annual gas output averages just under 5 Tcf, of which roughly 30% is reinjected as part of tertiary oil recovery schemes. This paper reviews the incentives, deregulation, and government policies to restore the oil and gas industry to the country

Emergency Communications Network for Disasters Management in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Burguillos, C.; Deng, H.

2018-04-01

The integration and use of different space technology applications for disasters management, play an important role at the time of prevents the causes and mitigates the effects of the natural disasters. Nevertheless, the space technology counts with the appropriate technological resources to provide the accurate and timely information required to support in the decision making in case of disasters. Considering the aforementioned aspects, in this research is presented the design and implementation of an Emergency Communications Network for Disasters Management in Venezuela. Network based on the design of a topology that integrates the satellites platforms in orbit operation under administration of Venezuelan state, such as: the communications satellite VENESAT-1 and the remote sensing satellites VRSS-1 and VRSS-2; as well as their ground stations with the aim to implement an emergency communications network to be activated in case of disasters which affect the public and private communications infrastructures in Venezuela. In this regard, to design the network several technical and operational specifications were formulated, between them: Emergency Strategies to Maneuver the VRSS-1 and VRSS-2 satellites for optimal images capture and processing, characterization of the VENESAT-1 transponders and radiofrequencies for emergency communications services, technologies solutions formulation and communications links design for disaster management. As result, the emergency network designed allows to put in practice diverse communications technologies solutions and different scheme or media for images exchange between the areas affected for disasters and the entities involved in the disasters management tasks, providing useful data for emergency response and infrastructures recovery.

El plan de desarrollo de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, "Plan Sucre 2007-2013”, y las implicaciones para la seguridad nacional de Colombia

OpenAIRE

Hurtado, Camilo; Cadena Afanador, Walter René

2015-01-01

Este trabajo de investigación analiza, desde la cosmovisión neorrealista de las Relaciones Internacionales, los alcances del Plan de Desarrollo de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, Plan Sucre, y las repercusiones que su consolidación tendrá para la seguridad nacional de Colombia. Inicialmente se plantea un marco teórico y conceptual, lo cual permite avanzar al segundo capítulo el cual tiene como propósito fundamental describir en qué consiste el Plan Sucre. El capítulo tres analiza los a...

Complete genome sequence of jacquemontia yellow vein virus, a novel begomovirus infecting Jacquemontia tamnifolia in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Fiallo-Olivé, Elvira; Chirinos, Dorys T; Geraud-Pouey, Francis; Navas-Castillo, Jesús

2017-08-01

Wild plants of the family Convolvulaceae are hosts for a few New World begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae). In this work, we report the complete genome sequence of a new begomovirus infecting the wild convolvulaceous plant Jacquemontia tamnifolia in Venezuela. The cloned bipartite genome showed the organization of typical New World begomoviruses and was found to be phylogenetically related to those of begomoviruses from Venezuela and other Caribbean countries. Several recombination events have been shown to have occurred involving genome fragment exchange with related begomoviruses infecting crops such as tomato and cucurbits and wild plants, including Jacquemontia sp. We propose the name jacquemontia yellow vein virus (JacYVV) for this new begomovirus.

EVALUATION OF THE SUB-NATIONAL DECENTRALIZATION OF THE HEALTH IN VENEZUELA INFANTILE MATERNAL PROGRAM

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Maritza Ávila Urdaneta

2009-11-01

Full Text Available The work approaches the evaluation of the decentralization of the health at sub-national level in Venezuela, maternal program Infantile (PROMIN, period 1998-2004: Case of study, Estado Zulia. With the samples of ten Municipalities and Coordinators of Health (CH. Of the results and conclusions, it is appraised that in Venezuela with the Model of Integral Attention with respect to the PROMIN (1998-2004, the reason of Maternal Mortality RMM average for the country ascends to 60 by 100,000 NVR (OPS, 2003, whereas in Zulia was in 79,9; they emphasize the Municipalities: Cañada de Urdaneta with but the high one of 214.13, followed of Mara 149.44 by 100,000 NVR. Key words: Sub-national decentralization of the Health, Infantile Maternal Program, Indicating of Morbidity and Mortality, Coordination of the Municipal Health.

Venezuela’s Potential Threat to the United States’ National Security: An Analysis of the Conflictual Inter-Country Relationship

Science.gov (United States)

2006-03-07

this 1982 movement, the two main political parties were Social Christian Party Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (COPEI) and the...www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm; Internet; accessed 17 February 2006. 15 2 U.S. Department of State, Post Report 2003, Venezuela (Washington...news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1229345.stm; Internet; accessed 11 January 2006. 5 U.S. Department of State, Post Report 2003, Venezuela

Refugiados colombianos en Venezuela: Quince años en búsqueda de protección

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Ángela María Carreño Malaver

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo busca comprender la situación de los refugiados colombianos en Venezuela. A este país han llegado cerca de 200.000 refugiados durante los últimos 15 años, de los cuales más del 95% son colombianos3. De acuerdo con su Constitución la República Bolivariana de Venezuela de 1999 se “reconoce y garantiza el derecho de asilo y refugio”, sin embargo solo el 3% (5.210 de las personas con necesidad de protección internacional son reconocidas como refugiados. Este artículo explora las causas de este fenómeno y plantea recomendaciones a los gobiernos involucrados para mejorar las condiciones de vida de los refugiados. La metodología implementada es cualitativa y se realizó a partir de fuentes documentales por medio de una revisión de las políticas públicas enfocadas en atender a esta población e investigaciones de caracterización de la misma. El estudio aborda el contexto colombiano, la historia de la movilidad de colombianos a Venezuela, las condiciones de refugio en este país, la situación jurídica, el proceso de refugio, la alternativa de la naturalización, la discriminación y el acceso de los refugiados a servicios básicos.

Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare

Science.gov (United States)

2005-10-01

Francisco Rojas Aravena, “Nuevo contexto de seguridad internacional: nuevos desafios, nuevas oportunidades?” in La seguridad en America Latina pos 11...Institute, 2005; and Andres Benavente Urbina and Julio Alberto Cirino, “El populismo Chavista en Venezuela,” in La democracia defraudada, Buenos Aires... seguridad en Las Américas: Una mirada a la Conferencia Especial de Seguridad ,” Foro, Noviembre 2003, pp. 10–15. 20. Alvaro Vargas Llosa, “The

Nostalgic Venezuela. Reelection, rupture and revolution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ángel Dámaso Luis León

2017-09-01

Full Text Available The Republic of Venezuela was an oasis in Latin America, a stable, democratic and prosperous country for several decades until the coming of the 1980s’ crisis. The new context and the erosion of traditional actors forced profound political changes. The crisis, the adjustments made during the 1990s and the population’s hopes of one day returning to the path of prosperity generated increasingly radical policy responses. This article seeks to analyse the political responses of the Venezuelan people to the challenges posed by their new socioeconomic reality and how these connect with visions derived from past experience and the approach to the roles of state and leader. It also explores the frustration caused by failure to meet their expectations, leading to the election of increasingly radical options.

Venezuela: un caso de inflación mediana

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Justino Risquez

2002-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se estudia el fenómeno inflacionario venezolano reciente, caracterizado como un caso de “inflación moderada”. En él se relaciona esta situación con el problema de la debilidad institucional, el déficit de credibilidad de las autoridades, lo cual ha llevado a un importante uso del impuesto inflacionario como mecanismo de financiamiento del gasto público. Así mismo se señala el papel desempeñado por la inercia en la permanencia de la inestabilidad de los precios en Venezuela.

El sistema educativo y el trabajo en Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Morillo Moreno, Marysela C.

2009-01-01

El sistema educativo y en el mercado laboral se trabaja con el más importante y valioso recurso: el humano, el cual presenta unas características muy peculiares que merecen ser estudiadas como una rama de la economía como lo es la economía de la educación y la economía laboral. En Venezuela, ambas ramas han sido poco abordadas, pues otros temas económicos han ocupado las reflexiones; sin embargo, las cifras de desempleo y los problemas sociales son cada vez más alarmantes, convirtiéndose en l...

Actividades rutinarias y cibervictimización en Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Jesús Oduber; Endira Mora; Juan Antonio Rodríguez

2017-01-01

El ciberdelito ha aumentado significativamente a nivel mundial en estas últimas décadas. En tal sentido, la investigación sobre este fenómeno en Venezuela ha sido escasa, específicamente en lo que respecta a los factores asociados con la victimización en línea. En consecuencia, este estudio busca promover el análisis de los condicionantes del delito y la victimización en línea en la región. Para ello, se investiga un conjunto de variables derivadas de la Teoría de las actividades rutinarias. ...

Actividades rutinarias y cibervictimización en Venezuela.

OpenAIRE

Rodríguez, Juan Antonio; Oduber, Jesús; Mora, Endira

2017-01-01

El ciberdelito ha aumentado significativamente a nivel mundial en estas últimas décadas. En tal sentido, la investigación sobre este fenómeno en Venezuela ha sido escasa, específicamente en lo que respecta a los factores asociados con la victimización en línea. En consecuencia, este estudio busca promover el análisis de los condicionantes del delito y la victimización en línea en la región. Para ello, se investiga un conjunto de variables derivadas de la Teoría de las actividades rutinarias. ...

Phenotypic and molecular identification of Fonsecaea pedrosoi strains isolated from chromoblastomycosis patients in Mexico and Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Carolina Rojas, O; León-Cachón, Rafael B R; Pérez-Maya, Antonio Alí; Aguirre-Garza, Marcelino; Moreno-Treviño, María G; González, Gloria M

2015-05-01

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused frequently by fungi of the Fonsecaea genus. The objective of this study was the phenotypic and molecular identification of F. pedrosoi strains isolated from chromoblastomycosis patients in Mexico and Venezuela. Ten strains were included in this study. For phenotypic identification, we used macroscopic and microscopic morphologies, carbohydrate assimilation test, urea hydrolysis, cixcloheximide tolerance, proteolitic activity and the thermotolerance test. The antifungal activity of five drugs was evaluated against the isolates. Molecular identification was performed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA regions of the isolated strains. The physiological analysis and morphological features were variable and the precise identification was not possible. All isolates were susceptible to itraconazole, terbinafine, voriconazole and posaconazole. Amphotericin B was the least effective drug. The alignment of the 559-nucleotide ITS sequences from our strains compared with sequences of GenBank revealed high homology with F. pedrosoi (EU285266.1). In this study, all patients were from rural areas, six from Mexico and four from Venezuela. Ten isolates were identified by phenotypic and molecular analysis, using ITS sequence and demonstrated that nine isolates from Mexico and Venezuela were 100% homologous and one isolate showed a small genetic distance. © 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Case study in Venezuela : performance of multiphase meter in extra heavy oil

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marin, A. [Petroleos de Venezuela SA, Caracas (Venezuela); Bornia, O.; Pinguet, B. [Schlumberger Canada Ltd., Edmonton, AB (Canada)

2008-10-15

The performance of a multiphase meter that combines Venturi and multi energy gamma rays was investigated during operation in an extra heavy oil field in Venezuela. The Orocual field in Monagas is one of the most diverse oilfields in Venezuela. It produces gas condensate, light and medium oil and has recently started to produce from a heavy and extra-heavy oil reservoir, with a gravity between 8.6 and 11 API and a viscosity range from 6 Pa.s to more than 20 Pa.s at line conditions. Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA) is currently using cold production systems in this field. PDVSA attempted to estimate the liquid flow rate using conventional storage tanks but was unable to evaluate the gas production in such an environment of low GOR with emulsion, large amounts of foam and high viscosity. Since the density of heavy oil is close to the density of water, gravity separation cannot be applied. Also, since heavy oil is very viscous, proper separation requires a long retention time, which is not feasible in terms of space or economy. In addition, gas bubbles could not flow freely and remained as a gas phase trapped inside the liquid, resulting in an overestimation of some of the liquid flow rate. In order to measure the field's oil, water and gas flow rates, PDVSA tried several multiphase meters but found that a Venturi and multi energy gamma ray combination was the only solution able to accurately measure multiphase flow in its extra heavy oil. A test demonstrated that, compared to a tank system, the overall uncertainty of the Venturi combination was better than 2 per cent. This extended the operating envelope for PDVSA for using this multiphase metering technology, providing the capability to monitor and optimize in real-time the production in this extra heavy oil field. 15 refs., 10 figs.

Endemic pemphigus foliaceus in Venezuela: report of two children.

Science.gov (United States)

González, Francisco; Sáenz, Ana Maria; Cirocco, Antonietta; Tacaronte, Inés Maria; Fajardo, Javier Enrique; Calebotta, Adriana

2006-01-01

Two native Yanomami children from the Venezuelan Amazonia with erythroderma were hospitalized on our service. Clinical, histologic, and immunofluorescence studies diagnosed endemic pemphigus foliaceous. Human leukocyte antigen class II showed DRB1*04 subtype *0411, which has not been previously associated with this disease. However, it shares a common epitope with all the human leukocyte antigen DRB1 alleles that have been involved in this disease among Brazilian populations. Although this condition is endemic in Brazil, our patients are the first two reported in Venezuela.

Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Colombia

Science.gov (United States)

Murdin, P.

2000-11-01

The Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN) was founded by José Celestino Mutis in the framework of the `Expedicion Botanica' on 20 August 1803. His first astronomer was Francisco Jose de Caldas. By the turn of the century, Julio Garavito worked in celestial mechanics—a crater on the far side of the Moon bears his name....

Diseases and injuries associated with travel among students, employees and teachers of the Central University of Venezuela during the national summer vacations.

Science.gov (United States)

Risquez, Alejandro; Marrero, Aiskel; Naranjo, Niurka; Palacios, Yanine; Rossomando, Maria T; Rodriguez-Morales, Alfonso J

2010-01-01

The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of disease and injuries associated with travel, etiology, risk factors and medical management in a cross-sectional evaluation of university students, employees and teachers of the Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, who returned from domestic travel. A questionnaire completed by 500 individuals was used to evaluate the incidence of disease and injuries associated with travel, the etiology, risk factors and medical management in university students, employees and teachers of Caracas, Venezuela. From the total who accepted and responded to the interview (460, 92%), 50.8% were females. Almost half of them had some vaccination before travel for: measles 78%, rubella 73.6%, hepatitis B 57%, Yellow fever 53.7%. After travel, 53.9% of the individuals reported disease or injury related with travel, including insect bites (22%), which was reported most commonly. Occurrence of disease and injuries was higher for those who traveled to the jungle (OR=5.23, 95% CI 0.62-43.80), followed by those who travel to two areas (OR=1.82, 95% CI 1.06-3.13). Drinking alcohol during travel was identified in 73.8%, was significantly higher in men (ptravel. The results indicated the importance of education and training in travel medicine, a relatively new medical discipline in Venezuela. Venezuela has a significant number of people visiting areas at risk for the acquisition of tropical and non-tropical conditions. Occasionally, travelers were without adequate preventive measures and pre-travel advice which is considered of utmost importance. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sentinel Surveillance of Influenza-Like Illness in Two Hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela: 2006–2010

Science.gov (United States)

Comach, Guillermo; Teneza-Mora, Nimfa; Kochel, Tadeusz J.; Espino, Carlos; Sierra, Gloria; Camacho, Daria E.; Laguna-Torres, V. Alberto; Garcia, Josefina; Chauca, Gloria; Gamero, Maria E.; Sovero, Merly; Bordones, Slave; Villalobos, Iris; Melchor, Angel; Halsey, Eric S.

2012-01-01

Background Limited information exists on the epidemiology of acute febrile respiratory illnesses in tropical South American countries such as Venezuela. The objective of the present study was to examine the epidemiology of influenza-like illness (ILI) in two hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed a prospective surveillance study of persons with ILI who presented for care at two hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela, from October 2006 to December 2010. A respiratory specimen and clinical information were obtained from each participant. Viral isolation and identification with immunofluorescent antibodies and molecular methods were employed to detect respiratory viruses such as adenovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, and respiratory sincytial virus, among others. There were 916 participants in the study (median age: 17 years; range: 1 month – 86 years). Viruses were identified in 143 (15.6%) subjects, and one participant was found to have a co-infection with more than one virus. Influenza viruses, including pandemic H1N1 2009, were the most frequently detected pathogens, accounting for 67.4% (97/144) of the viruses detected. Adenovirus (15/144), parainfluenza virus (13/144), and respiratory syncytial virus (11/144) were also important causes of ILI in this study. Pandemic H1N1 2009 virus became the most commonly isolated influenza virus during its initial appearance in 2009. Two waves of the pandemic were observed: the first which peaked in August 2009 and the second - higher than the preceding - that peaked in October 2009. In 2010, influenza A/H3N2 re-emerged as the most predominant respiratory virus detected. Conclusions/Significance Influenza viruses were the most commonly detected viral organisms among patients with acute febrile respiratory illnesses presenting at two hospitals in Maracay, Venezuela. Pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus did not completely replace other circulating influenza viruses during its initial

Hombres. La muerte de Mario Briceño Iragorry

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Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico Banco de la República

1958-06-01

Full Text Available Venezuela ha dado una diversa tipología de caracteres intelectuales que la honran en todo momento del desenvolvimiento de la cultura nacional. Poeta, novelistas, sociólogos, artistas, músico, han contribuido a darnos una visión maravillosa de su Patria, lejos de todo esquema puramente estatal.

Toxic ornamental plants in Venezuela

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Carlos Varela Romero

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this research was to contribute information on toxic ornamental plants in Venezuela. Information on taxonomy, common names, habit, origin, status, location, propagation and toxicology (part of the plant, effects was compiled from articles, books, catalogs, herbarium collections. A botanical analysis (taxonomy, common names, habit, origin, status, location, propagation and toxicology (part of the plant, effects was performed. The information about plant poisoning cases was requested to SIMET (Pharmacy faculty -UCV. Seventy-eight species were found in 34 families, the most important were: Apocynaceae (10 genera/12 species, Araceae (9/9, Euphorbiaceae (4/10 and Solanaceae (5/6. Genus Euphorbia was the most species rich. Most species were exotic species (79.5% and shrubs (32.1%. The entire plant (35 and latex (19 were the most toxic parts and the most frequent accidental ingestion (61.5%. Twenty cases were reported between 2009-2013, of which 80% were minors, female and urban areas. There is very little information published in Hispanic American countries

Urban movements and disempowerment in Perú and Venezuela

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Daniel H. LEVINE

2010-10-01

Full Text Available This paper addresses a core puzzle: why is continued citizen mobilization accompanied by growing disempowerment of those same citizens? Why do movements fail, leaders burn out and members disperse, and what are the implications of this organizational failure for demo¬cratic representation? Our consideration of the issues is rooted in a close examination of urban movements, mobilization, empowerment and disempowerment in the recent experience of Venezuela and Perú. The puzzle that concerns us is of course not limited to these two countries: it is common to all the Andean republics, and in different ways, to much recent experience of urban mobilization in Latin America and beyond. After a brief account of urban citizen move¬ments and politics in our two cases, we outline general reflections on the nature of empowerment and disempowerment, on the peculiar combination of strengths and weaknesses that mark many contemporary movements. A close examination of types of movements and their links with poli¬tical parties and protest follows. The character of city life is important here. We close with analysis of recent waves of urban mobilization in Perú (that sparked the ouster of president Alberto Fujimori and in Venezuela (both for and against president Hugo Chávez Frías, and with reflections on the likely future of empowerment and disempowerment for urban citizens and the implications of this perspective for democratic representation

Relaciones de poder y estructura de decisiones del gremio cafetero colombiano: La Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, FEDERACAFE, y el Fondo Nacional del Café

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Francisco Rodríguez Vargas

1997-12-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta información sobre la estructura de centros de decisión de la Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, organización que se ha destacado en la economía y la sociedad colombianas durante setenta años, así como el mecanismo institucional esencial para su desarrollo como es el Fondo Nacional del Café, cuyos ingresos provienen de las tasas parafiscales que el Estado ha impuesto a los cafeteros por su producto estratégico de exportación. La perspectiva del estudio relaciona la interacción de las instituciones constituidas por leyes, decretos, normas, tanto del gobierno como de las regiones y de los municipios en donde se lleva a cabo la producción y comercialización del café. La cogestión de los impuestos corporativos del Fondo Nacional del Café toca las fronteras entre la gestión pública que responde al interés nacional y la gestión social privada de una asociación exitosa de profesionales agrícolas que responde a los intereses particulares de los productores. La estrategia de los dirigentes cafeteros ha sido guardar su autonomía organizacional de defensa de los intereses de sus asociados frente al gobierno por la vía de influir sobre las decisiones públicas como su aliado y nunca como su contradictor. La permanencia de sus directivos, la centralización de decisiones estratégicas, la descentralización operativa y su capacidad técnica para el manejo de la información nacional e internacional sobre su socio en la cogestión del Fondo Nacional de Cafeteros, por tanto, han ganado la capacidad de manejarse a sí mismo, es decir, su autonomía y capacidad de autogestión de sus decisiones.

de la Red Nacional de Acción Ecologista (Argentina y la Red Nacional de Derecho a la Información Ambiental (México

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Mario Alberto Velázquez García

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo describe y analiza las transformaciones en la operación y coordinación de las organizaciones ambientales. La teoría de oportunidades políticas constituye el marco de la investigación, y los referentes empíricos son los casos de la Red Nacional de Acción Ecologista (renace en Argentina y la Red Nacional de Derecho a la Información Ambiental en México (redia. Este trabajo se vincula con las discusiones sobre recursos para las acciones colectivas y las formas de participación social.

Study of renewable energies in Venezuela; Estudio del desarrollo de las energias alternativas en Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Posso, F. R.

2004-07-01

It is study the feasibility of development of the alternative energies, AE, in Venezuela based on its potential of exploitation, the analysis of its energetic system, and the attitude of the State before the AE. The results indicate that the country has a high potential of AE, that the hidroenergy in great scale is the unique one with an important participation in the energy system, and that the solar energy and the eolic are those of greater possibility of development. However, an assembly of factors impede the development in firm of the AE, fundamentally related to its historic condition of producer and consumer of fuel fossil in great scale at low cost. It is concluded that only with a change of attitude of the State and the concourse of all the actors involved in the sector, the {sup c}lean energies{sup w}ould be able to have an important weight in the national energetic balance. (Author)

Development of Next Generation Synthetic Biology Tools for Use in Streptomyces venezuelae

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Phelan, Ryan M. [Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). QB3 Inst.; Sachs, Daniel [Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Petkiewicz, Shayne J. [Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Barajas, Jesus F. [Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Blake-Hedges, Jacquelyn M. [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemistry; Thompson, Mitchell G. [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Plant & Microbial Biology; Reider Apel, Amanda [Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Rasor, Blake J. [Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio (United States). Dept. of Biology; Katz, Leonard [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). QB3 Inst.; Keasling, Jay D. [Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). QB3 Inst.; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering; Technical Univ. of Denmark, Kogle Alle (Denmark). Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability

2016-09-07

Streptomyces have a rich history as producers of important natural products and this genus of bacteria has recently garnered attention for its potential applications in the broader context of synthetic biology. However, the dearth of genetic tools available to control and monitor protein production precludes rapid and predictable metabolic engineering that is possible in hosts such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In an effort to improve genetic tools for Streptomyces venezuelae, we developed a suite of standardized, orthogonal integration vectors and an improved method to monitor protein production in this host. These tools were applied to characterize heterologous promoters and various attB chromosomal integration sites. A final study leveraged the characterized toolset to demonstrate its use in producing the biofuel precursor bisabolene using a chromosomally integrated expression system. In conclusion, these tools advance S. venezuelae to be a practical host for future metabolic engineering efforts.

Discurso y comunicación en Venezuela: del determinismo al nacionalismo tecnológico

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Jesús Alberto Andrade Castro

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza el desarrollo de las tecnologías de información en Venezuela y cómo el elemento discursivo legitima su uso; para ello, se identifican tres tipos de discursos (determinismo tecnológico, democracia tecnológica y nacionalismo tecnológico. Se parte del supuesto de que la hegemonía es un proceso ideológico en constante búsqueda de poder, que usa el discurso para su legitimación. Se analiza cómo en Venezuela, junto con las políticas estatales que buscan la construcción de un modelo comunicacional basado en tecnologías de información, el discurso técnico "permea" los ambientes donde las tic puedan legitimar su existencia, con el fin de establecer una hegemonía ideológica en la sociedad.

NACIONAL DE TURISMO NO BRASIL (1934-2014

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Gisélia Lima Carvalho

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el proceso de institucionalización del turismo en Brasil a través de la identificación de las medidas relacionadas con el turismo que ayudaron a formar la Política Nacional de Turismo (PNT. Se parte del principio de que las acciones, ubicadas en diferentes momentos históricos, formaron la estructura de la política nacional, siendo relevante durante toda la investigación, lo que contrar - resta a las tesis de algunos investigadores en Brasil que sostienen que sólo hubo política de facto después de 1990. Por lo tanto, la estrategia se basó en lo enfoque crítico de la literatura sobre la política de turismo y en el esfuerzo de investigación documental, a través de un estudio de la legislación pertinente del período entre 1934 y 2014.

Prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in san carlos island, venezuela

OpenAIRE

Chacín-Bonilla, Leonor; Sánchez-Chávez, Yulaicy; Estévez, Jesús; Larreal, Yraima; Molero, Emelyn

2003-01-01

A survey of 335 individuals, 1-65 years of age (mean ±SD of 20.8 ±15.7), in 6 communities from the San Carlos Island, Western Venezuela, was conducted to study the prevalence of serum antibody to Toxoplasma gondii. The indirect hemagglutination test showed an overall infection rate of 49.8% (167 of 335) that ranged 23-64.8% according to the locality. No association between antibody status and age or risk factors was detected. Higher antibody rates were found in a windward coast community, and...

Desarrollo de la Misión Milagro en Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Agüin, Victor

2011-01-01

La Misión Milagro, iniciativa Cubana apoyada por Venezuela, es una campaña de contenido social y humanitario, cuyo propósito es devolver la visión o curar diversos padecimientos oftalmológicos en los pueblos latinoamericanos. Debido a la deuda con las personas excluidas de la atención de salud y apartadas de la vida social y productiva por padecer problemas solucionables de salud visual, se considera necesario evaluar el desarrollo de la Misión Milagro en el territorio Venezolano. Se realizó ...

Soil gas radon concentration across faults near Caracas, Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sajo-Bohus, L.; Flores, N.; Urbani, F.; Carreno, R.

2001-01-01

SSNTD were used across tectonic features of different degree of activity and lithology in four localities north of Caracas, Venezuela. The homemade dosimeters with LR115 film were buried 20-30 cm in the ground. This cheap and low- tech method proved very useful to understand the tectonic features involved, measuring higher Radon concentration above traces of active faults while in old and sealed faults the results only show the effect of the surrounding lithology. Radon concentration range is 4.3 - 27.2 kB/m 3 . (Author)

From communal property to individual property in the republican agrarian scenario of Venezuela. The case study of Timotes, Merida De propiedad comunal a propiedad individual en el escenario agrario republicano de Venezuela. El caso de Timotes, Mérida

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Edda O. Samudio A.

2012-01-01

Full Text Available We dealed with here the long process events experienced by indigenous the communal property in Venezuela from its origins in century XVI, the anticorporative policy of the Borbones, to its extinction or suppression, when institutionalizing the individual property in Venezuela in century XIX, by referring particular to the Venezuelan Mérida. The analysis includes/understands the factors that took part in their progressive deterioration, propiciadores of the application of the legislation that determined its liquidation to culminate a stage of the individual dilemma versus community that characterized the agrarian policy of century XIX.Tratamos aquí el largo proceso de acontecimientos experimentados por la propiedad comunal indígena en Venezuela desde sus orígenes en el siglo XVI, la política anticorporativa de los Borbones, hasta su extinción o supresión, al institucionalizarse la propiedad individual en el siglo XIX, con referencia particular a la Mérida venezolana. El análisis comprende los factores que intervinieron en su progresivo deterioro, propiciadores de la aplicación de la legislación que determinó su liquidación para culminar una etapa del dilema individuo versus comunidad que caracterizó la política agraria del siglo XIX.

Wood anatomy of tribe Detarieae and comparison with tribe Caesalpinieae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Melandri, José Luis; de Pernía, Narcisana Espinoza

2009-01-01

We studied the wood anatomy of 29 species belonging to 10 genera of the tribe Detarieae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae and compare them with tribe Caesalpinieae. Detarieae is the largest of four tribes of Caesalpinioideae, with 84 genera, only eleven occur in Venezuela with species of timber importance. The specimens were collected in Venezuela and include wood samples from the collection of the Laboratorio de Anatomía de Maderas de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales de la Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela, and of the Forest Products Laboratory of the USDA Forest Service in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. The terminology and methodology used followed the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification of the IAWA Committee, 1989. Measurements from each specimen were averaged (vessel diameters, vessel element lengths, intervessels pit size, fibre lengths and ray height). The species of Detarieae can be separated using a combination of diagnostic features. Wood characters that provide the most important diagnosis and may be used in systematics of Detarieae include: intercellular axial canals, rays heterocellular, rays exclusively or predominantly uniseriate, prismatic crystals common in ray cells, irregular storied structure and fibre wall thickness. For comparative anatomy between Detarieae and Caesalpinieae: intercellular axial canals, heterocellular rays, rays exclusively or predominantly uniseriate, prismatic crystals common in ray cells (in Detarieae) and regular storied structure, fibres septate, fibre wall thick or very thick, rays homocellular, multiseriate rays and silica bodies (in Caesalpinieae). Axial parenchyma is typically a good diagnostic feature for Leguminosae, but not for Detarieae and Caesalpinieae comparisons.

Venezuela 1999–2014: Macro-Policy, Oil Governance and Economic Performance

OpenAIRE

Leonardo Vera

2015-01-01

During the administration of President Chavez, Venezuela registered some celebrated and encouraging socio-economic achievements, however; in the macroeconomic realm the country underperformed compared with other countries in Latin America of a similar size. The country, for instance, did not manage to avoid recurrent external crisis, suffered from unprecedented net transfers of financial resources abroad and, despite the oil windfall, has not accumulated a strong level of defensive internatio...

Losing Influence: Regional Effects of U.S. Foreign Policy with Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

2014-12-01

the Americas ICE Immigrations and Customs Enforcement ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes MAS Movement for...American states. As of 2012, countries such as Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile all export more goods to China than they do to the United States.7 In the...Iraq in 2003, it approached the UN Security Council seeking an approved UN resolution for military action. Latin America’s representatives, Chile

The periodicity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Grillet, María-Eugenia; El Souki, Mayida; Laguna, Francisco; León, José Rafael

2014-01-01

We investigated the periodicity of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum incidence in time-series of malaria data (1990-2010) from three endemic regions in Venezuela. In particular, we determined whether disease epidemics were related to local climate variability and regional climate anomalies such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Malaria periodicity was found to exhibit unique features in each studied region. Significant multi-annual cycles of 2- to about 6-year periods were identified. The inter-annual variability of malaria cases was coherent with that of SSTs (ENSO), mainly at temporal scales within the 3-6 year periods. Additionally, malaria cases were intensified approximately 1 year after an El Niño event, a pattern that highlights the role of climate inter-annual variability in the epidemic patterns. Rainfall mediated the effect of ENSO on malaria locally. Particularly, rains from the last phase of the season had a critical role in the temporal dynamics of Plasmodium. The malaria-climate relationship was complex and transient, varying in strength with the region and species. By identifying temporal cycles of malaria we have made a first step in predicting high-risk years in Venezuela. Our findings emphasize the importance of analyzing high-resolution spatial-temporal data to better understand malaria transmission dynamics. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Obligaciones legales de las asociaciones cooperativas bancos comunales en Venezuela

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Coromoto Aguilar González, Herleny

2009-06-01

Full Text Available n Venezuela se promulga la Ley Especial de Los Consejos Comunales en el año 2006. El Consejo Comunal está constituido por tres órganos: Órgano Ejecutivo, Unidad de Gestión Financiera, y Unidad de Contraloría Social. La Unidad de Gestión Financiera o Banco Comunal adquirirá la figura jurídica de cooperativa, por consiguiente el presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar los deberes formales que debe cumplir el Banco Comunal: 1. Inscribirse en los registros correspondientes; 2. Llevar Libros Legales; 3. Presentar Declaración Informativa de ISLR; 4. Practicar retención de ISLR; 5. Emitir factura de conformidad con lo establecido en la regulación venezolana.Venezuela promulgated the Special Law of the Communal Councils in 2006. The Communal Council is constituted by three agencies: Executive agency, Financial Management Unit, and Social comptroller Unit. The Financial Management Unit or Communal Bank will acquire the legal figure of a cooperative, therefore the present paper intends to analyze the formal duties established in the Venezuelan tax laws, that the Communal Bank must fulfil: 1. To register in the corresponding registration system; 2. Keep the accountancy Books required by tax laws; 3. To file an informative income tax return; 4. To practice income tax withholding; 5. To emit invoice in accordance with Venezuelan tax regulations.

Conservation science in developing countries: an inside perspective on the struggles in sea turtle research and conservation in Venezuela

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buitrago, Joaquin [Estacion de Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita, Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Apartado 144, Porlamar, Isla Margarita (Venezuela)], E-mail: jbuitrago@edimar.org; Guada, Hedelvy J. [Centro de Investigacion y Conservacion de Tortugas Marinas CICTMAR, Red de Conservacion de Tortugas Marinas en el Gran Caribe, WIDECAST, Apdo. 50.789, Caracas 1050-A (Venezuela); Doyle, Emma [5 Woodvale Close, St. Ives, N.S.W. 2075 (Australia)

2008-10-15

Human exploitation of sea turtles in Venezuela dates back at least 800 years and continues to the present day. The first concerns about the status of sea turtle populations arose in the 1970s, and the projects from this early era were a tagging program, beach evaluation and in situ nest protection. Since then, efforts to develop a sea turtle research and conservation sector in Venezuela have resulted in a number of successes and rather more failures. Among the achievements is a course 'Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation Techniques', which has now been run for 15 years and has educated several hundred participants and enabled the establishment of a valuable professional network, and the publication of the Venezuelan 'Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan' in 2000. But Venezuela shares with other developing countries some crucial shortcomings which have restricted the success of conservation and research efforts. Whilst regulations relating to protected areas and natural resource use have proliferated, enforcement is weak. Community-based projects and environmental education programs exist, but levels of participation are low. A large number of conservation approaches have been applied, including head-starting and nest translocation to hatcheries, but their value as conservation tools remains unproven. Research has increased, but its impact on decision-making is not significant. Taking an insider's perspective on the challenges to date in sea turtle research and conservation in Venezuela reveals much about the reality facing conservation scientists in developing countries and the forces that shape and can potentially derail research and conservation efforts.

Conservation science in developing countries: an inside perspective on the struggles in sea turtle research and conservation in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Buitrago, Joaquin; Guada, Hedelvy J.; Doyle, Emma

2008-01-01

Human exploitation of sea turtles in Venezuela dates back at least 800 years and continues to the present day. The first concerns about the status of sea turtle populations arose in the 1970s, and the projects from this early era were a tagging program, beach evaluation and in situ nest protection. Since then, efforts to develop a sea turtle research and conservation sector in Venezuela have resulted in a number of successes and rather more failures. Among the achievements is a course 'Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation Techniques', which has now been run for 15 years and has educated several hundred participants and enabled the establishment of a valuable professional network, and the publication of the Venezuelan 'Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan' in 2000. But Venezuela shares with other developing countries some crucial shortcomings which have restricted the success of conservation and research efforts. Whilst regulations relating to protected areas and natural resource use have proliferated, enforcement is weak. Community-based projects and environmental education programs exist, but levels of participation are low. A large number of conservation approaches have been applied, including head-starting and nest translocation to hatcheries, but their value as conservation tools remains unproven. Research has increased, but its impact on decision-making is not significant. Taking an insider's perspective on the challenges to date in sea turtle research and conservation in Venezuela reveals much about the reality facing conservation scientists in developing countries and the forces that shape and can potentially derail research and conservation efforts

Comprehensive Education Bolivarian-Style: The Alternative School in Barrio Pueblo Nuevo, Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Cole, Mike

2014-01-01

In this article, the author traces revolutionary developments in an alternative school in Barrio Pueblo Nuevo, Mérida, in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, a school that caters for students between 4 and 14. He begins by recounting some fieldwork done at the school on his behalf by Edward Ellis in 2010. He goes on to discuss a video made at…

[Cities and oil. Historical and prospective aspects of the urban population of Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Papail, J; Picquet, M

1989-01-01

The authors present a historical overview of urbanization in Venezuela. The impact of the oil economy on population change and spatial distribution is emphasized. A typology of cities based on socioeconomic function and on a demographic classification of urban centers is devised. Future trends in urbanization are also considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Morphological abnormalities in the cibarium of Lutzomyia evansi (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) caught in Trujillo, Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

Méndez-de Daboín, Yolanda; Oviedo-Araújo, Milagros; González-Pérez, Adalberto; Suárez-Hernández, Jorge; Sandoval, Claudia M; Cazorla, Dalmiro

2015-01-01

Lutzomyia evansi is a recognized vector of Leishmania infantum in Colombia and Venezuela. To describe and illustrate the morphological abnormalities in Lu. evansi females captured in a rural focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Trujillo, Venezuela. Phlebotomine sand flies were collected using CDC light traps, Shannon traps and aspiration in resting places. The identification was performed according to Young & Duncan (1994) and drawings were made using a microscope with camara lucida . Abnormalities in the cibarium of Lu. evansi were detected in 4 (0.12%) females of the 3,477 adults that were studied. Lutzomyia evansi can have uncommon morphological variants associated with an increase in the number of teeth in the cibarium and their arrangement, which may lead to errors in the taxonomic identification of anomalous specimens. The study of such deformities can serve to avoid taxonomic identification errors.

Funciones de la supervición escolar en Venezuela. Aproximación a un modelo

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Amada Mogollón de González

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Esta investigación tiene como propósito presentar la aproximación a un Modelo para las funciones de la supervisión escolar en Venezuela sustentado en los ámbitos, acción supervisora y funciones denominadas: Técnicas, Administrativas, Sociales, de Asistencia y Mediación. El modelo se fundamentó teóricamente en Kaufman, Stufflebeam, Teoría de Sistemas de Bertalanffy, enfoque humanista y jerarquía de las necesidades de Maslow. Es una investigación de campo realizada en Venezuela en los estados: Nueva Esparta, Distrito Federal, Carabobo, Lara, Táchira, Barinas y Delta Amacuro. El instrumento arrojó resultados que evidenciaron deficiencias, omisiones y ausencias durante el hecho supervisorio y su validación condujo a garantizar el éxito y calidad en la supervisión educativa venezolana.

Military nurses in Venezuela and training process

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Claudia Izquierdo-Martínez

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Nursing career professionals with solid-humanistic way scientific, ethical and basis in order that they can properly integrate the multidisciplinary team to creatively solve health problems through nursing care. This article analyzes the formation of the military nurse in Venezuela, with the help of logical historical method to uncover trends and regularities that characterize this process. The nurse is a professional attitudes, values, knowledge and skills to assume their social responsibility, applying theories and models of discipline in the promotion, prevention, recovery and rehabilitation of health. Similarly, military nurse career provides to the military institution and especially health institutions of the country leadership training in the management of custodial care, management and research on health and committed to education continues in his practice.

ALCANCE JURISPRUDENCIAL DE LA INICIATIVA LEGISLATIVA RESERVADA DEL GOBIERNO NACIONAL

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Manuel Alberto Restrepo Medina

2008-11-01

Full Text Available A pesar de que en el constitucionalismo colombiano la regla general es el principio de libertad de iniciativa legislativa de los miembros del Congreso en el proceso de formación de las leyes, la Constitución ha establecido respecto de ciertas materias que la iniciativa corresponde de manera exclusiva al Gobierno Nacional. En ese orden de ideas, el presente artículo expone los argumentos empleados por la Corte Constitucional para precisar el alcance de la aplicación de las causales que limita la iniciativa legislativa en forma reservada al Gobierno Nacional.

La seguridad alimentaria en Venezuela. 1. Una evaluación de los sub-objetivos suficiencia, acceso, disponibilidad y estabilidad. Período 1999-2012

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Daniel Castro Aniyar

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo evaluó los alcances en seguridad alimentaria del Sistema Socialista de Soberanía Alimentaria en Venezuela (SSSA desde el año 1999 hasta el 2012, a partir de los sub-objetivos suficiencia, acceso, disponibilidad y estabilidad. Para tal fin, se comparó información extraída de los discursos oficiales, de políticas públicas, de diarios de campo entre 22 emprendimientos del poder popular (sociedad civil convocada, a lo largo de ese período y de los indicadores socioeconómicos desde diferentes fuentes a nivel nacional y regional. Se concluye que, para estos sub-objetivos, mejoraron los indicadores de suficiencia, disponibilidad real, acceso de manera relativamente estable para ese período y pobreza asociada, en relación con los niveles anteriores al SSSA. De mantenerse estas condiciones, el país lograría la meta de reducir la pobreza a la mitad para el 2015 según los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de la ONU y asociados. Estos indicadores fueron desarrollados principalmente mediante estrategias de provisión, comercialización, distribución y regulación de precios. Sin embargo, tal mejoría no se acompaña de aumentos suficientes de producción y de tierras cultivadas.

La seguridad alimentaria en Venezuela. 1. Una evaluación de los sub-objetivos suficiencia, acceso, disponibilidad y estabilidad. Período 1999-2012

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Daniel Castro Aniyar

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo evaluó los alcances en seguridad alimentaria del Sistema Socialista de Soberanía Alimentaria en Venezuela (SSSA desde el año 1999 hasta el 2012, a partir de los sub-objetivos suficiencia, acceso, disponibilidad y estabilidad. Para tal fin, se comparó información extraída de los discursos oficiales, de políticas públicas, de diarios de campo entre 22 emprendimientos del poder popular (sociedad civil convocada, a lo largo de ese período y de los indicadores socioeconómicos desde diferentes fuentes a nivel nacional y regional. Se concluye que, para estos sub-objetivos, mejoraron los indicadores de suficiencia, disponibilidad real, acceso de manera relativamente estable para ese período y pobreza asociada, en relación con los niveles anteriores al SSSA. De mantenerse estas condiciones, el país lograría la meta de reducir la pobreza a la mitad para el 2015 según los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de la ONU y asociados. Estos indicadores fueron desarrollados principalmente mediante estrategias de provisión, comercialización, distribución y regulación de precios. Sin embargo, tal mejoría no se acompaña de aumentos suficientes de producción y de tierras cultivadas.

Helen Howitt: una semilla canadiense en la enfermería latinoamericana Helen Howitt: uma semente canadense na enfermagem latino-americana Helen Howitt: A Canadian seed in Latin American nursing

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ANA LUISA VELANDIA MORA

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo se propone hacer visible la presencia de Helen Howitt en la enfermería latinoamericana. Paralelamente pretende hacer un análisis de la influencia política del Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Salud Pública en la enfermería de la región y la presencia de organizaciones religiosas, especialmente norteamericanas, en varios países latinoamericanos. Helen Howitt, enfermera canadiense egresada de la Universidad de Alberta, fue enviada en 1942 por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS para que asesorara en Colombia al Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social. Pasó a formar parte del proyecto de apertura y organización de la Escuela Nacional Superior de Enfermeras, y fue su primera directora. Helen Howitt fue directora de la Escuela de Enfermería del Hospital Santo Tomás de la Zona del Canal de Panamá entre 1933 y 1938, luego fundadora y primera directora de la Escuela Nacional Superior de Enfermeras de Colombia entre los años 1943 y 1951; posteriormente de la Escuela Nacional de Enfermeras de Bolivia entre 1953 y 1959, cuando fue invitada a cumplir un cargo similar en Venezuela. A todos estos países llegó primero como consultora del respectivo Ministerio de Salud, a través de convenios con el Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Salud Pública. La Fundación Rockefeller daba becas para todos los países latinos. En la Escuela del Hospital Santo Tomás de Panamá había estudiantes de toda la América Central, Venezuela, Colombia, hasta del Ecuador y la Argentina. La Rockefeller quería unificar la enfermería en toda Latinoamérica. Llegó primero a Venezuela; y las enfermeras que se graduaron en Panamá fueron las líderes en América Latina, donde trataron de fundar escuelas.O presente trabalho pretende visibilizar a presença de Hellen Howitt na enfermagem latino-americana. Paralelamente, procura fazer uma análise sobre a influência política do Serviço Cooperativo Interamericano de Sa

Helen Howitt: una semilla canadiense en la enfermería latinoamericana Helen Howitt: A Canadian seed in Latin American nursing Helen Howitt: uma semente canadense na enfermagem latino-americana

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VELANDIA MORA ANA LUISA

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo se propone hacer visible la presencia de Helen Howitt en la enfermería latinoamericana. Paralelamente pretende hacer un análisis de la influencia política del Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Salud Pública en la enfermería de la región y la presencia de organizaciones religiosas, especialmente norteamericanas, en varios países latinoamericanos. Helen Howitt, enfermera canadiense egresada de la Universidad de Alberta, fue enviada en 1942 por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS para que asesorara en Colombia al Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social. Pasó a formar parte del proyecto de apertura y organización de la Escuela Nacional Superior de Enfermeras, y fue su primera directora. Helen Howitt fue directora de la Escuela de Enfermería del Hospital Santo Tomás de la Zona del Canal de Panamá entre 1933 y 1938, luego fundadora y primera directora de la Escuela Nacional Superior de Enfermeras de Colombia entre los años 1943 y 1951; posteriormente de la Escuela Nacional de Enfermeras de Bolivia entre 1953 y 1959, cuando fue invitada a cumplir un cargo similar en Venezuela. A todos estos países llegó primero como consultora del respectivo Ministerio de Salud, a través de convenios con el Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Salud Pública. La Fundación Rockefeller daba becas para todos los países latinos. En la Escuela del Hospital Santo Tomás de Panamá había estudiantes de toda la América Central, Venezuela, Colombia, hasta del Ecuador y la Argentina. La Rockefeller quería unificar la enfermería en toda Latinoamérica. Llegó primero a Venezuela; y las enfermeras que se graduaron en Panamá fueron las líderes en América Latina, donde trataron de fundar escuelas.This work's purpose is to make more visible Hellen Howitt's presence in Latin American nursing. At the same time it pretends to make an analysis on the political influence of the Interamerican Cooperative Public

Ethics, Risk, and Media Intervention: Women’s Breast Cancer in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Eid, Mahmoud; Nahon-Serfaty, Isaac

2016-01-01

Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are of concern among Latin American women, mainly due to the growing prevalence of this disease and the lack of compliance to proper breast cancer screening and treatment. Focusing on Venezuelan women and the challenges and barriers that interact with their health communication, this paper looks into issues surrounding women’s breast cancer, such as the challenges and barriers to breast cancer care, the relevant ethics and responsibilities, the right to health, breast cancer risk perception and risk communication, and the media interventions that affect Venezuelan women’s perceptions and actions pertaining to this disease. In particular, it describes an action-oriented research project in Venezuela that was conducted over a four-year period of collaborative work among researchers, practitioners, NGOs, patients, journalists, and policymakers. The outcomes include positive indications on more effective interactions between physicians and patients, increasing satisfactions about issues of ethical treatment in providing healthcare services, more sufficient and responsible media coverage of breast cancer healthcare services and information, a widely supported declaration for a national response against breast cancer in Venezuela, and the creation of a code of ethics for the Venezuelan NGO that led the expansion of networking in support of women’s breast cancer healthcare. PMID:27867750

78 FR 44969 - Ferrosilicon From Russia and Venezuela; Institution of Antidumping Duty Investigations and...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-07-25

... From Russia and Venezuela; Institution of Antidumping Duty Investigations and Scheduling of Preliminary... of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports from Russia and... United States at less than fair value. Unless the Department of Commerce extends the time for initiation...

Five Years of Cyclotron Radioisotope Production Experiences at the First PET-CT in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Colmenter, L.; Coelho, D.; Esteves, L. M.; Ruiz, N.; Morales, L.; Lugo, I.; Sajo-Bohus, L.; Liendo, J. A.; Greaves, E. D.; Barros, H.; Castillo, J.

2007-01-01

Five years operation of a compact cyclotron installed at PET-CT facility in Caracas, Venezuela is given. Production rate of 18 F labeled FDG, operation and radiation monitoring experience are included. We conclude that 18 FDG CT-PET is the most effective technique for patient diagnosis

Evolutionary and Ecological Characterization of Mayaro Virus Strains Isolated during an Outbreak, Venezuela, 2010.

Science.gov (United States)

Auguste, Albert J; Liria, Jonathan; Forrester, Naomi L; Giambalvo, Dileyvic; Moncada, Maria; Long, Kanya C; Morón, Dulce; de Manzione, Nuris; Tesh, Robert B; Halsey, Eric S; Kochel, Tadeusz J; Hernandez, Rosa; Navarro, Juan-Carlos; Weaver, Scott C

2015-10-01

In 2010, an outbreak of febrile illness with arthralgic manifestations was detected at La Estación village, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. The etiologic agent was determined to be Mayaro virus (MAYV), a reemerging South American alphavirus. A total of 77 cases was reported and 19 were confirmed as seropositive. MAYV was isolated from acute-phase serum samples from 6 symptomatic patients. We sequenced 27 complete genomes representing the full spectrum of MAYV genetic diversity, which facilitated detection of a new genotype, designated N. Phylogenetic analysis of genomic sequences indicated that etiologic strains from Venezuela belong to genotype D. Results indicate that MAYV is highly conserved genetically, showing ≈17% nucleotide divergence across all 3 genotypes and 4% among genotype D strains in the most variable genes. Coalescent analyses suggested genotypes D and L diverged ≈150 years ago and genotype diverged N ≈250 years ago. This virus commonly infects persons residing near enzootic transmission foci because of anthropogenic incursions.

[Entomological study of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors in the rural communities of Sucre state, Venezuela].

Science.gov (United States)

García-Jordán, Noris; Berrizbeitia, Mariolga; Concepción, Juan Luis; Aldana, Elis; Cáceres, Ana; Quiñones, Wilfredo

2015-01-01

The ecological niche of Reduvidae vectors has been modified due to environmental changes and human encroachment into the rural areas. This study evaluates the current entomological indices of triatomines responsible for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Sucre State, Venezuela. A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted in 95 towns and 577 dwellings in the 15 municipalities of the state of Sucre, Venezuela, from August to November, 2008. Triatomine bugs were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, and their feces examined for T. cruzi infection through direct microscopy. Positive slides were stained with Giemsa and parasites were identified by morphologic characterization. The entomological indices expressing the highest values were dispersion (16.67%) and household colonization (33.33%). The triatomine species captured were: Rhodnius prolixus , Rhodnius main intradomiciliary vector. Despite the low index of vector infection (1.72%), the existence of species with domiciliary and peridomiciliary reproductive success ensures the persistence of the epidemiological chain both for the disease and the parasite.

Molecular epidemiology of human sporotrichosis in Venezuela reveals high frequency of Sporothrix globosa.

Science.gov (United States)

Camacho, Emma; León-Navarro, Isabel; Rodríguez-Brito, Sabrina; Mendoza, Mireya; Niño-Vega, Gustavo A

2015-02-25

Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal disease of humans and other mammals, known to be caused by the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, which comprises four species of clinical importance: S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. luriei, and S. schenckii sensu stricto. Of them, S. globosa and S. schenckii s. str. show global distribution and differences in global frequency as causal agents of the disease. In the Americas, only three species are present: S. schenckii s. str., S. brasiliensis (so far, only reported in Brazil), and S. globosa. In Venezuela, since the first case of sporotrichosis reported in 1935, S. schenckii have been considered its unique etiological agent. In the present work, the presence of more than one species in the country was evaluated. By phenotypic key features and molecular phylogeny analyses, we re-examined 30 isolates from diverse Venezuelan regions belonging to the fungi collection of Instituto de Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela, and national reference center for skin diseases. All isolates were collected between 1973 and 2013, and maintained in distilled water. Sporotrichosis in Venezuela is mainly caused by S. schenckii s. str. (70%). However, a significant proportion (30%) of sporotrichosis cases in the country can be attributable to S. globosa. A correlation between intraspecific genotypes and clinical presentation is proposed. Our data suggest that sporotrichosis various clinical forms might be related to genetic diversity of isolates, and possibly, to diverse virulence profiles previously reported in the S. schenckii species complex. Sporothrix globosa was found to be the causative agent of 30% of sporotrichosis for the Venezuelan cases re-examined, the highest frequency of this species so far reported in the Americas. The high genetic variability presented by S. schenckii s. str. indicates that species distinction based on phenotypic key features could be a challenging and uncertain task; molecular identification

Derechos de propiedad, compañías petroleras, Estado y renta en Venezuela

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Jesús MORA CONTRERAS

2010-02-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: Este artículo muestra que las compañías petroleras internacionales han estado haciendo negocios en Venezuela durante más de cuatro quintas partes de casi un siglo de historia de la industria petrolera en este país (1917-2009. Muestra también que lo que ha cambiado para ellas a lo largo del tiempo es la manera de hacer negocios en la industria petrolera venezolana, valga decir, los términos y condiciones de acceso a las actividades de exploración y producción que les ha impuesto el propietario del recurso natural, relacionados particularmente con el reparto de la renta petrolera internacional. El artículo, dividido en cuatro secciones, es una síntesis de la historia del derecho de propiedad del subsuelo, de las compañías petroleras, del Estado y de la renta petrolera internacional en Venezuela desde 1920 hasta el presente. ABSTRACT: This paper shows that in almost a century of history of the Venezuelan oil industry (1917-2009, International Oil Companies (IOCs have been doing business in this country for just more than fourth fifth of this period (74/92 years. It shows too that during that time, what has been changing in this country for the oil companies, IOCs or National Oil Companies (NOCs, is the way of doing business in the upstream of the oil industry: the terms and conditions of the owner of the underground property rights. Terms and conditions mean in this context how much of the oil generated rents in the underground public and national property rights goes to the pockets of the oil companies and government. This paper summarizes the history of the underground property rights, oil companies, the State, and rent in Venezuela from 1920 up to the present.

High Precision Optical Observations of Space Debris in the Geo Ring from Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Lacruz, E.; Abad, C.; Downes, J. J.; Casanova, D.; Tresaco, E.

2018-01-01

We present preliminary results to demonstrate that our method for detection and location of Space Debris (SD) in the geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) ring, based on observations at the OAN of Venezuela is of high astrometric precision. A detailed explanation of the method, its validation and first results is available in (Lacruz et al. 2017).

Evolución histórica de la función de recursos humanos en Venezuela

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Miguel Rendueles Mata

2008-01-01

Full Text Available La administración de los Recursos Humanos constituye el resultado de una serie de eventos a través del tiempo, sus inicios en Venezuela coinciden con la explotación del petróleo. Con la llegada al país de multinacionales petroleras arribaron nuevas técnicas y prácticas administrativas, entre ellas, aquellas relacionadas con el manejo del personal. A través del presente artículo conoceremos su evolución a través del tiempo desde el concepto del simple personal hasta llegar a nuestros días bajo el significado del capital humano, encontrándose en Venezuela unidades de recursos humanos que reconocen el valor del conocimiento de su personal para contribuir con la estrategia del negocio.

An Estimate of Recoverable Heavy Oil Resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Schenk, Christopher J.; Cook, Troy A.; Charpentier, Ronald R.; Pollastro, Richard M.; Klett, Timothy R.; Tennyson, Marilyn E.; Kirschbaum, Mark A.; Brownfield, Michael E.; Pitman, Janet K.

2009-01-01

The Orinoco Oil Belt Assessment Unit of the La Luna-Quercual Total Petroleum System encompasses approximately 50,000 km2 of the East Venezuela Basin Province that is underlain by more than 1 trillion barrels of heavy oil-in-place. As part of a program directed at estimating the technically recoverable oil and gas resources of priority petroleum basins worldwide, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated the recoverable oil resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt Assessment Unit. This estimate relied mainly on published geologic and engineering data for reservoirs (net oil-saturated sandstone thickness and extent), petrophysical properties (porosity, water saturation, and formation volume factors), recovery factors determined by pilot projects, and estimates of volumes of oil-in-place. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated a mean volume of 513 billion barrels of technically recoverable heavy oil in the Orinoco Oil Belt Assessment Unit of the East Venezuela Basin Province; the range is 380 to 652 billion barrels. The Orinoco Oil Belt Assessment Unit thus contains one of the largest recoverable oil accumulations in the world.

THE ENTRANCE OF VENEZUELA IN MERCOSUR: ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

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Rafael Schmuziger Goldzweig

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The paper aims to study the perception of the political agents of the Congress through the analysis of their votes on the context of the acceptance of Venezuela into MERCOSUR, relating it to the potential gains coming from its admission. The relevance of the topic is justified by the importance that the bloc would acquire accepting a new member, considering the expansion of the internal consumer market and the increase of oil reserves of the bloc. Therefore, the intention is to clarify the political situation favorable to the integration and, taking the Brazilian perception in consideration, establish the relationship between economic gains that would come from the acceptance of Venezuela as a state member and the political discourse regarding this subject in the National Congress. Through the votes of deputies and senators we mapped the variables that act as important factors in the decision-making process of lawmakers. It was found that the party influence, though strong, suffers marginal effects of variables such as the influence of regional and local interests when it comes to voting on foreign policy.

History of the Instituto Nacional de Electrificacion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2002-01-01

The article discusses the aspects of evolution of the Instituto Nacional de Electrificacion (INDE) that is the national institution responsible for the electrification program at national level in Guatemala. The following aspects are reviewed: electric energy generation in Guatemala since 1894, main hydro power plants installed, power generation, energy supply and future projects

Visita al Parque Nacional Isla del Coco

OpenAIRE

Malavassi, Eduardo

2011-01-01

El Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, en Costa Rica, fue visitado por espacio de cinco días, en el año 1981, en el marco de una expedición organizada por el Servicio de Parques Nacionales y el Servicio de Patrullaje Marítimo del Ministerio de Seguridad Pública.

Lithospheric Expressions of the Precambrian Shield, Mesozoic Rifting, and Cenozoic Subduction and Mountain Building in Venezuela

Science.gov (United States)

Levander, A.; Masy, J.; Niu, F.

2013-05-01

The Caribbean (CAR)-South American (SA) plate boundary in Venezuela is a broad zone of faulting and diffuse deformation. GPS measurements show the CAR moving approximately 2 cm/yr relative to SA, parallel to the strike slip fault system in the east, with more oblique convergence in the west (Weber et al., 2001) causing the southern edge of the Caribbean to subduct beneath northwestern South America. The west is further complicated by the motion of the triangular Maracaibo block, which is escaping northeastward relative to SA along the Bocono and Santa Marta Faults. In central and eastern Venezuela, plate motion is accommodated by transpression and transtension along the right lateral San Sebastian- El Pilar strike-slip fault system. The strike-slip system marks the northern edge of coastal thrust belts and their associated foreland basins. The Archean-Proterozoic Guayana Shield, part of the Amazonian Craton, underlies southeastern and south-central Venezuela. We used the 87 station Venezuela-U.S. BOLIVAR array (Levander et al., 2006) to investigate lithospheric structure in northern South America. We combined finite-frequency Rayleigh wave tomography with Ps and Sp receiver functions to determine lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) depth. We measured Rayleigh phase velocities from 45 earthquakes in the period band 20-100s. The phase velocities were inverted for 1D shear velocity structure on a 0.5 by 0.5 degree grid. Crustal thickness for the starting model was determined from active seismic experiments and receiver function analysis. The resulting 3D shear velocity model was then used to determine the depth of the LAB, and to CCP stack Ps and Sp receiver functions from ~45 earthquakes. The receiver functions were calculated in several frequency bands using iterative deconvolution and inverse filtering. Lithospheric thickness varies by more a factor of 2.5 across Venezuela. We can divide the lithosphere into several distinct provinces, with LAB depth

El Mediterráneo en la Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional 2013

OpenAIRE

Marquina Barrio, Antonio

2014-01-01

Los planteamientos sobre el Mediterráneo que se realizan en la Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional 2013 son unos planteamientos en buena parte deficientes que no tienen en cuenta profundos cambios acontecidos en el Mediterráneo y su espacio de seguridad en los últimos años. El artículo expone las principales modificaciones que habría que introducir para hacer frente a las simplificaciones y omisiones que la Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional 2013 presenta con respecto al Mediterráneo.

Identidad nacional y legitimidad del tribunal de justicia

OpenAIRE

Azpitarte Sánchez, Miguel

2017-01-01

El presente trabajo plantea en qué medida la identidad nacional es utilizada para articular por parte del Tribunal de Justicia el conflicto centro/periferia. A estos efectos el núcleo central del trabajo estructura y analiza la jurisprudencia, intenta

Applicability and optimization of SAGD in eastern Venezuela reservoirs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pina R, J.A.; Bashbush, J.L.; Fernandez, E.A. [Schlumberger, Caracas (Venezuela)

2008-10-15

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is one of the most effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. In Venezuela, a significant amount of heavy oil in place has been mapped, but limited areas have been developed. Suitable EOR methods need to be applied to extend the productive life of these reservoirs and increase their recovery factors. This paper presented and described an evaluation and stepwise optimization process for a steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) project using a representative sector model from a field with fluid and reservoir characteristics from an eastern Venezuela formation. The purpose of the study was to understand the impact of key parameters in the process specific to the selected area and to understand the effects on the recovery factor in these reservoirs, which have previously produced with primary recovery mechanisms. The paper discussed a sensitivity analysis that was performed using thermal simulation. Thermal simulation and pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis were described. Parameters that were analyzed included vertical well spacing, injection steam rate, well flowing pressure, and horizontal length of the well pair. The paper also presented a brief analysis of the effect on oil recovery from the angle of dip in the reservoir and the orientation of the well pair with regard to the direction of dip. A comparison between two- and three- pseudocomponent model results was also provided. The authors recommended that economic analyses should accompany the final optimization sequence, to incorporate financial and technical considerations for the selection design of the SAGD pilot. 7 refs., 12 tabs., 18 figs.

Malaria in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: current challenges in malaria control and elimination.

Science.gov (United States)

Recht, Judith; Siqueira, André M; Monteiro, Wuelton M; Herrera, Sonia M; Herrera, Sócrates; Lacerda, Marcus V G

2017-07-04

In spite of significant progress towards malaria control and elimination achieved in South America in the 2000s, this mosquito-transmitted tropical disease remains an important public health concern in the region. Most malaria cases in South America come from Amazon rain forest areas in northern countries, where more than half of malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence has decreased in recent years. This review discusses current malaria data, policies and challenges in four South American Amazon countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Challenges to continuing efforts to further decrease malaria incidence in this region include: a significant increase in malaria cases in recent years in Venezuela, evidence of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections, peri-urban malaria, gold mining-related malaria, malaria in pregnancy, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and primaquine use, and possible under-detection of Plasmodium malariae. Some of these challenges underscore the need to implement appropriate tools and procedures in specific regions, such as a field-compatible molecular malaria test, a P. malariae-specific test, malaria diagnosis and appropriate treatment as part of regular antenatal care visits, G6PD test before primaquine administration for P. vivax cases (with weekly primaquine regimen for G6PD deficient individuals), single low dose of primaquine for P. falciparum malaria in Colombia, and national and regional efforts to contain malaria spread in Venezuela urgently needed especially in mining areas. Joint efforts and commitment towards malaria control and elimination should be strategized based on examples of successful regional malaria fighting initiatives, such as PAMAFRO and RAVREDA/AMI.

Spatio-Temporal modelling of Dengue Fever in Zulia state, Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Cabrera, Maritza

2014-01-01

Over half of the world's population are at risk of infection from dengue fever (Guha-Sapir2005). This viral disease is transmitted by the female Aedes aegypti mosquito and is the major source of human death in the world when compared with any other vector borne disease (Gubler1998a). The first important epidemic of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in America was reported in Cuba in 1981 and subsequently in Venezuela during 1989 and 1990 (Oletta2006, Brightmer1998). There has been a trend of in...

Challenging the norm? International election accompaniment in Nicaragua and Venezuela

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Shelley MCCONNEL

2015-08-01

Full Text Available International election monitoring has been touted as a regional norm in the Western hemisphere, but recent reforms in Venezuela and Nicaragua substituted a diminished international role of electoral accompaniment. This article traces the initial acceptance and later limitation of international election monitoring in those countries to explore whether the change constitutes norm localization or norm defection. It concludes that the norm is not as well institutionalized in the hemisphere as conventionally thought, and that models need to assess together national and international monitoring capacities.

O desenvolvimento econômico da Venezuela, 1950/2006

OpenAIRE

Romina Batista de Lucena de Souza

2008-01-01

O objetivo desta tese é avaliar a contribuição do petróleo no desenvolvimento econômico da Venezuela, entre 1950/2006. Investiga-se por que uma economia rica em petróleo ainda não conseguiu industrializar-se. Seguindo os diferentes períodos governamentais, examinam-se a contribuição das políticas macroeconômicas sobre o desenvolvimento e a questão da doença holandesa e do capitalismo rentístico. Segundo a teoria da base econômica, as regiões crescem em torno de uma base exportadora, exercendo...

Estado nacional, globalización y democracia

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Wilson Alcides Valenzuela Pérez

2018-02-01

Full Text Available La definición de Estado nacional que Hans Kelsen expone en su obra clásica del pensamiento jurídico Teoría general del Derecho y del Estado lo caracteriza como organización política, que crea una comunidad nacional con el objeto de ejercer el poder político en el marco de un orden normativo válido para un espacio territorial delimitado, mediante el cual, se garantiza el principio de autodeterminación de un pueblo y su complemento necesario: la soberanía. Sin embargo, con motivo de los procesos de globalización, en particular, globalización de la economía de mercado, las decisiones más importantes que afectan al Estado se toman en los organismos económicos internacionales como el Fondo Monetario Internacional o el Banco Mundial, con lo cual, los principios de autodeterminación y de soberanía propios de la clásica definición del Estado nacional son puestos en cuestión y se han convertido en una mera ficción. Ante esa realidad, la idea de una sociedad cosmopolita, postulada por Kant hace ya más de doscientos años, retoma su vigencia, salvo que ahora, a la distancia histórica, la propuesta kantiana debe ser implementada por la democratización de los procesos de constitución de un nuevo orden mundial. El presente artículo explora la posibilidad de fortalecer la democracia gracias a una reconstrucción de los principios de la Ilustración, aplicados a una sociedad cosmopolita mediante la práctica del poder comunicativo de los ciudadanos que, suponemos, producirá el desencadenamiento de las libertades comunicativas en el horizonte teórico propuesto por Habermas.

Population differentiation of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) from Colombia and Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Monsalve, Yoman; Panzera, Francisco; Herrera, Leidi; Triana-Chávez, Omar; Gómez-Palacio, Andrés

2016-06-01

The emerging vector of Chagas disease, Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), is one of the most widely distributed Triatoma species in northern South America. Despite its increasing relevance as a vector, no consistent picture of the magnitude of genetic and phenetic diversity has yet been developed. Here, several populations of T. maculata from eleven Colombia and Venezuela localities were analyzed based on the morphometry of wings and the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) gene sequences. Our results showed clear morphometric and genetic differences among Colombian and Venezuelan populations, indicating high intraspecific diversity. Inter-population divergence is suggested related to East Cordillera in Colombia. Analyses of other populations from Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil from distinct eco-geographic regions are still needed to understand its systematics and phylogeography as well as its actual role as a vector of Chagas disease. © 2016 The Society for Vector Ecology.

Democracia y conflicto en Venezuela.

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Juan Eduardo Romero

2011-08-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo aborda el tema de la democracia en Venezuela desde una perspectiva múltiple y variada. Parte de la consideración de un conjunto de variables (papel del Estado en la sociedad globalizada, la política y el ejercicio del poder, la economía, la política social, los movimientos sociales y las protestas colectivas, medio ambiente y grupos étnicos para realizar una ponderación del curso y los retos de la sociedad democrática venezolana en el período 1988-2008. El trabajo maneja el análisis desde la óptica de la comparación histórica, la historia crítica, la sociología histórica y el pensamiento político para establecer las principales tendencias que ha adquirido la democracia venezolana en cada una de esas variables en el período estudiado, así como la prospectiva que pueden adquirir en los próximos años.

Autoritarismo, cultura e identidade nacional (1930-1945

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Ricardo Luiz de Souza

2012-06-01

Full Text Available  O texto busca traçar uma síntese das diretrizes ideológicas da Revolução de Trinta e, mais especificamente, do Estado Novo, e mostrar como tais diretrizes embasaram o projeto cultural prevalecente no período. Tentando situar as origens e significados de tais diretrizes, busca, também, demonstrar como o debate sobre a identidade nacional fundamentou tal projeto e situou-se nas origens da própria ideologia autoritária.Palavras-chave: ideologia, cultura, identidade nacional.   Abstract The text search’s to trace a synthesis of the ideological lines of direction of the Revolution of Thirty and, more specifically, of the New State, and to show as such lines of direction had based the cultural project prevalecent in the period. Tryng to point out the origins and meanings of such Iines of direction, it search’s, also, to demonstrate as the debate on the national identity based such project and was placed in the origins of the proper authoritarian ideologyKeywords: ideology, culture, national identity. 

The Conserved Actinobacterial Two-Component System MtrAB Coordinates Chloramphenicol Production with Sporulation in Streptomyces venezuelae NRRL B-65442

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Nicolle F. Som

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Streptomyces bacteria make numerous secondary metabolites, including half of all known antibiotics. Production of antibiotics is usually coordinated with the onset of sporulation but the cross regulation of these processes is not fully understood. This is important because most Streptomyces antibiotics are produced at low levels or not at all under laboratory conditions and this makes large scale production of these compounds very challenging. Here, we characterize the highly conserved actinobacterial two-component system MtrAB in the model organism Streptomyces venezuelae and provide evidence that it coordinates production of the antibiotic chloramphenicol with sporulation. MtrAB are known to coordinate DNA replication and cell division in Mycobacterium tuberculosis where TB-MtrA is essential for viability but MtrB is dispensable. We deleted mtrB in S. venezuelae and this resulted in a global shift in the metabolome, including constitutive, higher-level production of chloramphenicol. We found that chloramphenicol is detectable in the wild-type strain, but only at very low levels and only after it has sporulated. ChIP-seq showed that MtrA binds upstream of DNA replication and cell division genes and genes required for chloramphenicol production. dnaA, dnaN, oriC, and wblE (whiB1 are DNA binding targets for MtrA in both M. tuberculosis and S. venezuelae. Intriguingly, over-expression of TB-MtrA and gain of function TB- and Sv-MtrA proteins in S. venezuelae also switched on higher-level production of chloramphenicol. Given the conservation of MtrAB, these constructs might be useful tools for manipulating antibiotic production in other filamentous actinomycetes.

Short biography of Louis Daniel Beauperthuy (1807-71): pioneer of microbiology and medical science in Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Godoy, Gerardo A; Tarradath, Ewart

2010-02-01

Louis Daniel Beauperthuy was a pioneer of microbiology in Venezuela where he developed microscopic and clinical research together with academic and scientific observation related to leprosy and the role of insects in the transmission of febrile illnesses.

Evolution of the Radio-sterilized Tissues Bank of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares; Evolucion del Banco de Tejidos Radioesterilizados del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martinez P, M. E.; Reyes F, M. L.; Luna Z, D., E-mail: esther.martinez@inin.gob.mx [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2013-10-15

The Radio-sterilized Tissues Bank (RTB) of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) was established in 1997, as national project supported by the IAEA, who provided equipment, training and expert missions. In July of 1999, the Secretaria de Salud (Mexico) granted the sanitary license to the RTB. The first radio-sterilized tissue was the amnion. Later on, the process of frozen and lyophilized pig skin was development. Both tissue types are used as biological dressings in patient with burns, ulcers or on injuries difficult to heal, the amnion is also used for the damage treatment in the ocular surface. In 2003, the ININ improved the facilities of the RTB and in August of that same year the certification of the Quality Administration System was obtained under the standard ISO 9001:2000, at the present time ISO 9001:2008. The support of the IAEA granted to Mexico was of 1997-2004 and 2009-2012, by means of regional and inter regional projects where was obtained equipment and training mainly, for personal of the ININ and other institutions. With the last project supported by the IAEA, two very important documents were generated for the tissues bank of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, strengthening the interaction among these countries. To offer more radio-sterilized tissues to the medical community, in June of 2007 the RTB signed and agreement with the Secretaria de Salud of the Mexico State by means of the Centro Estatal de Transplantes del Estado de Mexico, for the process of muscle-skeletal tissue, skin and amnion. At present, besides amnion and pig skin, in the RTB there is in existence powdered and chips bone; concluding the validation stage the human skin process is. As a social function of the ININ, the RTB has contributed to the health improvement of patients of more than 50 hospital institutions, mainly those that assist to patient of low resources in different cities of

Chemical reageants management in laboratories of the Universidad Nacional

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José Carlos Mora Barrantes

2013-03-01

Full Text Available During years 2008-2009, a diagnostic regarding chemical reagents management (aspects related with; regulations, safety procedures, handle and storage conditions, etc in teaching and research laboratories of the Universidad Nacional, was carried out. In order to collect such information different strategies/methodologies were used: 1 application of an interview and questionnaire to the laboratories’ personnel, 2an inspection of the laboratories, 3 generation of chemical reagents database 4 work sessions with university management authorities and 5 interview with chemical products management personnel of public and private institutions .This study allowed to identify the actual conditions for the chemical reagents management at Universidad Nacional, for example; the different procedures for the segregation, storage, labeling and use of the chemicals, as well as the aspects related with; chemical database generation, material and safety equipment control, use of safety procedures, etc. Also, the study allowed to evaluate the existing management procedures executed by university authorities for handling them appropriately. As a conclusion, in order to conduct an adequate chemical reagents management at Universidad Nacional it is necessary to formulate and implement regulation (institutional procedures, protocols, etc and the establishment of an university office in charge of all the chemical reagents management activities and procedures. Also is necessary to generate national regulations focused on university activities (chemical reagents management as well as the existing for the industry chemical products control and regulation.

AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE GENES IN Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATES FROM CUMANA, VENEZUELA

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Bertinellys TEIXEIRA

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The enzymatic modification of aminoglycosides by aminoglycoside-acetyltransferases (AAC, aminoglycoside-adenyltransferases (AAD, and aminoglycoside-phosphotransferases (APH, is the most common resistance mechanism in P. aeruginosa and these enzymes can be coded on mobile genetic elements that contribute to their dispersion. One hundred and thirty seven P. aeruginosa isolates from the University Hospital, Cumana, Venezuela (HUAPA were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method and theaac, aadB and aph genes were detected by PCR. Most of the P. aeruginosa isolates (33/137 were identified from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU, mainly from discharges (96/137. The frequency of resistant P. aeruginosaisolates was found to be higher for the aminoglycosides tobramycin and amikacin (30.7 and 29.9%, respectively. Phenotype VI, resistant to these antibiotics, was the most frequent (14/49, followed by phenotype I, resistant to all the aminoglycosides tested (12/49. The aac(6´-Ib,aphA1 and aadB genes were the most frequently detected, and the simultaneous presence of several resistance genes in the same isolate was demonstrated. Aminoglycoside resistance in isolates ofP. aeruginosa at the HUAPA is partly due to the presence of the aac(6´-Ib, aphA1 andaadB genes, but the high rates of antimicrobial resistance suggest the existence of several mechanisms acting together. This is the first report of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Venezuela and one of the few in Latin America.

AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE GENES IN Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATES FROM CUMANA, VENEZUELA.

Science.gov (United States)

Teixeira, Bertinellys; Rodulfo, Hectorina; Carreño, Numirin; Guzmán, Militza; Salazar, Elsa; De Donato, Marcos

2016-01-01

The enzymatic modification of aminoglycosides by aminoglycoside-acetyltransferases (AAC), aminoglycoside-adenyltransferases (AAD), and aminoglycoside-phosphotransferases (APH), is the most common resistance mechanism in P. aeruginosa and these enzymes can be coded on mobile genetic elements that contribute to their dispersion. One hundred and thirty seven P. aeruginosa isolates from the University Hospital, Cumana, Venezuela (HUAPA) were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method and theaac, aadB and aph genes were detected by PCR. Most of the P. aeruginosa isolates (33/137) were identified from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), mainly from discharges (96/137). The frequency of resistant P. aeruginosaisolates was found to be higher for the aminoglycosides tobramycin and amikacin (30.7 and 29.9%, respectively). Phenotype VI, resistant to these antibiotics, was the most frequent (14/49), followed by phenotype I, resistant to all the aminoglycosides tested (12/49). The aac(6´)-Ib,aphA1 and aadB genes were the most frequently detected, and the simultaneous presence of several resistance genes in the same isolate was demonstrated. Aminoglycoside resistance in isolates ofP. aeruginosa at the HUAPA is partly due to the presence of the aac(6´)-Ib, aphA1 andaadB genes, but the high rates of antimicrobial resistance suggest the existence of several mechanisms acting together. This is the first report of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Venezuela and one of the few in Latin America.

Reorganización del Sistema Nacional de Salud, una gran transformación Ley 10 de 1990

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Ricardo Galán Morera

1990-04-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN El sistema Nacional de Salud Colombiano  se creó a través del Decreto No 056 de 1975 y constituyó un hito histórico de especial relevancia Nacional. Después de 14 años de funcionamiento, el Gobierno Nacional, consideró urgente y necesario efectuar su restructuración, para ponerlo acorde con la descentralización política, administrativa  y fiscal y con las políticas  gubernamentales de “Erradicación de la pobreza Absoluta”, “Plan Nacional  de Rehabilitación”, “Participación Comunitaria” y “Participación Ciudadana”. El presente artículo señala, a manera de “flash”, las principales  características de la ley 10 de 1990, mediante la cual se “Reorganiza el Sistema Nacional de salud y se dictan otras disposiciones”.

Del Puntofijisimo a la Quinta Republica: elecciones y democracia en Venezuela.

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Miriam Kornblith.

2003-07-01

Full Text Available The primary objective of this article is to demonstrate that political stability in Venezuela depends upon the relationship between collective political preferences and the decisions made by elected officials. The author analyzes electoral patterns in the country between 1989 and 2000, in order to evaluate the effects of the Punto Fijo Pact, created in 1958, the reasons for President Hugo Chávez’s political strengthening, and his efforts to “recreate the republic”.

Universities, Public Policy and Economic Development in Latin America: The Cases of Mexico and Venezuela.

Science.gov (United States)

Lorey, David E.

1992-01-01

Since establishment of national university systems in Mexico and Venezuela, three principal demands have dominated policy formation: government ideological demand; economic demand for expertise; and political and social demand for upward mobility through education. Tensions between these demands have stemmed from economic inability to sustain…

A globalização, o estado nacional e a soberania brasileira

OpenAIRE

DIDONE, André Rubens

1999-01-01

Globalização é a palavra-chave da economia internacional. Neste contexto, é muito importante a clara definição da posição de Estado Nacional e da Soberania Nacional em um mundo globalizado. Países desenvolvidos e não-desenvolvidos deve equacionar seus relacionamentos para que os objetivos de economia internacional se concretizem. O artigo faz referências à estas temáticas e aborda a conjuntura atual, segundo os conceitos vigentes.

DIRECTRICES PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE UN PLAN PARA LA MIGRACIÓN A TELEVISIÓN DIGITAL TERRESTRE (TDT) EN VENEZUELA

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José Rafael Uzcátegui; José Francisco Torres; Nelson Pérez García; Luís Duque; Zeldívar Bruzual

2010-01-01

En octubre 2009, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela adoptó el estándar ISDB-Tb (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting – Terrestrial Built On), de origen japonés, y con las mejoras introducidas por Brasil, como base para el sistema de Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) en Venezuela. Con la elección del estándar se inicia el camino hacia la solución de transcendentales aspectos de carácter técnico y legal que permitan la prestación de un servicio de Televisión Digital Terrestre cónsono co...

LA SALUD EN EL PROCESO DE DESCENTRALIZACION TERRITORIAL EN VENEZUELA

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Maritza Avila Urdaneta

2001-07-01

Full Text Available La estrategia de la descentralización del Estado se inicia con la aprobación de la Ley de Descentralización, Delimitación y Transferencia de Competencias del Poder Público (LOD en diciembre de 1989. El propósito de la descentralización es aumentar la capacidad de respuesta eficiente del sistema de servicios a los problemas de salud a la población entre los diferentes niveles de poder central, estadal y municipal, así como brindarle una mayor participación a las comunidades en su solución. En Venezuela las instituciones que prestan servicios de salud son numerosas, en su mayoría independientes y ausentes de una coordinación efectiva por parte del Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social (MSAS, ente creado en 1936 con mayor injerencia en los asuntos relativos a la salud. El MSAS se orienta hacia una política de centralización normativa – procedimental y desconcentración programática que consiste en la transferencia de las funciones administrativas, requeridas para el desarrollo de los programas, a los órganos regionales del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Destaca que el MSAS delimitará a las comunidades territorial, demográfica y técnicamente, en función del establecimiento de atención integral a la salud que le preste sus servicios. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el proceso de descentralización de la salud, tomando en cuenta la actual coyuntura sociopolítica y económica en el marco de la nueva Constitución Bolivariana (1999. La muestra está constituida por los Estados Monagas, Carabobo, Aragua, Falcón y Zulia. Los resultados se concretan en el aumento de la productividad y calidad de los servicios de atención médica; simplificación de los procesos administrativos y el fortalecimiento de la democracia, al contar con una comunidad involucrada y satisfecha con el servicio de salud. Se concluye que el proceso de descentralización municipal ha sido frenado por el Gobierno central en los Estados Monagas y

Componentes del Nuevo Campo Intelectual de la Educación y la Pedagogía en Venezuela(1994-2000. Components of the New Intellectual Field: Education and Pedagogy in Venezuela (1994-2000

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Antonio Arellano Duque

2005-06-01

Full Text Available Esta investigación se inscribe en el campo de las Reformas Escolares e intenta desarrollar el Concepto de Campo Intelectual de la Educación y la Pedagogía como vía para estudiar la aparición de un nuevo horizonte conceptual para pensar la educación y la pedagogía en Venezuela durante los años 1994-1998/1999-2000. Mediante la reconstrucción de un universo temático, a través del análisis de contenido se plantea mostrar los paradigmas relevantes y las tendencias generales de desarrollo. This investigation is inscribed in the field of school reform and proposes to use the concept of Intellectual Field of Education and Pedagogy as a meaningful approach to study educational and pedagogical changes happening in Venezuela during the years 1994- 2000. This study reconstructs thematic universes through content analysis of key documents and discourses about education to identify the relevant paradigms and general tendencies in educational development.

Biological and phylogenetic characterization of a genotype VII Newcastle disease virus from Venezuela: Efficacy of vaccination

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Here we describe the characterization a virulent genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from Venezuela and evaluate the efficacy of heterologous genotype commercial vaccination under field and controlled rearing conditions. Biological pathotyping and molecular analysis were applied. Results sh...

78 FR 49471 - Ferrosilicon From the Russian Federation and Venezuela: Initiation of Antidumping Duty...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-14

... the gross weight, terms of delivery, and whether the price was inclusive of Russian value-added tax... Russia and Venezuela are being, or are likely to be, sold in the United States at less than fair value... subject merchandise sold at less than normal value (``NV''). In addition, Petitioners allege that subject...

Los estudios zoológicos en la universidad nacional

OpenAIRE

Lehmann V., F. Carlos

2010-01-01

Acerca de la colección zoológica del Museo Nacional, trasladada en 1938 al Instituto Botánico (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales).Imágenes: Ciudad universitaria de Bogotá, Facultad de Arquitectura.

La pobreza y la riqueza de las naciones

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Sáenz Rovner Eduardo

2000-06-01

Full Text Available David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Why Sorne Are So Rich and Sorne so Poor,WW Norton & Company, Nueva York, 1998. Publicado en español como La riqueza y la pobreza de las naciones, Javier Vergara Editor, Buenos Aires, 1999.

Una nueva especie de Axonopus (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae de la Guyana de Colombia y Venezuela

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Giraldo Cañas Diego

1999-11-01

Full Text Available Axonopus piccae, a new species of the series Barbigeri G. A. Black, is described and illustrated. The new species is known only from two areas of Guayana Region: Guainía (Colombia and Bolívar (Venezuela. Its inflorescence is polytelic and truncate.Based on SEM microphotographs, the characters of its upper anthecium are presented. Its morphological and anatomical relationships are discussed, and a key to the nearest species is provided.Se describe e ilustra Axonopus piccae, una nueva especie perteneciente a la serie Barbigeri G. A. Black, conocida únicamente de dos áreas de la región Guayana en Guainía (Colombia y Bolívar (Venezuela. Su inflorescencia es politélica y truncada. Se comentan las características de su antecio superior sobre la base de microfotografías al microscopio electrónico de barrido. Se discuten sus relaciones morfológicas y anatómicas. Se presenta una clave para separar las especies afines.

La cultura nacional y su impacto en los negocios: el caso chileno

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Pedro Hidalgo Campos

2007-10-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto de la cultura nacional en los negocios. Uno de los investigadores más destacados en el análisis de la cultura nacional es Geert Hofstede (1980. Él identificó cuatro dimensiones de la cultura nacional: distancia de poder, aversión a la incertidumbre, individualismo y masculinidad. Fernández et al. (1997 midieron estas cuatro dimensiones en Chile, caracterizando a los chilenos en esas cuatro dimensiones. Revisando la evidencia empírica chilena, en este artículo se analizan los principales efectos que las dimensiones de Hofstede tienen en la administración, los recursos humanos y el marketing. Este artículo ofrece varios ejemplos de cómo las dimensiones culturales afectan las prácticas en las organizaciones y es un fuerte argumento para hacer consideraciones culturales en la planificación estratégica.

La cultura nacional y su impacto en los negocios: el caso chileno

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Pedro Hidalgo Campos

2007-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto de la cultura nacional en los negocios. Uno de los investigadores más destacados en el análisis de la cultura nacional es Geert Hofstede (1980. Él identificó cuatro dimensiones de la cultura nacional: distancia de poder, aversión a la incertidumbre, individualismo y masculinidad. Fernández et al. (1997 midieron estas cuatro dimensiones en Chile, caracterizando a los chilenos en esas cuatro dimensiones. Revisando la evidencia empírica chilena, en este artículo se analizan los principales efectos que las dimensiones de Hofstede tienen en la administración, los recursos humanos y el marketing. Este artículo ofrece varios ejemplos de cómo las dimensiones culturales afectan las prácticas en las organizaciones y es un fuerte argumento para hacer consideraciones culturales en la planificación estratégica.

Severity of the 1998 and 2005 bleaching events in Venezuela, southern Caribbean.

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez, Sebastián; Cróquer, Aldo; Bone, David; Bastidas, Carolina

2010-10-01

This study describes the severity of the 2005 bleaching event at 15 reef sites across Venezuela and compares the 1998 and 2005 bleaching events at one of them. During August and September 2005, bleached corals were first observed on oceanic reefs rather than coastal reefs, affecting 1 to 4% of coral colonies in the community (3 reef sites, n = 736 colonies). At that time, however, no bleached corals were recorded along the eastern coast of Venezuela, an area of seasonal upwelling (3 reefs, n = 181 colonies). On coastal reefs, bleaching started in October but highest levels were reached in November 2005 and January 2006, when 16% of corals were affected among a wide range of taxa (e.g. scleractinians, octocorals, Millepora and zoanthids). In the Acropora habitats of Los Roques (an oceanic reef),no bleached was recorded in 2005 (four sites,n = 643 colonies). At Cayo Sombrero, a coastal reef site, bleaching was less severe in 1998 than in 2005 (9% of the coral colonies involving 2 species vs. 26% involving 23 species, respectively). Our results indicate that bleaching was more severe in 2005 than in 1998 on Venezuelan reefs; however, no mass mortality was observed in either of these two events.

Genetic History of Hepatitis C Virus in Venezuela: High Diversity and Long Time of Evolution of HCV Genotype 2

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Sulbarán, Maria Z.; Di Lello, Federico A.; Sulbarán, Yoneira; Cosson, Clarisa; Loureiro, Carmen L.; Rangel, Héctor R.; Cantaloube, Jean F.; Campos, Rodolfo H.; Moratorio, Gonzalo; Cristina, Juan; Pujol, Flor H.

2010-01-01

Background The subtype diversity of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes is unknown in Venezuela. Methodology/Principal Findings Partial sequencing of the NS5B region was performed in 310 isolates circulating in patients from 1995 to 2007. In the samples collected between 2005 and 2007, HCV genotype 1 (G1) was the most common genotype (63%), composed as expected of mainly G1a and G1b. G2 was the second most common genotype (33%), being G2a almost absent and G2j the most frequent subtype. Sequence analysis of the core region confirmed the subtype assignment performed within the NS5b region in 63 isolates. The complete genome sequence of G2j was obtained. G2j has been described in France, Canada and Burkina Fasso, but it was not found in Martinique, where several subtypes of G2 circulate in the general population. Bayesian coalescence analysis indicated a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of G2j around 1785, before the introduction of G1b (1869) and G1a (1922). While HCV G1a and G1b experienced a growth reduction since 1990, coincident with the time when blood testing was implemented in Venezuela, HCV G2j did not seem to reach growth equilibrium during this period. Conclusions/Significance Assuming the introduction of G2j from Africa during the slave trade, the high frequency of G2j found in Venezuela could suggest: 1- the introduction of African ethnic groups different from the ones introduced to Martinique or 2- the occurrence of a founder effect. This study represents an in-depth analysis of the subtype diversity of HCV in Venezuela, which is still unexplored in the Americas and deserves further studies. PMID:21179440

Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in Venezuela: high diversity and long time of evolution of HCV genotype 2.

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Maria Z Sulbarán

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: The subtype diversity of the hepatitis C virus (HCV genotypes is unknown in Venezuela. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Partial sequencing of the NS5B region was performed in 310 isolates circulating in patients from 1995 to 2007. In the samples collected between 2005 and 2007, HCV genotype 1 (G1 was the most common genotype (63%, composed as expected of mainly G1a and G1b. G2 was the second most common genotype (33%, being G2a almost absent and G2j the most frequent subtype. Sequence analysis of the core region confirmed the subtype assignment performed within the NS5b region in 63 isolates. The complete genome sequence of G2j was obtained. G2j has been described in France, Canada and Burkina Fasso, but it was not found in Martinique, where several subtypes of G2 circulate in the general population. Bayesian coalescence analysis indicated a most recent common ancestor (MRCA of G2j around 1785, before the introduction of G1b (1869 and G1a (1922. While HCV G1a and G1b experienced a growth reduction since 1990, coincident with the time when blood testing was implemented in Venezuela, HCV G2j did not seem to reach growth equilibrium during this period. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Assuming the introduction of G2j from Africa during the slave trade, the high frequency of G2j found in Venezuela could suggest: 1- the introduction of African ethnic groups different from the ones introduced to Martinique or 2- the occurrence of a founder effect. This study represents an in-depth analysis of the subtype diversity of HCV in Venezuela, which is still unexplored in the Americas and deserves further studies.

Venezuela No. 1 oil import source in S. America

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Darukhanavala, P.P.; Davidson, M.C.; Tyler, T.N.; Blaskovich, F.T.; Smith, C.

1992-01-01

This paper reports that with the exception of Venezuela, the U.S. is likely to import much oil from South American countries through 2010, the General Accounting Office reports. GAO, a congressional watchdog agency, noted the U.S. imports about 4% of its oil from Colombia, Ecuador, and Trinidad and Tobago and possibly could import from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Peru in the future. It the the eight countries' crude oil reserves are expected to increase about 30% by 2000, then slide about 2% by 2010. Their oil production is expected to climb about 21% over 1990 by 2000, then level off until 2010

Results From Venezuela's 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.

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Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella; Méndez-Perez, Betty; Morales, Vanessa Castro; Martín-Rojo, Joana; Tristan, Bianca; Bandy, Amilid Torín; Landaeta-Jiménez, Maritza; Macías-Tomei, Coromoto; López-Blanco, Mercedes

2016-11-01

The Venezuelan Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the first assessment of information related to physical activity in Venezuela. It provides a compilation of existing information throughout the country and assesses how well it is doing at promoting opportunities for children and youth. The aim of this article is to summarize the information available. Thirteen physical activity indicators were graded by a committee of experts using letters A to F (A, the highest, to F, the lowest) based on national surveys, peer review studies, and policy documents. Some indicators report incomplete information or a lack of data. Overweight and Obesity were classified as A; Body Composition and Nongovernmental Organization Policies as B; Municipal Level Policies as C; and Overall Physical Activity Levels and National Level Policies as D. 63% of children and youth have low physical activity levels. Venezuela needs to undergo a process of articulation between the several existing initiatives, and for said purposes, political will and a methodological effort is required. Investments, infrastructure, and opportunities will be more equal for all children and youth if more cooperation between institutions is developed and communication strategies are applied.

Comparative federal health care policy: evidence of collaborative federalism in Pakistan and Venezuela.

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Baracskay, Daniel

2013-01-01

Collaborative federalism has provided an effective analytical foundation for understanding how complex public policies are implemented in federal systems through intergovernmental and intersectoral alignments. This has particularly been the case in issue areas like public health policy where diseases are detected and treated at the local level. While past studies on collaborative federalism and health care policy have focused on federal systems that are largely democratic, little research has been conducted to examine the extent of collaboration in authoritarian structures. This article applies the collaborative federalism approach to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Evidence suggests that while both nations have exhibited authoritarian governing structures, there have been discernible policy areas where collaborative federalism is embraced to facilitate the implementation process. Further, while not an innate aspect of their federal structures, Pakistan and Venezuela can potentially expand their use of the collaborative approach to successfully implement health care policy and the epidemiological surveillance and intervention functions. Yet, as argued, this would necessitate further development of their structures on a sustained basis to create an environment conducive for collaborative federalism to flourish, and possibly expand to other policy areas as well.

Venezuela: del ajuste neoliberal a la promesa de “Socialismo del siglo XXI”

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Luis Miguel Uharte Pozas

2009-12-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo, partiendo de un marco conceptual en torno a la democracia, pretende identificar los rasgos fundamentales del proyecto de gobierno que actualmente rige en Venezuela, y que está liderado por el presidente Hugo Chávez. Se analizan los cambios en el sistema político, en el ámbito económico, en el área social, en participación ciudadana, y en política exterior, realizando una comparación con los dos gobiernos precedentes, el de Carlos Andrés Pérez y el de Rafael Caldera.___________________ABSTRACT:The article takes as its starting point the conceptual framework around democracy and attempts to identify the fundamental characteristics of the project of the government currently in power in Venezuela, led by the president Hugo Chávez. It analyses the changes in the political system, in the field of economy, in the social area, in the citizen participation and the foreign policy, making a comparison with two preceding governments, headed by Carlos Andrés Pérez and Rafael Caldera.  

Book Review: "Educational Reform and Administrative Development: The Cases of Columbia and Venezuela," by E. Mark Hanson.

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Lynch, Patrick D.

1988-01-01

Reviews "Educational Reform and Administrative Development: The Cases of Colombia and Venezuela," by E. Mark Hanson, which relates the policy-making and administrative structures of these two countries to their political, historical, and cultural contexts. (TE)

Rural Development in Venezuela and the Guianas: A Bibliography. Training and Methods Series Number 20.

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Anderson, Teresa, Comp.; And Others

The bibliography cites 930 materials dealing with Venezuela and the Guianas. Published between 1949 and 1972, the materials are found in the Land Tenure Center Library at the University of Wisconsin. Topics covered are: agriculture, agrarian reform, economic affairs, economic cooperation, human resources, American Indians, industry, law, money,…

La agricultura y el bienestar nacional en el mundo

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Claudio Bravo Ortega

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Las estimaciones de los efectos marginales del bienestar sugieren que el desarrollo agrícola ha tenido importantes efectos positivos en el bienestar nacional, en particular en los países en desarrollo. Los países de la América Latina y del Caribe también se han beneficiado del crecimiento agrícola, pero la producción no agrícola también ha tenido efectos marginales de bienestar, cuya magnitud es mayor que los proporcionados por las actividades agrícolas. Los países industrializados de altos ingresos obtuvieron ganancias marginales positivas de sus actividades no agrícolas, pero los efectos de la agricultura son negativos. Estos cálculos de los efectos marginales de bienestar en las diferentes regiones dependen de estimaciones econométricas de las elasticidades que relacionan las actividades económicas agrícolas y no agrícolas con cuatro elementos propuestos en una función teórica del bienestar nacional: el PIB nacional per capita, el ingreso promedio de los hogares más pobres dentro de los países, los resultados ambientales en lo que se refiere a la contaminación del aire y del agua y la deforestación, y la volatilidad macroeconómica. Los modelos econométricos fueron estimados empleando varias técnicas econométricas que tratan de la causalidad y la heterogeneidad internacional.

[Case reports of drug-induced liver injury in a reference hospital of Zulia state, Venezuela].

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Mengual-Moreno, Edgardo; Lizarzábal-García, Maribel; Ruiz-Soler, María; Silva-Suarez, Niniveth; Andrade-Bellido, Raúl; Lucena-González, Maribel; Bessone, Fernando; Hernández, Nelia; Sánchez, Adriana; Medina-Cáliz, Inmaculada

2015-03-01

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with varied geographical differences. The aim of this prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was to identify and characterize cases of DILI in a hospital of Zulia state, Venezuela. Thirteen patients with a presumptive diagnosis of DILI attended by the Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario, Zulia state, Venezuela, from December-2012 to December-2013 were studied. Ibuprofen (n = 3; 23.1%), acetaminophen (n = 3; 23.1), isoniazid (n = 2; 15.4%) and Herbalife products (n = 2; 15.4%) were the main drugs involved with DILI. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen showed a mixed pattern of liver injury (n = 3; 23.1%) and isoniazid presented a hepatocellular pattern (n = 2; 15.4%). The CIOMS/RUCAMS allowed the identification of possible (n = 7; 53.9%), probable (n = 4; 30.8%) and highly-probable cases (n = 2; 15.4%) of DILI. Amoxicillin/clavulanate, isoniazid, isotretinoin, methotrexate and Herbalife nutritional products were implicated as highly-probable and probable agents. The highest percentage of DILI corresponded to mild cases that recovered after the discontinuation of the agent involved (n = 9; 69.3%). The consumption of Herbalife botanical products is associated with probable causality and fatality (n = 1; 7.7%). In conclusion, the frequency of DILI cases controlled by the Department of Gastroenterology of the Hospital Universitario of Maracaibo was low, being ibuprofen, acetaminophen, isoniazid and products Herbalife the products most commonly involved. It is recommended to continue with the prospective registration of cases, with an extended follow up monitoring period and to facilitate the incorporation of other hospitals in the Zulia State and Venezuela.

Los efectos de las elecciones de 1993 y 1995 sobre el sistema de partidos en Venezuela

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María Luisa RAMOS

2009-11-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: La autora analiza los cambios ocurridos en las dos últimas convocatorias electorales en Venezuela. Sus observaciones muestran cómo un sistema de partidos tradicionalmente fuerte, bipartidista, se recompone a partir de la crisis política derivada de la dificultades económicas que vive este país. Emergencia de nuevas fuerzas, altas tasas de volatilidad y de desidentificación política son algunos de los nuevos procesos que aparecen en la vida política venezolana.ABSTRACT: The author analyzes the changes which have happened in the last two elections in Venezuela. Her observations show how a strong traditionally party system, bipartidist, it's recomponed from the political crisis provoked by economic problems in the country. The emergency of new political forces, high rates of volatility and political desafection are some of the new processes which appeared in the Venezuelan political life.

Caracterización del indumento de nueve especies de Loasaceae de Venezuela Indument characterization of nine Loasaceae species from Venezuela

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Eliana Noguera-Savelli

2009-12-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se caracterizó el indumento observado en diferentes órganos de 9 especies de Loasaceae presentes en Venezuela, precisando su ubicación en la planta a fin de establecer una posible importancia taxonómica. Este estudio se efectuó tanto al microscopio óptico como al microscopio electrónico de barrido. El indumento está constituido por 2 clases de apéndices epidérmicos: tricomas y emergencias. Los tricomas se clasificaron en tricomas eglandulares uni-y multicelulares y tricomas glandulares multicelulares. Los tricomas cónicos y gloquidiados uncinados son comunes en todas las especies estudiadas. Nasa resultó el género con la mayor diversidad de tricomas. Se registra por primera vez la presencia de tricomas dendríticos, exclusivamente en Nasa venezuelensis. Las hojas y ovarios son los órganos que mayor variedad de apéndices mostraron. Gronovia scandens fue la única especie con emergencias, restringidas a los tallos. La morfología del indumento es un carácter de valor diagnóstico a nivel de subfamilia, lo cual se evidencia en la clave.In this work the epidermal indumentum observed in different organs of 9 species of Loasaceae from Venezuela were characterized, emphasizing their type and location on the plant to establish their possible taxonomic significance. The indumentum was studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Two classes of indumentum were observed: trichomes and emergences. The trichomes were classified as uni- and multicellular, non-glandular trichomes, and multicellular glandular trichomes. The conical and uncinate glochidiate trichomes were common in all the species studied. Nasa was the genus with the greatest trichomes diversity. The occurrence of dendritic trichomes is reported for the first time, exclusively in Nasa venezuelensis. Leaves and ovaries are the organs with the greatest variety of appendices. Gronovia scandens is the only species with emergences, which are restricted to

Gestión de inventarios como factor de competitividad, en el sector metalmecánico de la región occidental de Venezuela

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Gabriel J. Aguilar O.

2009-01-01

Full Text Available La investigación que se presenta a continuación, tiene como objeto analizar la gestión de inventario como factor de competitividad, en las empresas del Sector Metalmecánico de la Región Occidental de Venezuela. La metodología es de tipo descriptivo, no experimental, transeccional. La población se compone de veinte (20 empresas del sector metalmecánico destinadas a la producción de máquinas herramientas, específicamente tornos y fresadoras, circunscritas a la región del occidente de Venezuela, tomándose para el estudio, la totalidad de las mismas. Los resultados obtenidos mediante el análisis estadístico, permiten concluir que la gestión de inventario dentro de la industria metalmecánica de la Región Occidental de Venezuela, no constituye un factor de competitividad en las empresas del sector

Análisis de la política exterior de Venezuela en materia energética dirigida a Centro América. Estudio de Caso: Petrocaribe instrumento del ALBA. Periodo 2005-2009

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Maldonado Castillo, Diana Marcela

2012-01-01

Análisis de la imfluencia de Petrocaribe en la política exterior de Venezuela, utilizando el petróleo como herramienta de acercamiento en las relaciones comerciales entre Venezuela y los paises del Caribe.

Adherence with national guidelines in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the CAPO study in Venezuela.

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Levy, Gur; Perez, Mario; Rodríguez, Benito; Hernández Voth, Ana; Perez, Jorge; Gnoni, Martin; Kelley, Robert; Wiemken, Timothy; Ramirez, Julio

2015-04-01

The Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) is an international observational study in 130 hospitals, with a total of 31 countries, to assess the current management of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 2 Using the centralized database of CAPO was decided to conduct this study with the aim of evaluate the level of adherence with national guidelines in Venezuela, to define in which areas an intervention may be necessary to improve the quality of care of hospitalized patients with CAP. In this observational retrospective study quality indicators were used to evaluate the management of hospitalized patients with CAP in 8 Venezuelan's centers. The care of the patients was evaluated in the areas of: hospitalization, oxygen therapy, empiric antibiotic therapy, switch therapy, etiological studies, blood cultures indication, and prevention. The compliance was rated as good (>90%), intermediate (60% to 90%), or low (Venezuela that are not performed according to the national guidelines of SOVETHORAX.1 In any quality improvement process the first step is to evaluate the difference between what is recommended and what is done in clinical practice. While this study meets this first step, the challenge for the future is to implement the processes necessary to improve the management of CAP in Venezuela. Copyright © 2013 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Natural hazards on alluvial fans: the debris flow and flash flood disaster of December 1999, Vargas state, Venezuela

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Larsen, Matthew C.; Wieczorek, Gerald F.; Eaton, L.S.; Torres-Sierra, Heriberto; Sylva, Walter F.

2001-01-01

Large populations live on or near alluvial fans in locations such as Los Angeles, California, Salt Lake City, Utah, Denver, Colorado, and lesser known areas such as Sarno, Italy, and Vargas, Venezuela. Debris flows and flash floods occur episodically in these alluvial fan environments, and place many communities at high risk during intense and prolonged rainfall. In December 1999, rainstorms induced thousands of landslides along the Cordillera de la Costa, Vargas, Venezuela. Rainfall accumulation of 293 mm during the first 2 weeks of December was followed by an additional 911 mm of rainfall on December 14 through 16. Debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities resulting in a catastrophic death toll of as many as 30,000 people. Flash floods and debris flows caused severe property destruction on alluvial fans at the mouths of the coastal mountain drainage network. In time scales spanning thousands of years, the alluvial fans along this Caribbean coastline are dynamic zones of high geomorphic activity. Because most of the coastal zone in Vargas consists of steep mountain fronts that rise abruptly from the Caribbean Sea, the alluvial fans provide practically the only flat areas upon which to build. Rebuilding and reoccupation of these areas requires careful determination of hazard zones to avoid future loss of life and property. KEY TERMS: Debris flows, flash floods, alluvial fans, natural hazards, landslides, Venezuela

Birds (Aves, Serrania Sadiri, Parque Nacional Madidi, Depto. La Paz, Bolivia

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Hennessey, A. B.

2009-01-01

Full Text Available We surveyed the Serrania Sadiri for birds at elevations between 500-950m for a combined total of 15 days in threedifferent months. The area surveyed was along the Tumupasa/San Jose de Uchupiamones trail at the edge of ParqueNacional Madidi in Depto. La Paz, Bolivia. We report observations of 231 species of birds detected by sight and sound,including many outlying ridge specialists. We report and present photographs of a new species for Depto. La Paz(Caprimulgis nigrescens, the second Bolivian localities for Porphyrolaema prophyrolaema, Zimerius cinereicapillus,and Basileuterus chrysogaster, and five new species records for Parque Nacional Madidi.

Prevalencia de hepatitis B, hepatitis C y sífilis en trabajadoras sexuales de Venezuela Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis in female sex workers in Venezuela

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María I Camejo

2003-06-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: En Venezuela las trabajadoras sexuales reciben un control sanitario para la sífilis y el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH. Sin embargo, otras importantes infecciones de transmisión sexual no son evaluadas. Así, se realizó este estudio con el objetivo de determinar el nivel socio-cultural de un grupo de trabajadores sexuales y su relación con la sero-presencia de marcadores de Hepatitis C y Hepatitis B, en adición a la evaluación de rutina. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 212 trabajadoras sexuales, que acudieron al control sanitario en el servicio de infecciones de transmisión sexual, de la ciudad de Los Teques, Venezuela. Fueron entrevistadas en cuanto a edad, nivel educativo, uso de anticonceptivos y del condón. Se les tomó una muestra de sangre para determinar sífilis, antígeno de superficie de hepatitis B (HBsAg y la presencia de anticuerpos contra el core de hepatitis B (anti-HBc, virus de hepatitis C (anti-HC y VIH. Los datos fueron evaluados estadísticamente por Chi-cuadrado y correlación de Pearson. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia fue de 2,4% para sífilis, 0,5% para anti-HC, 3,8% para HBsAg y 13,8% para anti-HBc. Un aumento en la prevalencia de marcadores de hepatitis B se correlacionó con un bajo nivel educativo (pOBJECTIVE: In Venezuela, female sex workers are submitted to a preventive control of syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV. However, other very important sexually transmitted infections are not evaluated. A study was carried out to identify the sociocultural background of a group of sex workers and its association with the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C markers, in addition to routine evaluation. METHOD: A total of 212 female sex workers who attended the control center of sexually transmitted infections (STI in the city of Los Teques, Venezuela, were evaluated. Women were asked their age, educational background, use of contraceptive methods and condoms. Blood was drawn to determine the prevalence

Crisis política y narrativas transmedia en las protestas de 2014 en Venezuela/ Political crisis and transmedia storytelling in the 2014 protests in Venezuela

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Noé Orlando Pernía Peñalver

2016-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo forma parte de una investigación en curso sobre el surgimiento en Venezuela de los online espacios de autonomía que vienen alterando los regímenes de intercambio informativo. Las protestas civiles de 2014 sumaron evidencias a la disolución de las fronteras, cada vez más imprecisas, entre los medios clásicos de comunicación de masas y las plataformas digitales que han posibilitado el acceso directo de los usuarios a la mediasfera. Abordamos ejemplos que lo demuestran y aportamos elementos teóricos para una interpretación del fenómeno. El bloqueo informativo gubernamental es el eje que ha obligado a los nuevos infociudadanos a formar colectividades en red para construir las narraciones y modelos de lectura sobre el entorno crítico y sus fases de tensión. This work is part of an ongoing research on the rise in Venezuela of online autonomy spaces which are altering the information exchange regimes. Civil protests of 2014 brought into evidence the dissolution of borders, increasingly blurred, between traditional mass media and digital platforms which are enabling direct user access to the media sphere. In this article, we provide and analyze examples and also, theoretical elements contributing to an interpretation of the phenomenon. The government's information blockade is the axis that has forced communities to form new social info-network where to build stories and models of reading on critical environment and its phases of tension.

Uranium exploration in Venezuela: Situation at the end of 1978

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pasquali, J.

1981-01-01

Uranium exploration started in Venezuela in 1951. The activities began with enthusiasm but interest waned because of the unfavourable economic conditions of the uranium market. In 1975, with the establishment of the National Council for the Development of the Nuclear Industry, emphasis was once again placed on exploration for radioactive minerals. Systematic exploration began 18 months ago, and so far exploratory targets have been found in phosphate rocks in Tachira state and in Palaeozoic granites at El Baul (Cojedes state); very favourable occurrences have been encountered in the Precambrian in Merida and Bolivar states, and in continental Tertiary rocks in Trujillo state. (author)

ACTORS AND IDEAS OF SOCIAL POLICY IN VENEZUELA (1989-2007

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Thais Gutiérrez Briceño

2008-11-01

Full Text Available In this paper we study the ideas that underpin social policy agendas and public social practices implemented in Venezuela during 1989-2007, as well as those actors involved in its design and execution. Two periods are defined: 1989-1998 y 1999-2007, which correspond to overrides in the themes considered. This paper is bibliographic and hemerographic, with emphasis on those relating official discourse on the subject. The conclusion of this paper indicates the presence of substantive changes in the periods mentionated, both in the representations of social policies that guide social actions, and those involved in the process.

Behind the ink : multi-billion dollar oil deal between Venezuela and China not necessarily bad for either the United States or Canada

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bentein, J.

2009-01-01

Although China has recently signed large contracts with Venezuela for crude oil, experts are convinced that Chinese refiners will want more Canadian crude oil because they have greater confidence in Canada as a reliable provider. Production difficulties with nationalized oil industries in Venezuela and Mexico will create further opportunities for Canadian oil producers. The recent recession has caused delays in plans to increase pipeline capacity. China may invest $US 8 billion in Venezuelan oil in order to increase exports to China to over a million barrels per day by 2015. The Chinese government granted the Venezuelan government a $4 billion loan last year. The Venezuelan government has increased the maximum royalty rates paid by foreign oil companies. The Venezuelan-owned Citgo operates more than 7000 gasoline retail outlets in the United States. The country is capable of processing 1.3 million barrels per day. Studies have suggested that the Chinese see their investments as a business opportunity, and not as a means of antagonizing western countries. It was concluded that economists are predicting that Venezuela's currency will be devalued this year. 3 figs

The Effect of Wage Compression and Alternative Labor Market Opportunities on Teacher Quality in Venezuela

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Ortega, Daniel E.

2010-01-01

This paper examines the effect of teacher relative wages and teacher wage dispersion on high school graduates' preferences for teaching majors in College. This approximation to teacher quality is appropriate in a country like Venezuela as opposed to the US since the rigidity of the tertiary school system significantly limits mobility between…

The Bolivarian University of Venezuela: A Radical Alternative in the Global Field of Higher Education?

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Ivancheva, Mariya

2013-01-01

This article discusses paradoxes in the emergent global field of higher education as reflected in an alternative model of the university--the Bolivarian University of Venezuela (UBV) and the related higher education policy, Mision Sucre. With its credo in the applied social sciences, its commitment to popular pedagogy and its dependence on…

A stable demand for money despite financial crisis: The case of Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Bjørnland, Hilde C.

2003-01-01

This paper investigates the demand for broad money in Venezuela, over a period of financial crisis and substantial exchange rate fluctuations. The analysis shows that there exist a long run relationship between real money, real income, inflation, the exchange rate and the domestic interest rate, that remains stable over major policy changes and large shocks. The long run properties emphasize that both inflation and exchange rate depreciations have negative effects on real money demand. The lo...

[History of Instituto Nacional de Salud Ocupacional del Peru].

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Cossio-Brazzan, Juan M

2012-06-01

In Peru, the industry's development has made economic improvements but at the same time, it has had a major impact on the health of the workers; for that reason, it was necessary to generate control mechanisms. So, in 1940 it was created the Departmento de Higiene Industrial, which in 1956 was changed to Instituto de Salud Ocupacional, but it was deactivated in 1994. However, in 2001 it reappeared into the Ministerio de Salud organizational structure with the name of Instituto de Salud Ocupacional "Alberto Hurtado Abadía". Actually, it is the Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS), organ of the Instituto Nacional de Salud which continues working in synergy with other institutions and sectors, making research to protect the health of exposed persons (workers and community) to contamination and risks associated with economic activities.

Sincronía reproductiva interpoblacional de Agave cocui (Agavaceae en Venezuela

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Carmen J Figueredo

2011-09-01

Full Text Available cocui (Agavaceae es una especie de amplia distribución en zonas áridas y semiáridas de Venezuela y Colombia. A pesar de su importancia ecológica como fuente de recursos para la fauna silvestre y de su potencial valor económico como materia prima para la producción del licor “Cocuy de Penca”, los estudios sobre su ecología reproductiva son muy escasos. En este estudio se evaluó la fenología de floración y fructificación de A. cocui en ocho localidades de Venezuela. La fase reproductiva se inició al finalizar el periodo de lluvias. Las flores se producen durante cinco meses. Para la Región Noroccidental del país y los Andes los máximos de floración ocurrieron en enero, mientras que las localidades en la costa central y oriental exhibieron un desface de cerca de dos meses, a principios de marzo. La mayor sincronía floral ocurrió entre todas las poblaciones censadas en el occidente del país, incluyendo las localidades andinas. Dicha sincronía reproductiva potenciaría la conformación de un corredor de néctar para aves y murciélagos, que se extendería desde el Norte de Falcón, en la Costa Occidental, hasta los bolsones andinos, en el Suroeste del país.

Estudio seroepidemiologico de la amibiasis en una comunidad del estado Zulia, Venezuela A seroepidemiological study of amebiasis in a community of Zulia State, Venezuela

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Leonor Chacin-Bonilla

1990-12-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio seroepidemiologico de amibiasis en una comunidad de bajas condiciones socioeconómicas del Municipio Mara, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se estudiaron 283 individuos cuyas edades fluctuaron de 2 a 53 años. Se obtuvieron muestras de sueros, las cuales se examinaron con la prueba de hemaglutinación indirecta de KESSEL et al., según una modificación de MILGRAM et al. Se utilizó antígeno amibiano obtenido de cultivos axénicos de la raza HK9 de E. histolytica. La tasa de seropositividad obtenida fué de 46.6%; la mayoría de los reactores tenía títulos bajos y no presentaba signos de amibiasis. El porcentaje de seropositividad aumentó con la edad. Los resultados sugieren una alta endemicidad de la infección en esta comunidad, ocurriendo la transmisión con mucha mayor frecuencia que la amibiasis invasiva.In the present evaluation, a community of low socioeconomical conditions from Zulia State, Venezuela, was analyzed for the prevalence of antibodies to E. histolytica. Two hundred and eighty three serum samples were collected and examined by the indirect hemagglutination test according to a microtiter modification of the KESSEL and LEWIS method, as used by MILGRAM et al. Antigen prepared from axenically-grown. E. histolytica strain HK9 in Diamond's medium was used. The seropositivity rate obtained was 46.6% and the frequency of positive cases was dependent on age. The antibody profiles obtained suggest a high endemicity for this parasitic infection in the area studied, with a much higher level of transmission than invasive amebiasis.

Barrio Adentro and the reduction of health inequalities in Venezuela: an appraisal of the first years.

Science.gov (United States)

Armada, Francisco; Muntaner, Caries; Chung, Haejoo; Williams-Brennan, Leslie; Benach, Joan

2009-01-01

This article presents an update on the characteristics and performance of Venezuela's Bolivarian health care system, Barrio Adentro (Inside the Neighborhood). During its first five years of existence, Barrio Adentro has improved access and utilization of health services by reaching approximately 17 million impoverished and middle-class citizens all over Venezuela. This was achieved in approximately two years and provides an example of an immense "South-South" cooperation and participatory democracy in health care. Popular participation was achieved with the Comités de Salud (health committees) and more recently with the Consejos Comunales (community councils), while mostly Cuban physicians provided medical care. Examination of a few epidemiological indicators for the years 2004 and 2005 of Barrio Adentro reveals the positive impact of this health care program, in particular its primary care component, Barrio Adentro I. Continued political commitment and realistic evaluations are needed to sustain and improve Barrio Adentro, especially its primary care services.

Review of the Berosus Leach of Venezuela (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Berosini with description of fourteen new species

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Adriana Oliva

2012-07-01

Full Text Available The species of the water scavenger beetle genus Berosus Leach occurring in Venezuela are reviewed. Thirty-six species are recorded, including fifteen new species, fourteen of which are described here as new: B. aragua sp. n., B. asymmetricus sp. n., B. capanaparo sp. n., B. castaneus sp. n., B. corozo sp. n., B. ebeninus sp. n., B. garciai sp. n., B. humeralis sp. n., B. jolyi sp. n., B. llanensis sp. n., B. megaphallus sp. n., B. ornaticollis sp. n., B. repertus sp. n., and B. tramidrum sp. n. The fifteenth new species, known from a single female, is left undescribed pending the collection of males. Twelve species are recorded from Venezuela for the first time: B. ambogynus Mouchamps, B. consobrinus Knisch, B. elegans Knisch, B. geayi d’Orchymont, B. ghanicus d’Orchymont, B. guyanensis Queney, B. holdhausi Knisch, B. marquardti Knisch, B. olivae Queney, B. reticulatus Knisch, B. wintersteineri Knisch, and B. zimmermanni Knisch.

A protocol to determine the situation of nuclear medicine in Venezuela, 1999-2000

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Carrizales, L.; Leandro, G.

2001-01-01

This paper presents preliminary results and the methodology followed for the implementation of a Protocol that included Radiological Protection and Quality Control at SPECT Systems in two important public hospitals at Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela. We found in these inspections that the main problems were the lack of medical physicist capacity in nuclear medicine that implemented programs of quality assurance as well as radiation protection in these departments. (author)

A protocol to determine the situation of nuclear medicine in Venezuela, 1999-2000

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Carrizales, L; Leandro, G [Laboratorio Secundario de Calibracion Dosimetrica, Unidad de Tecnologia Nuclear, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas (Venezuela)

2001-03-01

This paper presents preliminary results and the methodology followed for the implementation of a Protocol that included Radiological Protection and Quality Control at SPECT Systems in two important public hospitals at Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela. We found in these inspections that the main problems were the lack of medical physicist capacity in nuclear medicine that implemented programs of quality assurance as well as radiation protection in these departments. (author)

EL NEOCONSTITUCIONALISMO PRINCIPIALISTA EN LA ASAMBLEA NACIONAL CONSTITUYENTE DE 1991

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Sergio Estrada Vélez

2014-01-01

Full Text Available A partir de una observación a la enseñanza y práctica del derecho, se advierte que aún no se ha desarrollado una teoría de principios acorde al contexto nacional. Un sector de la doctrina los asume como principal paradigma normativo, con funciones políticas (criterios de legitimación racional, axiológicas (concreción de valores y jurídicas (criterios de validez material; otro, indica que son criterios auxiliares de la actividad judicial. Esa confusión repercute negativamente en el razonamiento jurídico requerido, para una recta y eficaz administración de justicia en el marco del Estado social, y justifica un estudio detallado de la noción de principios asumida por la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de Colombia de 1991. De otro lado, la escasa doctrina nacional se ha limitado, en términos generales, a reproducir las ideas de importantes filósofos del derecho escritas al margen de los requerimientos que impone el modelo político colombiano. Confusión y descontextualización justifican el objetivo principal de este artículo: facilitar la comprensión de la naturaleza y funciones de los principios jurídicos en nuestro Estado social de derecho a través de la indagación de la voluntad del constituyente. Esto ayudará a superar la contradictoria jurisprudencia sobre el tema y la errada comprensión que se ha tenido del artículo 230 de la Constitución Política. Para lograr ese propósito, se acudió a un método de investigación documental de las gacetas de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1991, los rollos de microfilmación que reposan en el Archivo General de la Nación y a entrevistas realizadas a algunos ex constituyentes.

Estados Unidos y Venezuela: Una relación necesaria.

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Carlos Romero.

2002-09-01

Full Text Available The author identifies Hugo Chavez's electoral victory and the implementation of a new type of democracy as two factors that transformed Venezuelan foreign policy, and in particular, the bilateral relationship with the United States. Chavez's international activism, in addition to his Bolivarian policy signaled a shift from "safe partner" to "partner with reservations" in the country's relations with Washington. Although Venezuela considered itself a Latin American showcase in previous years, the text argues that Chavez's populist tendencies, his critical posture towards the promotion of democracy and human rights, and his supposed links with Colombian guerrillas has led to a "wait-and-see" policy characterized by high levels of caution on the part of the United States.

Breve Historia de la Academia Nacional de Medicina

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Efraim Otero Ruiz

1992-03-01

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Puede decirse que la Academia Nacional de Medicina es, sin lugar a dudas, la institución médica de funcionamiento continuo más antigua de Colombia. Nacida como Sociedad de Medicina y Ciencias Naturales en enero de 1873 por iniciativa de los Dres. Manuel Plata Azuero, Nicolás Osorio, Evaristo García, Leoncio Barreto y Abraham Aparicio, se dedicó a estudiar los principales problemas de salud del país que eran, por ese entonces, el saneamiento ambiental (aguas y excretas, las epidemias de enfermedades transmisibles, la lepra, los principios activos de las plantas medicinales vernáculas y las nuevas tendencias de la anatomía, la bacteriología, la fisiología, la medicina interna y la cirugía que en esos momentos sufrían transformaciones radicales en Europa y en todo el mundo.

Elevada a la categoría de Academia Nacional de Medicina por la Ley 71 de 1890 emanada del Congreso de la República y sancionada por el Presidente Carlos Holguín, fue calificada al mismo tiempo de asesora del Gobierno nacional en materias de salud, papel que le fuera ratificado, casi 90 años más tarde, por la Ley 02 de 1979. Desde entonces ha venido trabajando efectiva pero discretamente, reuniendo las figuras más importantes que ha tenido la medicina nacional en el último siglo: ellas y sus contribuciones pueden verse citadas en la “Cronología histórica” que ha publicado la Revista “Medicina”, órgano de la Academia, en sus entregas Nos. 24 (Enero de 1991 Y 27 (Septiembre de 1991.

Desde su fundación hasta la década de los años 40 ‘s la Academia llenó el vacío que dejaba la falta de existencia normativa de un Ministerio de Salud encargándose, bien de manera directa, bien por iniciativas emanadas del Gobierno nacional, de abordar los principales problemas de salud en Colombia: la mejoría física, presupuestal e intelectual de los hospitales públicos y la fundación de nuevas instituciones, la creación y puesta en marcha de

Malaria in Sucre State, Venezuela

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Robert H. Zimmerman

2000-12-01

Full Text Available The author reviews the malaria research program in Sucre State, Venezuela, taking an ecosystem approach. The goal was to determine which methods could have been introduced at the onset that would have made the study more ecological and interdisciplinary. Neither an ecosystem approach nor integrated disease control were in place at the time of the study. This study began to introduce an ecosystem approach when two contrasting ecosystems in Sucre State were selected for study and vector control methods were implemented based on research results. The need to have a health policy in place with an eco-health approach is crucial to the success of research and control. The review suggests that sustainability is low when not all the stakeholders are involved in the design and implementation of the research and control strategy development. The lack of community involvement makes sustainability doubtful. The author concludes that there were two interdependent challenges for malaria control: development of an ecosystem approach for malaria research and control, and the implementation of an integrated disease control strategy, with malaria as one of the important health issues.O autor faz uma revisão do programa de pesquisa sobre malária no Estado de Sucre, Venezuela, à luz de uma abordagem ecossistêmica. O objetivo era determinar quais métodos poderiam ter sido introduzidos no início do estudo para torná-lo mais ecológico e interdisciplinar. A fase inicial do estudo não incluía uma abordagem ecossistêmica ou controle integrado da doença, que só foram incorporados quando dois ecossistemas contrastantes no Estado de Sucre foram selecionados para pesquisa, junto com um método de controle de vetores com base nos resultados. Uma política de saúde bem-definida com uma abordagem ecossistêmica é crucial para o sucesso de uma estratégia de pesquisa e controle. Esta revisão sugere que a sustentabilidade é baixa se todos os atores não estiverem

Recomendaciones para una política nacional de promoción de la lactancia materna en México: postura de la Academia Nacional de Medicina

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Teresita González de Cosío-Martínez

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Para mejorar las prácticas de lactancia materna es necesario fortalecer acciones de promoción, protección y apoyo, y establecer una política nacional multisectorial que incluya elementos indispensables de diseño, implementación, monitoreo y evaluación de programas y políticas públicas, financiamiento para acciones e investigación, desarrollo de abogacía y voluntad política, y promoción de la lactancia materna, todo coordinado por un nivel central. Recientemente, México ha iniciado un proceso de reformas conducentes a la conformación de una Estrategia Nacional de Lactancia Materna (ENLM. Esta estrategia es el resultado de la disponibilidad de evidencia científica sobre los beneficios de la lactancia materna en la salud de la población y el desarrollo de capital humano así como de los datos alarmantes de su deterioro. La implementación integral de una ENLM que incluya el establecimiento de un Comité Nacional Operativo, coordinación intra e intersectorial de acciones, establecimiento de metas claras, monitoreo y penalización de las violaciones al Código Internacional de Comercialización de Sucedáneos de la Leche Materna, y financiamiento de estas acciones es la gran responsabilidad pendiente de la agenda de salud pública del país.

Determinantes de la inflación en Venezuela: Enfoque de sobrecostos

OpenAIRE

Contreras, José; Guarata, Nora

2014-01-01

El artículo presenta un modelo econométrico que permite considerar elementos de corto y largo plazo para analizar el comportamiento de la inflación en Venezuela con un enfoque sobre el costo unitario (o sobrecosto). En primer lugar, se encuentra una relación de largo plazo o cointegración entre la estructura de costos y el comportamiento del índice general de precios. En segundo lugar, se construye un modelo de corto plazo utilizando la técnica de corrección de errores con las siguientes vari...

Recepción de la radiactividad en la Venezuela (1896-1934)

OpenAIRE

Pacheco, Lilibeth; Freites, Yajaira

2012-01-01

El objetivo principal del trabajo es reseñar la recepción de la radioactividad en Venezuela durante el periodo 1896-1934. A través de la exploración histórica, que incluyó desde artículos científicos y divulgativos, notas de prensa, tesis, informes, programas de estudio hasta fuentes secundarias (libros, artículos), fue posible establecer que los ingenieros y los médicos fueron los actores sociales claves dentro del proceso de recepción de la radioactividad en el país en el ...

Diccionario de alimentación y gastronomía en Venezuela

OpenAIRE

Gil Otaiza, Ricardo

2003-01-01

1.- Artículos Cartay, Rafael. "Los productos típicos y su reglamentación. Una tentativa de aplicación de la denominación de origen al cacao venezolano" Kalvatchev, Zlatko; Garzaro, Domingo; Guerra Cedezo, Franklin. "Theobroma Cacao L.: Un nuevo enfoque para nutrición y salud" Anido, Daniel; Gutiérrez, Alejandro. "La demanda de las calorías en Venezuela 1970-1995: Algunas evidencias empíricas" Molina, Luisa Elena. "Notas sobre la situación de la producción primaria de arroz en Ven...

La demanda de las calorías en Venezuela 1970-1995:

OpenAIRE

Anido R., José Daniel; Gutiérrez S., Alejandro

2003-01-01

1.- Artículos Cartay, Rafael. "Los productos típicos y su reglamentación. Una tentativa de aplicación de la denominación de origen al cacao venezolano" Kalvatchev, Zlatko; Garzaro, Domingo; Guerra Cedezo, Franklin. "Theobroma Cacao L.: Un nuevo enfoque para nutrición y salud" Anido, Daniel; Gutiérrez, Alejandro. "La demanda de las calorías en Venezuela 1970-1995: Algunas evidencias empíricas" Molina, Luisa Elena. "Notas sobre la situación de la producción primaria de arroz en Ven...

Application of the nuclear technology in the oil industry in Venezuela

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cano, P.M.; Parra, R.E.

1997-01-01

Since 1987 the Physics laboratory of the Condensed Matter of the Centre of Physics Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research, IVIC several diagnostic techniques that, make use of neutrons, gamma rays and radioactive tracers have been developed, they have been oriented mainly towards, the oil industry of Venezuela bout 100 applications have been carried out in the principal enterprises oil refineries and companies crude producing petrochemical in the country. In this presentation are exposed three applications of these techniques. Utilization of neutrons (sources Am241-Be). Utilization of gamma rays and study of radiotracers