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2009-01-01
Resumen en español Los suelos volcánicos del sur de Chile constituyen cerca del 60% del suelo arable del país. Estos suelos se encuentran bajo un amplio rango de usos desde sistemas prístinos hasta otros con un uso intensivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto del cambio de uso de suelo sobre: i) la estabilidad del suelo frente a presiones externas e internas; ii) la conductividad hidráulica y iii) su resiliencia funcional. Muestras disturbadas y no disturbadas de suel (mas) o fueron recolectadas a 5, 20, 40 cm de profundidad en un suelo Andisol (Typic Hapludand) bajo un renoval de bosque nativo (NF), una pradera de 50 años (P50) y otra de 1 año de uso (Pl). Se determinó la curva de retención de agua, contracción y consolidación, la conductividad hidráulica saturada (Ks), permeabilidad de aire (Ka), contenidos de carbono orgánico (CO), textura y alofán. Se estimó la conductividad hidráulica no saturada (Ku) de acuerdo al modelo propuesto por van Genuchten (1980). Se definieron índices de deformación de suelo como consecuencia de estreses mecánicos (COELm) e hidráulicos (COELh). El suelo estudiado está sujeto a constantes cambios en su estructura como consecuencia de estreses mecánicos e hidráulicos afectando la distribución de los poros y su funcionalidad. La magnitud de estos cambios disminuye con el incremento de la intensidad de uso del suelo. La gran capacidad de contracción del suelo puede traer consecuencias en su comportamiento hidráulico dependiendo de la intensidad del secado a través de la formación de grietas y vías de flujo de preferencial. Finalmente, los poros del suelo son capaces de recuperar su integridad funcional después de una compactación, lo que está estrechamente relacionado con los contenidos de materia orgánica Resumen en inglés Volcanic soils in southern Chile cover approximately 60% of the arable land in the country. These soils are under a wide range of land uses from pristine systems to intensively used ones. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the land use change on: i) the structural stability after external and internal forces, ii) the hydraulic conductivity and iii) its functional resilience. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at 5, 20 and 40 cm d (mas) epths in an Andisol (Typic Hapludand) under native forest (NF), 50 year old pasture (P50) and 1 year old pasture (PI). The water retention, shrinkage and consolidation curves, hydraulic conductivity (Ks), air permeability (Ka), organic carbon content (CO), soil texture and allophane contents were determined. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ku) was estimated according to van Genuchten (1980). Soil deformation indexes as a consequence of mechanical (COLEm) and hydraulic (COLEh) stresses were calculated. The studied soil is subject to continuous changes in their structure as a consequence of mechanical and hydraulic stresses affecting the pore size distribution and its functionality. The magnitude of these changes decreased with the increasing intensity of the land use. The great shrinkage capacity of the soil may have consequences on its hydraulic behaviour depending on the drying intensity through the formation of cracks and preferential path flows. Finally, the soil pores are able to recover its functional integrity after compaction, which is strongly related to the presence of organic matter contents
2010-03-01
Resumen en español Fueron investigadas las características morfológicas, histológicas e histoquímicas del aparato venenoso del ciempiés, S. valida. El aparato venenoso de Scolopendra valida consta de un par de maxilopodos y glándulas de veneno situadas anteriormente en el prosoma, a cada lado del primer segmento del cuerpo. Cada glándula de veneno se continúa en una garra con una cavidad tubular que posee una punta afilada y un poro subterminal situado sobre la curvatura externa. El (mas) epitelio glandular es plegado y se compone de una masa de epitelio secretor, cubierto por una vaina de los músculos estriados. El epitelio secretor consiste en células columnares altas productoras de veneno con gránulos citoplasmáticos de veneno densos. El conducto glandular carece de musculatura y está revestido por capa interna quitinosa y epitelio cuboidal simple. Los resultados histoquímicos indican que las células productoras de veneno de ambas glándulas elaboran glucosaminoglucanos mucosustancias ácidas, ciertos aminoácidos y proteínas, pero carecen de glucógeno. La estructura y las secreciones de las glándulas de veneno del ciempiés son examinadas en el contexto de los presentes resultados Resumen en inglés Morphological, histological and histochemical characterizations of the venom apparatus of the centapede, S. valida have been investigated. The venom apparatus of Scolopendra valida consists of a pair of maxillipedes and venom glands situated anteriorly in the prosoma on either side of the first segment of the body. Each venom gland is continuous with a hollow tubular claw possessing a sharp tip and subterminal pore located on the outer curvature. The glandular epithelium (mas) is folded and consists of a mass of secretory epithelium, covered by a sheath of striated muscles. The secretory epithelium consists of high columnar venom-producing cells having dense cytoplasmic venom granules. The glandular canal lacks musculature and is lined with chitinous internal layer and simple cuboidal epithelium. The histochemical results indicate that the venom-producing cells of both glands elaborate glycosaminoglycan, acid mucosubstances, certain amino acids and proteins, but are devoid of glycogen. The structure and secretions of centipede venom glands are discussed within the context of the present results
2007-01-01
Resumen en español Con el objetivo de describir los aspectos funcionales de los poros de suelos labrados, se recolectaron muestras no disturbadas en dos profundidades y orientaciones (vertical y horizontal) en suelos estructurados del Norte de Alemania. Se determinó la curva de retención de agua, la permeabilidad de aire (ka) y la conductividad hidráulica en fase saturada (k f). Se calculó la distribución de poros por tamaño, la porosidad de aire e índices de continuidad de poros. El (mas) manejo agrícola afecta al suelo cuantitativa y cualitativamente. La formación de un pie de arado implica no tan sólo una reducción del volumen de poros sino que también causa una dependencia espacial de las propiedades hidráulicas del suelo a través de la formación de una estructura laminar. Con el objeto de establecer dichos cambios cualitativos, mediciones como ka y k f son una buena herramienta para describir la calidad física del suelo Resumen en inglés In order to describe the pore functions of ploughed soils, undisturbed soil samples were collected at two depths and orientations (vertical and horizontal) in structured soils in the Weichselian moraine region in Northern Germany. The water retention curve, air permeability (ka) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (k f) were measured. The pore-size distribution, air-filled porosities and pore continuity indices were calculated. The tillage affects the soil quantitatively (mas) and qualitatively. The tillage-induced ploughed pan not only implies a reduction of the pore volume but also causes a direction-dependent behaviour of hydraulic properties through the development of a platy structure. In order to assess these qualitative changes, measurements like ka and/or k f are a good tool to describe the physical quality of a soil
2006-01-01
Resumen en español El movimiento y la distribución de fluidos a través de los medios porosos están determinados por su geometría. La naturaleza autosimilar de la estructura de estos medios ha sido el objeto de numerosos estudios que han documentado las relaciones de potencia ('power law') entre las principales medidas de poros y sólidos, y la resolución del método utilizado para su análisis. En la presente investigación se introduce un esquema fractal para clasificar los yacimiento (mas) s naturalmente fracturados (YNF) a partir de imágenes de tomografía computarizada de rayos X. Esta clasificación tiene como propósito extraer y medir algunos rasgos geométricos de los poros tanto a nivel global (firmagrama), como local (líneas de referencia) vía los clasificadores fractales. Los clasificadores fractales, extraídos de las imágenes digitales, fueron útiles para hacer un diagnóstico simple y rápido del tipo de porosidad de un núcleo a partir de su imagen. La dimensión fractal de masa (Dm y ), la dimensión espectral ofractón (),el exponente de Hurst (H) y la lagunaridad (Λ) de los YNF del sureste de México, son estadísticamente diferentes para los tres patrones de porosidad representativos de estos materiales: fracturas, cavidades y porosidad mixta. Para estimar los primeros dos (Dm y ), es necesario presegmentar la imagen en conjuntos de poros y sólidos, creando una imagen binaria, previo a la cuantificación fractal. En los últimos (H y Λ), la extracción de los parámetros se realiza directamente a partir de las imágenes originales evitando el proceso de segmentación, lo que permite proponer a los clasificadores H y Λ como estimadores más confiables de la porosidad de los YNF. Todos los clasificadores fractales, y en especial la dimensión fractal de masa y la lagunaridad de los tres patrones de porosidad arriba especificados, mostraron una correlación estadísticamente significativa con la porosidad (medida con técnicas tradicionales) de las capas geológicas con distinta capacidad productora de hidrocarburos. Este hecho abre un nuevo panorama para la modelación y pronóstico de la geometría de los YNF. Resumen en inglés The flow and distribution of fluids through pores in porous media are governed by their geometry. The self-similar behavior of the structure of these sets has been the subject of numerous studies that have documented the power laws relationship, among the principal measures of pores and solids, and the resolution of the method used for their analysis. A fractal scheme is introduced in order to extract and measure some geometric features of pores, using the mean values of (mas) their fractal classifiers, dividing these in global (ftrmagram) and local (reference line) classifiers. The mass fractal dimension (Dm), the spectral dimension orfracton (), the Hurst exponent (H) and the lacunarity (Λ) of naturally fractured reservoirs (YNF) of southeastern Mexico, have shown to be statistically different for the three most representative porosity sets: fractures, cavities and mixed porosity. The fractal classifiers, extracted from digital images obtained using X-ray computerized tomography, were useful for porosity classification in different patterns, starting from the core images. Dm and must be determined on presegmented images, which distinguish the pore and solid sets, prior to the fractal quantification, while H and Λ can be extracted from the original image, which drastically diminishes the bias in the porosity estimation. All fractal classifiers, including mass dimensions and lacunarity of the porosity patterns specified above for YNF, showed a statistically significant correlation with the porosity of the geological strata as determined by traditional techniques. All our results offer new perspectives for the modeling and forecasting of porosity in the naturally fractured deposits.
7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables. -- PMID: 19006666 [PubMed]. -- Available online 8 November 2008. | The removal of a widespread used drug (i.e., ibuprofen) from water was investigated using high valuable carbon adsorbents obtained from chemical and physical activation of a bioresource (cork) and a muni...
8 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables.-- Available online on Dec 27, 2007. | In classic carbon supports is very difficult to control pore size, pore size distribution, and surface chemical properties at the same time. In this work microporous carbons derived from furfuryl alcohol are used as support to prepa...
2003-12-01
Resumen en inglés The void structure of zeolites MCM-22, MCM-36 and ITQ-2 were discussed on the bases of catalytic reaction tests. The hydromerization of n-decane on bifunctional Pt/Zeolite Catalysts have been used as model reactions. Beta and ZSM-5 zeolites were used for comparison. It is concluded that all materials show features of 10MR zeolites and have also pores bigger than 12MR in this order MCM-22
CARBONO ORGÁNICO Y PROPIEDADES DEL SUELO/ Soil organic carbon and soil properties
2008-01-01
Resumen en español El carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) se relaciona con la sustentabilidad de los sistemas agrícolas afectando las propiedades del suelo relacionadas con el rendimiento sostenido de los cultivos. El COS se vincula con la cantidad y disponibilidad de nutrientes del suelo, al aportar elementos como el N cuyo aporte mineral es normalmente deficitario. Además, al modificar la acidez y la alcalinidad hacia valores cercanos a la neutralidad, el COS aumenta la solubilidad de var (mas) ios nutrientes. El COS asociado a la materia orgánica del suelo proporciona coloides de alta capacidad de intercambio catiónico. Su efecto en las propiedades físicas se manifiesta mediante la modificación de la estructura y la distribución del espacio poroso del suelo. La cantidad de COS no solo depende de las condiciones ambientales locales, sino que es afectada fuertemente por el manejo del suelo. Existen prácticas de manejo que generan un detrimento del COS en el tiempo, a la vez hay prácticas que favorecen su acumulación. En este trabajo se discute la relación entre carbono orgánico, propiedades químicas, físicas, biológicas y el manejo del suelo. Además se plantean metodologías para estudiar los flujos de C0(2) del suelo a la atmósfera Resumen en inglés Soil organic carbon (SOC) is related to the sustainability of the agricultural systems affecting soil properties linked to crop yield. SOC affects the amount and availability of soil nutrients, contributing elements as N, usually deficient. In addition, SOC modify the acidity and the alkalinity towards values near the neutrality, and then it increases the solubility to several nutrients. SOC associated to the soil organic matter provides colloids having high cation exchan (mas) ge capacity. Its effect on the physical properties of the soil is reflected in the soil structure and pore size distribution. SOC concentration depends on the local environmental conditions, but it is also affected strongly by the soil management practices. There are managements that decrease SOC and viceverse other practices that favor the accumulation. The present review deals with the influence of SOC on the chemical, physical, biological properties of the soil and how it is affected by soil management. We also describes methodologies to study C0(2) fluxes from soil to atmosphere
Band formation from coupled quantum dots formed by a nanoporous network on a copper surface
4 pages, 3 figures.-- Supporting information (Materials and Methods, SOM Text, Suppl. figs. S1-S7, Suppl Refs, 15 pages) available at: http://science-mag.aaas.org/cgi/data/325/5938/300/DC1/1 | The properties of crystalline solids can to a large extent be derived from the scale and dimensionality of ...
Final full-text version of the paper available at Angewandte Chemie International Edition website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390304.-- Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z50514_s.pdf or from the author.-- Corrig...
Estructuras de deformación (¿sismitas?) en la Formación Río Negro, provincia de Río Negro, Argentina
2010-07-01
Resumen en español A Las estructuras de deformación (ED) en sedimentos blandos comprenden las alteraciones que se producen casi simultáneamente con la sedimentación. Estos procesos se hallan en relación directa con las características internas de los materiales sedimentarios y de los factores externos que actúan sobre ellos. Sus resultados incluyen deformaciones como inyecciones, fracturas, volcanes y laminaciones convolutas que afectan total o parcialmente la estratificación. Los se (mas) dimentos blandos deformados por sismos se incluyen bajo la denominación general de sismitas (seismites). Como objetivo de esta investigación se plantea reconocer, por primera vez, estructuras de deformación ubicadas en la Formación Río Negro presentes en el sector norte del Golfo San Matías, en inmediaciones del Faro Río Negro. La metodología empleada consistió en el reconocimiento y descripción de las estructuras, para lo cual se extrajeron muestras para determinar granulometría, mineralogía y contenido de materia orgánica. Se fotografiaron los distintos sectores con deformaciones con el fin de establecer modelos comparativos. El sector estudiado, de 4 km de extensión, se ubica entre el faro de Río Negro y el inicio del Banco Verde y morfológicamente corresponde a un frente acantilado con orientación ENE-OSO. En él se determinaron las siguientes ED: a- de carga simple, pseudonódulos contiguos y aislados, y estructuras complejas; b- de escape de fluidos y c- estructuras de deslizamiento basal y por presión dirigida. El origen de las deformaciones se debe a las características de las sedimentitas y a los procesos que las afectan tales como los efectos por carga, escapes de fluidos y las presiones dirigidas. Como origen de estos procesos se señalan: la presión de la columna litológica, las olas de tormentas y los terremotos. Por los rasgos hallados las deformaciones del litoral rionegrino tendrían un origen sísmico, proceso ocurrido en un único evento durante el ciclo Andino cuyos inicios se fijan hace aproximadamente 45 Ma. Por otra parte sus techos y bases no se hallan asociados a otros procesos de deformación y sus espesores no exceden el metro de potencia. Además se hallan acotadas a la zona de transición entre los miembros medio y superior de la Formación Río Negro descansando en algunos casos sobre arcilitas y en otros sobre limolitas, originadas en un paleorelieve de interdunas. Resumen en inglés Soft-sediment deformation structures (SSD) are alterations produced almost simultaneously with sedimentation. They are directly related to internal characteristics of sedimentary materials as well as to external factors acting on them. Results derived from such alterations are evidenced as injections, fractures, volcanoes and convolute laminations, among other forms, affecting stratification either totally or partially. Soft-sediment deformation structures resulting from (mas) seisms are known as seismites. The present study aims at determining for the first time the presence of SSD structures in the Río Negro Formation, located in the northern area of San Matías Gulf, near Río Negro Lighthouse, Argentina (Fig. 1). To this end, structures were firstly identified and further described. Samples were subsequently collected for the determination of grain-size, mineralogy and organic matter content. Photographs of the different sectors evidencing deformations were taken in order to determine further comparative models. Morphology in the study area is associated to cliffs with vertical, fractured fronts and with an average height of 70 m in whose base torn-down blocks are accumulated. The geological structure of the study area is related to the Cuenca del Colorado and the Comarca Nordpatagónica, whose basement is mainly composed of Paleozoic and Mesozoic crystalline rocks. The sedimentary tertiary cover from the Miocene-Pliocene is represented by light-blue sandstones of the Río Negro Formation (Andreis, 1965). This unit was formed in an aeolian environment with intercalations of clay-silt shallow lagoons and a marine episode located in the mid area of the Río Negro Formation. At the top of the Río Negro Formation there are Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentites having a thickness of up to 5 m. Within the local structural framework of our study area there are fractures with a NE-SW and a NW-SE direction, which are related with fractures N55º, N90º and N350º azimuth located in the abrasion platform. According to Dzulinsky and Walton (1965), Lowe (1975), Brencley and Newall (1977), Clauss (1993), van Loon (2002), Owen (2003), Neuwerth et al. (2006), Alfaro et al. (2006), Montenat et al. (2007), among others (Table 1), and, taking into account the geometry of deformations, laboratory reconstructions and field observations from our study area, it can be concluded that the classifications of SSD structures tend to establish morphologic and genetic systematizations. The following characteristics were identified in our study area: limited deformations among stratigraphic horizons; a lateral continuity of SSD structures at considerable distances; and a confinement between non-deformed strata and its lithological association with psamitic-pelitic sediments. The study area, which is 4 km long and is located between Río Negro Lighthouse and the beginning of Banco Verde, is from the morphological point of view, a cliffed front with an ENE-WSW orientation. Different types of SSD structures were identified in this area. For example, from the morphological point of view and according to the loading mechanisms observed, simple-load structures (Fig. 2), attached and detached pseudonodules (Figs. 3, 4 and 5) and complex structures (Fig. 6) were identified. Furthermore, from the genetic point of view and according to the intrusion processes observed in soft sediments, water-scape structures (Fig. 7) and plate- or fountain-like deformations (Fig. 8) were found. From the genetic point of view, and based on the collapse and pressure mechanisms observed, basal slumping (Fig. 9) and directed-pressure structures (Fig. 11) were also found. The above-mentioned SSD structures were analyzed and interpreted following Strachan´s model (2002) (Fig. 10) and Laird´s model (1968) (Fig. 12). The origin of SSD structures depends on the characteristics of sedimentites and on the mechanisms that produce them. In the study area, the materials susceptible to deformation come from an interdune environment that is characterized by granulometric variations derived from the fluctuating and restrictive climatic conditions (Cojan and Thiry, 1992) that typify the Río Negro Formation. Fine-grained materials having low cohesion and poor sorting such as the sediments of deformed strata (Fig. 13) produced SSD structures as a result of high pore pressure and liquefaction effects (Tsuchida and Hayashi, 1971; Obermeier, 1996). Grain packing with a porous value as that allows intercommunication among grains and saturated material, is also crucial to the formation of SSD structures. The mineralogic content of deformed levels is composed of i) quartz, chalcedony, orthose, plagioclase, pyroxenes and biotite, opaques (magnetite and ilmenite, autigenic pyrite) in crystalline aggregates; ii) undetermined Fe oxides; and iii) colorless and light-brown unaltered volcanic glass shards, clays identified as smectite-illite interstratified and scarce kaolinite. Grains are mainly subangular and, to a lesser extent, sub-round and round. The surface of the majority of grains in the study area was found clean and with some marks. The percentage of CaCO3 was found to vary from 0.5 to 3% and that of total organic carbon (TOC) was found to reach 1.5%. Deformations may be produced as a result of load deformation mechanisms, fluid escape, basal slumping or pressure-directed displacements. Due to load deformation mechanisms, structures are linked to gravity-related movements occurring during the initial stages of deposition. For these deformations to occur, grain-size at the overlaying levels should be thicker than at the underlying levels, for example, sandstones rather than silstones or claystones. These deformations are related to water saturation at the deformed level (fluidization-liquefaction). Therefore, deformation mechanisms, which involve both expulsion and rotation of fragments as well as fluid escape, are characterized by the action of lithostatic pressure which produces movement (deformation) and by the action of the underlying sedimentary levels. Deformations may also result from a fluid escape mechanism, i.e., from a mechanism associated to i) the spatial arrangement of grains (packing), ii) their shape, iii) their tendency to inequigranularity, and iv) the communication among macro- and micro- pores as well as the high or low sinuosity connection among themselves (Net and Limarino, 2000). Further requirements for deformations to occur include particular thixotrophic conditions, especially the presence of colloids among grains. The rupture of unions of particles either by hitting or by shearing is, among others, a cause which produces an unbalance between hydrostatic pressure and lithostatic pressure. If the latter is altered, the energetic unbalance makes fine sediments flow among the weakly lithified sandstones whose extrusion will occur via both vertical and horizontal pore ducts (Lopez Gamundi, 1986; Clauss, 1993). Basal slumping produces deformations that are associated not only to soft sediments deposited in natural slopes but also to interbedded sand- and mud-levels. Layers tend to have a prismatic-shaped geometry whose materials are under ductile-to-fragile conditions, in which antique layers support younger ones. Once horizontality is affected, movement, which is marked by a rupture of the original slope, begins. The lower levels are expected to transport the upper ones without affecting the original succession of layers. At the delay of movement derived from the compressive effect of the displacement front, fluids extrude forming cones or cut dikes (Fig. 10). Several deformations of this type initiate movement as result of differences in the hydrostatic gradient (Strachan, 2002). Deformations may be also produced as a result of pressure-directed displacements which are conditioned by the compaction level, thickness and ability of materials to deform. Thus, deformations occur because the original level is saturated in water as a result of the ductile behavior of materials (Bracco et al., 2005). Laird (1968) claims that SSD structures should meet some of the following requirements to be considered of seismic origin: slightly curved strata walls and floors to follow the original stratification and interruption of continuity of the stratum that is marked by a scar in which the sedimentary fillings keep their characteristics both above and below stratification. There could be rotated sediment clasts below the discontinuity as a result of a thrust-induced drag of the upper sedimentary packing. These processes could be, in turn, triggered either by the charge or pressure of the lithologic column, storm waves and seismicity. Storm-wave impact may also produce deformation in soft sediments. Nonetheless, no high energy structures such as cross-beddings or tsunami-type chaotic sedimentation were observed in our study area. Noteworthingly, for stormwave-derived liquefaction to occur, waves should reach magnitudes higher than 6 m (Alfaro et al., 2002), this being a phenomenon that was not recorded in our study area. Taken together, findings from the present study indicate that SSD structures in our study area are seismic alterations that occurred in an event during the Andean cycle whose beginnings are traced approximately 45 My ago. The fact that i) both the roofs and bottoms of these structures are not associated to other processes of deformation, ii) their thickness does not exceed one meter, and iii) they are confined to a transitional area between the middle and top members of the Río Negro Formation, lying in some cases on claystones and in some other cases, on siltstones, originated in an interdune paleorelief, confirms their seismic origin.
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