Potensi Material Sampah Combustible pada Zona Pasif TPA Jatibarang Semarang sebagai Bahan Baku RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Irma Natasya Hutabarat

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Abstrak: Peningkatan jumlah timbulan sampah menyebabkan meningkatnya kebutuhan lahan pada TPA Jatibarang. Untuk menghindari terjadinya kekurangan lahan perlu dilakukan penanganan pada sampah yakni dengan mengubah sampah menjadi sumber energi seperti bahan baku RDF (Refused Derived Fuel. RDF merupakan salah satu teknik penanganan sampah dengan mengubah sampah menjadi sesuatu yang bermanfaat yaitu bahan bakar. Sampah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan baku RDF dengan cara menganalisis nilai kalor yang dihasilkan. Untuk menganalisis nilai kalor pada sampah combustible zona pasif TPA Jatibarang dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengujian sampel sebanyak 100 gram dengan alat bom kalorimeter. Sampel tersebut diambil pada kedalaman 0-3 m dengan metode random sampling. Kemudian akan didapat nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut. Nilai Kalor Tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut sebesar 5,25 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 0-1 m, 5,76 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 1-2 m dan 6,31 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 2-3 m. Nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampah combustible tersebut menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah kedalaman sampah maka akan semakin tinggi nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dan sampah tersebut berpotensi sebagai bahan baku RDF.

Magnetic hybride layers. Magnetic properties of locally exchange-coupled NiFe/IrMn layers; Magnetische Hybridschichten. Magnetische Eigenschaften lokal austauschgekoppelter NiFe/IrMn-Schichten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hamann, Christine

2010-10-06

By the lateral modification of the magnetic properties of exchange-coupled NiFe/IrMn layers soft-magnetic layers were produced, which show both new static and dynamic properties. As lateral structuration methods hereby the localoxidation as well as ion implantation were applied. By means of thes procedures it has been succeeded to mould specific magnetic domain configurations with strp structure into the layers. In dependence of the structure orientation as well as strip period the remagnetization behavior as well as the magnetic-resonance frequency and damping of the layers could directly be modified. The new dynamical properties are hereby discussed in the framework of the coupling via dynamical charges and the direct affection of the effective field of the artificially inserted domain state. The presented results prove by this the large potential of the lateral magneto-structuration for the tuning of specifical static as well as dynamic properties of magnetically thin layers.

Expert`s dictionary of technical terminology in non-destructive materials testing. 1359 terms and definitions from A - Z used in non-destructive materials and workpiece testing - for vocational training, students and professionals; Expert-Praxislexikon Zerstoerungsfreie Materialpruefung. 1359 Begriffe von A bis Z zur zerstoerungsfreien Material- und Werkstueckuntersuchung - fuer Lehre, Studium und Beruf

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steeb, S

1998-12-31

The monolingual, German dictionary is a compilation enhanced by figures and tables, of technical terms and definitions used in non-destructive materials testing and application of the following eight major testing methods: - Radiography using X-rays - radiography using isotope beams - crack examination with the magnetic particle method - magnetic stray field testing with scanning probe - penetration tests with light and uv radiation - ultrasonic tests including evaluation of results - eddy current testing, manual and automated - sound emission methods. (orig./MM) 179 figs., 8 tabs. [Deutsch] Die wichtigsten Begriffe aus dem Gebiet der folgenden acht Untersuchungsverfahren sind in diesem Woerterbuch zusammengestellt und erlaeutert: - Durchstrahlungsverfahren mit Roentgenstrahlen - Durchstrahlungsverfahren mit Isotopenstrahlen - Risspruefung nach dem Magnetpulververfahren - magnetische Streuflusspruefung mit Sondenabtastung - Eindringverfahren bei sichtbarem Licht und bei UV-Licht - Ultraschallverfahren mit Bewertung der Ergebnisse - Wirbelstromverfahren manuell und automatisch - Schallemissionsverfahren. (orig./MM)

First negative ion beam measurement by the Short-Time Retractable Instrumented Kalorimeter Experiment (STRIKE)

Science.gov (United States)

Serianni, G.; De Muri, M.; Muraro, A.; Veltri, P.; Bonomo, F.; Chitarin, G.; Pasqualotto, R.; Pavei, M.; Rizzolo, A.; Valente, M.; Franzen, P.; Ruf, B.; Schiesko, L.

2014-02-01

The Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) test facility is under construction in Padova to optimise the operation of the beam source of ITER neutral beam injectors. The SPIDER beam will be characterised by the instrumented calorimeter STRIKE, whose main components are one-directional carbon-fibre-carbon-composite tiles. A small-scale version of the entire system has been employed in the BAvarian Test MAchine for Negative ions (BATMAN) testbed by arranging two prototype tiles in the vertical direction. The paper presents a description of the mini-STRIKE system and of the data analysis procedures, as well as some results concerning the BATMAN beam under varying operating conditions.

First negative ion beam measurement by the Short-Time Retractable Instrumented Kalorimeter Experiment (STRIKE)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Serianni, G.; De Muri, M.; Veltri, P.; Bonomo, F.; Chitarin, G.; Pasqualotto, R.; Pavei, M.; Rizzolo, A.; Valente, M.; Muraro, A.; Franzen, P.; Ruf, B.; Schiesko, L.

2014-01-01

The Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) test facility is under construction in Padova to optimise the operation of the beam source of ITER neutral beam injectors. The SPIDER beam will be characterised by the instrumented calorimeter STRIKE, whose main components are one-directional carbon-fibre-carbon-composite tiles. A small-scale version of the entire system has been employed in the BAvarian Test MAchine for Negative ions (BATMAN) testbed by arranging two prototype tiles in the vertical direction. The paper presents a description of the mini-STRIKE system and of the data analysis procedures, as well as some results concerning the BATMAN beam under varying operating conditions

First negative ion beam measurement by the Short-Time Retractable Instrumented Kalorimeter Experiment (STRIKE)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Serianni, G., E-mail: gianluigi.serianni@igi.cnr.it; De Muri, M.; Veltri, P.; Bonomo, F.; Chitarin, G.; Pasqualotto, R.; Pavei, M.; Rizzolo, A.; Valente, M. [Consorzio RFX, Euratom-ENEA association, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova (Italy); Muraro, A. [Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, Milano (Italy); Franzen, P.; Ruf, B.; Schiesko, L. [Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching bei München (Germany)

2014-02-15

The Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) test facility is under construction in Padova to optimise the operation of the beam source of ITER neutral beam injectors. The SPIDER beam will be characterised by the instrumented calorimeter STRIKE, whose main components are one-directional carbon-fibre-carbon-composite tiles. A small-scale version of the entire system has been employed in the BAvarian Test MAchine for Negative ions (BATMAN) testbed by arranging two prototype tiles in the vertical direction. The paper presents a description of the mini-STRIKE system and of the data analysis procedures, as well as some results concerning the BATMAN beam under varying operating conditions.

Electromagnetic converters and sensors. Fundamentals, fieldnumerical calculation of electromagnetic fields and application in mechatronics. 2. new rev. and enl. ed.; Elektromagnetische Wandler und Sensoren. Grundlagen, feldnumerische Berechnung elektromagnetischer Felder und Anwendungen in der Mechatronik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cassing, W.; Stanek, W.; Erd, L.; Huebner, K.D.; Koch, J.; Dukart, A.

2002-07-01

Electrodynamic theories and calculation methods are discussed with particular regard to permanent electromagnetic circuits in mechatronics. Design strategies and computer calculation methods are explained by examples and applied to magnetic sensors, e.g. in automotive, electrically switched permanent magnet systems and actuators. The theoretical background is based primarily on the complete Maxwell's equations with their interdisciplinary related fields and up to compact formulations for use in relativistic quantum electrodynamics. [German] In diesem Fachbuch werden elektrodynamische Theorien und verschiedene Berechnungsverfahren unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung dauerelektromagnetischer Kreise in der Mechatronik behandelt. An ausgewaehlten Berechnungsbeispielen werden die wichtigsten Entwurfsstrategien und computerorientierten Rechenverfahren erlaeutert und auf magnetische Sensoren u.a. aus dem Bereich Automotive, elektrisch schaltbare Dauermagnetsysteme und Aktuatoren angewendet. Der theoretische Hintergrund hierfuer sind vorrangig die kompletten Maxwell'schen Gleichungen mit interdisziplinaeren Nachbargebieten bis hin zu kompakten Formulierungen fuer die relativistische Quantenelektrodynamik. (orig.)

High energy flux thermo-mechanical test of 1D-carbon-carbon fibre composite prototypes for the SPIDER diagnostic calorimeter

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

De Muri, M.; Pasqualotto, R.; Dalla Palma, M.; Cervaro, V.; Fasolo, D.; Franchin, L.; Tollin, M.; Serianni, G.; Cavallin, T.; Greuner, H.; Böswirth, B.

2014-01-01

Operation of the thermonuclear fusion experiment ITER requires additional heating via injection of neutral beams from accelerated negative ions. In the SPIDER test facility, under construction in Padova, the production of negative ions will be studied and optimised. STRIKE (Short-Time Retractable Instrumented Kalorimeter Experiment) is a diagnostic used to characterise the SPIDER beam during short pulse operation (several seconds) to verify if the beam meets the ITER requirements about the maximum allowed beam non-uniformity (below ±10%). The major components of STRIKE are 16 1D-CFC (Carbon-Carbon Fibre Composite) tiles, observed at the rear side by a thermal camera. This contribution gives an overview of some tests under high energy particle flux, aimed at verifying the thermo-mechanical behaviour of several CFC prototype tiles. The tests were performed in the GLADIS facility at IPP (Max-Plank-Institut für Plasmaphysik), Garching. Dedicated linear and nonlinear simulations were carried out to interpret the experiments and a comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results is presented. The results of some morphological and structural studies on the material after exposure to the GLADIS beam are also given

Magnetic anisotropy in GaMnAs; Magnetische Anisotropie in GaMnAs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Daeubler, Joachim

2009-07-02

The goal of the present work was the detailed investigation of the impact of parameters like vertical strain, hole concentration, substrate orientation and patterning on the MA in GaMnAs. At first a method is introduced enabling us to determine the MA from angle-dependent magnetotransport measurements. This method was used to analyze the impact of vertical strain {epsilon}{sub zz} on the MA in a series of GaMnAs layers with a Mn content of 5% grown on relaxed InGaAs-templates. While hole concentration and Curie temperature were found to be unaffected by vertical strain, a significant dependence of the MA on {epsilon}{sub zz} was found. The most pronounced dependence was observed for the anisotropy parameter B{sub 2} {sub perpendicular} {sub to}, representing the intrinsic contribution to the MA perpendicular to the layer plane. For this parameter a linear dependence on {epsilon}{sub zz} was found, resulting in a strain-induced transition of the magnetic easy axis with increasing strain from in-plane to out-of-plane at {epsilon}{sub zz} {approx} -0.13%. Post-growth annealing of the samples leads to an outdiffusion and/or regrouping of the highly mobile Mn interstitial donor defects, resulting in an increase in both p and T{sub C}. For the annealed samples, the transition from in-plane to out-of-plane easy axis takes place at {epsilon}{sub zz} {approx} -0.07%. From a comparison of as-grown and annealed samples, B{sub 2} {sub perpendicular} {sub to} was found to be proportional to both p and {epsilon}{sub zz}, B{sub 2} {sub perpendicular} {sub to} {proportional_to} p .{epsilon}{sub zz}. To study the influence of substrate orientation on the magnetic properties of GaMnAs, a series of GaMnAs layers with Mn contents up to 5% was grown on (001)- and (113)A-oriented GaAs substrates. The hole densities and Curie temperatures, determined from magnetotransport measurements, are drastically reduced in the (113)A layers. The differences in the magnetic properties of (113)A- and (001)-GaMnAs resulting from this have been used to realize quasi-planar GaMnAs structures consisting laterally confined regions with different magnetic materials. For this purpose, mesa stripes along the [1 anti 10] direction with (113)A sidewalls were prepared on GaAs-(001) substrates. Magnetoresistance measurements clearly revealed the lateral coexistence of areas with (001)- and (113)A-specific properties. In general, patterning of GaMnAs layers results in a change of shape anisotropy and in (partial) relaxation processes in the GaMnAs structures. We found the anisotropy contribution resulting from anisotropic relaxation to be dominant. As a consequence, the magnetic easy axis for the tensile strained samples is oriented perpendicular to the wire direction within the sample plane for wire widths {<=} 3 {mu}m. (orig.)

Magnetisches Tracking für die Navigation mit dem da Vinci® Surgical System

Science.gov (United States)

Nickel, Felix; Wegner, Ingmar; Kenngott, Hannes; Neuhaus, Jochen; Müller-Stich, Beat P.; Meinzer, Hans-Peter; Gutt, Carsten N.

In dieser Studie wurde untersucht ob in einem typischen OP-Aufbau mit dem da Vinci® Telemanipulator elektromagnetisches Tracking für die Realisation eines Navigationssystems eingesetzt werden kann. Hierfür wurde in einem realen OP-Aufbau untersucht, wie stark metallische und ferromagnetisch wirksame Objekte wie Operationstisch und Telemanipulator das elektromagnetische Feld des Trackingsystems beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Telemanipulator nur unwesentlich die Störung des Magnetfeldes durch den OP-Tisch verstärkt. Insbesondere die Bewegung der Instrumente im Trackingvolumen verursachte keine zusätzliche relevante Störung des Magnetfeldes. Bei Begrenzung des Trackingvolumens auf eine Länge von 190 mm, Höhe von 200mm und Breite von 400 mm war der maximale Fehler in diesem Bereich an allen Messpunkten kleiner 10 mm. Der Einsatz von elektromagnetischem Tracking für die Navigation mit dem da Vinci® Surgical System ist somit in einem begrenzten Arbeitsvolumen mit hinreichender Genauigkeit möglich.

Origin of ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductors; Moegliche Ursachen des Ferromagnetismus verduennter magnetischer Halbleiter

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Biegger, E.

2007-02-14

In this work Mn-doped Ge single crystals and thin films of the metal doped oxidic semiconductors ZnO and SnO{sub 2} were prepared and investigated in detail. Structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of Mn-doped Ge single crystals (0

Fabrication and analysis of ordered magnetic cobalt nanoparticles; Herstellung und Untersuchung geordneter magnetischer Kobaltnanoteilchen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zuern, Klaus P.

2009-12-17

In the dissertation on hand monodisperse, wellordered magnetic cobalt and cobalt hydride nanoparticles have been produced and investigated magnetically. The preparation was achieved by diblock-copolymer-micelles filled with cobalt salt, from which nanoparticles of elementary cobalt respectively cobalt hydride were generated in different steps of the procedure. It was evident that the cobalthydride generated by the hydrogen plasma was surprisingly stable. It could even be taken into consideration as a hydrogen storage device for fuel cell. The magnetic properties of the particles has been investigated by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). In addition it was evident, that it was principally impossible to investigate a film layered on a substrate with a SQUID-magnetometer, if this film produces only a small signal as well absolutely as relatively to the magnetically measured total moment of the sample. (orig.)

Tellurium rings as electron pair donors in cluster compounds and coordination polymers; Tellurringe als Elektronenpaardonoren in Clusterverbindungen und Koordinationspolymeren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guenther, Anja

2011-11-08

In this dissertation novel and already known molecular tellurium rings are presented in cluster compounds and quasi-one-dimensional coordination polymers. The cyclic, homonuclear units are always stabilized by coordination to electron-rich transition metal atoms, with the coordinating tellurium atoms acting as two-electron donors. As a synthesis route, the solid-state reaction in quartz glass vials was used uniformly. In addition to structural determination, the focus was on the characterization of the resulting compounds. For this purpose, resistance measurements were carried out on selected compounds, the magnetic behavior and the thermal degradation reactions were investigated and accompanying quantum chemical calculations were carried out. [German] In dieser Dissertation werden neuartige sowie bereits bekannte molekulare Tellurringe in Clusterverbindungen und quasi-eindimensionalen Koordinationspolymeren vorgestellt. Die Stabilisierung der zyklischen, homonuklearen Einheiten erfolgt dabei stets durch die Koordination an elektronenreiche Uebergangsmetallatome, wobei die koordinierenden Telluratome gegenueber diesen als Zwei-Elektronendonoren fungieren. Als Syntheseroute wurde dabei einheitlich auf die Festkoerperreaktion in Quarzglasampullen zurueckgegriffen. Neben der Strukturaufklaerung stand die Charakterisierung der erhaltenden Verbindungen im Fokus der Arbeit. Dazu wurden an ausgewaehlten Verbindungen Widerstandsmessungen durchgefuehrt, das magnetische Verhalten sowie die thermischen Abbaureaktionen untersucht und begleitende quantenchemische Rechnungen durchgefuehrt.

Development of a metallic magnetic calorimeter for high resolution spectroscopy; Entwicklung eines metallischen magnetischen Kalorimeters fuer die hochaufloesende Roentgenspektroskopie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Linck, M.

2007-05-02

In this thesis the development of a metallic magnetic calorimeter for high resolution detection of single x-ray quanta is described. The detector consists of an X-ray absorber and a paramagnetic temperature sensor. The raise in temperature of the paramagnetic sensor due to the absorption of a single X-ray is measured by the change in magnetization of the sensor using a low-noise SQUID magnetometer. The thermodynamic properties of the detector can be described by a theoretical model based on a mean field approximation. This allows for an optimization of the detector design with respect to signal size. The maximal archivable energy resolution is limited by thermodynamic energy fluctuations between absorber, heat bath and thermometer. An interesting field of application for a metallic magnetic calorimeter is X-ray astronomy and the investigation of X-ray emitting objects. Through high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy it is possible to obtain information about physical processes of even far distant objects. The magnetic calorimeter that was developed in this thesis has a metallic absorber with a quantum efficiency of 98% at 6 keV. The energy resolution of the magnetic calorimeter is EFWHM=2.7 eV at 5.9 keV. The deviation of the detector response from a linear behavior of the detector is only 0.8% at 5.9 keV. (orig.)

Alexander von Humboldt und Carl Friedrich Gauß als Wegbereiter der neuen Disziplin Erdmagnetismus

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Karin Reich

2011-03-01

Full Text Available AbstractThough Alexander von Humboldt was motivated for the first time to deal with earthmagnetism during his stay in Freiberg, it was in France that he really became a specialist in this respect. During most of his journeys he made earthmagnetic measurements. His collaboration with Arago was of great importance, it was in Paris that the first magnetic observatory was built. Humboldt rendered outstanding services to the investigation of earth magnetism by two major achievements: 1. He emphasized intensity measurements and 2. he put forward the law that the magnetic intensity is increasing from the magnetic equator toward the magnetic poles. At least since 1803 Carl Friedrich Gauss was interested in earthmagnetism and especially in Humboldt’s early published data. That Wilhelm Weber became professor of physics at the University of Göttingen in 1831 was a turning point for Gauss. In 1833 Göttingen was the centre of investigating earthmagnetism, a new era began which lasted only until 1843. Gauss’ main contributions were more or less theoretical, in 1832/3 he transformed Humboldt’s relative intensity measurements into absolute ones which were independent of the instrument’s needle. A new epoch began with Gauss’ publication „Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus” (1839. The main point was the newly defined notion of „potential“. Gauss was the first to present the surface of the earth with equipotential lines. ZusammenfassungAlexander von Humboldt hatte sich bereits in Freiberg mit dem Erdmagnetismus beschäftigt; jedoch erst in Frankreich lernte er die entsprechenden Beobachtungsmethoden kennen. Auf allen seinen Reisen machte er erdmagnetische Messungen. Seine Zusammenarbeit mit Arago in Paris war besonders fruchtbar, hier wurde das erste magnetische Observatorium gebaut. Humboldt beschäftigte sich vor allem mit Intensitätsmessungen; sein wichtigster Beitrag war die Feststellung, dass die magnetische Intensität vom

Arrangement of magnets for magnetic support or guide system. Magnetanordnung fuer ein magnetisches Trag- oder Fuehrungssystem

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bohn, G; Schwaerzler, P

1978-01-26

The invention refers to an arrangement of magnets for a magnetic support or guide system, particularly for a levitation vehicle. A magnetic tape which can be moved without touching along a fixed armature rail is provided, having an additional magnet at its ends. The pole surfaces of each additional magnet increase their spacing from the armature rail with increasing distance from the end of the magnetic tape concerned. The purpose of the invention is to improve such an arrangement of magnets so that the extra expense of additional magnets is avoided. According to the invention, this is achieved by the pole surfaces of the outer electromagnets of the magnetic tape, instead of the additional magnets, having an increased spacing from the armature rail with increasing approach to the end of the core free of connected electromagnets. The part of the pole faces remote from the armature rail is made curved in order to produce great leakage of the magnetic field.

Cobalt-doped ZnO as dilute magnetic semiconductor; Cobalt dotiertes ZnO als verduennter magnetischer Halbleiter

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gacic, Milan

2009-04-24

Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are technologically promising materials that show ferromagnetic as well as semiconducting properties. These are one of the crucial compounds concerning the development of spintronic devices. The main problem so far ist that for applications the Curie temperature of most of the DMS compounds is much too low. However, DMS compounds based on ZnO as Zn{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}O seem to show ferromagnetism above room temperature, but the ferromagnetic exchange is not fully understood. Intensive experimental investigations need to be done. In the course of this theses Zn{sub 0.95}Co{sub 0.05}O thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition and investigated concerning their magnetic, magnetoelectric and structural properties in order to understand the ferromagnetism in this material. Different experimental methods have been used, as magnetometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), electron spin resonance (ESR) and magnetoelectric transport measurements. At special preparation conditions, where a high defect density is induced, the samples are clearly ferromagnetic above room temperature with a saturation magnetization of 2 {mu}{sub b}/Co and a remanence of 90%. Electrical transport measurements show a clear magnetoresistance as well as a anomalous Hall effect. The anomalous Hall effect rises with the magnetization indicating intrinsic ferromagnetism and a certain degree of spin polarization. As the ferromagnetism disappears with rising charge carrier density the ferromagnetic interaction cannot be mediated by the conduction electrons. A more precise evaluation of the magnetoelectric results shows that there is an additional conducting impurity band which could even be spinpolarized. So there are indications that the ferromagnetism is due to magnetic polarons. Some of the structural and magnetometric results as well as the electron spin resonance measurements suggest an additional extrinsic contribution to the ferromagnetic moment which is due to metallic Cobalt segregations. This contribution could be much higher than the intrinsic one. However, XMCD measurements show that Cobalt is not contributing to the ferromagnetism at all. All things considered, there are indications that magnetic defects play a crucial role in the magnetism of Zn{sub 0.95}Co{sub 0.05}O. (orig.)

Test of 1D carbon-carbon composite prototype tiles for the SPIDER diagnostic calorimeter

Science.gov (United States)

Serianni, G.; Pimazzoni, A.; Canton, A.; Palma, M. Dalla; Delogu, R.; Fasolo, D.; Franchin, L.; Pasqualotto, R.; Tollin, M.

2017-08-01

Additional heating will be provided to the thermonuclear fusion experiment ITER by injection of neutral beams from accelerated negative ions. In the SPIDER test facility, under construction at Consorzio RFX in Padova (Italy), the production of negative ions will be studied and optimised. To this purpose the STRIKE (Short-Time Retractable Instrumented Kalorimeter Experiment) diagnostic will be used to characterise the SPIDER beam during short operation (several seconds) and to verify if the beam meets the ITER requirement regarding the maximum allowed beam non-uniformity (below ±10%). The most important measurements performed by STRIKE are beam uniformity, beamlet divergence and stripping losses. The major components of STRIKE are 16 1D-CFC (Carbon matrix-Carbon Fibre reinforced Composite) tiles, observed at the rear side by a thermal camera. The requirements of the 1D CFC material include a large thermal conductivity along the tile thickness (at least 10 times larger than in the other directions); low specific heat and density; uniform parameters over the tile surface; capability to withstand localised heat loads resulting in steep temperature gradients. So 1D CFC is a very anisotropic and delicate material, not commercially available, and prototypes are being specifically realised. This contribution gives an overview of the tests performed on the CFC prototype tiles, aimed at verifying their thermal behaviour. The spatial uniformity of the parameters and the ratio between the thermal conductivities are assessed by means of a power laser at Consorzio RFX. Dedicated linear and non-linear simulations are carried out to interpret the experiments and to estimate the thermal conductivities; these simulations are described and a comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results is presented.

Feasibility study for magnetic heat-pumps: applications in Switzerland; Machbarkeitsstudie fuer magnetische Waermepumpen: Anwendungen in der Schweiz. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Egolf, P.W.; Gendre, F.; Sari, O. [Haute Ecole d' Ingenerie et de Gestion, Yverdon-les-Bains (Switzerland); Kitanovski, A. [University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia)

2006-07-01

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents the results of a feasibility study on the use of magneto-caloric materials. The authors are of the opinion that possibilities are not yet given for the application of magnetic heat pumps in the retro-fitting of buildings with radiator heating systems or for the production of sanitary hot water, whereas a good potential exists for the application of magnetic heat pumps in new buildings with floor heating. The report reviews the thermodynamic cycles involved, cascaded and regenerative systems and makes recommendations on the use in various types of buildings. Theoretical considerations are discussed, numerical simulations are described and a simple calculation method is presented. Cost considerations are discussed and comparisons are made with conventional systems.

Efficient sorting of waste by means of dry stabilisation and separation of inert materials; Effiziente Sortierung von Restabfall durch Trockenstabilisierung und Inertstoffabscheidung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heering, B.M. [Herhof-Umwelt GmbH, Solms-Niederbiel (Germany); Heil, J. [Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Kokereiwesen, Brikettierung und Thermische Abfallbehandlung, Aachen (Germany)

1999-07-01

Sorting of waste takes place in two stages: First, the waste is dried to a moisture of 15 % by weight, making use of its microbial activities. After this, the stabilised residue is sorted according to grain size, density, magnetic susceiptibility, electric conductivity, and comminution characteristics. This way, recyclable materials are recovered almost completely (e.g. metals, stone, ceramics, glass). The refuse-derived fuel fraction has significantly lower heavy metal concentrations because the metals were sorted out, and its calorific value and homogemeity are optimised as well. The fuel fraction can be combusted at once or stored for further use. [German] Die stoffliche Trennung des Restabfalls kann in zwei aufeinander folgende Schritte unterteilt werden. Den ersten Schritt stellt eine Trocknung unter Ausnutzung der mikrobiellen Aktivitaeten des Materials dar. Durch diese Massnahme wird ein trockenes Material mit einer Restfeuchte von unter 15 Gew.-% erzeugt. Den zweiten Verfahrensschritt stellt die Sortierung des stabilisierten Restabfall dar. Als Sortierkriterium werden die Eigenschaften Korngroesse, Dichte, magnetische Suszeptibilitaet, elektrische Leitfaehigkeit und Zerkleinerungsverhalten angewandt. Hierdruch ist eine nahezu vollstaendige und sortenreine Rueckgewinnung der im Abfall enthaltenen Wertstoffe wie Eisen-/Nichteisenmetalle, Steine/Keramik und Glas sichergestellt. Weiterhin erhaelt man als Brennstofffraktion das Trockenstabilat {sup circledR}. Aufgrund der Abtrennung der hauptsaechlichen Schwermetalltraeger, Eisen- und Nichteisenmetalle, besitzt dieser Sekundaerbrennstoff gegenueber dem unbehandeltem Restabfall deutlich verminderte Schwermetallkonzentrationen. Zudem sind seine verbrennungstechnisch relevanten Eigenschaften Heizwert und Homogenitaet deutlich optimiert. Das Trockenstabilat {sup circledR} wird sofort oder zeitversetzt der energetischen Verwertung zugefuehrt. (orig.)

Investigation into magnetic correlations in cuprates by means of neutron scattering experiments; Untersuchung magnetischer Korrelationen in Kupraten mit Hilfe von Neutronenstreuexperimenten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Henggeler, W [Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)

1997-12-31

Cuprate materials containing rare earth ions were studied. The main experimental tools were inelastic and elastic neutron scattering techniques. Some {mu}SR, susceptibility and specific heat measurements were also performed. One aim was to learn more about the crystalline environment of the rare earth ions in these substances via the crystalline electric field (CEF) interaction. Furthermore, we investigated the correlations of the magnetic moments of these ions by a determination of the dispersion of the CEF excitations. The theory that is essential for the understanding of this work is outlined. The instruments on which the experiments have been performed are presented. We show the measurements of the CEF excitations of Ho{sup 3+} in Y{sub 0.99}Ho{sub 0.01}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6+x}. The Ho ions represent ideal local probes to examine changes of the charge distribution in the copper oxide planes upon doping with oxygen. To prevent any influence of the Ho-Ho exchange interaction on the CEF excitations we performed the experiments on substances containing only one percent of Ho. Our results show that for all the intermediately doped compounds the charge distribution is very inhomogeneous. For all the highly doped samples we observe a line asymmetry for which several possible origins are discussed. We examine the Pr{sup 3+} CEF excitations in the Pr{sub 2-x}Ce{sub x}CuO{sub 4(-{delta})} (0{<=}x{<=}0.2)-substances. Our results show a coexistence of different environments of the Pr ions in all the doped compounds. We try to describe these inhomogeneities with the help of a model. We used the {mu}SR-technique on some of these samples in order to learn more about the oxygen reduction process. Finally, we performed inelastic neutron scattering experiments on Pr{sub 1.86}Ce{sub 0.14}CuO{sub 4} single crystal, which allowed a direct determination of the coupling constants between the magnetic moments of the Pr ions. (author) figs., tabs., 93 refs.

Magnetic properties of the alloy system Fe-Pt. Bulk materials and nanoparticles; Magnetische Eigenschaften des Legierungssystems Fe-Pt. Volumenmaterialien und Nanopartikel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Antoniak, C.

2007-12-14

Besides the determination of magnetic properties of epitaxial grown Fe{sub x}Pt{sub 1-x} films like e.g. the magnetic anisotropy, effective magnetisation, exchange length and damping as reference data, wet-chemically synthesised spherical Fe{sub x}Pt{sub 1-x} nanoparticles with different sizes, compositions and crystal structures were examined systematically after the reduction of Fe oxides by a hydrogen plasma treatment. Organic ligands surrounding the particles after the synthesis, were removed as well during this procedure. These ligands prevent the agglomeration of the nanoparticles when deposited onto a substrate, but do not have any measurable effect on the oxide formation under air exposure and do not change the magnetic properties of oxidised nanoparticles within experimental error bars. Static and dynamic magnetic properties were determined using the ferromagnetic resonance technique and themeasurement of the x-ray absorption, especially the analysis of the X-ray circular dichroism. The analysis of the element-specific magnetic moments shows that the effective magnetic spin moment ({mu}{sup eff}{sub s}) of the Fe{sub x}Pt{sub 1-x} nanoparticles is reduced by 20.30% with respect to the one of the corresponding Fe{sub x}Pt{sub 1-x} film due to the inhomogeneous composition within the nanoparticles which was found by the analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure. With decreasing particle size, {mu}{sup eff}{sub s} is further decreasing while the ratio of orbital-to-effective-spin magnetic moment ({mu}{sub l}/{mu}{sup eff}{sub s}) increases. Annealing at 600 C of a sample consisting of Fe{sub 0.50}Pt{sub 0.50} nanoparticles with a mean diameter around 6 nm yields a strong increase of the {mu}{sub l}/{mu}{sup eff}{sub s} ratio at the Fe sites: it reaches a value of about 9% and is as large as the value at the Pt sites. This is accompanied by an enhancement of the coercive field from (36{+-}5) mT to (292{+-}8) mT after annealing that can be explained by an increase of the effective anisotropy from 5.5 x 10{sup 4}J/m{sup 3} to 3.85 x 10{sup 5}J/{sup 3} due to the (partial) transformation to the chemically ordered phase. The effective anisotropy of very small Fe{sub 0.70}Pt{sub 0.30} nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 2.5 nm show a strong temperature dependence due to thermal fluctuations which was measured using the ferromagnetic resonance technique. The damping of the magnetisation precession in such measurements is increasing with increasing Pt content in agreement to the composition dependence of the damping in Fe{sub x}Pt{sub 1-x} films. (orig.)

Investigation into magnetic correlations in cuprates by means of neutron scattering experiments; Untersuchung magnetischer Korrelationen in Kupraten mit Hilfe von Neutronenstreuexperimenten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Henggeler, W. [Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)

1996-12-31

Cuprate materials containing rare earth ions were studied. The main experimental tools were inelastic and elastic neutron scattering techniques. Some {mu}SR, susceptibility and specific heat measurements were also performed. One aim was to learn more about the crystalline environment of the rare earth ions in these substances via the crystalline electric field (CEF) interaction. Furthermore, we investigated the correlations of the magnetic moments of these ions by a determination of the dispersion of the CEF excitations. The theory that is essential for the understanding of this work is outlined. The instruments on which the experiments have been performed are presented. We show the measurements of the CEF excitations of Ho{sup 3+} in Y{sub 0.99}Ho{sub 0.01}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6+x}. The Ho ions represent ideal local probes to examine changes of the charge distribution in the copper oxide planes upon doping with oxygen. To prevent any influence of the Ho-Ho exchange interaction on the CEF excitations we performed the experiments on substances containing only one percent of Ho. Our results show that for all the intermediately doped compounds the charge distribution is very inhomogeneous. For all the highly doped samples we observe a line asymmetry for which several possible origins are discussed. We examine the Pr{sup 3+} CEF excitations in the Pr{sub 2-x}Ce{sub x}CuO{sub 4(-{delta})} (0{<=}x{<=}0.2)-substances. Our results show a coexistence of different environments of the Pr ions in all the doped compounds. We try to describe these inhomogeneities with the help of a model. We used the {mu}SR-technique on some of these samples in order to learn more about the oxygen reduction process. Finally, we performed inelastic neutron scattering experiments on Pr{sub 1.86}Ce{sub 0.14}CuO{sub 4} single crystal, which allowed a direct determination of the coupling constants between the magnetic moments of the Pr ions. (author) figs., tabs., 93 refs.

Mass-selected iron-cobalt alloy clusters. Correlation of magnetic and structural properties; Massenselektierte Eisen-Kobalt-Legierungscluster. Korrelation magnetischer und struktureller Eigenschaften

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bulut, Furkan

2008-10-13

In this work, I present results concerning structural and magnetic properties of massselected iron-cobalt alloy clusters with diameters between 5 and 15 nm. I have studied the structure of FeCo alloy clusters with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). I have also investigated the crystalline structure of pure iron and pure cobalt clusters with HRTEM to ensure a reliable determination of the lattice parameter for the alloy clusters. The FeCo nanoparticles have a truncated dodecahedral shape with a CsCl-structure. The clusters were produced with a continuously working arc cluster ion source and subsequently mass-selected with an electrostatic quadrupole deflector. The composition of the alloy clusters was checked with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The lateral size distribution was investigated by TEM and the height of the deposited FeCo clusters on the (110) surface of tungsten was determined by STM. Comparing the results I have observed that the supported clusters were flattened due to the high surface energy of W(110). The decrease in height of the mass-selected supported clusters amounts to about 1 nm. Furthermore, element specific magnetic studies performed by means of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) have shown that magnetic moments of Fe{sub 50}Co{sub 50} alloy clusters are in good agreement with the theoretically expected values in the bulk. I have also examined the behavior of the alloy clusters at elevated temperatures. The clusters exhibit an anisotropic melting on the W(110) surface. (orig.)

Animal Magnetism, Psychiatry and Subjective Experience in Nineteenth-Century Germany: Friedrich Krauß and his Nothschrei.

Science.gov (United States)

Brückner, Burkhart

2016-01-01

Friedrich Krauß (1791-1868) is the author of Nothschrei eines Magnetisch-Vergifteten [Cry of Distress by a Victim of Magnetic Poisoning] (1852), which has been considered one of the most comprehensive self-narratives of madness published in the German language. In this 1018-page work Krauß documents his acute fears of 'mesmerist' influence and persecution, his detainment in an Antwerp asylum and his encounter with various illustrious physicians across Europe. Though in many ways comparable to other prominent nineteenth-century first-person accounts (eg. John Thomas Perceval's 1838 Narrative of the Treatment Experienced by a Gentleman or Daniel Paul Schreber's 1903 Memoirs of my Nervous Illness), Krauß's story has received comparatively little scholarly attention. This is especially the case in the English-speaking world. In this article I reconstruct Krauß's biography by emphasising his relationship with physicians and his under-explored stay at the asylum. I then investigate the ways in which Krauß appropriated nascent theories about 'animal magnetism' to cope with his disturbing experiences. Finally, I address Krauß's recently discovered calligraphic oeuvre, which bears traces of his typical fears all the while showcasing his artistic skills. By moving away from the predominantly clinical perspective that has characterised earlier studies, this article reveals how Friedrich Krauß sought to make sense of his experience by selectively appropriating both orthodox and non-orthodox forms of medical knowledge. In so doing, it highlights the mutual interaction of discourses 'from above' and 'from below' as well as the influence of broader cultural forces on conceptions of self and illness during that seminal period.

Potential applications of medium-sized, superconducting magnetic energy storage devices (SMES) in Germany; Einsatzmoeglichkeiten fuer mittelgrosse supraleitende magnetische Energiespeicher (SMES) in Deutschland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prescher, K; Nick, W; Vollmar, H E; Kleinmaier, M; Radtke, U

1995-05-01

The paper addresses economic aspects of applying SMES instead of conventional methods in the electricity supply sector in Germany. Compared to the process of throttling of turbine valves hitherto used in steam power plants, the use of SMES will bring about advantages such as fuel savings, reduced emission, and improved utilisation of the existing power plant park in Germany. The paper presents a feasibility and cost study of a specified application of SMES. (orig.) [Deutsch] Praesentiert werden wirtschaftliche Beurteilungen, supraleitende Energiespeicher statt konventioneller Methoden in der elektrischen Energieversorgung in Deutschland einzusetzen. Anstelle der heute vorherrschenden Androsselung der Turbinenventile in Dampfkraftwerken sind bei Ersatz durch SMES Brennstoffeinsparungen, Emissionsminderungen und eine hoehere Ausnutzung des bestehenden Kraftwerksparks zu erwarten. Ein konkreter Anwendungsfall wird bezueglich technischer Machbarkeit und Kosten detaillierter untersucht. (orig.)

Quantitative imaging of magnetic nanoparticles by magneto-relaxometric tomography for biomedical applications; Quantitative Bildgebung magnetischer Nanopartikel mittels magnetrelaxometrischer Tomographie fuer biomedizinische Anwendungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liebl, Maik

2016-11-18

Current biomedical research focuses on the development of novel biomedical applications based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), e.g. for local cancer treatment. These therapy approaches employ MNPs as remotely controlled drug carriers or local heat generators. Since location and quantity of MNPs determine drug enrichment and heat production, quantitative knowledge of the MNP distribution inside a body is essential for the development and success of these therapies. Magnetorelaxometry (MRX) is capable to provide such quantitative information based on the specific response of the MNPs after switching-off an applied magnetic field. Applying a uniform (homogeneous) magnetic field to a MNP distribution and measuring the MNP response by multiple sensors at different locations allows for spatially resolved MNP quantification. However, to reconstruct the MNP distribution from this spatially resolved MRX data, an ill posed inverse problem has to be solved. So far, the solution of this problem was stabilized incorporating a-priori knowledge in the forward model, e.g. by setting priors on the vertical position of the distribution using a 2D reconstruction grid or setting priors on the number and geometry of the MNP sources inside the body. MRX tomography represents a novel approach for quantitative 3D imaging of MNPs, where the inverse solution is stabilized by a series of MRX measurements. In MRX tomography, only parts of the MNP distribution are sequentially magnetized by the use of inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Each magnetizing is followed by detection of the response of the corresponding part of the distribution by multiple sensors. The 3D reconstruction of the MNP distribution is then accomplished by a common evaluation of the distinct MRX measurement series. In this thesis the first experimental setup for MRX tomography was developed for quantitative 3D imaging of biomedical MNP distributions. It is based on a multi-channel magnetizing unit which has been engineered to generate a time-multiplexed sequence of precise magnetic fields for spatially constrained magnetizing of the MNP distribution. The unit has been integrated into a sensor system containing 304 superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) used for the spatially resolved detection of the MNP responses after each magnetizing. Furthermore, for evaluation of MRX tomography MNP phantoms reflecting the MNP distribution after magnetic drug targeting therapy in animals were designed and implemented. Using these phantoms, MNP distributions with clinical MNP doses in the milligram range could be quantitatively reconstructed by MRX tomography within a field of view up to 600 cm³ and a spatial resolution of a few cubic centimeters. The deviation between the quantified and nominal MNP amount was found to be below 10%. With the present experimental setup MRX tomography measurements of a complete MNP distribution were performed within the typical anesthesia time interval of a few minutes prevailing in preclinical animal studies. By implementing advanced magnetizing sequences this measurement time of the MRX tomography setup could be reduced to below 30 s. Finally, using the same MRX tomography setup a binding state specific quantitative imaging of MNP distributions was achieved by incorporating the temporal MNP relaxation behavior into the reconstruction. Hence, MRX tomography has the potential to image the influence of the local biological environment on the physical properties of the MNPs. The presented MRX tomography setup allows for sensitive and specific spatially resolved 3D quantification of MNPs in small animals. This represents an important step towards the development of a clinical imaging tool for the control and assessment of MNP based cancer treatments. Moreover, by adjusting the excitation coils the field of view could be easily enlarged making MRX tomography quite conceivable for human application.

Increase in the thermal strength of the binder phase of Cermets; Steigerung der Warmfestigkeit der Bindephase von Cermets

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Grewe, H. [Krupp-Entwicklungszentrum, Bereich Werkstofftechnik, Essen (Germany); Kolaska, H. [Entwicklung Hartstoffe, Krupp Widia GmbH, Essen (Germany)

1995-05-01

According to recent investigations, hard metals with a good profile of characteristics can be produced from tungsten carbide with appropriate sintering conditions and with optimized alloying ratios in the Fe-Co-Ni system. The Co binder phase is substituted by a Fe-Co-Ni binder phase, by Co-Ni or Fe-Ni, or by alloys of the Nimonic type. The following analyses were carried out for the sintered HIP state, the quenched state, and the state of maximum magnetic and mechanical hardening: Light microscopy, measurement of the mechanical and technical characteristics, analysis of oxidation characteristics, hot hardness and edge-holding property, investigation of precipitation and hardening processes in the binder phase by a metallurgical analysis, and attempts to describe the kinetics of hardening. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Neuere Untersuchungsergebnisse ergeben Hinweise, wonach unter Einhaltung bestimmter Sinterbedingungen und nach Optimierung der Legierungsverhaeltnisse im Dreistoffsystem Eisen-Cobalt-Nickel gute Aussichten fuer die Herstellung von Hartmetallen auf Wolframcarbid-Basis mit einem guenstigen Eigenschaftsprofil bestehen. Die uebliche Cobalt-Bindephase wird dabei durch eine Fe-Co-Ni-Bindephase, durch Co-Ni oder Fe-Ni oder durch Legierungen vom Nimonic-Typ substituiert. Aufbauend auf diesen Kenntnissen wurde eine konzeptionelle Modifizierung der Bindephase von Cermets vorgenommen, die auf einer Co-Ni-Legierung basiert und durch die Ausscheidung von intermetallischen Phasen mit moeglichst einfacher Struktur aushaertet. Dabei eilt die magnetische Aushaertung der mechanischen Aushaertung des Cermet-Versuchswerkstoffs voraus. Fuer den Sinter-HIP-Zustand, fuer den Abschreckzustand sowie fuer den Zustand der maximalen magnetischen und der maximalen mechanischen Aushaertung wurden folgende Untersuchungen durchgefuehrt: Lichtmikroskopie Messung der mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften, Beurteilung von Oxidationsverhalten, Warmhaerte und Schneidhaltigkeit, Untersuchung

7. Kassel symposium on energy systems technology: Renewable energy sources and efficient utilization of energy; 7. Kasseler Symposium Energie-Systemtechnik: Erneuerbare Energien und rationelle Energieverwendung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Caselitz, P. (comp.)

2002-07-01

); Doppelschichtkondensatoren - Technik, Kosten, Perspektiven (Ruediger Koetz); Einsatz von Superkondensatoren in Kraftfahrzeugen (Rainer Knorr); Supraleitende magnetische Energiespeicher (Klaus-Peter Juengst); Schwungradspeicher - Stand der Technik (Frank Taeubner); Dezentrale Energiespeicher im europaeischen Verbundsnetz - EU-Projekt DISPOWER (J. Schmid, etc.); Interkontinentale Stromverbuende - Perspektiven einer Vollversorgung Europas mit Strom aus regenerativen Quellen (Gregor Czisch); Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Uebertragung fuer das europaeische Verbundnetz (Michael Haeusler); Supraleitung und Energietransport - Stand der Technik und Perspektiven (Frank Schmidt).

Structural and magnetic properties of FePt nanoparticles from the gas phase; Strukturelle und magnetische Eigenschaften von FePt-Nanopartikeln aus der Gasphase

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dmitrieva, O.

2007-09-21

In this work, we present the structural and magnetic characterization of FePt nanoparticles. The nanoparticles with mean size of about 6 nm were prepared by sputtering in the gas and subsequent inert gas condensation. The particles are annealed in the furnace during their flight prior to deposition on a substrate. The aim of this work is to prepare magnetically hard FePt nanoparticles in the L1{sub 0}-ordered phase. The structure of the particles was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and the investigations were supported by contrast simulations. The morphology of the particles varies with the sputter-gas pressure and with the annealing temperature. At a pressure of 0.5 mbar, the FePt-nanoparticles are multiply-twinned with an icosahedral structure and exhibit no formation of the L1{sub 0}-ordered phase. At a higher pressure of 1 mbar and an annealing temperature of 1000 C, the particles are partially single-crystalline. About 36 % of the particles are found to be in the L1{sub 0}-ordered state as was estimated by statistical counting supported by simulations. In order to activate the volume diffusion in the particles and to stabilize the formation of the L1{sub 0}-ordered state, the addition of nitrogen was used during the sputtering phase. In this phase, atomic nitrogen is incorporated interstitially into the structure of the primary particles. After annealing nitrogen effuses out of the particles and, thereby, increases the volume diffusion of the Fe and Pt atoms. The incorporation of nitrogen atoms during nucleation and their effusion at an annealing temperature of 1000 C was verified by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Structural investigations on particles prepared in the presence of nitrogen shows that most of the particles are single-crystalline and about 70 % of them are L1{sub 0}-ordered. Detailed structural analysis of the nanoparticles was done by the exit wave reconstruction method. An expansion of about 10% of the outer shells of the particles was observed. This expansion can be attributed to the oxidation of the surface of the particles. The thickness of the oxide shell was estimated by EELS and XAS to be about 1-2 atomic layers. Using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism the spin and orbital magnetic moments and the magnetization loop corresponding to Fe atoms were obtained. The enhanced value of the orbital magnetic moment of 0.2 {mu}{sub B} observed in the particles can be attributed to the tetragonal distortion of the L1{sub 0}-ordered lattice. (orig.)

The influence of magnetic fields on protein crystal growth and quality; Zum Einfluss magnetischer Felder auf das Wachstum und die Qualitaet von Proteinkristallen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meents, Alke

2005-08-01

Magnetic fields can affect protein crystal growth in several ways. In homogeneous magnetic fields molecules and crystallites line up themselves along the magnetic field direction due to their magnetic anisotropy. Inhomogeneous magnetic fields exert a force on diamagnetic and paramagnetic compounds towards regions of lower or higher field strength. This effect can be used to create a microgravity-like environment for diamagnetic proteins and an environment comparable to hypergravity for paramagnetic proteins. Crystallization in homogeneous magnetic fields and a microgravity-like environment are reported to have a positive effect on crystal quality. The aim of this work was to systematically investigate the effect of protein crystallization in magnetic fields on the crystal quality by comparing a large number of crystals grown under identical conditions with- and without magnetic fields. Crystal quality was determined by means of high resolution rocking-curve measurements. Furthermore in certain cases complete diffraction datasets were collected. Any possible influence of magnetic fields on the mosaicity and the quality of the diffraction data was evaluated statistically by applying Wilcoxon-Ranksum tests. To investigate the effect of protein crystallization in homogeneous magnetic fields the diamagnetic proteins Thaumatin, Trypsin, and Lysozyme and paramagnetic Myoglobin were crystallized in magnetic fields of 5 T, 8.8 T, and 15.8 T. The analysis of crystal mosaicity and quality of the diffraction data of the diamagnetic proteins did not reveal a significant influence on the crystal quality. In contrast the crystals of paramagnetic Myoglobin grew up to 14 times larger than the ones in the control experiment. In addition they had a significant lower mosaicity, and diffracted to a higher resolution than ever reported before. Special pole pieces for an existing magnet were designed and build to grow protein crystals in an inhomogeneous magnetic field The experimental setup generates gradients of up to 1400 T{sup 2}/m, which were previously only realized with Bitter- and superconducting magnets. It levitates microliter amounts of water and diamagnetic proteins in solution. The influence on protein crystallization of an inhomogeneous magnetic field which generated a microgravity-like environment was studied on Lysozyme and Insulin. Surprisingly, mosaicity measurements did not reveal any improvement in crystal quality. Paramagnetic Myoglobin crystals grown inside this field configuration were of significantly inferior quality compared to the ones from the control group. In conclusion the crystallization of proteins with a large magnetic anisotropy, such as Myoglobin, in homogeneous magnetic fields is a promising method for growing better quality crystals. (orig.)

1) rheuma: komplementare therapien hoch im kurs; 2) ist der Ruckenschmerz magnetisch? 3) morbus alzheimer: unkonventionelle therapeutische Wundertute; 4) homocystein: Im westen nichts neues

Science.gov (United States)

Resch

2000-08-01

Wahrend in akademischen Kreisen noch ausgiebig diskutiert wird, wie Naturheilkunde, Komplementarmedizin und Alternativmedizin begrifflich fassbar gemacht, sprich definiert werden konnen, hat sich langst ein Parallelmarkt entwickelt, auf dem seriose und obskure Anbieter eine breite Palette von vermeintlich hilfreichen diagnostischen Massnahmen und Therapien feilbieten. Ohne kassenarztliche Vereinigung, ohne wissenschaftliche Fachgesellschaften, ohne amtlichen Segen. Der Markt boomt, wie das Beispiel rheumatische Erkrankungen zeigt. Das hat seine Grunde, von denen S. Hill in ihrem Kommentar einige nennt. Abstrahiert konnte man sagen, dass es offensichtlich einen grossen Bedarf in Bereichen gibt, fur die die konventionelle Medizin zu wenig zu bieten hat. Die daraus resultierende Tatsache, dass Patienten immer mehr bereit sind, zusatzlich und erganzend Leistungen einzukaufen, musste nicht weiter schrecken (und ware parteienubergreifend sogar ganz im Sinne unserer Gesundheitspolitiker), wenn man unterstellen konnte, Patienten hatten eine einigermassen verlassliche Moglichkeit, seriose Angebote von denen von Quacksalbern, Scharlatanen und miesen Geschaftemachern zu unterscheiden. Das haben Sie aber nicht. Die Beispiele in diesem Journal Club sollen aufzeigen, wie schwer es manchmal selbst dort ist, Stellung zu beziehen, wo bereits Versuche vorliegen, bestimmte Angebote zu hinterfragen. Das liegt nicht zuletzt an den ziemlich durchgangigen Defiziten, was die Forschungsqualitat in diesem Bereich anbelangt. Es scheint hochste Zeit, dass sich die akademische Medizin ihrer Verantwortung in diesem Bereich bewusst wird und sich seiner annimmt. Wer sonst sollte das tun? Copyright 2000 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg

Stable amorphous semiconductors for solar cells. Final report; Stabile amorphe Halbleiterfilme fuer Solarzellen. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fuhs, W.; Lips, K.; Mell, H.; Stachowitz, R.; Will, S.; Ulber, I.

1997-12-31

Elektronenspinresonanz (ESR), photothermische Deflektionsspektroskopie (PDS) und Photoleitungsspektroskopie (CPM) zur Verfuegung. Die Rolle der vorhandenen und zusaetzlich erzeugten Defekte auf den Rekombinationsmechanismus wurde an Filmen und Solarzellenstrukturen untersucht. Dazu wurden vor allem Photolumineszenz, frequenzaufgeloeste Photolumineszenzspektroskopie (FRS) und elektrisch detektierte magnetische Resonanz (EDMR) eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeiten wurden in internationalen Zeitschriften publiziert und auf internationalen Konferenzen vorgetragen. (orig.)

Nanopatterning of Co/Pt-multilayers via self-assembled block-copolymer micelles; Magnetische Nanostrukturen basierend auf Co/Pt-Multilagen, hergestellt mittels selbstorganisierter Masken aus Blockcopolymer-Micellen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stillrich, H.

2007-07-01

The production and characterization of magnetic nanostructures based on Co/Ptmultilayers are described in this thesis. Nanostructure arrays of Co/Pt multilayer films are generated utilizing the self-assembly of block copolymer micelles with a few 10nm diameter. For an understanding of the magnetic properties of nanostructures the properties of Co/Pt-multilayer films are examined first. The films are grown via different sputter techniques. The structural and magnetic properties are investigated depending on the deposition technique. The sources of magnetic anisotropy are discussed based on these investigations. One major topic concerning Co/Pt-multilayers is the reorientation of the easy axis of magnetization from perpendicular to in-plane as a function of the cobalt and platinum layer thicknesses. Combining averaging magnetization measurements and high resolution magnetic imaging, the canting of magnetization within the reorientation transition and a canted domain structure were found. The basis for magnetic nanostructures are Co/Pt-multilayers that were optimized for strong magnetic anisotropy. Magnetic antidot and dot arrays are generated from Co/Pt-multilayers via novel methods utilizing block copolymer micelle masks and ion milling. The generation of nanostructure arrays is proven by the morphologic and topographic properties, combined with the evolution of magneto-optic signals. Two different approaches for the generation of antidot arrays are shown. The magnetic properties of antidot arrays with perpendicular and in-plane easy magnetization are investigated. Magnetic dot arrays are produced utilizing the cores of SiO{sub 2} filled block copolymer micelles. The dot arrays consist of single domain particles. The switching field distribution of the dot arrays is analysed and described using the size distribution of the magnetic particles. Magnetic nanostructures in the region of the superparamagnetic limit are investigated. (orig.)

Influence of disorder and interfaces on electronic and magnetic properties of Heusler systems; Einfluss von Unordnung und Grenzflaechen auf elektronische und magnetische Eigenschaften von Heusler-Systemen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Krumme, Bernhard

2012-07-17

A Moessbauer-spectroscopic investigation of Fe{sub 3} films on GaAs(100) and MgO(100) revealed a disordered growth mode of Fe{sub 3}Si on GaAs(100), which is caused by an interdiffusion of Ga/As atoms. Implementing a 3 nm thick MgO tunnelbarrier on the GaAs suface inhibits the interdiffusion and enables an epitaxial film growth of Fe{sub 3}Si. By comparing experimental X-ray absorption measurements with DFT calculations we are able to resolve the contribution of the different Fe sublattices to the XAS and XMCD signal. Taking into account atomic disorder arising from Ga/As atoms within DFT calculation yields a small reduction of the spin polarization of Fe{sub 3}Si, indicating that the system Fe{sub 3}Si/GaAs(100) still is an interesting candidate for spintronic applications. For the Heusler compounds Co{sub 2}MnSi and Co{sub 2}FeSi the influence of the 3d transition metals Mn/Fe on the hybridization was determined by X-ray absorption and DFT calculations. A depth-selective study of the electronic structure of Mn in Co{sub 2}MnSi at the vicinity to a MgO tunnelbarrier indicates an increased number of unoccupied d states referring a MnSi terminated interface. The electronic structure of Si-rich Co{sub 2}FeSi depends on the external magnetic field. This points to magnetostrictive effects in this compound. Furthermore, the Heusler compound Ni{sub 51.6}Mn{sub 32.9}Sn{sub 15.5} was studied in this work. The compound is a shape memory alloy exhibiting a large inverse magnetocaloric effect. In this work the focus was put on the element-specific magnetic properties of Ni and Mn. For Mn a strong increase of the ratio of orbital to spin magnetic moment m{sub l}/m{sub S} was observed. In the austenite phase this ratio accounts for 5 %, whereas in the martensite this value becomes 13.5 %. For Ni m{sub l}/m{sub S} is almost constant at 28 %. applying a magnetic field of 3 T in the martensite phase leads to a reduction of m{sub l}/m{sub S} for both elements, indicating a field-induced reverse martensitic transition (FIRMT).

Hith resolution {beta}-spectroscopy of the isotope {sup 36}Cl using magnetic calorimeters; Entwicklung magnetischer Mikrokalorimeter fuer die hochaufloesende Spektroskopie des {beta}-Emitters {sup 36}Cl

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rotzinger, H.

2006-12-13

This thesis describes the development of a high resolution magnetic calorimeter for the detection of the {beta}-spectrum of the isotope {sup 36}Cl with endpoint energy of 709.6 keV. The temperature rise of a metallic paramagnetic sensor due to an energy deposition is sensed by measuring its magnetization using a sensitive DC-SQUID magnetometer. For a high detection efficiency an 4{pi} gold absorber was used. The heat capacity and the geometry of the absorber is optimally matched by a flat sensor and an optimized meander shaped readout coil. The fabrication of the superconducting structures and the detector setup are described. In addition, the relevant noise sources, the energy resolution and the quantum efficiency are discussed. A measured {sup 36}Cl-spectrum with an energy resolution of {delta}E{sub FWHM}=750 eV is presented and compared with existing experimental and theoretical data. (orig.)

Structural and electronic properties of binary amorphous aluminum alloys with transition metals and rare earth metals; Strukturelle und elektronische Eigenschaften binaerer amorpher Aluminiumlegierungen mit Uebergangsmetallen und Metallen der Seltenen Erden

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stiehler, Martin

2012-02-03

occurs in liquid, pure elements. The goal is to build up a resonance between the static structure and the electronic system, which is associated with an average valence of 1.5 electrons per atom. The structures of the investigated amorphous Al-rare earth alloys are also correlated over large concentration ranges with an average valence of 1.5 electrons per atom. [German] Der Einfluss der d-Zustaende der Uebergangsmetalle auf die Strukturbildung in amorphen Legierungen ist bisher nur unzureichend verstanden. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, zusaetzliche Beitraege zum Verstaendnis am Beispiel binaerer amorpher Aluminiumlegierungen mit Uebergangsmetallen zu erarbeiten. Speziell standen dabei Legierungen mit einer Untergruppe der Uebergangsmetalle, den Metallen der Seltenen Erden, im Vordergrund. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Schichten von Al-Ce im Bereich von 15at%Ce-80at%Ce durch sequentielle Flash-Verdampfung bei 4,2K im Hochvakuum hergestellt und durch Messungen des elektrischen Widerstands und des Hall-Effekts elektronisch, sowie durch Transmissionselektronenbeugung strukturell charakterisiert. Ergaenzend wurden Untersuchungen der Plasmaresonanz mittels Elektronenenergieverlustspektroskopie durchgefuehrt. Im Bereich 25at%Ce-60at%Ce entstanden homogen amorphe Proben. Besonders die Strukturuntersuchungen wurden durch eine Oxidation des Materials erschwert. Der Einfluss der Ce-4f-Elektronen manifestiert sich vor allem im Tieftemperatur- und Magnetowiderstand, die beide vom Kondo-Effekt dominiert werden. Der Hall-Effekt in Al-Ce wird im gesamten untersuchten Temperaturbereich (2K-320K) von anomalen Anteilen dominiert, welche skew-scattering-Effekten, ebenfalls aufgrund der Ce-4f-Elektronen, zugeschrieben werden. Bis hinunter zu 2K trat keine makroskopische magnetische Ordnung auf. Im Bereich 2K-20K wird auf das Vorliegen von Clustern geordneter magnetischer Momente geschlossen. Fuer T>20K tritt paramagnetisches Verhalten auf. Hinsichtlich der strukturellen

Pulsed magnetic fields and their assessment according to the accident prevention regulation BGV B11; Gepulste magnetische Felder und Ihre Bewertung nach der Unfallverhuetungsvorschrift BGV B11

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heinrich, H. [2h-engineering, Hausen (Germany)

2004-07-01

The accident prevention regulation BGV B11 - Electromagnetic Fields - contains a method for the assessment of pulsed fields. This paper gives valuable hints and background information and presents a new tool for the computer-based assessment of these fields. (orig.)

Electronic and magnetic phase separation in EuB{sub 6}. Fluctuation spectroscopy and nonlinear transport; Elektronische und magnetische Phasenseparation in EuB{sub 6}. Fluktuationsspektroskopie und nichtlinearer Transport

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Amyan, Adham

2013-07-09

The main topics of this thesis are electrical, stationary, and time-resolved transport measurements on EuB{sub 6} as well as the further development of measuring methods and analysis procedures of the fluctuation spectroscopy. The first part of this thesis was dedicated to the further development of the already known measuring methods under application of a fast data-acquisition card. The second part deals with the electrical transport properties of EuB{sub 6} and the understanding of the coupling between charge and magnetic degrees of freedom. By means of resistance and nonlinear-transport measurements as well as fluctuation spectroscopy hypotheses of other scientists were systematically verified as well as new knowledge obtained. The magnetoresistance was studied as function of the temperature in small external magnetic fields between 1 mT and 700 mT. Measurements of the third harmonic resistance as function of the temperature show maxima at T{sub MI} and T{sub C}. Electrical-resistance fluctuations were measured without external magnetic field between 5 and 100 K as well in presence of a magnetic field between 18 K and 32 K. At constant temperature measurements of the spectral power density in external magnetic fields were performed in the temperature range from 18 K to 32 K. Highly resolving measurements of the thermal expansion coefficient showed a very strong coupling of the magnetic (polaronic) degrees of freedom to the crystal lattice.

Deuterium/hydrogen isotope exchange on beryllium and beryllium nitride; Deuterium/Wasserstoff-Isotopenaustausch an Beryllium und Berylliumnitrid

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Dollase, Petra; Eichler, Michael; Koeppen, Martin; Dittmar, Timo; Linsmeier, Christian [Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Institut fuer Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik (Germany)

2016-07-01

In the fusion experiments JET and ITER, the first wall is made up of beryllium. The use of nitrogen is discussed for radiative cooling in the divertor. This can react with the surface of the first wall to form beryllium nitride (Be{sub 3}N{sub 2}). The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, which react in the fusion reaction to helium and a neutron, are used as fuel. Since the magnetic confinement of the plasma is not perfect, deuterium and tritium ions are also found on the beryllium wall and can accumulate there. This should be avoided due to the radioactivity of tritium. Therefore the isotope exchange with deuterium is investigated to regenerate the first wall. We investigate the isotopic exchange of deuterium and protium in order to have not to work with radioactive tritium. The ion bombardment is simulated with an ion source. With voltages up to a maximum of 5 kV, deuterium and protic hydrogen ions are implanted in polycrystalline Be and Be{sub 3}N{sub 2}. The samples are then analyzed in situ using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Subsequently, samples prepared under the same conditions are characterized ex-situ by means of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). [German] In den Fusionsexperimenten JET und ITER besteht die erste Wand im Hauptraum aus Beryllium (Be). Zur Strahlungskuehlung im Divertor wird der Einsatz von Stickstoff diskutiert. Dieser kann mit der Oberflaeche der ersten Wand zu Berylliumnitrid (Be{sub 3}N{sub 2}) reagieren. Als Brennstoff werden die Wasserstoffisotope Deuterium und Tritium eingesetzt, die in der Fusionsreaktion zu Helium und einem Neutron reagieren. Da der magnetische Einschluss des Plasmas nicht perfekt ist, treffen auch Deuterium- und Tritiumionen auf die Berylliumwand auf und koennen sich dort anreichern. Das soll aufgrund der Radioaktivitaet von Tritium unbedingt vermieden werden. Daher wird zur Regenerierung der ersten Wand der Isotopenaustausch mit Deuterium untersucht. Wir

Quantitative perfusion imaging in magnetic resonance imaging; Quantitative Perfusionsbildgebung in der Magnetresonanztomographie

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Zoellner, F.G.; Gaa, T.; Zimmer, F. [Universitaet Heidelberg, Computerunterstuetzte Klinische Medizin, Medizinische Fakultaet Mannheim, Mannheim (Germany); Ong, M.M.; Riffel, P.; Hausmann, D.; Schoenberg, S.O.; Weis, M. [Universitaet Heidelberg, Institut fuer Klinische Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Universitaetsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultaet Mannheim, Mannheim (Germany)

2016-02-15

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recognized for its superior tissue contrast while being non-invasive and free of ionizing radiation. Due to the development of new scanner hardware and fast imaging techniques during the last decades, access to tissue and organ functions became possible. One of these functional imaging techniques is perfusion imaging with which tissue perfusion and capillary permeability can be determined from dynamic imaging data. Perfusion imaging by MRI can be performed by two approaches, arterial spin labeling (ASL) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI. While the first method uses magnetically labelled water protons in arterial blood as an endogenous tracer, the latter involves the injection of a contrast agent, usually gadolinium (Gd), as a tracer for calculating hemodynamic parameters. Studies have demonstrated the potential of perfusion MRI for diagnostics and also for therapy monitoring. The utilization and application of perfusion MRI are still restricted to specialized centers, such as university hospitals. A broad application of the technique has not yet been implemented. The MRI perfusion technique is a valuable tool that might come broadly available after implementation of standards on European and international levels. Such efforts are being promoted by the respective professional bodies. (orig.) [German] Die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zeichnet sich durch einen ueberlegenen Gewebekontrast aus, waehrend sie nichtinvasiv und frei von ionisierender Strahlung ist. Sie bietet Zugang zu Gewebe- und Organfunktion. Eine dieser funktionellen bildgebenden Verfahren ist die Perfusionsbildgebung. Mit dieser Technik koennen u. a. Gewebeperfusion und Kapillarpermeabilitaet aus dynamischen Bilddaten bestimmt werden. Perfusionsbildgebung mithilfe der MRT kann durch 2 Ansaetze, naemlich ''arterial spin labeling'' (ASL) und dynamische kontrastverstaerkte (DCE-)MRT durchgefuehrt werden. Waehrend die erste Methode magnetisch

Static and dynamic magnetic properties of CoPt{sub 3}. Nanoparticles in comparison with bulk matter; Statische und dynamische magnetische Eigenschaften von CoPt{sub 3}. Nanopartikel im Vergleich zum Volumenmaterial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raeder, C.

2006-09-22

In this work the structural and magnetic characteristics of CoPt{sub 3}-particles are examined. In particular the determination of the g-factor is of interest as well as the damping behavior of the magnetization vector under influence of a microwave radiation. Moreover the magnetic anisotropy energy density of individual particles is covered by the presented thesis. The particles exist in the chemically disordered phase. They are monocrystalline and monodisperse with a mean diameter of d=4.04 nm and a width of the size distribution of {sigma}=0.15, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover the particles are embedded into a polymer with high dilution (0.08 vol%). To compare the results for the particles CoPt{sub 3} films and bulk-material are prepared and examined with the same procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that all three sample systems are an alloy and do not appear as cobalt clusters embedded in platinum. The lattice constant of the particles is increased by 0.5% in comparison to the bulk material (a{sub NP}=0.388{+-}0.003 nm). The evaluation of the peak widths of the XRD experiments exhibit a crystalline size of 95.5{+-}6.5 nm of the films and 48.5{+-}6.5 nm of the bulk material. The evaluation of the relative intensities of (111)- and (200)-peaks points the fact that both the film and the particles preferentially grow in the (111)-direction. The films are polycrystalline in the film-plane. From magnetic resonance measurements the g-factor and the damping constant {alpha} is extracted. The measurement shows that both the g-factor (about 2%) and the damping-constant {alpha} (about 125%) is increased in comparison to the film, and/or bulk material. For the films M{sub eff} is determined from angle-dependent resonance-field measurements. From the temperature dependence of the resonance field the magnetic anisotropy is determined. Because of the fact that the measurements could be done only to a minimum of 50 K the value of the anisotropy-constant K{sub eff} is extrapolated to 2 K: Tt results in K{sub eff}(T=2 K)=7.5.10{sup 4} J/m{sup 3}. Measurement of the temperature dependence of the coercive field yields a value of K{sub eff}(T=2 K)=6.1.10{sup 4} J/m{sup 3}. With the same procedure one obtains K{sub eff}(T=2 K)=7.25.10{sup 4} J/m{sup 3} for a sample with a higher concentration (13 vol%). Both the particles and the bulk material are also examined by means of X-ray circular dichroism. With the help of the sum rules the element specific spin and orbital moments are determined and converted into the g-factor. (orig.)

Orthodontic brackets in high field MR imaging: experimental evaluation of magnetic field interactions at 3.0 tesla; Kieferorthopaedische Brackets in der Hochfeld-Magnetresonanz-Tomographie: Experimentelle Beurteilung magnetischer Anziehungs- und Rotationskraefte bei 3 Tesla

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kemper, J.; Adam, G. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitaetsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg (Germany); Klocke, A.; Kahl-Nieke, B. [Poliklinik fuer Kieferorthopaedie, Universitaetsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg (Germany)

2005-12-15

Purpose: To evaluate static magnetic field interactions for 32 commonly used orthodontic brackets in a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Materials and methods: 32 orthodontic brackets consisting of a steel alloy (n=27), a cobalt-chromium alloy (n=2), ceramic (n=1), ceramic with a steel slot (n=1), and titanium (n=1) from 13 different manufacturers were tested for magnetic field interactions in a static magnetic field at 3.0 T (Gyroscan Intera 3.0 T, Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands). The magnetic deflection force F{sub Z} [mN] was evaluated by determining the deflection angle {beta}[ ] using the established deflection angle test according to the ASTM guidelines. The magnetic-field-induced rotational force F{sub rot} or torque was qualitatively determined using a 5-point grading scale (0: no torque; +4: very strong torque). Results: In 18 of the 32 brackets, the deflection angle {beta} was found to be > 45 and the translational force exceeded the gravitational force F{sub G} on the particular bracket (F{sub Z}: 1.2-45.7 mN). The translational force F{sub Z} was found to be up to 68.5 times greater than the gravitational force F{sub G} (F{sub Z}/F{sub G}: 1.4-68.5). The rotational force F{sub rot} was correspondingly high (+3/+4) for those brackets. For the remaining 14 objects, the deflection angles were < 45 and the torque measurements ranged from 0 to +2. The static magnetic field did not affect the titanium bracket and the ceramic bracket. No measurable translational and rotational forces were found. (orig.)

Structural, magnetic, and lattice-dynamical interface properties of epitactical iron films on InAs(001) and GaAs(001) substrates; Strukturelle, magnetische und gitterdynamische Grenzflaecheneigenschaften von epitaktischen Eisenfilmen auf InAs(001)- und GaAs(001)-Substraten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Peters, Robert

2009-07-14

In this thesis the structure, magnetism and interface properties of ferromagnet-semiconductor hybrid structures were investigated. The main goal of this thesis was to obtain information on physical properties at the interface between a ferromagnetic metal and a III-V semiconductor (SC). For this purpose Fe films that serve as ferromagnetic contacts were deposited in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) on InAs(001) and GaAs(001) substrates, respectively, and investigated. Both systems are interesting model systems with respect to electrical spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into a semiconductor. In order for spin injection to occur, it is known that a Schottky barrier must form at the Fe/SC interface. Film growth and film structure were investigated in-situ in UHV by electron diffraction (RHEED) and ex-situ by X-ray diffraction. For determining the magnetic properties {sup 57}Fe conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) combines with {sup 57}Fe probe-layer technique was employed at different temperatures. Further, the partial Fe phonon density of states (PDOS) at the Fe/InAs (001) interface was determined by nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) from a {sup 57}Fe probe-layer. The CEM spectra (at room temperature) provided relatively high values of the average hyperfine magnetic field of left angle B{sub hf} right angle {proportional_to} 27 T and of the most-probable hyperfine magnetic field of B{sub hf,} {sub peak} {proportional_to} 30 T. This provides evidence for relativ high average Fe magnetic moments of {proportional_to} 1.8 {mu}{sub B}. The partial Fe phonon density of states (PDOS) at the Fe/InAs(001) interface is remarkably modified as compared to that of bulk bcc Fe. Using magnetometry and {sup 57}Fe CEMS, a strong temperature dependent magnetization directions was observed for Fe/Tb multilayers on InAs(001). Furthermore it is shown that such Fe/Tb multilayers on p-InAs(001) with perpendicular spin texture are useful as potential electrical contacts for spin injection at remanence (in zero field), because current-voltage behavior with typical diode characteristics was measured at low temperature, providing evidence for a Schottky barrier. With these samples at low temperature, electroluminescence in the infrared region at about 3 {mu}m was observed. Ultrathin Fe films of 2.5 monolayers coverage with an non-percolated island morphology were deposited on GaAs(001) and investigated in-situ in UHV by {sup 57}Fe CEMS with respect to their magnetic properties. Temperature dependent CEM spectra provide evidence for superparamagnetic behavior of these uncapped Fe islands, with a blocking temperature of T{sub B} {proportional_to}165 K. Moreover, the influence of different cap layers (Pt,Au) on the magnetic properties of the Fe islands was studied. (orig.)

Devlopments of components for the detector driving system of the PANDA calorimeter and studies on the photoproduction of excited η mesons with the CB/ELSA experiment; Entwicklung von Komponenten fuer das Detektorsteuersystem des PANDA-Kalorimeters und Studien zur Photoproduktion angeregter η-Mesonen mit dem CB/ELSA-Experiment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Triffterer, Tobias

2016-01-28

This PhD thesis (written in German language) consists of two parts: The first part describes developments for the Detector Control System of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the PANDA detector. An alarm and current border regulation system has been developed for this to ensure the correct functioning of the detector and to prevent damages. In addition, a database system (endcap production database) has been created to accompany the construction of the forward endcap and archive the characteristics of the photodetectors. The second part deals with the investigation into excited η mesons using the data measured with the CB/ELSA experiment. The distribution of the η' production angle in the decay channel η'→ ηπ{sup 0}π{sup 0} has been calculated for the first time within the beam photo energy range of 2500 to 2950 MeV. Furthermore, the relative effective cross section of the η(1405) to the η' could be determined to 0.16±0.05 (3.2σ). This shows evidence for a more complex nature of the η(1405).

Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy of magnetic nanostructures at the example of bcc-Co/Fe(110), Fe/Mo(110), and copper phthalocyanine/Fe(1110); Spinpolarisierte Rastertunnelmikroskopie magnetischer Nanostrukturen am Beispiel von bcc-Co/Fe(110), Fe/Mo(110) und Kupfer-Phthalocyanin/Fe(110)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Methfessel, Torsten

2010-12-09

This thesis provides an introduction into the technique of spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy as an experimental method for the investigation of magnetic nanostructures. Experimental results for the spin polarized electronic structure depending on the crystal structure of ultrathin Co layers, and depending on the direction of the magnetization for ultrathin Fe layers are presented. High-resolution measurements show the position-dependent spin polarization on a single copper-phthalocyanine molecule deposited on a ferromagnetic surface. Co was deposited by molecular beam epitaxy on the (110) surface of the bodycentered cubic metals Cr and Fe. In contrast to previous reports in the literature only two layers of Co can be stabilized in the body-centered cubic (bcc) structure. The bcc-Co films on the Fe(110) surface show no signs of epitaxial distortions. Thicker layers reconstruct into a closed-packed structure (hcp / fcc). The bcc structure increases the spin-polarization of Co to P=62 % in comparison to hcp-Co (P=45 %). The temperature-dependent spin-reorientation of ultrathin Fe/Mo(110) films was investigated by spin-polarized spectroscopy. A reorientation of the magnetic easy axis from the [110] direction along the surface normal to the in-plane [001] axis is observed at T (13.2{+-}0.5) K. This process can be identified as a discontinuous reorientation transition, revealing two simultaneous minima of the free energy in a certain temperature range. The electronic structure of mono- and double-layer Fe/Mo(110) shows a variation with the reorientation of the magnetic easy axis and with the direction of the magnetization. The investigation of the spin-polarized charge transport through a copper-phthalocyanine molecule on the Fe/Mo(110) surface provides an essential contribution to the understanding of spin-transport at the interface between metal and organic molecule. Due to the interaction with the surface of the metal the HOMO-LUMO energy gap of the free molecule is filled with interface states. These states reduce the spin-polarization of the tunneling current through the molecule by an additional unpolarized current contribution, which leads to an energy-independent reduction of the spin-polarization by a factor of two. Spin-polarized interface states with larger distance from the Fermi-edge lead to further contributions to the effective spinpolarization that are different for ligands and center positions. These studies demonstrate the possibility of an efficient spin injection into organic semiconductors, and thus the potential of these materials for further development of spintronic devices. (orig.)

Environmental impacts of cable connections of offshore wind power parks at the electric power network. Impacts of operational electrical and magnetic fields; Umweltauswirkungen der Kabelanbindung von Offshore-Windenergieparks an das Verbundstromnetz. Effekte betriebsbedingter elektrischer und magnetischer Felder sowie thermischer Energieeintraege in den Meeresgrund

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pophof, Blanka; Geschwentner, Dirk

2013-02-15

According to the offshore network development plan from August 2012, the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany) is responsible for a strategic environmental impact assessment of offshore wind power plants. The contribution under consideration deals exclusively with electrical and magnetic fields emitted by submarine cables in operation as well as with the possible impacts of electrical and magnetic fields on marine organisms and the general population. Some marine organisms may perceive electrical fields and orientate themselves by magnetic fields. Changes in behaviour of marine organisms are possible. Thermal impacts may result in sedimentary changes. The consequences of these changes are assessable only partly at present.

Power line policy in practice. A pilot study; Hoogspanningslijnenbeleid in de praktijk. Een pilotonderzoek

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kelfkens, G.; Pruppers, M.J.M.

2008-07-01

which individuals can influence a municipality's decision on power line placement. [Dutch] Uit een quick scan van het RIVM onder twaalf gemeenten met hoogspanningslijnen in de provincie Utrecht blijkt dat de helft van deze gemeenten niet op de hoogte is van het VROM-advies voor hoogspanningslijnen. Gemeenten waar de hoogspanningslijnenproblematiek speelt, zijn over het algemeen wil van het beleid op de hoogte. Onder druk van verontruste burgers nemen zij vaak strengere maatregelen dan wordt geadviseerd, bijvoorbeeld door maatregelen voor bestaande situaties te treffen of door een vastgesteld woningbouwplan uit te stellen. Geen van de geinterviewde gemeenten heeft een duidelijk aanspreekpunt om hun inwoners over hoogspanningslijnen te informeren. Internationaal epidemiologisch onderzoek wijst op een mogelijk verhoogd risico op leukemie bij kinderen die in de buurt van bovengrondse hoogspanningslijnen wonen. Eind 2005 heeft VROM een beleidsadvies hierover naar gemeenten, provincies en netbeheerders gestuurd. Het ministerie wil voorkomen dat kinderen in nieuwe situaties langdurig aan magnetische velden van bovengrondse hoogspanningslijnen worden blootgesteld. VROM adviseert daarom in nieuwe situaties een zone bij de hoogspanningslijnen vrij te houden van woningen, scholen en kinderdagverblijven. Het advies richt zich op het opstellen of wijzigen van bestemmingsplannen. Omdat een dergelijke procedure jaren duurt, kan nu, ruim twee jaar nadat het advies is ingevoerd, nog niet worden beoordeeld of het succesvol is. De quick scan vond plaats in opdracht van de VROM-Inspectie Regio Noord-West, die wil achterhalen welke rol het VROM-advies binnen gemeenten speelt en welke invloed burgers op het hoogspanningslijnenbeleid uitoefenen.

Influence of the surface topography, morphology and structure on magnetic properties of ion beam sputtered iron layers, Fe/Cr/Fe- and Fe/MgO/Fe multilayers; Untersuchung der Morphologie und magnetische Eigenschaften von ionenstrahl-gesputterten Eisen-Einzelschichten, Fe/Cr/Fe- und Fe/MgO/Fe-Schichtsystemen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steeb, Alexandra

2007-04-05

In this PhD Thesis, the influence of the surface topography, morphology and structure on magnetic properties of ion beam sputtered iron layers on GaAs is examined. To analyze the structure of the produced iron films, low energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy is employed. The utilized methods to investigate the magnetic properties are Kerr- and SQUID-magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance. It is demonstrated that on untreated as well as on presputtered and heated GaAs substrates the sputtered iron films grow epitaxially. The least surface roughness of 1 A exhibit iron films grown on untreated GaAs, while iron films on heated GaAs have the highest roughness of 30 A. The largest crystal anisotropy constant is found for the presputtered GaAs/Fe-System. For this preparation method, two monolayers of iron are determined to be magnetically dead layers. At a film thickness of 100 A, 83% of the value for saturation magnetization of bulk iron are achieved. The small observed FMR-linewidths confirm the good bulk properties of the ion beam sputtered iron. Furthermore, an antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling in sputtered Fe/Cr/Fe-films was achieved. For a thickness of 12 to 17 A of the chrome interlayer, a coupling strength up to 0.2 mJ/m{sup 2} is found. To account for the small coupling strength, a strong intermixing at the interface is assumed. Finally, epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe/FeMn multilayers are deposited on GaAs. After the structuring, it is possible to detect tunneling processes in the tunneling contacts with current-voltage measurements. The tunnel magneto resistance values of 2% are small, which can be explained by the absence of sharp, well-defined interfaces between the Fe/FeMn and the Fe/MgO interfaces. These results demonstrate, that analog to MBE the ion beam sputtering method realizes good magnetic bulk properties. However, interface sensitive phenomena are weakened because of a strong intermixing at the interfaces. (orig.)

Study of electronic excitation and diffraction effects as well as growth, structure, and magnetic properties of ultrathin 3d metal films on Cu(001) by means of grazing-incidence ion scattering; Untersuchung elektronischer Anregungs- und Beugungseffekte sowie Wachstum, Struktur und magnetischer Eigenschaften ultraduenner 3d-Metallfilme auf Cu(001) mittels streifender Ionenstreuung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bernhard, T.

2006-11-23

H{sup +} and He{sup +} ions with an energy of 25 keV are scattered under a grazing angle of incidence from a clean and flat Cu(001) surface. For specific azimuthal orientations of the crystal surface with respect to low index directions in the surface plane we observe the ion induced emission of electrons with a conventional LEED (low energy electron diffraction) setup. By operating the instrument in an energy dispersive mode we find intensity distributions of emitted electrons which can unequivocally be ascribed to diffraction effects at the target surface. From this ion induced LEED-reflexes (IILEED) we get important information about the electron excitation- and emission effects during the scattering process. In the second part of this work we investigate the correlation between thin-film growth (Co,Fe,Mn on Cu(001)) and electron emission in the regime of grazing ion scattering. The ''rough'' surface of uncompleted layers increase the probability of binary collisions of incident ions with individual atoms at the surface. The energy spectras and the number distribution of emitted electrons are substantially influenced by these ''violent'' collisions and allow us to monitor growth of thin films via simple measurements of target current or from energy spectra of emitted electrons. The method provides excellent signals and is also applicable in the regime of poor layer growth. By making use of ion beam triangulation (IBT), direct information on the atomic structure of thin films and substrate surfaces is obtained. We discuss in the third part of this work a new variant of this method based on the detection of the number of emitted electrons. The data are analyzed via computer simulations using classical mechanics which provides a quantitative analysis with respect to projectile trajectories. This new detection scheme allows the determination of the in-plane structure of reconstructed thin films and surfaces with high precision. The impressed potential of this method is demonstrated by quantitative analysis of the structural phases of Fe and Mn on Cu(001). (orig.)

New studies on the synthesis and structural chemistry of polynary lithium and silver transition metal phosphates; Neue Untersuchungen zur Synthese und Strukturchemie von polynaeren Lithium- und Silber-Uebergangsmetallphosphaten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mosymow, Emma

2015-09-11

/ P / O (M: Cr, Mn) durchgefuehrt. Hierbei wurden erstmalig die Phosphate LiCr{sup II}{sub 4}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}, NaCr{sup II}{sub 4}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}, Li{sub 5}Cr{sup II}{sub 2}Cr{sup III}(PO{sub 4}){sub 4}, monoklines Li{sub 3}Cr{sub 2}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}, Cr{sup II}{sub 5}Cr{sup III}{sub 2}(P{sub 2}O{sub 7}){sub 4} und LiMn{sup II}{sub 2}P{sub 3}O{sub 10} erhalten. Ueber deren Synthese, kristallographische Charakterisierung sowie deren spektroskopische und magnetische Eigenschaften berichtet die vorliegende Arbeit. Die Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen im System Li / Cr / P / O fuehrten zur Aufklaerung zahlreicher Phasenbeziehungen. So wurden statt der kristallchemisch naheliegenden Verbindungen ''LiCrPO{sub 4}'' und ''Li{sub 2}CrP{sub 2}O{sub 7}'' die Koexistenzgebiete LiCr{sub 4}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3} / Li{sub 5}Cr{sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 4} / Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} / CrP und Li{sub 9}Cr{sub 3}(P{sub 2}O{sub 7}){sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} / Li{sub 3}Cr{sub 2}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3} / LiCrP{sub 2}O{sub 7} / CrP beobachtet. Im System Li / Mn / P / O wurde ebenfalls die Koexistenz einiger Gleichgewichtsphasen aufgeklaert, wie die von Lithium-orthophosphat und Lithium-mangan(II)-orthophosphat sowie von Lithium-metaphosphat und Mangan(III)-metaphosphat. Im Weiteren wurde das De-interkalationsverhalten von Silber-Mangan-phosphaten mit der Moeglichkeit zur Darstellung metastabiler Phosphate mit Mangan in Oxidationsstufen hoeher als 3+ untersucht. Hierbei wurde das Vierstoffsystem Ag / Mn / P / O mit Mn(II) und Mn(III) naeher betrachtet. Die Reaktionsbedingungen wurden an jene der Experimente in den entsprechenden Lithium enthaltenden Systemen angepasst. Im Rahmen der Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen wurden zwei neue Pyrophosphate AgMnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} und Ag{sub 1,6}Mn{sub 3}(P{sub 2}O{sub 7}){sub 2} gefunden und charakterisiert.